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LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION presented by Deborah Ann Johnson has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.A. degree injengnanhL WW Major professor DateMl’flg 07639 ‘bv1531—J RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to ”saunas remove this Checkout from “ your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. U. S. LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION By Deborah Ann Johnson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Geography 1982 ABSTRACT U. S. LAKE SURVEY NAUTICAL CHARTS: THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITION 133’ Deborah Ann Johnson Tradition has had a great influence on cartography. Conventional map symbols have developed over many centuries to improve the uniformity and utility of cartographic communication, especially for reference maps. This study examines the influence of tradition on the cartographic deveIOpment of the nautical charts of the Great Lakes produced by the U. S. Lake Survey from 18M to 1970. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thoroughly enjoyed my graduate studies in cartography at Michigan State University, thanks to many people. Dr. Richard Groop provided valuable assistance on my thesis and cartographic studies, and managed to make cartography not only interesting but entertaining, due in part to his somewhat peculiar and jaded sense of humor. Mike Lipsey made production cartography very enjoyable and worthwhile, and working at the Cartography Center with Mike and other assorted cartographers was one of the best experiences I've had at M. S. U. Also deserving a note of appreciation are Dr. "Chip" Dipp and Professor G. Hbssifats ("Jump on In"), probably the most respected and reknowned scholars in the Geography Department at M. S. U., and the many great friends who made student life most entertaining. Now that I've left the five-foot raccoons of East Lansing behind for farm life on the Great Plains in Loomis, Nebraska, I'm proud to say that I graduated from M. S. U. with an M. A. degree, an M. R. S. degree, and an M. 0. M. degree. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Nautical Chart Symbolization Development of the U. S. Lake Survey Background and the Development of the Research Problem Methodology Footnotes Chapter One CHAPTER TWO HISTORY OF THE U. S. LAKE SURVEY MAPPING ACTIVITIES 1841-1970 Introduction 18A1—1882 The Initial Survey Field Work Office Work 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey Formulation of the General Project of 1907 Chart Project of 1909 1911-19A8 Expansion of Operations Reformulation of the Chart Project 1948-1970 The Modern Period Footnotes Chapter Two CHAPTER THREE CARTOGRARHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS Introduction 18h1-1882 The Initial Survey 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey 1911-19A8 Expansion of Operations 1948—1970 The Modern Period The Influence of Tradition on the Lake Survey Charts APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18‘51-1970 LIST OF REFERENCES iii iv 15 19 20 23 135 LIST OF TABLES 1. Sample Lake Survey Charts 2. Cartographic Development of the Lake Survey Charts iv 50 74 1. 2. 3. u. s. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1o. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. LIST OF FIGURES U. S. Lake Survey chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1859. U. S. Lake Survey chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1966. Lead-line soundings on part of a nautical chart. Depth profiles by echo sounder on a nautical chart. Multiple depth profiles represented on a nautical chart. Soundings from a full hydrographic survey. Standard symbols for buoys and beacons from Chart No. 1 Nautical Chart Symbolg and Abbreviations, Standard chart symbols for dangers to navigation. Standard coastline symbols. Standard symbols for coast features and natural features. Standard abbreviations for bottom characteristics. U. S. Coast Survey chart of Anacapa Island, 1854. Chart of Toronto Harbor, 1816, by H. W. Bayfield Chart of Lake Huron, 1:400,000, 1860. Chart of Saginaw Bay, 1:120,000, 1860. Chart of St. Clair River, 1:40,000, 1872. Chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1:16.000, 1859. Portion of chart of Ontonagon Harbor, 1:16,000, 1859. Pertion of chart of St. Clair River, 1:h0,000, 1872. Insets on charts of Ontonagon Harbor and Eagle Harbor. Chart No. 765 of Holland Harbor, 1:15,000, 1912. Chart No. 52 of Lake Huron, 1:120,000, 1936. V \l\10\O\-¥=’\fl 1o 12 13 1h 16 28 52 53 5h 55 57 58 59 61 6h 23. Chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1:40,000, 1934. 65 29. Chart No. 711 of Manistique Harbor, 1:10,000, 1925. 66 25. Chart No. 5 of Lake Huron, 1:500,000, 1967. 68 26. Chart No. 52 of Lake Huron, 1:120,000, 1967. 69 27. Chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1:#0,000, 1966. 70 28. Chart No. 763 of Holland Harbor, 1:15,000, 1966. 71 29a. Index map of general charts of the Great Lakes. 127 29b. Index map of charts of St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, and New York State Barge Canal System. 128 29c. Index map of charts of Lake Ontario and lower Niagara River.129 29d. Index map of charts of Lake Erie, Niagara River, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River. 130 29e. Index map of charts of Lake Huron, Straits of Mackinac, and St. Marys River. 131 29f. Index map of charts of Lake Michigan. 132 29g. Index map of charts of Lake Superior. 13} 29h. Index map of charts of Minnesota-Ontario Border Lakes. '13A vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Tradition has played an important role in cartography, and conventional map symbols have developed over many centuries to provide uniformity, continuity. and simplified cartographic communi- cation. Traditional symbols have been especially useful on general or reference maps such as topographic maps and nautical charts which provide detailed, highly accurate locational information, and many of the symbols used on these maps have become standardized. Traditional symbols have also been developed for thematic maps such as population maps which portray spatial distributions and relationships; but convention has been less important, and inno- vative and imaginative symbolism has often been used to create unusual thematic maps. The role of tradition in cartography is particularly evident in the development of nautical charts. Nautical charts have been used for centuries to aid mariners in determining courses and positions at sea. As early as the sixteenth century EurOpean chartmakers introduced standard symbols to represent safe anchorage, buoys, and submerged rocks. Nautical charts kept pace with advances in navigation and cartography, but conventional symbols were preferred and the only major changes in their development were greater accuracy and improved map legibility. This study examines the influence of tradition on the 1 2 cartographic development of the nautical charts of the Great Lakes published by the U. S. Lake Survey over a span of more than 125 years. The earliest Lake Survey charts were black and white litho- graphic prints produced in the mid-nineteenth century with cumbersome printing methods and unsophisticated surveying equipment (Figure 1), while most recent charts are'color prints produced on modern offset presses and compiled from data obtained with echo sounding, electronic positioning, and aerial photography (Figure 2). Despite these technological advances in navigation, surveying, and carto- graphy during the history of the U. S. Lake Survey, nautical charts changed remarkably little in appearance. The most significant visual changes were the introduction of color and improved accuracy and completeness in the representations of soundings, dangers, aids to navigation, and coastline features, but the cartographic symbols changed only slightly. Tradition and convention were very important to the Lake Survey because the use of familiar symbols and designs made the charts more uniform and easier to interpret when used in navigation. Nautical Chart Symbolization Little information is available on early nautical chart symbols; however, the symbols and abbreviations used on modern nautical charts in the United States are listed in a pamphlet Chart No. 1 Nautical Chart Symbols and Abbreviations by the Defense Mapping Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Most of these symbols agree with uniform international charting standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization and various U. S. charting agencies. .mmmr .Aonamm commsouao mo ago aneurysm 3.3 .m 5 ... mash . 4.1.14 4 1 I‘m 114 tniuiufi-‘J‘Cinwgd .I . . ‘ o l u e. ‘u‘ . e w “Hep"...Q». l.— . . . . u. C l . . ~.. a 4...... .3... .4 . .. v... 5.....ommwuwu . “4'”. 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I'ltul'e '0utl n i II I I . a 3 a a . p .mmwr Jonson commsopeo no cameo 532$ 0&3 .m .b .1 II. I I: .1 H-001. ‘ in. i l. 30‘ male- '31. Z I] use. .’ aloe-pus... I... I load .I ellhole. I25... V III-C o4 tel. no... cl. III.- ldi‘d '36., SECS! SIC Ibis. nth ’- Antibt n! It In 9. ll .. 9|“! l pal-recess eel I. U .1: 1 Ila-I.-. III-IO .0" 2:1-.. 13-33.?! H. .14..- =3==<: 7.3342357... .8 PIC-b DIOR-I— .5: I. . l g— ..._... .s. . find. . .3... swig . . .I on ... .. . w ..\u Q. It. .... .NTIO . ..t\ .. .1 093.. .WJ . \..x . x. f . .0...“ as ... u..." . . . . c . . \ LIB“ .. ."‘w“\ I: «I. Q fill a I .4.“-.¢S . . u . .u . O 0 III . . . II. o I . . . . I. Q I O C . In 0 TI. o I I 00 I... I I I .. I6 T- It a o a o - I ' I .I‘ I a l. ........ . .. . ”half .. - 5.; ... I 0 .~ . . . I I I . a . /. . . o u to o n C I .. s ... i . l‘ ' . o. a .a I P n.-. u . . .. . s f... .- ....1.. .1 . .1 i I I... 0. l 51. u I ‘iol- I . 0:..- .a-. 10.8. . ___ —-3 9-0- PPP - — PD---— --‘- -o-‘---_ ---o—--“0— i“..- u’ —--— Q ~---.—-- un----~O--. u ~ - .c -—--u.- -n—a- ' -~—-—- -n-n . .. ---- | I - a I s . 0'. ‘t I : ‘l .U . : -‘ P a - I I s ' . D l o g. I -II ans: ' I o-c-no I I ~ I I n .k “ ’ l ’V ..-'— —"1 ‘ I; A -_ ‘ Figure 2. U. S. Lake Survey chart No. #3 of St. Clair River, 1966. 5 Soundings on depth to bottom are represented on nautical charts in several ways. Individual soundings are shown by numbers in either feet or fathoms. Since 1972, some have been shown in meters on American charts. Depth curves connect points of equal depth and indicate bottom contours; and on some charts, depth curves out to one, two, three, or five fathoms are tinted shades of blue to indicate the limits of navigation. Only a few of the soundings taken in a survey can be shown on a nautical chart. Least depths and dangers are the most important soundings and are always represented, and additional soundings to show characteristic bottom relief are provided where space on the chart permits.1 various methods of taking soundings have been used. An early method of determining depths was by lead-line where a lead weight attached to a line marked in fathoms was dropped into the water. The lead-line method provided only a scattering of separate soundings, and the vessel had to stop to obtain accurate depth measurements. Figure 3 shows part of a chart with soundings taken by lead-line. Sounding machines were invented in the early 1800's to solve some of the problems encountered in using the lead-line.a Automatic depth-registering equipment was developed by the U. 8. Navy in 1922. These echo devices produce a sounding line which provides a continuous profile of the sea bed, as shown in Figure #. However, sounding line vectors are radial and dangerous obstructions are often undetected. Multiple depth profiles, illus- trated in Figure 5, are obtained by soundings recorded by different ships at different times, often with large areas between sounding lines. The most accurate method is the complete hydrographic survey ex 3 ea c.$ 90...? :3 es as ' an e rs as 5 as as s as Figure 3. Lead-line soundings on part of a nautical chart. (Kember, 1971, p. 13) I72! I)” [7&5 It” 1m 1m [5" 16,7 1", 1‘3, I 7” [601 ‘ [77’ “. sac "’1 m: - 14:: "-‘ I187 m2 °"° 1416 Figure #. Depth profiles by echo sounder on a nautical chart. (Kember. 1971. p. 1#) use [cu-e I’ll 1 ”I! I.“ Figure 5. sen l us» as." - tum us: - as} . use use. 0.» e no. a can A.” use an: tun nu ' a“ . 8m 227: ’34“ m ’3" us» no.- an an as» an.» (Kember, 1971, p. 14) Multiple depth profiles represented on a nautical chart. R. _ 0 ‘ fl 4’ . ‘ 4 - 45 45 ,w‘flf” 5‘3, ‘2 ' "f. .5 ‘3 ‘ ‘3 ifi .. 3e 2 I: % ‘.' 3. ‘ 4 . 0...: 1' 3’ ‘5 .’ fl 4 4a 5 . . fl 3' .. h “.2. i.\ .4. . . '0. ' 43 p' '. I 3.1.2 ..- L‘ ‘\ s -_ I '.. r”) 4., ;.;..‘) " ’. -'.- . ‘ \ ‘ fl 43 ‘3 fl : h“. 5 I ?l 5 ‘ s ‘ g 2. S 4 4 ‘3. 4‘ fl 2.?! 2L 2‘ ’3’ ' pm. Jr ‘ 5 s ’ are ' 4 ‘5 "a 5".” .'. a. "-3sz ‘ ‘ fi .' s ‘ a % .:‘-Qd" : 0.1- . 3’“ . f‘ title": 1 ‘. s ‘ e. . * . “2...“ ' 52;: I (0‘, d- .t': 0' e. .. .a’ s‘ ...... '. .h‘, A '-'.-'__ " \‘ ‘ 4‘ ' 1 a I -' ".- -l “Western " -- '° 4. 34—" . *v-fihfihflcemu fi ”'5 ‘ ‘ ‘I ‘5 1‘ '3“ 5 "'46 Castle Ledge ‘ '- 5 ‘ ", ‘ 0k ‘. ‘i ' \ ’. i .‘ \ '-. ‘ ~ ‘° . '1. s s "3“. ‘ ~ ‘ " ‘ I 1.. '04 .5. .5 $ ~ - .4, 53 '3 5 (3'3"!"IW'III." ~. .. ‘ ‘ 5’. ' -. ' luau“, 5 f." "e 5’ 5 J 53 ‘ ‘ ‘ ' 4‘ 5 5 s 4, 5‘ ‘ ‘5’ ‘ . \ ‘. o- W . " 5 e '0 3 m. “In"; , its d)" \ 4. § 6’ ‘ 00' r ‘ s .5 4‘ 0'0. :5 "I ' ' > ' " ' ‘ I... . ‘ '1' J u, 5: ' o ' '. a... . d s. '- g 6’ ‘.“.‘:-\-‘.. . s. '0 a . Figure 6. (Kember, 1971, p. 11*) Soundings from a full hydrographic survey. 8 in which the sea bed has been closely and systematically measured, as shown in Figure 6. With this method the degree of accuracy possible is comparable to the accuracy of a detailed, large scale topographic map. Several methods of soundings may have been used to collect data for a single chart.3 All depths indicated on nautical charts are determined from a certain level of water, known as the chart datum. The mean low water is often selected as the chart datum; however, on charts of the Great Lakes and other areas where tidal effects are insignificant, the adopted datum is an arbitrary height approximating the mean water level.“ The principle aids to navigation represented on charts are lighthouses, beacons, lightships, radiobeacons, and buoys. Aids to navigation are shown by standard symbols designed to attract attention, and are often supplemented by abbreviations and descriptive text on the chart. The number shown and amount of information included varies with the scale of the chart.5 Some standard symbols for buoys and beacons are illustrated in Figure 7. Dangers to navigation are also indicated on charts. Included are rocks, coral reefs, shoals, ship wrecks, and other obstructions that may or may not be visible. Various standardized symbols for dangers are shown in Figure 8. Land areas depicted on nautical charts are highly selective and vary with the scale, intended purpose of the chart, and available information. While navigational aids and landmarks are carefully charted, the remaining shore areas are given more generalized representation. Relief may be shown by contours, hachures, or tint Figure 7. L. Buoys and Beacons (see Introduction) .L . o . Appromnule P03!!!“ 0/ buoy ".7 9’“ I 89 .9 98 .p 09 Bifurcation buoy .2. ,9 .9 ,p ‘0 4 ,5 é fi A 5,...” u; 3‘” 9"" .998 .9" Jmm m, ' x \ ~ . a7- §acu Pan‘s}; Bel/buoy fl! 49”" 9" .9“ oak" "°""“"”9" 6‘”! gee yaw Ops ~19 Myanmacm Gavan, t2! 9 0 ° A : Wreckbuoy G . c c c c 0 um:w 1% en 9m: .1 9W5. M n '3 buoy 12_0¢' g g ' Obstruction buoy -. G . G i 9‘ .a‘ a ' CM 0* Cr/Mdflu/ (My g! p ,, .0 ,, Telegraph-cable buoy 1 9" PNA Mama-Canaan, 33 ' O ‘- 3 ‘5 Moormy buoy/coloraol’nvoor- ‘- my buoys new carried} 1 9" .0 5' a spa-raw 22. mm, a s O 23. wk! AL... ”Wm, boo mm ,. .. p , S .l I .5er ”mung”, legraplm f1, 9' OF A J P’W.’ U W]. buoy 23‘ v ’ A, M00109 Mg”, MIMIC . _ common Ian: J all k ball 9 7 0 2 d . b sun’s?” I I 2.? . Warp-09W l9 9 .0 a Barre/qr Tm MI 21 p Y .0 ' Quarantine buoy 24¢ P I‘ at b (La) p .0 Co/a' unknom r“ '9' .. W)’ 23 pa...“ Pwuu EJP’WW anchorage buoy (Lb) gnaw Pnaar Float 9 0 2_5. . .Amo . “no Aeronautical anchorage buoy {2 817.047 earzmr‘pncur A Ugnmoar h 2.8 9 9'" pm Convpaa: «ointment buoy 13 Ouler or Landfall m, 9 g 9 9" . 5" n.» Iran (area) buoy (saws) 11 flaw flew Fairway buoy (BWVS) p 0 Spa . g3. . [groundbuoy :1. 9» p... Midcnannel buoy (BWVS) g 0 ’1 9'3“ 05- 0"?" Suryd-mnd buoy (enter/'9 3.8 W . W MC/N'OQO 600! I’m,“ ”mm, o e on seaward) . p 0 Private aid to new I buo L6 I”, of.” Port-band bug! (entering from 2‘9 5...... . h“ (malnraqned by prngrzlbnrereffls. seaward) use mill caution) Standard symbols for buoys and beacons from Chart No. ‘1 Nautical Chart Smbols and Abbreviations. (1979) 1O O. Dangers @ d,,.,, Roe/t winch does not cover (height above MHWI H u A: 'Wrech shamng an portton of bull or superstructure la ve scundmg datum). e Uncoe 2 It 0 Uncou 2 It H31 0!?! 2 Hart winch cnvets gn.‘ macaw-rs WI"? h-tghr above clult finding dilum I509 lfllluJut. non) _ Obstrucuon ,. ' Ihsh haven! (Or) fish haven hrttloetal fishtng reel) ..... 23 Wreck (See 0 II to 16) 12 Wreck nth unfit masts vtsoble {above sounding datum) ta Old symbols for wrecks -' ‘Wrecbage ‘ th 3 29 Wreckage Jake! 3 Reel: awash at (near) level of chart soundtng datum Dotted line emphasizes danger to nawgatton lac Wreck always parttally submerged 2* Wreck rematns (dangerous only for anchortng) 14 Sunken erect: dangerous to surface nawganon (less than ll fathomsn over week) (See 0 6a) .. Subm plies Subm pill", 19 Submerged pthng (fie l'l- 9I 9a; L 591 s. m .1 15 Wreck over nehoch depth :s known r O tnnt Rock awash (Mtg/t! unhno-m) :fii Dotted hne emphasttes danger to na-ggatton 3.5m 15. Wreck nth depth cleared by we drag .' Snags .'Stumps 3(_)u Snags; Submerged stumps (See L 59) ' Q 4 Submerged rock (40M Wm) Dotted line emphastm danger to nawgatton {E} m J! Lesser depth passable l5b Unswveyed erect over which the exact depth ts unknown, but It constdered to have a sale clearance to the depth she-n .32 Uncov Ones (See A IO; 0 2. IO]! 33 Cov Covers (See 0 2. IO) 30 Uncov Uncover: (See A l0; 0 2. IO) «m- Sunlnen erect, not dangerous to surface namgataon lb 5.33mi. "fines-o...“ 2;" 3 nu (1958] Reported (nth date) 5 Shoe! soundtng on isolated rock .51”, ._- ,“3 Eagle Rh :7 Foul grow, Foo/W (to) " 1"" ’958’ U Submergedreck not dangerous 3 ”W (“"5 name '04 1'") to strface na atton See 0 b . _ .-. a w, I I rd. R“ -: 1" ,~" JG Disco! Disco/cred (See 0 9) I. all , 7 l A“ 3.5 05:3”;‘ar man: J solateddanger 6a Sunken danger nth depthclearecfl b 5 (9 (9 .- "'3'”. 6! W0 *0! cm a e 6) . ’ ‘.- a , l9 Eat/res ”3...? 38 Lemmy danger It» 39 Limit of rocky'J'u-u “ 2O Kel . S need Han-a... ' I. I S“ V" P ea "' U "' ‘1 P A Ramon OppfOlIMJN a on. ' m. ‘2 P 0 Poem» daubtt'ul S” ”m. M :; glfl 58/22:] 43 f 0 Existence daubtful - 2: RI Reef (See A m, ”9, 0 IOA “ P A” P°""°” ’_ / DISCO, Water 23.: Ridge 45 D aubrfu/ . 2" Le Led 46 Unexamined 9 Disco/cred eater 9' '0.“ L 0 Least Depth . ‘ .. "3 Sub!» DCrib Coro- " ’2‘ c: C: ’ " "J \“' c ‘. 25 Breakers (See A I?) (0" Crib CH0 "w" “’"l 10 Coral reel: detached (uncovers at sounding datum) 26 Submerged rock {See 0 4). O I pinion“ Unglued) HORN .. {3}"- a... 1‘ ‘ .eel'. 1+6“ . -, a", V 27 Obstruction '00 Offshore plat/arm (unnamed) “ ’ 5m=0bstr °W‘” * Subm eel/1 a - Hag. “mm“, ..,. H N Coral or Rocky reetI covered at '0“.- Subm all saundmg oatum {See A-l/d. llg) agObstr £579” a (buo; ea] '0") Offshore p/‘fifo’m (named) Figure 8. Standard chart symbols for dangers (Chart No. 1, 1979) to navigation. 11 shading, and vegetation may be shown by standard symbols. Cities are usually represented by their major streets with buildings near the water front shown on large scale maps. Figure 9 shows standard symbols for coast lines and Figure 10 lists symbols for natural features along the shore. Land areas are usually depicted from less than a mile to several miles inland, depending on the scale of the chart. Since the availability of radar for commercial use in 19h5, land areas have been depicted in greater detail and extended further inland on nautical charts to aid navigation by vessels using radar.6 Additional information provided on nautical charts sometimes includes a compass rose showing magnetic variation to facilitate the plotting of bearings and courses, sailing courses, and the quality of the sea bottom. Figure 11 lists the standard abbreviations used to indicate bottom characteristics. Nautical charts are continually updated to show changes in aids to navigation, newly reported dangers such as ship wrecks and shoals, and harbor improvements. All charts must be hand corrected according to information in the weekly publication Notice to Mariners. The user must continue to update a chart and when a new edition is printed, the old one is discarded.7 Nautical charts are normally classified by scale. Sailing ghgggg,are the smallest scale charts, generally 1:600,000 or smaller and are used for route planning and offshore navigation. The shore- line and land areas are generalized, and only offshore soundings and principle aids to navigation are shown. General charts range in scale from 1:100,000 to 1:600,000 and are used for coastwise navi- gation outside outlying reefs and shoals. Coast charts are used for 12 The Coastline (Nature of the Coast) (see Introduction) a--. I t s -. ~ ‘1' 1.- r' / 7 Apparent share/one and mangrove (vegetatton lam) \N/ firm" Ilgz‘.’_‘,;:” 11¢ Rock, uncovers at soundmg datum (See A ”9) high 2 Steep coast (Bluff) 8 Surveyed coastline '\ “WM .0... . ., l_lg Sandandmud 3 Ch”) coast 10 Chart sounding datum line 24 Flat coast 9 Shoreline if Sand and gravel ‘ t ‘ ..... Una, K1“! 9.. “‘T’ vars \/‘/“ "fl‘f - )h “Q-“ ..... c M . ’r' __ .... "-o. '0’ slew 11¢ Coral, uncovers atsoundt'ng datum (See 0 I0) ll Foreshore (Strand in general) 3g ,7}: (AotAppronmate sounding datum hne e d ,..— 5.1:? 23"" r V e y a" 2' ' U n s U ‘0 I ” l3 ’ -c—" I? - N Sandhills; Dunes --- ll Ll'mt'tot'unsurveyed areas . 7‘. 'w.‘.'"":‘"ioo. 5 Stony or Slttng/y share (Au Rubble 6 Sandy shore £5 Stones: Shingle; or Gravel Figure 9. Standard coastline symbols. (Chart No. 1 , 1979) 13 B. coaSt Features The Land (Natural Features) I 6 Gulf , , VGIO ‘ 2 B 3., ,. . 3 §\ 4/ t ‘1’ (Bu) 8 Bayou . / \~ 56 tha palm ' ' 3 rd Gold 1:0 ' ,__ 15 Lake, Pond 4 L . Loch; Laugh; . ' . «2ng Lake I Centaur lanes (Contours) Se Ftlao fl 5 Cr Creel: . 50 C Cove 31p {- 16 Lagoon (Lag) e In Inlet ‘ 5t Ce$uarma ""~ 7 Slr SffOI! M.'$h“.' . : Q a Set Sound 0 0 Pa” Passage; P033 Co / ‘ Evergreen tree 9 Tim" TWO/0'9 la ‘chficmz”? (Contours) I(other than com/erousA "1 "MM um» 10 Chan Channel .. ..--""°~.‘ ’0‘ ”WM ' KT" c""""'° "5:21? " 12 Sal Estuary ‘ rs ' MP 120 “he .‘-”""'L.'\ Grass ~- ‘- 1: Mill Mouth "‘ " . 6a Or I Id :4 Rd Road; Mum ”3 " s 15 AM]: Anchorage /- R.“- W 18 510990 {Slul 16 ”br Harbor / 7 Padd I , l, lds w. H. H... j -, L r ~ 21:22:: 17 P Port R ' (8” P M Form lanes no definlte ‘9 a” 18 I [3,.“ 'mterval 7o Parlt; Garden , - ’9 1‘ ’3’“ 1‘ 1'- .-. 1;. m 2!) Arch Archtpelago p " ' Bushes :L: J '. 2) Pen Penmsu/a 8 Bushes 2° W"""”‘ a C Cd" .‘o."e eeeeo: ' ' 0 b 9 . . . : z e 23 Prom Promontory r.- ' .., :3... 24 Rd Head; Headland so fifefi’xfim” as P! Pom! 2) Spflng 26 Ml Maunta n,- - ‘3: *3: M ' Will/(l Wooded 32".“. M, j?” “(ya/H (\ ’ 9 Deciduous woodland 27 Rio Range i‘\&\\\ \ \QX‘KL, 27‘ V‘lh, w”d.d .tO‘..O:: 2a , Sumnm ‘ o .° 9 ' 29 Pk p.“ 3 6/409? . 10 Coniferous mod/and 30 Vol Volcano J) Hill m Wm“ {1* it“: . 32 Bid Boulder 10a Woods Ingeneral 34 Table/and 0:57: O 5711 (Plateau) Ores: '9 f § 35 Rk Roch ‘ ‘ h l free too new"! JG Isolated rock 5 Isolated trees ‘ M""""' “'"m’ (8c) 30' Stream 4 Li: #‘W' - ,- , =§ ‘ 4. (84) R Rtver :3 l F‘E» ~75 «f - (Bel Slu Slaugh 1' ' e 153‘ 7;; " ; (8/) Lay Lagoon Deciduous or of unlmoun 12 L," (,0, ‘ " ' (Bot APPrs Approaches 5‘ or “Tana/led {We \ (8h) RA, Rocky g f. (8“ " “I‘m“ “ l 13 R’s-er. Stream (8!) Ma Marsh 5b Com’emus 1 (Bit) M; Mangron )5 .. ‘ ‘«:~ J (Bl) Sw Swamp J.. 1 Sc Palm tree 14 lntertmttent stream Figure 10. Standard symbols for coast features and natural features. (Chart No. 1, 1979) 1h Quality of the Bottom 1 6rd Ground 12 Cl Chalk 20 So Scortae 2 S $404 12. Ca Ca/careous 2! C" Ctnders 3 M Mud; Muddy 13 0: Quart: 21¢ Ash 4 0: Core 13. Sch Schtst 22 Mn Manganese 5 MI Marl 14 Q, can, 23 5» Shell: 6 Cl Clay (So) Co Hd Coral head 24 Oys Oys ters 7 G G""’ 15 Mds Madrepores 25 Ms Mussels 3 5""9’9 16 Vol . Volcantc 26 Sp'g Sponge 9 P Pebbles (Sb) Vol Ash . Volcamc ash 27 K Kelp 10 St Stones 17 La Lava Wd Seamd ll Rh; rby flue/I: 906*] '18 Pm Pumtce 2. Crs Grass 1 la Bids Boulders 19 7' fun. 29 ~ Stg Sea-tangle Figure 1 1 . Standard abbreviations for bottom characteristics.‘ (Chart No. 1, 1979) 15 inshore coastwise navigation, large inland waterways. and navigation through wide bays and harbors; scales range from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000. Harbor charts have scales larger than 1:50.000 and are used for navigation and anchorage in small waterways and harbors. .gizg§.and canal charts at large scales are used mostly by small craft.8 Development of the U. S. Lake Survey» . Early nautical charts were produced by individuals but by the sixteenth century official chart making organizations were established in Europe, and by the nineteenth century modern government hydrographic offices were established to produce charts. In the United States, several charting agencies were developed during the 1800's, including the U. S. Lake Survey. In 1807, the federal government established the Survey of the Coast to compile maps and charts, primarily to ensure safe navi- gation on the Atlantic Coast. In 1832 the Survey of the Coast was divided into three branches: geodesy, topography (of the coast). and hydrography, and in 1836 the agency was redesignated the U. S. Coast Survey. Figure 12 shows a typical chart published by the U. S. Coast Survey. The agency was renamed the National Ocean Survey in 1970 and made a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce, formed to provide nautical and aeronautical charts of the U. S. and its possessions.9 A second agency was established to provide nautical charts for the military. In 1777, a Military Cartographic Headquarters was formed to produce military maps for George Washington during the Revolutionary War. The sea battles of the War of 1812 led to the development of the U. 5. Navy Depot of Charts and Instruments in 16 Am .a .mumr .somasonsv .ammr .ecsHmH mamoon< mo usage ho>usm assoc .m .2 .mr ousmfih 2‘3..<. . a. 33.4 s ‘11.... c. x .3 .3. ~ $533.). ‘2 ..< :{s I'I 1... I .. .IP stqtl 3.-.: .03... :1 .,Il..l|lllv 4! b. .OIIL.I.'I.O'.II. 1.1. .l.. 'l. ,.. . a..- .. ..'|- a. II I It o 'lt.’ll-|alul l-|.l I I I I’lt' . III.|I.|.|II'I In .I . , 3355.5?" 3... 3...... 7.2.7; $3932.31. .... 3.25;...5. 53.5.... it a: s...) ———--— —.~- ._L. «S: .r. .. .r. .. :52 7. .1. .. marital-h ........ a. . 27.7.5... 5.2.5.: :2? . .1. . cavern-0" Mann‘s-n d .3 .. . \:.\\.a. 43:32:. 3%.}. 3.1.1:..."- .'~..§.~.~\a‘\~ _ = y. a... .r. _ a... 4.3.. 7. < . .e. ‘53; 3!; 3....) .s: .o.....\ 2.} a. 23:... 9.... .....< b.- 53.34}. 3.27. . size. 3:3... ._ a. . .rm>=.—U. 9.1.5.3...712 Itttllit |.|. I- I‘ll- 'I‘II' 'l'n‘lllllu.i'o. I ‘II 00."... -‘lll1i lllllalt ulll slits. 4" it"’0!' I t n. . e . -. a '6‘ 17 1830 to serve as a storehouse for charts, sailing directions, and navigational instruments. In 1854 it was renamed the U. S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office, and in 1866 it was divided into two offices. One of these two offices, the U. S. Naval Oceano- graphic Office, was established to carry out surveys and compile charts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1972 the Naval Oceanographic Office and other mapping agencies were incorporated into the Defense Mapping Agency (DNA) with Topographic, Hydrographic, and Aerospace Centers.1O A third agency, the Corps of Tepographical Engineers, was established in 1838. The Topographic Corps and the Naval Depot surveyed routes for transcontinental railroads and gathered infor- mation for nautical charts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. During the Mexican War from 18h6 to 18h8 these agencies prepared military maps and learned to coordinate land map and nautical chart data. The Corps of Topographical Engineers was consolidated with the Army Corps of Engineers in 1863, and in 1972 it was incorporated into the Defense Mapping Agency.11 An important project conducted by the Corps of Topographical Engineers and later the Army Corps of Engineers was the surveying and charting of the Great Lakes. This project began in 18#1 when the U. S. Lake Survey was established in response to growing commerce on the Great Lakes and a lack of accurate information necessary for safe navigation. Its purpose was to survey the Great Lakes, prepare and publish nautical charts and bulletins based on the surveys, and study the hydraulics and hydrography of the lakes. 18 The U. S. Lake Survey expanded over the years to include the New York State canals, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota- Ontario border lakes. Old charts were continually revised and updated, and new charts were prepared to keep pace with changing navigational conditions and needs. In 1970, the U. S. Lake Survey was merged with the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to form the National Ocean Survey. The National Ocean Survey has continued the work of the former U. S. Lake Survey from 1970 to the present, and the nautical charts are used by all commercial vessels and most recreational craft on the lakes. These and other charting agencies also issue several important navigation publications to supplement the charts. The American Practical Navigator, originally published by Bowditch in 1802 and purchased by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office in 1868, is currently issued by the Defense Mapping Agency. This book is considered the final authority on navigation and provides comprehensive, updated information on all aspects of navigation, charts, and hydrography.12 "Sailing Directions" or "Pilots" are books containing descriptions of coastlines, harbors, ports, dangers, aids to navi- gation, weather, and other information not easily shown on charts. Coast Pilots covering the coasts of the U. S. and its possessions are published annually by the National Ocean Survey, and were formerly published by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the U. S. Lake Survey. Those covering foreign coasts, called Sailing Directions, are published by the Defense Napping Agency.13 Notice to Mariners, first published in 1869, is a pamphlet issued weekly by the Defense Mapping Agency in cooperation with the 19 National Ocean Survey, the U. S. Coast Guard, and the Army Corps of Engineers. It is the official publication for the correction of changes in aids to navigation, dangers, sailing directions, and other information. It is used to update all nautical charts, and lists new charts. new editions of charts, and new publications.1u In summary, nautical chart production in the U. S. has had a varied history of organizations producing charts, information on charts, and methods of data collection. However, the cartographic design and visual appearance of nautical charts have changed little throughout this history. Background and the Development of the Research Problem The subject of this research is the nautical charts of the Great Lakes published by the U. S. Lake Survey. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of tradition on the cartographic development of the Lake Survey charts by examining the history of the Lake Survey mapping activities and the cartographic changes on the charts over time. A list of U. S. Lake Survey charts published from 18h1 to 1970 was also compiled to provide information on the types of changes in design and data deemed significant enough by the U. S. Lake Survey to warrant the elimination of obsolete charts and the addition of new charts and revised editions. This study focuses on four objectives: 1. A summary of the history of the U. S. Lake Survey mapping activities. 2. A summary of the cartographic development of U. S. Lake Survey charts through time. 20 3. An analysis of the cartographic changes and the role of tradition. 4. A reasonably complete list of all the Lake Survey charts published. Methodology The first objective, a summary of mapping activities of the U. S. Lake Survey, required a descriptive historical analysis from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources provided the majority of information in this study, particularly Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. 8. Army. Secondary sources were historical summaries and descriptions based on information from primary and other sources, including papers published by the U. S. Lake Survey and journal articles. Based on an analysis of mapping activities, the history of the U. S. Lake Survey was divided into four periods. Each historical period was signified by a change in the purpose or projects of the Lake Survey. A second objective, a summary of the cartographic development of Lake Survey nautical charts, required a different methodology. Lawrence (1971) presented a useful scheme for analyzing an individual map or series of maps: 1. 2. Objective assessments. Such observations must necessarily be confined to dealing with precise details of the map under examination, namely (a) the overall features of the map, and (b) methods utilised for presenting the mapped data. Sub ective assessments. Under this heading come all those factors in which personal or preference enters, even if only to a limited extent. Such factors fall into the following groups: (c) suitability of mapping techniques; (d) adequacy of detail depicted for map purpose; (9) aesthetic considerations. 5 21 The main purpose of this analysis was to note the changes in cartographic symbolization over time. This required an objective assessment of the overall features of the map and the cartographic symbols used to present the data. A subjective assessment was not applied because the charts were not being analyzed to determine their cartographic quality. Because of the volume of charts published by the Lake Survey, representative samples were chosen for examination using the four periods of the Lake Survey history as a framework for the cartographic analysis. Various scale charts from each period were examined to determine the cartographic changes within and between periods. Samples were chosen from four scales: 1. Small scale general charts at 1:hO0,000 and 1:500,000 2. Medium scale coast charts from 1:80,000 to 1:120,000 3. Large scale river charts from 1:10.000 to 1:h0,000 #. Large scale harbor charts from 1:5,000 to 1:“0,000. Three libraries were used to examine the charts, including the Michigan State Library in Lansing, the Michigan State University library in East Lansing, and Western Michigan University's Waldo Library in Kalamazoo. The third objective, an analysis of the influence of tradition on the cartographic development of the charts required an examination of the extent of the cartographic changes and the reasons why certain changes were made to determine the importance of tradition in the design of the charts. The fourth objective. a fairly complete list of all Lake Survey 22 charts published from 1841 to 1970, required an examination of annual U. S. Lake Survey chart catalogs obtained from libraries in the Great Lakes region and the Library of Congress. Index maps from one of the annual catalogs were included with the list of charts compiled in this study to illustrate the areas typically covered by the charts. FOOTNOTES CHAPTER ONE 1U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, American Practical Navigator (Bowditch), Pub. No. 9 (Washington, D. 0.: Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 108. 2Ibid., p. 27. 3Member, I. D., "Some Distinctive Features of Marine Cartography," The Cartographic Journal 8 (June 1981): 15-16. “U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, p. 109. 5Ihid.. p. 111. 6Ibid., p. 114. 7Ihid., pp. 105-106. 8Ibid., p. 10‘}. 9Thompson, Morris M., Maps for America Cartographic Produgts of the U. S. Geological Survey and Others, (Washington, D. 0.: Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 1. 11Ibid. 12a . . . S. Naval Oceanographic Office, p. 6. 13Ibid., p. 1a. 1“libidn p. 97. 15Lawrence, G. R. P., Cartographic Methods, (London: Metheun & Co., Ltd., 1971), Po 710 23 CHAPTER TWO HISTORY OF THE U. S. LAKE SURVEY MAPPING ACTIVITIES 1891-1970 Introduction The U. S. Lake Survey operated from 1891 to 1970 and during that time the mission of the Lake Survey changed and expanded in response to varying navigation needs. The history of the Lake Survey is divided into four periods based on major changes in mission: 1. 18M-1882 Initial Survey . 2. 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey 3. 1911-19h8 Expansion of Operations 4. 1948-1970 Modern Period During the first period the U. S. Lake Survey was established to survey the Great Lakes and prepare and publish nautical charts based on the surveys, and by 1882 the surveys were officially completed and seventy—six nautical charts had been published. Field operations ended in 1882, but the printing and sale of charts continued.' During the second period the Lake Survey operations resumed for the purpose of updating and correcting some of the charts. Later, because of larger ships and the deepening of channels and harbors. greater water depths were ascertained and charted. At first, only strategic locations were surveyed, but it became apparent that larger areas of the lakes needed to be resurveyed to modernize the charts. In 1907 a project for the systemmatic 2h 25 resurvey of the Great Lakes was formulated. This general project outlined the work necessary to make the surveys and charts adequate for all future demands. Included was the plan to determine and chart lake depths in all significant regions of the Great Lakes to a plane of thirty feet below the adopted low-water datum of the Open lakes and twenty-five feet below the corresponding datum in the channels of the connecting rivers. It was estimated that the project would be completed in 1918. In 1911, however, plans changed when the survey and charting of additional waters was added to the project. The third period was characterized by a great expansion of Lake Survey operations. The survey and charting of the New York canals was added in 1911, Lake Champlain in 1913, and the Minnesota- Ontario border lakes in 191k. These additional projects were completed by 1938, and the Lake Survey continued the general project formulated in 1907. During the fourth period the Lake Survey expanded to accommo- date the growing needs of recreational traffic on the Great Lakes. The Lake Survey was originally established to serve the needs of commercial vessels, but the nautical charts and bulletins were also used by recreational craft. An increased demand for special recrea- tional charts was recognized in 19#8 when the first looseleaf book of small craft charts was published with several additional books of recreational charts following. In 1970, the National Ocean Survey took over the projects of the U. S. Lake Survey. 1841-1882 The Initial Survey_ The Great Lakes have had a long history of use as a navigation network. For hundreds of years Indians of the region traveled in 26 birchbark canoes on a vast waterway of connecting rivers and lakes throughout the Great Lakes and Canada, from the St. Lawrence seaway to the Arctic Ocean. Navigation on the Great Lakes was of vital importance to the French fur traders and Indian trappers in the 1600's and 1700's, and to the British when they gained control of the area in 1763. Americans first began to settle in the Great Lakes region in the late 1700's and early 1800's, and by 186k Americans had acquired all but thirty-two square miles of land in Michigan, often through unscrupulous treaties with the Indians. And, as American settlers obtained land in the region, commerce on the Great Lakes began to develop, requiring more and more accurate navigational information. In 1816 army engineers began local surveys of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario preliminary to harbor improvements. The Erie Canal opened in 1825, facilitating the settlement of the Great Lakes region, and in 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act as the pressure for land increased. By the 18k0's, the area around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario was well settled by Americans, and the improvement and formation of harbors at important points had begun. While areas around Lake Huron and Lake Michigan were rapidly being settled, the upper lakes region remained sparsely populated, and the Lake Superior area was still inhabited primarily by Indians and fur traders. In 18h0 the U. S. Tepographical Engineers began a survey for a ship canal around the falls at Sault Ste. Marie to aid shipping at Chicago, the only good harbor on Lake Michigan, and to develop ports on Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Commerce between 27 the lake ports continually increased, particularly between Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago as mineral wealth around Lake Superior and other Great Lakes areas was discovered.1 Navigation on the Great Lakes was considered more hazardous than on the ocean. During violent gales and storms, ocean vessels drift at sea until the storm subsides. Vessels on the Great Lakes, however, were often thrown on shore during extended storms unless a port or harbor of refuge was reached. There were few harbors of refuge on the Great Lakes, few lighthouses and beacons, and know- ledge of dangerous shoals and reefs was minimal. The only charts of the Great Lakes were made from surveys by Captain H. w. Bayfield of the British Navy in the early 1820's, and they were of little value to American navigators. Figure 13 shows one of Bayfield's charts. These charts showed the coastlines with reasonable accuracy, but only indicated water depths in a few places and charted few of the reefs and shoals along the American shores. Commerce on the Great Lakes was characterized by great loss of lives and preperty.2 The need for new surveys of the Great Lakes was first suggested at a meeting in Detroit in October, 1831 and Congress was petitioned to provide the surveys. In March, 18h1 Congress appropriated 315,000 for a "Hydrographical Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes" and the U. s. Lake Survey was organized to survey the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers, furnish reliable navigation charts, and study the hydrography and hydraulics of the lakes so that necessary improvements for safe navigation could be made. Annual appropriations were to be provided for the survey.3 The survey was first assigned to the Corps of Topographical 28 — ‘. “ /' l ‘ ~QKUUH’ TWIN?“ “ll-CI." - w. Bayfield. H. Chart of Toronto Harbor, 1816, by. (Fleming, 1936, p. 69) Figure 13. 29 Engineers under the War Department, and then to the Army Corps of Engineers when the two corps merged in 1863. An officer of engineers supervised the survey, and engineer officers and civilians were employed as assistants. Colonel J. J. Abert, Chief of Topographical Engineers, placed Captain N. G. Williams in charge of the Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes in May, 1841. Captain Williams' organized the U. S. Lake Survey and opened the first office in Buffalo, New York. The office was moved to Detroit, Michigan in 18h5, where it remained until 1970. Captain Hilliams established a point of commencement for the survey on the north extremity of the southern cape of the entrance to Green Bay, a favorable point to begin a system of triangulation. He was later succeeded as super- visor of the Lake Survey by a series of engineer officers.“ Field Work The Lake Survey operations were divided into field work and office work with field work conducted from May to October. Several parties of surveyors were formed each season for survey work, topographical work, and inshore and offshore hydrography. The field work was not easy, for the upper Great Lakes region was heavily forested and extensive labor was necessary to clear areas for surveying. According to General Reynolds, supervisor of the Lake Survey in 1866: The character of the country in which the surveys are being prosecuted forbids that attention to the details of topography which would otherwise be desirable. It is the exception to find anything but a dense forest, in which it is impossible to make an accurate survey without Opening every foot of the line of sight. No sketching can be done that is reliable. Parties within easy hearing distance cannot see each other. And, lastly though by no means least, during the summer season, which is the only one 30 in which work can be done at all, the forests are so full of venemous insects that it is next to impossible for an instru- ment to be used. William Hearding, assistant to a field survey party assigned to charting the northwest end of Lake Huron in 1851 described the details of setting up camp at Mackinac Island: ...Uith the aid of some of our own men, the steamer's crew soon discharged our supplier of flour; hard bread; corn meal; rice; potatoes; beef; hams; beans; peas; sugar; coffee; tea; matches; boxes of soap; oil cans; sails; axes; tents; cooking stove; spikes and nails; spades and shovels; crowbars; coils of buoy rope; tool chests; camp stools; tables and chairs; personal baggage; lumber; grindstone; and a hundred other things essential to our work and convenience. Before we had taken leave of the Captain of the steamer who had been quite courteous and attentive to us on the trip, some of our party were busied in clearing away the bushwood and felling such trees as were necessary to be removed. ...He were fairly settled and in full working trim in the course of two or three days, and had made good progress in the prelimin- aries of our work when visitors were announced one morning, just as we had seated ourselves at the breakfast table. This leading personage of these, was the chief of a tribe of Indians who lived in our vicinity, and who claimed ownership to the lands along the main shore, and also to the whole group of islands. Assuming this early visit to imply for its object some business of importance, and partly guessing its meaning, our chief officer Lt. Scammon with courteous tact left the table and proceeded towards the canoe in which this dusky warrior with questionable grace and gravity was seated, and using the French language gave him a cordial invitation to our breakfast table, which invitation was accepted with becoming dignity.... ...Upon the conclusion of the meal he produced a pipe from under his blanket and tapped it slowly upon the palm of his hand he accepted the proffered tobacco with silent dignity and having filled and lighted his pipe, resumed his seat. He asked the meaning of our sudden occupation, of his territory, and what was our purpose in come there....As soon as a full explanation of our objective had been made, and the whole party had smoked in silence for a minute or two, he expressed himself as being glad to see his white friends and hoped we should find our residence on his land pleasant and satisfactory. He then proceeded to say, that the Great White Father was very rich, and undoubtedly intended o renumerate him, if he allowed us to cut down his trees.... Often nearly 200 men were assigned to work during the summer season from May to October. For example, in 1875, five shore parties 31 of twenty-five men each were assigned to take the soundings, determine the depth of the rivers and lakes out to thirty-five feet from shore, and note all shoals, reefs, and obstructions. Six triangulation parties of three men were assigned to the triangulation or location of difficult objects. Two steamers with thirty men each took soundings of the lakes from the limit of the shore parties out ten miles.7 In order to make hydrographic and topographic surveys, the Lake Survey engineers had to establish networks of horizontal and vertical control. A system of primary triangulation with carefully measured bases was used to establish this network. Where this was not practical, the positions of points were determined by observations of longitude and latitude, or by the method of latitude and azimuths. A primary triangulation network covering the Great Lakes was estabé lished between 1865 and 1875. It was later supplemented by other primary surveys, forming part of the primary triangulation net covering the United States. Secondary nets were established along shorelines to make it useful for hydrographic work.8 Methods of surveying improved over the years with the purchase of more precise instruments and larger work forces. Astronomical observations for time and latitude were made with a sextant while longitudes were determined by the chronometric method or a method of gun powder flash signals. The accuracy of triangulation increased when more modern base apparatus was made specially for the Lake Survey in 1852 and 1876. The angles of triangulation were measured with theodolites from stations around the horizon. The stations were pyramid platforms built near the shore, ranging in height 32 from #0 to 115 feet. In 1865 a method of sending Morse code messages between stations was introduced.9 Topography and inshore hydrography work was conducted by shore parties who established temporary camps every twelve miles along the lake shore. Surveys were made of the inshore waters and a strip of land along the shore to provide landmarks for navigators. The shoreline was surveyed with either compass and chain or theodolite and chain. Points on the shore were determined by chained off-sets at right angles to the compass or theodolite courses, or by intersections from two main stations. Four men were needed to carry instruments and stadia rods and conduct the topographical surveys. Because the shores of the lakes were often either densely wooded or marshy, only the general topography of the shore one-half to three-fourths of a mile inland was sketched, but detailed surveys were made at settlements and towns. Contours for ten and twenty feet of elevation were determined, and all roads, streams, buildings, and woods were indicated. The work was plotted at a scale of 1:10.000 and details were sketched on a field sheet.1o Between 1860 and 1875, waters were sounded with the lead-line for inshore hydrography. Soundings were taken from the shore out one-half mile or to depths of three or four fathoms. Shoals and dangerous points within several miles of shore were also included. Sounding stations were established at 100 to #00 meter intervals along the shore, and a line of buoys 500 to 1,000 meters apart were placed along the four-fathom curve and other locations.11 For offshore hydrography, soundings were extended ten miles out from the line determined by shore parties. Lines of soundings 33 about one mile apart were run by steamer. Soundings were taken every ten minutes and observers on shore took readings to the steamer and noted the time. Soundings were taken every five minutes in water less than twenty fathoms deep. Beginning in 1860, lines of soundings were also run across the lakes at fifteen mile intervals to obtain general lake depths. However, even the most accurate soundings did not guarantee clear channels and the location of all obstructions.12 In 1859 the Lake Survey established gauges and began to record water level and meteorological observations over the entire Great Lakes region. The purpose was to establish a uniform plane of reference for the soundings, and to solve questions regarding lake level fluctuations and tides on the Great Lakes. Previously, water level readings were taken on temporary gauges, and soundings were reduced to the mean level during the survey period. Lake levels were computed each month for navigators because the level could change sufficiently to affect safe navigation. From 1867 to 1869 the supply of water in the lakes was investigated by methods of gauging the velocity of the rivers connecting the lakes. The determination of the mean level of the lakes and their height above the ocean was initiated in 1875.13 Office Work Lake Survey office work was conducted from October to May, when the weather was unfavorable for field work. Surveyors and office clerks computed and plotted the geodetic positions of points of triangulation, coordinates of stations, t0pography and hydrography, 3b, and reduced the soundings to a plane of reference while draftsmen compiled and drew the charts from this data. The office clerks also issued charts, maintained registers of charts, field sketches, instruments, and records and reports on water levels, tides on the lakes, and other scientific information. The Lake Survey was also in charge of studying and reporting recommendations for harbor and channel improvements and construction.1u The final charts were compiled and drawn by Lake Survey drafters as soon as the surveys were completed. The data for the projections and coordinates of all points fixed by the surveys were compiled from office computations, and the data on topography and hydrography was provided on detail sheets. The final charts were engraved at the Engineer Department in washington, D. C. In later years the charts were photolithographed immediately after completion by the drafter, and these photolithographs were distributed while the plates were engraved. In 1852 the first Lake Survey charts were published and the systematic distribution of charts began. The charts were issued free of charge to any American or Canadian vessel navigating the lakes and were distributed at the Detroit Lake Survey office and at an agency in Buffalo, New York.15 After 1870, a new system of chart publication was adopted. A general chart of each lake at 1:#00,000 was published, and the shoreline of each lake was divided into sections, with a coast chart of each section published at 1:80,000. The charts of the rivers, harbors, and other special locations were published at larger scales. All the charts published during this period were black and white prints made from copper plates. Included on the charts 35 were sailing lines, a water table showing mean level and fluctuations, a table of magnetic variations, a table of light houses, sailing directions, and a list of dangers to navigation.16 The Survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes was completed in 1882. A continuous chain of triangulation in the Great Lakes was established and seventy-six nautical charts of the lakes and connecting rivers had been published. With the completion of the survey, field Operations ended, but the printing, correcting, and issuing of the charts continued. Corrections and additions were based on local surveys and reports by engineer officers in charge of river and harbor improvements on the lakes.17 1889-1911 Resumption of the Lake Survey The Lake Survey work completed in 1882 was considered sufficient for future navigation, however, navigational requirements expanded, necessitating the resumption of the Lake Survey operations. From 1889 to 1911 the previous work of the survey was updated and new projects were initiated to make the surveys and charts more adequate for growing lake commerce. The first annual Bulletin was published, color charts were introduced, a general project for Lake Survey operations was adopted in 1907, and in 1909 a chart project was formulated. Systematic field work was resumed in 1889 to correct some of the Lake Survey charts, but by 1900 it was evident that this method of updating the charts was inadequate. Water depths greater than eighteen feet needed to be ascertained and charted to accommodate larger ships, rapidly growing commerce, and harbor improvements on 36 the lakes. As a result of these needs, the U. S. Lake Survey was reorganized on January 1, 1901 to modernize the charts and expand scientific observations on the Great Lakes.18 The first annual Bulletin, later named the Great Lakes Pilot, was published in 1889. This was an important development which enabled the Lake Survey to simplify their charts by providing updated navigation information in booklets and monthly supplements instead of on the charts. Bulletins were supplied to all important businesses and individuals engaged in navigation on the lakes, and special notices about lake levels, obstructions, and improvements. were issued to navigation interests and newspapers in the Great Lakes region.19 The Lake Survey initiated several changes in chart production during this period. Color charts were introduced in 1895, and by 1909 all charts were published in color. The charts were printed with depths of eighteen or twenty feet or less in blue indicating the limits of navigation. This was considered a great improvement in chart production much preferable to the old black and white prints. The method of chart production also improved. The early methods of engraving on stone and copper plates were expensive and inefficient, and a new method of transfer and etching was introduced by a Lake Survey engineer. The charts were engraved on stone, transferred to copper plates for corrections and revisions, and lithographic transfers were made from the copper plates to stone for printing new editions, which combined the speed and economy of stone engraving with the ease of correcting copper plates.‘20 The policy of issuing charts also changed. Until 1890, a full set of charts 37 was issued free to all registered U. S. vessels. After 1890, the free issue was discontinued, and the charts were sold at a nominal price to cover the cost of printing and paper.21 The accuracy of locating and charting least depths and Obstructions was improved with the invention of the long wire sweep method by a Lake Survey engineer in 1902. Even with minute soundings, it had become evident that shoals and dangerous objects were not always detected. The long wire sweep method utilized a copper wire suspended at a given depth by floats which was drawn through the water by steamers at each end of the wire. Obstructions were located when the floats attached to the wire tipped over, or when the wire caught and pulled. During the sweeping, soundings were made to develop lake bottom contours. In 1907, five uncharted shoals and ship wrecks were found with the wire sweep in Lake Erie and seven new shoals were located in the Mackinac Straits. In 1908, seventeen uncharted shoals of less than eighteen feet and several wrecks were found, and the location of dangerous Obstructions in Lake Michigan caused the reopening of a shorter and more convenient navigation route. Many other wrecks and dangerous shoals were found in later years. Formulation of the General Project of 1907 Until 1907, the Lake Survey Operated without a general policy or project. Early methods of revising and updating charts and improving navigational facilities on an ad hoc basis became inadequate with the rapid development of lake commerce and increased ship size, and for the first time, a general project to make the surveys and 38 charts adequate for all future demands was formulated in 1907. The general project proposed to determine and chart lake depths in all significant regions Of the Great Lakes to a plane thirty feet below the adapted low-water datum of the Open lakes and twenty- five feet below the corresponding datum in the channels of the connecting rivers, with the completion of triangulation and precise leveling needed to control the areas under survey. The project also provided for the extension of river-discharge measurements, investigation of lake levels, magnetic surveys in and near main navigation courses, and the prompt examination Of areas where obstructions were reported. Field work was necessary for this project included triangulation, precise leveling, ordinary sounding, deep-sea sounding, sweeping, hydraulic measurement, and magnetic observations on land and water. It was estimated that this general project would be completed in 1918, if adequate apprOpriations were granted. After the completion of this project, Lake Survey operations would continue to provide small surveys necessary to observe natural changes and investigate wrecks and Obstructions, and revise and issue the charts. It was expected that the charts would increase in importance and demand as commerce on the Great Lakes increased.23 Chart Project of 1909 A chart project for completing the Lake Survey charts to meet future demands was approved in April 1909. The chart project provided for the preparation of new charts and the revision of old charts so all charts would be projected on the geodetic datum adopted in 1901, with soundings referred to the planes of standard low water approved in 1909. Obsolete charts would be discontinued, and the less 39 important harbor charts published as insets to appropriate coast charts. It was estimated that this project would be completed in six years, and would include 109 separate charts. The series would be maintained by revisions and corrections, such as changes in aids to navigation, river and harbor improvements, additional sailing courses, and significant topographic and hydrographic changes developed by commerce and industry. Hand corrections included changes in lights and buoys, pier extension, and breakwater construction.28 It was estimated that the general Lake Survey project formu- lated in 1907 would be completed by 1918, and the chart project approved in 1909 would be finished in 1915. Hewever, in 1911 the surveying and charting of additional waters was added to these projects, extending Lake Survey operations far beyond earlier expectations. This expansion initiated the third period. 71911-19h8 Expansion of Operations During the third era, the Lake Survey's projects considerably enlarged the area to be surveyed and charted and added several new scientific studies. Legislation in 1911 extended the survey to include the lakes and other navigable waters of the New York canals. Included was the revision and adjustment of existing survey data by field reconnaissance, supplemented by topographic and hydrographic surveys necessary to prepare navigation charts. This project was completed in 1920, and seven charts were published.25 Further legislation in 1913 transferred the jurisdiction of surveying and charting Lake Champlain from the Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Lake Survey. Surveys of harbors and other important areas in Lake Champlain began in 1928 and were completed in 1933, 1,0 with the publication of five charts.26 The Minnesota-Ontario border lakes were added in 1914. The project provided for the preparation of nautical charts of the American waters of Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, complete with hydrography. The remaining boundary waters were to be charted without hydrographic detail because of a lack of commerce in the area. Previous surveys by the International Boundary Commission were supplemented with additional field work. The project was completed in 1938, and four charts were published. Later, fourteen additional charts of the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes were published without hydrography.27 Two new scientific projects were begun during this period. In 1920 a crustal earth movement study was initiated to determine the direction and rate of earth movements in the Great Lakes basin, evident by changes in water levels. It was found that there was a downward tilting of the land to the south and west throughout the region. Further investigations were conducted to determine the directions and rates of change in different areas, which would influence the regulation and outflow of the lakes. This study is still underway.28 From 1928 to 1932 the Lake Survey conducted a "deep sea" sounding project using echo sounding to determine depths. Echo soundings were made on the lakes on lines three miles apart. This new technique provided valuable new information about lake bottom topography. Most important was the discovery of the dangerous Superior Shoal located in the middle of Lake Superior, with depths #1 from 200 to 1,000 feet and several peaks to within twenty-one feet of the surface in an area less than a mile across.29 The chart project formulated in 1909 was modified slightly over the years to accommodate changing navigation conditions and supplemental projects. Technical advances in production also influenced the charting project. In 1911 a flat-bed lithograph power press was installed by the Lake Survey. This was an important development enabling the Lake Survey to become self-contained and capable of a high degree of accuracy and quality in chart production. Production work required expert specialists who were in little commercial demand, so the Lake Survey was able to produce the charts cheaper and better than large commercial lithographers. The charts were revised, original copper plate or stone engravings were corrected, transfers to stone were made, color plates prepared, and charts printed on the power press.30 In 1925 the change from flat-bed to offset lithography was begun and completed in 1937. All the charts were printed in color, with water areas up to eighteen or twenty-one feet deep in the Great Lakes and up to twelve feet on the New YOrk waterways shaded in blue to show safe areas for navigation. In 1915 a new plan was adapted to meet a demand for charts useful to motor boats and small pleasure craft. All areas less than six feet deep on certain harbor and river charts were to be shaded a flat or darker blue to show clearly the areas dangerous for smaller craft.31 Reformulation of the Chart Project The chart project adopted in 1909 was reformulated in 1917 to include previous additions and modifications. The reformulated #2 project provided for revising the Old charts to standard projection and to standard low water for depths, preparing new charts based on the adopted standards to depict localities not shown before in detail and to replace obsolete charts, and to incorporate enlarged insets of harbors or other locations on appropriate coast charts, either newly engraved or reproduced from existing charts. The series of charts planned in 1917 included 105 separate charts of the Great Lakes and connecting waters with fifty-two insets, five charts of Lake Champlain, and seven charts of the New York canals. The number of charts was considered flexible to accommodate future changes in navigation conditions.32 The charts were drawn at various scales depending on the intended purpose. A general chart of the Great Lakes, used for a regional map, was drawn at a scale of 1:1,200,000. A general chart of each lake provided for overall navigation and was drawn at scales of 1:900,000 for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and 1:500,000 for Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and Lake Huron. Coast charts depicted sections of the coasts in greater detail at scales of 1:80.000 to 1:120,000. River charts were used for more exacting navigation requirements, at scales of 1:15,00 to 1:#0,000. Small harbor charts were produced as insets on coast charts, and large harbors were on separate charts. Scales ranged from 1:2,500 to 1:20,000 depending on the size and importance Of the harbor and the detail necessary for safe navigation.33 After the completion Of the projects on the New York canals, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes in 1938, the #3 Lake Survey continued the general project formulated in 1907, but operations consisted primarily of chart maintenance and correction. Included were the revision and reissue of charts, revisory surveys of harbors, rivers, and shores, investigations of obstructions to navigation, observation and study of lake levels and hydraulic conditions in their outlets, and publication of annual Bulletins with monthly supplements and notices to mariners.Bh 19h8-1970 The Modern Period During the modern period recreational traffic on the Great Lakes rapidly expanded and charts specifically designed for use on small craft were in demand. The Lake Survey began to publish small loose-leaf style books of large scale charts with details and information of special interest to recreationists. Previously, the only modification in chart design for small craft was the use of dark blue shading in areas less than six feet deep on certain charts, adopted in 1915. The Lake Survey published several loose-leaf booklets of recreation charts. The first volume published in 1998 included sixty charts of the New York canals. Recreational craft charts were published of the inland route in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan in 1960, the west end Of Lake Erie in 1963, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River in 1963, and the south shore of Lake Erie in 196“. Charts of Lake Winnebago and the Lower Rex River were published in 1967, and of the Chicago Lake Front from Wilmette to Gary, Indiana in 1968.35 Several subdivisions of the Lake Survey conducted somewhat different projects during this period. The Revisory Section 41, provided revised data for charts every three years, but revisions ‘were>made annually on the St. Clair-Detroit River system and more frequently elsewhere when necessary. Field work included verifying {and.correcting hydrographic and tOpographic features, taking soundings, and.investigating other pertinent information for revision on the charts.36 Inshore Sections conducted major hydrographic surveys of water depths less than thirty-five feet to revise or replace earlier surveys. They made surveys whenever it was necessary rather than operating on a regular schedule. Field work included echo sounding, electronic positioning, horizontal wire sweeping, and using aerial photography and field checking to correct topography. The vertical and horizontal control networks were also checked and maintained regularly. The horizontal network consisted of 5,000 marked points, and the vertical network had 2,000 bench marks.37 The Compilation Section prepared new editions and charts based on data from field work and other sources. In 1953 the Lake Survey began to use plastic instead of glass as a base for engraving the charts, allowing the engraving of a complete chart on one sheet instead of several, and during this period used modern cartographic production techniques to prepare and print the charts in color on offset lithographic presses. In addition to providing charts of the Great Lakes, the Cartographic Division provided maps for the Army Map Service and other government offices.38 During this period the Lake Survey began to prepare flourescent radar charts, an innovation in nautical charts. Aerial photographs of the image on the radarsOOpe were made at regular intervals to ‘prepare an overlay printed in flourescent ink on the chart. The flourescence was activated by a black light, enabling the navigator 'to compare the image on the radarscope with the chart and plot his or her position regardless of weather conditions.39 Improvements in the lighting of chart rooms on ships to minimize interference with vision adaptation at night were also introduced during this period. Experiments by the U. 3. Navy indicated that red light was the Optimum lighting for reading nautical charts at night. However, the use of red light affected the color on charts, making red, orange, and buff disappear. As a result, on many charts these colors were replaced with magenta or purple and grey.40 The Lake Survey continued scientific investigations of lake levels and river flows, characteristics of lake and river bottoms, changes in shorelines and other features, the movement of the earth's crust, lake currents, and navigational facilities. The Lake Survey published data on precipitation on the lake basins, diversions of water to and from the lakes, river flows, and longbrange forecasts of lake levels. Information on water temperatures, water levels at specific locations, current velocities, benchmark descriptions and elevations, and special navigation problems was furnished on request.M In 1962, the Lake Survey established a Research Division to increase engineering and scientific investigations on the Great Lakes. The research projects rapidly expanded and the Research Division was redesignated the Great Lakes Research Center in 1966. A wide range of scientific research was conducted on the lakes and connecting rivers.“2 #6 In 1970, the Lake Survey disbanded when it was merged with the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to form the National Ocean Survey, ‘which has continued the charting and research projects of the Lake Survey to the present. FOOTNOTES CHAPTER TWO 1Fitzgibbon, John, "Government Survey and Charting of the Great Lakes," Michigan History Magazine 1 (1917): 55-56. 21bid. 30. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Report Upon the Preliminary Triangulation of the United States Lake Survey, by C. B. Comstock, Professional Paper No. 2h (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), p. 2. “Ibid., pp. 2-1+. -sIbid., p. 21. 6Hoarding, William H. S., "W. H. S. Hearding Story 1851," Personal Narrative, 1875, Michigan State Library, Lansing, Michigan. 7Farmer, Silas, History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early» Michigan, (Detroit: Silas Farmer and CO., 1890). p. 918. 8Pettis, C. R., "The Work of the U. S. Lake Survey," Civil Engineering 8 (January 1938): 23. 9U. S. Army, pp. 17-18. 10 . Ibid., pp. 32-3“. 11Ibid. 1211ml. 13Fitzgibbon, pp. 61-63. 1“U. S. Army, p. 29. 15Ibid., p. 25. 16Ibid. 170. 8. Army, War Department, Annual Report of the Chief of En ' eers, (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907 , p. 8h2. 18U. S. Lake Survey, "Charting the Great Lakes," (Detroit: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1956). . 19U. S. Army, War Department, 1913, pp. 1k73-1474- ZOU. 8. Army, War Department, 1908, pp. 2517-2519. “7 #8 210. 5. Army, War Department, 1913, pp. 1h72-1h73. ZZFitzgibbon, pp. 67-68. 23U. S. Army, War Department, 1909, p. 933. 2“Ibiza, p. 937. 25U. S. Army, War Department, 1948, p. 3068. 26Ibid. 27Ibid. 28U. S. Army, War Department, 1920, p. 2061. 29Hunt, Ira A. Jr., "The Lake Survey and the Great Lakes," The Military Engineer 51 (May—June 1959): 185. 300. 3. Army, War Department, 1912. pp. 3530.353}. 31U. S. Army, War Department, 1917, p. 1923. 321mm. p. 1918. 33U. S. Lake Survey, 1956. 3“U. S. Army, War Department, 1931, p. 2249. 35Feldscher, Carl B., "Charting the Great Lakes," Paper presented at the 1969 Regional Convention of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Kansas City, Missouri (Detroit: U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey), p. 3. 36Ibid., pp. #-5. 371b1deg pp. 5-60 38U. S. Lake Survey, "U. S. Lake Survey Story," (Detroit: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1968). pp. 6, 21. 39Hnnt. pp. 185-186. #OU. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation (Bowditch), Pub. No. 9 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 118. “1U. S. Lake Survey, 1956. “EU. S. Lake Survey, "Brief History of U. S. Lake Survey," (Detroit: U. S. Arm Corps of Engineers, no date). CHAPTER THREE CARTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS Introduction The U. S. Lake Survey nautical charts were examined to determine cartographic changes through time. Charts at various scales were selected from the four historical periods of the Lake Survey: a small scale general chart at 1:“O0,000 or 1:500,000; a coast chart at 1:120,000; a river chart at 1:#0,000; and a harbor chart at 1:10,000 to 1:16,000. In addition, several other charts from each era were briefly examined to confirm major trends and note any unusual features. Table 1 shows the sample Lake Survey charts examined from each historical era. The charts were examined to ascertain cartographic changes within and between time periods including overall features of the charts, textual information, and hydrographic and topographic symbolization; because the charts at various scales were similar in design and symbolization, each chart was not described separately. Instead, the major cartographic trends and changes for each historical period were examined and any unusual features found on individual charts were noted. The Lake Survey chart projects for each period were briefly summarized to provide background information for the cartographic development of the charts. “9 50 TABLE 1 SAMPLE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS No. Chart Date Scale Category 1891—1882 Lake Huron 1860 1:900,000 general chart Saginaw Bay and Part of Lake 1860 1:120,000 coast chart Huron St. Clair River 1872 1:90.000 river chart Ontonagon Harbor 1859 1:16.000 harbor chart 1882-1211 #3 Lake Erie 1908 1:900.000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1906 1:120,000 coast chart #93 St. Clair River 1908 1.90.000 river chart #763 Holland Harbor 1912 1:15.000 harbor chart 1211-1ggg #5 Lake Huron 1990 1:500,000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1936 1:120,000 coast chart #93 St. Clair River 1939 1:90.000 river chart #711 Manistique Harbor 1925 1:10.000 harbor chart M #5 Lake Huron 1967 1:500,000 general chart #52 Lake Huron 1967 1:120,000 coast chart #93 St. Clair River 1966 1:90.000 river chart #763 Holland Harbor 1966 1:15.000 harbor chart 1891-1882 The Initial Survgz During the first historical period seventy-six black and white charts of the Great Lakes and connecting waters were published. The general land features of the shore one-half to three-fourths mile inland were charted. including streams, roads. and vegetation, and detailed surveys of towns and settlements were made. Soundings. Obtained by lead-line, were taken out to a depth of about twenty-two feet. and offshore soundings were taken ten miles out from shore. Occasional soundings were obtained further out to determine general 51 lake depths. Water depths of eighteen feet were indicated on the charts for a maximum navigation draft of twelve feet. After 1870, a system of chart production was implemented to provide a general chart of each lake at 1:900,000, coast charts at 1:80.000, and river and harbor charts at larger scales. The sample charts examined in detail included Figure 19, a general chart of Lake Huron published in 1860; Figure 15, a coast chart of Saginaw Bay and Part of Lake Huron published in 1860; Figure 16, a chart of St. Clair River published in 1872; and Figure 17, a Preliminary Chart of Ontonagon Harbor published in 1859. Extensive textual information was included on these charts, but the amount of information varied with the scale as small scale charts generally had more textual information than larger scales. Included in the text was a list of authors comprised of the officers in charge of the survey. the engineers who conducted the triangulation, hydrographic and topographic surveys, the engraver, the author of information charted on Canadian waters. and survey dates. Extensive sailing directions were provided. with information on entering and leaving various ports, bays and other areas. Harbors of refuge and anchorage were described in detail on many of the charts as well as locations of dangers to navigation such as shoals, reefs. boulders, and ship wrecks. Additional notes provided legend information on soundings and depth contours. a table of magnetic variations, a list of light houses. a water level table. and occasionally a table of port distances. Soundings were represented by numbers and depth contours in feet and fathoms. Stippled depth contours were drawn for six, nine. -.—. __ ~u.--“-tcoo--- o“-u.u.o-m as -o-— -.‘mu c... i _-.o- --——--—- mm—O-" — *-¢’*—--_ u 3 I . . ' — ' r O .' e .A f- ' , I; . - , ‘. V -i- ‘j ’l {- ' ' -. - ---e—eo --e- c- - t . 75.:— . V: . - , . '0 . . "_ A - .. -2 o , I #13.“ })TT“‘" 4‘? -....‘.I.'-'.'.--...-....... l 2‘1". I. 0‘. II t." u. -" - LAKE lll‘|l|)\ ‘._ ' I . CO 0‘ ‘- O—O -~—a‘----- - v?‘ A . -- " -- fig. _::- 0'22? =:.E.o.o.‘:o.—;: 2.... . . -' - ‘ ‘ $ Figure 19. Chart of Lake Huron, 1:900,000, 1860. s:‘ I 553 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : ; i _‘ : ;| ;,; :: E :5 ‘ .' l f - 7. ' I I a". ' .5 5 5 3 L ‘ l . '- 4: 2 ..~ an 93 I i .' S ; ‘n 1 . ' i Y ‘- . . . , _ z ‘ ’ ‘-’ I f .. l' 'l . .' : -_" l ‘1". I ('1‘ l ' ...£!:!£huu..h-hl ' I 1860. Chart of Saginaw Bay, 1:120,000, Figure 15. 59 'Chart of St. Clair River. 1:90.000. 1872. .:..== .- ----- - man-._“o-c—v O a c e D -ee- .0 O -- --.-...- 0-- -~---- “*0.- .00-‘OOU---—‘.- - a. - Q C O Q - n O . . at O ... o. ._I: -= m-- 16 Figure 55 ‘- 1" ..' ...I- .blo 5".... 0.0.... I. III .I :0... III .1 1 1.1.1.. In. .1. . nets 9"... '0.... .- I e.- .olo II- e...e.:—alel ...... 1". .f.. III-1' a. ...-Ice. e. lint-e1 .J. ....l: Inc... .40 .. ...-ls v23. ’53:.3 3.8.; .7; 2.8.; 3:. ... para... l1 3:9... .. 3.3.... v. I.) .. .9511?! .1.’.l..l.Iol .l. e.» we oI.I .o ..Ihosills. o. e. . . ., .e . u 5.. 83.33.91» 2 a: .— ... 337.: 7.334.123}... .amme .ooo.meur .ecnsem sowssceso as ensso .. -.. .... .. . ... 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"IIIIJIIIIII‘ ‘38]; ,II ..lslli. I'- III II... III S6 twelve, and eighteen feet. The depth contours were shaded in dark to light grey tones to show the limits of navigation. Soundings within the dotted surfaces were in feet, and elsewhere in fathoms. Numerous soundings were shown near shore extending ten miles lake- ward because more soundings had been taken in this area to determine the limits of safe navigation and dangers. Fewer soundings were shown in the open lakes because only scattered soundings had been obtained to ascertain general lake depths, as shown in Figure 18. Aids to navigation represented on the charts included light- houses. beacons. and buoys. Lighthouses were represented by picto- graphic symbols while abstract symbols were used for buoys and beacons. The location of dangers such as rocks. boulders, and reefs were indicated on the charts and lake bottom charactersitics such as mud, clay, gravel, and sand were noted. Features along the shore- line such as points, bays, and islands were often named. 0n the small scale charts, land areas were indicated to about five miles inland, but at larger scales the distance was from one-half to two miles from shore. Symbols similar to modern tOpo- graphic symbols were used to represent deciduous and coniferous trees, fields, orchards, grass. and swamps, and land elevations and relief were symbolized by hachures. Settlements and towns were named and indicated by streets and prominent buildings, along with rivers and railroads. Figure 19 shows the extensive detail used to depict land areas on a large scale chart. Two unusual features were noted on these charts. On several harbor charts, an inset showing a low oblique view of the harbor was included, illustrated in Figure 20. These insets were drawn in detail “arming-An. nu lat-Inu— ”and. May-«“51. a...».....»« mud ”HI-...; < IO”. - hbduw-finfiod \ - Ifiuv-u-I—u—hw .. "bu—cud...» d'uz,uur~v. .4 “ —..4 *1 ,. '- e “4511'“; " a ‘ " n ‘- J Info-u.» “ .- I- . - .- . . .- uetm‘: .5.» m. .r. .1: m“: a“ .. \ ‘I n u .. . “ 'i .- " n u A II no“ . o . . \e ‘ “ a. - :- II I .a 'l “ nu . no“ " u ‘ ‘ I ...-l ' I “ II " ' “nod II "A II " u ...-i ' II a W n '- Iv . .. “ ‘ u u say In . ‘- .. - " I . In a " a. I n . I .1. ‘I II II . n u . u u I II " and II I u .. II '7 u . .. II ' '- .~ A.“ ‘I ad I. - n n - d u - I . - a a .. u ,‘ - I.“ m—an— " ' II —I u . . II III- a In _ n - - u t - I. II . u a h I ' 3 II n I u I. .- II . - no“ \I ,- . '- I " n I - II I I ...: II In ad I . u "I’ I. I- - ~ 3 _ - " V l. - . I I. II I ' ’1' u I. . In I! I .- n n . n ..— .. I n n n a I n.» ' l "‘|IIIIII I I. ‘ . l I "III:'“ Figure 18. Portion of chart of Ontonagon Harbor. 1:16.000, 1859. 58 'v m- “ nut-In III—II nun- : an hum-I"— ...-.— (‘lL‘ll‘l' (W SAINT CLAIR RIVER burnout-wan! MmudwwMJ “Cal" I‘m.1’ayn {W .1:— *bu-n—d In___ —-——-— u-A— nu— -q.-—¢—-_ —-—---~—_——-— — 1.— ——~ ...-1... _ ...-I —._u —_ d_—M'-_ ooh- --nnh-u-g—_——-~_ -- _— u —-_.~-IIOII ..- -— u—n— ~—.4-- .a— —_‘—a—‘_—n—— - ~."‘_.—-_-..- I—. —_ - nu—nnu— .- -. —-—. ...—-0- _-—abmh———-— an. on. [b v-—_—-¢u¢--—~. -‘-~-_—_—_-— -, .——-_———-——--—— .- --—-- —a-._..-~~——o— .4 1"“ ~ ‘03.... .— Figure 19. Portion of chart of St. Clair River, 1:40.000. 1872. 59 4'ar'- .05. “w. . 72 to pale blue. Contour lines on land were changed to brown and brown shading between the contour lines was eliminated. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, the symbols for the aids to navigation, the compass rose, and some notes were printed in red, but by the late 1960's all these features were printed in purple, and channels were colored magenta. These changes in color probably developed with the increased use of red lights for reading charts at night, which made red and buff colors disappear and necessitated the introduction of colors better suited for this lighting. vegetation symbols were virtually eliminated, except swamp symbols which were now printed in blue. Land areas were depicted' primarily by streets, buildings, and landmarks by the 1960's. Hachures were eliminated, and contour lines were used less frequently. By the 1960's, water depths on most charts were tinted blue to twenty- four feet, and often the thirty foot depth contour was drawn but not shaded blue. All aids to navigation and other symbols were in accordance with those illustrated in Chart No. 1 Chart Symbols and Abbreviations, but most of the symbols were similar to previous ones, except the lighthouse symbol which became more abstract and the yellow color was eliminated. Less textual information was included on these charts, and the only tables found on most charts were a water level table and a fathoms and feet to meters table. The Lake Survey began to publish booklets of large scale recreational craft charts during this period. These 11" x 17 %” looseleaf booklets were designed for use on small boats and showed greater details, including names and locations of yacht clubs and marinas, more water depths, and detailed shoreline features and 73 landmarks. The chart scales varied in different booklets and insets were often included. The Influence of Tradition on the Lake Surv_ey Charts The U. S. Lake Survey produced nautical charts of the Great Lakes region for over 125 years. These charts were contin- ually revised to improve the safety of navigation on the lakes and keep pace with changing navigational needs, and various scientific investigations were conducted to provide information on the hydraulics and hydrography of the lakes and to supplement the charts. Tradition greatly influenced the cartographic development of the Lake Survey charts through time, for the charts changed remarkably little in appearance despite the many important advances in navigation, technology, and cartography. The cartographic development of the Lake Survey charts is summarized in Table 2. The greatest cartographic changes in the Lake Survey charts were the introduction of color and more accurate and complete repre- sentation of soundings, aids to navigation, and dangers. The use of color significantly improved the charts, for the use of shaded blue contours emphasized the limits of navigation while aids to navigation were represented by red and yellow abstract symbols which were much more prominent than the previous black and white symbols. Later, these symbols were changed from red to purple due to improved lighting conditions for night reading in the chartroom. Landform relief was represented by brown contour lines and brown shading, an improvement over the earlier black hachures, and land areas were colored either buff or later pale yellow which provided better visual contrast between water and land areas than on the black and white charts. 71... TABLE 2 CARTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAKE SURVEY CHARTS Feature 18h1-1882 1889-1911 1911-19h8 1948-1970 COLOR black & white 1895- first color changed color changed color from buff to to pale yellow 1909-all in beige and and pale blue color green-blue to light blue SOUNDINGS feet & fathom shades of shaded blue same numbers and green-blue contours to shaded grey feet in 30 feet contour lines tinted area 6 foot con- 6, 9, 12, 18 fathoms tours dark feet elsewhere blue for 6, 12, 18, small craft 21, 2# feet AIDS TO pictographic red and same red then NAVIGATION symbols yellow purple abstract abstract symbols symbols DANGERS words such same same plus standard as rocky, some symbols wreck, reef symbols LAKE words such same same standard BOTTOM as clay, mud, abbreviations stone LAND AREAS extensive same fewer no vegetation tOpographic topographic symbols except symbols symbols for blue swamp vegetation symbols more urban more urban features features ELEVATION ihachures hachures 8: less hachures Brown contour contours more contours lines & no brown shading hachures 75 The actual cartographic symbols changed only slightly, however. Soundings were represented by numbers and shaded contour lines on all the Lake Survey charts, and lake bottom characteristics were always symbolized by descriptive words or abbreviations. Aids to navigation on the early black and white charts were represented by pictographic symbols, but with the introduction of color they were changed to more abstract red and yellow symbols. These were later colored purple instead of red and altered only slightly to conform to international standards. Dangers to navigation were indicated by words such as reef, shoal, and wreck on the earlier charts, and by the 1930's standard symbols were used. The tOpo- graphic symbols used to represent features such as trees, fields, grass, and swamps changed very little over the years; the greatest change was the gradual elimination of such representation except for swamp symbols which were colored blue by the modern period. More urban features such as roads, cities, and prominent buildings and landmarks along shore were depicted on later charts due to the increasing urbanization of the Great Lakes region and standard symbols were used to represent these features. Other information on the charts included written information which became less extensive over time, particularly after the first publication of the Bulletin in 1889. Insets were used to show harbors and other areas at larger scales, and on early charts low-oblique drawings of harbors were sometimes used. Over time more insets were included on the charts as some of the large scale harbor charts were incorporated onto appropriate coast charts. More information was gradually provided on the charts for small boats, such as shading of 76 shallow waters and representation of more landmarks along shore, and during the modern period detailed large scale recreational craft charts were issued. The Lake Survey charts changed very little in appearance for more than a century because conventional cartographic symbols and designs were preferred for several reasons. Traditional, standardized symbols increased the uniformity and utility of the charts, and this was recognized internationally with the establishment of the Inter- national Hydrographic Bureau in 1921 to adopt standard chart symbols. Many different symbols were used on nautical charts to represent a variety of important information such as dangerous shoals, ship wrecks, and shallow water, and the use of familiar symbols simplified chart reading during navigation. particularly in storms and treacher- ous areas. The charts were constantly updated by the Lake Survey and chart users to show new dangers, harbor improvements, and other ‘ changes, which further complicated the chart reading task and pro- vided another reason for the use of traditional chart designs and symbols. Furthermore, it was easier and less expensive for the Lake Survey to revise old charts and print new editions if the old printing plates could be corrected rather than completely remade, and new charts were more rapidly produced using familiar symbols and designs. The U. S. Lake Survey was very conservative and adapted only those cartographic innovations which would significantly improve the charts. The most important innovation was the introduction of color to accentuate the limits of navigation and navigational aids and dangers and provide more visual contrast and legibility, and this was considered a significant improvement in chart design. This was 77 the only major cartographic innovation adopted, however, illustrating the impact of tradition on the hundreds of nautical charts produced on the Great Lakes for more than a century. APPENDIX APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18B1-1970 Introduction The following bibliography of charts was compiled from a list of charts published by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1882 and reproductions of U. S. Lake Survey annual chart catalogs obtained from libraries in the Great Lakes region and the Library of Congress in Washington, D. C. The list published in 1882 included all seventy-six original charts produced from 18#1 to 1882. Additions of new charts; revisions such as changes in scale, area covered, and new inserts; and elimination of obsolete charts were ascertained from annual chart catalogs. The U. S. Lake Survey report in the_1917 U. S. Army Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers included a list of current charts and expected revisions, additions, and deletions as part of the 1917 revision of the chart project developed in 1909. Often the description of the vicinity covered by a chart changed from year to year in the chart catalogs; this reflected actual changes in the area covered, changes in place names such as the change from Point Aux Becs Scies to Point Betsie in 1903, or changes in the landmarks chosen to indicate the boundaries of the chart. All of these description changes were included in the bibliography because it was not possible to examine all the Lake Survey charts to determine the reason for the changes. This bibliography is a reasonably complete list of the Lake Survey charts published from 1841 to 1970. All the charts published by 1882 were included, and selected chart catalogs from 1900 to 1970 78 79 were used to compile the rest of the list. The chart catalogs examined were from 1900, 1903, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1917, 1927, 1935, 1937. 1939. 19#0. 1941. 19““. 19“5. 1949. 1953. 1955. 1958. 1960. 1962, 1963, 1967, 1969, and 1970. Additional chart catalogs were not included because of lack of availability and time and budget con- straints. Index maps of the Lake Survey charts were provided in the annual chart catalogs, and the index maps from the 1963 catalog are shown in Figures 29a through 29h to illustrate the areas typically covered by the charts. CHART INDEX GENERAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES Charts 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL SYSTEM St. Lawrence River Charts 11-131 Lake Champlain Charts 171-179 New York State Barge Canal System Charts 180-187 LAKE ONTARIO AND IOUER NIAGARA RIVER Charts 2-256 LAKE ERIE, NIAGARA RIVER, DETROIT RIVER, LAKE ST. CLAIR, AND ST. CLAIR RIVER Lake Erie and Niagara River Charts 3-376 Detroit River Charts h1-A16 Lake St. Clair Chart #2 St. Clair River Chart #3 LAKE HURON, STRAITS OF MACKINAC, AND ST. MARYS RIVER Lake Huron Charts 5-537 Straits of Mackinac Charts 6-60 St. Marys River Charts 61-660 mm; MICHIGAN Charts 7-789 LAKE SUPERIOR Charts 9-981 MINNESOTA-ONTARIO BORDER LAKES Charts 8h—8hh HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE CHARTS INDEX MAPS OF LAKE SURVEY CHARTS Figures 29a-29h 81 81 85 86 88 117 12k 126 127 U. S. LAKE SURVEY CHARTS 18R1-197O Note: This bibliography follows the annual chart catalog format and uses the modern chart numbering system initiated in 1909 and modified somewhat over the years. The dates of publication for the charts in this list include the first year each chart was published, dates of changes, and the date of discontinu- ation; unless noted, all charts were published until 1970. GENERAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 0 General Chart of the Northern and North- 1:1,200.000 1907 western‘Lakes The Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, New York 1:1,200,000 1935 Canals, and Lake of the Woods The Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, and New 1:1,200,000 1939 York Canals Inset: Drainage Basin, Northern and 1:500,000 Northwestern Lakes Inset Removed 1953 Great Lakes - General Chart - including 1:1,500,000 1968 Lake Champlain and New York Canals 2 Lake Ontario 1:h00,000 1877 Lake Ontario (color) 1 #100,000 1903 3 Lake Erie 1:#O0,000 1852 Lake Erie (color) 1zhO0,000 1903 5 Lake Huron 1:#O0,000 1860 Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (color) 1:hO0,000 1907 Lake Huron - the whole lake, Georgian 1:400,000 1927 Bay, and North Channel Lake Huron - the entire lake, including 1:SO0,000 1937 Georgian Bay and North Channel 80 81 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 7 Lake Michigan - the whole lake 1:§O0,000 1900 Lake Michigan - the whole lake (color) 1:SO0,000 1903 Lake Michigan - the whole lake, including 1:500,000 1909 Green Bay 9 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1903 Insets: Gargantua Harbor, Ont. 1:20.000 Grand Marais, Mich., Harbor of 1:10,000 Refuge Grand Marais, Minn., Harbor 1:8,000 Michipicoten Harbor, Ont. 1:5,000 Lake Superior - the whole lake (color) 1:SO0,000 1907 Insets: same as above Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1913 Insets: Gargantua, Ont. 1:20,000 Grand Marais, Mich. 1:10,000 Grand Marais, Minn. 1:8,000 Michipicoten Harbor, Ont. 1:5,000 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500,000 1927 (insets removed) ST. LAURENCE RIVER, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANAL SYSTEM Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 11 St. Lawrence River, No. 1 - St. Regis to 1:30,000 1874 Strawberry Island St. Lawrence River - from St. Regis to 1:30,000 1907 Strawberry Island. N. Y. (color) St. Lawrence River - St. Regis to Bradford 1:30,000 1927 Point, N. Y. St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Ont. to 1:30,000 1939 Weaver Point, Ont. St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Que. to 1:30.000 19S5 Richards Landing, N. Y. 82 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 11 St. Lawrence River - St. Regis, Que. to 1:30,000 1960 Croil Island, N. Y. 12 St. Lawrence River, No. 2 - Strawberry 1:30,000 1875 Island to Isle Au Galop St. Lawrence River - from Strawberry 1:30.000 1907 Island, N. Y. to Galop Is., Ont. (color) St. Lawrence River - Bradford Point, N. Y. 1:30,000 1927 to )6 mile southwest of Cardinal, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Weaver Point, Ont. to 1:30,000 1939 Lalone Island, N. Y. St. Lawrence River - Richards Landing to 1:30,000 19h5 Leishman Pt., N. Y. St. Lawrence River - Croil Island to 1:30,000 1960 Leishman Pt., N. Y. 13 St. Lawrence River, No. 3 - Isle au Galop 1:30,000 1875 to Zfi'miles east of Morristown St. Lawrence River - from below GalOp Is., 1:30,000 1907 Ont. to 2% miles east of Morristown, N. Y. (color) ' St. Lawrence River - from below Galop Is., 1:30,000 1913 Ont. to Zfirmiles east of Morristown, N. Y. Inset: Ogdensburg, N.Y. and Prescott, Ont.1:15,000 St. Lawrence River - Lalone Island, N. Y. 1:30,000 1939 to Brooks Point, N. Y. (inset same) 1% Chart No. 13 changed to No. 1# St. Lawrence River - Ogdensburg, N. Y. to 1:30,000 1994 Brockville, Ont. Inset: Ogdensburg, N.Y. and Prescott, Ont.1:15,000 13 New Chart No. 13 St. Lawrence River - Leishman Pt. to 1:30,000 1985 Ogdensburg, N. Y. 1% Old Chart No. 1h St. Lawrence River, No. A - 2% miles east 1:30,000 1876 of Morristown to Chippewa Point 83 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 1h St. Lawrence River - from 3% miles east 1:30.000 1907 of Morristown to Chippewa Pt., N.Y. (color) St. Lawrence River - Brooks Point, N.Y. to 1:30,000 1939 Chippewa Point, N.Y. Chart No. 1% discontinued 1981 15 St. Lawrence River, No. 5 - Chippewa Point 1:30.000 1876 to Wellesly Island St. Lawrence River - Wellesly Island to 1:30,000 1903 Chippewa Point (color) St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30,000 1927 St. Lawrence Park, N.Y., and Jackstraw Shoal Light, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30,000 1935 Point Vivian, N.Y., and Jackstraw Shoal Lt. St. Lawrence River - Chippewa Pt., N.Y. to 1:30.000 1939 Point Vivian, N.Y. and Gananoque Narrows, Ont. Inset: Alexandria Bay, N.Y. 1:10,000 St. Lawrence River - Holmes Pt. to Deer 1:30,000 1981 Island (no inset) St. Lawrence River - Brockville, Out. to 1:30.000 19#4 Deer Island, N. Y. St. Lawrence River - Holmes Pt., N.Y. to 1:30,000 1960 Deer Island, N.Y. 16 St. Lawrence River, No. 6 - Wellesly Is. 1:30,000 1876 to Long Island St. Lawrence.River - Long Island to 1:30,000 1903 Wellesly Island (color) St. Lawrence River - from Pt. Vivian, N.Y. 1:30,000 1907 and Gananoque light, Ont., to Wolfe Island light, N.Y., and Burnt Island light, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian to Linda 1:30,000 1927 Island Light, NLYL, and from 3% miles east to 2% miles west of Gananoque, Ont. 84 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pabe 16 St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian, N.Y. and 1:30,000 1935 Lynedock Island Light, Ont., to Linda Island Light, N.Y., and Red Horse Rock Light, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Pt. Vivian, N.Y. and 1:30,000 1939 Lynedock Island, Ont., to Linda Island, N.Y. and Howe Island, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Whiskey Island Shoal 1:30,000 1941 to Bartlett Pt. Light Insets: Clayton, N. Y. 1:10,000 Alexandria Bay, N. Y. 1:10,000 St. Lawrence River - Deer Island to 1:30.000 1944 Bartlett Pt. Light (insets same) St. Lawrence River - Whiskey Island Shoal 1:30,000 1960 to Bartlett Pt., N. Y. , Insets: Clayton, N. Y. 1:10.000 Alexandria Bay, N.Y. 1:10.000 17 St. Lawrence River 1:30,000 1937 Inset: Cape Vincent 1:10,000 St. Lawrence River - Bartlett Point Light, 1:30,000 1939 N. Y., and St. Lawrence Island, Ont., to Cape Vincent, N. Y. and Cold Bath Shoal, Ont. Inset: Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:10,000 St. Lawrence River - Bartlett Point, N. Y. 1:30,000 1960 to Cape Vincent, N. Y. Inset: Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:10,000 18 St. Lawrence River - Head of river 1:30,000 1937 St. Lawrence River - Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1:30,000 1939 and Howe Island, Ont., to Allen Otty Shoal, N. Y., and Ninemile Point Light, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Cape Vincent, N. Y., 1:30,000 1960 to Allen Otty Shoal, N.Y., and Kingston, Ont. 113 St. Lawrence River - Morristown, N. Y. to 1:15,000 1969 Butternut Bay, Ont. 114 St. Lawrence River - Union Park, Ont., to 1:15,000 1945 Ironsides, N. Y. 85 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 114 St. Lawrence River - Butternut Bay, Ont., 1:15,000 1969 to Ironsides Island, N. Y. 115 St. Lawrence River - Ironsides, N. Y., to 1:15,000 1945 Bingham Island, Ont. 116 St. Lawrence River - Bingham Island, Ont. 1:15,000 1945 to Round Island, N. Y. St. Lawrence River - Gananoque, Ont., to 1:15,000 1953 St. Lawrence Park, N. Y. 117 St. Lawrence River - Round Island, N. Y. 1:15,000 1945 to Wolfe Island, Ont. St. Lawrence River - Round Island, N. Y. 1:15,000 1953 and Gananoque, Ont., to Wolfe Island, Ont. 131 Ogdensburg Harbor (color) 1:10,000 1903 Ogdensburg and Prescott Harbors 1:10,000 1907 Chart No. 131 discontinued - now inset on No. 13. 1913 171 Lake Champlain, No. 1 - Rouses Point to 1:40.000 1913 Cumberland Head, N. Y. and Vt. ' Lake Champlain, No. 1 - Missisquoi Bay to 1:40,000 1927 South Hero Island, N. Y. and Vt. Lake Champlain, No. 1 - South Hero Island 1:40,000 1935 to Richelieu River and Missisquoi Bay Lake Champlain - Richelieu River and 1:40,000 1939 Missisquoi Bay, Quebec, to South Hero Is., N.Y. 172 .Lake Champlain, No. 2 - Cumberland Head to 1:40.000 1913 Ligonier Pt., N. Y. and Vt. Lake Champlain - Cumberland Head, N.Y. and 1:40,000 1939 Savage Island, Vt., to Four Brothers Islands 173 Lake Champlain, No. 3 - Ligonier Pt. to 1:40,000 1913 Coles Bay, N. Y. and Vt. Lake Champlain, No. 3 - Ligonier Pt. to 1:40,000 1927 Potash Bay, N. Y. and Vt. Lake Champlain - Juniper Island to Cole Bay1:40,000 1937 , 86 Locality Chart Scale Dates No. Pub. 173 Lake Champlain - Four Brothers Islands to 1:40.000 1939 Barber Point, N. Y. 174 Lake Champlain, No. 4 - Coles Bay to 1:40.000 1913 Whitehall. N. Y. and Vt. Lake Champlain - Barber Point, N. Y. to 1:40.000 1939 Whitehall. N. Y. 179 Burlington Harbor, Vt. 1:10.000 1913 175 Chart No. 179 changed to No. 175 Burlington Harbor. Vt. 1:10.000 1939 180 New York State Barge Canal System - 1:21.120 1949 Recreational Craft booklet - Barge Canal System east of Lyons, N. Y., including the Erie. Champlain. Oswego, and Cayuga-Seneca Canals - 60 charts - 11" x 17" New York State Barge Canal System - 1:20.000 1967 Not classed solely as a Recreational Craft Chart because it is the only chart coverage of the Canal System. Depicts the Barge Canal System east of Lyons, N.Y., including the Erie, Champlain, Oswego, and Cayuga-Seneca Canals - Contains 61 charts - 11" x 17%" 181 New York Canals No. 1 r Champlain Canal, 1:40.000 1927 Whitehall to Waterford New York Canals - Champlain Canal from 1:40.000 1939 Whitehall, N. Y., to Troy, N. Y. New York State Barge Canal System - 1:40.000 1963 Champlain Canal from Troy, N. Y., to Whitehall, N. Y. Chart No. 181 discontinued 1967 182 New York Canals No. 2 - Erie Canal‘from 1:40.000 1927 Waterford to Amsterdam New York Canals - Erie Canal from.Troy, 1:40.000 1939 N. Y. to Amsterdam. N. Y. and Champlain Canal from Troy, N. Y., to Stillwater, N.Y. Chart No. 182 discontinued 1955 183 New York Canals No. 3 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1927 Amsterdam to Utica, N..Y. 87 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 183 Chart No. 183 discontinued 1958 184 New York Canals No. 4 - Oneida Lake, N. Y. 1:40.000 1913 New York Canals No. 4 - Lock 22 to Lock 1:40.000 1927 23, including Oneida Lake, N. Y. New York State Barge Canal System - Lock 1:40.000 1963 22 to Lock 23, including Oneida Lake, N. Y. 185 New Ybrk Canals No. 5 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1917 Brewerton to Cross Lake and to Syracuse. and Oswego Canal New York Canals - Erie Canal from Lock 23 1:40.000 1939 to Cross Lake, N. Y., and Oswego River to Lake Ontario, including Oswego, N. Y., and Onondaga Lake Chart No. 185 discontinued 1955 186 New York Canals No. 6 - Erie Canal from 1:40.000 1917 1 mile west of Cross Lake to Lyons, and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes New York Canals - Erie Canal from west of 1:40.000 1935 Cross Lake to Lyons, and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lake. N. Y. New York Canals - Erie Canal from Nichol- 1:40.000 1939 son Island, N.Y., to Lyons, N.Y., and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, N.Y. New York Canals - Erie Canal from Nichol, 1:40.000 1949 son Island, N.Y. to Lyons, N.Y., and Cayuga and Seneca Canal to Cayuga and Seneca Lakes Insets: Entrance to Canal on Seneca Lake 1:10.000 Geneva, N. Y. 1:10.000 Chart No. 186 discontinued 1958 187 New York Canals No. 7 - Cayuga and Seneca 1:60.000 1927 Lakes, N. Y. New York Canals - Cayuga and Seneca Lakes 1:60.000 1949 Insets: Watkins Glen, N. Y. 1:10.000 Ithaca, N. Y. 1:10.000 88 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 187 New York State Barge Canal System - Cayuga 1:60.000 1963 ‘ and Seneca Lakes, N. Y. Insets: Watkins Glen, N. Y. 1:10.000 Ithaca. N. Y. 1:10.000 LAKE ONTARIO AND LOWER NIAGARA RIVER Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. mbe 2 Lake Ontario 1:400.000 1877 Lake Ontario - the whole lake (color) 1:400.000 1903 21 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Stony 1:80.000 1877 Point and South Bay to Clayton, N. Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1903 Stony Point to Kingston and to Nut Island, Canada (color) Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1907 Wolf Is. light, N.Y.. and Burnt Is. light. Ont., to Stony Point. N.Y., and Pt. Pleasant, Ont. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Round 1:80.000 1909 Island, near Clayton, to Stony Point, N.Y.. and South Bay Point light, Ont. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Grind- 1:80.000 1927 stone Is., St. Lawrence River, to Stony Pt., N. Y., and to Prince Edward Pt. and Pt. Pleasant, Ont. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Howe 1:80.000 1937 Island and Clayton to 6 miles south of Stony Point. N.Y.. and to Prince Edward Point and Point Pleasant, Ont. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 1 - Clayton. 1:80.000 1939 N.Y. and Kingston, Ont. to Stony Pt., N.Y.. and False Duck Islands, Ont. 22 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - Stony Pt. 1:80.000 1878 to Little Sodus Bay Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - from Fair 1:80.000 1903 Haven to Stony Point (color) 89 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pub. 22 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - from 1:80.000 1907 Stony Point to Little Sodus Bay. N.Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - Stony Pt. 1:80.000 1909 to Little Sodus Bay. N.Y. Inset: Oswego Harbor, N.Y. 1:8.000 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 193? south of Stony Point to Port Bay (no inset) Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1939 south of Stony Point, N.Y. to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay, N.Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1944 south of Stony Point, N.Y., to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay. N.Y. Inset: Little Sodus Bay. N.Y. 1:15.000 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 2 - 6 miles 1:80.000 1963 south of Stony Point, N.Y., to 8 miles west of Little Sodus Bay, N.Y. Insets: Little Sodus Bay. N. Y. 1:15.000 North and. N. Y. 1:20.000 23 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Big Sodus 1:80.000 1878 Bay to Genesee River Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - from 1:80.000 1900 Charlotte to Black Creek, near Fair Haven, Little Sodus Bay Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Little 1:80.000 1907 Sodus Bay to Charlotte, N. Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Port Bay 1:80.000 1937 Rochester Harbor Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1939 east of Sodus Bay. N.Y. to Rochester Harbor. N.Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 3 - Port Bay 1:80.000 1963 to Long Pond, N.Y. 24 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Charlotte 1:80.000 1878 to Thirty Mile Point, N.Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Charlotte 1:80.000 1907 to Thirty Hile Point, N. Y. (color) 90 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 24 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Braddock 1:80.000 1935 Point to Thirty Mile Point, N. Y. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 4 - Long Pond 1:80.000 1963 to Thirty Mile Point, N. Y. Inset: Oak Orchard Harbor, N. Y. 1:10.000 25 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1878 Mile Point to Port Dalhousie Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 190? Mile Point. N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont. Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1927 Mile Point, N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Niagara River Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1935 Mile Point, N.Y., to 5 miles west of Port Dalhousie, Ont.. including lower Welland Canal Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1944 Mile Point, N.Y.. to Port Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Welland Canal Inset: Olcott, N. Y. 1:10.000 Lake Ontario Coast Chart No. 5 - Thirty 1:80.000 1958 Mile Point, N.Y.. to Pert Dalhousie, Ont., including lower Welland Canal Insets: Olcott, N. Y. 1:10.000 Wilson, N. Y. 1:10.000 211 East End of Lake Ontario, including 1:30.000 1945 Chaumont, Henderson, Black River Bays and Sackets Harbor Inset: Sackets Harbor 1:5.000 East End of Lake Ontario, including 1:30.000 1969 Chaumont, Henderson, and Black River Bays, N.Y. Insets: Sackets Harbor 1:5.000 Henderson Harbor 1:10.000 225 Oswego Harbor, N. Y. (color) 1:8.000 1903 Chart No. 225 discontinued - now inset to No. 22 1913 Chart No. 225 reinstated - Oswego, N. Y. 1:10.000 1937 1:10.000 1949 Oswego Harbor, N. Y. 91 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 227 Little Sodus Bay, N. Y. (color) 1:8,000 1903 Chart No. 22? discontinued 1944 234 Great Sodus Bay. N. Y. (color) 1:10.000 1903 241 Charlotte Harbor, N. Y. (color) 1:5,000 1903 Rochester (Charlotte) Harbor, N..Y.. 1:10.000 1927 including Genesee River to head of navigation Rochester Harbor, N.Y., including Genesee 1:10.000 1939 River to head of navigation 238 Chart No. 241 changed to No. 238 1941 256 Lower Niagara River from Niagara 1:30.000 1909 Falls to Lake Ontario Chart of Niagara Falls - see Chart No. 311 LAKE ERIE, NIAGARA RIVER, DETROIT RIVER, LAKE ST. CLAIR, AND ST. CLAIR RIVER Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 3 Lake Erie 1:400,000 1852 Lake Erie (color) 1:400,000 1903 Lake Erie - the whole lake, and waterways 1:400,000 1909 from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron Early chart: West end Lake Erie 1:120,000 1852 Discontinued 1900 Early chart: Kelley's and Bass Islands 1:50.000 1852 Discontinued 1900 31 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Dunkirk to 1:80.000 1880 Niagara Falls and to Morgan's Point, Canada 92 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 31 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Niagara 1:80.000 1907 Falls to Dunkirk N.Y.. and to Morgan's Point, Ont. (color) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Niagara 1:80.000 1927 Falls to Dunkirk. N.Y., and to Morgan's Pt., Ont. Inset: Dunkirk, N. Y. 1:12.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - Morgan's 1:80.000 1935 Pt., Ont. to Sturgeon Point, N.Y.. including Niagara River and Welland Canal (no inset) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 1 - East End of 1:80.000 1949 Lake Erie, Morgan's Point, Ont. to Sturgeons Point, N.Y.. including Niagara River and Welland Canal 32 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - 5 miles east 1:80.000 1879 of Erie to Dunkirk, N. Y. Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Dunkirk, 1:80.000 1907 N.Y. to Erie, Pa. (color) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Sturgeon 1:80.000 1935 Pt., N.Y. to 13 miles east of Erie, Pa. Inset: Dunkirk, N.Y. 1:15.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 2 - Sturgeon 1:80.000 1963 Pt., N.Y. to 20 Mile Creek, Pa. Insets: Dunkirk Harbor, N.Y. 1:15.000 Barcelona Harbor. 1:5,000 33 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 3 - Erie to 1:80.000 1879 Conneaut and Long Point Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 3 - from 1:80.000 1903 Conneaut River to 5% miles east of Erie (color) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 3 - 13 miles 1:80.000 1935 east of Erie, Pa., to 7 miles west of Conneaut, Ohio Inset: Conneaut. Ohio 1:10.000 34 Lake Erie Coast Chart N01 4 - Conneaut to 1:80.000 1879 Fairport Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Chagrin 1:80.000 190? River to east boundary of Ohio (color) 93 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. PUbe 34 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - east 1:80.000 1913 boundary of Ohio to Chagrin River, Ohio Inset: Conneaut, Ohio 1:8.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Conneaut to 1:80.000 1927 Chagrin River, Ohio Inset: Conneaut, Ohio 1:8,000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1935 east of Ashtabula to 12 miles west of Fairport, Ohio (no inset) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - 8 miles 1:80.000 1939 east of Ashtabula, Ohio. to 15 miles west of Fairport, Ohio Inset: Mentor Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 4 - Ashtabula, 1:80.000 1969 Ohio to Chagrin River. Ohio Insets: Mentor Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 Chagrin River, Ohio 1:10.000 35 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - vicinity of 1:80.000 1880 Fairport to vermilion Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - from 1:80.000 1903 Vermilion to Chagrin River (color) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Chagrin 1:80.000 1927 River to vermilion, Ohio Inset: vermilion, Ohio 1:12.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80.000 193? east of Cleveland to Vermilion Inset: Vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80.000 1939 east of Cleveland, Ohio to vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion. Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River. Ohio 1:10.000 Avon Basin, Ohio 135.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - 12 miles 1:80.000 1949 east of Cleveland. Ohio, to Vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River. Ohio Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Moss Point 1:80.000 1960 to vermilion, Ohio Insets: vermilion, Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio 1:10.000 94 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 35 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 5 - Moss Point 1:80.000 1967 to Vermilion. Ohio Insets: vermilion. Ohio 1:10.000 Rocky River, Ohio 1:10.000 Beaver Creek, Ohio 1:5.000 36 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 6 - Vermilion 1:80.000 1879 to Port Clinton and Point Pelee to Vicinity of Detroit River Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 6 - Vermilion, 1:80.000 1907 Ohio to Port Clinton. Ohio. and Point Pelee to Colchester, Ont., including the islands (color) Chart No. 36 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969 37 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - Port Clinton 1:80.000 1881 to Toledo and Detroit River Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - Colchester, 1:80.000 1900 Canada to Port Clinton Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - West end of 1:80.000 1907 lake from Port Clinton, Ohio, to Colchester, Ont. (color) Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - West end of 1:80.000 1937 lake, west of Port Clinton, Ohio. and Colchester, Ont. Inset: Port Clinton, Ohio 1:10.000 Lake Erie Coast Chart No. 7 - Port Clinton.1:80,000 1953 Ohio, and Colchester, Ont., to mouth of Detroit River Inset: Port Clinton, Ohio 1:10.000 Chart No. 37 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969 39 Lake Erie Coast Chart - West end of Lake 1:100,000 1953 Erie, from Pelee Point, Ont., and Sandusky, Ohio to mouth of Detroit River Lake Erie Coast Chart - West end of Lake 1:100,000 1963 Erie, including the Islands Lake Erie Coast Chart - Point Pelee, Ont., 1:100,000 1969 to West end of Lake Erie, including the islands Insets: Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio 1:15.000 Monroe Harbor, Mich. 1:20.000 95 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 311 Niagara Falls 1:10.000 1876 Niagara Falls (black and white) 1:20.000 1900 Chart No. 311 discontinued 1913 312 Buffalo Harbor 1:30.000 1857 Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the 1:30.000 1903 Falls (color) Name changed: Upper Niagara River - Niagara Falls to 1:30.000 1927 Buffalo Harbor, N. Y. 314 Buffalo Harbor, N.Y. - including Black 1:15.000 1927 Rock Canal 318 Dunkirk Harbor, N. Y. (color) 1:8,000 1903 Chart No. 318 discontinued - now inset to No. 31 1927 332 Erie Harbor and Presqu'Ile, Pa. 1:8.000 1900 Erie Harbor and Presqu'Ile, Pa. (color) 1:15.000 1903 Erie Harbor and Presque Isle, Pa. 1:15.000 1907 335 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (color) 1:5,000 1903 Chart No. 335 discontinued - now inset to No. 34 1913 342 Ashtabula Harbor. Ohio (color) 1:5.000 1903 346 Fairport Harbor, Ohio (color) 1:8,000 1903 354 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio, and Cuyahoga 1:12.000 1903 River, Ohio (color) Cleveland Harbor, Ohio - including 1:15.000 1917 Cuyahoga River Cleveland Harbor, Ohio - including 1:10.000 1949 Cuyahoga River 357 Lorain Harbor. Ohio 1:8,000 1903 Lorain Harbor, Ohio (color) 1:8.000 1907 Lorain Harbor, Ohio 1:10.000 1944 96 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 360 Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - various 1967 South Shore of Lake Erie - shows the shore line and adjacent waters from Cedar Point, near Sandusky, Ohio, to and including Port Clinton, Ohio; the United States islands in the vicinity; and Sandusky Bay and River to Fremont, Ohio. Scales vary, with large scale insets of harbors, such as Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island. Contains 35 charts - 11" x 17%" 363 Huron Harbor, Ohio (color) . 1:5,ooo 1907 364 Islands in Lake Erie - including Sandusky 1:40.000 1913 Bay, Ohio Islands in Lake Erie- including Sandusky 1:40.000 1953 Bay, Ohio Inset: Put—in-Bay, Ohio 1:10.000 365 Sandusky Bay. Ohio 1:20.000 1874 Sandusky Bay. Ohio (color) 1:20.000 1903 Chart No. 365 discontinued - included on No. 364 1913 Chart No. 365 reinstated Sandusky Harbor. Ohio 1:10.000 1927 370 Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - various 1963 West End of Lake Erie - a loose leaf style volume of large scale charts showing the coast of Lake Erie from Toledo Harbor, Ohio. to the mouth of the Detroit River and including the Maumee River from Perrysburg to Maumee Bay. Lake Erie Recreational Craft Chart - 15:000 1967 West End of Lake Erie - shows the shore line and adjacent waters from Port Clinton, Ohio to Toledo, Ohio, and thence to mouth of Detroit River, including Portage River to Oak Harbor, Ohio, and the Maumee River to Perrysburg, Ohio. Scale 1:15.000, with insets on larger scales. Contains 34 charts - 11" x 17%" 374 Maumee Bay 1:30.000 1858 Maumee Bay and Maumee River, including 1:30.000 1903 city of Toledo. Ohio (color) Maumee Bay and Maumee River. including 1:25.000 1907 city of Toledo. Ohio 97 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 374 Maumee Bay and Maumee River, including 1:30.000 1927 city of Toledo, Ohio Name changed: Toledo Harbor. Ohio - Maumee Bay and lower 1:30.000 1935 Maumee River Toledo Harbor. Ohio - Maumee Bay and lower 1:20.000 1937 Maumee River Inset: Entrance Channel to harbor 1:40.000 Toledo Harbor, Ohio - Lower Maumee River, 1:20.000 1969 Maumee Bay, and Ottawa River Inset: Entrance Channel to harbor 1:40.000 376 Monroe Harbor, Mich. 1:20.000. 1937 Chart No. 376 discontinued - replaced by No. 39 1969 41 Detroit River - from Windmill Point Light 1:40.000 1876 House to Detroit River Light House Detroit River - Windmill Point Light House 1:40.000 1903 to Detroit River Light House (color) Detroit River - Detroit River lighthouse 1:40.000 1909 to Windmill Point lighthouse Inset: Lower Detroit River - Ballards 1:25.000 Reef to below Detroit River Detroit River - Detroit River light to 1:40.000 1913 Windmill Point light (no inset) Detroit River - Detroit River Light to 1:40.000 1927 windmill Point Light Inset: Lower Detroit River - Ballards 1:25.000 Reef to below Detroit River Light Detroit River - Detroit River Light to 1:40.000 1935 windmill Point Light Insets: Lower Detroit River 1:25.000 Trenton Channel 1:20.000 Detroit River - 3 miles south of Detroit 1:30.000 1937 River Light to Windmill Point, Mich. (no insets) 418C Detroit River - Small Craft Chart - 1:40.000 1970 folded to 6' x 1239' 98 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 400 Detroit River Recreational Craft Chart - various 1962 Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River - a loose leaf style volume of large scale charts showing the Detroit River, St. Clair. and the St. Clair River. The chart covers the waterway from Lake Erie to Lake Huron. Detroit River Recreational Craft Chart - 15:000 1967 Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair River - shows the connecting waterway from Lake Erie to Lake Huron and includes the Trenton Channel. Rouge River, and Clinton River to Mt. Clemens, Mich. Contains 47 charts - 11" x 17%" 412 Trenton Channel and approaches thereto 1:15.000 1960 Inset: Rouge River - Detroit River to 1:10.000 Ford Motor Company 416 Head of Detroit River - Third Street to 1:30.000 1960 and including Grosse Point Channel and adjacent shores. Lake St. Clair Head of Detroit River - Third Street to 1:30.000 1935 Gaukler Point, Lake St. Clair Chart No. 416 discontinued 1967 415 Rouge River, Mich. - Detroit River to Ford 1:10.000 1927 Motor Company Plant Chart No. 415 discontinued - now inset to No. 412 1963 411 Lower Detroit River - Ballards Reef to 1:25.000 1913 below Detroit River light Chart No. 411 discontinued - now inset on No. 41 1927 Early chart: Mouth of Detroit River 1:20.000 1874 Discontinued 1900 42 Lake Saint Clair - from Woodtick Island, 1:50.000 1874 St. Clair River, to Windmill Point Light House Lake Saint Clair - from Woodtick Island, 1:50.000 1903 St. Clair River, to Windmill Pt. Lighthouse (color) 99 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 42 Lake St. Clair - Windmill Pt., Mich., to 1:60.000 1937 Woodtick Island, St. Clair River Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1949 St. Clair River to Woodtick Island Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1960 St. Clair River to Woodtick Island Inset: Mouth of Clinton River 1:30.000 Lake St. Clair - the entire lake including 1:60.000 1967 St. Clair River to Fawn Island 42 SC Lake St. Clair - Small Craft Chart - 1:80.000 1969 folded to 6" x 12%” 43 St. Clair River - from Fort Gratiot Light 1:40.000 1872 to Baby's Point St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1907 Flats and foot of Lake Huron (color) Insets: Vicinity of Marine City 1:16.000 Shoals in vicinity of St. Clair 1:16.000 Russell Island Shoal including 1:16.000 Algonac and Grand Point, Mich. St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1917 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Insets: Vicinity of Marine City 1:16.000 Vicinity of St. Clair 1:16.000 Russell Island and Algonac 1:16.000 St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1935 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:16.000 St. Clair River - including St. Clair 1:40.000 1939 Flats and foot of Lake Huron Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:15.000 Early chart: Saint Clair Flats 1:32.000 1857 Discontinued 1900 100 LAKE HURON, STRAITS OF MACKINAC. AND ST. MARYS RIVER Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 5 Lake Huron 1:400,000 1860 Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (color) 1:400,000 1907 Lake Huron - the whole lake, Georgian Bay. 1:500,000 1937 and North Channel 51 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1913 Clair River to Harbor Beach, Mich., and Port Albert. Ont. Inset: Harbor Beach, Mich 1:8,000 Inset removed to No. 52 1927 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1937 Clair River to Pt. aux Barques and to Port Albert ’ onto Inset: Harbor Beach 1:10.000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 1 - Head of St. 1:120,000 1953 Clair River to Pt. aux Barques and to Port Albert, Ont. Insets: Harbor Beach 1:10.000 Port Sanilac. Mich. 1:5.000 52 Saginaw Bay. Mich. - from Sable Point to 1:120.000 1860 Richmondville Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Saginaw Bay 1:120,000 1907 from Richmondville, Mich., to Au Sable Point (color) Lake Huron Coast Chart NO. 2 - Richmond- 1:120,000 1927 ville to Au Sable Point. Mich. including Saginaw Bay Inset: Harbor Beach. Mich. 1:8,000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pt. Aux 1:120,000 1937 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda. Mich., including Saginaw Bay Inset: Tawas Harbor 1:30.000 101 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 52 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pt. Aux 1:120.000 1941 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda. Mich., including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor 1:30.000 Entrance to Au Sable River, Mich. 1:10.000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pte. Aux 1:120,000 1963 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda. Michl. including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor, Mich. 1:30.000 Entrance to Au Sable River, Mich. 1:10.000 Port Austin, Mich. 1:10.000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 2 - Pte. Aux 1:120,000 1967 Barques, Mich., to 11 miles north of Oscoda. Mich., including Saginaw Bay Insets: Tawas Harbor, Mich. 1:30.000 Entrance to Au Sable River. Mich. 1:10.000 Port Austin, Mich. 1:10.000 Caseville, Mich. 1:10.000 Sebewaing, Mich. 1:20.000 53 South End Lake Huron - from near Cape 1:120.000 1861 Ipperwash, Canada to Forestville, Mich. South End Lake Huron - from near Cape 1:120.000 1907 Ipperwash, Ont., to Forestville, Mich. Inset: Head of St. Clair River 1:16.000 Lake Huron Coast Chart NO. 3 - South End - 1:120,000 1909 Harbor Beach. Mich. , and Port Albert, Ont. , to head of St. Clair River (color) Inset: Coderich Harbor, Ont. 1:10.000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - Tawas 1:120,000 1913 Harbor to Rogers, Mich. Insets: Tawas Harbor, Mich. 1:24.000 Alpena, Mich. 1:15.000 Rogers and Calcite, Mich. 1:8,000 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - 13 miles 1:120,000 1937 south of Sturgeon Point to Forty Mile Point and north to Great Duck Island Insets: Alpena, Mich. 1 1 Rogers and Calcite, Mich. 1:2 102 Chart Locality Scale Dates N°' Pub. 53 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 3 - 6 miles 1:120.000 1963 north of Oscoda. Mich., to Forty Mile Point Light, Mich., including Great Duck Island. Ont. Insets: Alpena, Mich. 1:15.000 Rogers City and Calcite, Mich. 1:20.000 Harrisville Harbor, Mich. 1:8.000 54 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 4 - North coast 1:120,000 1913 of Lake Huron from Scammon Cove to Lougheed Point, Ont., and North Channel from Sulpher Island to Little Detroit, Ont. Insets: Serpent Harbor. Ont. 1:30.000 Little Detroit, Ont. 1:8,000 Chart No. 54 discontinued 1913 55 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 5 - Southern 1:120,000 1907 portion Of Georgian Bay from Parry Island, Ont., to Cape Hurd, and east coast of Lake Huron thence to Pert Elgin, Ont. (color) Insets: Penetanguishene Harbor Southampton Harbor. Ont. Owen Sound, Ont. Lions Head, Ont. Midland. Ont. :40.000 24.000 -16.000 10 10 9 000 .000 Chart No. 55 discontinued 1913 56 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 6 - Northeast 1:120,000 1907 coast of Georgian Bay, from Killarney Harbor to Parry Island, Ont. (color) Insets: French River. Ont. 1 Depot Harbor, Ont. 1 Alexander and Charles Inlets 1: Point au Basil Harbor, Ont. 1 Bying Inlet and approaches 1 Chart No. 56 discontinued 1913 57 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 7 - Northeast 1:120.000 1903 coast of Lake Huron from Cape Hurd to Lougheed Peint including entrance to Georgian Bay and eastern end of North Channel 102 Chart Locality Scale Dates "0. Rib. 57 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 7 - Northeast 1:120,000 1907 coast of Lake Huron, from Lougheed Point, Ont., to Cape Hurd. including eastern end of North Channel and entrance to Georgian Bay Insets: Rattlesnake Harbor 1:24.000 Tobermory Harbor 1:24.000 Club Harbor 1:24.000 South Baymouth Harbor 1:24.000 Killarney Harbor 1:24.000 Little Current. Ont. 1:24.000 Chart No. 57 discontinued 1909 58 Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 8 - North coast 1:120.000 1903 of Lake Huron from Lougheed Point to Scammon Cove and North Channel from Darch Island to Sulpher Island Lake Huron Coast Chart No. 8 - North Coast 1:120,000 1907 of Lake Huron from Big Shoal Cove, Ont., to Lougheed Point; and North Channel from Sulpher Island to Darch Island, Ont. Insets: Serpent Harbor, Ont. 1:30.000 Little Detroit, Ont. 1:8,000 Chart No. 58 discontinued 1913 511 South End of Lake Huron - 1 mile north of 1:15.000 1953 Lakeport, Mich., to and including Head of St. Clair River 513 Presqu'Ile and Middle Island 1:40.000 1860 Presque Isle, False Presque Isle, and 1:40.000 1907 Middle Island, Mich. (color) No. 513 changed to No. 537 537 Presque Isle, False Presque Isle. and 1:40.000 1913 Middle Island, Mich. - Morris Bay to North Bay, Mich. Presque Isle and Rockport Harbors — 1:60.000 1935 Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle. Mich. Insets: Rockport, Mich. 1:10.000 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle, Mich. 1:60.000 1960 Insets: Rockport , Mich. 1 :10 .000 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Stoneport Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 103 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 537 Thunder Bay Island to Presque Isle, Mich. 1:60.000 1969 Insets: Stoneport Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 Presque Isle Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 515 Thunder Bay 1:40.000 1860 Thunder Bay (color) 1:40.000 1907 535 No. 515 changed to No. 535 - Thunder Bay 1:40.000 1913 Thunder Bay - Black River to Morris Bay, 1:40.000 1927 Mich. Chart No. 535 discontinued 1935 522 Tawas Harbor 1:16.000 1857 Tawas Harbor (color) 1:16.000 1907 Chart No. 522 discontinued 1917 524 Saginaw River, Mich. - from Mouth to West 1:10.000 1857 Bay City Saginaw River, Mich. - Mouth to Bay City 1:15.000 1909 Saginaw River, Mich. - entire river and 1:30.000 1927 approach in Saginaw Bay Saginaw River. Mich. - entire river and 1:20.000 1937 entrance channel in Saginaw Bay 528 Sand Beach Harbor of Refuge, Mich. 1:8,000 1876 Sand Beach Harbor of Refuge, Mich. (color) 1:8.000 1907 Chart No. 528 discontinued 1913 6 Straits of Mackinac - from Hay Point and 1:120,000 1856 Detour Passage to Hat Island, Lake Michigan Straits of Mackinac - Detour Passage. Lake 1:120,000 1903 Huron. to Hat Island, Lake Michigan (color) Straits of Mackinac - False Detour Channel 1:120,000 1913 and Presque Isle, Lake Huron. to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix, Lake Michigan Inset: Rogers and Calcite, Mich. 1:18.000 104 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. mb. 6 Straits of Mackinac - False Detour and 1:120.000 1927 Presque Isle, Lake Huron, to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix, Lake Michigan (no inset) Straits of Mackinac - False Detour and 1:120,000 1935 Presque Isle. Lake Huron. to Point Epoufette and Charlevoix, Lake Michigan Inset: Round Island Passage 1:10.000 Straits of Mackinac - False Detour Channel 1:120,000 1949 and Presque Isle, Mich., to Point Epoufette, Michigan, and Little Traverse Bay, Michigan (no inset) 60 Les Cheneaux Islands - including Mackinac 1:40.000 1907 and Round Islands (color) Les Cheneaux Islands - Beaver Tail Point, 1:40.000 1927 to Big St. Martin, Mackinac, and Round Islands Les Cheneaux Islands - Beaver Tail and St. 1:40.000 1935 Martin Reefs to St. Martin, Mackinac, and Round Islands Les Cheneaux Islands - Martin Reef to St. 1:40.000 1939 Ignace. including Les Cheneaux Islands and Round Island Passage Coast Chart - De Tour Passage to 1:80.000 1944 Waugoshance Point, Mich. Insets: Cheboygan. Mich. 1:15.000 Mackinac Island, Mich. 1:10.000 Mackinaw City. Mich. 1:15.000 St. Ignace. Mich. 1:15.000 Coast Chart - De Tour Passage to 1:80.000 1967 Waugoshance Point. Mich. Insets: Cheboygan, Mich. 1:15.000 Mackinac Island, Mich. 1:10.000 Mackinaw City. Mich. 1:15.000 Hammond Bay Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 Early chart: River Ste. Marie No. 1- Point Iroquois 1:40.000 1858 to Middle Neebish Discontinued 1903 105 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. Early chart: River Ste. Marie No. 2 - Middle Neebish 1:40.000 1858 to Hay Point, Discontinued 1903 Early chart: St. Marys River (one sheet) (color) 1:80.000 1903 Discontinued 1907 Early chart: East Neebish Rapids 1315.000 135“ Discontinued 1903 61 St. Marys River No. 1 - Lake Huron to 1:40.000 1903 Twin Islands (color) St. Marys River - Lake Huron to Lake 1:40.000 1939 Munuscong, including Petagannissing Bay St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light St. Marys River - Lake Huron to Lake 1:40.000 1963 Munuscong, including Potagannissing Bay (radarscope image not mentioned) 62 St. Marys River No. 2 - Twin Island 1:40.000 1898 to Sault Ste. Marie (color) St. Marys River - Lake Munuscong to Sault 1:40.000 1939 Ste. Marie, including Lake George St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light St. Marys River - Lake Munuscong to Sault 1:40.000 1963 Ste. Marie, including Lake George (radarscope image not mentioned) 63 St. Marys River No. 3 - from Head of Bay 1:40.000 1896 Lake to White Fish Bay (color) St. Marys River - Head of Hay Lake to 1:40.000 1927 Whitefish Bay Inset: Sault Ste. Marie 1:20.000 St. Marys River - overprinted with a radar- 1955 scope image visible under black light 106 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 63 St. Marys River - Head of Lake Nicolet to 1:40.000 1963 Whitefish Bay Inset: Sault Ste. Marie 1:20.000 (radarscope image not mentioned) 64 St. Joseph Channel and Western End of 1:40.000 1907 North Channel - from Shoal Island light to Sulpher Island light, Ont. Inset: Wilson Channel, Ont. 1:12.000 Chart No. 64 discontinued 1913 65 East Entrance of South Channel - including 1:15.000 1935 Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. East Entrance of South Channel. Straits of 1:15.000 1939 Mackinac, including Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. Chart No. 65 discontinued 1945 66 Inland Route, Mich. 1:40.000 1917 Inset: Cheboygan, Mich. 1:15.000 Inland Route, Mich. - Cheboygan. Mich. to 1:40.000 1927 Little Traverse Bay, including Petoskey and Harbor Springs Inset: Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Inland Route, Mich. - Cheboygan, Mich. to 1:40.000 1945 Little Traverse Bay Inset: Cheboygan Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Chart No. 66 replaced by No. 660 1960 67 Cheboygan Harbor and Approaches 1:12.000 1909 Chart No. 67 discontinued - now inset to No. 66 601 Les Cheneaux Islands, Mich. 1:20.000 1939 660 Inland Route, Mich. - Recreational Craft 1:15.000 1960 Chart - a loose leaf style volume of 12 sheets which extends from Cheboygan on Lake Huron to Conway at the west end of Crooked Lake 107 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. Pub. 660 Inland Route, Mich. - Recreational Craft 1:15.000 1967 Chart - not classed solely as a recreational craft chart because it is the only chart coverage of the area. However, it is of the same size and format. It contains charts of the waterways from Cheboygan to Conway, Mich., including Mullett, Burt. Pickerel, and Crooked Lakes, and Crooked, Indian. Black, and Cheboygan Rivers. Contains 12 charts - 11" x 17%” LAKE MICHIGAN Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. PUbe 7 Lake Michigan - whole lake 1:500,000 1900 Lake Michigan - whole lake (color) 1:500.000 1903 Lake Michigan - the whole lake, including 1:500.000 1909 Green Bay 7A Lake Michigan - Submarine Training area 1:500,000 1944 Chart No. 7A discontinued 1949 7M Lake Michigan - general chart on mercator 1:500,000 1944 projection (in addition to Chart No. 7) 70 North End Lake Michigan - including 1:400,000 1867 Green Bay - from near Kewaunee, Wis. to Cheboygan, Mich. North End Lake Michigan, including Green 1:400,000 1907 Bay - from near Kewaunee, Wis.. to Portage Lake Harbor, Mich., to Cheboygan. Mich. North End Lake Michigan, including Green 1:240,000 1909 Bay - Cheboygan. Michl, to near Kewaunee, Wis.. and to Portage Lake Harbor, Mich. (color) North End of Lake Michigan, including 1:240,000 1945 Green Bay - north of Arcadia, Mich., and Kewaunee, Wis. North End of Lake Mich., including Green 1:240,000 1960 Bay 108 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. Early chart: South End Lake Michigan - Portage Lake, 1:400,000 1876 Mich., and Two Creeks near Kewaunee, Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1909 Early chart: Grand and Little Traverse Bays - from 1:120,000 1863 Point aux Becs Scies to Middle Village (Point Betsie to Middle Village, Mich.) 1903 Color 1903 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: North End Green Bay - Manistique, Mich., 1:120.000 1864 to Perte des Morts Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: South End Green Bay - St. Martin Island 1:120,000 1864 to Green Bay, Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - from 1:80.000 1877 Portage to below Manitowoc Color 1907 Discontinued 1917 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - from 1:80.000 1877 Calvin Creek near Manitowoc to Ulao. Wis. Color 1907 Discontinued 1917 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Ulao to 1:80.000 1876 Kenosha, Wis. Color 1909 Discontinued 1917 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 4 - Kenosha 1:80.000 1877 to Chicago Color 1907 Discontinued 1917 109 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - Chicago 1:80.000 1876 to New Buffalo. Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - New 1:80.000 1876 Buffalo to South Haven, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Lake 1:80.000 1877 Harbor to near South Haven, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 8 - Lake 1:80.000 1878 Harbor to Ludington, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 9 - 1:80.000 1878 Ludington to Point aux Becs Scies, Mich. (Point Betsie, Mich.) Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 71 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - Seul 1:120,000 1913 Choix Point, Mich., to Porte des Morts, Wis.. and North End of Green Bay Insets: Nahma, Mich. 1:15.000 Cedar River. Mich. 1:16.000 Inset of Cedar River discontinued 1935 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 1 - Seul 1:120,000 1937 Choix Point. Mich., to Porte des Morts, Wis.. and North End of Green Bay Inset: Manistique, Mich. 1:15.000 72 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - Porte 1:120,000 1913 des Morts to Kewaunee, Wis.. and South end of Green Bay 11o Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 72 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 2 - Porte 1:120,000 1927 des Morts to Kewaunee, Wis.. and South end of Green Bay Insets: Oconto. Mich. 1:20.000 Strawberry Channel. Wis. 1:60.000 Algoma. Wis. 1:12.000 Inset of Algoma. Wis. changed to: 1:15.000 1937 Chart No. 72 discontinued 1939 73 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Kewaunee 1:120.000 1917 and Port Washington. Wis.. including Fox River and Lake Winnebago Insets: Kewaunee, Wis. 1:12.000. Two Rivers. Wis. 1:12.000 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Algoma 1:120,000 1937 to 10 miles north of Port Washington. Wis. Insets: Kewaunee. Wis. 1:10.000 Two Rivers, Wis. 1:10.000 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 3 - Algoma 1:120,000 1939 to 18 miles south of Sheboygan, Wis. Insets: Kewaunee. Wis. 1:10.000 Two Rivers. Wis. 1:10.000 74 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 4 - Port 1:120,000 1913 Washington, Wis.. to Waukegan, Ill. Insets: Port Washington, Wis. 1:10.000 Waukegan, Ill. 1:10.000 Add inset: Kenosha, Wis. 1:10.000 1937 Add inset: Oak Creek Harbor, Wis. 1:5.000 1967 75 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - Waukegan.1:120,000 1913 Ill. to South Haven, Mich. Inset: Michigan City, Ind. 1:10.000 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 5 - South 1:120.000 1969 end of Lake Michigan from Waukegan, Ill., to South Haven, Mich. Insets: Michigan City, Ind. 1:10.000 New Buffalo Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 76 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - South 1:120,000 1913 Haven to Benona, Mich. Insets: South Haven, Mich. 1:12.000 Saugatuck. Mich. 1:15.000 111 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 76 Inset of South Haven, Mich. changed to: 1:10.000 1935 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 6 - South 1:120.000 1967 Haven to Benona, Mich. Insets: South Haven. Mich. 1:10.000 Saugatuck. Mich. 1:15.000 Port Sheldon, Mich. 1:10.000 77 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Benona, 1:120.000 1913 Mich. to Point Betsie. Mich. Insets: Ludington, Mich. 1:12.000 Arcadia, Mich. 1:10.000 Frankfort, Mich. 1:10.000 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 7 - Benona, 1:120.000 192? Mich. to Point Betsie Mich. Insets: Arcadia. Mich. 1:10.000 Frankfort, Mich. 1:10.000 Pentwater, Mich. 1:12.000 Inset of Arcadia. Mich. discontinued 1935 Inset of Pentwater, Mich. changed to: 1:10.000 1937 Add inset: Arcadia, Mich. 1:10.000 1967 78 Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 8 - Frank- 1:120,ooo 1913 fort to Charlevoix, Mich., including Grand Traverse Bay and Manitou and Fox Islands Lake Michigan Coast Chart No. 8 - Point 1:120.000 1939 Betsie, Mich., to Charlevoix, Mich., including Grand Traverse Bay and Manitou and Fox Islands Insets: Traverse Ctiy. Harbor Springs, 1:10.000 and Petoskey. Mich. Leland, Mich. 1:2,500 Chart No. 78 discontinued 1944 79 Beaver Island Group - from Manistique to 1:120,000 1882 St. Helena Shoal and Middle Village Beaver Island Group - from St. Helena to 1:120,000 1907 Manistique and Middle Village, Mich. Inset: Beaver Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 112 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 79 Beaver Island Group - Waugoshance Point to 1:80.000 1913 Seul Choix Point and Boulder Reef, Mich. Beaver Island Group - Waugoshance Point to 1:80.000 1927 Boulder Reef, and North Shore from Brevoort to Soul Choix Point, Mich. Chart No. 79 discontinued 701 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Farnsworth 1 80.000 1939 Point, Michl to 15 miles southwest of Escanaba, Mich., including Big Bay de Noc and Little Bay de Noc Inset: Manistique, Mich. 1.15.000 702 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Green Bay 1:80.000 1939 from Point Detour to Baileys Harbor and Menominee. Mich., including Entrance to Green Bay Add insets: Detroit Harbor, Wis. 1:20.000 1949 Jackson Harbor, Wis. 1:20.000 703 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Green Bay 1:80.000 1939 south of Peshtigo Point and Horseshoe Point, Wis.. including Sturgeon Bay Canal and coast from Jacksonport to Kewaunee, Wis. Insets: Oconto. Wis. 1:20.000 Algoma, Wis. 1:10.000 704 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Beaver Island 1:80.000 1939 Group, Waugoshance Point, Mich., to Bowlder Reef and north shore from Brevort, Mich., to Seul Choix Point, Mich. Inset: Port Inland, Mich. 1:10.000 Add inset: St. James, Beaver Island, Mich.1:10.000 1944 Change to: St. James. Beaver Island, Mich.1:15,000 1945 705 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Platte Bay, 1:80.000 1944 Mich., to Lake Leelanau, Mich., including the Manitou and Fox Islands Inset: Leland. Mich. 1:2,500 Add inset: South Manitou Harbor, Mich. 1:30.000 1958 113 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 706 Lake Michigan Coast Chart - Grand Traverse 1:80.000 1944 Bay and Little Traverse Bay, Mich. Insets: Petoskey. Mich. 1:10.000 Harbor Springs, Mich. 1:10.000 Traverse City, Mich. 1:15.000 711 Manistique Harbor, Mich. (color) 1:5,000 1907 Manistique Harbor. Mich. 1:10.000 1927‘ Chart No. 711 discontinued 1937 715 Entrance to Green Bay - Poverty Island to 1:40.000 1909 Porte des Morts, Wis. Entrance to Green Bay - Summer Island. 1:40.000 1927 Mich. to Porte des Morts, Wis. Chart No. 715 discontinued 1939 718 Little Bay de Noc. Mich. - Peninsula 1:40.000 1907 Point to Bark River, Mich. (color) Insets: Escanaba Harbor 1:20.000 Gladstone Harbor 1:20.000 Add inset: Ford River. Mich. 1:20.000 1927 Inset of Ford River, Mich. discontinued 1935 Little Bay de Noc. Mich. - including 1:30.000 1937 Escanaba and Gladstone (no insets) 720 Lake Winnebago and Lower Fox River. Wis. - various 1967 Recreational Craft Chart - not classed solely as a Recreational Craft Chart because it is the only chart coverage of the area. However, it is the same size and format. It contains charts of the Lower Fox River from Green Bay to Neenah and Menasha. Wis.. and Lake Winnebago, with detailed charts of Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Neenah, Menasha. and Calumet Harbors. Contains 33 charts - 11" x Tflfi' (replaces Chart No. 726) 723 Menominee Harbor, Mi. and Marinette. Wis. 1:15.000 1907 725 Head of Green Bay. Wis. 1:30.000 1853 Head of Green Bay and Fox River below 1:25.000 1907 Depere, Wis. (color) 114 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 725 Head of Green Bay, Wis. and Fox River 1:25.000 1939 below De Pere, Wis. Inset: Part of Green Bay. Wis. 1:10.000 726 Lake Winnebago, Wis. 1 :60.000 1937 Fox River - De Pere, Wis. to Lake 1:30.000 Winnebago Chart No. 726 replaced by No. 720 1967 728 Sturgeon Bay. Canal, and Harbor of Refuge, 1:25.000 1903 Wis. (color) Sturgeon Bay, Canal, and Harbor of Refuge, 1:30.000 1909 Wis. Insets: Entrance to Canal 1:10.000 Sturgeon Bay and Sawyer 1:10.000 Inset of Entrance to Canal discontinued 1935 Sturgeon Bay and Canal. Wis. 1:30.000 1953 Inset: Sturgeon Bay. Wis. 1:10.000 734 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis. (color) 1:8.000 1907 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1937 735 Chart No. 734 changed to No. 735 Manitowoc Harbor, Wis.. and Sheboygan 1:10.000 1939 Harbor, Wis. 737 Sheboygan Harbor, Wis. (color) 1:10.000 1907 Chart No. 737 replaced by No. 735 743 Milwaukee Harbor (color) 1:12.000 1903 Milwaukee Harbor 1:15.000 1927 Milwaukee Harbor 1:10.000 1941 745 Racine Harbor - including Wind Point 1:15.000 1907 Shoals and Racine Reef (color) Racine Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1941 747 Kenosha Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1909 Chart No. 747 discontinued - now inset to No. 74 1937 11S Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 749 Waukegan Harbor, Ill. 1:8,000 1909 Chart No. 749 discontinued - now inset to No. 74 1937 750 Chicago and Vicinity - Recreational Craft 1:10.000 1969 Chart - shows the shoreline and adjacent waters from Wilmette, Ill., to Indiana Harbor. Ind., including Chicago Harbor. Also depicted are the North Shore Channel, the North and South Branches of Chicago River. Calumet River, and Lake Calumet. Contains 24 charts - 11" x 17%" 751 Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette to Gary 1:60.000 1927 Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette, Ill. to 1:60.000 1935 Gary, Ind. Insets: Gary and Buffington 1:15.000 Chicago Lake Front - Wilmette. Ill. to 1:60.000 1939 Gary, Ind. Inset: Gary Harbor, Ind. 1:15.000 752 Chicago Harbor, Ill. 1:15.000 1927 753 Lake Front. Chicago, Ill. 1:24.000 1900 Lake Front, Chicago, including Calumet 1:30.000 1903 Harbor (color) Chicago Lake Front No. 1 - from Glencoe to 1:40.000 1913 Hyde Park. Ill. Chart NO. 753 discontinued 1927 754 Chicago Lake Front No. 2 - from Hyde Park. 1:40.000 1913 Ill. to Gary, Ind. Chart No. 754 discontinued 1927 755 Calumet and Indiana Harbors 1:15.000 1927 Insets: Buffington 1:15.000 Gary. Ind. 1:15.000 Insets removed to Chart No. 751 1935 Calumet Harbor, Ill., Indiana Harbor. Ind..1:15,000 1939 Buffington Harbor. Ind., and Calumet Lake 116 Chart Locality Scale Dates NO. PLIb. 758 St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Mich. 1:8,000 1909 St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 1935 763 Black Lake (Holland) Harbor 1:15.000 1909 Holland Harbor, Mich. - Black Lake and 1:15.000 1913 Holland Holland Harbor, Mich., and Lake Macatawa 1:15.000 1939 765 Grand Haven Harbor. Mich. including Spring 1:15.000 1907 Lake (color) Grand Haven, Mich. including Spring Lake 1:15.000 1939 and lower Grand River 767 Muskegon Harbor, Mich. including 1:15.000 1903 Muskegon Lake (color) Muskegon, Mich. and Muskegon Lake 1:15.000 1939 768 White Lake Harbor. Mich. including 1:15.000 1927 Whitehall and Montague, Mich. White Lake, Mich., Whitehall, and 1:10.000 1939 Montague. Mich. 774 Ludington Harbor. Mich. (color) 1:5,000 1907 Ludington Harbor, Mich. 1:8,000 1909 Ludington Harbor, Mich. 1:10.000 1935 Ludington Harbor, Mich., and Pere 1:5,000 1939 Marquette Lake 776 Manistee Harbor, Mich. (color) 1:10.000 1907 Manistee Harbor. Mich., and Manistee Lake 1:10.000 1939 777 Portage Lake Harbor (color) 1:10.000 1907 Portage Lake. Mich. 1:10.000 1939 784 Manitou Passage, Mich. between Manitou 1:30.000 1907 Islands and Pyramid Point Chart No. 784 discontinued 19hh 117 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 789 Pine Lake, Mich. 1:30.000 1909 Inset: Charlevoix Harbor 1:10.000 Lake Charlevoix (Pine Lake), Mich. 1:30.000 1927 including Round Lake and Charlevoix, Mich. Inset: Charlevoix, Mich. 1:10.000 Lake Charlevoix, Mich. 1:30.000 1939 Inset: Charlevoix, Mich. 1:10.000 Early chart: City of Chicago 1:20.000 1874 Discontinued 1900 Early chart: South Fox Island Shoals (color) 1:20.000 1903 Discontinued 1913 Early chart: Lake Winnebago, Wis. (color) 1 40,000 1907 Discontinued 1909 Early chart: Frankfort Harbor, Mich. (color) 1 5,000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 77 1913 Early chart: Harbor at Michigan City, Ind. (color) 1 5.000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 75 1913 Early chart: Charlevoix Harbor, Mich. (color) 1 8,000 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 717 1909 Early chart: South Haven Harbor 1 8.000 1909 Discontinued - now inset to No. 76 1913 LAKE SUPERIOR Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. Early chart: Lake Superior No. 1 - Grand Island to 1:400,000 1872 St. Marys River Color 1907 Discontinued 1909 118 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. Early chart: Lake Superior No. 2 - Ontonagon to Grand 1:400,000 1870 Island, Mich. Color 1907 Discontinued 1909 Early chart: Lake Superior No. 3 — Pigeon Bay to 1:400,000 1873 Duluth. Minn. and 14 Mile Point Color 1907 Discontinued 1909 Early chart: Isle Royale - including northwest coast 1:120,000 1872 of Lake Superior Scale changed: 1:30.000 1900 Discontinued 1909 Early chart: West end of Lake Superior 1:32.000 1863 Discontinued 1900 9 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1: 500. 000 1903 Insets: Gargantua Harbor, Ont. 1:20.000 ' Grand Marais Harbor, Mich. 1: 10,000 Grand Marais Harbor, Minn. 1: 8,000 Michipicoten Harbor. Ont. 1: 5.000 Color 1907 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1:500.000 1927 (no insets) 91 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 1 - includ- 1:120.000 1907 ing Whitefish Bay and head of St. Marys River - east end of Lake, from Cape Gargantua, Ont., to Two Hearted River, Mich. (color) Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 1 - east end 1:120,000 1913 of lake. from Cape Gargantua, Ont., to Big Two Hearted River, Mich., including White- fish Bay and head of St. Marys River Inset: Gargantua, Ont. 1:20.000 Inset discontinued 1935 Chart No. 91 discontinued 1937 119 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 92 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 2 - South 1:120,000 1927 Share from Big Two Hearted River to Grand Portal, Mich., including Caribou Island Inset: Grand Marais, Mich. 1:16.000 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 2 - Head of 1:120,000 1937 St. Marys River to Au Sable Point, Mich. Inset: Grand Marais. Mich. 1:15.000 Add inset: Whitefish Point Harbor. Mich. 1:5.000 1963 Add inset: Little Lake Harbor, Mich. 1:5.000 1967 93 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 3 - South 1:120,000 1909 Shore from Castle Point to Big Bay Point, Mich., including Manitou Island and Stannard Rock Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 3 - Grand 1:120,000 1935 Portal to Big Bay Pt., Mich., including Manitou Island and Stannard Rock Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 3 - Grand 1:120,000 1937 Marais, Mich., to Big Bay Point, Mich. Add inset: Big Bay Harbor, Mich. 1:5.000 1963 94 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 4 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Keweenaw Peninsula - from Big Bay to Ontonagon Add inset: Capper Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 1917 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 4 - Big Bay 1:120,000 1937 to Redridge, Mich., including Keweenaw Peninsula and Keweenaw Waterway Insets: Eagle Harbor 1:15.000 Copper Harbor 1:15.000 Add insets: Grand Traverse Bay Harbor. Mi.1:5,000 1963 Lac La Belle Harbor, Mich. 95 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1:120,000 1917 Ontonagon, Mich., to Oronto Bay and Outer Island Wis. Inset: Ontonagon, Mich. 1:12.000 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1: 1937 Redridge, Mich. to Oronto Bay Inset: Ontonagon, Mich. 13109000 120 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 95 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 5 - 1:120,000 1939 Redridge, Mich. to Little Girl Point. Mich. Inset: Ontonagon, Mich. 1:10.000 Add inset: Black River Harbor. Mich. 1:5,000 1963 Add inset: Saxon Harbor, Wis. 1:2,500 1967 96 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 6 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Apostle Islands - west end of lake, from Little Girl Point. Mich., to Duluth, and thence to Beaver Bay, Minn. Inset: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:8.000 Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1927 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:12.000 Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1935 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:10.000 Change insets: Port Wing Harbor, Wis. 1:10.000 1937 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:15.000 Add inset: Cornucopia, Wis. 1:5,000 1944 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 6 - Little 1:120,000 1963 Girls Point, Mich. to Silver Bay, Minn., including Duluth. Minn. and Apostle Islands Insets: Port Wing Harbor. Wis. 1:10.000 Two Harbors, Minn. 1:10.000 Cornucopia Harbor. Wis. 1:5,000 Knife River, Harbor. Minn. 1:5,000 97 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 7 - Beaver 1:120,000 1958 Bay. Minn. to Pigeon Point, Minn. Inset: Grand Marais, Minn. 1:8,000 Change inset: Grand Marais, Minn. 1:10.000 1937 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 7 - Beaver 1:120,000 1958 Bay, Minn. to Pigeon Point, Minn. Insets: Silver Bay, Minn. 1:10.000 Taconite Harbor, Minn. 1:10.000 Grand Marais, Minn. 1:10.000 98 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - includ- 1:120,000 1907 ing Isle Royal - northwest coast of Lake Superior from Grand Portage Bay. Minn. to Black Bay, Ont., including Thunder Bay Insets: Todd Harbor, Rock Harbor, and 1:30.000 Washington and Grace Harbors 121 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 98 Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - Grand 1:120.000 1937 Portage Bay, Minn., to Hawk Island, includ- ing Isle Royale and Thunder Bay Insets: Todd Harbor, Rock Harbor, and 1:30.000 Washington and Grace Harbors (Isle Royale) Lake Superior Coast Chart No. 8 - Isle 1:120,000 1949 Royale, Mich. including Thunder Bay, Ont., and coast from Grand Portage Bay, Minn., to Shesheeb Point, Ont. (no insets) 931 Grand Island. Mich. 1:25.000 1862 Color 1907 Grand Island. Mich. - including south 1:30.000 1927 shore from Grand Portal to Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:12.000 Grand Island, Mich. - including coast 1:25.000 1935 from Grand Portal to Au Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor. Mich. Grand Island. Mich. - including coast 1:30.000 1937 from Grand Portal to Au Train Point Inset: Munising Harbor. Mich. 1:15.000 Grand Island, Mich. - including coast 1:30.000 1939 from Sail Rock to Au Train Point, Mich. Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 Name change: Munising Harbor and approaches including 1:30.000 1967 Grand Island Inset: Munising Harbor, Mich. 1:15.000 932 Munising Harbor. Mich. (color) 1:8.000 1907 Chart No. 932 discontinued - now inset on No. 931 1927 935 Marquette Harbor 1:50.000 1860 Marquette and Presque Isle Harbors, Mich. 1:15.000 1903 (color) 122 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 942 Huron Islands - Huron Bay and Huron 1:30.000 1869 Islands Huron Bay and Huron Islands, Mich. (color) 1:30.000 1907 Chart No. 942 discontinued 1935 943 L'Anse and Keweenaw Bay 1 30,000 1866 Keweenaw Bay. Mich. (color) 1.30.000 1907 Keweenaw Bay, Mich. 1 30,000 1937 Insets: L'Anse 1 10,000 Pequaming 1.10.000 Keweenaw Bay, Mich. 1:30.000 1967 Insets: L'Anse, Mich. 1:10.000 Baraga, Mich. 1:10.000 944 Portage Lake and River. Mich. 1 30,000 1865 Portage Lake and River. Mich. (color) 1:30.000 1907 Insets: Portage Entry and River 1.15.000 Portage Lake Upper Entrance 1 15,000 and Canal Portage Lake and Lake Superior Canals, 1.30.000 1913 across Keweenaw Peninsula Insets: Portage Entry 1.15.000 Upper Entrance and Canal 1 15.000 Keweenaw Waterway - Portage Lake and River 1.30.000 1917 Insets: Portage Entry 1 15.000 Upper Entrance and Canal 1.15.000 Keweenaw Waterway. Mich. - including 1 30,000 1937 Torch Lake Insets: Hancock and Houghton 1 10,000 946 Copper Harbor 1 10.000 1866 Color 1907 Discontinued - now inset to No. 94 1917 947 Agate Harbor 1:10.000 1858 Color 1907 Discontinued 1927 948 Eagle Harbor 1:5,000 1858 Color 1907 Discontinued 1937 123 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 949 Eagle River 1 :10,000 1859 Color 1907 Discontinued 1913 951 Ontonagon Harbor 1:16.000 1859 Color 1907 Discontinued - now inset on No. 95 1917 Early chart: Apostle Islands No. 1 - including south 1:50.000 1903 coast of Lake Superior from Squaw Bay, Wis. to Rays Point (color) Discontinued 1909 Early chart: Apostle Islands No. 2 - including 1350.000 1903 Chequamegon Bay and south coast of Lake Superior from Oronto Bay to Red Cliff. Wis. (color) . Discontinued 1909 961 Apostle Islands (color) 1:80.000 1903 Apostle Islands and Chequamegon Bay - 1:60.000 1909 including coast from Little Girl Point, Mich. to Sand Point, Wis. Apostle Islands, Wis.. including 1:60.000 1944 Chequamegon Bay Inset: Bayfield, Wis. 1:10.000 964 Ashland and Washburn Harbors, Wis. 1:15.000 1909 966 Duluth and Superior Harbors 1:15.000 1900 Duluth and Superior Harbors (color) 1:18.000 1903 Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and Wis. 1:24.000 1927 Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:25.000 1937 Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:15.000 1944 Duluth-Superior Harbor 1:15.000 1963 Inset: Upper St. Louis River, Minn. 1:30.000 968 Agate and Burlington Bays (Two Harbors). 1:6,000 1903 Minn. (color) 124 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 968 Agate and Burlington Bays, Minn. - Two 1:6,000 1913 Harbors. Minn. Two Harbors. Minn. 1:6,000 1917 Chart No. 968 discontinued - now inset on No. 96 981 Isle Royale. Mich. 1:40.000 1941 MINNESOTA-ONTARIO BORDER LAKES Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 84 Lake of the Woods - southern part of the 1:120,000 1935 lake, south of Northwest Angle Inlet and west of Sabaskong Bay, Ont. Add insets: Warroad, Harbor, Minn. 1:20.000 1963 Rainy River, Minn. 1:20.000 806 North Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 807 Northern Light Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 808 Sea Gull Lake (no hydrography) 1:24.240 1951 809 Saganaga Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 810 Knife Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 811 Basswood Lake, Eastern Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951 812 Basswood Lake, Western Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951 813 Crooked Lake (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 815 Lac la Croix (no hydrography) 1:42.240 1951 817 Sand Point Lake to Lac la Croix including 1:42.240 1951 Crane Lake and Little Vermilion Lake (no hydrography) 818 Namakan Lake. Eastern Part (no hydro.) 1:42.240 1951 820 Namakan Lake. Western Part, and Kabetogama 1:42.240 1951 Lake, Eastern Part (no hydrography) 125 Chart Locality Scale Dates No. Pub. 822 Kabetogama Lake, Western Part 1:42.240 1951 (no hydrography) 821 Rainy Lake - International Falls to 1:25.000 1937 Bushyhead Island Rainy Lake - International Falls, Minn. 1:25.000 1949 to Dryweed Island, Minn. Chart No. 821 changed to No. 823 1953 822 Rainy Lake - Bushyhead Island to 1:25.000 1937 Big Island Rainy Lake - Dryweed Island. Minn. to 1:25.000 1949 Big Island. Minn. Chart No. 822 changed to No. 821 1953 823 Rainy Lake - Big Island, Minn. to 1:25.000 1937 Oak Point Island. Ont. Inset: Kettle Falls. Minn. 1:10.000 841 Lake of the Woods No. 1 - Long Point to 1:40.000 1927 Windy Point and Rainy River entrance Discontinued ' 1939 842 Lake of the Woods No. 2 - West of Rocky 1:40.000 1927 Point and Stony Point, Minn. Discontinued 1939 843 Lake of the Woods No. 3 - Northwest Angle 1:40.000 1927 Inlet to Big Island Discontinued 1939 844 Lake of the Woods No. 4 - Between Garden 1:40.000 1927 Island and Long Point Discontinued 1939 126 HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE CHARTS Locality Dates No. Pub. 1474 Lake Superior - the whole lake 1910 Discontinued 1927 1475 Lake Michigan - the whole lake including 1910 Green Bay Discontinued 1927 1476 Lake Huron - the whole lake and Georgian 1910 Bay Discontinued 1927 1477 Lake Erie and Lake Ontario - both lakes 1910 and south parts of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay Discontinued 1927 1665 Lake Erie - the whole lake. and waterways 1910 to Lake Huron Discontinued 1927 63.3 «no.5 as» we manage Hoaooom mo ass #35 .omm 095mg 127 i 333 ...o If. h m . o z . ._ .. . I} i. . \. Jzazoomi . . Iloenleoollflc% .. .\ 23.26 cox-arts. as: ..u . 1.3a.” ... N . _ ... an .. .. (I!!! . «I. I 0 . 2 m . c \|.\N . .\\- .1..- o\\ w ““J on! . a anD— e .- O I ooh—wt“ to 8:3. @o . ... . ...M. . 3 .3 S we .3 ....o ...o 128 ....-. .. I871: o u a. INVERNA'flgl- l "L“ “’Wual-‘uulaw 9t ’ '3 3 ‘0! Chem cl area: north of ' Intermnonol Boundary Consul: " 1’22““! . Conodnon Hydregrophic Semce : Chan Catalog N'l..m | h. ' k l5l”5.,' ChomNo.113,114,115. M 116, and 117 are in "M" a" quanta: dulmi Ilwm (-Iwms Ne. 14, 15. 16, and W. ‘5 % . I." For Chem of the New York State I) am He e Canal System see description ‘ 0! .11qu No. 180 on oppomo page. IIV‘P . I." U. S. Coast and Geodetic Solver Chou Cooeleg ”00:00 Figure 29b. Index map of charts of St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, and New York State Barge Canal System. (1963) 129 Ammmrv .ae>am oaowowz nosed coo cascade oxen mo mousse mo ans koooH .omm oh:&ah eph . 0.5 N u z t a i x x o . > 3 u 2 2:2. a \ Jen . re. 4 43.22 . ... —0 N eleecoec ..VN m N 02 ..NNN sec arson see-.3 cognate! he .. Nu ..fi... ......t: F) I1 1 ...... m NN at 0:! ".3... "mole — selveelv eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee L eeeeeeeeeeee lleIIee\.e1\ \ \ ...n «0.50. .329: rim»... J as x ‘ C.:...OP ..x o a e. < a z o u x .u use. \.e \Il\\|\\ % \ .\..“aeI‘UAK {\dfll\. e. .0‘:L <>i\l\ll\ 530:0 \ee Ont..-“b— \ JV“ 7.00:; e». u 2 < \. P “a“. “V On a 31.30 \ G . O .... .2 .fl .3 130 Ammmrv ehe>wm awmao cum one 5on0 .3 8.3 335% 3958 .933 shown; Jana 33A mo 3.85 me one xoesH .omm 0.283 n o—. s...‘ .0 t.— eN.fl mm—N hm ._ H o_. o Wm... re... ovarian...) .11.... ulnnAnqug... Til. H. . .. l -.-._- 3.} 3!. it w . v.3.— e.u FNN W N. 25.0 tea “ . Zz<> >mzzua . . " ..VN Lenten ..me .. m. N.lr D“ 33.0... ms . 50:... e n . . . ._eieau fut e 30.; 3.5 .m n¢ .13.. ...ea .G.£.a N3 (0:72.? 131 '1 \- ‘\. ( Fm me ..\. \T-Zw‘uuu .‘ 7~ Reel-Yen 53.7 ,5 .. 63' Figure 29o. Index map of charts: of Lake Huron, Straits of Mackinac, and St. Marys River. (1953) 7 .. _ --r-----— M_ Li. [:1— I- .c -. A- -_N :704 “ \' (ND/v Henson-qua - ‘ . Gleduo'e I I m: |n|nnd .9 \\ . . ‘ um: “V “0.0“ , % D 370 0’ . 4511.145 - (neonates : O A W . .1; 701 j] ' I 4‘ i O ’T ‘ff ...-1.2:. s $r$:00fl_08‘ I pun ) P A D Weehongmefl A ; (.huleweoel ‘ 9....5.’ . ~ 0 I : cadets-mm Heme-no- “ I 1 t: 789 723 I N u ('1 V‘: . 702 "m ° e~ ‘ 1.9. . -z 1. J, . S Menneu l0 §° . _____. .--- ....5- OreAue Q A :S I 9,703 \ s D 3' \auuqnon Hey Q , 728- a" 706 Algoma. 1 Green Bey A 725 A 7 De Pere Kevennee 2 70 m 1 5 9e Lobe T” R‘ '3 Men-ate; ‘ Z Menace-es \ , I ..- ._ W‘HJes .. -. V .. _ muutueo _' O 3 (Grand Haven ' - --...- --- ... .__.-.._..._. ._- ...76"5 4'5" Holland 0 ”fi?€) eugemk 7 South Haven 2 ion Harbor 42' i I N! D I A N A 1' ," 7 Figure 29f. Index map of charts of Lake Michigan. (1963) 1'33 3me .8235 8.3 .3 huge .«o ass x35” .wmm enema {IA t" A Aedo ... on. ..n -Al.~all.m.. . z...“ ... 2...... = ... _ V...ee2e< “uneven?! emcee: tassel . \ ”@m notes: A .. \I.‘ 1|! 5.3.3.- ,o’ F5. in, . 530:0...— & ..‘hio mmm ”F3- . . :23... :32.“ Who 3 003500 e»..— 1 . “ dfl‘i e ea...» a! a e. a no! ..I . _ room a... ...-25.). tone-... on... e K , o . .QY — loo _ .8? am if m OIL. hm ....orteo “I: I. a n. . ./. . use a. 0 ./..ok one... ...-Gow‘wtuéaQ \ _o t ., v A u lqll" a w \ e o . a a p z o M I. . .0 . a no... Es...) ...... . a v at... .25 to... c n 2 see-...” km a. QGL 33m. Cane 4' O O fie. m . m. lfllAmmll A. a La. .mo ...,3 . a .3 .. ,134 3me 69.3 Epsom cesspoolopooegx mo oppose no ass #35” .smm 93m: . Hal Rescue .5 0M0 emm com .... «a _ 114:. fi .1 QONJVVvMeNONLo—unithlw,‘ . 2i. ......1 New ......x. mm. ls...s .... .... -flmfl.» Agnew 1: ....ma to ‘ 1).... Vanda”. ...n ......i. 50322.: 5.5!... 4%.... an. a an own mum ....) homhams . C. S... .. flake-cunt 1% $5 ‘3‘»: _ Shdl m_® cue-eaten ‘5 _ 0ND .Nvev “on it. ado % once... was. was t to .023 oEfizo - a m6” I 9 LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF REFERENCES Defense Mapping Agency and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Chart No. 1 United States of America Nautical Chart Symbols and Abbreviations. Washington, D. 0.: Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/szographic Center. 1979. Defense Mapping Agency. Hydrographic Center. American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation. (Bowditch). Pub. No. 9. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1980. Farmer, Silas. History of Detroit and Wayne Countygand Early Michigag. Detroit: Silas Farmer and Co..41890. Feldscher, Carl B. "Charting the Great Lakes." Paper presented at the 1964 Regional Convention of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Kansas City. Missouri. Detroit: U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey. Fitzgibbon, John. "Government Survey and Charting of the Great Lakes." Michigan Historpragazine 1 (1917): 55-71. Fleming, Roy F. "Charting the Great Lakes." Canadian Geographical Journal 7:2 (February 1936): 69-77. Hearding, William H. S. "W. H. S. Hearding Story 1851." Personal Narrative, 1875. Lansing: Michigan State Library. Hunt, Ira A. Jr. "The Lake Survey and the Great Lakes." The Military Engineer 51 (May-June 1959): 184-186. Kember, I. D. "Some Distinctive Features of Marine Cartography." The Cartographic Journal 8 (June 1971): 13-20. Lawrence, G. R. P. Cartographic Methodg. London: Metheun and Co.. Ltd., 1971. Pettis, C. R. "The Work of the U. S. Lake Survey." Civil Engineering 8 (January 1938): 23-25. Thompson, Morris M. Maps for America Cartographic Products of the U.pS. Geological Survey and Others. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 1979. U. S. Army. Corps of Engineers. ‘Report Upon the Preliminary Triangulation of the United States Lake Survey, by c. B. Comstock. Professional Paper No. 24. Washington. D. 0.: Government Printing Office. 1882. 135 U. U. U. S. Army. War Department. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1912. S. Lake U. S. S. Lake U. s. 1927. 1958. S. Lake Corps S. Lake Corps S. Naval Oceanographic Office. American Practical Navigator An Epitome of Navigation. (Bowditch). Pub. No. 9. Washington, D. C.: 1913. 1917. 1920. 1931. 1948. Survey. "Brief History of the U. S. Lake Survey." Detroit: Army Corps of Engineers, no date. Survey. Catalpgue of Charts of the Great Lakes. Detroit: Army Corps of Engineers, 1900. 1903. 1907. 1909. 1913. 1917. 1935. 1937. 1939. 1940, 19“1. 19““. 1945. 19h9. 1953. 1955. 1960. 1952. 1963. 1957. 1969. 1970. Survey. "Charting the Great Lakes." Detroit: U. S. Army . of Engineers, 1956. Survey. "U. S. Lake Survey Story." Detroit: U. S. Army of Engineers, 1968. Government Printing Office, 1966. 136