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This problem vas undertaken to determine whether cal-
cium alone, magresilm alCI‘.8 or a co bination of these two
neutralizing amendments were necessary for the optimum

plant growth on the particular soil chosen. Ti2e soil for

6‘

his exocrigent was an orchard soil of Coloma sand with a
pH of 3.8 on which the farmer was exceriencing difficulty
in growing cover croos except when a magnes ium bearing neu—
tralizing agent such as dolomitic linestone was added. The
experiment was set up in one-gallon pots containing 4cc
grans of dried screened soil. A 3—12-12 fertilizer made up
of GP chemicals was added at a rate of 1300 pounds per acre.
Part of the soil treatments rece ved only calcium amend.ments,
part only magnes uh amendments and the reaainder a combina-
tion of calcium-magnesium bee ring neutralizing amendments.
Rates per acre ‘an ed as follows: calcium caroonate, one
ton (l T.) to three tone (5 T.) in one ton incre"ents; mag-
ne sium carbc 2nate, the same as OaCOE; and magnesium sulphate,
ECO pounds, 1060 pounds and 1500 pounds.

Twenty-five treatments of three replicates each were
planted to Henry sering wheat and nine treatments of three

1".
H

replicates each were planted to Rainy giver pea beans.

The first trial of the experiment was disc;rdcd te-
ceuse of yoor germination and a second set ue after the soil
had been dried, rescreened and reno is ened to field cana-
city. The crops were harvested at the end of seven weeks.
ny this time the glants in the check cultures we e dead and
there was an observable difference in the height and the
color of growth on both the wlnM1t and been exierirertC

f 09 e Cultures receiving only small anm cunts of Ca’Ji,Z were
U

weak and chlorotic, becomin5 sturdier and Hr ens r as the
CaCOS wes incr Ha ed. Those plants receiving both K5303 and
M5t04 were deepest in color and had the most luxuriant
growth.
From the results of the tests run on the soil, as well
as from he weight of the dried plant material obtained from

the excerinent, it would alpser that were thzn three tons

eutralizing agent would be nec;s sary to raise

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opti on level for plant growth.

Ulen three tons of a neutralizing 25ent is neede- on a
soil with a low exchange ceoacity, it is envious that some-
thing unusual had ha. ened to the soil. It would agpeer that

the continued leaching of funricides and insecticides egtlied

to the foliage of the trees in the agple orchard ma 3 have had

r_r.

e ions in tifli soil. It is

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sic excnan

an ef set upon the b-
su 55ested that a stud3' should be made of the effect of flr5i-

cides and insecticides on the soil before recotnendin5 that

nButr-e- lizin5 .35ents be a

THE E? SST CF ‘ALCIUJ AKD HACKILIUH Oh ILALT SEC TH
” ACID CCLOMA 3LID 31TH LCV JACQALSE CATLCITY

U- i
u [in

‘~“ J. COCK

”3‘ 5 “:'T.» ‘
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A THESIJ

Submitted to the Coile5e of figriculture of Michigan
State University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the de5ree of

LLSTIR CF LCIELC

[Ii

Department of Soil Science

@JY%5'

{FKM a". iLO‘D"T7‘" ‘7“
U u y’ -I 3 ‘J-Ji‘-.LL\£

The writer wishes to thank Dr. R. L. Ccok
for his helpful suggestions and guidance through-
out the progress of this work. He also wishes to
thank Dr. Kirk Lawton, Dr. J. F. Davis and Dr.

C. M. Harrison for their suggestions and criticism

and Dr. L. h. Turk for his assistance and advice.

w

I. IgffloJUCIICK . . . . .

II. REVISE CF LITsRATUhe

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l. Restlts of tests on the untreated soil
bcwfor and after the ox33r sent . . . . . ll
2. The eifect of merres1tn ca roo na-te, he esium

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sulfa and calcium

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tests and yield of Henry spring WAGS . . 12
5. The effect of meg1es'um carbonate, me;ne;ium
sulfate ard calciwm c roc no te n soil
tests and Hi ld cf Rainy Fi-v r pea beans . 13
LIoT LE FIGURLS
For;
.13e
l. The contrast betve n nRainy River 3st beans
receiving 6030 pounds CaCC3 and $200
pounds of oaCCg plus 1o 0 pounds of
;.;:J04 3191" acre 0 o o o o I o o o o o o o 14

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with increasing frequency, agronomists concerned with

\d

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the sandy soils the glaciated regio ns of this area have

exgorienced unsatisfactory results from the a;dition of lime-

stone. These ss ncy soils have low inherent fertility, not
only in the basic plant nutrients nitrogen, phos3horus and

potash but also the so- C3; co secondary e1 gents, such as

useune that the low

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yislos on these acid, sandier soils are due, in yert, to a
lack of Other bEEwE than Calciuu, 3erh33s Wflaflfl:iJQJ

1

The mork ra3crteo here CCInC:f rr 9 a 3articular orchard
an County, Kichigen in which the orchardist
difficulty groming cover crops under or near the
trees. The soil was a Coloma sand which had become quite
acid (pH 3.8) and had an exchange capacity of 2 32/100 gns.
Ordinary lining 3r ac ctices were not givin a satisfactory re—
sults in solving the problem so some of the top six inches
of soil from under the trees was removed and brought to East

V

Lansing for study in the green1ous e at Fichig

an State Univer-
sity. It was thought that a study of various rates of appli—
cation of magnesium and calcium additives, used to correct

the pH of the soil, might throw some light on the cover crop

problem.

EVILN CF LIT RATURZ

Though magnesium deficiencies in plants have been

describe d and PGCCEHiZEld for many years 3), it has only

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been in the 3ast thenty years that much rosiarch has

acconplls HGd in ficicncies.

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rrobably the greatest reason for the delay has been in the
complexity of the groblem (16). It has Ween sz1o that
for certain crops there is a dcfinite rels tio ship and ratio
between the amount of calcium and magnesium nee eds d (14).

In the 19 38 Ye~reo ck of nLricultu re (15) a sta ten ent
is made that ha nesium deficiency, in all probability, has

affected crop groduction more nicely than any of the other

(I)

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primarily to two factors; (1) the use of commercial

lizers cents in nine very little magnesium, and (2) increased

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soil acidity resulting
nesium from the soil. Thu us, the area of sandy soils low in
natural magnesium has increase. and it is safe to assume

that some of this de

A

grassion in crop yields can be attri-
buted to ma Enesium deficiency. It has been Known for some

time that limestone and other calcium '_1t1ves us ed by many
farmers, as cially on these sandy soils, has been of a type

containing no magnesium, namely, calcitic lizestone and marl.

It has been shown that many problems are encountered when

secondary plant nutrients are deficient, the slant shoeing

deficiency sy1ttcis of many Kinds (10). To further confuse

the problem, the plant becomes weaker and much more susCstt-
ible to disea and insec tdamage. A d ficiency of magne—

sium may be accompanied by a more rapid ugtake by the plant

of the avails ol 9 ootassium in the soil and, when the mag-

A

Q

nesium deiiciency nas been corrected, there may be a defi-
ciency of vote ssium sr own (6). Another reason for investi-

‘
\

gating magnesium and calcium deficiency un nc;r orchard
conditions is that acidifying fun Mi ides and fertilizers
may cause leaching of replaceable calcium, magnesium and
potassium at a much faster rate and to greater depths than
nder ordinary agricultural crops (4, 8).

hasnesium is one of the elements essential to plant
growth (19) and as yet it's role in plant constituents and
processes have not been fully esta lished (7). It has been
found to be a part of the chlorophyll molecule; to be a
carrier of phosphorus and to assist in initiating new
growth (5). Magnesium deficient plants are more susceptible
to disease than are normal plants (2).

The amount of magnesium found in the soil is often re-
ferred to as relative to the amount of calcium tresent, i.e.
Cazhg ratio (l, 10, 14). It has been found that the opti-

mum ratio for most agricultural crops is aggroximately 6:1.

Kainesium is the most difficult divalent cation to oi

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from the stil coaglex (13). Therefore, Conditions of the
soil must be known in order to correctly evaluate the re-
Sults of soil analyses (12, 17).

The literature on the effect of availability of plant
nutrients at various levels of calcium and magnesium in the
soil is extensive (l, 9, 10, ll, 12, 18). The research
findings on the effect of calcium and magnesium on the avail-
ability of the other nutrients has been both controversial
and confusing. Prince, Zimmerman, and Bear (13) did re-
search on twenty different New Jersey soils ranging in pH
from 4.8 to 6.6. These workers found that in acid soils the
addition of calcium and magnesium tended to inhibit the re-
lease of adsorbed ions, while in alkaline soils the reverse
was true. This work tended to remove much of the confusion
in the field.

Research findings in the field of orcharding are of
interest. Gourley (8) found that excesses of fungicide
and insecticidal sprays mashed from the orchard foliage had
a serious effect on the balance of the soil nutrients,

especially in sam; es taken from under the trees. Soyntcn

and Magness (4) stated that fungicide and insecticile spray
residues definitely accelerate the rate of leaching of

cations in orchard soils.

'hCCELURQ LLB DILGULVICK

Soil was obtained in the late syring of 1952 from an

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+ 71 f " I 7 ", f‘ _"‘ VI t1"
:1 .. ’_ "11 u. put}; “-9

unlimed area in ar old aggle orchard to

p.

trees and between he rows and brow ht to the Soil Science
laboratory at hichigan state University where it has air
dried and screened through an l/d-inch mesh screen. Fcur

housand five hundred rams of the e“reened soil ma

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in each of the one-gallon glazed pots. A 3-12-12

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fertilizer made up of Chemically pure ingredients we

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at the rate of 1000 pounds per acre. Henry saring whe

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SLd nainy River pea beans were grown. They were choscn be-

cause of their susceptibility to magnesium deficiency.
Twenty-five diiferent soil treatnents were eiglied where
the Henry spring wheat was planted and nine treatments where
Rainy River yea beans were grown. The treet:ents were
replicated hree times.

The treatments, stated on an acre basis, were as
follows:

Pounds per acre

03303 figLC4 M30 3

l. 0 O 0

(3

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as ILllCJo:

. .1“ w, ,-
itunus per acre

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5. 2000 1000

6. 4000 1000

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7. 6000 1200

8. O 0 2000

9. O O 4000

10. O O 6000

Thirty seeds of the Henry wheat and nine seeds of

Yainy River pea beans were planted per pot in June of 1952.
The germination of the pea beans was so poor that this part
of the exyerirent was discarded. Tao Weeks after planting
there was an observable magnesium deficiency in the plants

in some of the cultures but these deficiencies mere so com—

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ectet that the additives

g,

pletely at random that it was SHS‘

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were not thoroughly mixe with the soil and the plants had
not reached the added nutrients. At the end of this two-
week period the plants in the check cultures were dying

after reaching a heiaht of angroxinetely two inches.

U
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At the end of four Weeks the magnesium dsi ciencies
which were observed at the end of two weeks were now com-
pletely gone. The plants in the check cultures rere com-
pletely dead.

Six weeks after planting,observable differences

iere treatments

we;

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aspeared due to treatments. The pla

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2 through 8 were used showed a gradu.l increase in height of

growth and generally were healthier in aspearance. The
plants given treatment 11 showed a shorter but more dense
growth than those in trsa'ment 0. Those cultures where
reattents 12 through 16 were agplied showed a
crease in growth over those where treatment 11 was used.
The plants growing in pots where treatments 17 through 25
were ayplied showed the same gradual increase in height of
growth as did their counterpart treatments 2 through 10,

except that those in the heCOr treated group showed better

C»-

color and more uniform heading of the grain than did those
which received CaS 3.

The extreme temperatures of the greenhouse during the
summer months were not conducive to good plant growth, and
the wheat experiments were harvested at the end of seven
weeks.

The soil was dried thoroughly and again SCPu

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preparation for a second run of the same xgeriment. After

.s added to

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replacing the soils in the same pots, water H

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bring tie soil to field ceoacity. The tater 61d t ento
the soil normally and it aggeared the the scil was com-
pletely deflocculeted, even thou;n it as single fir23n*r.
after four days the tater and soil LPTC L1}:" by 13‘10 lo

1

furth3 anelenonts {are aided for this secohi crog.

The wheat and the pee beans were planted in Luzust of
1952 in a similar manner as described before. This second
ex erinent proved such more satisfactory so far as Lernina-
tion was concerned for both the bears and the wheat.

At the end of the two-week period after planting, the
plants in the check cultures here shoeing signs oi multiple
deficiencies and were dyinv. There were no observable nag-

OthSI‘ cultures 3.11: t 181" PL?-

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was a slight diifersnce in color. The plants treated only
with calcium carbonate were much 11 hter in color than those
which received ma;nesium, either a: DBCRB esium sulgha e or
natnesium carbonate.
At the end of four weeks, some observable differences
ere noted in height of growth. The plants in the check
cultures were nearly dead.

the end of six we eks from plar tin o the 9 ages

n

:red

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in both the wheat and the beans the ame ocs MPV ole differ-

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ences mentioned during the first ex,e11mont.
The wheat and the beans were harvested at the end of

sev-s n weeks. The harvested plants were left to air dr" for

fourteen days ie the greenhouse and then were placed in en

. ~ - . . . . ..r.O
oven for forty-elgnt hours at eitnty-flve Legre=s (co )

were run on 'heee se;,lee, the results of which are shown
in the tables on the following yeast. The addititn of the

various epcunts of calciu; and magnesium additives in no

(D

raised the PR to anticipeted levels. The ad‘ition of

cee

CC Pounds of me

01

1000 and 1
press yfi although this res not significant. The tests made

were run by the modified Lgurwey quick test method (12).

11.

Table 1. Results of tests on the untreated soil
before end after the experiment

 

 

 

Soil pH Pounds per acre available
plant food
P K Ce Hg
Before 3.8 17 25 150 B

After 3.8 22 26 160 B

 

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Figure l.

The beans on the left received CeSCn
at the rete of 6000 pounds per acre,
while the more vigorous and darker
coloreu plants on the right received
5000 pounds of CaCOg end 1000 pounds
of MgiO4 per acre.

14.

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' 2:13;;leth

Two crops, v ry sensitivre to the anodnt of magnesium
available in the soil, were grown in the Hr enheuse to
determine the effects on plant growth by varying the calcium-
magnesium ratio in the soil. The soil was Coloma sand that
had been in an aople orchard for over tuent3 3e are. The

,fi

pn, 5.8, and the excheh;e cerecity, 2 m.e. per 16 U gr

(x)
r'
9

was extremely low.
W ery poor germination was excoricnced with the high

experiment and on about one-half of the sheet cultures in

(D
L) .

the first trial. The floor germination was not sssc ci tn
with treatment. Due to this poor seruinetion, the exneriment

L...’

was rerun.

The plants in the check cultures which receiVed only
the fertilizer lived about two weeks in this acid soil.
These plants sh owed evidence of multiple deficiencies very
soon after «der.snce. There wss a gradual increase in height
of growth of the plants as the calcium and magnesium amend-
ments were increased. The plants wh ch received the high
amounts of an gnesiun had a much greener color than those
which receiVed only calcium.

The data may be summarized as follows:

1. The calcium and ms nesium levels had been reduced

in the soil either by leaching, crop re1cvsl, or

interaction of added spray residues so that plant

OJ

growth was seriously affected.

g

The a

k.-

dit on of calcium to this soil i.,roved

CL

plant growth.

The afidition of three tons of magnesium carbonate
plus 1300 pounds of Mg304 resulted in what auneared
to be the best plant growth and best plant color.
The addition of three tons of neutralizing amend-
ments was not enough to bring this soil to the
desired pH.

The effects of continued applications of fungi-

cides and insecticides on orchard soils should be
studied before correct recommendations can be made

for neutralizing amendments on such soils.

m

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11.

17.

LITLRATUEJ 3 TL’

h ,. ~. "1 a r ’ 5" -- 0
near, F. a., rrince, A. L., Tot., E. J., end :UPVlo,
-. T! r-.-. .! ‘ fi. - '\ _ . q "- ‘ w: '- - (‘1’
a. 3., magnesium in tlants and ;tiis. gee Jersey
“7 . c. ..- "A '7 r '1 (“p
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fi-‘
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“‘ ‘ ‘ T“ " »_ ' _ I’. ‘1 r. : . " .
uprbluS, n. L. cone sectors n-f

tin; the Laserstion

c- C- - .. -
of Each sium by the rotato Elant. Kroc. sue .
'7 I

boo. hort. sci.

'1 1 ~ 4‘ ‘ ‘ O " r ‘ '1“! -‘- ‘ .: ‘i 1. .- _._ - 0 w— ‘0 I " O .
LUCA, R. L. and mllldr, a. J. ildflt LUUPch J Ll ion-
c1es. hicn. ggr. inpt. pte. LUl. Lo. coo, fev.

V - .. -' ‘ .v 7... F‘ ’ ‘ ' "" ,0. .f_ ,‘ KI“ "- s

, Jumv': CLl’le‘vU . L538 OI L..lrlCP -41 Lillie {lb 0 UOs; 0 L/‘OLL O
. - ‘. .‘l ,. - .-- 0 .‘ .,‘ . , 2-1,. 3...! - ._ r‘ '7 '
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GOUPleY: J. H. Hodern Fruit Eroducticn. pg. 424.

_' _. _ _‘ . - _, ~, 3. r . ‘ ”f 1.:
Lcorat niil .uo. to., new iorK. lieu.

:7 r C. , ~. ' 1 . . .‘n‘ ‘ F.1— f. _ " *- '
huneer signs in LIOHS. n ownscsi
u. y L
' A. l; ' ., r. 1 "'.—1 J—
' fi', ‘\ v5
:‘a’ 2.011 I U 0 LI 0

hunter, A. 3. Yield and Comgcsi

J—

U
affected by Variations 'n the hag
the Soil. soil Sci. 67:55-o3. l?

Mellicn, V. and Reed, J. F. :3 Influence oi ne De;ree
of saturation, K. Le'el, and C .Apoitich o the
Removal of Ca, hp, are I. ssil sci. gu-r. :roc.
10:87 0‘

. The Effect of Lime and

hagnesium Ln tne : cesium and on the Absorp-
tion of Potassiur y L ants. soil Sci. 35:57-45.

1945.

17.

' a 4 ' x .- I., *" * P1
1rince, u. L., :1 mLPEafi, 1., ani Hetr, I. 1. Inc
I! . I‘ ‘ v _\ "1~-.. va *
hagnftlll LUrQLylLU 1c r mi 1 .LVJ 1 1 re
*1 r--' “ 1' ' '1’ a“ -
ukllso v 11 Gal. ()szbU‘TB. 19470

Jr., rchins, A. T., grk, T. G.
t'

The Lifect of 33:2; r; 10 of ti“ cl-aility
A eilubility of £13 at itri=nts. Soil 53'.
3:1...C7P. L 1.00. @1262" "m 70 1:2L;0

echreiner, 0., “\r2, A. P., erd I cvn I. G. U.
VA." “’ \ \1 .' r "' .1: 1(:4'78 I 1‘“ Li f‘ 1‘ ;-\C\.--.
.L':}CAI'LCUL{ LLLI‘O Q‘Jllg o .Lv ‘ o rt 0 uU‘t-u 'u‘o

whear: 3- B. and Crane, H..L. nutrient leLInt
eel nce. U.L.J.3. Yearbook I r. Science In

. 19 43-47. pp. 596-597.

ayurmey, C. H. and Le; bCH, K. Soil Westin". i
rrccticul Lystrro of LC 1 Di--;nosis Mich. A
L:“t. eta. Tecn. :ul. 3L. Lev. 1949.

. Lizing cf Sail

ce In Farming. 1

Z 32ermen, M. hegnasium in 113nts . Sail aci. 63:
1947.

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til. 0.

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