44 ., .3»! - ”1393”“ or - ' .1.” - -. 14A)“. 1 7 K vimd-s‘ ‘ . Mgflgifi h. communvn ms'rs pr momma FOR US! I] won! .1 Thesis submitted to The Faculty of iuIGHIGII SILTE COLLEGE of .LGBICULTUBE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 3! Francis J.‘ggrr, Jr. candidates tor the Degree of Baehelor of Science June 1930 THESlS These tests were to be run on Brinent, Medusa Mix, Utica, Line with fifteen percent Portland cement aid Peerless Portland cement alone. All the tests were run according to the American Society of Testing Materials standards. The primary purpose of using Peerless Portland cement alone was to have a standard wi th which to compare the other mortars. The writer has chosen these particular patented cements as they are the most popular cements used in this locality. FINENESS TESTS Samples of from 300 to 250 grams of each cement were taken and passed through a 20 mesh screen to remove any lumps or foreign materials that might have been in the cement. Three fifty gram samples, of each cement, were then put in the Ro-Tap machine md were shaken for a period of fiteen minutes. The samples were then taken from the Ro-Tap machine. The portions retained on the screen, an the portions passing the screens, were weighed separately and recorded in the following tabulations. The averages of the three samples of each cement, and the percent of the totals of each cement passing the screens were also recorded in the tabulations. 94932 MOI-LIED RESULTS 92.3 Percent passed screen. Sample On Screen In Pen Total Lo st Brirment #1 12.0g 37.2g 49.2g 0.8g #2 11.9; 37.7g 49.6g 0.4g #3 M m 52m: an: Average 12.2g 3'? .8g 49 .4g . 6g 76 .6 Percent passed screen Sample Utica Cement #1 11 .0g 89 .0g 50 .0g 0 #2 Ms M 9.9.9.3 .0436 Average 10 .lg 39 .2g 49.9g .lg 76. 6 Percent passed screen Sample ledusa Mix Cement #1 . 4.7g 45.03 49.73 0.3g #2 4.7g 46 .0g 49 .7g 0 .3g is an: 5.52.12 92.13 9.43 Average 4 . 6g 45 .3g 49 . 7g .8g 90 . 6 Percent passed screen Sample Peerless Portland #1 3.5g 46.4g 49.93 .0g #2 4.00g 46 .0g 50 .0g .0g #3 an: 5.3 ' as: .1452 Average 3 . 6g 46 .2g 49 .8g .4g BANK OF CEMENTS FOR FINENESS TESTS Peerless Portland 92.3% Medusa Mix Cement 90.6% Utica Cement 73.5% Brinent 75.6% Medusa Mix, although nearly as fine as Peerless Portland cement, is not comparable as an equal for strength as will be shown later on in the Thesis. Utica cement and Brixment, although not as fine as Medusa Mix, are comparable with it as an equal as will also be shown in the Tension Tests. NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST BY VICAT NEEDLE Samples of 500 grams each were weighed out and put upon a non-absorbent surface. Quantities of water were masured and mixed with the cement until a consistency was reached that would cause the needle of the Vieat Apparatus to sink a distance of 10 mm in 30 seconds. If the sample failed it was discarded and a new sample mixed. This was continued until the above stated consistency was reached. The conclusions reached are tabulated below: Utica Cement 44.0% Medusa Mix 30 .3% Brixment 28.6% Peerless Portland 23.0% Utica cement which has the lowest specific gravity of all the cements absorbed more water than any other. This cement seems to be stickier and of a pastier consistency than the others. The flexibility of Utica cement was noticed in breaking the cylinders. SOUNDNESS TESTS The same samples used to make the Normal Consistency tests were used for the Soundness tests. The cement was placed on glass plates 4" x 4" and pressed out with a trowel in round pats %" thick at. the center and tapering out to nothing at the edges. The pats were covered with a damp towel and cured for 24 hours. They were then exposed to steam for five hours. The Portland cement was the only one of the cements that wholly withstood the test being very smooth and sound at the end of the 5 hours. The Medusa Mix, Utica and Brixment- shrank and checked. TENSION TESTS The Tension tests on Utica Cement, Brinent, Medusa Mix and Peerless Portland cement were run by mixing one part cement to three parts of Standard Sand and necessary amount of water. The amount of water to be used was determined by use of Table 1 of Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement. This table is shown below. The normal consistency of some of the neat cements ran too high for this table so a curve was plotted with the data given and the percentages necessary for the mortars of those cements was found. The curve is shown on the next sheet. One thousand grams of cement and 3,000 gram of sand were weighed out and mixed in a pan. The percentage of water computed was then added and the mas mixed thoroughly with the fingers. The mortar was then ready to be placed into the gang molds which were oiled to prevent sticking. A. scale was used for pressing the mortar in the molds to obtain a more uniform.quality of briquettes. The amount of pressure used in thumbing the briquettes is very important. and if it is varied it will cause the breaking strengths of the briquettes to vary. After all the mortar‘was placed in the gang molds they were put in moist chambers for twenty four hours. After the twenty four hour had passed the:molds were removed and the briquettes‘were immersed in water to further cure them. Quantities of the materials is shown in.the following tabulations: water Sample Cement Sand x cc Brixment 10003 30003 11.1% 440cc Medusa 111: 10003 . 50003 11.6% 464cc Poi-um 10003 30003 10.7% 426cc Utica 10003 30003 13.4% 640cc SEVEN DAY BRIQUETTES TESTS Brixment Medusa Mix Peerless Portland Uti ea 60 130 226 86 60 146 210 90 66 160 230 95 66 130 200 90 60 166 240 86 70 140 220 96 80 160 210 90 70 160 200 86 60 140 226 96 66 166 ’ 230 80 70 146 206 90 66 160 200 96 70 146 220 86 60 166 220 90 70 140 206 86 66 130 210 86 70 160 230 96 66 166 240 90 76 146 236 86 52 119 ' ass as Av. 66#/sq. in. 158#/sq. in. 220#/sq. in. 89#/sq.in. RANK OF CEMENTS AT 7 DAY TESTS Peerless Portland Cement 220 lbs./sq. in. Medusa liix Cement 168 n n n Utica Cement . 39 n w n Brincnt 55 n n on Seven Day tests shows that the cements of higher rank are stronger cements or that they are quicker setting cements than those of lower rank. The cement showing a low breaking strength at Seven Day Test is proven to be a slower setting cement as it has a higher breaking strength at Twenty Eight Day Test than has the cement Just above it in the Seven Day Test. TWENTY EIGHT DAY TEST Brixment Medusa Mix Peerless Portland Utica 216 226 666 220 SID 210 400 220 240 260 400 200 200 226 690 200 260 260 400 210 210 216 696 206 226 226 676 260 266 220 690 220 220 226 , 400 200 226 260 686 206 240 210 400 216 240 216 696 220 260 . 260 686 210 220 220 680 ' 200 220 226 400 226 226 216 690 206 260 210 696 216 226 . 220 690 220 260 226 670 200 £10. 326. 529. M Ar. 226#/sq.in. 221#/sq.in. 690#/sq. in. 211#/sq.in. BANK OF CEMENTS AT 28 DAY TESTS Peerless Portlanl Cement 690 Brixmcnt 226 Medusa Mix Cement 221 Utica Cement 211 Brixment which had the lowest rank in the Seven Day test new Jumped to the highest rank of the Patented cemnts but was not to be compared with Peerless Portland Cement as an equal. Utica cement mortar seemed to be more elastic. This was noticed in the breaking by the long time taken in causing it to break. COMPRESSION TESTS . A three thousand pound concrete was designed by the Trial Method. The proportion of water and cement was decided by use of the Water Cement Ratio Curve which is given in the Manual published by the Portland Cement Association. It was decided to make the sample in a cylinder 6" in diameter and 6" in heighth as the heighth should be twice the diameter for such cylinders. All the cement mortars were governed by the water cement ratio and the workability necessary for a mortar as it is used by a bricklayer in ordinary practice. The cement and water were measured out and placed in the mixer. Sand was added to the cement.and water in portions which were weighed out as they were needed. The naterials were allowed to mix for about five minutes. They were then poured into a pan and from there in the containers. A wet cloth was placed over the cylinders for the first 24 hours. The containers were then removed and the , cement cylinders were placed in the wet chambers until breaking time. At the end of the twenty four hour period the Utica cement was so green that it was necessary to leave it in the container until a later time. All mixing was done in a 2% cu. ft. Smith mixer. Quantities of Materials used are tabulated below: Suples Sand nter Cement Time Srinent 163 lbs 4} 3:1. 3/4 cu.ft. Lime s Portland CementllO u 41} v .625 '- ~ .126 cu. ft. ledusallix 190 4* 44} N 3/4 n w Peerless Portland :00 n e} - s/e ~ ~ Utica Cement 164 " 4} N 3/4 c " Lime and Postland Cement allows a larger batch of mortar ts be made then does any other cement. This is one reason why many Contractors favor Lime mortar in preference to a Patented mortar. lrialayers favor lime mortar for use as it is more workable than any other mortar - slips from the trowel easier. Brixment AV. ‘Ve per BQeine 426 700 606 490 426 700 660 676 670 680 600 626 670 660 676 496 706 291 86#/sq." 12465/sq." 666#/sq.in. Lime a Portland 8760 8360 10800 9560 9660 8960 7800 7660 8696 9200 8700 9616 8710 8260 10700 9600 1100 8704 Medusa Mix 2412 2600 2600 2600 2660 2660 2100 2660 2610 2310 2660 2600 2100 2360 2270 2262. 2347 SEVEN DAY GOMPRESSION TESTS Peerless Portland 12,676 16,660 14,600 12,626 16,176 13,000 12,800 13,200 11,960 12,600 13,200 13,900 12,700 14,400 12,900 11,976 12.129. 13,022 1 9 860#/.Qe1ne Utica 366 360 360 326 sec 410 375 270 266 290 300 330 295 340 335 page 540 49#/.qe ins BANKING 0F CEMENTS FOR SEVEN DAY OOMIPBESSION TEST Peerless Portland Cement 1860#/sq. in. 16% Lime with Peerless Portland Cement 1246#/sq. in. Medusa M1: Cement 666#/sq. in. Brixment 86#/sq. in. Utica Cement 49#/sq. in. Peerless Portland Cement as was expected was far superior to any of the Patented cements. Portland Cement guaged with'l6% of lime was next in the rank. The Lima Portland Cement mixture seemed to set more slowly than Portland Cement alone due to the addition of lime. Medusa Mix was the best of the Patented Cments being four times as strong as the Brixment and six times as strong as the Utica Cement at the 7 day test. This cemnt seemed to set quicker than the other Patented cements. If strength alone were to be considered Peerless Portland Cement would be the best cement. Flexibility is a favorable quality for the mortars to have and this quality is possessed by the Patented cemnts. They are considerably cheaper than Portland cements which is of great importance in building. Av. A7e# 125#/3qe Ans per Brixment Lime & Portland 910 860 1020 970 1040 090 000 970 940 896 966 900 990 945 239 870 sq." 19,000 10,200 20,600 19,300 19,400 21,000 20,600 19,000 19,000 21,100 19,600 21,300 19,100 19,200 11.259. 19,660 2, m9#/.qe 1ne Medusa Mix 3,060 3,750 3,200 3,400 6,600 3,250 3,340 3,270 3,160 6,640 3,520 6,810 3,470 6,640 abidQ. 6,466 ‘91#/8 go inc TWENTY EIGHT DAY COMPRESSION TEST Peerless 26,000 23,000 28,600 24,200 19,800 22,600 27,000 23,000 26,100 24,660 26,100 22,600 26,140 26,200 .2§.1§Q 24,730 6,672#/sq.in. Utica 890 870 1016 960 1040 980 990 1060 920 900 866 790 860 906 819 927 132#/8q.1ne BANK OF SHEETS AT TWENTY EIGHT DIY COMPRESSION TEST Peerless Portland Cement 6,672#/sq.in. 16% Lime 6 Peerless Portland Cement 2,809#/sq.in. Medusa Mix Cement 491#/sq. in. Utica Cement 162#/sq.in. Brinent 126#/sq.in. Peerless Portland Cement broke at the strength designed for in twenty eight days with a margin on the favorable side. Lime and Portland cement more than doubled in strength from seven days to twenty eight days. Medusa Mix gained a little more than one fourth its strength for the period, between seven days and twenty eight days. Utica cement Jumped ahead of the Brixment and showed a tripling of strength for the 21 day period between the tests. Brixment was almost on even rank with the Utica cement being only 7#/sq. in. lower. Brixnmnt Ar. "e# 280*/CQe1ne per Sq." 1700 2230 2166 1600 1900 1980 1870 1710 2310 2220 2176 1610 1990 1960 1830 1960 SIXTY DAY'COMPBESSION TEST 16%Lime & Portland 19,100 19,200 21,600 19,500 19,800 21,400 20,600 19,000 19,100 21,500 19,700 21,400 20,600 19,100 19,200 2,900#/iQe1ne Medusa Mix 4,430 4,100 4,100 4,550 4,900 4,490 4,210 4,410 4,190 4,100 4,260 4,900 4,490 34,220 5.4.6.52. 4,370 530#/.Qe1ue Peerless 27,000 24,000 20,500 25,200 19,900 23,600 26,000 27,100 25,000 27,100 25,100 23,500 27,000 24,900 31,000 26,100 6,700#/sq.in. 270#/sq.in. Utica 2,200 1,860 1,600 1,960 1,920 1,760 2,166 2,210 1,610 1,920 1,910 1,760 2,160 2,200 11229. 1,890 BANKS OF CEMENTS FOR SIXTY DAY COMPRESSION TEST Peerless Portland Cement 6,700#/sq.in. 15% Lime 6 Peerless Portland Canent 2,900#/sq.in. Medusa Mix 660#/sq.in. Brixment 280#/sq.in. Utica Cement 270#/sq.in. The Peerless Portland cennnt alone and Peerless Portland Cement guaged with 16% Lime showed a very small percentage of gain after 28 days being about 2 to 6%. Medusa Mix, Utica and Brixment showed a greater percentage of gain. All of these cements gained over 100#/sq.in. for the period beWeen 28 day test and 60 day test. CONCLUSIONS Peerless Portland Cement and Peerless Portland cement guagcd with 16% lime showed the strongest results being from 6 to 16 times stronger than the Patented mortars. Portland cement mortar is more brittle than the Patented cement mortars which is not a favorable property. If the mortars are more elastic they will lend a helping hand to any settling that takes place in the foundation and cover up the cracks tint would occur where Portland cement mortars were used. Tension Compression Summary of Banking 7 da. 28 da. 7 da. 28 da. 60 da. Peerless Portland 1 l l 1 1 n n l6%Lime 1a 1a 1a Medusa Mix 2 2 2 2 2 Utica Cement 6 4 4 6 4 Brixmmt 4 2 6 4 6 ' Peerless Portland cement alone was 1st in all tests. Peerless Portland cement with 16% Lime was 2nd in all the tests given it. Medusa Mix Cement took 2nd place in four places and was 6rd in only one place. Brixment was second in one place, third in two places and fourth in two places. Utica cement was third in two places and fourth in three places. This count was lower than Brixment by a very small smrgin and for all practicable purposes could be said to be equal to Brinent. Utica cement is different from.all the other cements in.that it is very pliable. It todk about twice as long to ‘break a cylinder of Utica cement as any other cement due to the gnmdnal giving. The cement cylinder of Utica did not snap at its ultimate breaking point as did the others. They simply eased down and crumbled. ROOM USE ONLY filfififlilflllfli/ilfifilfl“ 46 8205 "'Tm'l‘fiflmqfljflflnfilflfliuj