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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
The Effect of Preceding Stimulus
Conditions on Spontaneous Visual Imagery

presented by

Maria Della Corte

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

MA Social Science

Jegree in

 

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Date JUly 23’ 1979

 

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RETURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS:

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cherge froa circulation records

 

THE EFFECT OF PRECEDING STIMULUS CONDITIONS
ON SPONTANEOUS VISUAL IMAGERY

BY

Maria Della Corte

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

College of Social Science

1979

ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF PRECEDING STIMULUS CONDITIONS
ON SPONTANEOUS VISUAL IMAGERY

BY

Maria Della Corte

Fifteen male subjects were administered three stimulus
conditions--revisualization of a recurrent dream, an Oedipal-
tinged stimulus narrative and the recall of a pleasant
experience--to determine if the subsequent spontaneous
visual imagery could be influenced. The imagery was analyzed
for drive activation, distortion, GSR and symptom production.
Implicit sex was the most frequently scored drive, followed
by explicit anger-aggression which was scored about half as
much. Both implicit and explicit expression of love, guilt,
and dystonia were infrequently scored, and the story line
of the stimulus conditions was not continued. A variety of
nonparametric tests showed that total drive activation for
the Dream condition was high, but the GSR was low. The GSR
for the subsequent imagery was also low as was drive acti-
vation. In addition, the Dream condition was high in non-
veridical imagery. Unexpectedly, this configuration of
results was consistent with Freud's conception of dreaming,

i.e., dreams represent disguised wish-fulfillment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Joseph

Reyher. His encouragement, enthusiasm and supervision were

invaluable.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .
METHOD . . . . . . . . . . .
Subjects . . . . . . . . .
Materials and Experimental
Procedure . . . . . . . .
RESULTS . . . . . . . . . .
General Considerations . .
Statistical Considerations

Component Drives . . . . .

setting 0 O O O 0

Effect of Stimulus Conditions on Spontaneous

Visual Imagery . . . . . .
Illustrative Dreams . . .

Electrodermal Activation .

Dreaming and Drive Activation . . . . . . .

Implausibility and Bizarreness of Imagery .

Integration of Findings .
Initial Expectations . . .
DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . .
FOOTNOTES . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . .

iii

iv

\OWQWWUIH

11
15

16
17
20
21
21
23
24
25
33
35
39

Table

10

LIST OF TABLES

Summary of Scores (Frequency) of the Implicit and
Explicit Component Scales of the Drive Activation
scale 0 O O O O O O O I O I O O O O O O O O O O O 9

Summary of Comparisons Using the Friedman Two-Way
Analysis of Variance Across the Dependent
variables 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 12

Median Scores on the Dependent Variables Across
Stimulus Conditions and Their Subsequent Free

Imagery Periods, Only for Those Subjects Reporting
Visual Imagery in all Conditions . . . . . . . . 13

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery
Baseline Period and the Dream Condition Using the
Wilcoxon Matched—Pairs Signed-Ranks Test on the
Dependent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery
Baseline Period and the Pleasant Experience

Condition Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs
Signed-Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables . . 14

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery
Baseline Period and the Free Imagery Following the
Dream Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-

Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables . . . . . . 18

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery
Baseline Period and the Free Imagery Following

the Pleasant Experience Using the Wilcoxon Matched-
Pairs Signed Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables 18

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery
Baseline Period and the Free Imagery Following the
Stimulus Narrative Using the Wilcoxon Matched-

Pairs Signed-Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables 19

Summary of Comparisons Between the Dream Condition
and Its Subsequent Free Imagery Period Using the
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test on the
Dependent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Summary of Comparisons Between the Pleasant
Experience Condition and Its Subsequent Free

Imagery Period Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs
Signed-Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables . . 22

iv

Table

11 Summary of Comparisons Between the Dream and
Pleasant Experience Conditions Using the
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test on

the Dependent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

INTRODUCTION

Reyher (1978) has reported a method of analyzing client
dreams using spontaneous visual imagery (free imagery)
wherein the revisualization of the dream seems to activate
whatever mechanisms caused the dream to occur in the first
place. The psychotherapist asks clients to revisualize
their dreams with the additional instruction of reporting
whatever spontaneous visual images come into their mind's
eye. Often, seemingly trivial images are accompanied by
symptoms and/or resistance (contingency reactions). Images
that elicit contingency reactions are called "hot" images.
Repeated requests to revisualize these images generally
produce more severe contingency reactions as the client's
imagery becomes depictive of anxiety-producing strivings
currently subject to repression. Reyher (Morishige and
Reyher, 1975; Reyher, 1977a, 1978) calls the progressively
more blatant depiction of anxiety-producing strivings
emergent uncovering psychotherapy.

In an effort to observe more closely the relationship
between degree of repression and type of symptom, Burns and
Reyher (1976) attempted to activate Oedipal strivings in
volunteer subjects. Using hypnosis, an Oedipal-tinged
paramnesia (made-up story which the subject believes is real)
was implanted in subjects with a posthypnotic suggestion

which would activate these strivings and thereby produce

conflict. As expected, hypnotized subjects experienced more
symptoms and resistance during a one-half hour period of
free imagery than did simulating subjects.

An investigation by Ira Moses (1974) appeared to
indicate that activating repressed strivings could be done
quite effectively in the absence of hypnosis using an Oedipal-
tinged stimulus narrative. Moses asked subjects to sit down,
close their eyes and visualize themselves in the scenes of
the narrative he would read to them. This was followed
by a five minute period of free imagery. The result was
even greater pathogenicity (the appearance of contingency
reactions). Stern's (1974, 1975) investigations, however,
have demonstrated that the tasks of free association and
free imagery are inherently anxiety-producing and therefore,
may be a confounding factor in the production of symptoms.
When subjects are asked to close their eyes and to describe
their images and physical sensations without omitting a
thing, to an enigmatic stranger, such self-disclosure most
often becomes anxiety-producing and they seek reassurance.
Increased pressure for self-disclosure increases the likeli-
hood of rejection (negative appraisals) by the experimenter.
However, subjects cannot observe verbal as well as nonverbal
signs of approval from the experimenter who sits quietly while
they describe images, sensations and feelings with their eyes
closed. In addition, since subjects have little or no

criteria for determining whether they are responding

correctly, they are apt to feel insufficient and, therefore,
to anticipate negative appraisals by the experimenter. The
anticipation of negative appraisals by the experimenter is
coincidental with a lowering of self-esteem, and the
manifestation of resistance, anxiety and/or symptoms.
Unfortunately, these sources of anxiety may have confounded
whatever anxiety may have been associated with the Oedipal
narrative in Moses' investigation.

Hayes (1977) separated these two sources of anxiety in
a fixed design two-way analysis of variance and found that
the stimulus narrative was not an influencing variable. The
four stimulus narratives systematically varied high and low
sexual strivings and feelings of personal insufficiency.
Since Hayes found no significant differences in symptom
production among the four manipulations, he reasoned that
for student-subjects in the laboratory, in contrast to clients
undergoing emergent uncovering psychotherapy, symptoms were
produced solely as a result of the interpersonal situation
between them and the experimenter rather than the activation
of intrapsychic conflict. As Hayes points out, the clinical
situation differs from that of the laboratory in that the
interpersonal relationship is one in which the individual
is motivated to self-disclose. Therefore, in this case,
it is more possible for repressed strivings to influence
imagery. His conclusion is consistent with an investigation

by Morishige and Reyher (1975) in which client-subjects

manifested a higher degree of drive representation and
'primary process during a period of emergent uncovering
than did student-subjects.

The purpose of the present investigation was to
examine the free imagery of student-subjects with respect
to the drive-activating and anxiety-producing properties
of several kinds of stimulus materials (antecedent conditions).
It was expected that (1) dream revisualization and free
imagery per se would be most effective in stimulating
anxiety-producing strivings (ego-dystonic); (2) the recall
of a pleasant experience would be most effective in
stimulating ego-syntonic strivings and affects (syntonial)
associated with elevated self-esteem; (3) that an Oedipal
stimulus narrative would activate the sexual drive and
aversive affects (dystoniaz) associated with reprehensible

sexual behavior.

METHOD

Subjects

Fifteen male, undergraduate students who were enrolled
in an Introductory Psychology class at Michigan State
University volunteered to participate in an experiment
entitled "Visual Imagination." They received extra course

credit for their participation.

Materials and Experimental Setting

 

Three measuring instruments were used to assess whether
a five minute period of free imagery was influenced by its
antecedent condition. They were: (1) a revised version
(Burns and Reyher, 1976) of Reyher's Drive Activation Scale;
(2) an Analogic-Synthetic Scale developed by Reyher and
Della Corte; and (3) Reyher's Symptomatic Reaction Scale.

The Drive Activation Scale measures the degree of drive
representation of each visual episode, which is defined as
a change in persons or objects and/or a change in setting.
The scale takes into account whether a drive is implicitly
or explicitly expressed, remoteness of derivatives,
motility and interactions between persons and/or objects.
Since the implicit subscales are based on criteria for
inferring the existence of a particular drive, the validity
of these scales only can be established by its ability to
differentiate systematically among conditions differing

in type of drive activation and to predict the outcome of

5

research. These were included to serve as indicators of
drive activation lacking representation in awareness as a
means of increasing the sensitivity of the Drive Activation
Scale over its immediate precursor (Burns and Reyher, 1976)
which used only explicit scales.

The Analogic-Synthetic Scale was used to assess the
degree of distortion of each episode of visual imagery. This
is measured in terms of (l) clarity (degree to which the
episode can be understood and course of events be ascer-
tained); (2) plausibility; (3) functional deviations
(violation of natural laws or biological principles);

(4) formal deviations from reality (illogical, unrealistic
imagery).

The Symptomatic Reaction Scale consists of nineteen
categories of spontaneous, verbalized symptoms ranging from
the somatic to the affective domain.

A Grass #5 Model polygraph from the Yellow Springs
Equipment Company was used to monitor Galvanic Skin
Response (GSR). Subjects were seated upright in a recliner
chair located in a soundproof room. The GSR electrodes
were attached to the index and forefinger of the left hand.
A straightback chair for the experimenter, a swivel chair,
a cot, a table and two Uher tape recorders were also in the

room.

Procedure

 

When the subject was seated in a recliner, the
experimenter proceeded to attach the electrodes. During
this time, the experimenter made incidental conversation
with the subject in an attempt to put him at ease. When
the electrodes had been attached, the subject was told that
the experiment could begin. He was asked to lean back,
close his eyes and the following instructions were given.

Free Imagery Baseline (FIb) "Keeping your eyes closed,

 

I'd like you to describe, in detail, any images or pictures
you see in your mind's eye and also, any feelings or bodily
sensations that come to your attention."3

The experimenter did not interact with the subject
during the five minute period of free imagery unless the
following situations occurred: (1) If the subject was
silent for one minute, the experimenter said ”What's
happening?"; (2) If the subject was not reporting any
feelings, then he was asked at one minute intervals "How
are you feeling?"; (3) If the subject was free associating
instead of free imaging he was asked "Are you seeing that
in your mind's eye?"; (4) If the subject said he couldn't
get any images he was told "Just wait for images to come
and describe them for me."; (5) If the subject asked

questions he was told that all questions would be answered

at the conclusion of the experiment.

Following this period of free imagery, the subject
underwent three additional stimulus conditions which were
counter-balanced to eliminate order effects. Each condition
was followed by a five minute period of free imagery
identical to the one described above. The instructions for
the three conditions were as follows.

Dream Revisualization. (D) "Keeping your eyes closed,

 

I'd like you to recall a recurrent4 dream, a dream you've
had more than once. Try to revisualize the dream and
describe it for me." (If the subject couldn't recall a
recurrent dream, he was asked to describe a disturbing
dream. If he was not able to recall a disturbing dream,
he was asked to describe any recent dream. If the subject
could not recall any dream, the experimenter proceeded to
the next condition.)

Stimulus Narrative. (SN) "Now, I'm going to play a

 

tape of a story that is well within the realm of possibility
for most pe0ple. As I play the tape, I'd like you to
visualize yourself as the person in the story."

Pleasant Experience. (PE) "Keeping your eyes closed,

 

I'd like you to revisualize a pleasant experience that you've

had and describe it for me."

RESULTS

General Considerations

 

The number of subjects receiving scores for the implicit
and explicit subscales distributed across the component

drives of the Drive Activation Scale is presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Summary of Scores (Frequency) of the Implicit and Explicit

Component Scales of the Drive Activation Scale
For Each Condition

FIb D FId PE FIpe FIsn

 

Sex

implicit 7 8 6 4 6 8

explicit 0 0 0 0 0 l
Anger-Aggression

implicit 3 3 2 2 2 3

explicit 0 3 l 1 l 0
Love

implicit l 0 0 l 0 l

explicit 0 0 1 l 2 l
Dystonia

implicit l O l 0 l 0

explicit O 0 0 0 l O
Guilt

implicit 0 0 0 0 0 O

explicit O 0 0 0 0 0
Syntonia

implicit 0 0 0 0 0 0

explicit 0 0 0 4 2 O

 

Note: FIb = Free Imagery baseline; D = Dream; FId = Free
Imagery following the dream; PE = Pleasant Experience;
FIpe = Free Imagery following the pleasant experience;
FIsn = Free Imagery following the stimulus narrative.

10

This was done to obtain some estimate of the relative
incidence of their activation by the three stimulus
conditions. Therefore, only the subjects who described
visual imagery in all conditions were included for this
purpose. The number of subjects actually used in the
comparisons below varied according to the particular
comparison and the dependent variable involved.

Implicit sex was the most commonly received score
across both stimulus conditions and their associated periods
of free imagery. Only one of the nine subjects received a
score for explicit sex; this was in the free imagery period
following the revisualization of a pleasant experience.

Next most common was anger—aggression which was about half
as frequent as implicit sex. Half of these (3) were
received under D. Love and syntonia only received a few
scores, and these were concentrated appropriately under PE
in the explicit subscale. The relatively high incidence of
anger-aggression in PE is appropriate since the consumation
of these strivings is intrinsically satisfying. However,
the veritable absence of scores for dystonia and guilt was
surprising in view of the ubiquity of these feelings in
performance situations (Reyher, 1978). Could it be that
these are the most difficult affects of all for subjects to
admit under the circumstances of the research? If this were
the case, then the explicit scores index the degree to which

subjects are able to self-disclose various drive-related

11

affects. In terms of this criterion, syntonia and anger

are the easiest to disclose followed closely by love. Sex,
dystonia and guilt are substantially more difficult to
disclose. These conclusions, however, must remain tentative
until it can be shown that the scoring criteria for the

component drives are equally sensitive.

Statistical Considerations

 

Nonparametric methods were used for all comparisons
rather than parametric ones for several reasons. First of
all, the drive activation scores had an extremely skewed
distribution. Second, the Drive Activation Scale does not
possess equal intervals. Third, there were a large number
of zero values in the GSR data. Fourth, not all the subjects
could be used in all analyses because of failures to recall
a dream or to image upon request. Finally, two-tailed
rather than one-tailed levels of probability were used in

order to err conservatively.

Comparisons Involving Stimulus Conditions

 

Table 2 presents the comparisons involving the drive
activation scores5 for the two spontaneous, idiosyncratic

stimulus conditions (D and PE) and the FI Since the SN

b.
was not a spontaneous production of the subjects-~it was
previously fabricated and invariant--it could not be

included in this comparison. The drive activation score

of the SN was calculated, anyhow, as a means of gauging the

12

Table 2

Summary of Comparisons Using the Friedman Two-way Analysis
of Variance Across the Dependent Variables.
Entries in the Body of the Table are
p Levels of .05 or Less.

Comparison Dependent Variable

 

Drive Analogic- Implicit
Activation Synthetic Symptoms GSR Sex

 

FIb, FId, FIpe:

FIsn .02 NS NS .02 NS
FId, FIpe, FIsn .02 NS NS .02 NS
FIb, D, PE .01 .001 -- NS 005

 

degree of drive activation in the foregoing spontaneous
productions. It was 13, 591. The medians for D, PE and

PI were 624, 1442.67 and 156.83, respectively, (Table 3)

b
and the Friedman two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
significant, xr2(2) = 12.18, p < .01 (Table 2). This
significant outcome obviously is related to the high
component of syntonia in the PE drive activation scores.

When syntonia was excluded, making PE more equivalent

to the other conditions which contained little or no syntonia,
the median drive activation score for PE dropped to 5206.

The Friedman two-way ANOVA was still significant, xr2(2) =
8.91, p < .02. Since the initial free imagery period was
intended to be a baseline, D and PE were separately compared

with it with respect to drive activation using the Wilcoxon

matched—pairs signed ranks test. Each were significantly

13

Table 3

Median Scores on the Dependent Variables Across

Reporting Visual Imagery in All

Conditions

9

Stimulus Conditions and Their Subsequent Free
Imagery Periods, Only for Those Subjects

 

 

 

Condition Dependent Variable

DAa A-sa GSRb Sympa Impa

Sex

FIb 156.83 2.00 .18 (.04-.42) 2.00 .41
0 624.00 3.00 .12 (.00-.31) -- .67
FId 92.65 2.00 .12 (.00-.23) 2.00 .21
PE 1442.67°(520) 1.00 .18 (.00-.45) -- .00
FIpe 344.81°(343) 1.75 .17 (.02-.26) 2.00 .31
SN -- -- .12 (.02-.29) -- —-
FIsn 377.70 2 .15 (.Ol-.38) 2.00 .57
aDA = Drive Activation; A-S = Analogic-Synthetic;

Symp = Symptom;

b

of zero scores.

index of central
disparate shapes
subjects who did
into a number of

Imp Sex

Implicit Sex.

not score zero.
statistically significant comparisons,

The GSR medians are misleading because of the large number
This renders the median as an insensitive
tendency as it does not represent the
of the distributions produced by those

Since these scores enter

the range also is presented in the parentheses to provide
more useful information about the shape of these distributions.

c O O I O
The parentheses contain the drive activation scores
exclusive of syntonia.

larger than FIb (Tables 4 and 5) presumably due to their

distinctive drive-related affects (Table 1).

that D and PE were more drive activating than the FI

b.

This means

14

Table 4

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery Baseline
Period and the Dream Condition Using the
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
on the Dependent Variables

 

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions _ N Significance
FIb vs D

Drive Activation < 11 .01

Analogic-Synthetic < 8 NS

GSR > 11 NS

Implicit Sex < 11 NS
Table 5

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery Baseline
Period and the Pleasant Experience Condition Using the
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
on the Dependent Variables

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
FIb VS PE

Drive Activation < 15 .01

Analogic-Synthetic > 13 .05

GSR > 13 NS

Implicit Sex > 12 NS

 

15

Component Drives

 

Explicit subscale. In an attempt to better understand

 

the factors involved in the significant difference in drive
activation scores for the three spontaneous productions, the
component drives of the Drive Activation Scale were examined
(Table 2). Since explicit syntonia and anger-aggression
were relatively infrequent (Table 1), they were scored as
being either present or absent in each subject's protocols
across conditions and were separately evaluated by Cochran's
Q test. Q was significant only for syntonia, x2(2) = 8,

p < .02. As Table 1 shows, the component drives of love,
dystonia, and guilt were scored too infrequently to be
evaluated.

Implicit subscale. The contribution of unconscious

 

or nonconscious factors to drive activation was assessed

first with respect to implicit sex. The F1 D and PE

b'
conditions were compared with respect to the proportion of
episodes scored for implicit sex. The Friedman two-way ANOVA
was significant,xr2(2) = 6.55, p < .05 (Table 2). This is
an important finding because it means that unconscious
(implicit) sexual factors also contributed to the signifi-
cant drive activation scores. The only other implicit

drive with significant data for application of the Cochran

Q test was anger-aggression. It was not significant.

16

 

Effect of Stimulus Conditions on Spontaneous Visual Imagery

. An inspection of the protocols revealed that seven
subjects reproduced items of content from the stimulus
condition in the subsequent FI period. These tended to be
few in number, but it was apparent that this occurred most
frequently after the SN. Only two of the subjects verbalized
curiosity about how the SN turned out, but the story line was
not continued in the subsequent FI period. This lack of
continuity also was true for D and PE. The Cochran Q test
was applied in order to determine whether content from each
stimulus condition was reproduced in the subsequent FI
period. These frequencies were 3, 3 and 6 for the free
imagery following the dream (FId), the free imagery following
the pleasant experience (FIpe), and the free imagery following
the stimulus narrative (FIsn), respectively. The resulting
Q was significant, x2(2) = 6.85, p < .05.

To assess if the drive activation scores in the FI
periods were influenced proportionately by the preceding
stimulus material, the Friedman two-way ANOVA was applied
to the drive activation scores of all FI periods (Table 2).
The median values were 156.83 (FIb), 92.65 (FId), 344.81
(FIpe) and 377.7 (FIsn) (Table 3). Although the outcome
was significant, xr2(3) = 9.93, p < .02, there might have
been an adaptation to the experimental situation favoring

the FIb period. This possible confounding source of variance

17

was eliminated by drOpping FIb from the analysis and
reapplying the Friedman test. Again, it was significant,
xr2(2) = 8.82, p < .02, but contrary to expectations, the
median drive activation score for FId was lower than FIsn
and FIpe.

The implicit subscales were examined to determine if
they could account for the significant effect of the
stimulus conditions on the drive activation scores.
Although the incidence of implicit sex of the FI3n was
higher than the other PI periods, FIsn (.57), FIpe (.31),
FId (.21), a Friedman two-way ANOVA was not significant
(Table 2). Neither were any of the Wilcoxon matched-pairs
signed-ranks tests significant when each of the FI periods
associated with the stimulus conditions were compared

with the FI (Tables 6, 7 and 8). Thus, the disparity in

b
drive activation scores for the FI periods could not be

accounted for on the basis of the implicit subscale scores.

Illustrative Dreams

 

The puzzling low drive activation scores for FId stands
in contrast to many of the dreams which were of high drive
level. At times, their revisualization was accompanied by
verbalized affects. In fact, seven of these dreams were
of sufficient, intrinsic interest that they are reproduced

below:

18

Table 6

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery Baseline
Period and the Free Imagery Following the Dream
Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks
Test on the Dependent Variables

 

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
FIb vs FId

Drive Activation = 10 NS

Analogic-Synthetic = 6 NS

GSR > 6 .05

Symptoms > 11 NS

Implicit Sex > 8 NS
Table 7

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery Baseline
Period and the Free Imagery Following the
Pleasant Experience Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs
Signed Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
FIb VS FIpe

Drive Activation < 14 .01

Analogic—Synthetic > 11 NS

GSR > 13 .05

.Symptoms < 10 NS

Implicit Sex < 13 NS

 

19

Table 8

Summary of Comparisons Between the Free Imagery Baseline
Period and the Free Imagery Following the
Stimulus Narrative Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs
Signed Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
FIb vs FI8n

Drive Activation < 14 NS
Analogic-Synthetic = 6 NS
GSR > 13 NS
Symptoms < 12 NS
Implicit Sex < 12 - NS

 

It was at my grandparents house and I was six years
old. No one was in the house. I was sitting on the floor
in this small, narrow kitchen. There was a door leading
from the basement at the end of the kitchen. I was sitting
doing nothing and I heard someone come up the stairs. I was
scared but I couldn't move. The footsteps got louder and
someone turned the doorknob but it was locked. I was
really scared and I couldn't move. Then the door opens up
and there's a weird looking figure. It was big compared to
me and it had a dark, ugly face.

I was a kid again and it was a windy, overcast day--
warm outside. I was playing with friends. It seems like
it's going to storm but not rain. All of a sudden there's
a tornado. I don't know where it came from. It was bigger
than myself but smaller than the house. It seems to have
a personality all its own. It's chasing us around and we're
running in different directions. Everytime we turn a corner
it's always there, chasing us around the house. We're
trying to get in the house but it's locked. It chases us
off the porch into the bushes. ‘We all fall in and then
it goes away.

I was about six years old. It was the year before my
parents got divorced. There was my real father and me and
my brother. My father and me were at a grocery store. I
asked if I could go in and he said no. This witch flew up
and said I'm going to put you in the garbage can. My ~
brother ran away but the witch put me in the garbage can.

20

I'm falling and I go faster and faster. I know I'm going
to hit and I can stop myself, slow myself down and stop. I
jump and I go up quite a ways. I take a long step and can
hold myself up there, about 50 or 60 feet off the ground.
Then I come down and get myself down. Then it goes to a
country road and there's a big brick house on the left
after you turn the corner. A driveway comes from the black-
tOp road and goes to a gravel road. There's always a bunch
of kids out there. The kids are not that well-dressed.
We go for a ride in an old pick-up truck and back down the
gravel road to the pasture and these cranes are flying
at you. They come by a building across a fence, back on
the road. Then it seems like the road's got to go the
opposite way then it is to go back to the house.

It was when I was little. Our house is on a hill. I
was seven or eight and I was on tall stilts as high as our
house. And in the backyard, in the same spot, I would fall.
And I would try to fight to fly and stay up.

It was a dream I had when I was young. I used to
deliver papers. It was the biggest route and I got sick of
it. I was in a large room with no doors and no windows and
one trap door at the top. I was standing there and all of
a sudden the guy that delivers the papers would laugh and
said I should do my paper route. I said I did and he said
no, I'm going to punish you. Papers filled up the room.
The guy was going to kill me by drowning me in newspapers.
They were all neatly rolled. I tried to climb out but they
would hit me and I would lose my glasses and couldn't see.
I would wake up in cold sweats breathing rapidly.

A monster stole my flag and he's walking around

waving it. He hit the teacher with it and disrupted the
class. Everyone walked out.

Electrodermal Activation

 

The GSR data was congruent with the drive activation
scores. GSR rate was computed by counting all GSRs 500 ohms
or larger and dividing by the duration of the condition.

The Friedman two-way ANOVA was significant, xr2(3) = 11,
p < .02 when it was applied to all FI periods and also when

FIb was dropped, xr2(2) = 8.39, p < .02. Once again, the

21

FId was low. This means that the sympathetic nervous system
was least activated during FId. Although the Wilcoxon

matched-pairs signed-ranks test showed that FId and FIpe

were associated with significantly lower GSR rate (Tables

6 and 7) than FI this was attributed to adaptation since

bl

FIb was not counterbalanced.

Dreaming and Drive Activation

 

Additional comparisons were made between FId and FIpe
and their preceding stimulus conditions in an effort to
identify the factors involved in the low drive activation
score for FId. Tables 9 and 10 show that the drive
activation score for FId and FIpe were significantly

lower, T (n = 9) = l, p < .01 and T (n = 14) = 15, p < .02,
respectively, than their preceding stimulus conditions.
Once again, implicit sex and the GSR were significantly
lower, T (n = 9) = 5, p < .05 and T (n = 9) = 1, p < .05
only for D vs FId' Although FIsn and SN could not be
included in comparisons involving the other dependent
variables, they could be compared in terms of GSR. This
comparison was not significant. Thus, both drive level
and GSR were distinctively lower for FId when compared

to the D condition.

Implausibility and Bizarreness of Imagery

The D condition had higher analogic-synthetic scores7

than PE (Table 11) as did FIb (Table 7) and FIpe (Table 10).

22

Table 9

Summary of Comparisons Between the Dream Condition
and Its Subsequent Free Imagery Period Using the
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
on the Dependent Variables

 

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
FId vs D

Drive Activation < 9 .01

Analogic-Synthetic < 6 NS

GSR < 7 .05

Implicit Sex < 9 .05
Table 10

Summary of Comparisons Between the Pleasant Experience
Condition and Its Subsequent Free Imagery Period
Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks
Test on the Dependent Variables

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N _ Significance
FI vs PE
pe
Drive Activation < 14 .02
Analogic-Synthetic > 12 .01
GSR < 13 NS

Implicit Sex > 12 NS

 

23

Table 11

Summary of Comparisons Between the Dream and Pleasant
Experience Conditions Using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs
Signed-Ranks Test on the Dependent Variables

 

 

Dependent Variable Conditions N Significance
D vs PE

Drive Activation < 11 NS

Analogic-Synthetic > 11 .Ol

GSR = 10 NS

Implicit Sex > 9 .01

 

PE, of course, is the recall of real events whereas the
imagery of both dreams and free imagery is not under the

same constraint to be veridical.

Integration of Findings

 

Reyher (1978) has presented evidence opposed to Freud's
conception that dreams involve sexual drive gratification
discharge due to their wish fulfilling functions. Reyher's
position requires an increase in GSR rate during the D
condition and its associated period of spontaneous visual
imagery in addition to high drive activation, high implicit
sex, and high analogic-synthetic scores. The low GSR rate
in both D and FId was discrepant from Reyher's position as
was the low drive activation score in FId. Surprisingly,
this pattern of results is congruent with Freud's conception

of dreaming, namely, recalled dreams represent repressed

24

sexual wishes (high implicit sex and high drive activation)
that are subject to primary process distortion (high
analogic-synthetic score). The resulting implausible and
bizarre imagery is the means whereby gratification of
repressed wishes is achieved. Dreams thereby reduce drive
intensity (low drive activation and low GSR rate in Fla)
for the purpose of preserving sleep. The reduction in

drive level is a "safety valve" effect.

Initial Expectations

 

With respect to initial expectations, the findings
do not support the use of dreams with student-subjects as
an effective means of activating anxiety-producing, ego-
dystonic strivings. As expected, the recall of a pleasant
experience was associated with elevated ego-syntonic strivings;
however, this only had a slight effect on the subsequent FI
period. Finally, the use of a stimulus narrative was
ineffective as a means of activating conflict-inducing
Oedipal strivings. However, it did have some minimal but
significant effect on the content and drive level of a

subsequent period of free imagery.

DISCUSSION

The failure to substantially modify spontaneous visual
imagery suggests that imagery is governed by parameters
outside of awareness. In clients undergoing the objectifying
procedures of emergent uncovering psychotherapy (Reyher,
1978), these parameters have been identified as repressed
strivings. This also is considered to be true for student-
subjects because their visual imagery is at times quite
bizarre (Morishige and Reyher, 1975) and accompanied by
contingency reactions. However, unlike the progressively
more blatant depiction of repressed strivings by clients,
the imagery of student-subjects remains highly distorted
(remove derivatives). If the implicit sex subscale of the
Drive Activation Scale is sensitive to unverbalized drives,
then it can be concluded that the repressed strivings
represented in the dreams and imagery of the subjects in
the present investigation was of a sexual nature. However,
this conclusion must be qualified by the nature of the
scoring criteria because the scoring criteria for implicit
sex is more general than the other drives (e.g., any long,
slim object can be interpreted as phallic). Consequently,
a higher proportion of objects will be scored for implicit
sex whether or not they are actually functioning as sexual

symbols.

25

26

The results obtained from the FId bears discussion
since the incidence of implicit sex, GSR rate and drive
activation scores were lower than any other PI period.
Experimenter bias would have to be discounted since the
experimenter's expectations were contrary to the results
obtained. Subject bias could also be eliminated since the
subjects did not know that they would be asked to recall
a dream when they volunteered to participate in the experi-
ment. No formal attempt was made to create demand
characteristics and none of the subjects knew the purpose
of the experiment. Finally, the conditions were counter-
balanced in order to eliminate any systematic or progressive,
temporal effects and, in fact, none were in evidence. In
light of the above, it is unlikely that the results were
due to any of the sources of artifact mentioned.

Perhaps, the dream's influence on the subsequent FI
period was attenuated because the recalled dream had under-
gone secondary revision and, therefore, was benign. This
argument must be discounted since the dreams were, in fact,
associated with high drive activation. Then again, perhaps,
dreams are different in the sense that they originally
occurred as images during REM sleep whereas the other
stimulus materials did not. This, however, does not
explain why GSR, drive activation and the incidence of

implicit sex were lowest for FId.

27

Contrary to the data from emergent uncovering with
clients who become more distressed during dream revisualiza-
tion (Reyher, 1977a, 1978), the data in the present
investigation support Freud's conceptualization that dreams
are disguised wish-fulfillments. Since the subject is
unaware of the drives (latent content) being depicted by
the remote derivatives constituting the manifest content,
there is little GSR activation during dream recall. Freud
also considered dreams to provide a safety valve function.
Consistent with this, both drive activation and GSR
activity were attenuated during the Fla. The investigations
of Cartwright and Monroe (1968) and Cohen, McGrath, Bell,
Hanlon and Simon (1978) also can be viewed in this way.
Fantasy during REM awakenings reduces the level of repressed
drives (latent content). However, such tension reduction is
contrary to what is evidenced when clients revisualize
dreams during emergent uncovering psychotherapy and which
led Reyher (1978) to question Freud's conceptualization of
dreams as vehicles of drive gratification discharge. The
revisualization of "hot" images typically intensifies
repressed strivings and increases distress. To resolve
this conflict in findings, one could posit that dream
revisualization serves the function of disguised wish-
fulfillment for subjects but leads to drive intensification
for clients. Dream revisualization intensifies drives for

clients because of their commitment to self-disclosure

28

and their striving to be regarded by the psychotherapist
as good clients. This striving puts pressure on the
client to self-disclose bizarre and/or blatant imagery
(Reyher, 1978) which subjects will not do even when given
license and encouragement to do so (Schofield and Platoni,
1976). Subjects lack this motivation and, therefore,
resist self-disclosure because this piques an anticipation
of rejection and disapproval by the experimenter. In
accordance with this line of reasoning, dream revisualization
serves a drive gratification function for these subjects.
Nevertheless, it is still necessary to account for the
difference in reactions to dream recall between clients
undergoing emergent uncovering psychotherapy and those
observed by Freud. Both groups are clients, yet the former
experience the intensification of drives when revisualizing
a dream whereas the latter apparently do not because of the
procedural differences. In his method of dream analysis,
Freud (1959) had his analysands free associate to the
elements in the dream. At times, he would pose certain
questions to which the analysand would respond and at other
times he would make interpretations. The analysands' task
was to convey their own thoughts as well as understand
Freud's interpretations. This meant that they had to
select certain words and arrange them syntactically in

'order to convey their message and, in addition, determine

29

the meaning of the interpretations being posed by him.
Reyher (1977b, 1978) has labelled the mode of information
processing which enables us to produce and comprehend
speech the semantic-syntactic mode. This is an active,
interpersonal, communicative process. In contrast, clients
in emergent uncovering psychotherapy are simply describing
images that are being synthesized effortlessly from the
person's perceptual history. The only intervention by the
therapist is to draw the client's attention to the imagery
and any contingency reactions. This passive, spontaneous
process of image formation has been designated the analogic-
synthetic mode of information processing. Since direct
imagoic depiction of the aims and objects of repressed
drives is anxiety-producing, percepts are activated which
vary along gradients of similarity (physical, functional,
qualitative). Consequently, some of the images of clients
following dream revisualization may elicit contingency
reactions even though their drive-related referents may be
unknown (remote derivatives) to the client. Furthermore,
Reyher's clients free associate and free image with eyes
closed whereas Freud's analysands free associated with eyes
Open. By keeping their eyes open, clients are able to
fixate on objects in the room, thereby occupying their
attention externally and inhibiting drive-related thoughts.
The mere act of closing one's eyes while free associating

can undermine the client's ability to ward off drive-related

30

thoughts (Reyher, 1963). Hence, the fact that Reyher's
clients experience drive intensification and contingency
reactions during dream revisualization while Freud's
analysands did not, appears to result from the particular
mode of information processing being utilized.

Despite the voluminous psychoanalytic literature on
drives and their affects, an empirical body of relevant
facts does not exist to validate the Drive Activation
Scale. Although it was constructed to postdict electro—
physiological activation (Morishige and Reyher, 1975),
its predictive validity has yet to be established. More
germane to the present investigation is the content or
face validity of the subscales. Although the scoring
criteria of the explicit subscales are based on objective
behavior, security operations8 interfere with the verbaliza-
tion of ego—dystonic affects and, of course, the assessment
of its face validity. This should not be true for syntonia,
and indeed, it was not. Syntonia was distinctively
associated with the recall of a pleasant experience. To
adequately demonstrate the face validity of the affects
named by the several subscales, the subjects need to be
asked to recall pertinent experiences over a number of
occasions. The proportion of these affects disclosed should
increase over time as the rapport (ease of self-disclosure)

between the experimenter and subject increases.

31

The implicit subscales pose the most difficult
validational problem because they are designed to index
the unconscious Operation of the processes underlying the
conscious experience of affect. By definition, they have
no content or face validity. They only can possess construct
validity; that is, do these scores vary in a manner consistent
with theory and the experimental manipulations? Hence,
according to Freud, only sex and aggresSion, owing to their
instinctual origins, should have an unconscious existence.
Affects and emotions only can be experienced consciously;
they are drive representations (Rapaport, 1967). Consonant
with this View, only sex and anger-aggression were scored
on their implicit subscales. The results of the experimental
manipulation also were uniformly consistent with Freud's
theory of drives. Both the implicit sex subscale and the
GSR behaved in accord with Freud's conception of dreams as
vehicles for wish-fulfillment. These findings constitute
an auspicious beginning for the Drive Activation Scale.

The Analogic-Synthetic Scale performed well as a
dependent variable, although security operations may interfere
with the verbalization of weird imagery (Reyher, 1978;
Schofield and Platoni, 1976). It successfully differentiated
between dreams and free imagery on the one hand and from

veridical recall (pleasant experience) on the other.

32

The Symptomatic Reaction Scale revealed that very
little distress was verbalized by the subjects and, unlike
the GSR, it did not differentiate among conditions.

Although it is tempting to explain this outcome in terms of
‘a reluctance (a security operation) of subjects to verbalize
symptoms, particularly severe or unusual ones, it has proven
to be a reasonably sensitive dependent variable in other
investigations (Burns and Reyher, 1976; Sommerschield and
Reyher, 1973). The few mild symptomatic reactions
manifested in the present investigation most probably
indicate that the experimental procedures were not
pathogenic.

Overall, the results of the present investigation show
that the experimental investigation of psychodynamic

processes is possible.

FOOTNOTES

1The term syntonia represents those pleasant affects
(e.g., joy, elation, happiness, etc.) and positive self-
conceptualizations which are generated by an increase in
self-esteem. (Reyher, 1978)

2The term dystonia represents those aversive affects
(e.g., depression, sadness, dysphoria, etc.) and negative
self-conceptualizations generated by a lowering of self-
esteem. (Reyher, 1978)

3The subject was given two minutes of practice imagery
to adapt him to the task. If the subjects did not see any
images, then the experimenter asked him to try and get an
image of what he last had to eat or his room. After the
subject was describing spontaneous images for two minutes,
the experimenter began timing the five minute period of
free imagery. This was done just for the free imagery
baseline period.

4Recurrent dreams were chosen as stimulus materials
because, in terms of psychodynamic theory, they are
indicators of highly pathogenic nuclear conflicts.

5The investigator's reliability with the Drive
Activation Scale and the Analogic-Synthetic Scale was
established in a previous investigation (Davéfl 1976). The
interrater correlations for the two scales were .85 and
.75, respectively.

6The original Drive Activation Scale (Burns and Reyher,
1976) did not include syntonia because only drives which
had potentially aversive affects were considered on
the initial validation studies which were guided by the
ability of the several components of the scale to predict
the average electro-physiological activation of imagery
episodes.

7The investigator's reliability with the Drive
Activation Scale and the Analogic-Synthetic Scale was
established in a previous investigation (Dave; 1976).
The interrater correlations for the two scales were .85 and
.75, respectively.

33

34

8

The term "security operation" denotes interpersonal

behaviors intended to enhance self-esteem or to offset a
lowering of self-esteem.

The term was coined by Sullivan
(1953) and conceptually refined and extended by Reyher
(1978).

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

STIMULUS NARRATIVE

It's a warm, summery day and you're walking leisurely
to a bus stOp. As you approach the stop, your attention is
drawn to a very sophisticated, attractive older woman who
seems to be rummaging through her purse. Concerned and
without a moment's hesitation you say, "Anything I can do
to help?" She looks directly into your eyes for a long
moment and says, with a faint smile, "As a matter of fact,
you can. Tell me that you found my change purse and are
returning it or, if that's not the case, make me invisible
so I can get on the bus unnoticed." A glint in her eye
along with a faint smile reveals that she is not freaked
by her plight and that she welcomes your offer of help.
There's a good feeling between the two of you, right away,
right off, and before you know it, you are both walking
around in overlapping and widening circles looking for her
change purse and exclaiming your good fortune each time
you see an empty beer can, an empty package of cigarettes
or a gum wrapper and so forth, thinking of some ridiculuous
way you could use each one of them. You are really having
a good time. She is a fun person. It is all the more
delightful because of her sophisticated appearance and good
looks. You both give up the search for her lost change
purse at the same moment, standing facing each other, she

with a forlorn look, while you express your disappointment

35

36

with a sigh. Although she is approaching middle age, she
looks like a helpless, lost girl. Her girlish features,
crested by a contemporary hairstyle, slightly tinged with
gray is a study in contrasts. Not knowing what else to

do, her obviously well proportioned body is immobilized.
Without any inward hesitation whatsoever, you hear yourself
say, "If you turn around and step into that approaching

bus, I'll pay your fare." The forlorn look vanishes from
her face. She looks directly into your eyes, her lips part
slightly as if she is about to speak but instead she takes
your hand, turns around and gracefully steps up into the bus.
The next thing you know is that you are standing next to

her placing the exact fare in the receptacle. She's still
holding your hand and says, "I found a friend." Her wedding
band presses into your hand but this does not seem to be
important. Neither is the fact that she could have children
your own age. She asks you about yourself and it seems that
you tell her your whole life's history without any self-
consciousness whatsoever. And at times she adds one thing
or another about herself. Suddenly she says, "Let's go to
my place," then rises, holding your hand, in a warm, gentle
clasp, which you find extremely pleasant, and leads you

down the aisle to the exit of the bus. As you step from

the bus, it seems like you go directly to the apartment
building where she lives. Still holding your hand, she

ushers you into a beautifully furnished apartment where

37

you nestle into a large soft sofa while she pours you a
glass of wine and turns on the stereo. She sits down next
to you, raises her glass and offers a toast to a beautiful
day and a long friendship. You clink glasses looking
directly into each other's eyes as you take the first sip.
In the ensuing conversation, you talk about the quality of
the wine, the unusual sofa on which you're sitting, the
statues, pictures and other art objects around her apartment.
But most of all, you find yourself preoccupied with your
feelings that this warm, accepting, sensual woman is producing
in you. Once again, you are impressed with the special
attractiveness that maturity adds. She sets aside her
drink, touches your hand, rises, which is a signal for you
to get up too. As you do, you take her in your arms, draw
her close and begin dancing with the soft music from the
stereo. It is the right thing to do at the right time.
Everything about her is appealing--her height, her graceful
movements, her perfume. All your senses are pleasantly
stimulated and you can tell from her breathing and the way
she brushes her lips against the side of your neck that

she is sexually stimulated and you realize that you are too.
There's the ring of the telephone from the next room. She
groans with dismay, then whispers in your ear, "Stay right
where you are. I'll be back in a moment." You watch her

feline, graceful movements as she walks and disappears into

38

the adjoining room, closing the door, but just standing
there won't do. You pick up your glass of wine, then
nestle into the velvety softness of the sofa. It gives
way, almost enveloping you as you stretch out your body.
You now concentrate on the smell of the wine, the
sensations it produces on your lips and tongue as you
sip and of course, revel in its delicious taste. You

eagerly wait for her return.

LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

Burns, B. and Reyher, J. Activating posthypnotic conflict:
Emergent uncovering psychotherapy, repression and
psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment,
'1976, 40, 492-501.

 

Cartwright, R.D. and Monroe, L.J. The relation of dreaming
and REM sleep: The effects of REM deprivation under
two conditions. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 1968, 10, 69-74.

 

Cohen, D.B., McGrath, M.J., Bell, L.W., Hanlon, M.J. and
Simon, N. REM motivation induced by brief REM
deprivation: The influence of cognition, gender, and
personality. Journal of Personalipy and Social
Psychology, 1978, 36, 741-751.

Dave; R.P. The effects of hypnotically induced dreams on
creative problem solving. Unpublished Masters thesis,
Michigan State University, 1976.

Freud, S. Collected Papers, Volume III, Translated by Alix
and James Strachey, Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1959.

 

Hayes, D. Drive intensification, insufficiency, and
symptomatic reactions. Unpublished Masters thesis,
Michigan State University, 1977.

Morishige, H. and Reyher, J. Alpha rhythm during three
conditions of visual imagery and emergent uncovering
psychotherapy: The critical role of anxiety. Journal
of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, 84, 531—538.

 

Moses, I. The relationship between symptomatology and the
degree of repression of sexual conflict. Unpublished
Masters thesis, Michigan State University, 1974.

Rapaport, D. The Collected Papers of David Rapaport, M.M.
Gill, (Ed.), Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1967.

Reyher, J. Free imagery: An uncovering procedure.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1963, 19, 454-459.

 

Reyher, J. Spontaneous visual imagery: Implications for
psychoanalysis, psychopathology, and psychotherapy.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1977a, 2, 253-274.

 

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Reyher, J. Clinical and experimental hypnosis: Implications
for theory and methodology. In W.E. Edmonston (Ed.),
Conceptual and Investigative Approaches to Hypnosis
and Hypnotic Phenomena. Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, New York: New York Academy of
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Reyher, J. Emergent uncovering psychotherapy: The use of
imagoic and linguistic vehicles in objectifying
psychodynamic processes. In J.L. Singer and K.S.
Pope (Eds.), The Power of Human Imagination, Plenum
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Schofield, L.J. and Platoni, K. Manipulation of visual
imagery under various hypnosis conditions. American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1976, 18, 191—199.

Sommerschield, H. and Reyher, J. Posthypnotic conflict,
repression and psychOpathology. Journal of Abnormal
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Stern, D. The uncovering properties of visual imagery,
verbal association with eyes closed, and verbal
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Unpublished Masters thesis, Michigan State University.
1974.

Stern, D. Signs of anxiety during three verbal association
conditions. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation,
Michigan State University, 1975.

Sullivan, H.S. The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry,
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W.W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1953.

 
   

   

  

   

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