EHE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY L‘PC‘N PHYSIOLOGY 1N CENTRAL HECH SCHOOL OF GRAND RAPiDS. MlCHlGAN Thesis for the Degree of M. .A MlCHIGAN STATE. COLLEGE Sherman E. Corye“ 1938 u ’4 .. .. huh.“ sraquwflumfifiumiiwmwxmfi . ‘._ \fi. ““ ‘~* I | ‘i I v. \|.‘ IN bk» ‘ ,. In .. .n v y A, . I‘O :JII 4 .... .Klrvln [v.‘vl, . y ul‘ FILi' . .w 4.- l... Ifurle i {fly . llf“ r .Dllfiw<|iu. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY IN CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL OF GRAND RAPIIB, MICHIGAN A Thesis Presented for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Easter of Arts by Sherman Edmund Coryell MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE 1938 THESIS The writer is indebted for guidance and assistance to: Professor-E. L. Austin, Department of Education and Professor 8. E. Crone, Department of Mathematics. 1 18 532 ransom) The following stetements represent e philosophical beck- ;round for the thinking that led to the treatment of this subject: Goel tour. “To develop the ebility to use the most effective end relieble methods in searching for truth es e besie for the dis- covery end solution of problems.‘I (1) 'Iducetionel practice he been sinking its roots deeply into science, end hes drewn more end more of its strength fro- the resources of the reseerch leboretory. Everyone seems to egree thet this trend is in the-right direction.‘ (a) “It (reseerch) ettempte to give precticel ensure to preeticel questions.“ (3) 'It (reseerch) is desiped to improve teaching by the method of piecing in the hends of teechers men: of the scientific instru- ments thet have been forged on the envil of reseerch.' (u) (1) Instruction]. Guide for llementery Schools. Depertnent of Public Instruction. hiletin lo. 301. Stete of Iichigen 1936. . 11. p (2) mrston. Lee I. Ihet Does Beeeerch new? Depertnent of Public Instruction. Mletin lo. 308. Stete of lichigen 1937, De 7e / (3) Ibid. 8. w ( ) ma. 8. it: In»! \‘E‘.‘ . ..'1i!.4’ Part One. Part Two. Part Three. Part Four. Part Five. OOHQEETS Foreword.......................................... Introduction...e.................................. Body of Thesis.................................... .1. Historical Background....................... 3. Origin of Problem........................... C. Method of Procedure......................... Summary of Findings............................... Conclusions....................................... Suggestions for Further Study..................... Appendixeeeo.e.eee.o.e.eooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoee Marks Received on Tests......................... Formulas Used in Computing Norms................ Calculations of Norms for the I.Q.'s............ Calculations of the Norms for the Pre-test...... Calculations of the Norms for the.Averagee...... Calculations of the Norms for the Final Test.... Correlations for the Non-Biology Group.......... Correlations for the Biology Greup.............. Sample Of’Pre-test.............................e Sample of Systems Tests......................... Sample of Final Test............................ Bibliography.eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeo TABLE I. II. III. IV. VI. VII. LIST OF TABLES THE DISTRIBUTION OD GRIDES.AND PERCENTAGES FOR STUDENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY DURING THE YEARS 193h—1937 INCLUSIVE........... TEE TYPES OF TESTS USED IN DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS or BIOLOGY WON PHYSIOIDGY.I0.000000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. A.COMPOSITE OF THE MEANS, FIRST, SECOND (MEDIANS), AND THIRD QUARTILES OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS AND.ALL TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS 0F BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY................................................ CORRELATIONS FOR INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS AND TESTS OF THE GROUP THAT HAD BIOLOGY AND Tm GROUP THAT DID NOT HAVE BIOIDGY BEFORE MING PHYSIOIDGYQOOOOCOOOOCOO00.00.0000... THE STANDARD ERROR 0F DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEANS OF THE I.Q'I AND TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS 01‘ BIOIDGY UPON PmSIomGYoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeooeeoeeoeeoo THE NUMBER ASSIGNMENTS, INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS, AND MARKS RECEIVED ON ALL TESTS FOR THE STUDENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY THAT HAVE PREVIOUSLY TAKEN A COURSE IN BIOIOGI............ THE NUMERR.ASSIGNEENTS, INTELLIGENCE OUOTIENTS,.AND MARKS RECEIVED ON ALL TESTS FOR THE STUDENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY THAT HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY TAKEN.A COURSE IN RIOLOGY........ PA GE 9 17 19 21 26 29 31 in. a? V f II». ’lv LIST OF GRAPES GRAPH PAGE I. THE DISTRIBUTION OR THE FINAL GRADES OE STUDENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY DURING THE YEARS 193L1937..................... 10 2. THE SCIENCE COURSE ELECTION TRENDS FOR THE YEARS 193N—1937 INCLUSIVE EXEMPLIFYING THE INCREASING TENDENCY TO TAKE PHYSIOLOGY FOLLOWING.A COURSE IN BIOLOGY.................. 11 3. THE MEANS OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS AND.ALL TESTS GIVEN TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY..22 1+. THE THREE QUARTILES OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS AND ALL TESTS GIVEN TO DETERMINE TEE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOIDGYOOOOOOOOOOOOO.00..00O.00000000000000.000000023 TH! EFFECTIVENESS Ol' BIOIDGY UPON PHISIOIDGI IN CENTRAL RIG! SCHOOL 01' GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN PART on INTROWCTION A problem confronting educators on the secondary level is the eliminstion of repetition of subject mutter for those students folloving s sequence of studies. An example is found in the field of science shore one may take general science. biolog. plusiology, Mgiene, botsny, soology, chemistry, and physics. his problem is brought to our attention by Beuuchnmp (5) in his ststement:...'!he overlapping of courses is mrther proof of the tendency of the teachers of e specisl field to regsrd their subjects es distinct parts of the curriculum wholly unrelsted to the rest of the currimlum... A distinct luck of sequence sppecrs in science courses. both from the stendpoint of content end from the standpoint of difficulty. Appsrently. we need s new organisstion of courses beginning st the bottom end working upenrd.‘ (5) Bench-p. I. I... 'lnstruction In Science,“ Bulletin 1932, lo.ul7. lstionsl Survey of Secondsry ldncntion. Ionogrsplw lo. 22. p. 1. » 'IO The science courses at Grand Rapids Central High School are no exception to the above statement. It would appear that an out- standing case of overlapping exists between biology and plwsiology. l'his problem seems to be present in view of the fact that may of the students electing physiology have previously taken biology with its integration of plant, animal. and human physiology. Obviously, we might arrive at one of three possible con- clusions: l. i'hat biology students should not be allowed to elect plweioloa. 2. Mt biology students should be assigned to separate plwsiology classes to avoid overlapping. 3. i'hat there is no noticeable difference between students of plwsiology regardless of whether or not they luvs previously taken biology. ' fhe scope of this treatise will be limited to determining which one of these three factors hypothesised fits the case. re answer these will fulfill a felt need and may effect an improve- ment in the sequence of science teaching. Biology and physiology are names given to courses of study. !he Iorld look (5) defines them as follows: 1. “Dialog. from two Greek words meaning 'life' and 'speech' or 'diecourse', is an old subject. but a modern word, for it seems (6) he Iorld Book, I. l'. Quart-1e and (Sammy. Chicago 1927, P0 7270 , Aft. ‘III‘X to have been used only since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It means. as is clear enough from its origin, the 'study of life', whether plant or animal. but the word is used in somewhat varying senses. Thus botany, soolOgy. ethnology, physiology, as well as other branches-mall those sciences which deal with living things in which geology. astronomy. and physics interest themselves—- are a part of biology.“ 2. “Physiology of humans treats of the processes and changes which take place during life in the tissues and organs of the human system. In the ordinary acceptance of the term. physiology means the 'science and art of preserving health.‘ Since a knowledge of the structure of the organs in the system is essential to an understand- ing of their functions, the study of physiolog requires and in- vestigation into the elementary facts of anatomy, and for this reason these subJects are usually studied together. - - - ' (7) The method of procedure is experimental and analytical. Inasmuch as standardized tests could not be secured, new-type ob- Jective tests are used. Forms are established to make these informal tests as valid and.reliable as possible under the circumstances. The use of non-standardised tests is not one of choice but due to the lack of available prepared tests. There is no attempt in this study to determine what subject matter, if any, should be omitted from physiology. There is no un- due claim as to the validity or.reliability of the tests used. All (7) 0p. cit. p. “559 o. of the tests were constructed with the aid of such information as could be gathered from various text books by authors that are authorities in their field. Any weaknesses found in these tests are in no way attributable to these authors. ’5 of the tests were constructed with the aid of such information as could be gathered from various text books by authors that are authorities in their field. Any wealmesses found in these tests are in no way attributable to these authors. PAR! 110 in ND! 01' m 131818 A. Historical Background Central High School is the oldest high school in Grand nWide and one of the oldest in Michigan. Its origin (8) dates back to 1859 and was first recognised as an approved high school by the University of lichigan in the year 1873. (9) As the name indicates. the high school is centrally located in Grend'Bapids. Ihe central location is further brought out by the manner in which it. is hemed in by five other public high schools. two Junior highs. and two parochial high schools. i'he en- rollment of 1800 is fairly static with a wority representing families of the so-called middle class. Pivsiology have been taught in Central since some time prior to the turn of the tnntieth century. (1)) Ihile the popularity of this course has waned at times. the demand for it now is great in spite of the fact that most colleges and universities do not accept it in groups A and B of electives for admission. the two parochial (s) ltten, Iilliam J.. A Citisen‘s History of Grand Rapids. Michigan. A. r. Johnson Company. Grand Rapids. 1926. p. 112. (9) A certificate in frame presented to Central High School by the University of lichigan indicates continuous years of ap- proval since 1873. (10) Kiss Grace 1'. lllis started teaching physiology at Central in 1896. There is no evidence as far as she knows of its being taught before that time. schools do not teach.physiology. but the other five high schools have courses in it. Due to the lack of supervision. differences in visual charts. models. and demonstration apparatus, the grade levels and methods of teaching are not uniform. lhe demand for college entrance credits was the prime factor in.providing biology in the science curriculum in 193R. It was 01h pected that this move would do away with.physiology but such has not been the case. Since physiology is in demand, and.biology is required locally for'prerequisitee to botany and ecology, the origin of this' problem is obvious. bllIuJT, 3. Origin of Problem The origin of this problem study is based upon the seemingly apparent overlapping that exists between physiology and biology (p. l introduction). .A further indication of the need for a solution of this problem,can be ascertained by reviewing the grades of students of physiology for the past three years. In the school years 193H to 1937. inclusive, M52 students elected physiology of which.229 pre- viously finished a course in biology. The tabulations of these numbers are given in Table I. p. 9. A,graphical representation of the percentage of students final grades brings out the apparently greater degree of success of those students that completed a course in biology prior to electing physiology. The students that did not have the supposed advantage of a course in biology did.not receive as good grades in physiology (See Graph 1, p. 10.) An average of the grades received further indicates the probable need for this study. The averages are as follows: (1) “52 physiology students averaged 8h.58 (2) 229 having taken biology averaged 86.31 (3) 223 not having taken biolOgy averaged 82.96. The above averages seem to indicate that students with training in biology have an advantage over the students that elect physiology as their first science course in high school. There is no direct evidence that this apparent advantage is due to training in biology. Factors such as a predilection on the part of certain students for the sciences. or guidance from session teachers and parents in uking out their prOgram of studies. may influence these results. their kl III ||v|t.l . 1‘, IV ‘ ‘\I. I... I..." um I. m DISTRIBUTION or GRADES AND PERCENTAGES FOR STUDENTS or PHYSIOLOGY DURING m was 1931:4937 INCLUSIVE Grades and Number of students Percent of students their numeri- completing a course completing a course cal value in physiology in physiology A! B C B C A 914-100 38 J 27 11 r 11.8 14.9 3 88-93 110 59 51 25.8 22.9 D 75-80 78 3M nu 1M.9 19.7 1: 71+ and 16 u 12 1.7 5.!4 below Total #52 229 223 _A 100.0 100.0 9A. Total number of students completing a course in physiology during the years 193N-l937 inclusive. B. Total number of EA" that previously completed a course dn biology. C. Total number of EA” that have had no biology. a.“ “4:2” 10 PERCENTAGE OF STUDENI‘S III Students that have had biology before taking physiology [:1 Students that have not had biology before taking physiology 50-... 40.”. 30.- so 10 at H 0 O 23 ‘5 - 93-100 B - 88-92 C - 81-87 D - 75-80 E - 0-74 GRADES GRAPH 1. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FINAL GRADE OF STUDENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY DURING THE YEARS 1934-1937 11 The past three years have shown a definite trend toward an increase in the election of physiolog following a one year course in biolog (3.. Graph 2 below). The 83 physiolog students involved in this study are 58.9$ of the total number that had biology. The 1934-1935 1985-1936 1936-1937 a Students that have had biology before taking physiology D Students that have not had 'biology before taking physiology GRAPH 2. THE SCIENCE COURSE SLEC'I‘ION TMUS FOR THE leau'iS 1934- 19137 INCLUSIVE EXEIIPLIFYING THE INCREAS‘ING TENDENCY TO TAKE PHYSIOLOGY FOLLOWING a COURSE IN BIOLOGY 58 students of physiolog are 1&1.” of the total that have not had biology. A comparison of these percentages in elections would seem to indicate that the factors in this problem are static and will not change to any appreciable degree in the near future. 12 C. THE METHOD Ol' PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING m EFFECTS 01‘ THE STUDY Ol‘ BIOLOGY UPON TB STUDY 0! PHYSIOLOGY The method of procedure used in this problem is experimental and analytical. Technicalh this procedure is under the law of a single variable. All four classes of physiolog were taught by one person using the same methods and the same tests. A control group seemed unnecessary to the conclusions of this problem. Factors such as the teacher's personality. subject matter smterials. and intelligence of the students (11) are considered constant. so that the only variable to be matched. or 'equated." is the effect of a previous course in biolog upon the seventy-six students studying physiology compared and contrasted to the fifty-two students tint have not previously studied biolog. This makes a total of one hundred and twenty-eight students involved in this experiment. Originally one hundred and forty-one students enrolled in the course. but three dropped from the course. five from parochial and four from rural schools have never had an intelligence quotient coquted. and one was absent so frequently that the tests could not be given in a satisfactory nnner. The intelligence quotients (I.Q's.) were taken from the cumulative records on file in the office of Central High School. These records have followed the students through the elementary grades and into high school. In all cases the I.Q's. were de- (llfior detailed treatment see I.Q's. on pp. 13-113. 13 termined by the lational Intelligence Test as administered in the fourth grade. Pintner (12) describes the National Intelligence Tests as follows: 'These tests were prepared under the auspices of the lational Research Council by Haggerty. Terman. Thorndike. nipple. and Terhes. There are several different forms available. Two book- lets are to be used for each examination. lash test booklet contains rm exercises. Scale A contains: (1) Arithmetic: (2) Sentence com- pletion: (3) Checking attributes possessed by a given word: (It) Die-- crimination of similarity and difference as applied to words: (5) Symbol-digit tests. Scale 3 contains: (1) Aritlmlstic: (2) General Infarction; (3) logical Judgment: (’4) Analogies: (5) Discrimination of similarity and difference as applied to numbers. names. and forms.-- Kelly estimates the reliability for a single grade range for Scale A to be about .5! and for Scale 3 about .75 and for A B to be about .85. The correlation between Scales A and B for 1073 cases. Grades III to VIII is .93.“ A sumary of the 1.03s. of the students involved in this problem is shown in Table III. p. 20. The mean of the I.Q's. for the whole group of 128 students taking physiology is 110.2. The mean for the 76 students that previously had biology is 111.3. The 52 students that have not had biology have a mean of 109.8. These means involving I.Q's. would indicate no significant difference between (12) Pintner, Rudolph. Intelligence Testing. Methods and Results. lew York: Henry Holt and Company. 1931. pp. 197-198. . 11! these groups (13) and for purposes of this thesis may be considered as hemogeneous. Due to the lack of Standard Tests for a course in high school physiology it was necessary to construct new type tests that would serve as a means of measuring the effects of biology upon physiolog to be Wt out in this problem. Lefever (13) asks and answers questions that tend to justify this procedure. He asks: “Can a classroom teacher construct an acceptable objective type test? Certainly. it can be done. It has been accomplished may times. Cos-on sense and a little intelligent care are the smjor requisites. When should the home-smde variety of test be called upon? The teacher-lads test is especially in order when:--2. Io standardised test exactly fits the course as taught. In hid: school and college teaching it is often difficult to find a published test appropriate to the work of the class.-- Ihat are some of the purposes or objectives in the use of tests? The classroom teacher may wish to: 1. Discover characteristic difficulties of the class reveal- ing possible lack of effectiveness of instruction. (Class diagnosis) (l3) Tor further substantiation of this statement see p. 26 of conclusions. (1“) Lefever. D. Iety. That Every Classroom Teacher Should Know About Testing. A Catechism on leasnrement. lducation. 583520-522: In 1938. 15 ---3. Differentiate the members of the class as to capacity or achievement. --5. Assist the pupil in bringing together into an integrated whole his learning in the field. 6. Employ the test as a basis for guidance or grouping. (Prognosis)" Such (15) says: We can secure reasonable approaches to accurate measurement at the present time by means of the application of the current techniques of test construction---. But. after all has been said and done. there are indisputable limitations or the standard tests in the complete measurement program. They will a1qu present some degree of alienation from the local situation. To this extent they will require supplementing on the part of the classroom teacher. The only solution of this utter seems to rest in the locally constructed test. objective or otherwise.‘ The choice of types of objective new-type tests to be constructed was guided by the findings of Bach and Rice (16) in which the results of a national contest in the construction of examinations involving 1:5.uls entries showed over nine-tenths (90.125) of the total used completion (including simple recall). true-false (and variaties). multiple-choice (including best answer). and matching tests. The timing requirements of the tests was guided by Tiegsun in which: 'klch and Stoddard report the time required to couplets 100 (15) Such. 0.!" The Objective or New- :lxamination. Chicago: Scott, Toresman and Company. 1929. pp. 116-1 . (16) Rich. G.ll.. Rice. Gal" Specimen Objective nominations. Chicago: Scott. forums and Company. 1930. p. 9. (17) Tiegs. Irnest 1.. Tests and leasurements for Teachers. Boston: Houghton Iifflin Company. 1931. p. 256. E 1".” 5' 16 test items for five different types of tests as follows: 1. Recall: 18.7 minutes. 2. rive-response recognition: 16 minutes. 3. Three-response recogition: 13.5 minutes. It. Two-response recognition: 11.1% minutes. 5. True-false: 10.2 minutes.‘ The above factors confined with information concerning validity. reliability. ease of administration. and objectivity of scoring resulted in the adaptations of new-type objective tests to this problem as shown in Table II. p. 17. The final test was ends up of the same 215 items in the above combined tests reworded to cover their identity and to prevent rote memory from influencing the outcome. The pre—test and final test are sade up of alternate item arranged according to difficulty. Samples of all the tests used are found on pages ’47-‘12 of the appendix. The numbers assigned each pupil, the I.Q.. and the score of each test is shown in Tables 11 and 111. pp. 29-31. The medians. means, first quartiles, and third quartiles are given in Table III. p. '19 for all the tests given in this problem. 1? mm II. THE TYPES OI TESTS USED IN DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS 01‘ BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY Phase of physiolog Type of Number of tegt used test item General introductory Completion, 20 one word Digestive system True-Isles 50 Circulatory system Best answer 10 Respiratory system rive choice 20 multiple heretory system latching 20 skeletal and Muscular systems Yes-lo 50 nervous system latching 20 live senses Completion. 25 gag wggd i y mtg tut ital 18 PART m 3mm 01' FINDINGS The means of the intelligence quotients of the students in this problem study are: (a) 110.2 for all 128 physiolog students. (b) 111.3 for the 76 student. that had s course in biology before electing physiolog. (c) 109.3 for. the 52 students that elected physiology as their first high school science course. The difference between the means of (b) and (c) above is 1.5. Using 1.5 as a basis of comparison we find that in the follow- ing cases this difference in means is exceeded: (a) 3.2 for the pre-test. (b) ME for the general (introductory) test. (c) 3.8 for the respiratory test. (d) 1.7 for the excretory test. Approximately the some difference of means compared to the 1.5 of the 1.9,. is the 1.3 of the final test 'and 1.7 of the averages of systems tests. A smaller difference is shown in the case of: (a) 1.1 for the digestive test. (b) .2 for the circulatory test. (c) .h for the muscular and skeletal test. um III. 19 A COMPOSITE 01‘ THE WSJIBSLSEGOND (INDIANS), AND THIRD 0111311118 OF THE Hull-HOBO] QUOTIEN'IS AND ALL TESTS USED TO mums: m 1130157111388 01' BIOLOGY UPON PRISIOIDG! Tests Group. lean Probable First Second Third error Quartile Quartile Quartile (Median) 1 110.2 50.76 103.5 110.5 119.2 I.Q's. B 111.3 £0.92 105.5 110.2 118.5 0 193.8 1 2 100.9 112.5 119.2 s 2 .5 £0.63 16.0 23.8 32.7 Protest 3 25.: 11.32 17.1 25.5 33.1 c 22 t1, 8 13.0 21.5 0 s 60.7 90.23 u8.6’ 65.3 78.8 General B 67.7 to. 36.3 71.5 80.8 c 57.5, 20.39 33.2 57.5 1n,2 s 77.1 10.23 72.0 76.0 82. Digestive B 7g. 20. 28 72.8 7 .8 83.3 c 7 . 20.39 71.0 7 '6 50.1 s 73.8 10.09 23.6 7 . 8 .7 Circulatory n 73.9 *0. 11 .3 717.5 8N.0 0 73.7 80.16 .52.1 n 2 ___§2.3__ 1 78.6 10.13 73.9 79.1 8 .7 Respiratory B 80.1 20.16 75.6 81.0 86.9 c 76.3 g0.22 67.3, 76.2 85.0 s 85. 10.18 77.5 90.2 97.3 heretory B 83.)]; £0. 23 77.5 92.2 97.5 c 8 ., 29.28. 77.5 8 . 91.3 luecular s 79.» 20.27 7u.0 80.3 85.2 and B 79.6 20.30 7h.3 80.3 85.0 Skeletal c 79.2 .20.h3 73.9 80.2 85.3 1 65.1 20.23 50.2 5.3 79.3 Iervous B 22.1} 20.28 50.3 26.1 76.9 c 4,_.;__ g0,38 0 2,3 A 57.1 4.0.2 .7 57. 8.5 live senses B 56.u s0. 2 nu.7 56.9 66.8 c 45§.¥ .19.,3 nu.7 ..__5§.0 7;.3__ Awerages of A 72.5 .0.61 66.3 73.1 79.0 Qight .y'tem. 3 73s? ‘geglu Ego; -7,geg $3.; tests 0 11,5 . . . A 7 .2 s0.8fi 68.7 73.7 81.1 final test B 7n.8 .0. 69.7 7u.2 80.7 c 73.5. s1.08 65.5 71.8 §g.g__ I"The total group of students taking a course in physiology. 3. The group that has previously taken biology. C. The group that has not taken biology. 20 (d) -l.7 for the nervous test. (s) -2.0 for the five senses test. The above factors are shown graphically in Graph 3 p.22. The medians are shown in Graph 11 p.23 as are the first quartiles and third quartiles. The correlations of the I.Q's. pro-test. averages of system tests. and the final test are in Table 17 p.21. The trend of the differences in means as brought out above show that biology training was effective in the early part of the physiology course. This is especially noticeable in.the general introductory material and in the treatment of the digestive system. These tapics 'were treated.more fully in biology. The systems that follow show a diminishing difference until finally in the nervous system and five senses tests show a negative result which tends to erase the earlier advantages gained by the biology group. 21 TKBLE IV. CORRELATIONS FOR INTELLIGENCE QUOTTENTS AND TESTS OF THE GROUP THAT HAD BIOLOGY'AND THE GROUP THAT DID NOT HAVE BIOLOGY BEFORE TAKING'PHYSIOLOGI F Correlations to 01' Pre-tegt Average Final 1* 3* s 3 s s 1.0,. 7.3% 7.139 {ALMS 7.552 {.566 {.506 fro-test 7.1759 7.322 M39 #353 Average $.80” {.925 1* Group that previously had a course in biology 3* Group that have not taken biolog 22 TESTS 1.0'3 109.8| 111.8 Pro-test 22.6 L. 25.8 General I 57e5 Digestive 76.4 E:::::: 62.3 Circulatory Respiratory 76.3 [ 80.1 Excretory 84.4I: Muscular 79 6 and Skeletal ° Nervous 64.4 _;l66.l Five Senses 56.4 Ii]58.4 .Ayerages of eight system. 71.5IT0 72.5 73.2 tests Final test 78.5l : 74.2 ' 74.8 n 1 .L I 1 1 n 1, 1 1. 1 -é.5 ~3s0 -2.5 -2.0 -l.5 -l.0 -0.5 0 +0.5 +1.0 el.5 $2.0 MINUS F“ JS A. PLUS MEANS GRAPH 3. THE MEANS OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIiNTS AND ALL TESTS GIVEN TO DETERMINE THE LFJECBIVENSSS OF BIOLOGY UPON PEYSIOLOGY* * Read graph thus: The means of each test for the whole group of stu~ dents of physiology is superimposed upon the vertical axis for purposes of comparison. The open (white) bar represents the means of the group that has not had a course in biology. The shaded (black) bar represents the biology group. Each bar on the left of the vertical axis (minus) is prceded by the means that it represents which is less than the means for the whole group. Each bar on the right (plus) is followed by the teens which is greater than the means of the whole group. The means are taken from.Table III,page 20. -.................\_« v of LI .1» .shnl 23 TESTS THIRD QUARPILE I.Q's 118.5 119.2 119.2 Pre- teat 33el 32.7 Ayerages 78.9 79.0 79.5 82.0 Final test 80.7 81.1 SECOND QUARTILES OR.MEDIANS I.Q'a 110.2 110.5 Pro-test 23.8 Averages 73.1 73.8 Final test 73.7 74.2 FHETQMRHHE I.Q's 103.5 Ewe-test 16.0 Averages 66.3 68.7 Final tes 65 -2. HINUS QUARTILES PLUS QUARTILES GRAPH 4. THE ThREJ‘S QU..RTILES 0F Tli‘n: INTELLIGmCE QUOTIEXTS AND ALL . TESTS Gum: TO surname; This FESTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY * Read graph thus: The first,second (median),and third quartiles of the tests given to the whole group of the students of physiology are super- bmposed upon the vertical axis (A) for purposes of comparison. The Open (white) bars represent the quartiles of the group that did not have a course in biology while the shaded (black) bars represent the biology group. To the left of the vertical axis are the quartiles that are less, while to the right mors,than the quartiles of the whole group.The quart tiles of all are taken from Table III,page 20. 21: PART FOUR CONCLUSIONS A plausible explanation of these differences in means as shown in the summary of findings (pp. 18-23) is that a course in biology would certainly be an advantage in taking the pro-test. The general test involved definitions of toms and such introductory material as is bound to be taught in biolog. The fact that these two tests do not show a greater difference is rather surprising. An explanation for the difference in the respiratory and excretory tests is difficult to find unless, possibly, the biology students have had more eaqaerience with those types of tests. vis.-- five multiple choice and snatching. The tests on the nervous system and five senses show means negative in results to that expected. An explanation for this may be that as the class work progressed, the students electing physiology for their first science course displayed an increased interest. and the more attentive learning resulted in a slightly better score on the tests. The averages of the system tests and final test indicate but a slightly smaller difference in means than in the 1.0,. The differences discussed in the sumary of findings are not large enough to be significant. Our conclusion necessarily must be that the third hypothesis as stated on page 2 of the introduction is accepted. i.e. 'tlmt there is no noticeable difference between students 25 of physiology regardless of whether or not they have previously taken biology.‘ Inasmuch as the medians and quartiles show but slight differ- ences from the means and are not as significant they can have little or no influence in changing the above conclusion. The slightly better correlations shown in Table 17 in favor of the biology students can be attributed to the larger number of students involved, vis.--76 having had biolog compared to 52 that did not. The correlations of the pro-test t0 the 1.0,. or .31t8 for those having taken biology compared to .139 for those that did not lave biology is undoubtedly due to biology training. lo satisfactory explanation can be given the better corre- lations of the non-biology group in the case of the averages t0 the 1.0,.‘s and the averages to the final test. Except in the correlations of the averages to the final tests the sigiificance is small although all positive correlations are fair for the numbers involved. Tiegsus) says: “In order to be practically certain that there is a real difference in merit between these ho classes. the difference between the means should be at least three times as great as the standard error of this difference.‘I Using Tiegs fomula for the standard error of the difference between two means (appendix p. 33 ) we get the results shown in (18) Tiegs. Ernest I. Op. cit. pp. 233-235. 26 Table V which shows no significant difference. TABLE V. THE STANDARD ERROR OP DIFFEIENCE BETWEEN THE BANS OF THE I.Q'a. AND TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOIOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY Tests Real difference Standard error Signifi- 0f means of mean canoe 1.0.. 1.5 2.33 .611 Pro-test 3.2 1.61t 1.95 Average 1.147 1. 61 .91 Final 1.32 1.61 .82 27 PART IIVE SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY To review biology and physiology textbooks to determine the exact amount of overlapping in the two courses. To determine what could be eliminated in the first part of a course in physiolog to avoid the apparent advantage that biology students have. To determine the results of different types of tests in any one phase of the course in physiolog. To correlate the effects of different teachers in the course in biology. To determine the effectiveness of the hour of the school day in which each class is taught in either biology or physioloy. To determine the difference of teaching results in spring semester as compared to fall semester for either biology or physiology classes. To correlate the effectiveness of different physiology textbooks in homogeneous classes. 28 APPENDIX TABLE". 29 TH! some ASSIGNMENTS, INTELLIGENCE QUOTIHTS. AND MARKS RECEIVED ON ALL BSTS 1'03 111: STUDENTS 01' PHISIOIOG! THAT HAVE PREVIOUSLY TAEII A COURSE IN BIOLOGY ° 2 3 8 E‘ E“ a S ‘33 .. 5 g; .. .. E 3 *3 E “'3 . E :5 E 86:: 8 a s g z: 8 '38 8 ° 3.. .. .Dd 0-03 43 0 O a. H H z 0 0.5) g G 4-70 0 a 3) h I 0 IO 0 5 p“ E: .88 2 8 e. 8 a 8 s . .. .. 2 128 153 27 75 88 80 90 100 88 9o 88 86.8 92 16 137 83 90 98 100 100 100 88 100 as 95.5 89 1 133 22 80 68 60 80 9o 78 60 69.0 63 109 133 8 85 88 7o 85 100 78 85 72 81.9 83 97 128 5 85 90 9o 95 100 92 100 88 92.0 97 129 127 8 80 82 60 85 100 92 65 68 78.5 88 131 126 6 75 88 9o 75 100 92 90 76 85.8 88 72 126 56 80 96 90 95 100 90 100 80 91.8 98 36 126 82 6o 72 90 75 7o 78 65 28 67.3 66 30 125 30 95 78 70 90 95 82 65 56 78. 81 130 122 11 75 68 133 23 1g: 72 2g 7g 73.: g: 37 13 25 5 72 . 121 122 36 go 78 80 80 80 78 50 28 60.8 76 96 122 35 65 76 80 75 100 82 85 55 78.8 81 99 121 21 55 76 70 50 8o 78 8o 32 60.1 70 122 120 17 65 86 100 85 100 92 70 68 82.8 90 76 119 28 33 80 90 95 100 86 3g 3: 90.8 83 33 119 15 78 70 75 80 72 62.0 71 65 119 21 70 78 90 80 80 82 80 56 76.5 80 1 2 118 18 5o 78 83 90 9g g: :2 80 $3.3 7; 118 33 75 82 8 95 9 2 . 61 118 13 80 66 80 80 95 88 80 60 73.1 82 118 117 28 75 72 7o 85 90 80 65 a: 71.1 72 120 11 28 95 78 80 75 95 62 35 70.5 23 11 3 50 76 80 80 90 90 70 68 75.5 79 80 118 2 85 88 7o 75 100 78 50 52 78.3 76 85 118 27 8o 80 100 90 95 80 7o 20 76.9 72 81 113 32 65 88 80 85 80 88 7o 88 78.0 83 85 113 27 80 82 60 80 75 100 75 75 78.8 76 86 113 81 75 88 6o 95 95 9o 80 80 82.8 85 8 112 7 85 62 60 5o 60 68 5 8 88.8 58 1 112 25 60 86 80 85 9o 88 80 68 78.6 69 1 111 16 60 86 80 80 95 78 75 68 77.8 78 35 111 26 65 70 9o 80 80 76 35 60 69.5 6 113 110 17 75 68 70 80 75 78 60 88 68.3 7 116 110 11 75 78 70 85 75 82 65 68 78.3 72 89 110 39 85 76 70 9o 95 68 50 80 71.8 69 51 110 25 30 72 60 75 100 68 75 72 68.5 73 53 110 26 80 76 70 75 95 88 85 68 79.1 87 55 110 33 55 82 70 75 100 86 70 68 75.3 81 30 TABII VI. (Continued) I 8 .6 O MI 2 g. : 5 E :- 5. = :3 ‘5 ea .8 8 '5 a a a 8 38 8 § .. . 3:355 a = . ‘6 = 8«3:»: .2 £83 2: .88 s: 8 8" s a 3 38 .: a: :8 2 ' 65 110 27 75 72 80 90 9o 80 780 72 78.9 72 )Ps 110 33 85 80 60 80 7o 88 80 36 66.9 82 11 110 28 70 72 60 85 95 88 50 68 73.0 76 8 110 28 60 78 80 75 80 86 75 56 73.3 70 15 110 81 75 82 70 80 95 92 100 60 81.8 82 21 110 26 80 80 90 85 100 88 70 60 81.6 76 128 109 21 65 58 70 85 95 70 85 88 66.5 67 67 109 23 55 76 70 80 60 62 85 52 62.5 68 78 109 20 80 88 100 75 90 88 65 52 78.8 80 88 109 36 65 86 70 85 95 78 70 28 71.6 73 32 109 15 75 72 90 85 90 80 55 g: 75.8 85 91 108 11 85 72 80 90 90 66 50 72.6 75 39 108 15 50 62 80 80 75 80 50 60 67.1 7 119 108 19 85 80 80 55 95 78 55 a: 72.3 7 12 107 a: 70 72 60 85 95 78 55 70. 7 107 107 85 76 33 90 65 88 60 60 71.3 7 2 107 17 3g 72 90 80 78 50 “6 55. 68 1%; 105 15 78 90 85 70 76 55 68 7o. 70 105 20 75 86 90 75 85 78 70 36 78.8 70 7 1 83 85 88 80 85 100 88 75 68 82.1 80 118 1 36 95 86 70 80 80 72 75 88 75.8 80 68 103 31 85 78 80 85 95 86 80 68 76.6 70 17 101 13 35 82 so 75 95 80 55 60 70.3 69 19 101 60 88 60 90 95 90 8O 88 76. 77 38 101 16 70 78 80 80 100 80 90 56 78.8 80 10 99 81 7O 82 70 75 100 82 75 56 76.3 73 87 99 18 60 86 60 55 50 66 50 80 58. 58 126 97 33 50 76 so 70 90 72 7o 88 69.0 70 78 98 27 65 88 70 75 70 86 85 68 70.8 72 32 93 19 65 78 70 80 75 68 80 68 67.0 55 91 30 a: 78 60 65 50 72 35 88 56. 56 75 90 17 78 80 75 75 82 60 80 66. 62 89 17 85 78 90 90 100 88 75 76 88.3 83. 108 88 13 85 80 50 85 80 80 50 36 58.3 69 95 83 10 25 66 60 75 50 68 85 80 53.6 55 79 7s 19 85 70 so 75 55 so 70 86 62.9 58 31 TABLE VII. THE HUBER ASSIGNMENTS, INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS, AND NARIS RECEIVED ON ALL TESTS 10R THE STUDENTS 01' PHYSIOLOGY EAT HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY mm A COURSE IN BIOLOGY 0 :8 E}? E :88. 8 a»: 2 .3 .3 b H 3 n 8 : ga§§§833333333°““ ..3..888§88:§.§°§)§ 3 8 ° 2 7 m h o " 3 ° 0 * 2.. . 2.888880281317224... 28 182 28 90 96 100 95 100 98 95 96 96.2 97 58 135 28 1 80 9o 80 100 9 90 72 88.3 88 29 129 27 60 70 70 75 90 88 60 70. 75 100 128 15 85 90 90 80 90 78 80 76 78.6 76 98 128 27 80 96 9o 90 95 82 90 68 85.3 80 93 125 8 55 66 7o 75 80 55 68 66. 75 71 125 37 95 86 100 85 95 86 80 72 87.3 85 82 122 90 88 7o 80 100 86 65 60 79.9 88 112 122 18 70 78 100 60 75 88 70 68 78.5 63 66 121 27 90 92 90 95 100 88 100 100 93.3 9 80 121 23 75 70 80 65 100 88 85 80 80. 87 56 121 28 75 78 80 90 75 78 55 56 75.8 77 57 119 20 50 72 80 75 7o 76 80 68.1 69 87 119 7 85 82 80 75 100 90 100 60 88.0 86 77 119 8 80 90 80 80 95 88 70 56 79.8 77 135 117 6 50 7o 50 75 85 7o 80 68 68.5 73 18 118 37 70 92 90 90 100 86 85 76 86.1 92 3 118 19 60 78 80 7o 65 72 72 66.6 68 110 118 23 15 68 80 75 65 58 50 28 53.9 58 138 118 13 20 70 60 75 80 78 36 58.6 62 123 113 39 75 86 7o 85 85 80 80 75.6 83 103 113 23 62 6o 75 85 80 9o 76 72.5 72 113 19 75 80 23 95 100 78 80 68 82.8 89 25 113 21 70 68 50 80 7o 50 20 55.5 51 58 113 10 6o 80 100 80 95 80 9o 88 83.6 90 113 32 85 82 9o 90 100 88 100 88 89.9 93 90 112 39 8o 80 80 90 9o 86 100 88 8 .3 89 105 111 12 85 78 60 9o 95 72 75 71. 76 136 111 10 60 76 6o 95 100 76 85 52 75.5 68 31 111 22 0 72 7o 80 75 72 63.8 66 26 110 25 5 72 100 90 100 92 55 56 76.3 81 81 109 22 85 72 80 75 75 7o 85 88 63.3 68 109 17 85 78 7o 75 85 88 65 88 73.0 72 73 106 12 55 68 7o 60 6o 68 35 28 58.5 63 106 106 21 25 72 60 75 80 6o 55 36 57.9 61 63 102 19 5 72 8o 65 3o 62 15 88 5. 56 9 101 15 72 80 65 65 62 85 6o 5 .8 58 50 101 81 60 76 70 75 95 82 70 56 73.0 81 32 ‘v ( Continued) 1131.: VII. :3 ”an ”wnflnnWfinwfinm/nfirw, 3.3 Emu. anouawhwfiauJflouzufiuJJ «o now-nopd “wt“ $W®gfifl$firfl$$ :33 25.— mmmmnmwfififiamwfi .888 wwmmwwmmmemmw duo-Hon» $86886668w2822 honouonn wfiwwwmmwfifiwwmw 88.888 ”888» m 23% 88.78 5833388 wmemmerwwwmmm cztfla N%&wwfimnwmfififln .3358 WWW fifi$fi56® $855....“ enough ”Ewanmu7uMflflmn 35.325 11186652299555 7 cauoadnud 7827 3 7 g .35. mumsnmUmsewaamm .\--._-¢m V_ 33 in NEWS USED IN COMPUTING m E0" FOR THE TESTS USED IN DETERIIEIEG ME EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGY UPON PHYSIOLOGY Mean - ll- Gueu 4%..) interval E _281 Hedian- lid - Lower limit of gues f §_______ f E -§p_revioua 3) first Quartile - Q7 Lower limit of guess f( )1 for guess Third Wrtile-Qa- Lower limit of guess f (W) 0 guns Standard Devintion- m- \l £212.12: fd)’ N N 6‘ The Reliability of the [9811* €H'V’N—_ Stnndnrd Error of the Difference betIeen the lean:- Zxx __ Zx_ Correhtion= N N- fii W %‘-< )‘ 38 CALCULATION OF THE NORMS FROM THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS 1 2.5-153.8 1 1.5-182.8 136.5-137.8 138.5~135.8 132.5-133.8 128.5-129.8 127.5-128.8 126.5-127.8 1235-1268 12 .5-125.8 123.5-128.8 121.5-122.8 120.5-121.8 119.5-120.8 118.5-119.8 117.5-118.8 116.5-117.8 118.5-115.8 113.5-118.8 112.5-113.8 111.5-112.8 110.5-111.8 109.5~11o.8 108.5~109.8 107.5-108.8 106.5-107.8 105.5-106.8 108.5-105.8 103.5-1o8.8 102.5-103.8 101.5-102.8 100.5-101.8 98.5-99.8 97.5-98.8 96.5-97.8 95.5-96.8 98.5- .8 93.5-9 A 92.5-93.h 91.5-92.1! 90.5-91.8 89.5-90.8 88.5-89.8 87.5-88.8 88.5-85.8 82.5-83.8 78.5-79.8 71". 5‘75.“ Non-biolog 53m Biolog 520112 Total Groug 11 d a! fd 3 d d' fd N a d' fd 1 3 3 18 1 3 83 18 1 32 32 1028 1 32 32 1028 1 27 27 729 1 27 27 729 1 25 25 625 1 25 25 625 2 23 86 1058 2 23 86 1058 1 19 19 361 1 19 19 361 2 18 36 688 1 18 18 328 3 18 58 972 1 17 17 289 1 17 17 289 3 16 88 768 a 16 88 768 2 15 30 850 2 15 30 850 15 60 900 1 18 18 196 1 18 18 196 2 12 28 288 2 12 28 288 8 12 88 576 3 11 33 363 1 11 11 121 8 11 88 888 1 10 10 100 1 10 10 100 3 9 27 2113 3 9 27 2‘43 6 9 58 18:6 3 8 28 1a: 3 8 28 192 1 7 7 ‘49 i 7 :3! 25 i 7 1‘; g; 8 8 16 68 3 3 12 88 7 3 28 112 6 3 18 51* 3 3 a 27 9 3 27 81 1 2 2 8 2 2 8 3 2 6 12 3 1 _3 2 1 _g 2 5 1 1 0 272 8172 12 0 378 6766' 13 0 0 10982 2 -1 -2 2 5 -1 -5 5 7 -1 -7 7 3 ~2 ~6 12 3 ~2 ~6 12 3 -3 -9 27 3 -3 -9 27 2 ~8 ~8 32 2 - ~8 32 3 -5 -15 75 3 -5 -15 75 1 ~6 ~6 a: 1 ~6 ~6 6 1 -7 -7 1 -7 -7 fi 1 ~8 -8 68 1 ~8 ~8 5 -9 -’+5 1105 3 -9 -27 2‘43 8 -9 -72 6‘48 2 ~11 ~22 282 2 ~11 ~22 282 1 ~12 ~12 188 1 ~12 ~12 188 1 ~13 ~13 169 1 ~1 ~13 169 2 ~18 ~28 392 2 ~15 mi; 392; 1 ~15 ~15 225 ~1 ~ 2 1 ~16 ~16 256 1 ~16 ~16 256 1 ~17 ~17 289 1 ~17 ~17 289 2 ~18 ~36 688 2 -18 -36 688 1 ~19 ~19 361 1 ~19 ~19 as: 1 ~20 ~20 800 1 ~20 ~20 2 ~21 ~82 882 1 ~21 ~21 881 3 ~21 ~63 13:3 1 ~22 ~22 888 1 ~22 ~22 ~25 ~50 1250 2 ~25 ~50 1250 1 ~27 -27 729 1 -27 -27 729 1 ~31 ~31 961 1 ~31 ~31 961 -35 _15- $12 __1 ~35 __23- 52 ~281 5 9 76 ~283 8779 128 ~5 1%? ~9 9885 p11:- 95 11585 pm. 86 20990 35 “RELATIONS Ol' NORMS FOR THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS Non-bi 010g £032 52 “d 8 112.5 a 1:13.88 Biolog Gregg I I- 110 .111. 7 $2 3 na=109.5 73.63-21.19. ~ 16 Q =1085fl'9‘3— =105.5 Q 2118.5- 728-828 a i 1203 Inn."- .5785 (13,113.) 2.11:. 6785 ( $341) =- 11.26 8. 72 - 1.988 Total grog u .. 110 ,7 .§.§ 128 Md :2 110.5 Q = 118.5} 35-5-35 123° '23-27’3- = $12.8 Polou- .67’45 ( _lgé 11.31 = 1.768 a 110.67 ) ’1 n"*“ — fl CALCULATION 01' m NORIS NEON THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE FEE-TEST Cl." Non-biolog mug 3101051 gym Total groggy gtorul n d dt id L d d' id 1 d (11 id 55.5-56.11 1 33 33 1089 1 33 3 108 37'2232'3 1 25 25 625 1 3 1 25 2% 62% . . 2 23 29 1 23 23 .5-85.8 1 22 22 288 1 22 22 3823 82.5-83.8 2 20 80 800 2 20 80 800 81.5-82.8 2 19 38 722 2 19 38 722 80.5-81.8 1 18 18 328 3 18 58 972 8 18 72 1296 39.8-80.8 2 17 38 578 2 17 a: 578 38.5-39.8 2 16 32 512 1 16 16 256 3 16 768 37.5-38.8 1 1 15 225 1 15 15 225 2 13 it; 850 3 .5—37.8 3 1 82 588 3 1 588 3 .5-36-11 3 13 39 507 3 13 3 507 3 .5-3 .8 1 12 12 188 1 12 12 188 2 12 2 288 33.5-3 .8 1 ‘ 11 11 121 1 11 11 121 32.5-33. 5 10 50 500 5 10 50 500 31.5-32. 1 9 9 81 1 9 9 81 2 9 18 162 30.5-31.8 1 8 8 68 1 8 8 68 29.5-30. 1 7 7 89 3 7 21 187 8 7 28 196 27.5-28. 1 5 5 25 3 5 15 75 8 a 20 100 26.5-27.8 3 8 12 88 5 8 20 80 8 32 128 25.5-26.8 3 3 9 27 a 3 9 27 28.5.1): 1 2 2 8 3 2 6 12 6 2 g 16 23.5-2 . 3 1 3 1 1 22.5-23.8 3 o 81% 370% um} 68138 8851558? 21.5-22.8 2 ~1 ~2 2 1 -1 ~1 1 3 -1 ~3 a 20.5-21.1; 3 -2 ~6 12 3 ~2 -2 12 6 -2 -12 2 19.5-20- 1 - -3 9 2 - - 18 3 - - 27 18.5—19.8 3 3 ~12 88 3 3 ~12 88 6 ~13; ~23 96 17.5-18.8 1 ~5 ~5 25 1 -5 ~5 25 2 ~5 -10 50 16.5-17.8 1 -6 ~6 36 5 ~6 ~30 180 6 ~6 ~36 216 13.5-16.8 2 ~7 ~18 98 2 ~7 -18 98 1 .5~15.8 2 ~8 -16 128 8 ~8 ~32 256 6 ~25 ~88 388 13.5-18.8 1 ~9 ~9 81 1 -9 -9 81 2 -9 ~18 162 12.5-13.8 2 -1o -20 200 3 -10 .30 300 a -10 ~33 goo 11.5-12.8 8 ~11 ~88 888 ~11 ~ 88 10.5-11.8 2 ~12 ~28 288 3 ~12 ~36 832 3 ~12 ~60 720 9.5-10. 3 -13 -39 507 1 ~13 -13 169 ~13 -52 676 6.5-7. 1 ~16 ~16 256 1 -16 ~16 256 5.5-6. 2 -17 -38 578 2 ~17 ~38 578 3.5-8.8 1 ~19 ~19 361 1 -19 ~19 361 2.5-3.8 __ __ ___. 1 40:39. ”'00 .J. -2°.E%Q.M ' 52 -239 2759 7'6 -230 2276 128 - 9 5035 -23 5965 plus 218 9118 pm- 191 15079 37 CALCULATION ON THE NOEMS FROM THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE FEE—TEST Eon-biologz saggy u=23 I '% =22.56 M821 . 5 Q1: 12-5 7‘ 11%}; =13.o q3= 29.0 7385—88— =10.69 P.‘.. a 11.“ 31010 on 1.23. 52 = 25.81 “(3325.5 = 17.1 .. 51-58 Q3 32.5} 3 =33-1 0-: Val—7% " 35%? = 10.58 IRE.“ = :l: 1.22 Total grggg = 28.89 Hd=22.5 f Elf-53 =23.75 ._ 2 - 9145.5} L531 =16.o = M Q} 32.5 f 5 ‘32.? _\/;8 91 __ 6881 G: 128 1 38 = 10.67 P.E.l= i 0.614 135:!“ Aug-1. -—--o--:~..‘-_—byr— . . . - .— . . -1 t CALCULATION ON THE NORMS FROM THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OE THE AVERAGES ON ALL OF THE SYSTEM TESTS Gnu Q gem-v11 ; d a: fd 8 a d' g~ _g a at fd 95-5-9 . 1 25 25 25 1 23 23 529 2 28 88 1152 93.5—98.8 1 23 23 529 1 22 22 888 91.5-92.8 1 19 19 361 1 20 20 800 90.5-91.8 1 18 18 328 1 19 19 361 89.5-90.8.' 1 19 19 361 1 17 17 289 2 18 36 688 87.5-88.8 1 17 17 289 1 16 16 256 86.5-87.8 1 16 16 256 1 15 15 225 85.5-86.8 3 15 85 675 2 13 26 33‘s 5 18 70 980 83.5-88.8 2 13 26 338 2 11 22 2 2 8 12 88 576 82.5-83.8 1 12 12 188 1 10 10 100 2 11 22 282 81.5-82.8 5 9 85 805 5 10 50 500 79.5-80.8 2 9 18 162 1 7 7 89 3 8 28 192 78.5-79.8 2 8 16 128 6 6 36 216 8 7 56 392 77.5-78.8 3 5 15 75 a 6 18 108 76.5-77.8 1 6 6 '36 3 8 12 88 a 20 100 73.5-76.8 3 a 15 75 8 3 12 36 7 28 112 7 .5-7g.8 3 12 88 8 2 8 16 7 3 21 63 73.5-7 .8 8 1 8 8 8 2 8 16 72.5-73.8 3 2 6 12 5 0 2'78 3032 8 1 8 71.5-72.8 2 -1 -2 2 2 o 3133' 381-3“ 70.5-71.8 1 0 ‘256 3678 3 ~2 ~6 12 8 ~1 69.5-70.8 1 ~1 ~1 1 5 1 -15 85 6 -2 ~12 28 68.5-69.8 2 ~2 -8 8 3 - ~12 . 88 5 ~a ~15 85 67.5-68.8 2 - -6 18 1 ~5 ~5 25 3 ~ ~12 88 66.5-67.8 1 -8 16 5 ~6 ~30 180 6 ~5 ~30 133 65.5-66.8 3 ~5 ~15 75 1 ~7 ~7 89 8 ~6 ~28 1 68.5-65.8 1 -6 36 1 -7 -7 89 63.5-68.8 2 ~7 ~18 98 2 -8 ~16 128 62.5-63.8 8 -8 -32 256 2 '-10 -20 200 6 -9 ~58 886 61.5-62.8 1 ~9 ~9 81 1 ~11 ~11 121 2 ~10 ~20 200 60.5-61.8 1 ~12 ~12 188 1 ~11 -11 121 59.5-60.8 1 -11 -11 121 1 ~13 ~1 169 2 ~12 -28 288 58.5-59.8 1 ~12 -12 188 1 ~18 -1 196 2 ~1 ~26 338 57.5-58.8 1 ~1 ~1 169 2 ~15 ~30 850 3 -1 ~82 588 56.5-57.8 1 -1 ~1 196 w 1 -15 ~15 225 55.5-56. 1 ~15 -15 225 1 ~17 ~17 289 2 ~16 ~32 512 58.5-55. 2 ~16 ~32 512 1 ~18 ~18 328 3 ~17 -51 867 53.5-58.8 1 4% --17 E82 1 -19 -19 36811 g 3; -33 1386 88. 8 . __1_ ~2 ~26 1 1 -28 '-2§ 1 __ ~ - 5g 5, 5 52 -231 2921 75 -2‘59 3 99 12 37%— 323 11111! 25 6599 11111- 15 6 31 plus 13138 39 CALCULATION ON THE NORMS IRON THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE AVERAGES Non-biglgg may u = 71 ,l a; = 71.88 Nd=72.0 91‘ 63.25 Qt} a 7905 (I- : 11025 m.“- .6785 (19%) = i1.08 01' ALL OF THE SYSTEM TESTS Biolog group 8 ~73 1‘ %§ =73,2 Lad-73.5 f leg—fill " 73075 P.E.n= .6785 (592,-:- ) = 1.710 8 : =73-13 gt! £7" Q1= 55.5 1‘ 3.2.15.3 ? = 73-13 =79-0 - 1.333 - 11% (’- ‘1/ 128 1 38 g 10.11 10 1 Polo! — 067u5( 11.31) = i.610 CALCULATION 01' THE NORMS 111011 1113 IREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE IINAL IHST Clan Non-biolog grog 13101052 550112 Total group Interval N a at fd N d at fd N a d' fd 9 .5-97. 1 27 27 729 1 22 22 888 2 28 88 1152 93.5~98.8 1 28 28 576 1 19 19 361 2 21 82 882 92.5-93.8 1 23 23 529 1 20 20 800 91.5-92.8 1 22 22 888 1 17 17 289 2 19 38 722 89.5-90.8 1 20 20 800 1 15 15 225 2 17 8 578 88.5-89.8 2 19 38 722 1 18 18 196 3 16 8 768 87.5-88.8 2 18 36 688 2 15 30 850 86.5-87 8 1 17 17 289 1 12 12 188 2 18 28 392 85.5—86.8 1 16 16 256 1 13 13 169 88.5~8 .8 1 15 15 225 2 10 20 200 3 12 36 832 83.5-8 .8 2 9 18 162 2 11 22 2 2 82.5-83.8 1 13 13 169 8 8 32 256 5 10 50 500 81.5-82.8 3 7 21 187 3 9 27 283 80.5—81 8 2 11 22 282 3 6 18 108 5 8 80 320 79.5-80.8 1 10 10 100 5 E 25 125 6 7 82 78.5-79.8 68 2 8 32 2 6 12 72 77.5-78. 1 8 8 1 5 76.5-77.8 2 7 18 98 2 2 8 8 8 E 16 ER 75.5-76.8 2 6 12 72 5 1 __5 g 7 3 21 63 78.5-75. 2 5 10 50 2 0 250 27 8 2 8 16 73.5-78.8 6 ~1 ~6 6 6 1 "% 6 72.5-73.8 1 3 3 9 5 -2 ~10 20 6 0 58 7790 71.5-72. 3 2 6 12 8 ~a ~12 36 7 ~1 ~7 7 70.5-71.8 3 1 __3 3 1 ~ .8 16 8 ~2 ~8 16 69.5-70.8 1 0 339 5 77 6 -5 -30 150 7 :3 -18 82 8.5-69. 3 -1 ~3 a 6 -6 ~36 216 9 ~36 188 67.5-68.8 1 ~2 ~2 1 -7 ~7 23 2 ~5 ~10 5o 66.5-67.8 1 -6 -3 9 1 ~8 -8 2 ~6 ~12 72 65.5-66.8 3 - ~12 88 1 -9 ~9 81 8 -7 ~28 196 68.5-65.8 2 ~5 ~10 5o 2 -8 -16 128 3.5-68. 2 ~6 ~12 72 1 ~11 ~11 121 3 ~9 ~27 283 62.5-63.8 1 ~7 -7 89 1 -12 ~12 188 2 ~10 ~20 200 61.5-62.8 1 -8 ~8 68 1 -13 ~13 169 2 -11 -22 282 60.5-61.8 1 -9 -9 81 1 ~12 ~12 188 57.5-58.8 2 ~12 ~28 288 3 ~17 -51 867 5 ~-15 ~75 1125 5 .5-56. 1 ~18 -18 196 1 ~19 ~19 361 2 -17 ~38 57s 5 .5-55.8 2 -20 - 800 2 -18 -36 688 53.5-58.8 1 ~16 -16 256 1 -19 -19 361 30.5-51.8 1 -19 ~19 61 1 ~22 -§2 ‘52; 905-50. __1_ ~20 - — -2 .- 52 ~159 1881 '6'_ -268 3100 12 8 ~821 5209 plus 180 7558 ~18 5882 3165 12999 .1llll Jli .all I! 81 CALCULATIONS OF THE NOW FROM THE NREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE FINAL TEST W I=70 f lg'g' =73.86 P’I'u' 11.08 nd=71.5 f 2973535 =71.S Q1: 6505 Q3282.O 6" 52'%%' 11.55 Biolog group u=75 1‘ %% =78.76 Pol.“ - ioé: Md=75 1‘ 35—7611; =7u-17 01=67.5 1‘ 11%48 =1 69067 “3:305 7‘ 51"3‘2 = 80.7 Total gong 16 1:78.23 POE.“ ' iogu . 8 - ud=73o5 * $1.556}. =73-7 $68-57 23-39 =68.72 = ‘m .. 21.2.32 0- 128 l 38 CALCULATIONS ON CORRELATIONS FOR THE GROUP THAT DID NOT HAVE BIOLOGY :- 2 " 2 2 _19. 98 - (-. 10) _ 20 08 _ .139 q” 5, - 9 _(2) 13.88 10. 69 183.99 * 52 5 52 5 .. . 2 r a g ‘3) a 6 - '- 08 g 8 3* .552 ‘1‘ :35» 13.8% . 11.25 151. 5 52 " 2 1’ 52 ’(52) 892-798) “ -- . _-1- 13. . 11.55 155.58 _‘I 52 25 :/ 52 Z525 a " 2 a 6 a .322 1%39 . 11.25 120.2% * 83.39 - (.262 - 82.89-! .3111 10. 9 . 11.55 121.39 5211....(25 21) “aQETSW/EE—éfif 11.25 . 11.55 129.38 3 119.88 ~ (,22)-11_9_.§§,-f .925 Note: q intelligence quotient pretest average: of eight uyeteme teete final teet “I'd “ma-mm! ' "- 83 Q P ‘ r q 3 3' T '53 QB 7;? pa 5? E? E '5 '5' “f 182 28 96 97 32 2 25 28 668 800 768 50 88 R10 1028 8’185 57? 135 28 88 88 25 2 17 15 50 825 375 38 30 255 625 8 289 225 129 27 70 75 19 5 ~1 2 95 -1 38 ~6 10 ~2 361 25 8 128 15 79 76 18 ~7 8 ‘23 ~126 1 58 ~56 ~21 28 328 89 68 9 128 27 86 80 18 5 15 7 90 270 126 75 35 105 328 25 225 89 125 8 66 75 15 -18 ~5 2 ~270 ~75 30 0 ~36 ~10 225 328 25 8 125 37 87 85 15 15 16 12 225 280 180 2 180 192 225 2 256 188 122 30 80 88 12 8 a 15 96 108 180 72 120 135 188 E3 81 225 122 18 75 63 .12 ~8 ~8 ~96 88 ~88 ~32 32 ~16 188 68 16 16 121 27 98 9 11 5 23 21 55 253 231 115 105 886 121 25 529 881 121 23 80 87 11 1 a 18 11 33 158 a 18 126 121 1 81 196 121 28 7 77 11 6 8 66 88 2 28 16 121 36 16 16 119 20 69 9 ~2 ~7 ~8 ~18 ~63 ~36 18 8 28 81 8 89 16 119 7 88 86 9 15 13 13 135 117 117 195 195 169 81 225 16 169 119 79 77 9 26 8 238 72 36 208 108 32 81 676 6a 16 117 6 69 73 7 ~16 ~2 ~112 ~18 o 32 o 0 89 256 8 0 118 37 86 92 8 15 1 19 6o 60 76 225 285 285 16 225 225 361 118 19 67 68 8 -3 ~ ~9 ~12 ~16 ~36 12 27 36 16 9 16 81 118 23 58 58 8 1 ~17 ~15 8 ~68 ~60 ~17 ~15 225 16 1 28 225 118 13 59 62 8 -9 ~12 ~11 ~36 ~88 ~88 108 99 132 16 81 183 121 113 39 76 83 3 17 5 1o 51 15 30 85 170 50 9 289 25 100 113 23 73 72 3 1 2 ~1 8 6 ~3 2 ~1 ~2 9 1 8 1 113 19 83 89 3 -3 12 16 ~9 -36 88 ~36 ~88 192 9 9 188 256 113 21 56 51 3 ~1 ~15 ~22 ~3 5 ~66 15 22 330 9 1 225 888 113 10 88 90 3 ~12 13 17 -36 39 51 ~156 ~208 221 ‘ 9 *188 169 289 113 32 9o 93 3 1o 19 20 0 57 60 190 200 380 a 100 361 800 112 39 86 89 2 17 15 16 38 30 32 255 272 280 289 225 256 111 12 71 76 1 ~10 0 3 ~10 o 3 0 ~30 o 1 100 0 9 111 10 76 68 1 ~12 5 ~5 ~12 5 ~5 ~60 60 ~25 1 188 E3 25 111 22 63 66 1 0 ~8 -7 o ~8 -7 o 0 56 1 0 23 110 25 76 81 0 3 5 8 0 o 0 15 28 80 o 9 2 109 22 63 68 ~1 o ~8 ~9 o 8 9 0 0 72 1 0 6 81 109 17 73 72 -1 -5 2 -1 5 ~2 1 ~10 5 ~2 1 25 8 1 106 12 55 63 ~8 ~10 ~16 ~10 8o 68 80 160 100 160 16 100 256 100 106 21 58 61 ~8 ~1 ~13 ~12 8 52 88 13 12 156 16 1 169 188 102 19 85 56 ~8 ~3 ~26 ~17 28 208 136 78 51 882 68 9 676 289 101 15 57 58 ~9 ~7 ~18 ~19 63 126 171 98 133 266 81 89 196 361 101 81 73 81 ~9 19 2 8 ~171 ~18 ~72 38 152- 16 81 361 8 68 101 35 63 66 -9 13 ~13 ~7 ~117 72 63 ~1o8 ~91 56 81 169 68 8a 101 13 68 71 -9 -9 -3 81 27 27 ~18 6 81 81 9 101 80 6o 58 -9 18 ~11 ~15 ~162 99 135 ~198 ~270 165 81 328 121 225 98 21 77 72 -12 -1 6 -1 12 ~72 12 -6 1 -6 188 1 36 1 finfindhn4e em uzsu a 8% m 8 8 96 18 75 70 ~18 ~8 8 ~3 56 ~56 82 ~16 12 ~12 196 16 16 9 95 12 65 67 ~15 ~10 -6 ~6 150 90 90 60 6o 36 225 100 36 36 92 7 66 66 ~18 ~15 ~5 ~7 270 90 126 75 105 35 328 225 25 23 92 11 62 65 ~18 ~11 ~9 ~8 198 162 188 99 88 72 328 121 81 89 80 66 78 ~21 18 ~5 5 ~378 105 ~105 ~90 90 ~25 881 328 25 25 39 211 55 50 .212.16 -23 nil-2 336 1&8} ~32 ~86 368 11111 ’4 256 529 85 38 68 71 -25 16 ~3 ~2 ~8oo 75 50 ~“8 -32 6 625 256 9 8 85 1o 23 2; ~25 ~12 ~8 ~8 300 200 233 96 3i 2: 1225 1:: 38 68 75 11 :35 8 EH? 1 .11 -~ I? .272 5% 353% 25113080 (515 83852 2998 3335 6% 9 5 5761 599 698% .. a]: .. -§ 3 .. Gneoeee -9 29 25 5%: 1033 351 i587 2095 323E 110 22 71 73 88 CALCULATIONS OF CORRELATIONS FOR THE GROUP THAT HAD.A COURSE IN BIOLOGY - 50.73 " (.05) a O . .m-l’g 12.3 . 9.2 113.1% * r -_-. “—6? "(18 °.'1'§\1_“§1.21 ~ (-,08)___. 31:35: {.566 at 12.3 5%g_(.%)» 12.3 8.8 p... 51%" -%%§5L 88,16 -(-,08),_.. 8 ..... {.859 10.6 92. 97 52 97.52 .I—‘ELL‘Q-I—E—il—l M: M=f~h39 03 93.% 93.28 4%; 8L 7%-“... 'r .- 3! 9.2 Note: q intelligence quotient pretest averages of eight system: test: final test HD'U u‘urw. -‘n—ao-—._w a ~‘~ _ _g p 1 r E j 3': I '55 33 E? 55' j? a? 7i 3 '5' I 153 27 86 92 142 71 13 17 112 5116 7111 13 17 221 17611 1 169 289 137 It} 96 89 26 17 23 111 11142 598 36k 1461 238 322 676 289 529 1 6 133 22 69 63 22 A1 -12 ~88 ~88 -261; 16 118 M8 14811 16 16 131+ 133 82 83 22 8 9 8 176 198 176 72 6h 721181; 611 81 611 128 5 92 97 17 19 19 22 323 323 3711 361 1118 1418 289 361 361 11814 127 a: 79 811 16 12 6 9 192 96 um 72 108 514 256 m 36 81 126 86 8h 15 20 13 9 300 195 135 260 180 117 225 I400 169 81 126 56 91 9h 15 30 18 19 £50 270 285 5110 510 3M2 225 900 329 361 126 I42 67 66 15 16 -6 .9 2110 ~90 _135 ~96 dun 5h 225 256 36 81 125 30 78 81 1h h 5 6 56 70 814 20 2h 30 196 16 25 36 125 11 79 78 1h -15 6 -1-210 811 -111 -90 15 «6 196 225 36 1 12h 25 59 69 13 -1 ~1h -6 ~13 -182 -78 m 6 81+ 169 1 196 36 122 36 61 76 11 9 -12 1 99 -132 11 -108 9 -12 121 81 m 1 122 35 75 81 11 10 2 6 110 22 66 20 60 12 121 100 h 36 121 21 60 70 10 -5 -13 -5 ~50 _130 -50 65 25 65 100 25 169 25 120 17 83 90 9 .9 10 15 -81 90 135 -90 -135 150 81 81 100 225 119 211 90 83 8 -2 17 8 ~16 136 6h -31; -16 1 6 6h 2 289 69 119 15 62 71 8 -11 «1.1 .u -88 -88 -32) 121 ILL: 634 121 121 16 119 21 77 80 8 -5 u 5 .110 2 -20 -25 20 61+ 25 16 25 118 18 80 77 7 -8 7 2 ~56 9 11; ~56 -16 m 119 6h 119 n 118 33 814 79 7 7 11 u 119 77 28 77 28 m I19 119 121 16 118 13 73 82 7 _13 0 7 -91 o 119 0 ~91 0 119 161 0 I19 11728717 6 2-2 012-12 0 .11 0 0 36 h h 0 113 2!; 71 7 u .2 .2 -1 -8 -S. A; u 2 2 16 u n 1 11 33 76 79 3 7 3 u 21 9 12 21 28 12 9 1:9 9 16 11h 21171176 3 -2 1 1 .6 3 3 -2 -2 1 9 u 1 1 11112777 72 3 1 h .3 3 12 -9 h -3 -12 a 1 16 63 113 32 7h 83 2 —6 1 8 12 —2 16 6 n8 8 36 1 113277876 2 1 5 1 2 10 2 5 1 5 u 1 25 1 113 141 82 85 2 15 9 10 30 18 20 135 150 90 17225 81 100 112 7 us 58 1 _19 -28 ~17 ~19 -28 ~17 532 323 1176 1 361 7811 289 112 25 79 69 1 -1 6 -6 -1 6 -6 -6 6 -36 1 1 36 36 111 16 78 7h 0 -10 5 -1 o 0 0 -5o 10 -5 0 100 25 1 111267069 0 0-3 -6 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 9 36 110 17 68 7h -1 -9 -5 -1 9 5 1 1‘5 9 5 1 81 25 1 110 11 7h 72 -1 -15 1 -3 15 -1 3 -15 ‘45 -3 1 225 1 9 110 39 72 69 -1 13 -1 -6 -13 1 6 -13 --78 6 1 169 1 36 1102569 73 -1 -1 .4: -2 1 n 2 u 2 8 1 1 16 n 110 26 79 87 -1 0 6 12 0 -6 -12 0 o 72 1 0 36 um no 33 75 31 -1 7‘ 2 6 -7 -2 -6 11!» ha 12 1 1+9 It 36 110 27 75 72 -1 1 2 -3 -1 -2 3 2 -3 -6 1 1 ll 9 110 33 70 82 -1 7 .6 7 -7 6 -7 .112 ‘49 ~32 1 1‘9 36 1&9 1102873 76 -1 2 0 1 -2 0 -1 0 2 0 1 1+ 0 1 110287370 -1 2 o -5 -2 0 5 0 -10 0. 1 u 0 25 110 In 82 82 -1 15 9 7 -15 -9 -7 135 105 63 1 225 81 ‘19 110268276 -1 o 9 1 0 -9 -1 o 0 9 1 0 81 1 109 21 67 67 -2 .5 - -8 10 12 16 30 ho 1&8 it 25 36 GR 109 23 63 68 -2 -3 -10 -7 6 20 m 30 21 70 h 9 100 119 109 20 79 80 -2 -6 6 5 12 _12 _10 -36 -30 30 h 36 36 25 109 36 72 73 -2 1o -1 -2 -20 2 .h _10 -20 2 14 100 1 h 109 15 75 85 -2 -11 2 10 22 ~11 ~20 -22 -110 20 u 121 h 100 108 11 73 7 -3 -15 o 0 I15 0 0 0 0 0 9 225 0 o 108 15 67 73 -3 -11 -6 -2 33 18 6 66 22 12 9 121 36 h 108 19 73 7h -3 -7 o -1 21 0 3 0 7 0 9 kg 0 1 .wo—u—lq—<_.h2_ __ 4‘ A - .. yr», _ . _ _ _ H a _ h . w _ _ _ _ _ Q 2 1. r '3 5' 3' E 0 7 ~u h ~3 ~2 7 -u 16 ~2 ~1 107 17 55 69 -u ~9 ~18 ~11 105 15 70 70 ~6 ~11 ~3 ~5 105 20 7h 7o -6 ~6 1 ~5 105 u} 82 80 -6 17 9 5 109 36 76 80 ~7 10 a 5 103 31 77 70 -8 5 -5 101 13 7o 69 ~10 ~13 ~3 ~6 101 3 76 77 ~10 ~23 3 2 101 16 79 80 ~10 ~10 6 5 99 R1 76 73 ~12 15 3 ~2 99 1n 58 58 ~12 ~12 ~15 ~17 97 33 69 70 ~11; 7 41 -5 9h 27 7o 72 ~17 1 -3 -3 93 19 67 55 -18 -7 -6 -20 91 30 56 56 ~20 u ~17 ~19 90 17 66 62 ~21 ~9 ~7 ~13 89 17 sh 83 ~22 ~9 11 8 888 13 58 69 ~23 -13 ~15 ~6 83 10 an 55 ~28 ~16 ~19 ~20 7819 6358§gfi__1-1021 321 "E 250 'Lfi'HE’El'i'fi‘i‘I-éiS—S-E 00.88808 18 -1 15 18 111 25 73 75 9.9.64.9 91‘ 28 p a r 1 12 8 ~12 ~8 6 16 16' a fi*_ ~6h 8 u ~32 ~16 2 16 256 1 36 72 nu 162 99 198 16 81 32h 121 66 18 30 33 55 15 36 121 9 25 36 ~6 30 ~6 3o ~5 36 36 1 25 ~102 ~5u ~30 153 85 #5 36 289 81 25 -70 ~21 - 5 30 50 15 100 9 25 ~no ~ 2 go 20 ~25 ~20 23 25 16 130 30 60 39 78 18 100 169 9 36 230 ~30 ~20 ~69 ~1+6 6 100 529 9 h 100 ~60 ~50 ~60 ~50 30 100 100 36 23 ~180 ~36 2n h5 ~30 ~ 1hu 2 9 1uu 180 209 180 209 255 1hh 1 225 289 ~98 56 70 ~28 ~35 20 196 M9 16 25 ~17 51 51 -3 -3 9 289 1 9 9 126 108 360 he 1uo 120 333 kg 36 hoo ~80 3u0 380 ~68 ~76 323 16 289 361 189 197 273 63 117 91 991 81 M9 123 198—2M2 ~176 ~99 ~72 88 ush181 121 P99 395 138 195 90 529 225 36 928 532 380361 fi3%%-Z§%8L 113%‘%%:1%'3—097 fiifia 56%71§n§2 8::E 6531 wggfig “7 FEE-TEST 71 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ii: 15. 172 18. 19. 20. 1+8 l'orm B General Introductory. Recall l{—5 minutes. The study of the structure of the body is The ecience of body functione 18 known 28 The simplest animal form having 9. cell wall is e. Tieeuee banded together to accomplish definite work ie an fleeuee covering the inner and outer surfaces of the body is A eubetence in ite eimpleet form ie an Cerbohydretee can be grouped in eugere and About eighteen percent of the body 18 compoeed of the element lluch of the mterial in bonee ie Geetric Juice in the stomach ie ecid due to hydrogen and i'he nelleet poeeible particle of e eubetence in it: original etete 18 Blood coneiete of many celle celled blood An element the leak of vhich ceueee goiter ie Ihe number of elemente found in the lumen body is The tearing down proceee that takes pleced in the body ie _ A mte product thet we breath out is Anetomy of eize. ehepe, end reletive poeition of the pert ie A protein that 18 comon but cannot be eeeimileted by the body 18 A mixture of geeee thet ie eeeentiel to living ie The study of minute part8 of anatomy ie eeid to be RHBHHHHHRHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHH’IHHHH HBHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHUHH‘HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 3'! 12. 1 . 17. 19. 20. 21. 2 . 28. 33- 1*9 Form B -- True - Tales Foods, Digestive system, Digestion fleet furnishes our chief source of protein. Sugar is the only type of carbohydrate food. Olive oil is a good source of protein food. Vitamin 'C' is supplied by fresh vegetables. Vitamin “A” is supplied by lard and oleomargarine. Eggs do not furnish Vitamin '3'. Lack of Vitamin “A“ may cause blindness. Lack of Vitamin 'B' in a diet leads to beri-beri. Vitamin '0' is called antiscorbutic. Bran is a concentrated food causing constipation. An omnivorous animal is one that eats animals and vegetation. An herbivorous animal never eats meats. Orange Juice is fed to infants for the water it contains. cinnamon is a form of condiment. Ve eat potatoes to supply iron which relieve anemia. The average man doing office work requires l4000 calories a day. A calorie (c) is the heat necessary to raise one gram of water 1 degree 0. l'ried potatoes are more digestible than baked potatoes. Trichinae parasites are found in rare meats. The acid condition of the stomach kills tapeworms. Pasteurising milk does not kill diphtheria germs. 2. Thain is the harmful drug in tea. . Alcohol is a food. The canine teeth are for tearing. . Dicuspids are chisel like teeth for cutting. The whole tooth is rude up of enamel. The pulp cavity is caused by decay. lot all teeth have a crown. hstication is the main function of teeth. Cavities in the teeth cannot be avoided. The palate serves no useful purpose. Salivary glands furnish an acid fluid. l'ood is carried through the alimentary tract by the peristaltic action. The inner lining of the large intestine is the peritoneum. The exit of the stomach is the pyloric valve. in ensym found in saliva is ptyalin. Gastric Juices is alkaline due to hydrochloric. Proteins are changed into peptones by pepsin. Intestinal Juices are alkaline in reaction. The entrance to the small intestine is the quodenum. The pancreas secretes bile into the intestines. rats are changed to glycerine and fatty acids by steapsin. Amylopsin changes starches to glucose. Insulin is given off by the pancreas. The appendix is a useless organ as far as we know. in adult’s small intestine is fifteen feet long. Diarrhea is a nonnal condition. . . Absorption and metabolism are synonyms. lli line the walls of the small intestines and absorb digested foods. An enzyme is a catalyslng agent. I‘ "a. sun‘. . .. - u...~-..A,-._—--- _-0_ ,_ . \_s.. ~r Tom B Circulatory System Best Answer Type 1. A vein is best defined as a blood vessel (a) Carrying 'impure' blood. (b) Carrying blue blood. (c) Carrying blood to the heart. 2. Bed corpuscles are worn out and replaced by (a) Those formed in bone marrow. (b) Those that pass through the spleen. (c) Those that are found in bile. 3. Capillaries are delicate, thin walled tubes (a) lhich serve as a passageway for blood. (b) lhich are continuous between arteries and veins. (c) That serve as blood vessels with mscular walls. 14. The instument a doctor uses to measure the heart beat (a) Vaso-motor device. (b) Blood pressure measuring device. (c) A device known as the stethoscope. 5. The function of red corpuscles is to (a) Repair worn out cells. (b) Carry food and oxygen to the cells. (c) Keep a person from getting anemia. Eighty percent of the blood is made up of (a A liquid known as plasma. (b Cells called red corpuscles. (c) Bed colored material known as hemoglobin. 7. The clotting of blood around a cut or wound is (a) Believed to be caused by red corpuscles. (b) Caused by white corpuscles. (c) Believed to be caused by platelets. 8. llalaria fever is carried from one person to another (a) By the sale: mosquito. (b) By the anooheles mosquito. (c) By the mosquito known as stegomyia. 9. An 'athletic heart' means that the (a) Athlete ran too far. (11) Valves of the heart function improperly. (c) Individual drank too much coffee. 10. The pumping action of the heart is known as (a) The systole. (b) The diastole. (c) The pulsation. 0" e 1_’- --- '.- ' “In 51 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Recognition Type Test. rive choice multiple. the number of your choice for the correct answer. 1. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Place in blank The act of breathing in air is called (1) expiration (2) respiration (3) inhalation (u) exhalation (5) retardation The main function of the nose is to (l) blow (2) smell (3) sniff (h) warm.the air (5) snore Breathing is the same as (l) respiration (2) swallowing (3) circulation (h) airing (5) sle ing The air we exhale has lost about u of its (1) nitrogen (2) carbon dioxide (3) hydrogen (h) water (5) oxygen Basal passages frequently are blocked by (l) tonsils (2) tongue (3) cilia (h) adenoids (5) cancers .A oisonous gas that causes death when breathed is (1) oxygen (2) carbon monoxide (3) carbon dioxide (u) carbon trioxide (5) nitrogen The most efficient breathing organs are found in the (l) frog (2) fish (3) bird (‘4) monkey (5) man The proper name for the windpipe is (l) larynx (2) pharynx (3) trachea (It) gloffis (5) bronchi Tuberculosis of the lungs is called (1) scrofula (2) hip disease (3) pulmonary (h) meningitis (5) nephritis .An average man's chest capacity in cubic inches is (l) 190 (2) 500 (3) 10 (ll) 5.000.000 (5) 320 An air cell is called (1) bronchi (2) trachea (3) infundibulum (h) alveola (5) larynx Consumption is an old name for (l) phthisis (2) pneumonia (3) catarrh (h) pleurisy (5) tuberculosis The letting out of air whole breathing 1. (1) inhalation (2) inspiration (3) expiration (h) expurging (5) expulsion .A diseased.condition of the lining around the lung is (1) peritonitis (2) pleurisy (3) pericardium (h) bronchitis (5) cold .About sixty cubic inches of air is (l) tidal (2) supplemental (3) residual (h) complemental (5) hot Tightening of the vocal cord determines its (1) volume (2) pronunciation (3) quality (h) note (5) pitch .......... The upper and largest cartilage of the larynx whiCh forms the “Adam's apple“ 1. the (1) arytenoid (2) thyroid (3) cricoid (It) ethnoid (5) sphenoid The olfactory nerve is the seat of the sense of (l) taste (2) feeling (3) smell (h) hearing (5) sight Discovery of the T.B. germs is accredited to (l) Trudeau (2) Koch (3) Jenner (h) Einstein (5) Nelson Dirt is brushed out of air tubes by (l) cilia (2) trachea (3) turbinates (h) vocal cords (5) blow pipes " lor'.‘ ”airman—m- . . . XLTr-n . ’ L I 52 EXCRETORY SISTER Hatching test Form B The bean shaped organ that excretes wastes. The organ that protects the more delicate insides. A disease determined by the presence of sugar in the ‘urine. The under layer of skin. Imparts color to the skin. Especially thickened.portion to protect tips of fingers Conical structure of soft tissue protruding into pelvis. Prominences due to constant rubbing. A,skin injury that should be thawed out slowly. Average body temperature. Term used to express 73% of body heat loss A.habitua1 act to keep the pores open and healthy. The name of the sac each.hair grows out of. .A disease caused by derangement of the liver. The main waste product eliminated by the kidneys. A.common child's disease causing skin eruptions. The compound causing the formation of urea. The blood circulation to and from the kidneys. Secretes an oil to keep hair soft and flexible. The name of the man that started vaccinations. 11. 12. 1 . 1 . 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. bathing corns dermis frostbile skin nails sebaceous gland renal kidney Jaundice Uric acid chicken pox diabetes conduction protein follicle Jenner pigment 98.6°r Malpighian pyramids. ’ D 3 film—-n-fip_~ ~...._--..--.____. .7- \.:'. ‘ "Y "- ‘\ HauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuHuuuuuuuu«Huuuuuunuuuuuuuuuuuuu«u uumuuumandamus-umhumus:unuuuunuuuunuuunuuuuu-uuuuu fl form B SKELETAL AND MUSCUIAR SYSTEMS Yes - No Test The main function of the skeleton is to support the body. Two-fifths of the body weight is muscles. muscles are attached to all of the bones. Voluntary muscle cells are striped. The skeleton of insects is called an endoskeleton. The involuntary muscles move the appendages. Bones of the hand would be classified as appendicular. It requires nearly three hundred muscles to throw a baseball. There are between twenty and thirty vertebrae in each man. luscles aid in binding bones together at their Joints. The bottom five pairs of ribs are called “true ribs.” Body movements are accomplished by involuntary muscles. There are eight bones in the skull. Ligaments hold the bones together at the Joints. The bones of the head are called facial bones. Relax your muscles while standing. Cranial bones encase the brain. Good posture aids health. About one-third of the bone is animl matter. Joints are not essential to the body. The arch of the foot acts as a spring. lateral curvature of the spine is called scoliosis. The military stance with toes out prevents flat feet. lo could breathe without muscles. luscle cells contract and expand. A tendon is made up of connective tissue. Warming up'I before a game is beneficial to athletes. food is available to muscles as soon as eaten. Huscle cells are short in length. Rheumtism is a disease of the Joints. Bickets is a disease of bones. Immovable Joints are found in the cranium. Over exertion of muscles may cause cramps. The shoulder is a hinge Joint. Tater on the knee comes from broken bursum sacs. The bicep muscle flexes the arm. The radius bone allows the hand to rotate. Muscle is largely carbohydrate mterial. The masseter muscle turns the head. The clavicle is the shoulder blade. flat feet can be corrected by proper exercise. Bending the bees when Jumping protects the brain. The carpals are eight in number and form the wrist. Bones in the toes are called.phalanges. fingers are bent by the extensors. The whole arm is pulled backward by the pectoralis. LockJaw is a cramp caused by disease germs. Ribs form gliding Joints with the vertebrae. The breast bone is the sternum. A broken bone will grow together if the perioeteum of each part touches. ’ 3'." “_l - ‘rl Wn'ix .——._._.._.__ _Liw ._ \ . _ , - 51; FORM 3 NERVOUS SYSTEM Matching Test A function of the brain. The organ that coordinates muscular activities. The most delicate organ in the body. A membrane covering the brain. Thirty-one pairs of nerves. The largest organ of the nervous system. An opening in the skull for the spinal cord. A pair of nerves leading to the eyes. The bridge where message pass. The part of the nervous system that carries messages. The folds on the brain surface. A message traveling away from the brain. A theory of how nerve message travel. A nerve deadener. A combination of nerve cell and nerve fiber. An action without conscious effort. The system that controls the hart and lungs. A nerve stimulant. A resterer of spent nervous energy. When movement and sensation are wanting. mwmyrumw H OKD O 11. 12. 1 . 1 . 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. convo lutions efferent cerebrum neurene foramen magnum cerebellum sleep piamater chemi cal Optic thinking tobacco thein pons variola brain spinal white matter sympathetic paralysis reflex 6:3: .‘e §. 3. :7“ 13- 9. 0. y 1. Q 2. It! as 1 .5: 1.6. ”‘ 3.7. I ‘;'( £.8. , .9. C I’ll/"f J 21a f—fz'é/{u/g Ad )2 44 454/1”. , 23. 2h. W w 45W; x 25. Mfr/”Alli 55 rams Recall Type Test. H11 in blanks with the correct word. . The eyeball is pad in the socket by a layer of . The tough outer covering of the eyeball is the A duct leading from the eye to the nose is the Inside the eyeball is a black lining called the An adJustable opening in the iris is the ObJects are focused on the retina by the Eyperopia is another name for Is see distinctly when the lens give correct Beneath the cornea is a liquid known as User sighted people wear glasses that are The nerve of sight is called the A theory that the light we agitate the molecules is Modern correction of eye defects is done by use of The number of muscles moving each eyeball is Sound is directed to the ear drum through the Perspiration is directed away from the eye by Proper lighting should be over the A chronic nasal cold is called Another name for the eardrum is Stapes is a little bone of the ear called Between the semicircular canal and cochlea is the . The nerve of hearing is the A coma growth that my impair hearing is the In the nose are found the nerve of smell celled Taste buds are located on the - I...‘ Harv \wl‘T—‘i w I‘I“ ——l 56 SYSTEMS TESTS "i353" A" m ‘m-Wh‘ 1. 11. 12. 57 FOBMC Recall Type Test. M11 in blanks with the correct word. A walled particle of protOplasm is a The science of the care of the body is called Groups of similar cells doing the same work are A protein material making up the living body is The single celled animal without a cell wall is the In a chemical reaction molecules split up into (0631005)n is starch and is called a chemical The two great classes of carbohydrates are starches and late differ from protein material due to lack of Red coloration in blood is due to the element Heat is produced from an activity in the cells called lore than half of the body is made up of the element The building up process in the bow is How cells can be formed because of the About three-fourths of the body is composed of Organs which produce liquid secretions are Bodies that carry out the functions of life are luclear cell division is a process called The chemical combination of two or more elements is a Studying anatouw without the use of a microscope is called IIHIHIHHHIIIHI '..‘A“t\.-h!s_ - “rm ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘. it FIBBaillie...HHHH’IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH “FIB". HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH 53 Foods, Digestive System, and Digestion. True - False Test. Place a circle around T if true and around I if false. Do not place circles around both T and I of any one question. "IHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHH HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH heat is a splendid source of protein. All carbohydrates are classified as sugar. ll'at food can be derived from olive oil. Milk is a good source of vitamin "A“. Vitamin I'B" is found in whole grains. Cooked foods contain Vitamin 'C'. A common cause of rickets is lack of vitamin “A". Vitamin 'B" prevents nervous disorders such as beri-beri. Ballots frequently get scurvy because they eat too much vitamin C food. Heat and fat are bulky foods. Spinach serves as a good source of minerals. Omniverous eaters are called vegetarians. Sugar is classified as a condiment. ll'ried foods are more digestible than baked foods. Anemia is due to lack of iron in the diet. About 2500 calories per dq is the requirement of an office worker. The amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of water 1" C is a Calorie heat eaters are said to be carnivorous. Cocoa. being drugless. should be used in place of coffee. Uncooked or rare pork is a good source of trichina. The foundational structure that the enamel of teeth covers is called cementum. Rein is the drug found in coffee. The incisor teeth have cutting edges. Parasitism is a form of indigestion. bphoid fever is a serious disease of the digestive tract. Chewing of food is an aid to digestion. All teeth have roots cemented to the Jaw. Decay of the teeth is natural and can not be avoided. Regurgitation and vomiting are synonymous. Enzymes are catalytic agents of digestion. A glandular wall lines the inside of the stomach. Peristalsis is the action that moves food along. In the esophagus is found a lining known as the mesentery. l‘ood leaves the stomach through the cardiac valve. The main function of the tongue is for talking. Part of the intestines is the esophagus. Trypsin is an enzyme in pancreatic Juice. Chyme is a thick, sticky liquid in the stomach. The lining of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum. Bile is secreted into the intestines by the liver. Pepsin is the enzyme found in saliva. Assimilation is a part of the process of metabolism. rats are acted upon by the enzyme steapsin. A season disease of the liver is diabetes. The appendix is a necessary digestive organ. Constipation is a normal condition. Salivary fluid comes from the pancreas. Starches are changed to sugar by rennin. Absorption of food and osmosis are synonyms. 59 CIRCULA‘I'ORY SYSTEM Best Answer Type Test. Fill in the blank with the best answer to question by letter (a. b, or c). 1. lhat is the main function of the artery? (a) To furnish blood to the lungs. (b) To conduct blood away from the heart. (c) To furnish "prure'l blood to the cells. 2. lhy are blood and blood vessels necessary in man? (a) Because they distribute food and oxygen. (b) By causing the heart to beat. (c) To give color to the skin. 3. Synonyms for the liquid.portion of the blood are: (a) later and glycerine. (b).Pericardial and pleural fluids. (c) Plasma and lymph. M. Hos'many corpuscles are there in each drOp of blood? (a) 5.000.000 red corpuscles. (b) 60.000 white corpuscles. (c) 8.000 platelets. 5. Give the function of white corpuscles. (a) To carry food to the body cells. (b) Circulating the blood. (c) To guard the body against disease germs. 6. where 1. hemOglobin found in the blood? (a) In the salts and minerals. (b)‘As the component part of stroma (c) Giving'red coloration to the red corpuscles. 7. Can too few red corpuscles cause a disease? (a) Yes. It is called hemophylia. (b) No. Only the lack of white corpuscles will. (c) Yes. Ihe condition is known as anemia. . 8. Ialaria fever is a disease of the blood caused hy (a) The germ.stegomyia. (b).A mosquito known as the anopheles. (c) The culex germ. 9. lhich.compartment of the heart has the thickest wall? (a) The cardiac valve. (b) The right auricle. (c) The left ventrical. 10. How can the aorta be distinguished from other blood vessels? (a) It is the most important vein. (b) It is the largest artery. (c) It is the only outlet from.the heart. the 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 60 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Recognition Type Test (five choice multiple). Place in the blank number of your choice for the correct answer. Warming air breathed in is a function of (l) mouth (2) trachea (3) nose (3) larynx (5) lung _ louth breathing is most frequently caused by (l) teeth (2) adenoids (3) receding Jaw (M) closed windows (5)tonsils Oxidation in the body uses oxygen secured from (1) food (2) carbo- hydrates (3) water (h) air (5) fuel It is dangerous to remain ina closed garage with the motor running because of (1) oxygen (2) carbon dioxide (3) nitrogen (h) neon (5) carbon monoxide The larynx is commonly referred to as the (l) voice-box (2) pharynx (3) throat (h) cartilage (5) musician Six million is the estimated.number of (l) infundibulum (2) corpuscles (3) villi (M) alveoli (5) bronchi Catarrh is largely the result of (l) torpid liver (2) indigestion (3) carelessness (N) drinking (5) diabetes The coccus form of germ causes a disease known as (l) flu (2) pneumonia (3) tuberculosis (h) spirillus (5) bacillus Tuberculosis is caused by a germ classified as (l) coccus (2) amoeba (3) spirillus (N) paramecium (5) bacillus If the wall around the lung is diseased, it is called (1) coryza (2) peritonitis (3) pleurisy (h) tuberculosis (5) bronchitis Breathing out air from.the lungs is (1) inhalation (2) inspiration (3) expurging (h) expiration (5) expulsion .About 100 cubic inches of air is (l) complemental (2) tidal (3) residual (u) hot (5) inhaled Residual air makes up about (1) 100 cu. in. (2) 10 cu. in. (3) 60 cu. in. (h) 500 cu. in. (5) 30 cu. in. [hen vocal cords tighten they determine (1) volume (2) quality (3) pronunciation (h) note (5) pitch . Shape and size of air spaces in the mouth, nose. and throat causes (1) volume (2) quality (3) pronunciation (M) note (5) PitCh Olfactory cells are the source of the sense of (I) feel (2) smell (3) taste (h) hear (5) see Another and common name for alveola is (l) cilia (2) air cell (3) lupus (N) scrofula (5) nasal Dupus is a skin disease in a form of (1) eczema (2) nephritis (3) scrofula (M) tuberculosis (5) sunburn The lAdams.Apple' is the upper most cartilage known as the (1) ethnoid (2) cricoid (3) arachnoid (h) thyroid (5) arytenoid . Ventilatore to draw off foul air should be located in (1) floor (2) ceiling (3) upper walls (M) windows (5) doors. . . ..-—- .fl-H- w _.-——.—_—,_Vm,. _.a s . ‘ "a \ £4 '2 Hatching Test. 61 EXCRETOH! SYSTEM Put the number of the word in front of statement which it matches. ____The primary function of the skin. A.storage place for organ wastes. Calcium deposits that block the ureters and often require an Operation. The part of the skin known as the epidermis. Where the hair is growing out of Conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder The result of‘pigment cells being in groups. The organs that regulate body temperature. Dead skin from natural or diseased conditions The method of replacing burned skin in modern surgery. .L main function of evaporation of perspiration. .A method by which most of the body heat is lost. Skin eruptions caused by lack of vaccination. The main reason that we perspire riltered out of the blood in the renal circulation. An element making up the main part of urea. The organ with an outer layer called cortex Heasles are first noted by ____A,public health measure to prevent a dreaded disease .___ Diseased condition of the kidneys MNO’NEH-F’WNP 9. 10. 11. 12. 1 . .3. 15 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2h. 25. the sweat glands regulation outer layer grafting bladder ureter g eruption : dandruff f protection 5 smallpox { vaccination R urea P kidney stones cooling ; . Bright ' s kidney radiation follicle nitrogen freckles pyramids pelvis urethra capsules renal 62 SKELETAL AND MUSCU'LAR SYSTEMS. Yes-No Test. Underscore Yes if the statement is true and 12 if it is not true. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Ho No No To No Ho No No lo Ho Ho lo lo lo Ho No No lo No lo No No llo Ho No No No No No No No No No No No To No No No No No Yes No One function of the skeleton is to act as a system of levers. All body activities of motion are accomplished by muscles. Two fifths of the body weight is bones. Skeletons of mammals are called endo skeletons. All muscles merge into tendons at each end. The axial skeleton is composed of arms and legs. Involuntary muscle cells of the stomach wall are unstriped. Spinal column and vertebrae are not synonymous. lfuscles do not inclose body cavities. Involuntary muscles are found in the heart. All mamals have a back bone. There are two pairs of ”floating ribs”. All muscles are attached to bones. The skull is made up of the twenty-eight bones of the head. Exercise is not essential to the health of muscles. The upper Jaw is called the mandible. Muscles should not be relaxed when sitting. lalking is a healthful exercise. Rickets is caused by lack of prOper diet. The Joints of the vertebrae are classified as gliding. About one-third of bone is mineral matter. The brain is protected against Jarring by the curve of the back. Kuscles are not tissues. High heels are detrimental to preper posture. Voluntary muscles are not controlled by the will. Tendons and ligaments are the same thing. llost skeletal muscles have two tendons. The cardiac muscle cells are unstriped. Laughing and smiling is a muscular activity. Voluntary muscles cells have only one melons. An excess of lactic acid is found in vigorous muscles. Ehmmtism very often appears around Joints and interferes with action. A pivot Joint is found in each hip. The elbow forms a hinge Joint. Knee Joints work noiselessly because of a secretion from tho mm “Ce Tetanus is the technical word for a cramp. The arm is flexed at the elbow by the tricep muscle. Phosphate of lime is the main constituent of bone. The bone in the upper arm is called the fennr. Flat feet are not a barrier to enlisting in the am. The tarsals are eight in number and form the ankle. ringers are bent by the extensor muscles. Turning of the head is done by the storm-mastoid. The scapula is known as the shoulder blade. There are fifty-six phalanges in all. IockJaw is not a germ disease. Backward motion of the arm is accomplished by the latissimus dorsi. Breathing is done entirely by the diaphragm. The centrum is a rounded portion of the vertebra with flat upper and Inert-surfaces. Bone growth is accomplished by the periosteum. I‘m—‘t‘——fiqra n...— - ._.....__._.___.._____ _ VT . a. ‘fi v- r—v' aha 63 NERVOUS SYSTEM Matching Test. Put the numbers of the word (on right) in front of the statement which.it matches. The center of all bodily and mental activities. Part of the skull that forms the brain box. .1 fluid surrounding the brain. An important function of the nervous system. A.tough.lining immediately inside the craniuml The two main parts of the cerebrum or large brain. 90;?!me A.part of the central control located in the back bone. 7. The outside or cortex of the brain. .L name for the part over which messages are brought. 8. 9. .An organ whose main function is a coordinating center.lO. Impulses which are passing into the spinal cord. Nature's sweet restorer. A.pair of nerves that conduct the sense of smell. An adJective for the twelve pairs of brain nerves. One of the theories of how impulses are carried. .5 component part of beverages much used. Muscular movement without “consent“ of brain. Commonly used stimulant to the nervous system. .A small glandular body located at the base of the brain. A.mental classification for one with imperfect intelligence. 11. 12. 13. in. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. a) . alcohol sleep idiocy gray matter arachnoid electrical hemispheres' cranium nerve control afferent pituitary brain dura mater reflex spinal cord olfactory cerebellum caffein cranial ._m_ --—.- v-v «. e-S- .-... 10. 11. 12. 1 . 1 . 15. 16. 17. 13. 19. 20. 21. 22. 2. 3 . 25. 6h FIVE SENSES Recall Completion Type Test. Fill in the blanks with words which in your Opinion best complete the sentence. The outer most protection to the eyes is the The name of the glands that secrete an oil to prevent too rapid.drying of the eyes .L gland secreting tears is called the A.lining over the front of the eye which forms “pink eye” when infected Part of the outer wall of the eyeball that is not opaque The colorless liquid which prevents the eyeball from collapsing If the focus falls short of the retina one is The ability of the eye to focus on obJects near and far is called Color of eyes is due to the Uneven surfaces of the cornea or lens causes The nerve endings in the eyeball upon which focus occurs is the One of the theories that concludes that the eye records sight like a camera plate is The prevailing method of correcting vision is with nearsightedness is remedied by spreading rays with a lens that is Persons that can not distinguish red from green are said to have Prevention of eyestrain is best avoided by Prevent eyestrain by not having light come from the Sound waves are directed by the outer ear to the In the middle ear is three little Leading from.the throat to the middle ear is a tube called the Sound reaches the auditory nerve endings in the sea shell lflke Balancing is done by a part of the inner ear known as Breaking an eardrum.causes On the tongue us found little organs of taste called The nose contains olfactory nerves to enable us to - d",..hfl“nli~n ._ . I - wz-Q-I-P _..___ - p. ‘4‘. ‘. .‘ J. a 65 TIMI. MT )lllnillll. 66 PHYSIOLOGY TEST Do not open this paper until you are told to do so. Pill these blanks, giving your name. use. birthday. etc. Wease- nus Age last birthday years BIRTHDAY Class Date l9__ lonth l'The obJect of this final test is to learn how such you know about physiology. The results will have no bearing upon your grades. The infor- mation will be used to help determine how much should. or should not. be taught in this course this semester. Read the instructions at the beginning of each test very carefully. _1_); m m as there is nothing to gain by so doing. ..--lI—_‘_-.—..-.-_h._ .. ..—. .‘ ‘01“-5 1m. '5‘ a . L891 1.1. m. l! 111.. 11.1." L1}; 1. rrrr______rsrr__ 1. 2. rrrr __rsrs___ 2. a. rrrr __rsrl . rrrr rnrn__ a. 5. rrrr __ __YlYl— . . rrrr __rsvs____ 7. rrrr __rnrs___ 5. s. rrrr __rnrs____ 6. 9. rr __ __rnrs___ lO. :1 __rnrs___ 7. 11. rrrr __rlrl___ s. 12. rrrr __ YBYB__ l. rrrr __ _rsrn___ 9.- 1. rrrr __ rsrs__ 10. 15.___ r r r r __rlrs __ 11. 16. rrrr __rsrs___ rrrr __lrsrs__ 12. _ 17. rr __rsrs____ 18. rrrr __errs___ 1. 19. rr rsrs__ l. 20. rrrr __ __‘rnrs rrrr __7 YB 15. rrrr __ rs rrrr YB 16. rr __ Ill 17. rrrr . YB 18. r r __ II 19. r 1 Ill 20. r r __ YB 21. "" 22. 2. """"""’ 23.- __.. 25. " This form was used for both the pro-test and final test as a means of saving time in Inarking. 66 PHYSIOLOGY TEST Do not open this pmer until you are told to do so. Pill these blanks. giving your name, age, birthday. etc. 21" Bag; first please. Age last bi rthdn years BIRTHDAY Class Date 19__ lonth Day *The obJect of this final test is to learn how such you know about physiology. The results will have no bearing upon your grades. The infor- mation will be used to help determine how much should. or should not, be taught in this course this semster. Read the instructions at the beginning of each test very carefully. 29 M E!!! as there is nothing to gain by so doing. a ' Kr" ‘ "-2": v‘ —.to-=.#-_v-.- ,, 1,. . ansJ;.La"-' {.4 at . 1*‘~|_.~ . L891 13. Ill L! 11!. 1.1.1. L11}. l. 2191 __rsrn_ 1. 2. rrrr __rsrs___ 2. a. rrrr __rsvs . rrrr Inrn__ a. 5. rrrr __ __rsrs____ . 6. rrrr __rsrsm 7. rrrr _rnrs____ 5. 8. rrrr __rsrs___ 6. 9. rr __ __rnrn____ lo. rr __rsrn___ 7. ll. rrrr _rlrn_____ 8. 12. rrrr __ rsrn___ 13. rr rr __ _,71113_ 9. 1.2 rrrr __ rsrs__ 10. 15. rr rr __rsrs__ 11. 16. rrrr __rsrs___ rrrr _______lrsrn____ 12. 17. r: __lnrs 18. rrrr __rsrn l. 19. rr turn 1. 20. rrrr __ __rsrn rrrr __ III 15. rrrr __7 rs rrrr In 16. r r __ Ill 17. rrrr . In 18. _ r r __ YB 19. r r YB 20. r r _____ YB 21. "" 22. —— 2. 2. ..... 25. ‘ This form was used for both the pre-test and final test as a means of saving time in marking. 67 Recall Type Test Fill in the proper word in the blank The unit structure of the body is a . The study of the care of the body is called . Groups of similar cells banded together forms a . The living part of an animal is . The simplest animal form is an . Molecules subdivide into smaller rts called . Starch can be written as (033 £00311 which is a . nt Carbohydrates can be groups starches and , Protein differs from fat chiefly due to the element . The element which adds red coloration to blood is . Burning of foods in the cells is known as . Sixty-five percent of the body is made up of . The building up process of the body is known as . The reproductive part of the cell is the . About three-fourths of the body is Organs and surfaces which produce a liquid secretion are called Anything which carries out the functions of life isan . The process of cell division is called . Two or more elements combine chemically to form a . Anatomical study of the body as seen with the nakedeye is . Foods, Digestive system, Digestion True-False Test. Place a circle around T if true, and around 1' if false. Do not place HHHBHHHHHHHHBHHHHHHHHBHHH H'IIHH'IIHHH‘HHHHHHHQHHHHHHHH 12. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 21+. 25. circles around both T and l‘ at any one question. Peas furnish a good source of protein. All carbohydrates are classified as starchy food. A common source of fat food is gained from butter. Vitamin 'A' is supplied by milk. Seed coats such as whole wheat supply Vitamin 'B'. Vitamin '0' is found in cooked meats. Rickets is a bone ailment caused by lack of Vitamin 'A". Vitamin '3' is called anti-oneuritic. Scurvy is comon among sailors because they eat too much Vitamin “G“. has vegetables do not classify as bulky food. One of the best sources of minerals is spinach. A vegetarian is one that is omivorous. A carnivorous animal eats only plant food. Pepper and salt are not condiments. ls eat liver to supply iron which relieves anemia. The average man working in an office requires 2500 calories pero day. A calorie (O) is the amunt of heat raising one gram of water 1° 0. than fish is baked it is more digestible than when fried. Indigestion is a form of parasitism. One may contract trichinosis from eating uncooked meats. Boiling the water we drink in camps will not kill typhoid germs. Caffein is the harmless drug in coffee. The obromin is a drug found in cocoa. The incisors have blunt surfaces. flastication of food is done by the grinding action of molars. “.-_*f.~‘._-7.- -—. ’._-I&I-'.‘ jinx“ ~‘_ "Jfl“-’ "we: - . True—Tales HHHHHHHHHBHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH P6. 27. 28. 29. 30- 31. 32- 33- 31*- HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH K»! on O 68 (continued) 1 The foundational structure of the teeth is dentine. Cementum glues the roots of the teeth.to the Jaw. Not all live teeth have roots. The primary function of teeth is to chew food. Keep the teeth clean by brushing and avoid decay. One function of the tongue is to aid swallowing. The mouth is connected to the stomach by the esophagus. Peristalsis is the name given to the inner lining of the stomach. Swallowing takes food to the stomach by the mesentery. The cardiac valve is where the food leaves the stomach. Vomiting occurs only when subjected to a shock. An enzyme found in the gastric Juice is pepsin. Chyme is a thick, sticky liquid in the stomach. Salivary fluid is alkaline in reaction. The liver secretes bile into the intestines. Trypsin acts upon fate to make them assimilable. Starches are changed to glucose by amylopsin. Pepsin changes proteins to peptones. Steapsin changes fate to glycerine. Diabetes is a disease of the liver. The colon is the entrance to the stomach. a ‘ ' '-'f-"4.Tf.‘n’nivr'_ 4 O ‘ ' Constipation is a normal condition. i Peritonitis occurs in all abdominal Operations. Metabolism and assimilation are synonyms. Osmosis is the process of absorption. CIRCULATORI SYSTEM Best Answer Type Test. r111 in the blank with.best answer to question by letter (a, b, or c) j 1. 2. 3. 7. An artery is best defined as a blood vessel (a) Carrying l'pure" blood (b) Carrying blood away from the heart - (c) Carrying blue blood The total weight of the blood is (a) One-twentieth of the body weight (b) One-half of the weight of the body (c) One-fortieth of the body weight “3.3 lasma of blood is the same liquid.as water (b) bile (c) lymph lach.drop of blood contains (a) 5.000.000 red corpuscles (b) 600,000 white corpuscles (c) 10,000 platelets The function of white corpuscles is to (a) Carry food to the cells (b) Carry oxygen to the cells I (c) Combat germs The red coloration in blood is i (a) Due to eating tomatoes (b) Due to minerals. (c) Due to hemoglobin Platelets are believed to ‘ (a) Carry food to the cells i (b) Kill germs that get into the body 1 (0) Cause clotting of the blood.upon exposure Mal lust 69 Best Answer Type Test (continued) 8. 9. 10. Anemia is a blood disease caused by (a) Too many red corpuscles (b) Too few red corpuscles (c) A.normal amount of red corpuscles AnOpheles mosquitoes are carriers of (a) Yellow fever germs (b) Scarlet fever germs (c) Malaria fever germs .A disease which manifests itself primarily as a disturbance of the blood in the form of‘a fever is (a) Pneumonia (b) Influenza (c) Bright’s disease Respiratory System Recognition Type Test. 5 choice multiple. Place in blank the number of your choice for the correct answer. 1. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1h. 15. air warming, (U) smell (5) snore Th? primary function of the nose is to (l) sneeze, (2) blow, 3 .Adenoids are objectionable because t cause (1) snoring, (2) mouth breathing, (3) pugnose, (1t dumbness, (5) bloated cheeks. Vs inhale to secure (1) carbon dioxide, (2) nitrogen, (3) hydrogen. (h) oxygen. (5) water. Carbon monoxide comes from (1) air, (2) conditioning, (3) flies (h) water, (5) auto exhaust. - The rcper name for the voice box is (l) larynx, (2) pharynx, (3) trachea, (h) glottis, (5) bronchi. The estimated number of air cells in the lung is (l) 10, (2) 100, (3) 1.000.000. (’4) 6.000.000. (5) 100,000,000. Carelessness in ventilation and bathing commonly causes (1) Bright's disease, (2) diabetes (3) catarrh (M) hip disease (5) scrofula Pneumonia is a lung disease caused by (l) bacillus (2) coccus-‘u (3) spirillus (h) amoeba (5) paramecium. Consumption is old name for what is more properly called (1) pneumonia (2) catarrh (3) pleurisy (h) bronchitis (5) tuber- culosis. The name given to a diseased lining around a lung is (l) peri- tonitis (2) pericarditis (3) pleurisy (u) bronchitis (5) tuberculosis. The letting out of air during breathing is (1) inhalation (2) inspiration (3) expurging (h) expiration (5) expulsion. Complemental air makes up about (1) 100 cu. in (2) cu. in. (3) 30 cu. in. (h) 60 cuu in. (5) 500 cu. in. .About sixty cubic inches of air is (l) tidal (2) supplemental (3) residual (u) complemental (5) hot. _i. Tightening of the vocal cord determines its (1) volume (2) quality (3) pronunciation (M) note (5) pitch. __g The amount of air and the force with.which.it is driven causes (1) halitosis (2) loudness (3) pitch.(h) quality (5) sound. The sense of smell is due to the (l) epithelial cells (2) olfactory cells (3) ciliated cells (M) blood cells (5) nose. ___ .. . -- __.._._-———_M_H.___.--AJ._1-_.___H_._ 7O Respiration (continued) 17. A single air sac is called an (1) infundibulum (2) alveala (3) lupus ()4) scrofula (5) cilia. 18. Tuberculosis of the skin is known as (l) scrofula (2) hip disease (3) consumption (14-) lupus (5) nephritis. 19. The uppermost cartilage which forms the “Adam's apple” is the (1) cricoid (2) arytenoid (3) arachnoid (1+) thyroid (5) ethnoid. 20. The lower cartilage of the voice box is the (l) cricoid (2) ary- tenoid (3) arachnoid (1+) thyroid (5) ethnoid. I Exc retory system Hatching Test. Put the number of the word (on right) in front of the statement which it matches. A disease that interferes with kidney functions. The means of preventing smallpox. __ The protective covering for the body. 1. dandruff __ The organ wastes are stored in until eliminated. 2. smallpox __ Hard little nodules which block the passageway to the a. epidermis bladder. . grafting __ The outer layer of skin. 5. bladder __ Growing out of follicles. 6. sweat gland __ Excretes water and regulates body temperature. 7. cortex __ Connects the kidney with the bladder. 8. freckles __ Debris resulting from wear and tear of skin. 9. skin __ Unequal distribution of pigmentation lO. regulation __ The modern surgeons method of dealing with slow healing ll. Bright's wound. 12. urea __ Term used to express how 73$ of body heat is lost. 1 . kidney stones __ A process that cools the skin. 1 . radiation __ The main function of perspiration. 15. vaccination __ A disease that can be prevented by vaccination. l6. nitrogen _ The main waste product collected in kidneys l7. evaporation __ A common child‘s disease causing skin eruptions. 18. hair __ The element causing the formation of urea. 19. measles __ The outer layer of the kidneys. 20. ureter Skeletal and Muscular Yes-No Type Test. Underscore leg or 139 according to whether you believe it true or false. Yes No l. The bones make up one-fifth of the body weight. Yes No 3. The main function of muscles is to move the body. Yes No a. All bones act as levers in body movements. Yes No . Each appendicular muscle has one or more tendons. Yes No 5. The skeleton of mammals is called an exoskeleton. Yes No . Voluntary muscle cells are unstriped. Yes No 7. The backbone, ribs, and skull form the axial skeleton. Yes No 8. Voluntary muscles are found in the heart. Yes No 9. Some mammals do not have a backbone. Yes No 10. A function of muscles is to inclose body cavities. Yes No 11. The spinal column is made up of vertebrae. Yes No 12. All skeletal muscles are attached to bones. Yes No 13. There are five pairs of “floating ribs". Yes No 114. Exercise is essential to the health of muscles. _a ~_.vm' . on. Wfi‘a.rln‘ 4...‘ _ ' T‘ ‘ .s‘D-v ' 71 Skeletal and Muscular (continued) Yes No 15. The whole head is called the cranium. Yes Ho 16. Muscles should all be relaxed when sitting in school. Yes No 17. The lower Jaw is called the mandible. Yes No 18. Walking is healthy exercise. Yes No 19. About two—thirds of the bone is mineral matter. Yes No 20. The vertebrae form gliding Joints. Yes No 21. Rickets is the name of a bone. , Yes No 22. The curve of the back protects the brain. Yes No 23. High heels are beneficial to posture. Yes No 2 . A muscle is a tissue. Yes No 25. The words tendon and ligament are synonyms. Yes No . All muscles have only one tendon. Yes No 2‘]. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the will. Yes No 28. The muscles of the stomach walls are striped. Yes No 29. Muscle cells have a nucleus. Yes No 30. We could laugh without muscles. Yes No 31. Rheumatism is a bone disease. Yes No 32. Lactic acid forms as the muscles become fatigued. Yes No 33. The elbow has a ball and socket Joint. Yes No 3 . The top vertebra forms a pivot Joint. Yes No 35. Bursum sacs lubricate the knee Joint. Yes No 36. Cramp and tetanus mean the same thing. Yes No 37. The tricep muscle flexes the arm. Yes No 38. The bone in the thigh is called femur. Yes 110 30. Phosphate of lime is the main constituent of muscles. Yes No . The sterno mastoid is a chewing muscle. Yes No ’41. The scapula is the collar bone. Yes No 1&2. lien with flat feet are enlisted in the arm. Yes No :3. The tarsals are seven in number and form the anbele. Yes No . Phalange bones are in the fingers. Yes No 1&5. Fingers are straightened by extensors. Yes No 1+6. The arm is pulled forward by the latissimus. Yes No '47. LockJaw is caused by the tetanus germ. Yes No 1+8. The cavity containing the spinal cord is the centrum. Yes No 1&9. Breathing is accomplished with ribs and intercostal muscles. Yes No 50. Periosteum is the name of the living part of the bone. latching Test. Nervous System Put the number of the word (on right) in front of the statement which it matches. The main function of the nervous system. 1. alcohol The center of all body control. 2. nerves A boney covering that protects the brain. 3. idiocy The fluid surrounding the brain. ’4. spinal cord Twelve pairs of nerves. 5. cranium A covering membrane around the brain. 6. electrical A name given to the two parts of the cerebrum. 7. duramater The main branch of the brain. 8. brain The pair of nerves leading to the nose. 9. olfactory Glands located at the base of the brain. 10. arachnoid The part of the brain where thinking occurs. 11. gray matter The part of the system over which messages travel. 12. caffein An organ controlling equilibrium 13. control ‘§ ”all. .‘ afimml’ "m “Tr-”r in.” I - v mp-r“._.-_——-_.. ‘a- .___i -u - . \_-e~r*|.r Wer- « A'M- CSI.AV W" . '... >3Wffi1?‘ 2': \ i'. - . ____3=. $32-55"? 72 Nervous System (continued) .A message traveling toward the brain. 1h. cranial .A theory of how nerve messages travel. 15. sleep .A nerve deadener. l6. hemispheres A nerve restorer. 17. cerebellum Muscular action without thought. 18. pituitary A nerve stimulant 19. reflex The condition of one with imperfect intelligence. 20. afferent Five Senses Recall Type Test-Completion. Fill in blanks with words which in your opinion best complete the sentence. 1. 2. 3. 5. 12. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2h. 25. Externally the eyes are protected by the Rapid drying of the eyes is prevented by an oily secretion from the Tears come from a g1and.known as the An extremely thin layer of tissue over the front exterior of the; eye is The transparent part of the sclerotic coat is the The transparent Jellyulike material in the center of the eye is the When the focus falls short of the retina one is The changing of the focus of the lens from near to far objects is The eye color is a part known as the Irregularities on the cornea or lens causes The real seeing part of the eye is the nerve endings called the .A theory of seeing that supposes the eye to act like a camera plate is The commonest method of correcting imperfect vision is IyOpia is corrected by spreading rays of light with a lense that is concave. Inability to distinguish between red and green colors is called The best method for students to avoid eyestrain is Proper lighting should not come from the The outer ear directs sound waves against the In the middle ear is found three little In the middle ear is a tube leading to the throat known as the .A spiral bony canal where nerve endings are located is the The organ of balancing in the ear is the Inflamed Eustachian tubes, and stiffened eardrums causes Food.put in the mouth can be distinguished.by Olfactory nerves in the nose enable us to I’WW -- ' {AND I ‘* w...- Vi‘afl‘m-Ei- \ 73 SIANDARDIZED TESTS The correspondence from the following sources is in my files showing that there is no satisfactory test of the prepared standardised type available as far as they know: Educational Test Bureau, Educational Publishers, Inc.. 720 Washington Avenue, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Public School Publishing Company, 509 N. East Street, Bloomington, Illinois. COOperative Test Service, 500 West 116th Street, New York, New York. I. 1'. Quarrie, world Book Company, Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Paul T. Rankin, Director of Research, Board of Education,l35ll Bradway Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. Dr. Kenneth L. Heston, State Department of Public Instruction, Lansing, Michigan. Ralph l. Tyre, Bureau of Curriculum Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. “a“. is 7t BIBLIOGRAPHY Page Fore'ord. O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O I I II Instructional Guide for Elementary Schools, Department of Public Instruction. Bulletin No. 301. State of Michigan 1936. Thurston, Lee I. What Does Research Say? Department of Public Instruction. Bulletin No. 308. State of Michigan 1937. Part One. Introduction e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 1 Beauchamp, W. L. "Instruction in Science“, Bulletin, 1932, No. 17. National Survey of Secondary Education, Monograph.No. 22. The World Book, V. F. Quarrie and Company. Chicago 1927. Part TWO. Body Of Thesis e e e e e e e e e e e e e s s e e e e e e e 5 Etten, William.J., A.Citizen‘s History of Grand Rapids, Michigan. A. P. Johnson Company. Grand Rapids, 1926. Pintner, Rudolph. Intelligence Testing, Hethods and Results. New York: ‘Henry Holt and Company, 1931. Lefever, D. flaty. What Every Classroom Teacher Should Know about Testing. .A Catechism on Measurement, Education, 58. May 1938. Each, 0.“. The ObJective or New-Type Examination. Chicago: Scott, Foreman and Company, 1929. Ruch, G.M. Rice, G..A. Specimen Objective Examinations. Chicago: Scott, Foreman and Company, 1930. Tiegs, Ernest W. Tests and Measurements for Teachers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931. Part Six. Appendix (Mathematical Calculations) . . . . . . . . . . . 3o Holzinger, Karl J. Statistical Methods for Students in Education. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1928. Tiegs, Ernest W. Tests and Measurements for Teachers. Boston: Roughton Mifflin Company, 1931. General . .Almack, John C. Research and Thesis Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1930 Good, Carter N. How to Do Research in Education. Baltimore: Warwick and York, Inc., 1938. ' 3. ’d *m' V“ 7' . war." if. .r'l".:s.‘ an a . .WIVIIWWWV ”“24.” Nov 5’39 ta“ ' l0“; ‘“ “3124 '4 Jul22'42 I u, 221., '18,, f‘L/ "I. w uq o W M “R 2 3 '56 Nov 26 '56 . u x.» O . 3r. .. . .Mm .r . . s. n. . .k .w. w 1.”. n, .t.‘ G 3.4? v8 , . .4. . .. ii .3 as . H J. V. .r k-.—”. ; . .1 d g - ‘ . .s 5 dv 1. MITIH'IGWINI lsllT WWI WIWIWIIITIHYI WIWIM 3 1293 03046 8312