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Iethod of kanination . . . . . . . culturing ............. Hiatopathological Technique . . . . Preparation of ledia . . . . . . . . BiocheMoall'eeta . . . . . . . . . Bacteriological haninatio‘n . . . . care of Experiaental Aninala . . . . Preparation of Inoculun . . . . . . Agglutination i'eeta and Beeulta . . lg; Yolk to Increase Pathogenicity . Potato htraot Inrichnent ledia . . Cane Reporta (Gross and Hietopatholog) Bacteriological Studiea . . . . . . . . . . . Beeulta of Bacteriological and Groea PatholOgical Studies. Diacueaion O 9 O O O O O O O O O O 0 8m............... Bibliopaplv. Acknowledgnent............ P10tm.....000eeeeeeeeo Recouetruotion of a Liver Lobule . . . 133323 \DWNGGMHH «on NNNmHHHHHl-IHH Hodmzummwmmcumw 127 Introduction Pneumonia is one of the most co-on diseases affecting young aninals. lhis condition is responsible for considerable nortality along calves. lanbs and pigs. l'or the period beginning 1913 to date. the records of the diagnosis service of the Animal Pathology depart-ent show that 31.9}; per cent of all bovines autopsied had pneumonia. Golparatively little research has been done on the etiology and patholog of this disease which is of economic inportance to both the dairy and beef cattle industries. i'his investigation was undertaken in order to further the knowledge of these two phases of the problen. Review of Literature lnsootic pneunonia occurs anong young aninals in all countries of the world where extensive aninal husbandry is practiced. Calf pneu- monia has been reported in Holland. Gernany. Den-ark, Irance. Belgiun, Italy. Dwitserland, Russia. Hungary and herica. Reports on the occurrence of contagious pneunonia have been published since the latter Part of the last century. In 1886 Poels described the disease in cattle in Holland and states that its cause was a umsmn... sinilar to the bacillus of “he plague. Ibis was later confined by Jensen in 1890. Van den "amateur. and Lienoux in 1892 (1mm and Iarek. 1920). Iillians and Carpenter (1918) were of the opinion that pneumonia '3- one of a group of diseases which was prinarily transmitted fron the a“. to the fetus in utero. In the sane year Smith isolated a pleonorphic bacillus fron the 1‘3:- of calves simulating Actinonyces which was described in the following quotation: 'd Bacillus was found associated in pure culture \I -2. with an extensive lobar bronchopneunonia in calves. It occurs in the exudate as a ninute bacillus in snall groups. In culture it appears in three forms - as a bacillus. as a coccus-like endospore or orthro- spore. and as a conglonerate actinowces-like flake or colony with peripheral clubs. ' Burnett (1915) briefly described the pathology and discussed the nonenculture of pneumonia: 'A careful study of the typical lobar cases shows that the inflamation was of longer standing in the bronchioles and peribronchial tissue. There was first bronchitis. then peribronchitis. then pneumonia which spread from the alveoli next to the bronchioles to those further away. The character of the lesion shows that it is a rapidly spreading bronchopneulonia. A less rapidly spread- ing inflamtion due to the sane cause produces a lobular pneumonia. The difference in appearance of the pnounonia whether lobar or lobular depends on the virulence of the invading organiss and the resistance of the host.‘ In 1919 Birch and Benner described an outbreak of swine pncuaonia which occurred in low York state. Bacillus m was isolated nny tines froa the necrotic areas found in the lungs and the surrounding fhis type of pneunonia occurred in young and old animals. fhe disease could not be reproduced t1 ssues. cholera susceptible and 1mm pigs. 1! healthy pigs. Sanitation and autogenous bacterins apparently served as neasures of sons value in prevention and cure. Iurray in 1920 reported on the so-called 'flu' of swine. He “Coribed a Gran-negative Ooccus as the causative agent. which appeared ‘0 be pathogenic for rabbits. guinea pigs and a donkey. Snall doses of “3 nicrolrganisn inoculated intravenously in swine produced synptons '1‘ulating the natural infection. ~3- Carpenter and Gillan in 1921 described a Pasteurella which was isolated fron cases of septic pneuncnia. The nicrogrganisns were not very pathogenic for calves or rabbits. However. extracts fron pneu- nonic tissue appeared to be acre fatal to rabbits and lore certain to produce pneunonia in calves than the cultures. lloore found nicro- arganisns pathogenic for rabbits in the upper respiratory tract of nearly all dcnestic animals. Jones (1921) in a rather extensive bacteriological study of Bacillus bovisepticus found that these nicrosrganisns could be divided into three distinct groups. fhe Group I aicrcgrganisns were short. non-aotile. gran-negative. encapsulated rods. which fernsnted dextrose. lactose. saccharose. naltose and nannitol with acid production. fhey were beta henolytic. failed to produce indol and were non-virulent. 'l'he nicrodrganisns in Group II fernsnted dextrose and saccharose but not lactose. naltose or nannitol. they produced indol. were bile soluble. non-henclytic and relatively non-virulent. i'he Group III nicroarganisns resenbled Group II but attached Iannitol in addition to dextrose and saccharose. fhey produced indol. were not bile soluble and were virulent for rabbits. In general. the inunological relationships were found to follow the cultual grouping. A study of both nor-a1 and diseased swine lungs was published by 0pm in.1922. rho results of culturing 100 nor-a1 lungs and 31h Pun-enic lungs were as follows: lornal 1.395s Pneuaonic 1.253 3. suisepticus M of cases 3. suisepticus 5% of cases 3. alcaligenes 3f ' " Streptococcus 12$ " " Streptococcus 35$ ' ' -1;- During the following year Spray reported on sheep pneunonia. i'ypical Pasteurella ovisgtica were isolated fron both acute and chronic cases of the disease. An atypical Pasteurella was isolated which could be differentiated fron true Pasteurella in that it produced no beta henolysis under the colony. fernented naltose and was less pathogenic for rabbits. In eight of the thirty-six cases of lamb pneumonia. a Gran-negative Diplococcus was isolated. i'he author thought this to be of significance. A Gran-positive Biplococcus which was isolated on nunerous occasions from the lungs was found associated with caseous lylphadenitis. In 1925 Saith pointed out the significance of pneumnic condi- tions in fetuses and new-born calves which were due to Bacillus abortus. Such pneunonia nay be contracted by way of the nternal circulation as shown by a general distribution of the microgrganisns throughout the fetuses. Aspiration of infected anniotic fluid resulted in the nicro- Srganisns localizing in the lungs and digestive tract. Rapidly fatal necrotic pneunonia nay result fron the invasion of other not highly pathogenic bacteria into the fetal pnouaonic area of a preuture calf. In the sane year Snith was of the opinion that Bacillus 2911. was the cause of any diseases of new-born calves which included septicemia. arthritis. nephritis. onphalitis and possibly pneumonia. Ball-an. Shell and Deles (1928) described a fetal bronchopneunonia associated with Brucella abortus infection. Of the sixteen cases studied. “3 fielded Brucella abortus on culture and twelve showed pneumnic lesions on histological examination. In 1930 Woods found a Gran-negative notile rod. Pseudo-onas sui_s. to be the cause of croupous pncunonia in swine in the Philippine Islands. A hencphilic bacillus was isolated fron the respiratory tract of -5- swine by Lewis and Shops in 1931. fhese investigators suggested Heaoflilus influenza g; as a designation for this nicroarganisn. The lost suitable culture nedia were chocolate agar and heated blood bouillon. Ihese workers were unsuccessful in eleven of thirteen attempts to infect swine with this nicrogrgauisn. rheee results indicated the possi- bility of acne conplicating factor tint was necessary in order to produce a true picture of the disease. 1 In a series of articles presented by Shops (1931) the pathology and transnission ,of swine influenza was described as follows: "The principal features of the pathology of swine influenza are an exudative bronchitis acconpanied by narked damge to the bronchial epitheliun and its cilia. a peribronchial round cell infiltration and nassive pulnonary atelectasis. ' i'he lynph nodes. especially the cervical and nediastinal. were morplastic and edenatous. rranenieeion enerinents demonstrated that Berkefeld filtrates of infectious nterial adninistered intranasally prothiced a aild illness in swine. Upon adninistration'of the filtrable agent and a pure culture of Buomlus influensa:_ui__s_ synptons and pathology identical to swine influensa were problced but neither agent alone produced the typical disease. Shape (1932) demonstrated that of the two etiological components Of Wins influenza only the filtrable virus possessed i-unising proper- ties. While Henophilus influensa g; is essential for the production Of the typical disease. it produces no immunity and plays a secondary role in the production of the disease. “Born- of swine convalescent fron the filtrate disease neutrali sed thi! urine influenza etiological coupler of organisn and virus. " -6- In the same year Newsom and Cross described typical strains of Pasteurella in sheep which produced indol. were pathogenic for rabbits and showed no hemolysis. Atypical strains were observed which produced no indol. did not kill rabbits but hemolyzed blood. In 1931: Banner included pneumonia as one of six important clini- cal disease entities encountered on the Pontana hog ranch in California. IcBryde found Bacillus suisgticus and Bacillus _egi_pestifer to be the primary cause of pneumonia in pigs on this ranch. Clark in 1936 reported an outbreak of pneumonia apparently caused by Streptococci in a group of eighty-one calves. Of this number. fifty-three developed the disease. twenty-one died. and thi rty-two survived. A bilateral bronchopneumonia of calves was described by Thorp and Halli-an in 1937. Three distinct variations were observed - an acute pneumonia which progresses very rapidly. an acute pneumonia superimposed on a previous bronchiolitis or chronic pneumonia and a pneumonia where a large number of small abscesses were present. Beta Streptococci and lscherichia go_1_i_ were isolated. These microgrganisns were considered to be of etiological significance. In 1938 Bosenbusch and lierchant published their work on the Pasteurella. They divided the typical strains into two rather distinct “39‘0an and a third less distinct one on the basis of xylose. arabinose. ”Id dulcitol fermentation. The agglutination reactions were of some value in mking the 31‘“? subdivisions. Atypical for-s designated by lewson and Cross as W13 hemolflica were also described. The investigation by Ingle (1939) indicated the causative agent of calf pneumonia to be a beta Streptococcus. Lancefield Groin) C. This -7- microgrganisn was also found in porcine and ovine pneumonia associated with other microdrganisms of which Pasteurella oviegtica was the most coamon. Pasteurella cvisgtica was found to be the most common cause of ovine pneumonia although the Biplococcus of Spray was considered of significance in this disease. Sanders in 1939 isolated II. coli. Pasteurella boviseptica. a Staphylococcus and a Penicillium from the pneumonic lungs of calves. He was unable to produce typical pneumonia with any of these micro- :rganisms or with tissue filtrates administered intranasally or per as to calves kept under sanitary conditions. However. the disease in typical form was reproduced in calves maintained in crowded. unsanitary pernanent lots. -8- Eerimental Source of Lung: lost of the lungs were secured from animals submitted for diagnosis to the Animal Pathology department. These animals were pre- sented for autopsy by the veterinary clinic. practicing veterinarians. live stock owners. and the Dairy and Animal Husbandry departments of the college. Three of the animals came from the experimental herd belonging to the Animl Pathology department. lethod of Iramination The lungs were carefully removed at the time of autopsy after tying off the trachea. They were immediately taken to the laboratory. examined grossly and the pathology described. The consolidated areas were indicated on diagrams of the lungs. These diagrams represented the dorsal and ventral aspects of the organ. The autopsy number of the case was also assigned to the lung sections and bacteriological cultures. Photographs were taken when the case represented pathology not pre- vi ously photographed. Culturigg The surface of the lung was thoroughly seared with red hot metal knives. A triangular piece of tissue approximately one centimeter on a side was removed with sterile instruments and rubbed over the surface of blood agar plates. Per the first few cases a small piece of tissue '3! also placed in a tube of tryptose broth but this procedure was fWild. unnecessary and discontinued. x The affected lobes were then cut at right angles to the longi- tnfinal axis with a red hot knife. The cut surfaces of the lobes were “Cred. and a sterile inoculating needle introduced into the bronchi. Culturing was then carried out on blood agar plates. Smears from the -9- bronchial exudate were prepared on microscopic slides. These prepara- tions were stained with methylene blue and Eucker's lodification of the Gram stain. In acute cases scrapings of epithelium from the bronchi were made on slides and stained for inclusion bodies (Green 1939). After removal of tissue sections the lungs were opened beginning at the trachea and proceeding downward to the smller bronchi. The lungs were then examined for distribution of lesions and lung worms. Bistmthclogical Technigue rixationkProcessigg and Stainigg of Tissue. Tissue blocks were removed from the affected areas and from the hilus of each lung. These areas were indicated on the diagrams of the lungs. The blocks were immediately placed in Senker' s fluid containing five per cent glacial acetic acid and fixed for twenty-four hours. They were then washed in running tap water for another twenty-four hours. The tissues were successively placed in eighty per cent alcohol for twenty-four hours. ninety-five per cent alcohol for twenty-four hours. absolute alcohol for eight hours. cedar wood oil twenty-four to thirty-six hours. paraffin 52‘s. twenty-four to thirty hours (cmnged at ten to twelve hours) and embedded in 56-58'0. paraffin. The sections were out seven microns in thichiess and mounted on clean glass slides with egg albumin. They were stained with hematoxylin- oosin and by the Gram-Ieigert method. Prggation of Media The pH of all prepared media was adJusted to between 7.0 and 7.2 W the colornetric method using brom tlwmol blue as the indicator. One POT cent laOB was used to adjust the pH of the media. ledia which would statdhigh temperature was autoclaved at fifteen ~10- to sixteen pounds for fifteen minutes. Other media was sterilised by Seits filtration or by intermittent heating in flowing steam. W was employed wherever solid media was used for culturing. It was also used as a base medium for blood plates. slants and chocolate agar. Blood 35;; slants were prepared by adding sterile defibrinated sheep blood (ten per cent) to melted tryptose agar cooled to 50°C. Blood plates were prepared in a similar manner except tint the blood was added to the agar in flasks. mined and poured into petri dishes. Chocolate 3525 (ten per cent blood) was prepared by adding blood to autoclaved tryptose agar before cooling. Litrate broth was prepared by adding one per cent I SO, to beef extract broth (Manual of lethods). Starch 353.; was prepared by adding two per cent soluble starch to tryptose agar. Gelatin was prepared by adding ten per cent gelatin. one per cent peptone and .5 per cent la 01 to distilled water. gdroggn sulfide medium was prepared by adding one per cent Vitte's peptone to beef extract broth in place of ordinary peptone. Indol medium was prepared by adding one per cent bacto-tryptone. .5 Per cent Ia Cl and .3 per cent beef extract to distilled water. Litmus Hill: was prepared according to Giltner's method (1926) "1318 fresh skimmed milk to which was added two per cent asolitmin. Steriliaaticn was accomplished by heating twenty minutes for four °°Mscutive days in flowing steam. lamentable Media. The base medium was prepared as follows: la 01 .5 gm Bacto Tryptose 2 p~ Andrade's Indicator 1 cs 3.0 (distilled) 100 cc The common fermentable substances were added to the base medium during preparation. The rarer fermentable substances were stored in a five per cent aqueous stock solution and added with sterile pipettes to sterile tubed base medium. Inserts were placed in all tubes con- taining fermentable substances. In case of fastidious microzrpnisms. two drops of sterile serum were added to each tube before inoculation. The fermentable substances were used in the following concentra- tions: Dextrose .5 per cent fructose .1 per cent Sucrose . 5 " ' Galactose . l " " mtose . 5 " ' Inulin . l " " Lactose . 5 " " Elffinose . l " " Ilunite . 5 " " Sorbi tol . l ' " Salicin . l ' " Trehalose . l ' " Dextrin . l " " Iylose . l " " Dulci tol . 1 ' " Glycerol . 5 ' ' A11 fermentable substances except maltose and dextrin were sterilised by autoclaving as previously mentioned. Ialtose and dextrin were sterilised by Seits filtration. All media were incubated at 37‘C. for twenty-four hours before use. An uninoculated tube of each medium treated the same as for tests served as a negative control. W Biggefaction of Gelatin. Inoculated tubes of gelatin were incubated at 37°c. for ten days after which they were placed in the ice box until the control tube hardened. Indol Test. Inoculated tubes were incubated for forty-eight h“?- at 37°C. and tested for the presence of indol by adding .2 cc of a test solution prepared by adding 25 cc of concentrated c.p. 301 and 5 SI! hat-en's paradimetlwlaminobensaldehyde to 75 cc of Baker's blue label awl alcohol. A red ring at the Junction of the two fluids constituted a positive test when no reaction was seen in the uninocu- lated control tube. Reduction of Bitrates. After inoculated tubes were incubated for seven due at 37‘C. they were tested for the presence of nitrites and ammonia. The presence of ammonia was determined by the addition of .2 cc Bessler's solution to each culture tube. The presence of ammonia was indicated by a yellow color or precipitate. no reaction being observed in the uninoculated control. The presence of nitrite was determined by adding to the inoculated tubes .1 cc of sulphanilic acid test solution lo. 1 and mixed by shaking. Then .1 cc alpha-naphthylamine solution lo. 2 was added and shaken. The development of a red color after ten minutes in the inoculated media indicated the presence of nitrite when no color appeared in the control tube. Mn sulfide production was determined by suspending a strip of sterile filter paper saturated with lead acetate solution (ten per cent) in the tube over the inoculated media and incubated at 37%. for five days. The presence of a black color on the lead acetate portion of the paper indicated a positive test. Bacteriological lamination The description of colonies was made from primary isolation when it was possible to find individual colonies. When this was impossible. the cultures were streaked on plates until individual colonies appeared. Iotility tests were made from tryptose broth cultures incubated twelve to eighteen hours at 37°C. One loop of broth culture was placed on a cover slip and inverted over a concave glass slide and examined under high power. Smears from the bronchial exudate and in some cases from the -u.-.- -13. alveoli were stained with Gram' s stain and methylene blue. These were examined for the presence of bacteria. In acute cases the bronchial smears and scrapings were stained with Green's modification of the hematoxylin—eosin stain and examined for inclusion bodies. The morpho- logical chracteristics and staining properties were determined by examining twenty-four hour cultures of the microgrganisms. Hucker' s modification of the Gram stain and Loeffler's methylene blue were used for nking these determinations. Care of Egorimental Animals The rabbit breeding stock was kept in individual metal cages equipped with screen bottoms. Iooden boxes containing excelsior were placed in the cages a week prior to parturition. Stock rabbits in groups of ten to fifteen separated according to sex were kept in metal pens. Shavings were used for litter. The rabbits were fed alfalfa leaves and a grain mixture prepared as follows: Bran Il-GO lbs. Ground Oats ltOO ' Ground Corn 300 ' Ground Barley 300 " Dried Iilk 200 " Gluten lieal 100 ' Linseed Oil Heal 200 ' Bone Heal 20 " Charcoal 10 ' Salt 5 " come reading 011 5 . (A Tish Oil) Tater was added to form a wet nah and this preparation was fed to the rabbits daily. During the winter months cabbage or carrots were occasionally fed. and clipped grass occasionally during the summer. Inoculated rabbits were placed in metal batteries which were kept in a room separate from the stock aninls. ~1h- The mice were raised in colony cages and watered by an inverted bottle of water from which a glass tube projected into the cage within reach of the animals. The mice were fed a mixture of equal parts of corn and wheat. Shavings were used for litter. At the beginning of the proJect eight inoculated mice were placed in one wire cage. The number was soon reduced to four animals since fewer mice were killed by their penmates. Then inoculation experi- ments were terminated the cages were mechanically cleaned and placed in an aqueous chlorine solution (100 P.P.li.) for ten to fifteen minutes. Cages used for inoculated rabbits were treated in a similar manner. mun of Inoculum The inoculum was prepared by removing a small piece of lung tissue from a seared area with sterile instruments. It was then placed in a sterile mortar and thoroughly ground with sand. Beef extract broth was added. and the suspension set in the ice box for at least five hours. It was then filtered through a Seits clarifying disk under negative pressure. A portion of this disk filtrate was used for inoculation while the remainder was filtered through a Seits LEG-6 pad. This filtrate was then cultured and used for inoculation. Bacterial suspensions were prepared by washing the cultures from slants which had been incubated for twenty-four hours at 37.0. The microdrganisms were suspended in 0.85 per cent laCl solution. Clumps of bacteria were dispersed by shaking with glass beads. The turbidity of the bacterial suspension was adJusted to lo. 1 with the lcrarland nephelcmeter. Mice were routinely used to determine the pathogenicity of tissue suspension and microgrganisms. The mice were held by the skin on the -15- “back of the neck with thumb and forefinger while the body was stretched across the pal- of the hand and the tail held with the little finger. The area in which the needle was to be inserted was moistened with seventy per cent alcohol. lice were routinely injected into the lungs and peritoneal cavities. Rabbits when used were injected intravenously. intratracheally or into the lungs. When intratracheal injections were saployed it was necessary to clip the hair from the neck. make an incision through the skin and expose the trachea. The hypodermic needle was inserted directly into the trachea and the injection wade. gglutination Tests and Results Attempts were made to produce inune sera for agglutination tests by injecting rabbits with Beaophilus influensae suis“ and the micro- :rganism isolated fron 1498”. (03a). The schedule for injecting was as follows: 0.2 cc Bacteria every h days the first week l.0cc " ll» " 'second' 2.0cc " " 2 " " third ' The series of injections were not sufficient to produce aggluti- nating serum for the microgrganisns isolated from #981! so live cultures in 2 cc doses were injected every other day for two weeks. The sera were obtained by bleeding the rabbits from the ear vein. The ear was shaved and swabbed with alcohol and the narginal ear vein slit near the end with a sterile rasor blade. The blood was collected I in a sterile tube. allowed to clot and placed in the ice box over night. The next morning the tube was centrifuged and the sera renoved with a fine pipette to which a rubber bulb Md been attached. Agglutination tests were run by placing 2 cc of prepared antigen ‘ Sent through the courtesy of Dr. 1. I. Shops. Rockefeller Institute. Princeton. I.J’. -16- (Turbidity lo. 1. Horarland) in lassermann tubes and adding serum to make dilutions of 1:25. 1:50. 1:100. 1:200. The tests were incubated at 37’C. for forty-eight hours. Antigen controls were always included. In some respects culture h98h resembled Hemophilus influenza _s__u_i_s_. Immune sera were prepared by injecting rabbits with the respective cultures. Hemophilus influenza E1 sera agglutinated the homologous antigen in all four dilutions in twenty-four hours at 37° C. The sera were then run against h98h antigen but failed to agglutinate in an dilution. Sera from rabbits that had been injected with R98); bacterial suspension failed to agglutinate either of the two antigens. Difficulty was encountered in preparing a stable antigen from culture 11.98% This antigen was then prepared with a .2 per cent IaCl solution. The serum- antigen dilutions were incubated at 50°C. for two hours. read. and then placed in the ice box for twenty-two hours and again read. The results were negative. Iany animals from one dairy herd had pneumonia as calves and recovered. Since the microdrganism (11981:) had been isolated from pneu- monic lungs of calves from this dairy herd. an attempt was made to determine if an urological relationship existed between the micro- 8rganisms and the sera of recovered aninls. The agglutination tests were run in a 1:25 serum-antigen dilution. Since the antigen was not Very stable the tests were placed in a 50°C. incubator for two hours. read and then placed in the ice box for twenty- two hours and read. he lgglutination reactions occurred with the sera from cattle which had recovered from pneumonia. 5“ Yolk to Increase Pathogenicitl The microorganism h98h was non-pathogenic for mice on -17- intraperitoneal injections and when injected into the lungs. Pang (1911.0) demonstrated an increase in pathogenicity of the meningococcus by first suspending the microorganisms in an egg yolk solution and then injecting animals. This technic was repeated using cultures h98h but no increase in virulence was observed when the suspension was injected into mice. 3.95.9.3 Extract lurichment ll_e_d_=i_a_ Some difficulty was encountered in obtaining abundant growth of ESSH culture. It was suggested (Thorp)"‘that media enriched with potato extract might increase the growth of this microgrganism. The potato extract was prepared by grinding 500 gas of potatoes. adding 500 cc of water. and placing in the refrigerator over night. The liquid was decanted and filtered through a Buchner filter then through a Seits l-I-G pad for sterilisation. This dark extract was added to the fermentable media when serum was added. lo noticeable increase in growth was noted. ' harp. Personal con-unication. 191:0. Case Reports gum: 1851}. History: A heifer calf which Md apparently recovered from pneumonia never developed normlly and was stunted. On July 2h. 19140. the animal was slaughtered. Gross Patholog: A few areas of bronchopneumonia were visible (Figs. 3-“) over the surface of both diaphragmatic lobes. The marginal end of the right apical lobe showed atelectasis. In the right cardiac lobe the consolidated area extended from the hilus on the ventral side to a point three-fourths of the way toward the apex. A grayish cohesive exudate was present in the bronchi. In the left cardiac lobe the pneu- monia extended from the hilus about midway toward the apex. The pneu- monic areas appeared to be in a stage of gray hepatisation with a lesser amount of red hepatisation and possibly some indnration. The bronchial lywph nodes were slightly enlarged and edematous. Histomtholog: The pleura appeared slightly thickened. The bronchioles showed an extensive peribronchial infiltration of lympho- cytes (11;. 1&6). A similar though less extensive infiltration of lthocytes was observed around the arteries. Some of the bronchioles showed desquamati on of the epithelium while others showed a marked thickening of the epithelium. A purulent exudate consisting largely of neutrophils and large acrophages was present in the bronchioles of the anterior lobe. Moderate proliferation of fibroblasts was observed around the bronchioles. The alveoli showed marked thickening of the walls. and atelectasis was present. Immediately surrounding the affected bronchioles the alveoli showed an exudate consisting of neutrophils. lumerous giant cells were seen in the alveoli in the I.” 5'} -19- interbronchial areas. Diagggsis: Chronic bronchcpneumonia. Bacteriology: legative. Accession: 1703. History: A group of lactating cows was injected with lacto-vaccine. lithin two days large swellings appeared at the site of injection and some of the animals showed increased tempera- ture up to 106'r.. increased respiration and coughing. One of the more severely affected animals was killed and autopsied. A portion of the lung. udder and sample of the milk was brought to the labora- tory for examination. Gross Patholog: The portion of lung submitted showed com- plete consolidation and numerous abscesses. Bistgmtholog: No sections were taken. Bacteriolog: A Corynebaoterium was isolated from the lung. abscess and milk. N1 .. 21- £33.22: “93"- History: A Brown Swiss bull calf showed symptoms of pneumonia for a short time before death. Gross Patholgg (Tigs. 13-1’4): Most of the left lung was con.- solidated. The anterior lobes were in the stage of gray hepatisation while the diaphragmatic lobes showed red hepatisation. .A narrow strip of tissue on the dorsal border of the left diaphragntic lobe was not consolidated. The anterior lobes on the right side of the lung showed complete consolidation. The anterior part of the right diaphragmatic lobe was in the stage of red hepatisation and very edematous. Histgpgtholog: The pleura was slightly thickened and the interstitial tissue was edematous. The bronchioles at the periphery of the apical and cardiac lobes showed a proliferation of fibroblasts and laying down of collagenous fibers (rigs. 53-5h-55.56). At the periphery of the lung the bronchial epithelium showed desquasation and metaplasia while toward the hilus desquamation of the epithelium predominated (l'igs. lib-Ml). A purulent exudate consisting primarily of polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes and necrotic debris was seen in the bronchioles. The interlobular lymphatics were markedly distended. The alveoli showed a varied picture. Those in the anterior lobes showed congestion of the walls and contained a cellular exudate consisting primarily of polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes and round cells. The alveoli of the posterior lobes and the anterior lobes nearer the hilus showed congestion of the walls together with a serous. serofibrinous and hemorrhagic exudate. few polymorphonuclear leucocytes and necrosis (Figs. 81-82). My Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on a chronic bronchitis. Bacteriolog: A Gram-negative rod (undesignated) :. -22.. m: #985. History: A Jersey calf four months old had been showing symptoms of pneumonia for a short time and had been given sulfanilamide. Gross Patholgg (rigs. 15-16): The entire left apical and cardiac lobes were consolidated. The left diaphragnntic lobe showed patchy areas of consolidation and congestion. The right apical. cardiac and diaphragatic lobes showed varying degrees of consolidation. The right diaphragmatic lobe showed consolidation of an acute edematous nature while the anterior lobes appeared to be in a stage of gray hepatisation. Histopatholog: This case showed an extensive acute pneumonia. Bo nterial difference could be recognised in the duration between the consolidation at the hilus and that at the periphery of the lobe since the pneumonia appeared to have spread rapidly. The interstitial tissue and pleura were edematous. The smaller bronchi showed congestion in the lamina propria and desquantion of the epithelium. The bronchioles showed a cellular exudate consisting primarily of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The alveolar walls were congested while the alveoli con- tained a serous. serofibrinous and cellular (neutrophils and a few mcrophages) exudate. Areas were seen in which the alveolar walls had entirely disappeared. hphysema was seen in the alveoli (rigs. 79-80). The polymorphonuclear leucocytes were abundant suggesting recent abscess formation. The pleural and interlobular lymph vessels were markedly dis- tended. The diaphragmatic lobe showed the most recent pneumonia. Diflosis: Rapidly spreading acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriology: A Gram-negative pleomorphic rod (undesignated) (Fig. 90). I vs .’ o. c- 23- $92218 ”990. Histog: A male Brown Swiss calf eight months old from the preriment Station dairy herd. This animl had been on a low magnesium diet and died of tetany. Gross Patholog (rigs. 9-10): The left apical lobe was consoli- dated on the lateral mgin. The left cardiac lobe was consolidated throughout. The anterior lateral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe was consolidated and showed a pleural adhesion h on in diameter at the ru- -—-1 junction of the normal and consolidated tissue. The pneumonia appeared to be slightly. if at all. progressive. The raised area in the left diaphragmatic lobe which showed fibrinous adhesions covered an encapsu- ‘ 2’14 i‘ . lated abscess. The right lung showed the same type of lesion except that the diaphragmatic lobe was not involved. The pneumonic areas appeared dry and shrunken suggesting atelectasis. The interstitial tissue was quite prominent when sectioned due to the presence of edeln. A deep abscess was found toward the posterior border of the diaphrag- matic lobe. In the ventral hilar region bronchopneumonia was present on the left side. On the right ventral hilar region the only consoli- dated area was just adjacent to the bifurcation of the trachea. Histathology: The pleura and interlobular septa were markedly thickened (Figs. 38-39). The bronchi and bronchioles revealed injury of some duration. The walls showed infiltration with lymphocytes (rigs. 19.50), a marked fibrosis and desquasation of the epithelium. A few of the bronchioles ‘ showed metaplasia of the epithelium. The walls showed capillary congestion and an exudate of macrophages was seen in the lumem The alveoli showed large areas of atelectasis and the walls were congested. Some macro- phages were present in the alveoli and extensive fibrosis of the alveolar walls (Figs. 75-76) was observed especially toward the M .1: ~211- periphery of the apical and cardiac lobes. Bimosis: Chronic bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Corynebacterium. I i‘l £22m: R998. Histog: A Holstein bull calf five months old had been fed a Vitamin A deficient diet. About three weeks previous to killing. the animal was found unable to rise. Clinically it appeared that a hip joint had been dislocatedi Since the animal showed no improvement during tint time. slaughter was advised. Gross Patholog: There was an area of atelectasis on the right apical lebe extending from the posterior margin to the base. The area of atelectasis in the right cardiac lobe extended from the base to the lower one-fourth of the lobe. This area extended through the lobe. Histopatholog: The pleura appeared normal. The gross atelectatic area showed atelectasis microscopically and an accumulation of ncrophages. Some of the alveoli were filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibrin. Emphysema was present in other areas. The respiratory bronchioles in this area were filled with an exudate con- sisting primarily of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Others showed infiltration of lymphocytes in the lamina propria (rigs. h7—hS—56). W: Acute bronchopneumonia with atelectasis and «pm-mo Bacteriology: Negative. L “a; -26- . am: 5023. Histog: A ule Jersey calf twenty-five months old was apparently healthy until the time of death. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe showed a discolored area in the central portion. occupying about one-fifth of the lobe. which appeared to be atelectatic in nature without the mottled appearance commonly seen in bronchopneumonia. The reminder of the lung appeared normal except for a raised area in the right diaphrag- matic lobe. This area on palpation was suggestive of an encapsulated abscess. The left apical lobe also showed a small atelectatic area. Bistmthelog: The pleura appeared normal. The lamina propria of the bronchi and bronchioles showed varying degrees of lymphatic infiltration. Occasionally a cellular exudate was seen in the respiratory bronchioles. Atelectasis was present in the gross areas of consolidation. The capillaries appeared to be congested in these areas. M: Acute bronchiolitis with atelectasis. Bacteriolog: negative. -27.. intern: 5027. History: The animal was a pregnant female Holstein two years old and on October ll. who. was showing signs of iminent abortion. The cervix was dilated and the fetus mechanically removed. The placental membranes were removed forty hours later. The next day the animal went off feed; a tonic was given after which improvement was noticed. Illness was observed again on the 17th and death occurred on the 19th. Gross Patholog: The right lung was brought to the laboratory. The entire lung was engorged with a yellowish tinged fluid. The lung lobules were separated this to the edematous condition of the inter- stitial tissue. Histogtholog: The subpleural tissue was greatly thickened due to the edema. The subpleural and interlobular lymphatics were extremely distended with lymph. The interlobular connective tissue showed an edematous condition much like the subpleural tissue. A small amount of serous and fibrinous exudate was seen in the alveoli. Diagnosis: Extensive interlobular edema. Bacteriolog: Iegative. 523.2218 5030. Bistog: A femle Jersey calf five days old was noticed sick for twenty-four hours before death. Gross Patholgg: The left apical lobe showed a smll triangular area of consolidation suggestive of a congenital condition. The right apical lobe showed numerous small discolored areas which were either consolidated or congested. The remainder of the lung appeared normal. Eistopatholog: The pleura appeared normal. The smaller bronchioles showed an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes which appeared to be extensive enough to account for the atelectasi s. The walls of the alveoli in the atelectatic areas showed congestion and some serous exudate was present in the alveoli. Some of the alveoli showed emphysema. Diagnosis: Bronchiolitis accompanied by emphysema. atelectasis and very early bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Beta Streptococcus (Fig. 88). Mg: 5053- Bistogz: A male Jersey calf six months old fed a low Vitamin A ration for some time was found dead on the morning of November 1}. 1940. Gross Patholog (rigs. ll-l2): Pneumonia involved the entire apical and cardiac lobes of both lungs except for three small normal areas along the border of the anterior lobe of the right cardiac and the dorsal border of the left apical. The pneumonia of the anterior lobes was primarily in the stage of red hepatisation with some indica- tions of an early cellular exudate. The diaphragmatic lobes were normal except for small consolidated areas in the anterior portions showing red hepatisation. The intermediate lobe showed complete con- solidation in the stage of red hepatisation. Bistgpatholog: The interlobular septa were edematous in areas while the pleura was less affected. The bronchi and bronchioles showed severe congestion of the capillaries and moderate infiltration of poly- eorphonuclear leucocytes. macrophages and lymphocytes in their walls with some exudate of these cells in the lumens. A few of the bronchioles showed an increase of collagenous fibers indicating a bronchiolitis of longer duration. The alveolar walls showed extensive congestion throughout the greater portion of the lung. Some hemorrhagic exudate was Present. In some areas a cellular exudate was present consisting of about equal numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages. Giant cells were observed containing neutrophils (rigs. 67-68). Diane: Acute bronchopneumonia with limited bronchiolitis of “'0 durati on. Bacteriolog: negative. -30. Autopg: 5080. History: A male Guernsey calf two months old was from the Dairy Experiment Station hard. The animal was on a diet of whole milk. The calf had been showing scours for several days and was found dead one morning. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe showed prominent gray areas which were either necrotic or emphysematous. The entire lobe seemed to show a tendency toward emphysema as the lung tissue under the pleura resembled foam. The anterior right apical lobe. left apical lobe and anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe showed scattered areas of atelectasis. Some of these areas appeared to be surrounded by hemorrhage. The ventral side of the apical and cardiac lobes of both lungs showed many hemorrhagic areas. Eistggatholog: The pleura appeared normal except for the eubpleural hemorrhage. The respiratory bronchioles contained cellular exudate consisting of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the capillaries in the walls of some of the bronchioles were congested. The alveolar walls were congested in areas and an extensive serous exudate (rigs. 61-62) was present together with a lesser amount of cellular exudate consisting mainly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Bacteria were observed in the alveoli (Big. 86). 8311 areas of emphysema alternated with more limited areas of atelectasis. M: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriology: Beta Streptococcus. -31- Accession: 1720. History: The animal. a male Hereford. was emaciated and anemic. possibly due to heavy parasitism. Gross Pathology: The left apical lobe showed.a transverse discolored shrunken area which appeared to be atelectatic. The right posterior cardiac lobe showed a small rectangular gray area which appeared to be pneumonic. Humorous emphysematous areas were present around the periphery of both diaphragmtic lobes. Numerous lung worms were present in the smaller bronchi of both apical and diaphragmatic lobes. but few were seen in the cardiac lobes. Histomthologz: The greater part of the pleura was normal although.it was considerably thickened over the atelectatic areas. The smaller bronchioles showed an acute bronchiolitis. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were seen in the process of passing through the bronchial ‘walls and.an exudate of‘polymorphonuclear leucocytes was present in many. The greater portion of the affected.alveoli showed.atelectasis (rigs. 77-78) and.a lesser amount of emphysema but the alveoli in the consolidated.por- ticn of the right cardiac lobe showed.areas of fibrinous exudate. areas of serous exudate and areas of cellular exudate consisting primarily of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and.maorophages with.fewer giant cells. The septal cells under the thickened.pleura had.become cuboidal (Pigs. 71-72). The larger bronchioles and.amaller bronchi showed.the presence of lung worms. The media of the vessels showed a degenerated condition. M11113 Acute. slowly progressing bronchopneumonia with atelectasis and emphysema. Bacteriology: Hegative. 7,..- iV lam: 51°9- Histog: A Brown Swiss calf four weeks old was brought to the laboratory in a moribund condition. The calf had been ill for about ten days. At firstAtho aninl showed scouring which improved following treatment but reappeared after a few days. Gross Patholgg: The pneumonia involved primarily the left side of the lung. The consolidation appeared to be of some duration and quite extensive. Areas of atelectasis were present. The left apical lobe appeared mottled due to alternate lobules of normal and consolidated tissue. The left cardiac lobe was consolidated and showed some atelecta- sis frem its base half way to the apex on the anterior side. The left diaphragmatic lobe presented a triangular consolidated area on the anterior ventral surface which extended about half way through the lung tissue. Scattered discolored areas suggesting atelectasis were present over the remaining portion of this lobe. The right apical lobe showed a small consolidated area on its posterior ventral portion. A rectangular atelectatic area was present in the apex of the right posterior cardiac lobe. The right diaphragmatic lobe showed several superficial atelectatic areas. Abundant purulent exudate was present in the trachea. Histopgthologz The pleura over the atelectatic areas was some- what folded. The interstitial tissue showed some thickening. The bronchioles showed an abundant cellular exudate consisting of polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes and a few macrophages. The neutrophils were seen pass- ing through the walls. The alveoli surrounding these exudate filled bronchi- oles showed extensive atelectasis. Some of the alveoli showed a cellular exudate consisting of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and a few macrophages. 21.32213: Acute bronchopneumonia with extensive atelectasis and bronchioli tis. Bacteriology: Pasteurella boyiseptica. 2:22.22: 5118. Histgiz: A male Holstein calf two years old had been fed a low Vitamin A diet since birth. The animal had been failing for some time and diodsometime during the morning. Gross Patholog: The lungs showed a bilateral bronchOpnoumonia of some duration together with numerous abscesses. The right apical lobe was completely consolidated with extensive adhesions over the sur- face to the pericardium. parietal pleura and thoracic wall. The right anterior cardiac lobe and anterior half of the posterior cardiac lobe were consolidated. The posterior half of the posterior cardiac lobe was very emphysematous as was the anterior ventral portion of the right diaphragmatic lobe. The left apical and cardiac lobes showed consolidation with fibrosis and numerous abscesses one to four centi- meters in diameter. These abscesses contained a grayish-yellow creamy pus. The same condition existed in the anterior lobes of the right lung. The left diaphragmatic lobe was consolidated in its anterior ventral portion. This area was surrounded by a small sons of edema and a large area of emplwsena. The trachea and bronchi showed potechial hemorrlnges on the surface of the mucous membranes. A quantity of flaky pus was present in the bronchi and trachea. Branches of the bronchial vein in each diaphragmatic lobe contained a thrombus. Histgpatholog: The pleura and interlobular septa were greatly thickened in the posterior lobes due to edema while in the anterior lobes it was fibrosed (I‘igs. 36-37). The bronchioles showed consider- able damage. Necrosis of the bronchiole wall was seen in some of tho bronchioles. This necrosis extended into the surrounding alveoli form- ing abscesses. Some bronchioles showed considerable fibrosis: others showed congestion; still others showed exudate. In new of the ~3’4- bronchioles organisation of the exudate had taken place. Desquamation of the bronchial epithelium was seen to a varying degree. In some areas the alveolar walls were necrotic (Pigs. 83-81:). A large portion of the alveolar walls in the apical lobe showed extensive fibrosis. Some alveolar capillaries were smrkodly congested. The alveoli contained a large amount of cellular exudate which consisted of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. macrophages and a few giant cells (Big. 70). The arteries showed a degeneration of the media. Digs“: A slowly progressive chronic bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Corynobacterium. Histog: A female Shorthorn calf one week old was born about three weeks prematurely and showed a marked bulging of the skull. Gross Patholgg: The right apical lobe showed a large area of consolidation through the central portion approaching the stage of gray hepatisation. The right anterior cardiac lobe was partially consoli- dated toward the apex and was in the stage of gray hepatisation. The posterior cardiac lobe was completely consolidated and showed scattered superficial abscesses (l to 1.5 cm in diameter) over its surface as did the whole left side of the lung and the right diaphragmatic lobe. The right diaphragmatic lobe contained two superficial areas of consolida- tion. one on its central dorsal surface. the second at the posterior border. in both of which stall abscesses were visible. The left apical and cardiac lobes were completely consolidated and were primarily in the stage of gray hepatisation. The anterior lateral surface of the left diaphragmatic lobe had an area of consolidation and adhesions to the cardiac lobe. Humorous adhesions were present over the abscessed areas. Histmtholog: The pleura and interlobular septa were thickened due to increased amounts of connective tissue. Some of the bronchi and bronchioles showed varying degrees of fibrosis. Others showed infiltra- tion of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the lamina. propria (Pigs. hit-N5) while still others showed suppuration of the bronchial walls and contained an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (rigs. 3243-70). The alveoli were atelectatic in some areas while in some emphysema was present. Other alveoli showed extensive necrosis with abscess formation. A fibrinous exudate was present in the alveoli surrounding some of the severely affected bronchi. In a portion of the v4 _ .3..- -35. left diaphrsaatic lobe the alveoli were so extremely fibrosed that they consisted of almost a complete mass of connective tissue. The greater portion of the affected alveoli contained a cellular exudate (rigs. 63-611) consisting of neutrophils and macropmges with a few giant cells. Diane: Chronic bronchopneumonia. Baoteriolog: Beta Streptococcus. m: 5188. History: A male Jersey calf about two weeks old was brought to the Animal Pathology department January 29. 19140. and about four days later was noticed scouring. Later the animal had a temperature of 1034’!” showed increased respiration and a cough. The animal died some time during the night of rebruary 13th. Gross Patholog: The right apical and both right cardiac lobes showed complete consolidation. They were of a dark red color with lighter gray areas scattered over the surface. Under the pleura numerous light gray areas were seen which appeared to be collections of pus. The apical and cardiac lobes as well as the anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe of the left lung showed consolidation. ‘ There was lore gray hepatisation in the left than in the right lung. The apex of the left cardiac lobe showed considerable hemorrhage and a fibrinous exudate was present over its surface. fiistgpatholog: In some areas the pleura was thickened. con- gested and heaorrhagic. The interlobular septa were edematous and con- tained fibrin. The bronchi at the hilus showed congestion. desquamation and infiltrations of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes in the lamina propria. The bronchioles showed desquamation and contained a necrotic exudate which had extended into the walls. The alveolar wells showed nrked congestion. In certain areas the alveoli contained heaorrhage. In morons areas the alveolar walls showed an early necrosis. An increased number of macrophages were present in the alveoli. Bacteria were present in the alveoli in the congested areas (rig. 85). M3: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Gorynebacterium. LL14 .T ms 5217 History A male Holstein calf eighteen months old was fed a low Vitamin A ration at the dairy experimental barn. The animal became moribund and. was killed for examination. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe was indurated. whitish in color and the interlobular tissue was edematous. This shaded off into an area where there were petechial hemorrhages present in the reddish-gray consolidated area. The right anterior cardiac lobe con- tained a consolidated area in its upper part which was uniform on the surface and affected the lobules giving the cut surface an uneven appearance between the consolidated and normal lung. The right posterior cardiac and right diaphragmatic lobes showed some superficial consolidation which was patchy in appearance and extended unevenly into the lung. The intermediate lobe showed indurated areas. Mucus plugs were present in the bronchi. fiistmtholog: The pleura and interlobular septa appeared thickened in sons areas. The bronchioles and smaller bronchi showed an infiltration of lymphocytes in the lamim propria. The alveoli showed extensive atelectasis with mller areas of emphysema. An exudate con- sisting of polynorphonuelear leucocytes and a smaller quantity of fibrin was present in the alveoli. My Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacterium: Gorynebacteriun. am: 5229- Eistog: The animal was fed a low Vitamin A ration and was killed for examination. Gross Patholog: The right lung appeared normal except for scattered emphysematous areas involving the anterior portion of the apical lobe. both cardiac lobes and the anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. The left lung showed patchy consolidation of the left cardiac lobe which appeared to be a bronchopneumonia of some duration. Scattered petechial hemorrhages were observed throughout the consolidated area. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed consolidated areas similar to those seen in the cardiac lobe but less extensive. Eistopatholgg: The pleura was slightly thickened. Air pockets were present in the pleura. The bronchioles contained an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A few lymphocytes and morophages were present in the lamina propria of the bronchi at the hilus. The alveoli contained an exudate made up chiefly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (Fig. 65) with some serofibrinous and hemorrhagic exudate. Rather extensive emphysem' was present together with a lesser degree of atelectasis. Digosi : Acute bronchopneumonia. lacteriolog: Negative. 1” 5.“ Am: 5239. Histog: A male Jersey calf one month old showed signs of scouring for nearly a month and exhibited symptoms of pneumonia for ten days. The animal died sometime during the night. Gross Patholggz The pneumonia in the right lung involved primarily the right posterior cardiac lobe and anterior ventral portion of the diaphramtic lobe. These consolidated portions were in the stage of red hepatisation with small areas of gray hepatisation scattered throughout the lesion. l'ibrosis was sugested by palpation. The interstitial tissue was edematous and the lymphatics appeared dis- tended over the entire surface of the lung. The right apical and anterior cardiac lobes showed what appeared to be diffuse hypostatic congestion. In the left lung the pneumonia involved the apical. cardiac and anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. The stage of red hepatisation predominated with areas of gray hepatisation scattered throughout the pneum‘onic area» Histgpatholgg: The pleura was thickened and congested in some areas. The interlobular septa were thickened due to edema. lany bronchioles showed desquamation of the epithelium and necrotic exudate in the lumems while others showed necrosis of the walls. Still others showed proliferation of fibroblasts. law of the alveolar walls showed congestion. These alveoli contained a cellular exudate which consisted of polymorphomuclear leucocytes. serous and fibrinous exudate. A few of the alveolar walls were necrotic. This process appeared to extend from the involved bronchioles. Digggsis: Subacute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Gram-negative rod (undesignated). w '- ll -lu- Autopgz: 5300. Histog: A Brown Swiss bull calf six months old was fed a low magnesium diet for some time and was then treated to bring about recovery. The animal seemed blind one night and died the following morning about eight o‘ clock. Gross Patholog: The right lung appeared normal except for small areas of congestion in the apical and cardiac lobes. The areas of congestion appeared to be hypostatic in nature. The left diaphrag- utic and apical lobes were darker in color and slightly firmer than normal. This seemed to be the result of hypostatic congestion. Histgatholog: The pleura appeared normal except for some areas that appeared to be slightly thickened. The bronchioles showed some infiltration of lymphocytes in the lamina propria. There was a slight desquamati on of the bronchial epithelial cells while in some areas lymphocytes were passing through the epithelium. The alveolar walls showed extensive congestion with an abundance of serous exudate and some hemorrhage. Diagnosis: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Beta Streptococcus. H" w 3 -hg. Autopsy: 5322. History: A four year old Guernsey cow was brought to the veterinary clinic with a history of having recently freshened. The animal was not eating and subsequently developed respiratory symptoms. Death occurred one morning.' Gross Patholog: The anterior ventral portion of the right diaphragmatic lobe. the entire posterior cardiac lobe. the ventral half of the anterior cardiac lobe and right apical lobe showed gray hepati- sation. Some red hepatisation was observed throughout especially at the dorsal surface of the consolidated area where the pneumonia was progressing into the normal lung. The left apical lobe. cardiac lobe and anterior ventral portion of the left diaphragmatic lobe showed consolidation similar to the right lung except the left cardiac and anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobes showed numerous abscesses near their surfaces. The intermediate lobe was consolidated and numerous abscesses were present. . Histogtholog: The pleura and interlobular septa were thickened due to edema and congestion. The walls of some of the bronchioles showed severe congestion and hemorrhage. The exudate in the bronchioles consisted mainly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and was necrotic in places. necrosis tended to involve the walls of the bronchioles. The alveoli contained an exudate made up primarily of fibrin with some polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages. A small amount of serous exudate was observed. The alveolar walls showed varying degrees of congestion. Diagnosis: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolggz: Gorynebacterium. w h‘ -h}. Autopgz: 5315. Histog: A Guernsey heifer five and one-half months old was diagnosed clinically as a hopeless case of pneumonia. This animal had shown respiratory symptoms prior to this time. Gross Patholog (figs. 7-8): The right apical. anterior and posterior cardiac lobes and the anterior part of the diaphragmatic lobe showed complete consolidation in the stage of gray hepatisation. The left apical lobe. cardiac lobe and anterior ventral portion of the diaphragmatic lobe showed complete consolidation in about the same stage as the right lung. Scattered lobules throughout both diaphragmatic lobes showed consolidation. The trachea was extremely congested and contained a quantity of white pus. Histgpatholog: The pleura appeared thickened due to fibrosis. llany of the bronchioles contained an exudate of polymorphonuclear leuco- cytes. In some of the bronchioles the exudate was necrotic and the necrosis extended into the wall of the bronchioles and possibly through to the alveoli in places. Proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosis was noted in the walls of the bronchioles. The larger bronchi near the hilus showed acute changes such as congestion and desquamation of the epithelium. The walls of the alveoli showed congestion in some areas. A serous and fibrinous exudate was present in the alveoli although the greater portion of them contained a cellular emdate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Becrotic areas which appeared to have extended beyond the bronchial walls were partially walled off. Some of the alveolar walls showed fibrosis. Bacteria were observed in the pleural lymphatics (Fig. 87). Dggosis: An acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on a chronic bronchiolitis. Bacteriolon Corynebacterium. Pasteurella boviseptica. L" «Jilt- am: 5351« Elston: A Hereford calf about six months old had pneumonia at some previous time. The animal apparently recovered but never developed normally. The calf was finally slaughtered. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe showed complete con- solidation with fibrosis. Some of the smaller bronchi appeared dilated and the alveolar tissue was atrophied. Both right cardiac lobes showed partial consolidation with fibrosis. The left apical lobe. cardiac lobe and a small anterior portion of the diaphragmatic lobe was consolidated and fibrosed. A quantity of whitish exudate was present in the trachea. Histopatholog: The pleura and interlobular septa were some- what thickened. The bronchioles showed a rather varied pathological picture. Infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages were observed in the lamina propria and an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was present in some of the bronchioles. Varying degrees of fibrosis were present around the bronchioles and bronchiectasis was present. The epithelium of the bronchioles showed metaplasia to a limited extent. hphflema and atelectasis were present in some of the areas. A null amount of fibrinous exudate was seen in the alveoli together with cellular exudate consisting of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages. The alveolar walls showed fibrosis to a limited extent. Diagosi s: Chronic bronchopneumonia. Bacteriolog: Corynebacterium (Big. 89). i') -h5- 9.9.0231: 5380. Histog: An Ayrshire heifer eighteen months old had been fed a low Vitamin A diet for some time. The animal was unable to arise one morning and was killed. Gross Patholgg: The right diaphragmatic lobe showed a large area of hemorrhage extending almost through the lung tissue. The alveoli appeared to be filled with blood and some hemorrhage was present in the smaller bronchi. The cardiac lobes were normal except for an area of thysema on the lateral surface of the left lobe. The right apical lobe showed an area of induration in its central portion. The left apical lobe showed rather extensive atelectasis with possibly some consolidation. Two small raised areas on the surface were abscesses. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed an area of aphysema in its anterior lateral surface. A small hemorrhgic area was observed in the posterior half of this lobe. Eistgpatholog: The pleura was slightly thickened. The bronchioles contained a limited amount of cellular exudate consisting of polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes. Some proliferation of fibroblasts was observed around the bronchioles. The alveolar walls showed congestion while the lumens contained erythrocytes and a cellular exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and numerous giant cells. Recent necrosis and abscess foru- tion was present in some of the alveolar areas. Atelectasis and emphysema were present to a limited extent. Mgggsis: Acute bronchopneumonia (earlier bronchiolitis). Bacteriology: Corynebacterinm. Beta Streptococcus. u "' I F J46- ' imam: 51’42- Histog: A male Holstein calf ten weeks old had been sick for two days. The illness followed a sudden change of feed. The calf was found dead one morning. Gross Patholgg: The lungs appeared normal except for marked hypostatic congestion. The dorsal surface of the right apical lobe. anterior and posterior cardiac lobes and the anterior portion of the diaphragmatic lobe showed hypostatic congestion. Some interlobular '. edema was present in both cardiac lobes. The ventral surfaces of I A both right and left lungs showed a varying degree of typostatic con- gestion and interlobular edema. Histopathologz: The greater part of the pleura was normal except for thickening due to edematous areas. The interlobular septa also showed edema. The alveolar walls showed extensive congestion and the alveoli contained edema. The cardiac lobe contained a consoli- dated area consisting of a cellular exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and a few macrophages. The bronchioles in this region con- tained a cellular exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Diagnosis: Acute bronchopneumonia with extensive pulmonary edema. J Bact eriolog: negative. u I‘M...‘ -ln. m: “71. History: A male Holstein calf seven months old had been fed a low potassium diet. The animal was found dead one morning. Circum- stantial evidence indicated Innging as the cause of death. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe showed complete consoli- dation except for a snll area located on its dorsal border. The pneu- monia showed primarily red with some areas of gray hepatisation. All of the right cardiac lobe except an area S x 11 cm on its dorsal border and an area 3 x 5 cm on the upper portion of the posterior cardiac lobe showed complete consolidation of red and gray hepatisation with red predominating. The posterior cardiac lobe showed complete consolidation from the ventral surface except for small areas in the region of the hilus. Trom the dorsal surface the right diaphragmatic lobe showed complete consolidation in its anterior ventral portion. The left apical lobe showed complete consolidation except for a sull area on its dorsal border measuring about it x 7 cm. On the ventral surface of the left apical lobe there was norul tissue near the hilus next to border of the diaphragatic lobe. The left cardiac lobe showed complete consoli- dation except for a small area next to the hilus. from the dorsal. surface the left diaphragatic lobe showed consolidation of its anterior ventral border. The ventral surface of the right diaphragmatic lobe showed consolidation of its anterior lateral border and the condition was progressing towards the posterior portion of the lobe. The lung in general showed a marked edema. especially of the interlobular connective tissue. The bronchi showed a little mucus. Histgpatholog: The anterior portion of the lung suggested a subacute bronchiolitis with peribronchial infiltrations of lymphocytes and occasionally a focus of neutrophils indicating the beginning of a b ‘l h. "‘ -hg- suppurative area. loderate proliferation of fibroblasts was seen around some of the longer affected bronchioles. The lumens of the bronchioles contained an exudate primarily of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and a few round cells. In some of the bronchioles the exudate showed organization and was well supplied by capillaries. In a few of the occluded bronchioles a layer of epithelium had formed around the organised mes. The epithelium may have been pushed out from the wall due to extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria .and the area subsequently became organi zed. Besquama- tion of the bronchial epithelium and small areas of metaplasia were seen. The interlobular septa were edematous and the lymphatics were distendeda The alveolar walls were congested and many lumens were filled with macrophages. a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes and numerous giant cells. Digggosis: Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on a chronic bronchiolitis. Bacteriolog: Beta Streptococcus. Bscherichia c_ol_i_. Corynebacterium. l ‘1. F..- - -hg- £32221: W8- Histogz: in Angus heifer fifteen months old developed severe symptoms of pneumonia and died three days later. Gross Patholgg: The right apical lobe showed scattered areas of pneumonia. There were a few small areas of red hepatisation interspersed between the fairly normal lobules. The anterior portion of the right cardiac lobe showed complete consoli dation, primarilyred hepatisation. in its dorsal portion. In the anterior cardiac lobe the pneumonia appeared to be spreading toward the hilus quite rapidly» it the hilus there appeared to be little pneumonia. The posterior right cardiac lobe showed any of the lobules involved with pneumonia while others appeared fairly normal. A small area at the apex measuring 3 x 3 n showed red hepatisation. In the region of the hilus the areas of pneumonia and nomal tissue gave the lung a mottled or mosaic appearance. The right diaphragmatic lobe showed complete consolidation with red hepatisation except for a small triangular area on its posterior ventral border. The pleura appeared thickened and edematous over the entire lobe. The inter- stitial tissue between lobules was greatly thickened. The left apical lobe showed red hepati sati on. The ventral surface showed little pneu- monia next to the hilus and some toward the apex of the lobe. The entire left cardiac lobe showed a mottled appearance because of the patchy nature of the pneumonia involving individual lobules. The left diaphragmtic lobe showed complete consolidation except for a lull rectangular area next to the hilus. The intermediate lobe showed a mosaic appearance except for one area of red hepatisation on the right ventral surface of the lobe. The bronchial tubes were opened in each lobe and the pneumonia appeared to be of longer duration at the apex than the hilus. The pneu- monia was a very rapid and progressive one. i) ’ -50- 9 Histmtholog: The pleura appeared thickened in some areas and the pleural lymph vessels were markedly distended. There was evidence of infiltration of lymphocytes in the peribronchial areas. Some of the bronchioles contained an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A considerable number of bronchioles showed metaplasia of the epithelium. Congestion and an increased number of septal cells were present in the alveolar walls. The alveoli contained an exudate consisting for the most part of serous fluid. some fibrin. and in some small areas polymorphonuclear leucocytes were observed. ' Dimes“: Acute bronchopneumonia with a subacute bronchiolitis. Bacteriology: E. coli . Heisseria si cca. -51- légfigpgzx R515. Histog: A female Holstein calf five months old had been fed a low mgnesium diet and was found dead one morning. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe showed a patch of pneumnnia 3 x 5 cm in the posterior portion of its middle third. The posterior right cardiac lobe showed an area of red hepatisation start- ing at the hilus and extending outward and involving one-third of the lobe. The tip of the lobe showed signs of recent pneumonia. The diaphragntic lobe showed no involvement. The left apical lobe showed a patch of pneumonia 2 x 3 cm at the tip of the lobe. The left cardiac lobe on the ventral border showed red.hepatisaticn. On dorsal aspect of the left cardiac there was an area of consolidation 2 x 1 cm. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed a patch of pneumonia extending from the hilus 6 x 2 cm on its anterior border. Eistgatholog: The bronchioles showed a cellular exudate con- sisting primarily of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The alveoli were filled with an exudate of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and round cells. many of which showed.pyknotic nuclei. Some fibrin‘was also seen in the alveoli. In some areas the alveolar walls were con- gested while in others the alveolar walls showed more severe damage and had disappeared indicating necrosis. The interlobular septa were edematous. Slight alveolar emphysema was seen. Diaggosis: .icute bronchOpneumonia. Bacteriolog: Beta Streptococcus. E. coli. V‘“““ -52. Autopgzt l"571. Eistcgt A male Angus calf fourteen months old showed pneumonia and died about twenty-four hours later. Gross Patholog (rigs. 21-22): The right apical lobe showed intermittent patches of pneumonia in the stage of red hepatisation. The anterior portion of the cardiac lobe showed complete consolidation of red and gray hepatisation with a small number of normal lobules scattered throughout. The posterior cardiac lobe showed complete consolidation 3 except for an area measuring 3 x 8 on that appeared quite normal at its apex and extended thread: the depth of the lobe. The rigit diaphrag- matic lobe showed a large area of emphysema measuring ll x h x 9 cm. 9-" The interlobular connective tissue was greatly thickened with edematous fluids and air. The basal border of the diaphragntic lobe showed a normal area measuring 3 cm in width and 18 cm in length and was located at the posterior border of the lobe. The remainder of the lobe showed red hepatisation with a small amount of gray hepatisation plus a few normal lobules. The left apical lobe showed the anterior half of the apex to be normal. The part in the vicinity of the hilus was completely consolidated except for a few scattered lobules. The left diaphragmatic lobe in its anterior portion showed an extensive emphysema that produced . a crackling sound to the touch. The intermediate lobe was consolidated _ except for a mll triangular area. ! Histomtholog: The bronchioles and bronchi showed a patchy -. infiltration of lymphocytes in the walls. The epithelium showed varying degrees of desquamstion and netaplasia. The cellular exudate in the bronchioles consisted primarily of neutrophils. The alveoli showed a cellular exudate consisting primarily of macrophages with a few neutrophils 2 and lymphocytes. There was some congestion of the alveolar walls and some ’ I. " fl -53- hemorrhan fibrinous exudate in the alveoli. The alveolar walls appeared thickened due to fibrosis. Digggosi s: bronchiolitis. Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed upon a subacute Bacteriolog: Streptococcus bovis. Pasteurella bovi septica. Corynebacterium. -5h- Angel: “52. Histog: A file Guernsey calf two months old developee symptoms of pneumonia and died about twenty-four hours later. Gross Patholog (rigs. 23-23): The right apical lobe was com- pletely consolidated and showed marked areas of red and gray hepatisap tion. The individual bronchioles were very conspicuous due to the peri- bronchial infiltrations with leucocytes. The anterior portion of the anterior cardiac and entire posterior cardiac lobes were consolidated : showing red and gray hepatisation. The posterior cardiac lobe was extensively adhered to the diaphragmatic lobe. The anterior ventral portion of the right diaphragntic lobe showed consolidation. The pleura ‘Tfi— —“ over the lobe was edematous and showed a fibrinous exudate. The left apical and cardiac lobes were completely consolidated and showed more gray hepatisation than the right. The anterior ventral portion of the left diaphragmatic lobe showed both red and gray hepati sation. The intermediate lobe was consolidated showing gray hepatisation and con- tained an abscess. The interstitial connective tissue was conspicuous throughout the lung. Eistopatholog: The pleural and interlobular septa were markedly thickened due to fibrosis. Congestion was present in some parts and , areas of hemorrhage were observed in others. The bronchi and bronchioles showed extensive fibrosis especially those of the intermediate lobe. Some of the bronchioles showed congestion of the walls and desquamatien of the epithelium while in others the walls showed infiltration with lymphocytes and still others contained necrotic debris in the lumens. A large portion of the alveolar walls showed congestion and a serofibrinous exudate in the lumens while others showed an exudate of polymorphonuclear leuco- —. n..-_—v~ .- cytes or macrophages and giant cells. There were numerous necrotic foci a ‘ I: -55- ! located in the intermediate lobe. Some fibrosis was seen in the alveolar walls. sis: Chronic bronchopneumonia with an acute extension. Bactericlcg: Gram-negative (undesignated). 19'; -56- Autgpsz: 1:672. Histog: A mle Durham calf four months old died one morning. The owner had lost six or eight animals during the past year. all of which showed symptoms of pneumonia. Gross Patholog (Figs. 27-28): A bilateral bronchOpneumonia was present with complete consolidation of the apical and cardiac lobes and half of the anterior portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. The lung as a whole was somewhat discolored.possibly due to post mortem changes. The ccnsolidated.portions of the lung were mainly in the stage of red.hepa- tisation with some gray hepatisation.present. The pleura was edematous and.aontained some fibrin. The intermediate lobe showed consolidation in the stage of red.hepatisation. Histopatholcgz: The bronchi and bronchioles of the right apical lobe showed severe congestion in the lamina propria. The epithelium was desquamated and had entirely disappeared from many of the air passages (fig. 73). The pleura showed thickening due to the presence of edema and.fibrin (rigs. 3h-35) and contained.a fibrinous exudate on the pleura (Figs. 32-33). The interlobuhar septa were thickened due to extensive edema and fibrin (rigs. 30-31). The alveoli showed.an abundant fibrinous exudate with some hemorrhagic. serous (Figs. 57-58). and cellular exudate. primarily’macrOphages. Small areas of necrosis were observed. Congestion of the alveolar walls was conspicuous in the more recently affected areas. ! The condition seemed to be about the same duration at the hilus as in the periphery of the apical lobe and the same condition was seen in the alveoli and bronchioles. W: Acute progressive bronchopneumonia. Bacteriology: Pasteurella bovisgptica. Beta Streptococcus. Corynebacterium. Antoggt i‘710e Histog: A male Jersey calf six weeks old had been sick for about a week. Two other calves in the herd had died. The milk was dropped from the feed ration when the calves were three weeks of age. labored breathing suggested pneumonia but the temperature was subnmrmal. The animal was killed for examination. Gross Patholog: On the right apical lobe. right cardiac lobe. left cardiac lobe. and along the anterior border of both diaphragmatic lobes were numerous circumscribed highly reddened areas varying in sise from petechia to elongated irregular rectangular areas 6 x 20 mm. Some of these areas presented the appearance of petechial and ecolnrmotic hemorrhages; others were slightly depressed. especially the larger ones, which gave the impression of atelectasis. In most of the lung the lobu- lation was more distinct than is usually seen suggesting a moderate degree of interstitial edema. On opening the trachea and bronchi there i appeared to be a slight increase of frothy fluid. At the hilus of the ' left cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes there was a large reddened area irregularly triangular in shape which on sectioning proved to be a superficial pneumonio lesion. Histcpathclogz: The pleura appeared normal for the most part. The interlobular septa were edemtous and the lymphatics distended. A few of the bronchioles were filled with polynorphomclear leucocytes. The alveoli showed considerable atelectasi s. The vessels of the alveolar walls were congested in some areas and a quantity of serous and hemorrhagic exudate was present in the lumens. Diggposis: Atelectasis with a recent and limited bronchopneumonia. Bacteriology: Beta Streptococcus. A Gram-negative rod (undesigmted). ‘ -58- am: M736- Bistog: lone. Gross Patholpg (Figs. 25-26): A bilateral rapidly progressing bronchopneumonia was observed. The right apical lobe showed marked congestion, red hepatisation which appeared to be of longest duration at the apex. The right cardiac lobe was completely consolidated except for a call area adjacent to the apical and diaphragmatic lobes. The anterior ventral portion of the right diaphragmatic lobe showed odor. and consolidation in the stage of gray hepatisation. The left apical and cardiac lobes were completely consolidated and showed areas of red and gray hepatisation. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed consolida- tion on its anterior lateral surface. The interlobular connective tissue was conspicuous in the diaphragnatic lobe. Eistopgtholog: The pleura was thickened in some areas. The interlobular septa were edematous and the lymphatics distended. The bronchi and bronchioles showed marked congestion of the capillaries and desquamation of the epithelium. Iany of the bronchioles contained a cellular exudate composed of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The alveolar walls were markedly congested in some areas and the alveoli in these areas contained a fibrinous or hemorrhagic exudate (Figs. 59-60). The greater portion of the alveoli were filled with a cellular exudate composed of neutrophils and macrophages. M: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bast eriolm: Corynebacterium. .7 line ‘ is -59- Autopg: t$765. Histog: A Hereford steer had been sick for about five days before death occurred. Gross Pathelog (Figs. 5-5): The right apical lobe showed com- plete consolidation in the stage of red hepatisation. A similar condi- tion was present in the right cardiac lobe except a subpleural emphysema was observed in the posterior portion. The anterior portion of the diaphragmtic lobe showed consolidation with subpleuralemphysema over ' the affected area. The normal shape of the diaphragmatic lobe was distorted due to the formation of a large air pocket in the middle of the lung tissue. The left apical lobe was about two—thirds consolidated and the left cardiac lobe completely consolidated except for a small area at the base. The pneumonia on this side of the lung appeared to be in the stage of gray hepatisation. The greater portion of the 1'th diaphragmatic lobe showed consolidation which appeared to have spread from the anterior lateral side. Subpleural emphysema was observed in the consolidated portion. The normal contour of the right and left diaphragmtic lobes was distorted due to the large air pockets in the tissue. The intermediate lobe was completely consolidated and showed subpleural emphvsm over the greater portion of its surface. mstomtholog: The pleura and interlobular septa were thickened due to eden and air pockets. The bronchi showed severe congestion and hemorrhage in the walls. The bronchial epithelium was almost entirely desquanted in some areas. Many bronchioles contained a cellular exudate consisting of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The alveolar walls were severely congested in some areas and some alveoli contained an exudate consisting of serous fluid and fibrin while the h-_.__._ a majority contained a cellular exudate consisting of erythrocytes and I ‘ o o ‘ I I . . _ . . w . 0 e s u . I . a e g A . w e s n o . e i . a . . n s o n n e . . m ' C r . s p . , . . 1W v r m e a . . . z I . t l f . . . I . . u . w ,. . . . ., . o . I e a , .. . c . a . . t . . . u . . . l y . . .. p! l V .. w . f . . . I . ’ Is a u . i . I _ I . a I I H l w r . . ,v . . u . \ I . . F . . . a , . u . . . r . c u _ t a , . r ”In | 15’4- ‘1. A .14 -60- neutrophils with a few mononuclear macrophages. necrosis involving the alveolar walls were seen. Snell areas of my Rapidly progressing acute bronchcpneumonia. Bacteri clog: Pasteurella bovi sgti ca. .h -61- ! Autopsy: l$771k History: A female Shorthorn calf four months old showed symptoms of pneumonia for some time. Death occurred about one-half hour prior to autopsy. Gross Patholog (rigs. l9-20): The right apical lobe showed marked areas of gray hepatisation and interspersed over the surface were small lobules that showed some emphysenn. At the tip of the apex of the lobe the pleura was covered with a fibrinous exudate. The right cardiac lobe showed marked areas of gray and red hepatisation. The tips of both anterior and posterior cardiac lobes showed marked fibrinous adhesions to the surrounding fatty tissues. the diaphragm and diaphrag- matic lobe. The diaphragmatic lobe showed marked consolidation on the anterior ventral border and middle part of the dorsal border in the stages of red and gray hepati action. The pleura appeared edematous over the lumpy areas beneath the surface and the interstitial tissue was well defined. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed a few consolidated areas which were in the stage of gray hepatisation. The left cardiac lobe was completely consolidated primarily in the stage of gray hepati- sation. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed lesions similar to those in the right diaphragmatic lobe. On the ventral surface of the left diaphragmatic lobe there were three gray areas (almost white) measuring h x 5 x 2.5 on that were completely consolidated. The intermediate lobe was completely consolidated consisting primarily of gray hepatisation. lxamination of the lungs showed any adhesions of the right cardiac lobe to the pericardial sac. Histgpatholog: The pleura was thickened with fibrous tissue to the extent that adhesions might have been present. The bronchi and ‘ bronchioles showed an increased number of lymphocytes in the lamina 1 ' -62.. prepria. An exudate composed of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was present in many of the bronchioles while others showed an organised exudate covered by epithelium. There was some fibrosis of the peri- bronchial tissue. The alveoli were filled with a cellular exudate consisting of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Some alveolar areas con- tained fibrinous and hemorrhagic exudate. Emphysema was observed to a limited extent. Diggosis: Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on chronic bronchitis. Bacteriology: Pasteurella boyiseptica. -63- ! snxopgz: R789. _Histogz: Ions. Gross Patholgg: The right apical lobe was completely consoli- dated with red and gray hepatisation. The interstitial connective tissue was edematous. The right cardiac lobe showed complete consolidation of the anterior portion. The posterior portion showed some consolidation while other parts were very emphysematous. The right diaphragmtic lobe was very emphysematous in its central and anterior parts and showed large air pockets. The posterior dorsal portion was firmer and more edematous. The pleura showed many air bubbles over its surface. The left apical lobe showed Just one or two areas of consolidation when palpated. The left cardiac lobe showed many firm areas of gray hepati- sation. The left diaphragmatic lobe showed areas of emphysema in the central portion of its anterior border and large air pockets measuring 5 cm in diameter. A consolidated area was present along the dorsal border of this lobe. The intermediate lobe was completely consolidated. Histgatholog: The pleura was edematous. The pleural and interlobular lymphatics were greatly distended. Air pockets were present in the subpleural. interlobular and to some extent in the lung tissue. The alveolar walls showed congestion and a serofibrinous exudate was present to a limited degree in the alveoli. The greater portion of the alveoli showed a cellular exudate consisting primarily of polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes. The bronchi and bronchioles showed congestion. desquantien and an exudate of polymorphonuclears and. deequamated cells. lany bronchioles showed a peribronchial increase in connective tissue indicating that an irritant had been present for some time. There was minor evidence of metaplasia but not at all extensive. 1 Diggosis: Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on a bronchitis of some duration. Bacteri 01 ca: -6h- Beta Streptococcus. Gram-negative rod (undeeignated). _ h._i-AV_—- A i. 5“] -65- Autopgz: h790. Elston: lone. Gross Patholog: The right apical lobe was completely consoli- dated. The right cardiac lobe anteriorly showed one small area of consolidation on palpation. The posterior part of the cardiac lobe was completely solidified. The right diaphragmatic lobe was consoli- dated at its apex. The left apical lobe was very path in appearance with a triangular consolidated area 3 x 3 x 3 cm at its apex. The left cardiac lobe had a mottled appearance due to normal and abnormal areas of tissue. The left diaphragmatic lobe was consolidated at its apex but showed a few normal areas. The lobe was very much congested. The intermediate lobe was consolidated. Histgpatholog: The pleura showed some edema. The inter- lobular septa showed considerable edema and fibrin. The bronchi and bronchioles were severely congested and showed varying degrees of desquamation. A cellular exudate was present in some of the alveoli consisting mainly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. desquamated cells and necrotic debris. The alveolar walls were severely congested throughout the lung. A quantity of hemorrhagic and fibrinous exudate was present in the alveoli. However. the greater portion of the exudate was cellular and predominantly neutrophilic with a few macrophages. Scattered areas in which there were necrotic alveolar walls indicated a severe injury. Dmsis: Acute bronchopneumonia. Bacteriologz A Gram-negative rod (undesignated). '. It‘s. -66- Autogg: “792e Histog: lone. Gross Patholog (rigs. 17-18): The right apical lobe was con- gested and showed consolidation in its dorsal and posterior portions. Some areas appeared atelectatic. The apex of the lobe showed some edem and consolidation. The anterior portion of the right cardiac lobe was mottled in qapearance due to areas of pneumonia and normal tissue. There was considerable edema. The posterior cardiac lobe was mottled in appearance and showed some edema. The right diaphragmatic lobe was consolidated in its ventral portion. The pneumonia appeared to be extending progressively outward from this area to the normal tissue The consolidated area showed red and gr”v hepatisation. The right diaphragmatic lobe ventrally showed a pneumonia a little more extensive than that observed dorsally and the normal areas were confined to the periphery. The left apical lobe was completely consolidated in its lower two-thirds and appeared to be in the stage of red and gray hepati- sation. The posterior border was very firm in consistency and may have been indurated. The left cardiac lobe was completely consolidated show- ing grey hepatisation. The left diaphragmatic lobe was completely con- solidated and showed an air cavity about 9’ cm in diameter. The inter- mediate lobe was completely consolidated. On opening the primary bronchus of the bronchi the walls were found to be somewhat congested. The air pocket in the left diaphragmatic lobe was half filled with clotted blood. Bistopatholog: The pleura was thickened in areas due to fibrosis. The pleural vessels were congested in some areas and the interlobular septa appeared to contain an increased number of histocytes. The bronchi and bronchioles showed involvement of some duration as -67- evidenced.by'peribronchial fibrosis and organised exudate (Figs. 51-52). In places epithelium had grown over the organised.masses of exudate. Metaplasia of the epithelium was observed. Other bronchioles showed polymorphonuclear leucocytes. macrophages and.lymphocytes in the lamina propria. There appeared.to be some swelling of the epithelial cells. Bronchiectasis was observed in some of the bronchioles. The alveoli contained a cellular exudate composed of polymorphonuclear leucocytes with a few macrOphages and.giant cells. The walls of the alveoli immediately surrounding the affected.bronchioles showed fibrosis as did those in the area of the lung showing bronchiectasis. Diagnosis: Acute bronchopneumonia superimosed on a chronic bronchiolitis. Bacteriolggzt Gram-negative rod.(undesignated). -68- Bacteriological Studies Table I includes a record of the studies of the bacteria isolated.from the pneumonic lungs. Beta Streptococci (Fig. 88) were isolated twelve times from the thirtybeight pneumonic lungs. They were rather constant in their fer- mentations of the common sugars while mannite was fermented.by only four. One failed to ferment sucrose. Three of the six cultured on starch agar and gelatin hydrolysed.the starch to some degree and liquefied the gelatin. Twelve Corynebacteria (fig. 89) were isolated. eleven of which fermented dextrose. Nine fermented sucrose and.maltose, eleven fer- mented lactose. none fermented mannits and only two fermented salicin. Gelatin was liquefied by nine of the cultures which were subjected to this test. Starch was hydrolyzed and nitrates were reduced by one culture each. One culture failed to change the fermentable media. Six Pasteurella bovismtica cultures were isolated. five of which fermented dextrose. Four fermented sucrose. three fermented maltose. two fermented.lactose and one fermented salicin light cultures of a Gram-negative pleomorphic rod (Fig. 90) were isolated which grew'poorly even.on‘blood agar. They did not change the fermentable substances employed and exhibited no other biochemical reactions. They appeared.to be nonypathogenic for mice. Three E. coli cultures were isolated. One fieisseria Egg culture and one Streptococcus 3191i; were isolated. These were probably non-pathogenic. Bergey's manual was used as a guide for the identification of the microgrganism where possible. Thirtybeight mice and two rabbits were injected with.sterile‘ Seits filtrates of lung suspension from nine acute pneumonic cases. .1; a -69- live of the mice died.but showed no lesions. and.filtrates from these mice did.not kill other mice. ReinJections of the filtrate prepared from the frozen lung failed to produce the same effect. Smears prepared from the bronchial epithelium of six acute pneumonic cases failed to show inclusion bodies. One rabbit inJected intravenously with a culture of the Gram-negative pleomorphic rod developed.bronchcpneumonia (Fig. 29). This result could not be repeated, nor could the pneumonia be trans- mitted to a second rabbit. HCHHUANKA dauukon I . 1‘JIlllwi Autop By No. \J‘ K): 0C! 0 1u71 M515 M789 1672 L1790 h710 5080 5160 5030 518k 5300 #736 5380 “571 hh71 its 5351 5322 5188 5217 5316 5118 "990 Diagnosis Vit. A Def. B.P. None None Intox.,Para1. Calf Scours Hydro.,Ent. Calf scours Intox. None Vit. A Def. B.P. None B.P. B.P. Vit. A Def. B.P. B.P.,Ent. B.P‘ 8 Mage Def. Colony Description Pinpoint Tran.Col.Beta Home. II II II II II a Small Tran.Col.Beta Home. Pinpoint Tran.Col.Beta Hemo. Small Tren.Col.Beta Heme. II II II II II Pinpoint Tran.Col.Beta Homo. Small Grayish Col.Beta Heme. Small Tren.Col.Beta Hemo. II II II II II Grayish Pinpoint Col. Small Tran.Col. Pinpoint Col.Becoming Gray Pinpoint Tran.Col.Becoming Gray Small Gray Tran.Col. Tran.Pinpoint Col.Becoming Gray Pinpoint Tran.Col. Tran.Pinpoint Col. Small Tran.Gol. Pinpoint Tran.Col. n n n Small Tran.Col.Becoming Gray II II II II II Gram Gram Gram Gram Gram Gram .4. + + + Morphology and Staining Cocci in Chains Cocci II Cocci in Chains Cocci Cocci in Chains n n n, Curved Rod Short Rod . Pleo. Bod II II Beaded Rod Club Shaped Rod Rod Beaded Rod Rod II Beaded Rod Motility Broth Clear Vis.Sed. Clear Vis.Sed. Sl.Cloudy Vis.Sed. n u n u Clear Vis.Sed. Clear Gel. Ppt. Sl.Cloudy Vis.Sed. Clear Sl.Cloudy Vis.Sed. u u u n Fine Sed.,0n Side Clear Sed.,0n Side Sl.Cloudy Flaky 38d- II II II II Clear Flaky Sed. F See Key of Abbreviations Potato Page -70- Table I Litmus Milk Coag..Red. Coag.,Red.,Dig. Coag. Coag.,Red. u n II II n H II II II II Slow Red. Coag.,Red. II II No Change Coag. 9 Dig’ No Change ' Coag..Dig. n n II II n n n u II II n n u u n n + be .p -H o H q 0 SI c) m a) a) *1 no 0 M m *- 3 r: a 3 fl 43 N O H 0 «3 ID 5 c (5 (I. C: m S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Solid + + + + Li gs - + + + Solid + + + + II .. + + + Li qe "' + + + Li qe '- + - + + + + + + + n + + + + n + + - + " + + + + II - + + + II - + + + n + + + + u + + + + No Change + Acid Slightly Acid Blanks Indicate No Tests Run l+ Lactose + + 6 Acid and Gas Mannite + + I+ |+ l+ Salicin Dextrin Dulcitol Fructose I+ l+ Galactose Glycerol I+ Inulin Ruffinose Sorbitol Trehalose I+ l+ |+ + Xylose I+ I+ I+ Starch H ++++ ++++ ++++ Indol + H58 Nitrate Organism Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Beta Streptococcus Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium H00 HC Fué NH HIM Pkg I -71- Table I (Continued) ,1 .3? m 0 '8 §é ‘3' E § EL 2% 1.3 g 2‘5 t as 3E; E4” E 3% § E E ":3 33 E *3 E 2‘; 2:. s s 2 3 L“: g, g g 3 a £3 a "7’ :3 £3 E 5;" E 253 g 5‘: E E 93 2“" 3; 2:3 E 22“ z? 3 E g E E a a :3" a e l$72 3-P- Tran.Col.Becoming Gray Gram a Rod - Coag.,Red. - - + - , Pasteurella bovisgptica IWTh B‘P‘ " n n " " " " ’ Red. + - - - — Pasteurella boviseptiga 1W65 B.P. " " u n H N H _ " i + - - Pasteurella boviseptica 5109 3-1”. Grayish Tran. Col.Beta Heme. H n n - SLTurbid - No Change Solid + i i - - - _ , - _ - _ - _ - - _ - i _ _ pasteurena bovisemifié A571 Grayish Raised Shining Col. Gram - Rod Bipolar - Red. i + + i ' i Pasteurella boviseotica 5fl5 Grayish Raised Col. Gram - Rod - Sl.Cloudy - Coag. Solid + + + + + - _ - - - _ — — — - — — - - — — Pasteurella boviseptica “985 B'P- Pinpoint Tran. Shining Col. Gram - Pleo. Rod - No Growth - No Change " - - - - - - _. _ - _ - -‘ _ - — - - - - .. - Gram - Undegignated Rod 1‘93“ B.P. n n a n u n n u _ n u .. n u u - - .. .. - - _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ 0- _ - _ Gram _ Undesignated Rod 5239 B.P.,Ca1f Scours u n u u n u n u _ u n .. I' N 1' - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - .. - - - - - Gram .. Undecignated pod WHO Pinpoint Tran.Col. " " " " - " " - ” - - ' - Gram - Undesignated Rod 1”10 u n n n n n n - fl " - — - - - _ Gram - Uhdesignated Rod 1‘65? B.P. u n n n n w n _ " " - — - ~ - _ Gram - Undesignated Rod 1W9? ane u n n n u n n _ u n - - - - - _ Gram - Undesignated Rod ng n u n n n n n - " " - — — ~ — , Gram - Undesignated Rod mw1 Gray Opaque Col. Gram - Rod + Coag.,Red. e - 9 G 9 8 Escherichia 32;; mwg B.P. n n n n n n + II II 6 - 9 9 0 6 Egghggighia ggli 1515 Nephritis n n n n n a + u N e i e e 69 Q M91312 £9_l_i_ Low Gray Dry Col. Gram - Cocci - No Change I i 1'. ’ " - M39333 31-393- Pinpoint Col.Becoming Gray Gram + Cocci - Coag.,Red. + + + + " + Mstrentococcus 2-9319- See Key of Abbreviations Page 72' E, EligfiilieAcid ; fizz: and Gas Blanks Indicate No Tests Run B.P. Geog. Gel. Def. Dig. Int. Gel. Keno. Hydro. Intox. Liq. leph.- Petal. Pleo. Ppt. Bed. Bed. 81. Iran. Vie. Vit. £3: of Abbreviation; Bronohqpneulonie Coagulation Colony Deficiency Digestion lnteritie Gelatinoue Henolytio A Hydrocephalus Intoxication Liquid lessenin- nephritis Paralysis Pleomorphio Preoipitete Reduction Sediment Slightly translucent Vieoid Vitaldn -73- Results of Bacteriolggical and Gross Pathological Studies The results recorded in Table I and appended discussion are summarised in Table II. this table indicates the relationship of the lungs studied to the bacteria. isolated. Isble II 1.33 12 32-1w 1gho-h1 102; llunber of Cases 13 3o 1:} lumber of Pneumonic Lungs 13 25 38 lumber of Pneumonic Lungs Negative for Becteris O 7 7 lumber of Pneumonic Lungs Positive for Bacteria 13 18 31 lunber of Normal Lungs O 5 5 Beta Streptococcus 6 6 12 Corynebecteriul 3 9 12 Pasteurella ban-Qua h 2 6 Gran-negative Pleonorphic Rod 5 3 8 lscherichis 93}; 3 O 3 leisserie. w 1 O 1 Stratococcus 3.912... 1 O 1 -7h. Qiscussion A total of forty-three calf lungs were studied in this investi- gation. rive of this number were normal lungs. Thirty-six of the thirty-eight pathological lungs showed some degree of pneumonia. One case showed marked pulmonary edema. and sections were not taken from the other case. The thirty-six lungs showing pneumonia could be divided on the basis of cellular pathology into three distinct groups: Acute bronchcpneumonia. twenty cases. Acute bronchopneumonia superimposed on e. chronic bronchiolitis. nine cases Chronic bronchopneumonia. seven cases. Those in the first group showed primarily congestion of the alveolar walls. varying degrees of edema. serous. fibrinous. hemorrhagic and cellular exudate. In some instances congestion and desquamation of the bronchial epithelium was present. Numerous complications were observed such as necrosis. atelectasis and emphysema. The second group showed a similar picture, together with an increased number of fibroblasts and extensive fibrosis of the peri- bronchial tissue. The third group showed thickening of the alveolar walls due to Preliferation of fibroblasts and laying down of collagenous fibers. The a1V901ar walls were often extensively fibrosed. in many cases to the ”item of completely occluding the alveoli. In some cases the bronchioles Vere occluded with an exudate which was being organi zed. Metaplesie of “‘9 epithelium and varying degrees of infiltration of lymphocytes in the 18.1113 prepris were observed. Prom the thirty-eight pneumonia lungs cultured. twelve -75- Beta Streptococci were isolated which varied but little in their action on the common sugars: however. mannite was fermented by only four. Three of the six cultured on starch agar and gelatin hydrolyzed the starch to some degree and liquefied the gelatin. Details of the fermentation reactions are found in Table 1. Eleven of the twelve Corynebacterium isolated fermented dextrose and lactose. nine fermented sucrose and maltose. Only two cultures fermented salicin and none fermented mannite. Gelatin was liquefied by all nine which were subjected to this test. 01' the six Pasteurella boviseptica cultures. five fermented dextrose. four fermented sucrose and three fermented maltose. 'i‘wo fermented lactose and one fermented salicin. light cultures of a Gram-negative pleomorphic rod were isolated. 1‘th exhibited no fermentation or biochemical reaction and appeared to be non-pathogenic for mice. Three :5. all cultures. one Neisseria sicca culture and one Streptococcus bovis culture were isolated. -76. Summagz Forty-three calf lungs were studied. thirty-six of which showed some degree of pneumonia. Acute bronchopneumonia was seen most frequently and appeared to begin in the apical lobes. Bronchopneumonia was often preceded by a bronchiolitis. Bacteria were isolated from thirty-one of the thirty-eight pneumonic lungs. Beta Streptococci. Corynebacteria. Gram-negative pleomorphic rods and Pasteurella appeared to be the microgrganisms of signi- ficance. A virus was not detected by injecting mice with sterile lung t 1 88110 filtmt”. Inclusion bodies indicating a virus disease were not demonstrated in the bronchial epithelium in any case. 1. 2. 3. 10. 11. 122. 1:5. -77- Bibliography Benner. James I. 1931: - Some Swine Diseases and Attempts at Control. Jour. A.V.M.A.. 37:609-619. Benner. James V. 19311 - Some Swine Diseases and Attempts at Control. Jour. 13.11.». 37:609-619. McBryde. 0.11.. 1932. Report made to Dr. A. B. Miller. President. Fontana Farms Company. Pontana. California. BirCh. Re Re and Bonner. J. '0 1920 - Pseudomonas Pyocyaneus as a Factor in Pneumonia of Swine. Report New York State Veterinary College. loll-118. Burnett. H. S. 1915 - Lobar Pneumonia. So-Called. in Domesticated Animals. Report New York State Veterinary College. 205-220. Carpenter. C. M. and Gilman. H. L. 1921 - Studies in Pneumonia in Calves. Cornell Vet. . 11-12:lll-l26. o~ . Carpenter. C. M. and Gilman. H. 1.. 1921 - Studies in Pneumonia in Calves. Cornell Vet.. 11-12:111-126. Moore. V. A.. 1893. Pathogenic Toxicogenic Bacteria in the Upper Air Passages of Domesticated Animals. 0.8. Depart- ment of Agriculture. B.A.I.. Bulletins 1-3. Clark. c. r. 1936 - Calf Pneumonia. Report Division of Veterinary Science. Michigan State College. p.38. Giltner. l. 1926 . Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. Ed. III. p.214. John Wiley and Sons. New York. Green. P. G. and Evans. C. A. 1939 - Rapid Diagnosis of Canine Distemper. Cornell Vet.. 2935440. Hellman. B. T.. Sholl. L. B. and Delez. A. D. 1928 - Observations on the Patholog of Bacterium Abortus Infections. Mich. Agr. Exp. Ste... Tech. Bul. 93. Hutyra. ham and Marek. Josef. 1920 - Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Dd. II. 2393-170. Alexander Eger. Chicago. Hntyra. Fran: and. Marek. Josef. 1920 - Special Patholog and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Ed. II. 2:93-170. Alexander Dger. Chicago. Poels. Hall B. (Hall 2.) 1887. 159. 2. r. Flhyg. 1905.“.278. Hutyra. Trans and Marek. Josef. 1920 - Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Ed. II. 2:93-170. Alexander Eger. Chicago. Jensen. Monh.. 1891. II. 1. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 2h. -73. Ingle. Ronald T. 1939 - An ltiological and Pathological Study of Pneumonia in Domestic Animals. Haster's Thesis. Michigan State College. Jones. I. S. 1921 - A Study of Bacillus Bovisepticus. Jour. lxp. lied" 91:561-577. Lewis. Paul A. and Shops. Richard B. 1931 - Swine Influenza. II. A Hemophilia Bacillus from the Respiratory Tract of Infected Swine. Jour. lxp. lled.. 511-: 361-371. Murray. Charles 1920 «- lotes on a licrococcus Isolated from Cases of Broncho- pneumonia (so-called 'flu') of Swine. Jour. A.V.I£.A.. 57:539-912- lewsom. I. I. and Cross. l'loyd 1932 - Some Bipolar Organisms round in Pneumonia in Sheep. Joure ‘OVeue‘O. 33:711-723. Pong. I. H. 19% -' Inhancing Action of Ig Yolk on Virulence of Ilenigococcus. Proc. Soc. In. Biol. and lied” ”538118-850. Bossnbusch. 0. T. and Ierchant. I. A. 1939 - A Study of Hemorrhagic Septicemia Pasteurella. Jour. Bact.. 37:69-90. Sanders. D. A. ' 1939 - Some Observations on the nature and Transmission of lnsootic Bronchopneumonia (pneumoenteritis) of Dairy calve.e Joure AeV-Me‘e. h7:28¢310 Shops. Richard B. 1932 - Studies on Immunity to Swine Influenza. Jour. hp. liedH 55:575-585- Shepe. Richard B. 1931 - Swine Influenza. I. Experimental Transmission and Patholog. Jour. hp. led” 5hz3h9-359. Smith. Theobald and Orcutt. Marion 1.. 1925 - The Bacteriolog of the Intestinal Tract of Young Calves with Special Reference to the early Diarrhea. Jour. up. 11.1.. 111189—106. Smith. Theobald. 1925 - Pneumonia Associated with Bacillus Abortus in l'stusss and Ilew Born Calves. Jour. hp. lied... 111539.017. Smith. Theobald. 1918 - A Pleomorphic Bacillus from Pneumonic Lungs of Calves Simulating Actinomyces. Jour. hp. led... 283333-3194. 27. 28. ‘31» L325 -79- Society of American Bacteriologists. 1933 - manual of Methods for Pure Culture of Bacteria. Ed. 6. Biotech. Publications, Geneva. New York. Spray. Robb Spalding. 1923 - Bacteriologic Study of Pneumonia in Sheep. Jour. Inf. Dis.. 33:97-112. ‘ Stafseth. Henrik J. 1990 - A.Laboratory Guide in Pathogenic Bacteriology and Immunology. Ed. II. Edwards Brothers. Ann Arbor. Michigan. Thorp. Jr.. Frank. 1936 - A Bacteriological Study of the Aerobic Flora Occurring in Pneumonic Lungs of Swine. Doctor‘s Thesis. University of Illinois. Thorp. Jr.. Frank and Tanner. Fred W. l9h0 -.A Bacteriological Study of the Aerobic Flora Occurring in Pneumonic Lungs of Swine. Jour. A.V.MMA.. 96:1h9—159. Tharp. '. Te Se 1937 - The Etiology and Pathology of Calf Pneumonia. master's Thesis. Michigan State College. Thorp. W. T. S. and Hellman. E. T. 1939 - Pathology of Calf Pneumonia. Jour. A.V.MRA.. 9h:365-371. ‘Williams. I. L. and Carpenter. C. M. 1918 - Researches in the Diseases of Breeding Cattle. Report New York State Veterinary College. p.93. Woods. Gladys M. 1930 - A Toxanomic Study of Pseudomonas Suis Isolated from Croupous Pneumonia in Swine. Philippine Jour. Sc.. 91:181-210. -30- Acknowledgment The author desires to express his appreciation to Dr. Hellman and Dr. Thorp for their encouragement. suggestions and cooperation in this work. He also wishes to thank Dr. Sholl. other members of the pathology staff. and the Animal Husbandry and Dairy departments for their assistance. Fig. 1e Fig. 2e ‘utop" 514-03 e Dorsal view. Same case as above. Ventral view. -81- Cxllill. . {~- “,I: ) -,. .. TX Mg. 3. Autopsy h95h. Scattered areas of consolidation. Doreal “We Pig. 1. Same case as above. Ventral view. -82 Egg—3:}. 5E: titre-:2. 5...: SEE-3.53 ii 1..-.|~.!\ a"... lo ncitrhiloenoo .5911; 7,:;-.:l_\ ‘ .. ‘3 . “: nciévfiii”"tfio “2"717 inner“; 3;"; 2‘ 1&5 lb madol ofér rza'"i* .uoiv 2333-; fif- ‘t'fir'vi s‘ " '0 )3) c' .0 unantwc. .QVL)“.. 89. -)r...;5 .ITU .4 .93”! m“27°'"*i;1 ed: . a}? fettusv Rig. 5. Autopsy M765. Partial consolidation of the anterior lobes. Rots extensive accumulations of air in the diaphragmatic lobes distorting their shape. Dorsal view. Pig. 5. Same case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. ' Ventral view. -33. Ills-.- 13.. fit ill}; gauging u .. s .2 131311114 , ... .... . .. afraid"; 5 .3 s. .1 .m: .. 1|: I... :31 3. .. .Efl{a thodnA .Y .31! sedoI moixedca ed: To noidablioenca edelqmoo .noidssltsqed $313 10 agate ed: at {Intam edoI oidsmga~fiqsib ed: n1 eelndoi 591533338 .bsdnhiioenoo ere .wefv Ieaxoc \ To noidabirosnoo 9"}. s ‘ some“ .3 .311 .adoI eésibsmxsani ed: .weiv IsmineV rill "s in '1" nus-J AL};- 'll—_— “.- “-— .."Y or Figs 7e ’15. 8e Auto”! 5315. Complete consolidation of the anterior lobes mainly in the stage of gray hepatisation. Scattered lobules in the diaphragmatic lobe are consolidated. Dorsal view. Same case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. "fltm flue 7"." ~». -8h— [ll-.15... Ctiiuisfg s. \s‘. ‘ .GEQJ thoduA .Q .31! .sede Isolqs an: to noicsblioenoo Isidrsq .weiv Isaxofl to non-m; ‘ . . iW’onoo 6.1138 .01 an .bevIovnt ado! sidsmperdqrtb 3191 end .weiv InmdneV Fig. 90 1'15. 10. Autopsy 11990. Partial consolidation of the apical lobes. Dorsal view. Same case as above showing a portion of the left diaphragmatic lobe involved. Ventral view. . _..‘ __ _*4Au __ __ .._.___-=___~.,_..___.__ a. 9—..=_,_.W_. ‘— ... a r». , -35- .{ECE vechnA to noidtoq season: 953 To ccidablioncofi .aeioi refrains ed: .seiv Lessee ell (at! 031 egtq J:‘-—J—‘-—; ‘n-‘jr'm Fig. 11s 1'13. 120 AntOpsy 5053. Consolidation of the greater portion of the anterior lobes. Dorsal view. Same case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate and hilar portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. Ventral view. -86- ’ \ e five} 0 I 'If .. v C "l' ‘- e “L. as a- V'" Fig. 13. Autopsy 188,4. Complete consolidation of the anterior lobes mainly in the stage of gray hepatisation. Dorsal view. Rig. 1h. Same case as above. Ventral view. -37- Fig. 15. .AutOpsy M985. Partial consolidation of the anterior lobes and congestion of the diaphragmatic lobe. Dorsal view. Pig. 16. Same case as above. Ventral view. .SQYJ teqodnA .YI .311 aed'oI schema an: ‘10 noitebiioasoa edqumoO -3sxdqsib ed: to senses Imam! storming has .9601 oin‘am .t'e iv I as 1200 a fl "ifiiysgé‘gr L31. '11: . : 'r _,; -. edd’ to 51:1:ng for-“isms as ‘eeac’emsa .81: .31! min as 03 sub ado; 9132!.T938'Idf‘4'2ib nei deflooq .we Iv ImineV Fig. 17s Pig. 18. AutOpsy M792. Complete consolidation of the anterior lobes and anterior lateral portion of the diaphragb matic lobe. Dorsal view. Same case as above. lots bulging of the left diaphragmatic lobe due to an air pocket. Ventral view. ." mm- -39- " 2.13““ veqotnA "n . M'.. -(1-_ x to source; coincided: foiledemc'O' .meaviqme is income mesa! aliflw and on: . ‘ h Isa-rod .EI .31! Fig. 19. Aut0psy 14-7711. Consolidation of the anterior portion of the lung with a lesser amount of emplvsema. Dorsal view. Pig. 20. Same case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. Ventral view. .IYEL‘ zeqodmi .IS .31! anhonfa slnomunnq mfaasTgo'xq 1125:qu A has undo! 10219355 ed: lo aolénfEIORAOo ado]: olims’m'qsib 9d: lo acid-mg a .we 1v Ian-ma .SS .31! Fig. 21. Fig. 22. LutoPsy M571. 1 rapidly progressing pneuonia showing consolidation of the anterior lobes and a portion of the diaphragatio lobe. Dorsal flue Bane case as above showing consolidation of the internediate lobe. Ventral view. __-~. ”M _—-—._W * . Ht“. .ggan _—. =._ -91- :4 .,f'\t._ .. f...|.,"r ,‘ , .;"?,f.,--) 7x33," J ..O.~.‘.n'.‘l.L(J:=-"~ fa ~J 9 ~41 F1- ' 2 J v ' I, bete;lftv:no ?a PCZFT19TCE bsr‘SCfl 9 '3 __ .u .noldstdefgi vsigffan triisnihnl 99913 .P - w J \ v ‘ ‘J -O-o 5“ noltsbtfcsuco ngwods evofie 23 avg“ 4:.“ . 3 .911 .éiol eigihfintujq A he 0 ' “N. u p O Fige 23. 111301)” u652e Extensive consolidation of lung tissue. Note mottled appearance of consolidated areas indicating cellular infiltration. rig. 2”. Same case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. Ventral view. -92. 1. .r. .11.. r III Illlel. A.Il'l I'I r a _ .SEYU zeqodud .ES .31! antwoda stnomusaq gulnaewgoxq zrbtqafi bus sedoI totzndgn 513 lo voliafilioanoo .edoI oitsmgatdqatfi sheila nottioq egvsl s .weiv Isaxoa noidabiloeloe ; .33 .311 .edoI edaibsmnedni ads to .wer Iatdcev Fig. 25. .Lutopsy h736. Rapidly progressing pneumonia showing consolidation of the anterior lobes and a large portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. Dorsal view. Fig. 26. Sale case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. Ventral view. -93- .sYafl vaqotud .vs .31! i” on: 10 30115131103110!) h- . :22) .u‘ sods u as. same .89 .31! W» ‘ Fig. 27. .Lutopsy “672. Consolidation of the anterior lobes and a portion of the diaphragmatic lobe. Dorsal view. rig. 28. Base case as above showing consolidation of the intermediate lobe. Ventral view. ‘lf I! ‘r‘ I "(W A flf‘fil '~V .ES .gi'l bedoetni “gill! . :7 .3634! vsqodu‘. [02? 50981 ‘ 7 0 bus Iaoiqa tingle -odono-zd “I.” in: ]‘ig. 29. Autopsy 1652a. Lung of a rabbit which had been inJected with an organisa isolated from Autopsy II652. lots mottled appearance of left apical and right cardiac lobes indicating broncho- pneumonia. Dorsal view. .L. "- -95- aa:2____.____:__:______._____::__:___.______53:; N___::_:,€ ,,_, r .. 1U m._