—. V—_—' - —wfi , ‘I ~ - V... _—oa"!4 . PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND BODY FORM AS RELATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE WOMEN Thesis far the Doom of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE umvsksm Pah'icia Ruth Conger I964 :rHESIs LIBRARY Michigah State University H4 H € 57 9/ 4 5‘03) ABSTRACT PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND BODY FORM AS RELATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE WOMEN by Patricia Ruth Conger Statement of the Problem It was the purpose of this study to investigate the inter— relationships of selected functional and body form measures, and to investigate the effects of habitual physical activity D ~»-. +1.... ~ ,4,— UpUiI _...IC‘.:€‘ I}; ramecers. I Thirty—five college women ranging in ages from 18 to 22 participated in this study. Certain subjects were placed in activity groups determined by an activity—history recall .questionnaire and termed ”most active” and ”least active”. Functional measures IQCZUIMQ strergth and flexibility tests; and body form measures included skinfold fat, widths, sirths, 07 1 height, weifiht, and selected derived measures. The range, gran, ani standard deviation was computed for all parameters. Tue Pearson reduct«Moment Correlation was employed to determine interrelationships of all parameters. Elementary F'nkage Analysis was performed on the inter-correlation matrix for the purpose of clustering related parameters. Difference Patricia Ruth Conger between variances of selected parameters was determined by the F test; t tests were used to determine the difference between means of selected variables in the activity groups. Conclusions From the statistical analysis of data, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Significant differences at the .10 level were found be— tween the variances of percent body fat, specific gravity and trunk strength in the two groups. Significant differences at the .05 level of confidence were found betweenthe means of weight, lean body mass, specific gravity, arm and shoulder and trunk strength in the two activity groups. No significant difference between the means of percent fat, ponderal index, hip and leg strength, total strength, shoulder flexibility, trunk flexibility, ankle flexibility, hip flexibility and total flexibility was found. The most active group was heavier, had greater lean body mass, showed lower specific gravities and exhibited greater arm and shoulder and trunk strength. Higher mean values for the most active subjects in all strength measurements except shoulder extension were re— corded, however no significance was found. Higher mean values for the most active subjects were found ‘in all body form. measures except knee width, knee, supra- iliac, pubis skinfolds. These values were not significant. 7 . Patricia Ruth Conger The Elementary Linkage Analysis showed weight and hip girth as the parameters characteristic of the most variables. Recommendations l. A valuable tool is activity. - Examination of the active subjects to more flexible than gation with: a. larger samples and levels, b. matched groups is recommended. A larger number of to establish norms. needed to assess habitual physical results revealed a tendency for be larger, stronger, less fat, and Further investi- sedentary subjects. and an analysis of extreme activity undergoing difficult training programs randomly selected subjects is needed PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND BODY FORM AS RELATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE WOMEN By Patricia Ruth Conger A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1964 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to sincerely thank Dr. Janet Wessel for her- guidance and assistance in the preparation of the thesis. Gratitude is also extended to Dr. William Heusner for his interest and suggestions. DEDICATION Dedicated to my mother and father for their faith and encouragement. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . Purpose and Need for the Study Limitations. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. Strength Flexibility. Body Form III. METHODOLOGY General Procedures Specific Procedures IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA. Comparative Data of Body Form Measures. Functional Measures Intercorrelations and Correlations Significance Between Variables for Two Activity Groups Non—Statistical Observations V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS. Summary Conclusions. Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . APPENDICES. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE (I)O\_I:.I:-LA) 10 ll 31 31 33 38 5O 55 56 56 57 59 6O 64 TABLE II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. LIST OF TABLES Comparative Body Form Measures Comparative Data of Skinfold Correlations Range, Mean,Standard Deviation of Flexibility Measures Range, Mean, Standard Deviation of Strength Measures Intercorrelation Matrix Elementary Linkage Analysis F Ratio of Significance Between Variances of Activity Groups. Cochran—Cox test of Significance Between Means of Activity Groups. t Test of Significance Between Means of Active ity Groups Raw Data on Physical Characteristics and Average Caloric Expenditure of Subjects. Raw Data on Bony Widths Raw Data on Girths Raw Data on Skinfold Fat Measurements. Raw Data on Ponderal Index, Specific Gravity, Percent Body Fat, and Lean Body Mass. PAGE 32 3A 35 37 39 Al 51 53 5A 66 67 68 69 7O TABLE XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. Raw Data on Flexibility Measures Raw Data on Strength Measures . . Mean, Standard Deviation, Range of Body Form Measures for the Most Active Group Mean, Standard Deviation, Range of Body Form Measures for the Least Active Group. Mean, Standard Deviation, Range of Functional Capacity Measures for the Most Active Group. Mean, Standard Deviation, Range of Functional Capacity Measures for the Least Active Group. Formulas Used for Percent Body Fat, Lean Body Mass, Relative Weight . . . . PAGE 71 72 75 76 77 78 80 FIGURE H \omxloxmtwm I—’ O }_J H l2. 13. 14. 15. 16. LIST OF FIGURES Flexibility Body Line Shoulder Flexion. Shoulder Extension Shoulder Inward Rotation Shoulder Outward Rotation. Hip Flexion I Ankle Flexion. Ankle Extension Trunk Flexion. Trunk Extension Elementary Linkage Analysis Type I, Percent Body Fat and Specific Gravity Elementary Linkage Analysis Type II, Hip and Leg Strength and Total Strength Elementary Linkage Analysis Type III, Girth. . Elementary Linkage Analysis Type IV, Weight and Hip Girth Elementary Linkage Analysis Type V, Specific Strength and Arm and Shoulder Strength Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VI, Specific Flexibility and Total Flexi— bility. PAGE 13 1A 15 l7 19 2O 21 23 2A 26 A2 A2 A3 “3 AA AA FIGURE PAGE 17. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VII, Specific Strength and Trunk Strength. . . A5 18. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VIII, Specific Flexibility and Trunk Flexibility. A5 19. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type IX, Skinfold Fat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A. Raw Data on Subjects B. Mean, Standard Deviation, Range of Measures for Activity Groups C. Formulas Used for Percent Body Fat, Lean Body Mass, Relative Weight PAGE 65 75 8O CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The importance of frequent and regular exercise and activity in modern day living cannot be minimized. Most authorities agree that vigorous physical activity increases ones functional efficiency and postpones the degeneratg changes of the aging process. Medical authorities in the field of hygiene postulate, Appropriately selected exercise can result in the following favorable effects: increase in the size of muscles, increases in power, improvement of muscular control and coordination, increase in the tone of muscles, prevention of abnormal postural deformities, increase in reserve. power of the heart and lungs, increased.activity of the internal organs, stimulation of the growth process and action as a mental restora- tive, and a stimilus to mental activity. (1) 'Well documented evidence exists in the literature indicating that exercise increases strength of muscles and range of motion of Joints, whereas, lack of exercise causes a re- duction of those qualities. Numerous studies have appeared in the Iiterature in recent years in functional capacity and body form. The majority of these studies have been with men and concerned with establishing normative standards in strength, flexi- bility and body form and relating these factors with abilities and specific sport activities. Little research was reported identifying the effects of habitual physical activity upon body functions in men or women. No research studies were found investigating the effects of activity habitus and body form measures of women. Purpose and Need for the Study The primary purpose of this study was two fold: (l) to investigate the interrelationship of selected strength and flexibility and body form parameters, and (2) to in— vestigate the effects of habitual physical activity upon these parameters. Studies in human biological individuality are needed to enhance our understanding of human differences, to establish normative data, and to exhibit aging trends in women. By analyzing the differences in sedentary and active individuals, the values of exercise and habitual physical activity can be explored and further justified. Further— more, information gained from observing differences in human biology as it relates to activity can be used to guide physical educators in effective program planning. It is the desire of the author that by means of this study a con— tribution might be made toward a knowledge, awareness and realization of the differences in body form and functional capacity with regard to level of habitual physical activity of young women. FL) Limitations 1. Level of habitual physical activity was assessed by a five day activity-history recall questionnaire. This was a subjective measure wholly dependent upon the indivi; duals ability to accurately recall and record their activities for a five day period. 2. The sample was a non-randomized sample and research was based on volunteers. 3. The size of the sample was limited by practical problems. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Research studies reported in this chapter will be pre— sented under three topics: (1) strength, (2) flexibility, (3) body form. Strength It was concluded from one study of girls in grades 1-9 that grip strength was related to anthrOpometric measures for all age groups studied. (26) Another study relating strength to anthropometric measures is reported by Clarke (195A). Clarke reported a high relationship between the girth of the upper arm (flexed— tensed) and several strength test variables and arm strength criteria. Among the correlations were the following: .52 with shoulder-flexion strength; .49 with McCurdy's pulling strength test, .47 with shoulder extension strength. (6) There have been a few studies in which groups of women physical education majors are compared with non-physical education majors with regard to physical performance. Among these is the work of Mynatt (1960) who investigated differ- ences in these two groups on a seven item physical performance test battery. Her conclusion indicated that physical education majors were superior in performance on the entire battery. (15) A similiar study points out that women physical educae tion majors were superior to non-physical education majors in motor ability as measured by the jump and reach test and the Brace scale. (7) Haymes (1962) examined quite extensively the relation- ships between certain anthropometric measures and certain tests of strength and motor ability among physical education majors and non—physical education majors. The anthropo- metric measures used were height, weight, bi—acromial shoulder width, bi-iliac hip width, neck girth, waist girth, and breathing capacity. Strength tests included grip strength, pushing and pulling strength, back lift, leg lift, and total strength. (22) The obstacle race, basketball throw for distance, and standing the broad jump comprised the motor ability tests. The results of her study is as follows: 1. Physical education majors appeared heavier and larger body builds but differences as measured by hip width/ shoulder width index was not significant. 2. Little or no difference in mean heights and hip widths. 3. Majors tended to have wider shoulders, and neck and waist girths were larger. A. Majors had significantly higher scores on all six strength tests. 5. A substantial positive relationship was found between .the ponderal index and pushing strength and a slight relationship found with pulling strength and total strength in the major group. 6. The ponderal index was not related to strength or motor ability in the non-major group. 7. Significant differences between groups were found be— tween mean weights, shoulder width, neck girth, waist girth, breathing capacity and ponderal index. 8. Physical education majors were larger women as measured‘ by weight, shoulder width, neck girth and waist girth than non-majors. 9. Physical education majors were stronger and had more motor ability than non-majors. One study dealing in somatotypes and performance found that women physical education majors performed better in strength tests as compared with non—physical education majors. (17) It would seem from the studies comparing women physical education majors to non physical education majors that the physical education majors perform better than non majors on tests of physical skill. Flexibility One study indicated 27 of 30 measures of flexibility significantly increased with activity. It was further noted that flexibility is not particularly related to age, but to a Specificity of the skill involved. (11) In testing differences in flexibility in groups of athletes and non-athletes, Fisher (1938) found athletes to be generally superior to non—athletes. (23) Further relating flexibility to activity, Kingsley (1952) found significant increases in 18 of 30 flexibility measures employed before and after a 20 week tumbling unit. (24) Betty McCue (1952) analyzed the flexibility of college women in which she tested twelve joint movements. The women studied were physical education majors and non—physical education majors. She divided these women in two activity groups determined by a questionnaire. These two groups were termed "most active" and "least active". Eight flexibility measures were taken and it was found that three of the measures were statistically significant at the .01 level of confidence and five measures were statistically significant at the .05 level of confidence. No significance was found in the major-non—major groups. (25) An additional study by McCue (1953) in which she ad— ministered five tests of flexibility to college women before and after a mild exercise period lasting three weeks showed significant increases in flexibility. Eight weeks after the completion of the exercise period three of the five movements remained at significant difference levels. (13) Relating flexibility to anthropometric measures, it was noted that no significant relationships existed between three tests of flexibility adapted from Kraus—Weber floor touch test, Wells sit and reach test and Leighton's flexibility tests and three anthropometric measures (distance from the greater trochanter to the floor, standing reach and standing height). (12) Body Form Edwards (1951) showed a relationship between body weight and total subcutaneous tissue thickness and explained that an adult female 6A inches tall would have no sub- cutaneous fat at eighty pounds and with an increase in weight above this, the amount of subcutaneous fat increases proportionately with weight. (8) When examining fat weight.and fat placement in women it was indicated that the_median weight for fat was 13.7 kg. and the percentage of fat for women was 23.7% of their body weight. (9) Charlotte Young and associates (l96l).are responsible for much of the work in body form of young women. Whenl- correlating Skinfold thicknesses they found that sites on the lower trunk, especially the pelvic region (pubis- measurement) had a.correlation of .9020 with total Skinfold thickness. Correlations on other lower trunk positions, supra-iliac; umbilicus,-and waist, were also high but slightly less. Of the upper trunk measurements, that Of the lower ribs.correlated best with total Skinfold, the relationship being .8883..(20) lMeasuring density or specific gravity of the body is considered the most_reliable indirect means of esti- mating body fhtness. This was a conclusion drawn from an additional investigation by Young and her associates (1962). When correlating Skinfold with specific gravity, the relationship was .6518; Skinfold correlated with percentage of standard weight was .7133. The relationship between determined specific gravity and specific gravity based on the formula derived in the study was .6990. When standard weight is included as a variable there is no significant advantage in predicting specific gravity by using twelve, six, or two skinfolds over using one. (21) Few studies were reported examining the interrelation- ships of anthropometric measures. Reynolds (l950) found the calf girth—weight relationship to be —.79. (18) Turner (19u3) related weight to height, hip width, chest depth, chest width, and shoulder width and found an r of .8195. He further related weight to bi—acromial, bi—iliac, bi-trochanter widths and wrist, knee and ankle .girths and found an r of .81. (19) CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY The measures in this study were obtained on thirty- five college women at Michigan State University. The subjects were selected from women participating in the major and required physical education programs. The re— search relied on volunteer subjects whose ages ranged from eighteen to tWenty-two. General Procedure Each subject reported to the laboratory at two time intervals of one hour in length. Each appointment was made at the subjects convenience. At one appointment the body form measures were taken and at the remaining appointment the functional capacity measures were taken. Each subject was given an activity history recall question— naire at the first appointment and instructed to keep an accurate record of activity during a five day period. The functional capacity measurements were taken with the subject wearing shorts, blouse, socks and tennis shoes. The body form measures were taken with the subjects clothed in underwear. 'Sample selection of clothing and shoes were measured and used as a correction factor in calculating relative weight. 11 Where measurements were limited to one side of the body, the dominant side was selected. All measurements were taken by the author with an assistant. Specific Procedures Strength The T5 Cable Tensiometer was used for all tests. The strength tests included: shoulder extension, elbow extension, ankle extension, elbow flexion, shoulder horizontal flexion, hip flexion, hip extension, shoulder flexion, trunk flexion, trunk extension, knee extension, in the order administered. Measures were taken at least twice at each site according to instructions outlined by Clarke (1953). (3)‘ If the second measure differed from the first by more than 2.0 points additional measures were made until two of the measures differed by not more than 2.0 kg. when corrected. The first of the two measures differing by not more than 2.0 kg. were averaged and recorded. Flexibility The Leighton Flexometer was used for all measures of flexibility. The procedure for testing trunk flexion, trunk extension, ankle flexion, and ankle extension was similar to that of Leighton (1955), with the exception that separate measurements were recorded for flexion and extension, as opposed to the full range of motion. (10) The zirocedure for testing the balance of the flexibility fleaSLLPes was adapted from information obtained from verbal 12 discussions at the University of Michigan. Two trials of each movement were allowed and in the case of a difference of more than three degrees, a third trial was allowed. If the third measurement differed by more than three degrees, additional measures were taken until two of the measures differed by not more than three degrees. The first two measures differing by not more than three degrees were averaged and recorded. The body line for the adapted flexibility measures is shown in figure 1. Shoulder Flexion (Figure 2). -Shou1der flexion is measured with the subject lying in a supine position on a table with the dominant shoulder joint over the edge of the table to provide maximum flexion of that joint. The flexometer is attached to the upper arm midway between the elbow and shoulder joint with the dial pointing forward and locked. The subject's hand is resting on the side of the thigh. The subject is instructed to raise the hand with the thumb held up and the elbow straight to maXimum reach. The subject's hand and elbow must be held in the correct position throughout the movement. The examiner should guide the arm through the motion, preventing rotation of the shoulder joint. When maximum reach has been attained the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes, and the reading on the flexometer is recorded. Shoulder Extension (Figure 3).. The position of the subject and the attachment of the flexometer is that 13 o om o .mCaq ho .H «human 1U .coaxoam,hocasosm "“""l‘ ’ .N opsmfim 15 .COHmcmpxm novasonm .m madman 16 described for shoulder flexion. The subject is instructed to extend the hand downward, with the thumb held up and the elbow straight to maximum extension. The examiner should guide the hand and elbow through the movement, keeping the arm in the correct position and preventing any rotation of the shoulder joint. When the maximum reach has been attained the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes and the reading on the flexometer is recorded. Shoulder Inward Rotation (Figure A).— The measurement is taken with the subject lying in a supine position on the table with the dominant shoulder joint over the edge of the table. The upper arm is raised horizontally to a 90° angle, the forearm raised vertically with the elbow at a 90° angle, the palm of the hand facing toward the feet. The flexometer is attached to the side of the forearm mid— way between the elbow and the wrist, the dial of the flexometer facing toward the examiner and locked. The subject is instructed to rotate the forearm downward and backward as far as possible. The examiner guides the fore— arm through the movement, keeping the arm in the correct position and preventing the upper arm from raising or lowering. The subject's shoulder and elbow must remain at 90° angles_throughout the movement. When maximum rotation has been attained, the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes and the reading is recorded. l7 swam ._.. on . hmscH houaaonm om o .sofioso 18 Shoulder Outward Rotation (Figure 5)., The position of the subject and the attachment of the instrument is that described for shoulder inward rotation. The subject is instructed to rotate the forearm back toward the head as far as possible. The examiner guides the forearm through the movement, keeping the arm in the correct position and preventing the upper arm from raising or lowering. The subjecvs shoulder and elbow must remain at 90° angles throughout the movement. When maximum rotation has been attained, the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes and the reading is recorded. Hip Flexion (Figure 6). This measurement is taken with the subject lying in a supine position on a table with the hands resting palm down at the sides. The flexometer is attached to the dominant thigh, midway between the knee and trochanten with the dial at the outside of the leg. The subject is instructed to flex the hip bringing the knee toward the head. The knee is bent at a 90° angle. The position of the rest of the body is held stable by the examiner. When maximum flexion has been attained, the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes, and the reading on the flexometer is recorded. Ankle Flexion (Figure 7).--This measurement is taken with the subject sitting upright on the table, with the dominant foot extended beyond the end of the table and held Upright at 90°. The flexometer is attached to the instep of 19 .tlil title In"... . ll .. ..| a..-" 1"..Dtiit I [v.Iif' III! II, II A ‘I -.iluull l...,.‘laq|t,.lnl‘iu'l|.!l.|lll1l0l|’..bl I. O .8- 0’ .,. .u I|i . l . I. \‘ l a“ I \ . \ V " III .I I'. Illa II‘ ‘I' | .I .l' l' I’ III- II I I II I J | - I x . i l. \ I'l , .cofiumpom choruso hocasonm .m onswfim 20 .COHHmHm mam .w ohawfim r - e L - 11 w 1 Hit lit 4.. . film I ‘v ' -I'I ‘ I‘ 0" 1 ' I tell ‘I‘ I. III I. . a» . i 3.. f . .v \\ slit“ I I ’ \\ a .p |\Il ll . m ,\‘ l ‘‘‘‘‘ 1’ r\ . I . I 21 coaxoaa oaasa .w onswfim 22 the foot, the dial on the outside of the foot. The subject is instructed to flex the ankle toward the head as far as possible. The examiner should prevent the knee from bending and should hold the body position stable. When maximum flexion is reached, the pointer is locked and the subject relaxes. The reading on the flexometer is recorded. Ankle Extension (Figure 8). The position of the subject and the attachment of the instrument is that described for ankle flexion. The subject is instructed to extend the foot downward as far as possible. The examiner should prevent the knee from bending and hold the body position stable. When maximum extension is attained, the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes, and the reading is recorded. Trunk Flexion (Figure 9). This measurement is taken with the subject in a standing position, feet together and parallel. The flexometer is attached to the upper trunk with the strap of the flexometer at the level of the arm pits and the dial at the side of the trunk. The subject is instructed to bend forward at the waist, with the arms held overhead as far as possible. The examiner should prevent the subject'skhees from locking or bending, and prevent any lateral movement cf the trunk. When maximum flexion is attained, the pointer is locked, the sub— ject relaxes and the reading is recorded. 23 coamcouxm o~x=¢ .m mhswflm r 7 < .. Ag... . .. ---....--- (-....---..-- ea ”U L—JL 2U Figure 9. Trunk Flexion. 25 Trunk Extension (Figgre 10). The position of the sub— ject and the attachment of the flexometer is that described for trunk flexion. The subject is instructed to bend back- ward as far as possible with the arms held overhead. The examiner should prevent the subject's knees from bending and prevent any lateral movement of the trunk. When maximum extension has been reached, the pointer is locked, the subject relaxes and the flexometer reading is recorded. Height and Weight Each subjects height was measured with the subject standing against a rigid platform on which a calibrated centimeter scale was attached. A triangle was placed against the calibration on the backboard above the head of the sub— ject. It was brought down until it fitted firmly against the tOp of the subject's head. The reading was taken at the lower edge of the triangle. Height was recorded to the nearest quarter centimeter. Weight was recorded to the nearest 100th kilogram. The correction factors of one inch and two pounds were added to each subject's height and weight in order to make the figures in the present study comparable to the height and weight presented in the Build and Blood PresSure Study (1959) since these figures include indoor clothing and shoes. (2) Figure 10. Trunk Extension 26 27 Skinfolds The Lange skinfold caliper was used for all skinfold measures. The caliper was calibrated to exert a pressure of ten grams per square millimeter of jaw surface. Three successive measures were taken at each site. The skinfold thickness was determined by an average of the three measures, converted to millimeters and recorded. All measures except the umbilicus and pubis were taken with the subject standing relaxed. The umbilicus and pubis skinfolds were taken with the subject in a supine position. The technique for measuring skinfold fat was that recommended by the Committee on Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council (1956). (A) The skinfolds included: triceps, scapula, chest, lower ribs, waist, supra—iliac, knee, umbilicus, and pubis. Bony Widths The sliding caliper (vernier) was used for all width measurements except chest depth which was measured by a spreading caliper, calibrated in millimeters. Three- successive measures were taken at each site, the final re- corded measurement determined by an average of the three measures. The measurement was converted to centimeters and recorded. All measurements were taken with the subject standing in a relaxed position. The technique followed that referred to for skinfold measures. The width measures 28 included: humerus, bi-acromial, bi-iliac, bi—trochanter, knee, chest width, and chest depth. Girths All girth measures were taken with a steel flexible tape measure. Three successive measurements were taken at each site. The average of the three was recorded in centimeters. All measurements were taken with the subject standing. The technique was that referred to for skinfold measures. The girth measures included: upper arm tensed, upper arm relaxed, chest (ax), waist, abdomen, hips, thigh, and calf. Derived Measures Percent standard weight was computed by dividing the predicted weight into the actual weight. The predicted weight was obtained from the Body Build and Blood Pressure Study (1959). Specific Gravity was obtained by the formula devised in the Young study (1962). The formula is as follows: 8.0. = 1.0884 — .000A231(xl) - .0003401(xl3) xl-—pubis skinfold xl3-—percent standard weight Percent fat was determined from a conversion table of values of specific gravity to fat content on the basis of the equation: %fat = 100 (5.5u8/(specific gravity) — 5.04M) 29 Pounds fat was determined by multiplying percent fat by weight (kg.). Lean body mass was determined by subtracting the pounds fat (kg.) from the weight (kg.). Ponderal index was recorded as height divided by the cube root of weight. Habitual Physical Activity An activity--history recall questionnaire was adOpted to assess habitual physical activity. Each subjects' activities were recorded over a consecutive five day period and classified as to type, i.e. mildly active, moderately active, and active. Energy expenditure was obtained by assessing an average value to each activity class and was calculated for each subject in terms of calories per hour per body weight. (16) The "most active" group consisted of the women (top nine) whose average energy expenditure over a five day period was the highest. Conversely, the "least Active" group included those women (bottom nine) whose average energy expenditure over a five day period was the lowest. Statistics Employed 1. Mean, standard deviation and range was calculated for all parameters of all subjects and activity groups. 2. Pearson Product-Moment Intercorrelation between all parameters was computed for all subjects. 3O 3. Elementary Linkage Analysis for Isolating Ortho- gonal and Oblique Types and Typal Relevancies was performed on the inter-correlation matrix. (1“) A. The F test of significance between variances in selected parameters of activity groups was determined. 5. The t test of significance between means in selected parameters of activity groups was determined. CHAPTER-IV ANALYSIS OF DATA All subjects completed an activity history recall questionnaire in which they recorded their activity for a consecutive five-day period. The subjects were listed in rank order according to the average energy expended in activity over the five-day period. The top nine and bottom nine subjects were placed into two groups termed ”most active" and "least active". Comparative Data of Body Form Measures The means, standard deviations and ranges of the body form.measures found in this study and comparable data reported in Young's study for young women are presented in Table I. In general the body form data of this study iS shnilar to those reported by Young et a1. (1961). (20) It was observed that: 1. Largest girths were found at the hip, abdomen and chest, respectively, Differences found in chest and abdominal girths were due to the location of the measurement. 2?. Largest body widths were found at the bi-acromial and trochanter sites. The bi-iliac width showed the greatest difference. 3. Largest skinfolds were found at the umbilicus, pubis, and triceps sites. 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B I... . 7 .4 . n _7 U l I u .77 r ..7 m . .7 a (\1 5‘7 f‘.7-—<"\ n -.. O‘H\DHOf\ID 433M0fufi. k . mwmm 75>: mo>mnm m‘wa'V‘N LP 5‘ O" :3 , 41 TABLE VI ELEMENTARY LINKAGE ANALYSIS Note:_ indicates reciprocal pairs of variabies +— means that the variable at the tail of the arrow \is highest related to the one at the head, but the one at the head is not highest with the one at the tail. U2 Pubis Skinfold Ponderal Index I .774 1 .816 -.992 Percent Body Fat a * Specific Gravity Figure 11. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type I, Percent Body Fat and Specific Gravity. Hip Flexion Strength .790 .962 Hip and Leg Strengthg 4* Total Strength . .713 .837 Hlp Extension Knee Extension Strength Strength Figure 12. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type II, Hip and Leg' Strength and Total Strength. Knee Width 1 .92H “3 Chest Width 1 .675 Waist Girth t a Abdomen Girth Figure 13. Bi-Acromial Width 1.663 Le an Eody Mas 3 Elementary Linkage Girth. Chest Depth 1.750 Chest.Girth .9231; Weight 4 1.... Thigh Girth ..6339 Calf Girth Figure l“. .596 Triceps Skinfold .850 .917. L Weight and Hip Girth .560 Bi—Iliac Width Analysis Type III, Humerus -Width 1.52u Bi—Trochanter Wid h .795 gnip Girth + Elementary Linkage Analysis Type IV, AH Supra-iliac Skinfold Shoulder Elbow ExtenSion ‘ Extension -.868 Strength 8 A Strength 1.885 L. 3 ' Arm and +———- Ankle ShggigigangiESngfil, '901 as; Shoulder i .65“ Extension g ‘ Streng h Strength .813 Elbow 8A1 Shoulder Flexion ' , Flexion Strength Strength Figure 15. 'Elementary Linkage Analysis Type V, Specific Strength and Arm and Shoulder Strength. Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Inward Outward Flexion Rotation Rotation Flexibility Flexibility 1445 Flexibility .581 .583 + ; Shoulder Flexibility Hip Flexion Flexibility .790 1.52. Shoulder Extension .894 Total Flexibility + ,: Flexibility .747 Ankle Flexibility Figure 16. .Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VI, Specific Flexibility and Total Flexibility. 145 Knee Skinfold l_.397 Trunk Flexion Strength .717 Trunk Extension + ‘869 Strength ee Trunk Strength Figure 17. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VII, Specific Strength and Trunk Strength Trunk Flexion Flexibility .813 .850 Trunk Extension e i Trunk Flexibility Flexibility Figure 18. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type VIII, Specific Flexibility and Trunk Flexibility A6 Umbilicus Skinfold -737 Lower Ribs .810 Skinfold e __g Waist Skinfold Figure 19. Elementary Linkage Analysis Type IX, Skinfold Fat “7 values in the other variable. Pubis skinfold related highest with percent fat. This is comparable to Young's data which reported the pubis skinfold as the skinfold best predicting total body fat. (21) The variable most related to ponderal index was specific gravity. The parameters exhibiting the second highest index of association were hip and leg strength and total strength, as shown in Figure 12. A correlation of .962 showed that hip and leg strength was the best indicator of total strength. Hip flexion, hip extension and knee extension were the three variables which related highest with hip and leg strength. No other variable showed total strength as its highest index of association. Figure 13 indicated girths of the waist and abdomen as the reciprocally related pair of variables with the third highest index of association. The variable most related to the width of the knee was waist girth which showed a moderate correlation. Chest width and bi-iliac width were variables more related to the girth of the abdomen than any other variable. Figure 14 showed weight and hip girth as the parameters characteristically related by the most variables. Lean body mass, chest girth and thigh girth were variables that related highest with weight. Bi-acromial width was most related to lean body mass. Chest depth was most related to chest girth. Calf girth and triceps skinfold correlated highest with thigh A8 girth. Bi-trochanter width was most related to hip girth; the width of the humerus was most related to bi-trochanter width. The unusual correlation between triceps skinfold and thigh girth (r = .596) showed, in general terms, a moderate relationship between appendage skinfold and appendage girth. However, this relationship might have been more definite if thigh skinfold and triceps girth were measured. The reciprocal pair of variables with the fifth highest index of association were arm and shoulder strength and shoulder horizontal flexion strength, as shown in Figure 15. Surpa-iliac skinfold was most related to shoulder horizontal flexion, and showed a negative correlation (less skinfold fat, greater the strength). Five strength measures were all more related to arm and shoulder strength than they were to any other variable. The high correlation (r = —.868)_ found between supra—iliac skinfold and shoulder horizontal flexion strength showed the type of relationship between a skinfold fat measure and a strength measure; the high values in one variable were related to the low values in the other variable. Total flexibility and shoulder extension flexibility exhibited the sixth highest index of association. As seen in Figure 16 shoulder extension flexibility was the variable that shoulder flexibility and ankle flexibility were most related to. The parameters more related to shoulder flexi- bility than any other variable were shoulder flexion, “9 shoulder inward rotation and shoulder outward rotation. Hip flexibility correlated highest with total flexibility. It was noted that all flexibility measures did not correlate highest with strength or body composition measures but were clustered together. Figure 17 showed trunk strength and trunk extension as the reciprocal pair of variables with the seventh highest index of association. Trunk strength was the variable most related to trunk flexion strength. Knee skinfold related highest with trunk flexion, this was a negative correlation (less skinfold fat, greater the strength). No variable related highest with trunk extension strength. Although the knee skinfold—-trunk flexion relationship was low (r = —.397), trunk flexion was the variable knee skinfold related highest with.) This correlation showed an additional strength-skin— fold negative relationship. From observing this and the similar result shown in Type V a need for a more extensive study of strength-skinfold relationships would seem Justified. Figure 18 indicated trunk flexibility and trunk extension flexibility as the reciprocal pair of variables with the eighth highest index of association. Trunk flexibility was the variable most related to trunk flexion. No variable related highest with trunk extension flexibility. Lower ribs skinfold and waist skinfold exhibited the ninth highest index of association as shown in Figure 19. 50 Umbilicus skinfold was related highest to waist skinfold. No variable correlated highest with lower ribs skinfold. It was noted that all variables in Type II were strength measures; Type VI and VIII clusters were all measures of flexibility. Flexibility did not relate to strength or body composition measures, emphasizing perhaps the specificity of flexibility. The three variables in Type IX were skin— fold fat measures. In addition, variables of the same type dominated the clusters of Typee V and VII. Significance Between Variables for Two Activity Groups The F-test of the hypothesis that the variances of two normal independent populations are equal was calculated on selected parameters using the data collected on the most active and least active subjects. In this study the .10 level of confidence was accepted. The parameters selected were percent fat, weight, lean body mass, specific gravity, ponderal index, arm and shoulder strength, trunk strength, hip and leg strength, total strength, shoulder flexibility, trunk flexibility, ankle flexibility, hip flexibility, and total flexibility. These selections were based on the obser— vation of the greatest variability in standard deviations of the two groups. Also, these were the parameters most pertinent in light of the purposes of the study. The results of this test are shown in Table VII. It was noted that significance was found in body fat, specific gravity and F RATIO OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN VARIANCES OF ACTIVITY GROUPS 8,8 dff, F.10, 3.44. TABLE VII 51 Parameter. Variance F Percent Body Fat 2.247 11.713 '5.221* Weight 11.136 35.51 3.136 Lean Body Mass 4.986 7.728 1.550 Specific Gravity .000009 .000048 5.333“ Ponderal Index .217 .5069 2.34 Arm and Shoulder Strength '42l.07 569-30 1.35 Trunk Strength 370.56 24.40 15.19“ Hip and Leg Strength 2372.66 2038.52 1.16 Total Strength 7433.89 5599.53 1.33 Shoulder Flexibility 1815.61; 1304.65 1.39 Trunk Flexibility 794.68 1346.89 1.80 Ankle Flexibility 105.34 42.25 2.50 Hip Flexibility 460.10 1181.30 2.57 Total Flexibility 6222.05 5478.96 1.14 *Significant at .10 level of confidence 52 trunk strength at the .10 level of confidence. The null hypothesis that the variances are equal was therefore rejected and the alternative hypothesis that the variances are unequal was accepted. The variances were assumed to be equal for the other parameters studied. The Cochran-Cox test of the hypothesis that the means of two normal independent populations are equal when the variances are unequal was applied to the parameters of per- cent fat, specific gravity and trunk strength. A .05 level of confidence was accepted in this study. The results are shown in Table VIII. The t-test of the hypothesis that the means of two normal independent populations are equal when the variances can be assumed to be equal was applied to the balance of selected parameters. The results of these tests are pre- sented in Table IX. A .05 level of confidence was accepted in this study. As indicated in Tables VIII and IX, weight, lean body mass, specific gravity, arm and shoulder strength, and trunk strength were significantly different in the two samples at the .05 level of confidence. The null hypothesis that the means are equal was therefore rejected and the alternate hypothesis that the means are unequal was accepted. There were no significant differences observed between the means for the parameters of percent body fat, ponderal index, hip and leg strength, total strength, shoulder flexibility, TABLE VIII COCHRAN-COX TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN MEANS OF ACTIVITY GROUPS 53 Parameter M. S.D. t. df. t. Percent Body Fat 24.78 3.43 — 1.24 12 2.18 25.56 1.50 Specific Gravity 1.0492 .0069' 383.33' 9 2.26* 1.0469 .0030 Trunk Strength 49.22 4.94 - 48.09 18 2.10” 70-33 19325 “Significant at .05 level of confidence Note: top line inactive group bottom line active group 54 TABLE IX t TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE BETWEEN MEANS OF ACTIVITY GROUPS' Weight 54.78» ‘5.96 -u.29 2.12' 64.56 3.34 ’ Lean Body 41.22 2.78 —5.79 2.12' Mass '48.11 2.23 Ponderal 12.839 .712 .238 2.12 Index 12.625 .466 Arm and shoulder 109.11 23.86 -6.25 2.12* strength 115.67 20.52 Hip and Leg 155.21 19.15 - .878 2.12 Strength 174.66 28.71 Total Strength 308.67 44.83 —1.01 2.12 347.00 46.22 Shoulder 423.78 36.12 1.44 2.12 Flexibility 397.00 42.61v Trunk Flexibility 184.44 36.70 -l.80 2.12 212.44 28.19 Ankle 73.78 6.25 - .440 2.12 Flexibility 75.56 10.26 Hip Flexibility 109.78 34.37 — .807 2.12 120.67 21.45 Total 790.89 74.02 — .410 2.12 Flexibility 805.67 78.88 M m “Significant at .05 leVel of confidence Note: Top linea-inactive Group Bottom line--active group 55 trunk flexibility, ankle flexibility, hip flexibility, and total flexibility. It is concluded therefore, that the most active subjects were heavier, had greater lean body mass, showed lower specific gravities, and exhibited greater arm and shoulder and trunk strength than the least active sub— jects. However, no cause and effect of activity is indicated by this study. It may be that individuals exhib— iting certain body compositions tend to be more active. Further investigation is essential to determine causual effects. Non—Statistical Observations Although the means were not statistically different, higher mean values were observed in the most active subjects for all body form measures except knee width and knee, supra— iliac, and pubis skinfolds. In addition, the most active subjects were less ponderous than the least active subjects. Higher mean values, although not statistically significant were observed for all strength measures except shoulder extension in the most active subjects. Higher flexibility mean measures were observed in the most active subjects for the majority of the flexibility measures; these were not statistically significant. It would seem from these obser— vations that active subjects might tend to be larger, stronger, and more flexible than sedentary subjects. However, further investigation with: (1) larger samples and an analysis of extremes in activity levels, and (2) matched groups undergoing difficult training programs appears to be warranted. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary It was the purpose of this study to investigate: 1. the interrelationships of selected functional and body form measures, and 2. the effects of habitual physical activity upon these parameters. Functional measures included strength and flexibility tests; body form measures consisted of skin- fold fat, girth, width, lean body mass, specific gravity, percent body fat, and ponderal index. Thirty—five college women ranging in age from eighteen to twenty—two participated in the study. Nine subjects each were placed in two activity groups determined by habitual physical activity as measured by an activity history recall questionnaire. These groups were termed "most active" and "least active". The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to estimate interrelationships between variables. Elementary Linkage Analysis was performed on the intercor— relation matrix for the purpose of clustering related para— meters. Differences between variances of selected parameters 57 were determined by the F—test. ApprOpriate t—tests were used to determine the differences between means of selected parameters in the two groups. Conclusions From the statistical analysis of data, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The most active subjects were heavier, had greater lean body mass, had lower specific gravities, and exhibited greater arm and shoulder and trunk strength than the least active subjects. 2. No differences existed in the measures of percent body fat, ponderal index, hip and leg strength, total strength, shoulder flexibility, trunk flexibility, ankle flexibility, hip flexibility, and total flexibility between the most active and least active subjects. 3. Percent fat and specific gravity were more highly related than any other reciprocal pair of variables; as percent fat increased, specific gravity decreased. 4. Percent fat was the variable with the highest relationship to pubis skinfold; as the pubis skinfold in- creased, percent fat increased. 5. Ponderal index was most related to specific gravity; specific gravityincreased with a higher ponderal index. 6. Weight and hip girth were the parameters character— istic of the most variables. Lean body mass, chest girth, 58 and thigh girth were most related to weight; as lean body mass and the girths increased, weight increased. Bi- trochanter width correlated highest with hip girth; as bi- trochanter width increased, hip girth increased. 7. Hip and leg strength was the strength measure correlating highest with total strength. 8. Shoulder extension was the flexibility measure correlating highest with total flexibility. 9. Largest girths were found at the hip, abdomen, and chest respectively. Differences found in chest and abdominal girths in Young's study and the present study were due to the location of the measurement. 10. Largest bony widths were found at the bi-acromial and bi—trochanter sites. 11. Largest skinfolds were found at the umbilicus, pubis and triceps sites. Chest, lower ribs, and scapula skinfolds were similar in the present study and Young's study. Differences in triceps, waist, supra—iliac, knee, umbilicus, and pubis skinfolds may have been due to homogeneous subjects and/or small number of subjects used in the present study. 12. The differences found in specific gravity, lean body mass, and percent body fat for women in this study and those reported by Young were due to the pubic skinfold data. 13. Differences in the interrelationships of the pubis skinfold and knee skinfolds with the chest, ribs, waist, triceps, supra—iliac in the present study and Young's study 59 may have been due to more active subjects and/or the small number of subjects used in the present study. Recommendations l. A valuable tool is needed to assess habitual physical activity. 2. Examination of the results revealed a tendency for active subjects to be larger, stronger, less fat, and more flexible than sedentary subjects. Further investigation with: a. larger samples and an analysis of extreme activity levels, and b. matched groups undergoing difficult training programs is recommended. 3. A larger number of randomly selected subjects is needed to establish norms. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Bauer, W. W. and Hein, Fred V. Exercise and Health—— A Point of View. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1959. 2. Body Build and Blood Pressure Study 1959, Vol. 1. Chicago: Society of Actuaries, 1959. 3. Clarke, H. Harrison. Cable-Tension Strength Tests. Chicopee Mass.: Brown-Murphy Co., 1953. 4. Committee on Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. In Body_Measurements and Human Nutrition. J. Brozek, (ed.) Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1956. Periodicals 5. Brozek, Josef. "Body Composition," Science, 134:920—30 (September, 1961). 6. Clarke, H. H. ”Relation of Flexibility Measures to Arm Strength Tests," Research Quarterly, Supplement, 12:2 (May, 1941), pp. 381—390. 7. Duggan, Anne S. "A Comparative Study of Undergraduate Women Majors and Non-Majors in Physical Education with Respect to Certain Personal Traits," Teachers College Columbia University Publications: Contribu- tions to Education, No. 682, New York: Columbia University, (1936), p. 93. 8. Edwards, D. A. W. ”Differences in the Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat With Sex and Maturity," Clinical Science, 10:305 (1951). 9. Garn, S. M. "Fat Weight and Fat Placement in Female,” Science, 125:1091-1092 (1957). 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. l7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 62 Leighton, Jack R. "An Instrument and Technique_for the Measurement of Joint Motion," Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 367571-578 (September, 1955). I______ "On the Significance of Flexibility for ,,,,, Physical Educators," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 31:8, p. 27. Mathews, Donald K., Shaw, V. and Bohnen, M. "Hip Flexibility of College Women as Related to Length of Body Segments," Research Quarterly, 28:352 (December, 1957). McCue, Betty. "Flexibility of College Women," Research Quarterly, 24:316 (October, 1953). McQuitty, Louis L. "Elementary Linkage Analysis for Isolating Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal Relevancies," Educational and Psychological Measure- ment, Vol. 17, No. 2 (summer, 1957), pp. 207-229. Mynatt, Constance V. "A Study of Differences in Selected Physical Performance Test Scores of Women in Tennessee Colleges," Research Quarterly, 31:63, March, 1960. Passmore, R. and Durnin, J. V. G. A. "Human Energy Expenditure," Physiological Reviews, 35:801-840 (1955). Perplex, Joyce A. "Relationship Between Somatotypes and Motor Fitness in Women," Research Quarterly, 25:90 (March, 1954). Reynolds, Earle R. and Asakawa, Toshiko. "Body Structure and Body Shape," American Journal of Physical Anthropometry, 8:343 (1950). Turner, A. H. "Body Weights Optimal for Young Adult Women,” Research_Quarterl¥, 142255 (1943)- Young, Charlotte M., et a1. "Body Composition of Young Women," Journal of American Dietetic Association, 38:332 (1961). "Predicting Specific Gravity and Body Fatness in Young Women,” Journal of American Dietetic Association, 40:102 (1962). 63 Unpublished Materials 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Haymes, Emily M. "The Relationship Between Certain Anthropometric Measures and Certain Tests of Strength and Motor Ability""(Unpublished Masters Thesis, Flgrida State University, Tallahassee, December, 19 2 . Fisher, John C. "Flexibility as a Factor in Body Mechanics and Athletic Efficiency" (Unpublished Masters Thesis, Springfield College, Springfield, June, 1938). Kingsley Donald B. "Flexibility Changes Resulting From Participation in Tumbling" (Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1952). McCue, Betty F. "Flexibility of College Women" (Unpub— lished Doctors Dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1952). Riley, Marie I. "Relationship Between Selected Anthropometric Measurements and Tests of Physical Performance of Girls in Grades 1-9" (Unpublished Doctors Dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 1962). APPENDICES APPENDIX A RAW DATA ON SUBJECTS RAW DATA ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND AVERAGE COLORIC EXPENDITURE OF SUBJECTS TABLE X 66 W E 5.4 D fl 3232 m 0:4: C’h P p P p ”aaim m+4U+J a>m - .Q’\ S’\ .c’\ z’\ ~P<)U m$4Cm~4 -+* 1 18—4 165.25 65.06 59.00 129.80 99.80 2095.30— * 2 20.2 162.00 63.77 56.50 124.30 99.40 1252.21 +4 3 21-5 167.50 65.94~ 67.60 148172 112.70 2592.77 * 4 18—0 166.00 65.35 56.25 123.75 95.10 1376.80 + 5 18-9 158.25 62.30 61.16 134.55 119.07 2150.10 6 18-10 169.75 66.83 55.38 121.84 95.93 1272.72 # 7 18-6 150.00 59.05 56.56 124.43 121.99 733.46 * 8 22-4 167.75 66.04 63.90 140.58 103.36 1735.16 * 9 20-9 161.75 63.68 54.35 119.57 95.65 1681.64 *10 18—7 166.00 65.35 60.25 132.55 N101.90 1960.25 11 21-9» 167.25 65.80 64.40 143.80 108.90 1732.38 12 20-6 160.25 63.09 54.00 118.80 95.04 1260.11 *13 18-8 175.50 69.09 65.43, 143.93 .97.91 1854.67 #14 19-6 163.75 64.47 53.88 118.54 98.78. ’620.91 +415 21-8 171.50 67.52 66.08 145.36 103.80 3018.42 #16 18—8 168.50 66.34 49.28 108.42 85.30 370.81 #*17 18—11 165.75 65.25 50.08~ 110.05 784;55 1195.92 18 18-9 158.50 62.40 48.18 105.99 93.79 1380.80 *19 19-11 169.50 66.73 62.25 143.55~ 107.10 1566.70 #20 19-10 160.50 63.19 49.02 107.84 92.96 614.06 *21 18—6 159.00 62.60 50.03 110.07 91.70 1571.50 *22 18-5 162.50 63.78 52.48 115.45 93:10 1623.10 +423 19—5 169.75 66.83 60.03 8132.07 98.50 2208.34 #24 18-11 156.75 61.71 67.70 148.94 128.39 1075.64 #*25 19-1 165.00 64.96 60.98 134.14 105.60 991.95 +426 18-8 170.00 66.93 68.68 151.08 112.70 2772.09 #*27 19-11 157.50 62.00 52.00 114.40 101.23- 1114.03 *28 18-5 166.50 65.50 63.03 138.65 106.60. 1649.15 +429 18-5 155.50 61.22 63.78 140.30 120.90 2260.98 *30 18-7 160.25 63.08 63.00 138.60 111.70 1429.23 #31 18—4 155.50 61.22 53.03 116.66 107.02 ‘651.24 +432 19-5 165.50 65.17 67.38 148.22 114.00 2688.06 +33 18—0 176.25 69.39 66.25 145.75 105.61 2201117 *34 19—6 172.25 67.81 62.45 137.39 99.55 1590.86 *35 18-11 166.25 65.45 60 58 133.26 102.50 1784.12 “Physical Education Major +Active Subjects #Inactive subjects TABLE XI RAW DATA ON BONY WIDTHS H .C! .C m p p 0H 'U Q. E H m o 4—3 m 0 3 Q <6 £4 C>L 3 h -H 0 <00) 54 O 4—3 u H 4.) "-3.0 0) <1: U) m H C (1) :28 E t m m I m m z s 5 +4 a .c +4 3 c 012 :2 m o o m o x 1 6.07 '40.03 ' 27 84 16.80 26.15 .37 8. 2 5.69 36.05 28 35 17.73 27.91 .31 10. 3 6.54 40.17 28 02 18.67 28.09 .02 10. 4 5.86 39.03 25 57 15.73 26.70 .86 7. 5 5.87 36.28 26 88 19.73 26.33 .02 8. 6 5.67 37.34 26.15 17.73 27.35 .71 9. 7 6.04 37.47 26.33 17.87 25.44 .00 10. 8 6.32 39.12 27.43 18.10 25.43 .48 10. 9 6.22 38.14 25.70 16.73 26.14 .73 9. 10 6.35 38.82 25.95 18.13 25.02 .65 8. 11 5.50 38.86 27.42 19.10 25.57 .60 9. 12 5.91 39.85 25.53 16.57 24.96 .46 9. 13 "5.80 43.43 29.46 18.54 30. .69 9. 14 6.10 38.02 26.20 16.037 27. .95 9. 15 6.05 40.28 28.56 18.50 23. .72 9. 16 5.72 37.92 26.54 14.27 27. .72 9. 17 5.78 37.55 25.99 16.33 26. .47 8. 18 5.84 37.96 25.53 17.40 25. .38 .9. 19 6(08 38.08 27.12 18.93 27. .42 9. 20 5.36 38.06 25.15 16.00 25. .24 9. 21 5.46 35.50 25.91 15.67 25. .98 7. 22 5.59 37.47 24.96 14.40 25. .55 7. 23 6.05 38.55 27.05 16.77 28. .08 9. 24 6.12 37.93 29.63 19.60 29. 10. 25 6.27 38.35 26.17 18.17 26. 9. 26 6.08 38.61 26.20 18.87 27. 9. 27 5.80 36.36 25.23 15.97 25. 9. 28 6.56 39.84 26.88 17.03 27. 9. 29 5.93 40.07 27.47 18.67 28. 10. 30 5.76 38.98 25.95 19.13 26. 9. 31 5.40 36.70 25.56 16.50 25. 9. 32 6.80 38.80 28.91 18.13 29. ll. 33 6.39 39.27 29.89 16.80 26. 9. 34 5.90 38.63 30.13 17.40 30. 9. 35 6.46 38.27 26.65 18.43 26. 9. Note: Measured in centimeters. TABLE XII RAW DATA ON GIRTHS I 68 L E B $4 $4 4.3 <1: <2 :1 0.44 A A CD 3.8 '85: 85 :3 8 8 .. 8 .. 85 8 8: .8 a 28 .3: E 8 :02 D D o 3 <1: :1: E—i o 1 26.63 25.00 85.67 59.77 78.37 92.23 55.87 36.27 2 25.25 24.03 86.73 ‘64.23 79.83 91.90 54.96 34.73 3 31.40 28.53 90.83 66.00 86.57 99.23 62.43 39.17 4 26.37 24.20. 81.60 59.40 80.30 90.93 55.47 34.00 5 28.00 25.40 88.10 67.50 89.10 97.67 57.13 34.23 6 26.00 22.90 82.03 60.33 80.83 91.67 51.13 31.63 7 29.33 26.57 80.93 61.97 80.33: 97.07 57.67 36.33 8 29.07 25.90 87.40 63.47 83.87 96.03 60.13 36.40 9 27.40 24.931 80.03 60.20 80.53 91.83 55.43 32.67 10 37.40 35.57 85.97 61.67 83.30 93.93 57.83 33.97 11 29.90 26.97 87.47 62.60 80.63 95.93 59.33 37.00 12 26.40 24.90 80.17 59.40 75.47 88.87 52.50 33.10 13 28.30 24.93 87.93 66.83 89.30 99.73 56.50 34.03 14 24.17 22.97 78.70 59.73 81.63 91.00 53.43 34.07 15 29.17 27.00 89.00 '65.70 86.00 100.00 57.77 33.77 16 23.47 22.07 77.87 56.93 73.43 86.47 48.10 30.03 17 24.00 23.03 77.40 60.00 81.17 92.17 52.40 30.57 18 24.93 22.33 79.56 54.33 75.83 88.10 51.30 31.33 19 28.07 25.00 86.13! 64.00 79.50 98.03 56.07 35.00 20 24.13 22.03 78.33- 53.57 70.80 88.00 50.67 33.57 21 26.56. 23.53 78.47 57.30 73.83- 87.93 54.30 33.50 22 24.03_ 22.03 80.07 55.97 74.60 91.73 55.23 34.93 23 26.60 23.50 81.07 61.50 81.87 96.60 59.30 33.83 24 31.80 27.80 90.70- 71.80 99.00 102.50 64.50 38.90 25 37.00 34.10 82.27- 59.90 80.00 94.90 60.73 36.27 26 29.30 26.43 87.17 66.17 55.70 101.30 63.00 36.00 27 26.57 22.53 76.53 55.57 77.00 89.63 52.57 .33,93 28 27.37 25.53 86.90 ’63,59 85.43 101.57 59.33 36.67 29 30.30 28.97 88.07 69.80 92.67 102.00 62.53 37.23 30 30.03 26.60 86.16 64.00 82.70 96.56 59.60 36.03 31 25.77 24.47 84.93 64.17 81.27 92.83 58.63 35.53 32 30.97 29.93 87.13 59.93. 91.20 98.17. 62.33 40.13 33 27.00 25.80 83.13 60.43 82.27 101.87 59.13 37.93 34 25.17 23.00 85.17 67.33_ 93.23 96.37 56.10 36.27 35 27.00 25.50 81.17 66.13. 83.88 97.49 60.37 34.87 W Note: Measured in centimeters. 69 TABLE XIII RAW DATA ON SKINFOLD FAT MEASUREMENTS whose nsoHHHnso coax momHHHrmpasm seems 1 mafia nozoq unono mandmom naoofiua poaesz boonnsm 70730000030000700007009607073073007, oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo “4.911146251358295“ 9u9060065u 9u50639593 111121222111 1 1111111211112121112 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 6n. 5820u1808672776.167667hfi67766 0.46051 1 2111 l l l l 111 111 O0700077707700700000707777007073777 ................................... .5356670089u858957058576558971799713 l l 11 .I. l .1— ll 0707073070000070000700073300077? ................................... 527.5590 088 776 71 56 77756 53515751710 1 ll 1 11. ll 11 O O0530000071007000000000707.?777033007 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO l 11 33037030070000770000777307077000000 1 1 11 11 111 1111 l 3 777007“.7370000003070303030003000077 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 9.5971162822253501“.25036U6526lu65991 11112112111111111111111111113212l 2 123“».56789012314.567890123u567890123us 11111111112222222222333333 Measured in nullimeters. Note: TABLE XIV RAW DATA ON PONDERAL INDEX,SPECIFIC GRAVITY, PERCENT BODY FAT AND LEAN BODY MASS Lean Body Subject Ponderal Specific Percent Fat Mass Number Index Gravity Body Fat (kg.) (kg.) 1 12.88 1.052 23.0 13.57 45.43 2 12.81 1.039 29.6 16.72 39.78 3 12.46 1.048 25.0 16.90 50.70 4 13.15 1.049 24.5 13.78 42.47 5 12.17 1.044 27.0 16.51 44.65» 6 13.50 1.055 21.5 11.91 43.47 7 11.86 1.042 28.0 15.84 40.72 8 12.72 1.051 23.5 15.02 48.88 9 12.94 1.053 22.5 12.23 42.12 10 12.84 1.048 25.0 15.06 45.19 11 12.58 1.045 26.5 17.33 48.07 12 12.85 1.049 24.5 13.23 40.77 13 13.21 1.052 23.0 15.05 50.37 14 13.13 1.053 22.5 12.12 41.76 15 12.91 1.048 25.0 16.52 49.55 16 13.94 1.057 20.5 10.10 39.18 17 13.62 1.057 20.5 10.26 39.82 18 13.22 1.051 23.5 11.32 36.86 19 12.76 1.050 24.0 14.94 47.31 20 13.30 1.053 22.5 11.04 37.98 21 13.07. 1.055 21.5 10.76 39.27 22 13.12 1.055 21.5 11.28 41.19 23 13.29_ 1.050 24.0 14.41 45.62 24 11.66 1.035 31.7 21.43 46.27 25 12.69 1.049 24.5 14.94 46.03 26 12.58 1.042 28. 19.23 49.44 27 12.78 1.052 23.0 11.96 40.04 28 12.69 1.050 24.0 14.89 47.13' 29 11.80 1.044 27.0 17.22 46.55 30 12.22 1.043 28.5 17.95 45.05 31 12.57 1.045 26.5 14.05 38.977 32 12.32 1.046 26.0 17.52 49.85 33 13.22 1.048 25.0 16.56 49.69 34 13.17 1.052 23.0 14.36 48.09 35 12.83 1.048 25.0 15.14 45.43 TABLE XV RAW DATA ON FLEXIBIBILITY MEASURES 71 CI >> >: >> >: O 4—3 4—3 43 4—3 C r! C C H H H H 8“ “<3 h C h C >< 8 <3 I C) hr4 H H H 4.) (DC (DH 0) OCD'UO 0) C H :2 H (DH H H H on UO'UmUGHUhHrA o m 0 mUn Q Q .0 (DO) HH HCHHPHCUJJ In. (DH QJC‘. .hdH .33 HH 3H (DH r-‘IH -n1: s:< so -o a) U 0 n)m Pic 3!: a): 3~4 H4N~4 «H c H'H w-an :30) om H0) ON 'SHx N a) 3K 518 04: Lap .249 Law <3£4m (mm cup 04@ ~55 .czx HK cs: HH ,QOH HH H>< .CH mz mm mm <61 mitt. mart. 2:13. 5:61 U111: 1 21.25 15.75 36.25 25.75 15.50 41.75 45.62 32.00 2 22.00 11.88 40.50 23.00 18.62 42.75 38.00 24.62 3 32.50 25.38 42.75 26.50 23.88 50.00 58.00 37.25 4 27.00 16.25 34.87 25.87 15.75 50.82 42.25 27.62 5 26.50 16.75 51.75 22.25 15.25 46.38 27.25 25.38 6 17.88 15.25. 42.88 29.25 14.25 45.25 30.38 32.50 7 33.00 26.88 52.89 32.00 23.00 44.25 39.88 29.25 8 21.87 16.50 26.50 20.00 12.50 32.00 23.37 28.00 9 33.00 24.25 42.88 30.25 23.50 48.13 37.50 43.38 10 33.92 19.50 40.88 27.62 16.00 38.50 29.00 25.50 11 38.38 23.75 59.25 .32.50 24.65 60.54 44.00 35.50 12 19.50 15.25 '44789 29225 11:88 37750 27.75 29.25 13 29.75 19.25 36.00 34.37 19.75 42.50 46.75 25.87 14 28.89 15.25 36.75 23.00 18.63 44.00 37.25 25.883 15 26.25 15.75 45.50 32.00 20.63 51.84 47.25 32.00 16 13.00 12.00 26.25 14.75 12.38. 29.58‘ 34.38 15.25 17 15.25 9.75 23.50 21.25 12.25 .36.75 47.63 29.25 18 19.75 9.75 25.75 21.75 11.75 42238 ‘30.25 17.88- 19 34.87 20.37 43.37 33.50 23.00 47.97 51.87 37.37 ‘20 32.00 17.00 62.75. 25.50 16.25 52.25 39.50 26.63 21 26.63 19.50 '50263 25.13 21.75 41.88 39.11 26.63 22 30.25 16.00 38.50 25.50 16.25 56.70 46.25 26.62» 23 21.75 14.75 24.25 25.88» 15.25 50.00 47.25 20.88 24 25.00 22.37 57.25 32.507 20.12 47.87 41.25 “31.30 25 29.75 15.00 36.88. 33.38 20.00 49.59 53.00 37.38 26 31.25 20.00 61.65 30.25 22.50 63.32 55.00 42.88 27 21.75 16.25 23.88' 21.25 14.75 46.38 42.75 23.50 28 30.25 20.62 74.42 35.75 19.50 57.72 43.50 32.00 29 13.88 13.00 22.00 21.75 11.88 36.00 39.00 19.75 30 25.12 19.50 39.00 31.00 18.88 38.88 24.75 25.50 31 23.25 13.00 41.38- 25.13 10.75 44.50 34.88- 20.00 32 25.00 20.00 38.50 27.00 16.00 48.62 42.50 33.00- 33 22.25 18.63 45.50 25.89 17.00 54.25 48.63 21.25 34. 20.63 15.25 31.50 23.50 13.13 42 25 31.13 18.13 35 17.75 12.37- 36.25 23.75 15.75 37 75 29.37 20. TABLE XVI (Continued) 60 a) C2 C2 :3 at u—‘hu .3 c .9. .3 88:“. f3 55 .5 0S4 0 m (I) grow 60 60 60 mm XH SC :1 (Ur—IQ xx: 5:: HS: «5.0 C2>< 53(1) ma) 5(1) C20) (1) (dd) 85 ES: 23:. 8t: 8213‘ as .97}: 8f: U12 [Hm E-Wzl MEL] «mm BU) tum E—«CO 1 25.75 20.00 48.50 109 46 195 350 2 35.38 20.62 47.50 101 56 216 373 3 42.75 57.88 73.72 146 101 266 513 4 51.50 52.00 45.00 113 104 218 435 5 60.00 14.75 49.88 106 75 180 361 6 27.63 24.63 54.43 108 53 211 372 7 26.88 23.00 40.25 144 ‘50 219 413 8 33.37 41.75 26.25 100 75 129 304 9 18.88 50.63 43.75 154 70 202 426 10 38.12 50 62 41.59 124 89 208 421 11 24.68 37.88 71.25 166 63 267 496 12 16.25 11.75 34.63 105 28 189 322 13 28.87 21.62 49.00 130 '1 215 396 14 24.63 15.25 47.00 110 0 168 318 15 38.63 44.38 64.09 127 83 254 464 16 24.75 19.50 30.63 ’67 45 131 243 17 24.63 29.38 41.25 87 '54 150 291 18 33.00 25.75 39.13 82 59‘ 159 300 19 21.62 42.25 40.59. 149 64 246 459 20 28.00 24.50 40.50 118 53 201 372 21 31.00 40.13 43.75 121 71 211 400 22 25.50 38.50 51.84 115 65 235 415 23 18.75 35.38 46.38 99 54 173 326 24 29.75 24.25 40.67 131 54 237 422 25 20.00 22.75 60.21 135 43 255 433 26 40 88 52.88 72.63 147 94 315 556 27 27.00 23.50 46.63, 98 51 272 494 28 49.12 72.16 61.61 139 121 312 572 29 14.13 22.50 52.25 81 43 154 272 30 20.88 45.50 46.70 121 67 204 392 31 29.38 23.75 57.25 92 53 187 332 32 27.25 46.25 47.26 121 73 221 415 33 18.63 44.78 58.41 105 64 237 406 34 23.25 34.88 30.18 91 58 186 335 35 16.00 49.13 39.87 90 65 183 338 'This represents total strength in these areas. Note: Measured in kilograms. APPENDIX B MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, RANGE OF MEASURES FOR ACTIVITY GROUPS 75 TABLE XVII MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, RANGE OF BODY FORM MEASURES FOR THE MOST ACTIVE'GROUP Variable M. S.D. Range Weight 64.56 3.34 ' 59-69 Girths (cm.) Upper Arm (T) 28.78 1.55 27-31 Upper Arm (R) 26.89 2.13 24-30 Chest (Ax.) 87.78 2.87 81-91 Waist 65.33 3.65 60v68 Abdomen 86.00 4.47 78—93 Hips 97.78 2.15 92-99 Thigh 59.89 3.51 56-63 Calf 36.44 2.14 34—40 Widths (cm.) Humerus 6.11 .31 6-7 BivAcromial 39.11 1.20 38—40 Chest Width 27.89 1.20 27-30 Chest Depth 18.33 1.05 17-19 BivIliac 27.11 2.02 23-30 Bi—Trochanter 32:89 ”274‘ 31-34 Knee 9.44 .83 8-11 SkinFolds (mm.) Triceps 19.33 5.52 15-31 Scapula 11.00 4.00 6-17 Chest 8.78 3.36 5—15 Lower Ribs 10.22 3.61 5-15 Waist 9.33 2.98 5-16 Supra-Iliac 9.78 5.29 5+22 Knee 7.56 2.91 4-12 Umbilicus 17.44 4.24 11-26 Pubis 10.11 3.73 6—19 Percent Body Fat 25.56 1.50 23—28 Lean Body Mass (kg.) 48.11 2.23 45-51 Specific Gravity 1.0469 .003 1.042—1.052 Ponderal Index 12.625 .466 11.78el3.29 76 TABLE XVIII MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, RANGE OF BODY FORM MEASURES FOR THE LEAST ACTIVE GROUP Variables M. S.D. Range Weight (kg.) 57.78 5.96 49-68 Girths (cm.) Upper Arm (T) 27.33 4.37 23—37 Upper Arm (R) 25.11 3.73 22-34 Chest (Ax.) 80‘89 4.36 77-97 Waist 60.56 4.97 54-72 Abdomen 80.44 6.74 71-99 Hips 92.33 3.94 86-99 Thigh 55.56 5.17 48-65 Calf 34.44 2.59 30—39 Widths (cm.) Humerus 5.78 .04 5-6 Bi—Acromial 37.56 .07 36-38 Chest Width 26.33 1.41 25-30 Chest Depth 16.78 1.62 14-20 Bi-Iliac 26.33 1.16 25-29 Bi-Trochanter 31.00 1.41 29—34 Knee 9.56 .07 9-11 Skinfolds (mm.) Triceps 13.67 2.16 10-16 Scapula 9.78 2:53 7-14 Chest 7.56 1.50 5-9 Lower Ribs 7.56 2.79 ‘5-14 Waist 8.89 3.07 5-16 Supra-Iliac 9.89 3.57 6—16 Knee 9.22 3.61 H-R“ Umbilicus 16.44 7.10 '5-26 _ Pubis 10.00 5.60 5-22 Percent Body Fat 24.78 3.43 21—32 Lean Body Mass (kg.) 41.22 2.78 38-46 SpeCific Gravity 1.0492 .007 1.035-1.057 Ponderal Index 12.839 .712 11.86-13.94 77 TABLE XIX MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, RANGE OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY MEASURES FOR THE MOST ACTIVE GROUP W Variable M. S.D. Range Strength (kg.) ShouldeI'Extension 24.56 5.36 14-33 Elbow Extension 17.89. 3.45 13-25 Ankle Extension 41.11 11.99 22-61 Elbow FlexiOn 26.44 3.06 22—32 Shoulder Horizontal » _ ‘“"" Flexion 17.44 3.98 12-23 Hip Flexion 45.12 11.90 33-63 Hip Extension 36.64 10.72 27—58 Shoulder Flexion 29.33 7.59 20—43 Trunk Flexion 32.00 13.98 14-60 Trunk Extension 37.78 14.38 15—58 Kneé Extension 51490 . 14.58 46«73 Arm and Shoulder Strength 115.67 20.52 81-146 Trunk Strength 70.33 19.25 43—94 Hip and Leg Strength 174.66 28.71 154-185 Total Strength 347.00 46.22 327—418 Flexibility (Degrees) ' " . ‘ “ Shoulder Flexion 170.78 13.40 151-188 Shoulder Extension 49.78 1.59 23-76 Shoulder Inward Rotation 69.67 2.06 41-109 Shoulder Outward Rotation 106.78 24.28 42-126 Hip Flexion 120.67 21.45 92-171 Ankle Flexion 32.89 "1.66 15-72 Ankle Extension 42.67 1.52 16-63 Trunk Flexion 157.44 17.08 136-177 Trunk Extension 55.00 1.83 21'80 1 Shoulder Flexibility 397.00 42.61 329-459 Trunk Flexibility 212.44 28.19 175-258 Ankle Flexibility 75.56 10.26 62—94 ' Total Flexibility 805.67 78.88 714-967 78 TABLE XX MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION, RANGE OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY MEASURES FOR THE LEAST ACTIVE GROUP Variable M. S.D. Range Strength Shoulder Extension 24.67 6.75 13—33 Elbow Extension 16.33 4.94 10-27 Ankle Extension ' 40.22 13.80 23-63 Elbow Flexion' 25.44 5.89 21-41 Shoulder Horizontal Flexion 16.22 3.94 11—23 Hip Flexion ‘ 44.67 12.06 30-59 Hip Extension 36.44 8.72 21—50 Shoulder Flexion 26.44 6.02 15-31 Trunk Flexion 26.22 2.78 20-30 Trunk Extension 23.00 3.59 15-30 Knee Extension 39.44 14.67 26—63 Arm and Shoulder Strength 109.11 23.86 67—144 Trunk Strength 49.22 1.94 40-83 Hip and Leg Strength 155.21 19.15 131-170 Total Strength 308.67 44.83 268.401 Flexibility Shoulder Flexion 171.78 23.41 113-202 Shoulder Extension 63.33 "1.40 41—88 Shoulder Inward Rotation 81.33 1.65 59-113 Shoulder Outward Rotation 107.33 28.15 38—139 Hip Flexion 109.78 34.37 93-141 Ankle Flexion 23.22 1.16 11-53 Ankle Extension 49.77 1.09 24-66 Trunk Flexion 144.55 21.13 104-170 Trunk Extension 39.89 2.07 16-72 Shoulder Flexibility 423.78 36.12 357-495 Trunk Flexibility 184.44 36.70 124-242 Ankle Flexibility 73.78 6.25 60-83 Total Flexibility 790.89 74.02 688-936 APPENDIX C FORMULAS USED FOR PERCENT BODY FAT, LEAN BODY MASS, RELATIVE WEIGHT 80 TABLE XXI FORMULAS USED FOR PERCENT BODY FAT, LEAN BODY MASS, RELATIVE WEIGHT w 1 (1) Percent Body Fat 5.548 Specific Gravity Percent Fat = 100 — 5.044 (2) Lean Body Mass Lean Body Mass = — Wt. Kg. lbs. Fat Kg. (3) Relative Weight _ Actual Weight Relative wt. ’ Standard Weight m RBUM USE ONLY A___ I". ~.. ';"..-.. ‘3 0-; N l ”Mil7|mILimutMflTquwymullH