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thesis entitled

THE EFFECT OF DIET AND SODIUM BICARBONATE
INGESTION UPON ACID-BASE BALANCE
AND PERFORMANCE CAPACITY

presented by

SHOKR FALIAH-BOSJ l N

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

_M.A,___degreein—44ea4+hr—2hysical Ed. 5

Recreation

 

' u. ‘4

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Date 7'9- 79

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF DIET AND SODIUM BICARBONATE
INGESTION UPON ACID-BASE BALANCE

AND PERFORMANCE CAPACITY

BY

Shokr Fallah Bosjin

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation

1979

ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT OF DIET AND SODIUM BICARBONATE

INGESTION UPON ACID-BASE BALANCE
AND PERFORMANCE CAPACITY

BY
Shokr Fallah-Bosjin

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects
of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOB) ingestion (.06 g/kg body weight) under
either high carbohydrate or high fat-protein dietary ccmditions ,
upon acid—base balance and performance capacity.

Eight male marathon runners (average age 30 years) under
four treatment conditions (supplement carbohydrate , supplement fat-
protein, placebo carbohydrate, and placebo fat-protein) were used.

The subjects performed a graded treadmill test under each
of the four dietary conditions. Length of run time was recorded and
taken to be indicative of performance capacity. Arterialized blood
samples , taken frcm a pre-wanmed fingertip, determined the acid-base
status of subjects.

The results of this experiment indicated that the change in
lactic acid, pH and base excess (BE) concentrations observed under
the supplement conditions were statistically significant. The pH
was significantly higher under the supplement condition. The P002

values were affected on the dietary treatment. Performance times

were not affected by either diet or supplement conditions.

DEDICATION

This thesis is sincerely dedicated to my mother,
Fatemeh, who sacrificed much to impart an incentive for
education to her only son and to my father, whose continu-
ous love and support have given me courage to pursue my

goals.

ii

Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Health,
Physical Education and Recreation, College of Education,
Michigan State University, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Master of Arts degree.

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Guidance Commrttee: fizz/@797 2? W740

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The investigator would like to express his most
sincere gratitude to his academic and thesis advisor,
Professor W. D. VanHuss for his guidance, earnest
encouragement and invaluable direction throughout the
study and in the writing of this research.

The author wishes to express his sincere
appreciation to his committee members, Professor William
Heusner and Professor Kwok-wai Ho, for their help and
constructive suggestions.

Special thanks are due to Asghar Khaledan for
his generous assistance in the programming of this study
for computer analysis, and many thanks to Ali Motaghi
for his cooperation and time.

Finally, I am most appreciative of my wife,
Fatemeh for her understanding, cooperation, patience and

encouragement during the years of graduate study.

iii

LIST OF

LIST OF

Chapter

I.

II.

III.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM . . . . .
The Purpose of the Study . . . . . .
Research Hypothesis . . . . . . . .
Research Plan . . . . . . . . .
Limitation of the Study . . . . . .
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . .
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . . . . .

The Relative Contribution of Carbohydrates
Fat and Protein to Energy Metabolism
at Rest and During Exercise . . . .

Effect of Diet Upon Acid—Base Status . .

Physical Performance in Relation to Diet .

The Effect of Alkalization Upon Acid-Base
Balance and Performance Time . . . .
Alkaline Reserve . . .

Buffer System and the Acid- -Base Status of
the Blood . .

Relationship of Lactic Acid, Blood pH and
Their Roles as a Possible Limiting Factor
in Performance . . . . . . . . .

RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . . .
Research Design . . . . . . . . .
Preliminary Screening . . . . . .

Exercise Test . . . . . . . . .
Testing Procedure and Equipment . . . .

Dietary Recall . . . . . .
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Ingestion .
Blood Sample . . . . . . . . .
Lactic Acid Analysis . . . . . . .

iv

Page

mmnnw l—'

\J

10
13

15
20

21

24
26

26
29
31
33
33
35
35
36

Chapter Page

pH, Partial Pressure Carbon Dioxide
(PCOZ), Bicarbonate Concentration

(HCO ) and Base Excess (BE) . . . . 36

Heart ate . . . . . . . . . . 37

Energy Metabolism . . . . . . . . 37
Respiration Rate . . . . . . . . 38
Parameters of the Study . . . . . . 39
Statistical Technique . . . . . . . 39

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . 40
Lactic Acid Results . . . . . . . . 41

pH Results . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Base Excess (BE) Results . . . . . . 49

PCOZ Results . . . . . . . . . . 49
Performance Results . . . . . . . . 53
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . 59

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 65
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . 66
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

LIST OF TABLES

Page
The Normal Values and Ranges of the
Acid-Base Parameters of Blood . . . . . 12
The Two Experiments are Compared with Two
Other Experiments . . . . . . . . . 18
Physical Characteristics of Subjects . . 27
Specifications for the Multi-stage Tread-
mill Run . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and Percent-
age of Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein under
High Carbohydrates and High Fat-Protein
Dietary Conditions . . . . . . . . 34

Statistical Results, Lactate (mMoL/L) . . 42

Changes in Lactate (mMoL/l) and Statistical
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Statistical Results, pH . . . . . . . 46
Changes in pH and Statistical Results . . 47
Statistical Results, Base Excess (mEq/L) . 50

Change in BE mEq/L and Statistical
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Statistical REsults, PCO (mmHg) . . 54

2

Changes in PC02 (mmHg) and Statistical
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Basic Data Performance Time (Sec) and
Statistical Results . . . . . . . . 57

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
2-1. Metabolic Integration of Carbohydrates,
Fat and Protein . . . . . . . . . 8
3-1. Sequence Treatments . . . . . . . 28
3-2. Single Bipolar V5 Configuration . . . 30
4-1. Lactic Acid Results . . . . . . . 44
4—2. pH Results . . . . . . . . . . 48
4-3. Base Excess Result . . . . . . . . 56
4-4. PCO2 Results . . . . . . . . . 53
4-5. Performance Results . . . . . . . 58

vii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM

The data related to the effects of diet on the
acid-base balance of the blood are not clear at present.
An increase in blood pCO2 values of 2-3 mm Hg have been
reported in subjects on a high carbohydrate diet (58,59,
91). No consistent changes have been observed in blood
pH or base excess after meals (31, 35, 118). On the
other hand, a 2-3 mEq/L increase in standard blood
bicarbonate concentration may result from a very high
protein diet (96).

During mild exercise the blood pH remains fairly
constant, but it declines as the intensity of the
exercise increases (24,47,58,70,127). It is believed
that lactic acid production is a function of exercise
intensity (93). An increase in lactic acid production
changes the acid-base status of the blood (102) which, in
turn, becomes a limiting factor in maximal muscular
exertion (100). Lactic acid dissociates into lactate—
and H+ ions very quickly. A direct linear interrelation-
ship has been reported between the lactate- level and the
H+ ion concentration of the blood (66,117). Therefore,

1

if the formation of lactic acid is so quick that the
buffering mechanisms in the body cannot maintain acid-
base homeostasis, the competency of the muscle cell to
maintain an elevated yield of ATP via the glycolytic
pathway may be impaired. This is due, in part, to a pH-
related inhibition of the rate limiting enzyme in anaero-
bic glycoysis, phosphofructokinase (19,57,90).

It is well known that endogenous glycogen storage
in the working muscle can be increased by a high carbo-
hydrate diet (73). An elevated endogenous glycogen
content has been shown to be associated with an increased
endurance work capacity (3,16,17,56,53,58,65,73,126).
Other than simply increasing the availability of a ready
energy source, the high carbohydrate loading may have
effects on the acid-base balance in the body. Hunter
found the arterial blood to be more alkaline in subjects
on a high carbohydrate diet (>60% carbohydrate) and more
acid in subjects on a high fat-protein diet (about 50%
fat and 30% protein) (75).

Oral ingestion or intravenous injection of sodium
bicarbonate in sufficient amounts also will increase the
alkalinity of the blood (21,22,42,72). This increased
alkalinity may elevate the potential buffering capacity
and thus enhance performance. Dennig (41) has reported

that oxyten debt capacity and the ability to do strenuous

work of greater than 20 minutes duration are markedly
increased in alkalosis, whereas both oxygen debt capacity
and performance are lowered in the acidotic state (41).
More recently, Jones gt a1. (79) and Sutton gt al. (124)
also found that pre-exercise acidosis reduces the post-
exercise antecubital venous blood lactate concentration
and decreases the performance time of exhaustive exercise.
Conversely, in the alkalotic condition the lactate concen-
trations are relatively high and the performance times
are relatively long. There are additional studies which
indicate that blood lactic acid and oxygen debt capacity
are higher and work performance is better under alkalotic
conditions (69,79,97); however, there are several studies
which do not support this position (77,92). Therefore,
the area of bicarbonate supplementation and performance
must be regarded as controversial at this time. Additional
research appears to be needed.

Little is known about the interrelationships
between diet, alkalizer supplementation and the capacity
to perform exercise to exhaustion. The present study

was designed to contribute new information in this area.

The Purpose of the Study

 

The purpose of this study was to determine the
effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion (0.06 grams/kg

body weight), under either high carbohydrate or high

fat—protein dietary conditions, upon acid-base balance

and work performance during strenuous exercise.

Research Hypotheses

 

This investigation was designed to test the

following research hypotheses:

l. Pre-exercise sodium bicarbonate supplementa-
tion produces increased metabolic alkalosis
and improved exercise performance capacity.

2. As compared to a high fat-protein diet, a
high carbohydrate diet produces increased
metabolic alkalosis and improved exercise
performance capacity.

3. The metabolic and performance effects of a
high carbohydrate diet and sodium bicarbonate

supplementation are synergistic.

Research Plan

 

A Latin-square design with eight subjects and
four treatments, with replication, was used. The subjects
were marathon competitors from the central Michigan area.
The scheduled treatments were as follows:

1. High carbohydrate diet + NaHCo3
2. High carbohydrate diet + Placebo
3. High fat-protein diet + NaHCo3
4. High fat-protein diet + Placebo

The subjects' energy metabolism and performance
time in an exhaustive, multi-stage treadmill run were
measured under the four treatment conditions. Prior to
exercise and following each stage of the run, arterialized
blood samples were taken for determination of the acid-
base status of the subjects. The data were anlyzed using
the two-way, repeated-mesures analysis of variance (51)

and the non-parametric sign test (114).

Limitation of the Study

 

l. The results of this study can be applied only
to athletes with characteristics similar to those of the
subjects used.

2. Although standard precautions were taken,
psychological and physiological fatigue may be concomitant
variables in any repeated measures study involving
exhaustive work.

3. The investigator was not able to control the
amount of sleep and daily exercise of the subjects. These
factors may have affected their performances during the

testing.

Definition of Terms

 

Acid-base balance - The relative proportions of

 

acids and alkali (H+ and OH- ions) in the blood and

tissues.

Blood pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity
of the blood.

Aciodsis - A shift of the acid-base balance such
that the acidity of the blood and tissues is increased

(pH decreased).

Alkalosis - A shift of the acid-base balance such

 

that the alkalinity of the blood and tissues is increased

(pH increased).

Alkaline Reserve - The amount of alkalizing salts

 

(mainly sodium bicarbonate) that is available in the blood

for buffering.

Lactic acid - An organic acid and an end product

 

of the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates.

Base excess - (BE) - the Base concentration of

 

whole blood as measured by its titration to pH 7.40 at a

pCO of 40 mm Hg. BE is equal to buffer base minus normal

2
buffer base; therefore, normal BE = 0.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A review of literature with some discussion is
presented for six pertinent areas: (1) the relative
contribution of carbohydrate, fat and, protein to energy
metabolism at rest and during exercise, (2) effect of
diet upon acid-base status, (3) physical performance in
relation to diet, (4) the effect of alkalization upon
acid—base balance and performance, (5) buffer system and
acid-base status of the blood, and (6) the relationship
of lactic acid, blood pH and their roles as a possible
limiting factor in performance.

The Relative Contribution of Carbohydrate

Fat and Protein to Energy Metabolism
at Rest and During ExercISe

The relative contribution of the three fuels
(protein,fat, and carbohydrate) to energy metabolism is
dependent upon the rate of the biological energy cycle,
the availability of the substrate, the intensity of exer-
cise, and the physical condition of the subject (84). The
general scheme of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as

energy sources is represented in Figure 2-1. All three

Glycogen
CARBOHYDRATES glucose-lophosphate
QIUCOSE z glucose-S-phosphate FAT
I 5, .1
m; glycerol acetoacetate CoA
NAEROBI a , ‘
GLUCOGENIC AMINO ACIDS ‘. PATHWAY C9 Catienc acnd
Q'vcme alanine l , KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS
/
5,6342%“ 2:;IZTne i) —. pyruvlc aCld phenylalanme
l
methnomnej /; i / tyrosme
aCGIYI COA Ieucme
lactlc acnd Isoleucme
Iyyne
aspamc aCld —0 oxaloacetlc Catnc aCld
Cld
I KREBS
CYCLE
GLUCOGENIC
2-ketoglutanc “PAINO ACIDS
ac'd ! prOIlne
I3 I IYSlnB
9 U '0 ac'd histidlne

hydroxyprollne

Figure 2-l.--Metabolic Integration of Carbohydrates,
Fat and Protein.

diets can serve as energy sources via the different
pathways (85).

During heavy muscular exercise of short duration
the muscles obtain their energy from endogenous phospho—
gen and glycogen (99). In 1896, when Chaveau reported
a rise in the respiratory quotient (RQ) toward unity in
exercise, it was generally accepted that the primary
source of energy for muscular contractions was carbo-
hydrate metabolism (26). Many investigators claimed that
exercise RQs were similar to resting ROS and that fat
was being metabolized (5,84,95,120). From these data,
it was concluded that carbohydrate and fat are the major
sources of energy for muscular contraction. Most of the
findings have indicated that carbohydrate and their
resulting glycogen stores are the influential fuel for
endurance exercise (3,16,52,56,65,126). There are two
important sources of fat in the body for use during
muscular activity: (a) intramuscular triglycerides and
(b) free fatty acids (FFA) that are derived from the trigly-
cerides in the adipose tissue (131). During exercise,
approximately 50 percent of the fat-derived energy comes
from each of the two sources (119).

Fat does have a primary role in energy production
during certain types of exercise. At very intensive work

levels, it has been shown that glycolysis is the primary

lO

mechanism for the anaerobic output of energy and fat can-
not participate in this process (6). Part of the reason
may be that lactic acid has been shown to suppress FFA
mobilization (55). It is not completely clear why fat is
not involved during high intensity exercise (111). There
is a controversy regarding whether or not the intramuscu-
lar triglyceride pool is used during strenuous activity
(103). During moderately heavy exercise fats contribute
about 30 percent of the energy (61).

In prolonged endurance exercise the contribution
of fats and blood glucose to the energy output increases
(19,34,104). The oxidation of fats in the metabolic
pathways is dependent upon the cxidative capacity of the
individual and the intensity of the work (9).

Protein does not contribute significantly to ATP
synthesis during exercise and is not used as a fuel to
any substantial extent when the caloric supply is suffi-

cient (26,86,105).

Effect of Diet Upon Acid-Base Status
It has been claimed by Siggard-Anderson (117)
that, after a heavy meal the base excess concentration
rises by 3-4 milli equivalents per liter (mEq/L). The
standard bicarbonate concentration of blood tends to
increase by 2-3 mEq/L after a very high protein diet (97).

(The normal values and ranges of the acid-base parameters

ll

of blood is illustrated in Table 2-1 (1). Jansen and
Karbaum (76) found a rise in the pH of blood after a
meal. However, Shock and Hastings (113), and Cullen and
Earle (35), were unable to find any constant change in pH
of blood after meal. Ingestion of a vegetable-based diet
has been shown to result in PC02 values 2-3 mm Hg higher
than PCO2 values when on a meat-based diet (59,60,97,ll7).
However, the pH of the blood was not significantly
altered on a vegetable or a meat-based diet (59). In
addition, Lundbaek (90) found that a high carbohydrate
diet tended to raise the PC02 of blood by about 3 mm Hg
compared with a low carbohydrate diet.

It has been shown that diet can affect the concen-
tration of lactic acid in the blood during exercise of
the same intensity (130). It has also been found that
serum lactic acid levels are influenced by different diets,
i.e., the concentration of lactic acid was less on a low
carbohydrate diet, high fat diet under standard work con-
ditions of 70-75% oOZmaX (65,107).

If an anaerobic exercise is based on glycogen
stores, a rich carbohydrate diet should enhance endogenous
glycogen levels. The lactic acid concentration in the
blood provides an index of glycolytic work relative to
diet and performance (7,46,74,9l,l30). The blood lactate

values were greater during supramaximal work bouts when

12

 

 

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13

muscle glycogen stores were "loaded" as a result of
a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet, with decreased muscle
glycogen stores, lactic acid appears to have an

inhibitory effect on glycogenolysis (4).

Physical Performance in Relation to Diet

The relation of physical performance to diet has
long been of interest to nutritionists, exercise physio-
logists, medical doctors and coaches. Zuntz (1901),
Krogh and Lindhard (1920) and Christensen and Hansen
(1939) were among the first researchers to establish a
relationship between diet and work performance (5,28,30,
49,84,86,95,120,133). A number of studies have shown that
the capacity for prolonged exercise is enhanced after
eating a high carbohydrate diet.

It is possible to increase capacity to store
energy in the form of glycogen in the muscle and liver
cells (l6,20,56,65,78,80,103). By applying muscle biopsy
technique of Bergstrom, Hultman and Bergstrom determined
the glycogen content in the leg muscles of subjects
following exercise under various dietary conditions.

They found that a CHO diet will raise muscle glycogen
stores above normal levels following exhaustive work of
the muscles involved the subjects exhibited a signifi-
cantly longer performance time on the CHO diet (2,9,16,

73,111). It seems that although carbohydrate is not

14

main fuel for endurance activity the reduction of
glycogen stores in the working muscle is still one of
the limiting factor primarily in those endurance activi-
ties which are of relatively high intensity and long
duration (ninety minutes or more) such as distance running,
bicycle racing and cross country skiing (19,33,65). The
phenomenon of glycogen supercompensation has been
utilized by having the individual work to exhaustion and
then to load with carbohydrates for several days prior to
competition. The performance could be continued longer
than any other dietary procedure (2,9,16,19,73,lll).

In 1965 Asmussen (4) presented several theories
as to have high fat diets may adversely affect endurance
capacity. First, resultant low levels of blood sugar
may deteriorate performance through effects on the central
nervuos system. Secondly, there is a higher energy
requirement, per calorie of energy when fat is oxidized.
Finally, when fat is metabolized, the intermediate meta-
bolites created, such as acetoacetic acid and betahydroxy-
butyric acid, which produces an acidotis condition. The
early experiments supported the concept that work
performed was more economical when carbohydrate was the
source of energy. When fat was utilized as a source of
energy, instead of carbohydrates, there was 10 to 12

percent decreased in efficiency (81,86,94). It has also

15

been experimentally reported that fatigue occurred earlier
on high fat diets (27).
Russian investigators claim that high protein
diet enhances the excitability of the nerve system,
elevates reflex activity and, increases the speed of
reaction and ability to concentrate (110).
The Effect of Alkalization Upon

ACId-Base Balance and
Performance Time

 

 

 

It is logical to assume that an artificial
increase in the quantity of alkalies in the body should
enhance the level of muscular performance by buffering
the lactic acid produced. Dennig gt. gt. (41) first
reported that a runner starting from an alkaline state,
as compared to a normal or acidic state, may be able to
accumulate a greater oxygen debt. In the alkaline state,
a greater CO2 content and higher pH were found when
compared tx> the normal or the acidic state during rest
and work. Dill, Edwards and Talbott (42) found that "a
runner in an alkaline state ran 6 minutes and 4 seconds
to exhausion in comparison with 5 minutes 22 seconds
starting from normal state." They reported that intake
of sodium bicarbonate resulted in a 20% increase in 02
debt, 40% increase of blood lactic acid (measured 3%
minutes after the run) and 40% increase of alkaline

reserve (42).

l6

Dennig (40) later reported (in 1937) significant
increases in treadmill endurance times of subjects after
alkaline ingestion. His refined dosages included sodium
citrate 5.0 gm. sodium bicarbonate 3.5 gm. and potassium
citrate 1.5 gm. This represented a daily dosage taken
after each meal for two days before and after a test to
avoid an acidotic reaction. No dosage was taken five
hours prior to exercise. The limitation of the study
was that the only moderately-trained subjects were used.
Dennig also cited a similar study by Albat, who applied
a blind test to an unstated number of subjects who per-
formed to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer. During 35
days of testing without treatment the average performance
time was 10.9 minutes. In 13 days by applying combination
of potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate, the
average performance time increased 42 percent to 15.9
minutes. On 2 days when ammonium chloride was administered
to produce an acidotic state the performance time
decreased to 4.6 minutes (40). Karpovich and Sinning
(82) reported that Dennig's formula had no significant
effect on performance of college swimmers.

In 1933, Margaria, Edwards and Dill (93) reported
two experiments on a moderately trained male subject
running to exhaustion on a treadmill. The speed was 18.7

kilometers per hour on a 5 percent grade. In Table 2-2

17

two experiments are compared with two other experiments
performed in the same conditions but without previous
ingestion of alkali. In both experiments, the lactic

acid concentration increased and the oxygen debt decreased
after alkalization. The investigators concluded that the
"performance was better" after alkalization.

In 1953, Johnson and Black (77) studied several
blood alkalizer and glucose. The subjects were eleven
male members of champion high school cross-country run-
ners (age 16 to 19) during a competitive season. They
were divided into four experimental groups and performance
times were measured for the 1.5 mile course eight times
during the competition season. The subjects received
either a placebo or experimental compound prior to each
competition except one. The dosage was administered
2.5 hours before the event. Each group obtained one of
five substances: (a) glucose, 2 ounces; (b) sodium
citrate, 5 gm; (c) sodium bicarbonate, 3.5 gm; and potas-
sium citrate, 1.5 gm, and (d) sodium acid phosphate, 3 gm,
and glucose, 2.4 ounces. The placebo was composed of 1
gm lactose (capsule). The substances were rotated so
that each group ingested each substance twice. The
result indicated that the time of the performers were
not significantly affected by any of the ergonic aids

under study. However, the investigators stated that the

18

 

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19

temperature range throughout the fall session (39 to
91°F) may have influenced the study results (65).

Limited information is available about an
experiment conducted by Dawson in 1935 (37). He reported
that a runner ingested 10 grams of sodium bicarbonate
dissolved in tea. A negative effect was observed upon
endurance performance. During the run, the alveolar CO2
of the subject rose and then fell. An increasing diffi-
culty breathing was attributed to the exhaustion of the
runner.

In 1936, Hewitt and Callaway (69) reported a
study on the effects of alkalization (orange juice,
tomato, tomato juice, which contained potassium citrates
and tartrates) upon college swimmers. The investigators
concluded that swimming performance was improved.

In 1971, Margaria, gt.gt. (92) studied the effect
of 3.24 gm sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and potas-
sium citrate ingestion upon supermaximal exercise per-
formance (10 mi/hr, 10% grade) of twelve normal men.

No significant effects upon performance or blood lactic
acid levels were found. With ingestion of 12 gm sodium
bicarbonate, performance times increased up to 5.8 percent
which was not statistically significant.

Atterbom (11) using a dosage of 0.13 gram/kg body

weight NaHCO during high-intensity work (about 2.5 minutes)

3

20

found increased base excess levels (4.1 mEq per liter)
in the extracellular fluid before exercise. Improved,
but not statistically significant, performance times
were recorded.

Simmons and Hardt (122), in 1973, administrated a
mixture of 0.715 gm sodium citrate, 0.50 gm sodium bicar-
bonate, 0.215 potassium citrate and placebo 1.43 gm sucrose.
The results indicated that the supplemental alkali in
contrast to the placebo, had appreciable influence on

performance capacity of the swimmers.

Alkaline Reserve

 

The alkaline reserve is important during exercise
in that it extends the time to observe lactate in the
blood. The studies of Full (48), Wissing (132) and later
Ewing (45) indicated that training increased the alkaline
reserve. Coupled with an increase of the O2 debt, the
capacity to withstand the lactic acid produced during
moderate and heavy exercise was also increased. The
preponderance of experimental evidence, however, indicates
that training does not change the alkaline reserve in
man and animal (108,109,123). Reduction of the alkaline
reserve during muscular exercise places a limit upon
performance (112). The limit appears to be fatigue, or
accumulation of unbuffered acid (including lactic) in the

muscle tissue (125).

21

Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (oral or intra-
venous) in sufficient amounts, increases the alkaline
reserve of the blood (15,22,21). The capacity of the
blood for buffering acid metabolites is raised (42).

Buffer System and the Acid-Base
Status of the Blood

 

 

During lower steady state activity, lactic acid
levels hold constant during work. Marked increases in
both lactic acid and pyruvic acid are observed during
maximal or near maximal exercise (9,38,89,129).

The pH of the arterial blood during rest is about
7.40 while the pH of the venous blood is approximately
7.37 (9). The differences between the two values results
from acid metabolites which have invaded the venous blood
from the muscle tissue. The range of blood pH is betwwen
6.8 and 7.8 (22,62,87). Exercise, diet, and respiratory
changes create variation in the pH level; the range, how-
ever, tends to remain between the 7.3 and 7.5, well within
the tolerance limit (62).

Bock, et a1. (23) found that the more physically
fit men had a smaller increase in acidity of the blood.
The pH of the blood is related to the intensity and
duration of work effort the fitness of the subject and
the temperature of the environment. There is a general

consensus that the pH of blood remains more or less the

22

same during mild exercise, that it falls slightly during
moderate exercise and it falls steeply during severe
exercise (24,47,58,70,127,l30). Heusner and Bernauer (68)
concluded that trained subjects are able to perform a
given task at a lower level of stress (higher pH) in an
exhaustive exercise. Cureton (36) stated that very few
athletes, even among superior high level runners, are
capable to drive themselves until the blood becomes acid
in reaction.

There has, however, been controversy over the
effect of exercise on the pCO2 of blood. Some experi-
menters (39,71) produced evidence that upon exercise the

pCO increases, other authors (24,49) have found that

2

the pCO falls, and still others have established no

2
change in the pCO2 upon exercise (12). However, Teraslinna
and McLeod (127) found that the pCO2 decreased during the
early stages of exercise, and then increased as the
exercise continued. These differences in findings may be
attributed to differences in the kinds of works used, and
difference in experimentally and measuring technique used,
and to sampling errors (71).

There is an agreement that the concentration of
standard bicarbonate, the base excess and buffer base

concentration of blood decrease slightly with mild and

moderate exercise, and decreased more steeply with severe

23

exercise (24,39,58). The primary buffer in the plasma and
tissue fluids is sodium bicarbonate (22). The bicarbonate
buffer system depends upon carbonic acid (HZCOB) as the
weak acid and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as the buffer
salt. In this system, lactic acid (HLA) reacts with
sodium bicarbonate to form sodium lactate (NaLA) and

carbonic acid (HZCOB) as follows:

HLA + NaHCO + NaLa + H co I CO2 (19).

3 2 3

Since HZCO3 is a weaker acid than HLA, the buffer
system has an alkalizing effect upon the blood. In
severe muscular exercise, acids which concentrate in the
blood results in an uncompensated acidosis (9,66,102,106).
During this process more buffer alkalizers are a require-
ment.

The capacity of the blood for buffering acid
metabolites will rise by ingestion of sodium bicarbonate
(oral or intravenous injection), in turn will raise the
alkaline reserve of the blood (15,21,22,42). Thus, the
buffering capacity of the blood is directly related to

the continuation of muscular work.

24

Relationship of Lactic Acid, Blood pH and
their Roles as a Possible Limiting
Factor in Performance

Simonson (121) reported that Pernow, et al. (1965)
found a decrease in pH in femoral venous blood to a mean
value of 7.09 in 19 healthy young men during strenuous
exercise. A linear relationship was found between
decrease of pH and increase of lactate. After maximal
exercise of short duration, lactic acid was found to
increase to values as high as 32.1 mM. The consequent
changes in the acid—base balance decreased the blood pH
to 6.80. There was a straight-line relationship where
lactic acid and blood pH and base excess (102).

Hermansen (64) established that the limiting
factors in anerobic work depend on: (1) approximately
low glycogen store, (2) the high concentration of lactic
acid in the muscle cell, (3) the lowered intracellular
pH, and (4) combination of these and other reflections.

Bergstrom, et a1. (18), proposed one possible
process by which glycolysis is inhibited is the rapid
build-up of lactate which causes a marked decrease in the
intracellular pH. A decrease in pH is recognized to
inhibit phosphofractokinase activity and enhance the
inhibitory effect of ATP (128). Costill (32) found that
in highly trained distance runners the increase in blood
lactic acid in competitive races is related inversely to

the distance of the race.

25

It is rather well known that one of the main
limiting factors in prolonged severe exercise is the
maximal amount of oxygen which can be transported to and
utilized by the muscles. The amount of glycogen decrease
and lactic acid increase during continuous stimulation of
isolated muscle (64).

Astrand, et al. (8) measured blood lactate con-
centration from cross-country skiers at l to 3 minutes
after the finish of races of distances from 10 to 85 km.
After 10 km race of times of 35 to 36 minutes, the average
concentration of lactic acid was 139 mg/100 ml of blood;
at 30 km, with times of 1 hour and 50 to one hour and 56
minutes, mean lactic acid value was 68 mg/100 ml.

At 50 km, with times of 3 hours and 6 to 18 minutes the
mean lactic acid value was 39 mg/100 ml. The interpreta-
tion for the low value after prolonged work is consistent,
i.e., the greater the intensity of the work the greater

the lactate value.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

The following methods and procedures were used to

determine the effects of two diets and sodium bicarbonate

supplementation upon acid-base status and work performance

in an exhaustive, multi-stage treadmill run.

Research Design

 

A Latin—square design with eight subjects and
four treatments was used. The subjects were male marathon
runners (average age 30 years) from the central Michigan
area. (Physical characteristics of subjects is shown in
Table 3-1). The treatments consisted of oral doses of
NaHCO3 or a placebo administered blindly to subjects who
were on either high carbohydrate or high fat-protein
diets. The sequence of the four treatments is shown in
Figure 3-1. The subjects were assigned numbers randomly
and then were rotated to a different treatment condition
each week according to the sequence indicated in the body

of the figure.

26

27

TABLE 3-l.--Physical Characteristics of Subjects.

 

 

 

Subject Age Weig?t Height
Feet Inches

SF 20 69.7 5 11
BR 26 66.5 5 10
DA 27 71.5 6 00
D5 28 54.5 5 6
SC 29 54.9 5 5
BM 31 73.5 5 7
BK 37 68.4 5 11

GS 40 73.5 5 7

 

28

mucofiummua mo mocmsqmmll.alm musmflm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mucmsummne
onmomem moommz r oncomem moommz
+ + n + +
aflmuoum aflmuoum m
lame seem lumm seem _ omo amen omo hoe:
m m w H a .n
w
v m m H .m
H a m m .m
m H a m .H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

Preliminary Screening

 

Each subject was required to have a recent
physical examination and medical approval for participa-
tion in the study. In addition, a standard informed con-
sent form was completed.

A modified Bruce stress test was used to determine
if the subjects had any difficulties under heavy exercise
conditions. Electrodes were placed on each subject in
the single bipolar V5 electrocardiograph configuration
recommended by Ellested (44). This electrode placement
is shown in Figure 3—2. Each subject was tested with the
following protocol:

lst level: 3.5 miles/hour, 8% grade,
3 min duration

2nd level: 4.2 miles/hours, 12% grade,
3 min duration

3rd level: 6.0 miles/hours, 12% grade,
3 min duration

4th level: 8.0 miles/hours, 12% grade,
1.5 min duration

Blood pressure (BP) was measured immediately following
the exercise at each level. The electrocardiogram (ECG)
was monitored throughout the test as well as between
exercise levels. The test was continued as soon as the
BP was recorded.

The following criteria were used for terminating

a stress test before all four levels were completed:

./-
\

I
, A
”\J

/J

.I
.\ '_/

Figure 3.2.--Single Bipolar V5 Configuration.

31

l. Systolic blood pressure over 220 mm Hg.
2. Diastolic blood pressure over 110 mm Hg.

3. Depression of the ST segment of the ECG
greater than 2mm.

4. Premature ventricular contractions
(PVCs) in pairs or with increasing
frequency.

No individual who had any PVCs, any ST segment depression,

or an abnormal blood pressure was used as a subject.

Exercise Test

 

After the stress test, all subjects who were
selected for the study were assumed to be reasonably
familiar with running on a treadmill. A brief descrip-
tion of the study and the required work task was given
to each subject before the experiment began. The exer-
cise test involved a six stage treadmill run. The speed
and grade used for each level is shown in Table 3-2.
Each level consisted of three minutes of work followed
by three minutes of recovery. Blood samples were
collected during the recovery period at each level. The
subjects continued through the stages until they had run
to exhaustion. The timed (15 min) recovery period was
then initiated. A light-weight safety harness was worn
by the subjects to protect them from falling and to make

them feel more secure while running.

 

32

wooeh nuoe m ll .. m
wooed sum m ll l- m

UOOHQ sum m II II b

 

menace: ma wnm>oomm

 

 

UOOHQ new m NH 0H m

cooHn cum m m ca m

eooHn sum m m a a

eolo new m A m m

cooHn cum m m n m

cooHn cum m m m H

cooHn uma II I: ll wmfloumxm cucumm
mHmEmm coon masses mocha ASQEV

 

ACME my pmmm coflumusc accoumm commm Hmnfisz Hc>mq

 

.csm HHHEGMOHB mmmgmlfiuasz may now mcoprOHMflommmll.Nlm mnmde

33

Testing Procedure and Equipment

The following procedures were conducted after
the subjects came into the Human Energy Reserch Laboratory
(Department of Health, Physical Education and REcreation,
Michigan State University).

1. Dietary recall

2. Blood sampling

3. Placement of electrodes on subject's chest

4. Exercise testing-gas collection for energy
metabolism

5. Recording heart rate (HR) during run and
recovery

6. Recording respiration rate

DietaryiRecall

 

The diet was divided into two categories: (a)
high carbohydrate and (b) high fat and protein. Lists
of common carbohydrate and fat-protein foodstuffs were
given to each subject prior to the commencement of the
study. These lists are shown in Appendix A. The subjects
were required to record their dietary intakes during
meals and snacks for three successive days prior to each
test. A sample recording sheet is included in Appendix A.
The technique of Bowes and Church was used (29) . The
percent carbohydrate, fat, and protein obtained in diet
procedure used to obtain high carbohydrate and high fat

protein conditions are shown in Table 3—3.

34

 

 

 

 

 

 

aeoo. u c *eoo. u leoo. u m
w :Hmuoum w pom H omu
mm.m~ u m Hm.om u om.mm u m
ua>oza
e.m om.e e.m em.m mm.m m.o o.e He.m m.HH m.m H.a m.oH .um
o.m~ o.ma s.em 5.5H m.em «.mm m.e~ o.me e.mm m.ae o.am ~.~m _m
:Hmuonm umm omo :Hmuoum umm oeo cemuonm been 020 cemboum yam emu
w w w w w w w w w m w w
.mmmc .om. lemme .om.
cemuoumlpmm omo :Hmuoumlumm one
+ + m+ m+
onmomem chmomem oommz comma
.mcowuflccoo

mumuwwa aflmuoumlumm swam paw mmumucmnonnmu swam Hopes cflwuoum can
umm .mpcucmsonumo mo mmmucmonom can Acme GOwu0H>mQ pumpccum .cmlel.MIm wands

35

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Ingestion

 

Since this was a blind study, the NaHCO3 and the

placebo (dextrose) were administered in indistinguishable

gelatin capsules. The oral dosage of NaHCO was 0.06 g/kg

3
of body weight while that of the placebo was 0.05 g/kg
of body weight. These dietary supplements were taken two

hours before the tests were given.

Blood Sample

 

An arterialized capillary blood sample (120 Ml)
was taken before the exercise test, immediately after each
level of the test, and at the 5th, 10th and 15th minutes
of recovery. Each blood sample was taken from a finger
tip which was pre-warmed in 48°C water. In order to
maintain finger warmth during running, each subject wore
a plastic glove one-third filled with warm water. Once
the treadmill was stopped, the subject was seated on a
chair, the hand was withdrawn from the glove, and the
following procedures were followed:

1. A finger was thoroughly dried, sterilized

with alcohol and again wiped dry with a

sterile gauze pad.

2. A finger was lanced with a sterilized long-
point microlance.

3. The first drop of blood to appear was wiped
away and then a large pool of blood was
allowed to form.

36

4. A capillary tube was immersed in the center
of the blood pool and was filled by capil-
lary action and gravity. This technique
was used to insure that the blood sample was
not taken from the surface of the pool.

Lactic Acid Analysis

One-hundred ul blood samples were collected in
unheparinized capillary tubes for the determination of
blood lactate by the enzymatic method (98). A Sigma
lactic acid chemical kit1 was used for the enzymatic
reaction, a Gilford Stasar II spectrophotometer2 was
used for the analysis.
pH, Partial Pressure Carbon
D1oxide (PCOQ), Bicarbonate

Concentratiofi (HCOQ) and
Base Excess (BE) “

 

The 120 pl blood samples collected in heparinized

capillary tubes were used to determine pH, PCO and PO

2

directly by means of a Radiometer.3 Then HCOS and BE

values were determined by employing the Astrup

2

Equilibiration Method for acid-base balance variables

(9,115,116,118).

 

l . .
S1gma Chemical Company, P.O. Box 14058, St. Louis.

2 .
G1lford Instrument Laboratories, Oberlin, OHi.

3 .
Rad1ometer, 72 EMDRUPVEJ, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.

38

every two minutes for the next six mintues, and once
every three minutes during the final six minutes. The
percentages of CO2 and O2 in the expired air were
determined using a Beckman Medical Gas Analyzer (Model
L82) and a Beckman Oxygen Analyzer (Model OM-ll),7
respectively. The volume of exhaled air was measured

by pumping the gas in each bag through a calibrated
American Meter Company Dry Gas Meter (Model DTM-llS)8

at a constant rate of flow (50 l/min). Helium was used
to determine the zero points of the analyzers. Room air

and a known standard gas sample (17.78% 0 and 4.13% C02)

2
were used to calibrate the analyzers. The oxygen and

carbon dioxide concentrations of the standard gas sample
were checked using a Haldane9 chemcial analyzer. All

energy metabolsim calculations (ventilation, O uptake,

2

and RQ) were made as described by Consolazio, et a1. (31).

Respiration Rate

Respiration rate was detected using a Sanborn

10

pressure transducer (Model 268A) connected by plastic

 

7Beckman Instruments, Inc., 3900 River Road,
Schiller Park, Illinois.

8Singer American Meter Company.

9Arthur H. Thomas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

loSanborn Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

39

tubing to the Otis-McKerrow respiratory valve. The
changes in intravalve pressure during the respiratory
cycle were recorded on a Sanborn Twin-Viso Recorder once
every minute for ten seconds. The average respiratory

rate was computed for each treadmill run.

Parameters of the Study

 

The following parameters were selected for this
study: (a) performance time, (b) lactic-acid before
exercise, (c) lactic-acid after each level of exercise,

(d) lactic-acid during recovery, (e) change in lactic-

acid from before to after exercise, (f) pH before exercise,
(g) pH after each level of exercise, (h) pH during
recovery, (i) change in pH from before to after exercise,
(j) base excess before exercise, (k) base excess after
each level of exercise, (1) base excess during recovery,
(m) change in base excess from before to after exercise,

(n) PCO before exercise, (0) PCO after each level of

2 2
exercise, (p) PCO2 during recovery and (q) change in PC02

from before to after exercise.

Statistical Technique

 

The data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA
repeated-measures technique (51). Time-related repeated-

measures data were anlyzed utilizing the Sign test (114).

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The purpose of the study was to investigate the
effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion under either high
carbohydrate or high fat-protein dietary conditions upon
acid—base status and performance time in an exhaustive,
multi-stage treadmill run. The data are presented in
the following order:

a. Lactic acid before the run, lactic acid
after each level of the run, lactic acid during recovery,
and change in lactic acid from before to after the run;

b. pH before the run, pH after each level of
the run, pH during recovery, and change in pH from before
to after the run;

c. Base excess before the run, base excess after
each level of the run, base excess during recovery, and
change in base excess from before to after exercise.

d. PCO2 before the run, PCO2 after each level of
the run, PCO2 during recovery and change in PC02 from
before to after the run;

e. Performance time

40

41

Lactic Acid Results

The statistical results for lactic acid for the
various experimental conditions are presented in Table
4-1, 4-2, Appendix B, and Figure 4—1 (a through f). Only
the differences in lactic acid production between those
taken after fifth level of exercise and those taken after
the 3rd levelcmfrecovery (AL5—R3) were statistically
significant. The greatest differences between the
lactic acid values occurred with bicarbonate supplementa-
tion. There were no other significant differences among
the experimental conditions.

In Figure 4-1 a-f in which all items were
considered, no significant differences were observed
when the Sign test was utilized. In Figure 4-1 a, b, and
f in which the dietary conditions were comparied, no
observable differences were demonstrated. There were
substantial differences in Figure 4-1 c, d and e in
which sodium bicarbonate and placebo supplementation
were compared. Under the placebo condition the lactate
change point occurred at level 2. With sodium bicarbonate
supplementation, there were lactate change points at both
level 2 and 3. Furthermore, after level 3, the lactate
values with supplementation were higher at level 4, at
level 5, and during recovery. Although no statistical

analysis were used to test the differences between the

42

TABLE 4-l.--Statistical Results, Lactate (mMoL/L).

 

 

 

 

 

Cominjcns . ANOWA
Narxh DEMDO3 Plamix> Phxebo
+ + + +
CED Fabikc CEO Fatikc S D I
varfiflfles (83 GE?) EC) GT?) P P P
(a) PW
x 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.24 0.74 0.76 0.69
so 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.5
(b) L1
34' 2.23 1.41 1.57 1.61 0.65 0.44 0.40
so 2.4 0.4 0.6 0.8
(c) L2
2 1.88 171 2.33 1.80 0.45 0.32 0.60
so 1.3 04 0.7 0.9
(d) L3
x 3.08 3.36 476 3.12 0.37 0.40 0.23
so 2.3 1.3 24 1.8
(e) L4
SE 6.45 6.62 6.20 5.50 0.56 0.82 0.71
so 4.5 2.7 1.6 3.0
(f) L5
32 10.19 10 37 7.00 852 0.34 0.76 0.80
so 4.7 74 4.6 55
(3) R1
SE 10 84 11.41 10.02 8.48 0.26 0.77 0.53
so 41 4.4 2. 5.3
00 R2
i 9.92 9.42 7.66 9.25 0.37 0.69 0.44
so 2.5 4.0 2.0 4.6
(1) R3
2 7.92 7.66 6.53 7.28 0.48 0.80 0.67
so 2.6 1.7 2.8 2.3
PW = Pre-work; Ll-L5 = Level l-5 of work.

R1-R3 = Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery
S = Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

43

TABLE 4-2.--Changes in Lactate (mMoL/L) and Statistical

 

 

 

 

Results.
Comiujcns ANOWA
Naml) Nafll) Plamflx> Plamflx>
+ + + + S D I
CHO ZFat-Pro CHO Fat-Pro P P P
AP-L5
LactateP 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.24
LactateL5 10.19 10.97 7.00 8.52
ALactatePL5 9.12 9.33 5.96 7.28 0.32 0.74 0.83
AP-R1
LactateP 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.24
LactateR1 10.84 11.41 10.02 8.48
ALactatePR1 9.77 10.37 8.98 7.24 0.16 0.93 0.64
AP-R3
LactateP 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.24
LactateR3 7.92 7.66 6.53 7.28
ALactatePR3 6.85 6.62 5.49 6.04 0.66 0.97 0.99
AL5-Rl
LactateL5 10.19 10.37 7.00 8.52
LactateRl 10.84 11.41 10.02 8.48
A'LactateL5Rl .65 1.04 3.02 .04 0.80 0.76 0.12
AL5-R3
LactateL5 10.19 10.37 7.00 8.52
Lactate R3 7.92 7.66 6.53 7.28
ALactateLSRB 2.27 2.71 .47 1.24 <0.09* 0.55 0.46
PW = Pre-work; Ll-LS = Level 1-5 of work.
R1 - R3 = Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery
S = Supplement; = Diet; I = Interaction

 

 

44

OM Effect By Smolemenl

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I50
I
I
i W)
:1 IO
t
8 I O
5 H SC 7 a
o----o see 6 7
O 6
I I I I IHHI—II I I I I O O
5 IO l5 PW O 3 O 9 I2 l5 5 IO l5
L. L. L3 L. L.
RECOVERY m “COVE!"
TIME (mm) Tl“ (mm)
(o) §QDIUM QICMATE (b) m
'50 Supplement Effect By One:
I'
I I
‘_ 12.5 - I
I
g IO 0 q‘
.. ‘\ on»: SPEED
w 7 5 ‘x. m M)
y‘— ‘0 9 IO
5 5 o o 9
3 0—0 SC 7 O
2 5 o----o PC 6 1
5 6
00 I 1 I O O
5 IO l5
RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIME (mun) THE lam.)
(c) CARQQHYDRATE . (d) FAT-PROTEIN
Pooled ROSUIIS
I50 I-
I I
.. 12.5 » I I
= I
i I0.0 -
5 k--.“ «no: 98650
a 75 b ‘\\V m m,
a O IO
25 I. I 0"-'° P . 7
l O O
0'0 b w o sHsHeHi T: 6 Y ' o o
I I I0 l5
L. L. L, L. L.
WORK RECOVERY
T“ (min) TIK Iain.)
(C) SUPPLEMENT If) DIET

Figure

4-l.--Lactic Acid Results.

45

lactic acid curves for the supplement data (Fig. 4-1 c, d,
e), it is evident that the curves appear different. No
statistically significance can be expressed from these
graphs.

From the (ALS—R3), it can be concluded that there
is a significantly greater rate of lactate reduction under

sodium bicarbonate (Figure 4-1 e).

pH Results

 

The pH results are shown in Table 4-3, 4-4,
Appendix C and Figure 4-2 a-f. The ANOVA results
demonstrated significant supplement effects in the pre-
run measure (P = 0.09) Table 4-3, and in the difference
between the measure taken at the end of exercise and
five minute of recovery (ALS - R3, P = .03) Table 4-4.
There were no other statistically significant differences.
However, it should be noted that all the pH values were
higher under the bicarbonate supplementation than the
placebo condition (see Figure 4-3 c, d, and e).

In the Sign test results a significant effect
of bicarbonate upon pH (P<.l) was demonstrated under
both dietary conditions. The mean pH values were higher
when bicarbonate was ingested. It is evident from the
ANOVA results and Figure 4-3 a, b, and f that diet did

not significantly affect the pH values.

46

TABLE 4-3.--Statistical Results, pH.

 

 

 

 

 

Comihjcns ANOWA
NaI-ICC; Ncho; Placebo Placebo
+ + + +
CHO Fat-Pro CHO Fat-Pro s o I

varnflfles (SC) “5?) (PC) GT?) P P P

(a) PW
2' 7.43 7.44 7.42 7.41 0.09* 0.90 0.19
so 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02

(b) Ll
‘i 7.41 7.42 7.40 7.38 0.12 0.71 0.57
so 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.06

(C) I_._2_
2' 7.42 7.41 7.40 7.39 0.15 0.55 0.93
so 0.04 0.04 0.4 0.06

(8) L3
2' 7.39 7.38 7.35 7.36 0.17 0.88 0.73
so 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06

(e) L4
2' 7.30 7.31 7.28 7.26 0.25 0.73 0.63
so 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.09

(f) L5
8' 7.23 7.24 7.23 7.18 0.28 0.48 0.30
so 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.07

(9) R1
2' 7 19 7.21 7.18 7.20 0.71 0.38 0.84
so 0 06 0.05 0.09 0.09

(h) R2
2' 7.26 7 25 7.26 7.23 0.60 0.33 0.72
so 0 05 0 06 0.07 0.08

(1) R3
2 7.31 7.29 7.29 7.26 0.37 0.39 0.75
so 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.11

PW = Predwork; Ll-LS = Level 1-5 of wotk.

Rl - R3 = Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery.

* = Statistical Significance

S = Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

47

TABLE 4-4.--Changes in pH and Statistical Results.

 

 

Oaxutnxs NMNA
NdiXb lkmCD3 Plamxx> kaebo
+ + + + s o I

CHO Fabfmo CEO Fabikc P P P

 

 

AP-LS

pHP 7.43 7.44 7.42 7.41

pHLS 7.23 7.24 7.23 7.18

ApHPL5 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.44 0.55 0.39
AP-Rl

pHP 7.43 7.44 7.42 7.41

pHRl 7.19 7.22 7.18 7.20

ApHPR1 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.91 0.30 0.87
AP-R3

pHP 7.43 7.44 7.42 7.41

pHR3 7.31 7.30 7.30 7.26

APHPRB 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.58 0.29 0.94
AL5-R1

pHL5 7.23 7.24 7.23 7.18

pHRl 7.19 7.22 7.18 7.20

*

ApHLSRl 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.02 <0.03 0.31 0.96
AL5-R3

pHS 7.23 7.24 7.23 7.18

thB 7.31 7.30 7.30 7.26

APHLSRB 7.08 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.77 0.81 0.95
PW = Pre-work; Ll-L5 = Level 1-5 of work.
R1 - R3 = Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery.

* = Statistical Significance

S = Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

48

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

  

"5 Out Effect By W |
no 0—0 9c I H n
cum-o are I o-o-o FFP
7.35 I
I
7.30 I
nuns 'EEO
7.26 l a.) m
O IO
7.20 O O
1 O
7.I5 O 7
5 O
I T I 1 1 T o o
5 IO I5 5 I0 I!
RECOVERY REOOVERY
TI“ (mm)
In) W
"5 _ Supplement Effect 8y Diet
7.00 H SC
o---o PC
7.35
7.30
7.25
9 O
7.20 O 9
7 O
7.I5 O 7
I Z 5 5
I I I W H H H IgTIL I I I O O
5 IO l5 PW O 3 O 9 I2 I5 5 IO I5
Ll L8 Ll LO LO
RECOVERY IORK RECOVERY
TIME (mm) T“ (mm)
(c) wow: «n W
7.45 I It I
140 I o———o c
I o---o PP
7.35 I
I
7.30 l
7.25 I
7.20 [——

 

. I—-II--II—-II—-IF1

T
PW O 3 O 9 l2 l5 5 IO I5
LI L: L: L. L.
m

I
I
l
I

 

 

   

RMVERY
TIME (mm) TIME (min)
(I) WEWNT (f) DIET

Figure 4-2.--pH Results.

48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

no P Diet Effect By W
7.0 P H PC
o---o ere
7.35 -
7.30 I-
.“ ”EEO
7‘3 ,_ N ”HI
0 IO
7.20 - O 9
7 O
7. I 5f- . 7
f 5 O
L 1 O O
5 IO I5
m RECOVERY RECOVERY
TIIE (mm)
‘0) W
,1 .5 _ aplement Effect By Diet
7.40 - o—-o SC 0—0 9?
o---o Pc o---o PEP
7.35 '-
130 .-
NADE ’EED
7.25 I' “I m
9 IO
7.20 . I O 9
. 7 O
7J5 - O 7
IL I . .
T I—. l I I— ' 5 6
" “fi_f‘_'I H H H I I I fi I fi—I—I H H H I IL 1 I I O 0
PW O 3 6 l2 I5 5 IO I5 PW O 3 O 9 I2 l5 5 IO I5
L. L. L. L. L. L. L; L. L. L.
WORK RECOVERY 'ORK RECOVERY
TIME (mm) Tl“ (mm)
M 9" ME Iflflfliflflflu
7.45 v- I I
7.40 - I e——-o s e——e c
o---o P o---o FP
7.35 -
TJO '-
D GRADE SPEED
7.25 b “) ”HI
9 IO
7.20 - C O O
; I 7 0
us > r— . 6 7
J- I ‘ s 6
Itz—Ffil—‘r‘lfi I ' ' ' . r ° °
L. L, L. L. L. IO I5 5 IO I5
NORK RECOVERY m RECOVERY
TIME (mun) TIIE (min)
(0) SLPPLEMENT (f) DIET

Figure 4-2.--pH Results.

49

Base Excess (BE) Results

The base excess results are presented in Figure 4-3
a-f, Tables 4-5, 4-6, and Appendix D. The change in base
excess was statistically significant between the prerun
and the five-minute postrun (AL5-Rl, P==0.0l, Table 4-6).

The base excess was consistently lower during exer-
cise under the carbohydrate condition, CFig. a,kn.f). These
differences, using the Sign test, are significantly differ-
ent (P==.09). On the basis of these data, it can be con-
cluded that the base excess values were lower under the
carbohydrate dietary condition. The base excess values
were significantly higher under the bicarbonate condition
(Sign test P==.02) throughout the multi-state treadmill

run and during 10 and 15 minutes of recovery (Fig. 4-3 e).

PC02 Results

The PC02 data are present in Table 4-7, 4-8,
Appendix E, and Figure 4-4 a-f. A statistically'significant
dietary effect was evident in level 2 (P==0.02) and level
3 (P==.009, Table 4-7). None of the changes in PC02
analyzed were statistically significant (Table 4-8).

Utilizing the Sign test, the PC02 is significantly
lower under the carbohydrate condition than when the fat
protein diet was consumed (Fig. 4-4a, P<.O9; Fig. 4-4b,
P<.Ol; Fig. 4-4f, P<.02). With supplementation of bicar-

bonate the PC02 is significantly lower under both dietary

50

TABLE 4-5.--Statistical Results, Base Excess (mEq/L).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Caxfitnxm .NKNR
Naxxg nonoi; Phxmbo Pflaxxn
+ + + +
CHO Fat-Pro c140 Fat—Pro s o I
vanhflfles (SC) “flfifl (PC) GT?) P P P
(a) PW
x +1.60 +2.18 +1.46 +0.72 0.49 0.92 0.56
so 3.8 2.6 3.6 2.0
(b) L1
x -2.24 -o.79 -2.68 -2.31 0.50 0.54 0.72
so 3.6 2.1 5.2 4.8
(0) L2
SE -2.20 —o.34 -3.74 -1.37 0.41 0.18 0.87
so 3.8 3.2 5.7 3.7
(d) L3
32 -5.15 -4.09 —6.44 -3.82 0.78 0.32 0.68
so 4.4 4.1 5.6 6.2
(e) L4
3? -10.9 -9.59 -11.25 -11.14 0.64 0.73 0.77
so 4.3 7.8 5.3 6.8
(f) L5
2 -14.63 —13.70 -14.58 -16.3 0.44 0.77 0.40
so 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.8
(9) R1
x —17.41 —16.30 —17.10 -16.17 0.89 0.50 0.96
so 3.4 2.3 5.0 5.7
(h) 122
x -13.61 -14.52 -13.49 -14.91 0.91 0.32 0.82
so 2.5 2.4 3.0 4.5
(i) R3
x -11.69 -12.16 -12.42 -13.23 0.61 0.72 0.92
so 3.3 5.6 3.1 6.5
PW Pre-work; Ll-L5 = Level 1-5 work;

R1 R3 = Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery

Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

TABLE 4-6.--Change in BE mEq/L and

51

Statistical Results.

 

 

 

 

Comifijons ANOWA
NaHCO3 NaHCO3 Placebo Placebo
+ + + + s D I
CHO Fat—Pro CHO Fat-Pro P P P

AP - L5

BEP +Ol.6 +02.18 +Ol.46 +00.7O

BE5 —14.63 -13.70 -l4.58 -16.30

ABEP5 —13.07 -ll.50 —13.12 —lS.58 0.81 0.81 0.65
AP - Rl

BEP +01.6O +02.18 +Ol.46 +00.70

BERl —l7.4l -l6.30 -l7.10 -l6.l7

ABEPR1 ~15.80 -14.10 -lS.60 -15.45 0.40 0.29 0.82
AP - R3

BEP +01.60 +02.18 +01.46 +00.7O

BER3 -ll.69 -12.16 -12.42 -13.23

BEPR3 —10.10 -09.96 ~10.93 ~12.51 9.77 0.68 0.87
ALS - Rl

BE5 -l4.63 -l3.70 -l4.58 -16.30

BERl -l7.4l -16.30 —l7.lO -16.l7

ABESRl - 2.78 - 2.60 - 2.50 -00.13 <0.01* 0.51 0.74
ALS - R3

3E5 -l4.63 -13.70 -l4.53 -16.30

HERB -11.69 -12.16 -12.42 -l3.23

ABE5R3 - 2.93 - 1.54 - 2.17 - 3.07 0.54 0.77 0.94
PW Pre-work; Ll-LS = Level 1-5 of work

R3

*
II II I II

= Diet;

I:

Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery
Statistical Significance
Supplement;

Interaction

IE. IIIEQIII

94E (mEq/II

30

0.0

-50

O E. Ilia/II

-I0.0

~I5O

 

3.0 r-

0.0 *-

-|DO>

- ISO

 

HE‘I

30

00

-5.0

- I0.0

~I5.0

 

 

 

52

Diet Effect 83; Supplement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o—o ac H 'C
o---o are o-—o FFP
eeeoc 'EED
flu) DH)
0 ID
’I' . .
7 O
D 7
5 C
I I I I I 0 O
6 ID t5 5 ID ID
RECOVERY RECOVERY
(a) t l AT
Supplement Effect By Diet
H 3C o——o sl-‘P
woo-o Pc o-«o PFP
“ADE ’EED
Ho) ”PHI
9 ID
”A e e
[— 7 l
[—— I 6 7
l 5 6
-fi——£;Pfihflkfit . t . t a . ° °
PW O 3 6 9 l2 l5 5 ID l5 5 IO I5
L. Le L: La Le
UDRK RECOVERY RECOVERY
T“ (mm)
(c) 2MYDRAT§
Pooled Results
o—o s e-—o c
o---o P o----o FP

 

      

 

 

 

[— l
. . 1 . FZP—H—fihfi: I
5 IO I5 P. L. L. O L. O L. I! “I5 5 IO IS
”VERY m “NVERY
m ('60.) 7‘ Iain.)
mswnrmmt mgfifl

Figure 4-3.--Base Excess Result.

53

conditions and these changes became obvious when the data
were pooled (Fig. 4-4c, P < .01; Fig. 4-4d, P < .01; Fig.
4-4e, P < .01). From these data it can be concluded that
the PC02 values are lower when a high carbohydrate diet
is consumed as compared to a high fat-protein diet and

when bicarbonate supplement is given pre-run.

Performance Results

 

A two-way analysis of variance was applied to
determine if performance time were affected by dietary
and supplementary treatment. All subjects were not able
to complete the work which were performed at six levels.
Seven of them were exhausted during level five. Only
SF who was accomplished level five and ran at level six
for 90 seconds under SC condition; 123 seconds under SFP
condition; 97 seconds under PC condition; and 67 seconds
under PFP condition, Table 4-9. There were no signifi-
cant differences in mean performance time between the
supplementary and dietary treatments. The shortest mean
performance time was made when subjects consumed the PC
(Placebo + Carbohydrate) (Table 4-9 and Figure 4-5). The
longest mean performance time was achieved when subject
consumed NaHCO3 + CHO (Table 4-9, Fig. 4-5).

In the pooled data greatest mean performance time
was obtained under supplementary conditions but there were
no significant differences in performance time between

dietary and supplementary conditions.

54

 

 

 

TABLE 4-7.--Statistical Results, PCO2 (mmHg).
Omtfitfixs .NKNR
Ncho'3' Ncho; Placebo Placebo
+ + + +
CHO Fat-Pro CHO Fat-Pro S D I
Variables (SC) (SFP) (PC) (PFP) P P P
(a) PW
SE 37 52 39.11 39 49 39.88 0.46 0.61 0.75
so 6 3 5.7 5 0 2.8
(b) Ll
SE 34 52 35.94 36 87 37.06 0.32 0.65 0.72
so 2 5 5.1 5 6 5.6
(c) L2
2 31 13 36.33 34 07 37.57 0.26 0.02* 0.65
so 4 9 4.0 6 3 4.8
(d) L3
R 31 26 33.46 32 35 36.61 0.26 0.99* 0.58
so 5 4 4.6 5 o 5.9
(e) L4
34' 29 72 29.95 30 11 32.07 0.37 0.42 0.76
so 4 8 7.0 2 8 4.8
(f) L5
Y 27 91 29.50 29.22 30.17 0.63 0.55 0.88
so 5 5 4.3 4.6 5.7
(9;) R1
i 26 25 26.00 27.00 27.07 0.54 0.95 0.91
so 2 8 1.7 5 4 5.1
(h) R2
i 26 32 26.12 26.82 27.31 0.49 0.91 0.77
so 2 9 2.9 4 5 2.5
(1) R3
2 26.33 27.37 26.86 27.90 0.74 0.52 0.99
so 4.9 5.2 4.4 3.2

 

PW
R1

Pre-work; Ll-LS = Level 1-5 of work.
R3

= Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery.

Statistical Significance
Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

55

 

 

 

 

TABLE 4—8.--Changes in PCO (mmHg) and Statistical
Results.
mefithm .NKNA
NfiKDB main Phxeho kaeho
+ + + + s o I
CHO Fat-Pro CHO Fat—Pro P P P
AP - L5
PCO2P 37.52 39.11 39.49 39.88
PCO2L5 27.91 29.50 29.22 30.17
APOO2PL5 09.69 09.61 10.28 09.71 0.51 0.75 0.65
AP-R1
PCO2P 37.60 39.11 39.50 39.90
PCO2R1 26.25 26.00 27.00 27.07
APCOlPRl 11.35 13.11 12.50 12.33 0.84 0.73 0.68
AP - R3
POO2P 37.60 39.11 39.50 39.90
PCO2R3 26.33 27.37 26.86 27.90
APCOZPR3 11.27 11.74 12.74 12.00 0.85 0.80 0.48
AL5-Rl
PCO2L5 27.91 29.50 29.22 30.20
POO2R1 26.25 26.00 27.00 27.07
APOO2L5Rl 01.66 03.50 02.22 03.13 0.77 0.50 0.89
AL5-R3
POO2L5 27.91 29.50 29.22 30.20
POO2R3 26.33 27.37 26.86 27.90
APCOZLSRB 01.58 02.13 02.36 02.30 0.62 0.99 0.69
PW = Pre-work; Ll-LS = Level 1-5 of work
R1 - R3 Five, ten and fifteen minutes of recovery
S = Supplement; D = Diet; I = Interaction

 

 

 

56

 

    

 

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

«1w

(f) DIET

Figure 4-4.--PCO Results.

2

‘0 0 Diet Effect By Wt
Q I \‘
' o—o PC
2 ' .... m
i 35.0 >- I
I
8 l
° mo: stucco
so 0 P ' on am
9 ID
I -- i ,A . ’
I 7 O
25.0 v- r— C 7
J» f—' : ' I O .
I—F—I—II—II—IHFII‘I f I I I IHI—II—‘II i I I # O 0
PI 0 3 6 9 I2 I5 5 IO I5 N O 3 C 9 I2 I5 5 IO IO
LI L: L: La Le Lu Le Lo Lo Le
WORK RECOVERY 'ORK RECOVERY
TIK (mm) TI“ (Inn)
(0) §QQIUM QICAMATE (b) M
supplement Effect By Duet
40 O P
.. 0—0 3C e—-e 3»
f o-«o PC 0----o PFP
E 35 O P
.5.
6‘
:8 «no: 95:0
300 I- (7.) W)
D ID
r— °__- ___° 0,--.ov" O 9
r— l 7 e
25 o l- ,—-— l I e 7
:f- r— l i 5 C
_I'—+'_I I—I I'—'I H IL T I I I I 7 H fl I I O 0
PI! 0 3 6 9 I? I5 5 I0 I5 PW D 3 B 0 l2 l5 5 IO I5
Lt L. L. L. L. LI LI LI LO LO
VORK RECOVERY m RECOVERY
TIK (min) TIIE (mm)
(c) CARBOHYDRATE Id) FAT-PRQTEIN
Pooled Results
40.0 .— Q ' ——
g I H 5 0—0 C
f I o----o P o---o PP
E 35 0 ~ I
‘1, l
8 l
o GRADE SFEED
30.0 .- fl.) M)
9 IO
['— 3 o---o—-- . to"° 9! :
['— I
LL 1 6 e
—"_£_-_I H H H IF I I I I I I I O O
N O 3 6 9 I2 I5 IO I5 5 ID ID
L. L. L. L. L.
WORK RECOVERY RECOVERY
TIME (min)

57

TABLE 4-9.-~Basic Data Performance Time (Sec) and
Statistical Results.

 

 

 

Comiufioms INKNR
NaHCO3 NaHCO3 Placebo Placebo
+ + + +
CHO Fat-Pro CHO Fat-Pro S D I
Subjects (SC) (SFP) (13¢) (pr) P p p
SF 0990 1023 0997 0967
BM 0616 0640 0639 0627
DS 0856 0858 0825 0767
BR 0814 0816 0792 0810
DA 0840 0799 0810 0805
GD 0780 0800 0787 0769
BK 0830 0788 0780 0831
GS 0764 0656 0660 0750
'2 811.25 797.50 786.25 790.75
so 104.0 119.0 110.0 95.0 0.68 0.90 0.81

 

.muHsmwm mocmEHOMHmmII.mlv musmflm

 

 

 

58

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hzmSmJaQDm ._.w .0 mzo_ 50200
n. m a... o mun. on aim om
J1" A. 4...“ H ._. H H ._. ._. ._. ._. w.
5.. u 4. .. .. a .1- .. 4..
4 .1 .1 g .1 1 mm»
1 09.
1... II J]
J! J] Jl 1 mt.
Fl rllL11|L
.I. 1 000
LI ruL
Ikl I?!
Ir: || 1 mmm

 

L mhw

('993) EN”. BONVWHOdH 3d

59

Discussion

 

In general, the rate of lactate production is
dependent on the intensity, duration, and type of work.
In the present study the blood lactic acid values
recorded at the finish of each level of a multi—stage
treadmill run show a close relationship between the lac-
tic acid accumulation and the different levels of the
run (Table 4-1, 4-2 and Figure 4-1 a-f). As expected,
the highest lactate values were obtained with sodium
bicarbonate supplementation (Figure 4-1 a, c, d, e), but
the differences even at L5 were not statistically signifi-
cant.

The experiment of Dill, Edwards and Talbot (41)
on endurance runners showed that consumption of sodium
bicarbonate resulted in an increase in lactic acid of
40%. The present data do not support this position.
Margaria (93) also reported that the concentration of
lactic acid was enhanced after alkalization. In the
present study an increase of only 16.8% of lactic acid
was found after alkalization. Under the supplement
conditions, the greatest difference in lactic acid concen-
tration was found between level five and fifteen minutes
during recovery (ALS - R3) (P = 0.09, Table 4-2). None
of the other differences analyzed by ANOVA or Sign Test

were significantly different.

60

It has been reported that the level of arterial
blood lactate during exercise is apparently dependent
on diet.(130). This level was lower under the high fat
diet condition (65,107). However, the results of this
investigation did not show any significant differences in
arterial blood lactate levels between the high CH0 and
the high fat-protein dietary conditions. Since a rest
period of three minutes was necessary between work levels
to obtain blood samples some of the lactic acid produced
might have been metabolized by skeletal muscles, kidney,
heart, liver, and other tissues (54,67).

The consumption of sodium bicarbonate in adequate
quantities has been shown to enhance the alkaline reserve
of blood (15,21,22) and to increase the capacity of the
blood for buffering acid metabolites (42). The blood
buffering capacity is considered to be directly associated
with the ability to continue muscular work. The pH of
the blood is associated with the intensity and duration
of exercise, the physical conditioning of the subject and
the termperature of the environment (20). In the present
study the two-way ANOVA results show significant supple-
ment effects in the pre-work measures (P = .09). Signifi-
cant differences were also observed between the end of

exercise and first level of recovery (A5 - RI, P = .03).

61

In this study the pH of the blood was not signifi-
cantly altered by diet but it was significantly increased
under both dietary conditions (Figure 4-2, c and d). In
the meantime, the pH of the blood was not significantly
changed on a carbohydrate or fat-protein diet (59). It
must be noted that the pH values probably did not stand
below 7.00 for any long period. The buffer system of the
body starts to react immediately to the acidotic condition.
It is important ot point out that this experiment involved
highly trained subjects who were capable of withstanding
stressful conditions.

During exercise the lower levels of base excess
occurred under the carbohydrate dietary condition
(Figure 4—3 a, b, and f) and higher levels were observed
under the bicarbonate condition (Figure 423, c, d, and e).
Only the difference in base excess related to the supple—
ment condition was statistically significant between
level five and the first level of recovery (ALS - Rl, p <
.01, Table 4~6). The rationale is not clear for a
reduced base excess under the carbohydrates condition.

The PCO2 of the blood is a variable which can
change much faster than the other acid-base variables.
Statistically significant dietary effects were observed
at level 2 (p = .02) and level 3 (P = .009). This study

shows that the PC02 fell as a result of exercise (24,49)

62

and PCO2 values on a fat-protein based diet were higher
than on the CH0 dietary conditions. The results of this
study do not agree with the findings of Hasselbalch (59) I
Hasselbahfln et al. (60), Moller (97) and Siggard-Anderson
(ll7b these investigators found that under a vegetable-
based diet the PC02 balues were 2-3 mmHg higher than the
PC02 values observed when on a meat-based diet.

The findings of this experiment indicated that
pre-exercise alkalization did not significantly effect
performance times. This is in conflict with the results
reported by Dennig (40), Hewitt and Callaway (69), Jones,
et al. (79), Simmons (122), and Sutton, Jones and Toews
(124) who found'dum.pre-exercise alkalization increased
physical work capacity. However, their exercise durations
were different than the durations used in this study and
the fitness levels of the subjects were not comparable.
The only work conducted with trained athletes (cross-
country runners) and which is comparable to the present
study was that of Johnson and Black (77). They found
that there was no significant improvement in the
athlete's performances. In the experiment, however,
they failed to follow the ingestion protocol utilized
by Dennig (l or 2 days before endurance events). However,
Karpovich and Sinning (82) claimed that Dennig's formula

had no significant effect on performance of college

63

swimmers. Margaria et al. (92) also reported that pre-
exercise alkalization had no significant effect upon
performance during supermaximal exercise. Also, Dawson
(37) showed that endurance was reduced by pre-exercise
alkalosis because anjxmueasing'difficulty in breathing
was attributed to the exhaustion of the runner.

In the present study statistical analysis of the
data revealed that the performance capacity was not
affected by either the dietary or the supplement condi—
tions.

It is appropriate at this time to examine the
three research hypotheses:

l. Pre-exercise sodium bicarbonate supplementa-
tion produces increased metabolic alkalosis and improves
exercise performance capacity.

The alkalosis was increased by the supplement as
indicated by the higher pH and BE values under this
supplement condition but the performance was not increased.
The initial part of the hypothesis therefore, may be
accepted. The latter portion may not be accepted.

2. A high carbohydrate diet, as compared to a
high fat-protein diet produces increased metabolic alkalo-
sis and improved exercise performance capacity.

The alkalosis was somewhat less, not higher, under

the carbohydrate condition as increased by the similar pH

64

values and the lower BE values. This hypothesis may not
be accepted.

3. The metabolic and performance effects of
a high carbohydrate diet and sodium bicarbonate supplemen-
tation are synergistic.

In this type of athlete using the test protocol

of the present study this hypothesis cannot be accepted.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The primary purpose of this study was to deter-
mine the effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion (0.06
grams/kg body wieght), under either high carbohydrate or
high fat-protein dietary conditions, upon acid-base
balance and work performance.

Eight healthy-male-marathon runners (average age
30 years) from the Central Michigan area volunteered to
act as subjects under four dietary conditions (supple-
ment carbohydrate, supplement fat-protein, placebo
carbohydrate, placebo fat-protein). Sodium bicarbonate
and placebo were administered blindly in gelatin capsules,
.06 and .05 grams per kilogram of body weight, respec-
tively. The subjects were assigned numbers randomly to
the treatment condition and then were rotated to the other
treatment condition each week. The subjects performed
the exercise on the motor driven treadmill at a different
speed and different inclination four times under four
treatment conditions. An arterialized capillary blood

was sampled, before and during each level of exercise

65

66

and 5th, 10th and 15th minutes of recovery. The blood
was analyzed for pH, BE, PC02 and lactate using the
astrupt method.

The results of the present study indicated that
the change in lactic acid, pH and BE concentrations
observed under the supplement condition (lactic acid
ALS - R3, pH and BE ALS - Rl) were statistically signifi-
cant. The pH was significantly higher under the supple-
ment condition. The PCO2 values were significantly

lower under the supplement and carbohydrate conditions.

Conclusion

 

Based on the data obtained within the limitations
involved in this study, the following conclusions appear
to be justified.

l. Alkalosis was increased by bicarbonate
supplementation.

2. Performance times were not affected by
either diet or supplement conditions.

3. The shift in alkalosis observed was unrelated

to work performance.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and the experiences
encountered in conducting this study, the following

recommendations for further study are made:

67

1. It is recommended that this research be
duplicated using a larger sample for increasing the
accuracy of the statistical treatment of data.

2. A tighter control must be kept on the food
intake (amount and type) of the runners at least 3 days
before the test.

3. An additional study should compare long

distance runners with short distance runners.

APPENDICES

68

APPENDIX A

DIETARY RECALL

69

70

TABLE A-l.--High Carbohydrate Diet.

 

DIET: HIGH CARBOHYDRATE

 

Foods that can be consumed
in any amounts:

 

 

Fruit (except cranberries, plums, prunes)
Vegetables (except corn and lentils)
Bread

Cereal

Potatoes, Rice, Macaroni

Margarine

Sugar

Skim Milk (no more than 3 servings of whole milk)
Cottage Cheese

Lettuce

Pancakes

No more than one serving of any
combination of the following
can be consumed each day:

 

 

Meat

Egg

Fish

Nuts (including peanut butter)
Corn, Lentils

Cranberries, Plums, Prunes
Cakes and Cookies, plain
Butter

AN EFFORT MUST BE MADE TO KEEP YOUR TOTAL CALORIC INTAKE
RELATIVELY CONSTANT. A BODY WEIGHT LOSS OR GAIN DURING
THE CONTROLLED DIET PERIOD COULD EFFECT THE EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS.

 

 

71

TABLE A-2.--High Fat x Protein Diet.

 

DIET: HIGH FAT X PROTEIN

 

Foods that can be consumed
in any amounts:

 

 

Meat

Fish

Fowl

Eggs

Nuts

Peanut Butter
Bacon
Butter

Corn
Lentils
Cranberries
Lettuce
Margarine

AT LEAST 3 SERVINGS OF ANY COMBINATION OF MEAT, FISH,
AND FOWL MUST BE CONSUMED EACH DAY.

No more than three servings of any
combination of the following can
be consumed each day:

 

 

 

Fruit

Vegetables

Bread

Cereal

Potatoes, Rice, Macaroni
Margarine

Sugar

Milk

Cakes and Cookies, plain
Pancakes

AN EFFORT MUST BE MADE TO KEEP YOUR TOTAL CALORIC INTAKE
RELATIVELY CONSTANT. A BODY WEIGHT LOSS OR GAIN DURING
THE CONTROLLED DIET PERIOD COULD EFFECT THE EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS.

 

72

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Coon

 

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.nosaucaa .uvoon woman

 

annoys vascuucu
as. .uisuuu :«auu muss:

 

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u0¢u34lI=

 

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o..«uoam

 

 

 

 

 

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Anuuocun adv noon

 

 

 

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hvaum

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.uomnnsm HMDUH>H©CH am no mxmucH boom mo humEESmII.mu< mqm<9

APPENDIX B

BASIC DATA LACTATE (mMOl/L)

73

'744

 

 

 

A u... 98 6 832..

«6.5 6.393-666 6 336.6

66.6 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.6 .... .6.6 6..6 .6.6 . 66.6 66.. 6..6 66.6 66.. .6.6 6..6 .6.6 .6.6 66
66.. 66.6 66.6 66.6 66.6 6..6 66.. .6.. 66.. M 66.6 66.. 66.6. 66.. 66.6 6..6 66.6 .6.. 66.. 6
-- -. -- -- : -- .- -- .. w 6.1. 6.1.6 66...: I...| fl 6646. 6...... .l6..6 Inn 66
66... .6.6. .6.6. 66.6. .6.. 66.6 66.. 66.. 66.6 M 66.6 66.6 66.6 -- 66.. 6..6 66.6 6... 6..6 66
66.6 6..6. 66.6 6..6. 66.6 66.6 66.6 6... 6... M 66.. 66... 6..6 .6.6 .6.. 66.6 66.6 66.. 66.6 66
6..6 66.6 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.6 66.6 66.. 66.. m 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.6 66.6 .6.6 .6.. 6... .6.. 66
66.6. ..... 66.6. .. 6. .6.6 66.6 66.6 66.6 6... 6 .- -- -- -- -- .- -- -- -- 66
-- -- -- -. -- -- -. -- -- m 66.6 66.6 ...6. 6..6 .6.. 66.6 66.6 66.6 6... 66
66.6 66... 66.6. -- 66.6 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.. . .6.6 66.. 66.6 -- 66.6 66.6 66.6 ...6 66.. :6
66.6 .6.6 66.6 6..6 6..6 6..6 6..6 ...6 66.6 m -- .6.. 66... 6..6. 66.6 6... 6... .6.6 66.6 .6

W

.

 

 

.6.. 66.6 66.6 66.. ..6 66.. 66.6 66.6 .6.6 m 66.6 66.6 66.6 ...6 66.6 66.6 .6.. 66.6 66.6 66
66.. 66.6 .6... .6.6. 66.6 66.6 .... .6.. 66.. 6. 66.. 66.6 66.6. 6..6. 66.6 8.6 66.. 66.6 .6.. m
66.6 66.6 66.. -- 66.. .6.6 66.. 66.6 .6.6 6.61.16 3 661m 3 66.4.6.6 Ham fl M61. 3 66
66.6 66.6 66.6. 6. .6. 66.6 .6.6 .6.. .... 66.6 w : ...6. 6.... 66.6 66.6 66.6 .6.. 66.6 66.6 6.6
6..6 66.6 ..... 8.6 66.6 66.6 6..6 66.. 66.6 .H 66.6. 66.6. 6..6. 6..6. 66.6. 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.. ...6
: -- -- -- : -- -- -- -- _ 66.6 66.6 .6.6 66.6 66.6 66.6 .6.6 66.6 .6.6 66
6... 66.6. 66.66 6..66 66.. 66.6 66.. 66.6 .6.6 .. 6... .6.6. 66.6. 66.6 8.6 66.. 66.. 6..6 6..6 ..6
66.6 66.6. ...6. 66.6 6..6 .6.6 66.. 66.6 66.6 W -- -- -- -- -- -- -- .- -- 66
66.6 .6.6 66.6 .- 6..6 66.6 66.6 66.. 66.. -- .- -- : -- : .- -- I 6.6
-- 66.6 66.6. 66.. 66.. 6... 6... 6. .. 6..6 . : .6.. .6.6 8.. 66.6 6..6 .6.6 66.6 66.6 .6
.6.6. 6.3.66.6-,..6...-. 68...... ._ «Hanoi;
- -.I-tl--ri-) --II-|III.,-I It)! 1 1-22»)- -2 I! .. 6 )I)-
nguoz Egmoma Cairo: I”: .6”... 76“.. a In: 2...: 6M...“ ngccu Cgmgz Cot—68¢ 3m: .0": .0”: Em: 3...: an” 3833..

I 6 6 b. «I. u u... .6..... . .. - ..6-.DD-Oa6o>1-vfi rV.-. ‘01.solhhot..l - o’.|.|b.lt RI. . OIIEODCIOIUCI0":.A:FR:..:‘6....I..I..l..II6Ilcpla -

...\.6ze. 666666. 6666 6.666--..-6 6.66

APPENDIX C

BASIC DATA, pH

75

76

--I-‘II.I" I . .I I

‘ll '.'-‘l'0l.l.nl. .:

 

[I‘l‘l'lill

 

 

 

 

I'll

 

...9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 99.9 99.9 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 m
6...... ...6... 66.... 66..... 6...... ...6... .66.... 6.4.. 9.... . 6.6.... 664.. 6.3. 1...! 99.... ml. 66..... 664.. 6......1 ...6
99.9 9_.9 -- 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 . 96.9 9_.9 9_.9 9..9 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 29
99.9 99.9 99.9 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 _ 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 _ 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 (9
9... 99.. 9... .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.. 99.9 _ 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99

-- 99.. 99.9 9... 99.. .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 99.9 99.9 -- 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 _ 99.9 .9.9 99.9 .. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 :9
99.9 .9.. 99.9 99.. 99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99

9.3.6.669... .436... 6 6... ...6 . 3......
99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.. .9.9 99.9 .9.9 99.. 99.9 _ .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 69.9 99.9 m
.6..... 6.6.... ...6... -.u. 66..-.. .66.... 66.... 6...... 6...... w .66.... 6.64... 8.... 9...... 9...... 61...... .13.. 66...... .69.... 66
99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 _ 99.9 99.9 9_.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 :9
99.9 99.. 9... 99.9 99.9 99.. 99.9 99.. -- _ 99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 .9.9 99.9 99
99.9 99.9 99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.. 99.9 99.9 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 .9.9 99.9 -- 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
99.9 .9.9 9... .9.9 99.9 .9.9 .9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
9... 9... 99.9 -- 9... 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.. -- 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 :9
99.. 99.. 99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 69.9 99.9 99.. 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99
:66 6.66663... . 66...... 996.961.;696
9Lo>woou 9.96Moox 6.66woou .omob .oneb .umob .omob .ohub gum” ato>w669 9.66Mooz >Lo>wooz .omoa .owod .omob 99mm; _o”oa gum” 69909999

9:59...

.96OODI‘.

Y...D§6IO-O.bhloflsOOVAOOOO-pun-Obloo.

pols-I'I-IUICU.

'DPI-OI-rinsRIln

. '

 

6 . .6 coiIOprnivabs POIIPDIP‘DPEoII'D‘EgREEORORIRRRCOEIIIIIOU-R.9900...... 9. . . ..r

.66 .6666 6.666--..-6 6.66.

APPENDIX D

BASIC DATA, BASE EXCESS (mEq/L BLOOD)

77

78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

99.9 99.9 6..9 99.9 99.9 69.9 6..9 99.6 99.9 9..9 99.6 99.6 99.9 .9.9 99.9 9..9 99.9 99.9 99
69.9.- .9.9.- ...9.- 6.9.. 6....- 99.9- .9..- .9.9- 9..9. 99.9.- 99.9.- ....- 99.9.- 99...- 99.0- 9..9- 99.9- 99... u
.IUI MANI- .~I.m~.. ...6-- old...- ..|..- 4....” .64.!- d...” N:- 37 0.....- -- 6.9.- 9.:- 9..- n...- .... 8
9.6.- 9.9.- - 9.9.- 6.9.- 9..- ..9- 9..- 9.9. ....- 9.9.- 9..9- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9- 9.9- 9.9- 9.9- 39
9.6.- 6.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9- 9.9- 9.9. 9.9. 9.9.. 9.9.- 9.9.- 0.9.- 9.9.- 9.9- 9..- 9..+ ...9 99
..9- 9.6.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9..- ..9¢ 9.6- 9..- 9.9- 6.9- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.99- 9..9 9.96 9.96 9.96 99
9.99- 9.9.- - 9.6.- 9.9- 9.9. ..9. 9.96 9.96 9.9.- 9.6.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9- 9.9.- 9...- 9.9- 99
- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.6.- 9.9- 9.9- 9.9.- 9..- 9.6.- 9.6.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9.- 9.9- 9... 9.6+ 99
9.9- 9.9- 9.9.- - 9.9- 9.9- 9.6- 9... 9... 9.9- 9.9.- ..99- - 6.6.- 9.9- 9-9- 6.9- 9.96 :9
6.9- 9.9.- 9.9- 9..- 9.9. ..0. 9.9. 9.9- ..96 9.9.- 9...- 9.9.- 9...- 9.99 ..9+ 9.96 9.96 9.99 99

3...: 5395-99. . 339... al.99393-
99... 66.. 6.... 69.. 8.. ...6 .6.. 8.. .96 .9.9 99.6 66.9 96.. 96.6 96.6 99.6 69.9 6.9 99
9..9.- 99.6.- 96.9.- 9..9.- 99.9- 99.9- 69.9- 9..9- 9..6. 99...- .9.6.- .9.9.- 99.9.- .9.9.- 9..9- .9.9- 99-9- 90..+ u
.6..-9..“ .9.9-fl -949...“ in... 9.6.... .9.9.- ...-... .3.- m...... .9.9...- 6...- ...6- 6.8- .949...” 6..- ..o- 9.6- o... 8
9.9.- ....- 9.9.. 9...- 9.6.- 9..- 6.6- 9.9- 9.9. 9.9.- ....- 9.99- 9.9.- 9.6.- 9..- 9.9- ..9- ..9- a9
9.9.- ..9.- ..9.- 9.9.- 9...- 6..- 9.9- 9..- - 9.9.- 9.0.- 9.9.- 9.0.- 9.9.- ..9- 9.9- 9..- 9.9- 99
6.99- ..6.- 9.6.. 9.9. 9.69- ..9. 9... 9.6. 9.9. 9.9- 9.9- 9.99- 9.9.- 9.6.- 9.9- 9.9- 9... ..9. 99
6.8. 0.:- ..2- -- 0.3- a..- o... 9.? 9.9. 9..- 9.6.- 6.9.- 6.6.- 3:- 6..- 9.6. a... 9.9. .3
..9.- 9.97 9.97 9.9.- 9.9.- ..9- 9.9- 9.9- 9.: 9.97 9.9.- 99.- 9.9.- 9.0- 9.9- 9.9- ..9- 9.96 99
9..6- 9.9.- 9...- - 9..9- 9.9- 9.9- ..9- 9..- 9.6.- 9.9.- 6.9.- - 9.9.. 9.9.- 9.9- 9.9- - :9
- 9.9.- 9.9. ..9- 9.9. 9... 9.6. 6.9- ..9. 9...- 9.9.- ..9.- 9.9- 9.9- 6.96 9.9+ 9.9- 9... .9

.39.. ........8...-..... . 98:... male... . 99.2....

. 6 _ 9 c p 6 . , ...ca 9 6 _ 9 6 9 6 . ...5:

9.999999 ..e>ouoz 9.9»0999 .e>o. .~>6. .999. .o>e. .e>o. on. >go>ovoz 999,9999 aso>cuo¢ .o>o. .9599 .o>o. .999. .0909 9.9 9.906999

 

I...l.-..-o'..s 9'99-9 ..... no. ...u..ou. ...99... ..p.. 9.. 99.9-.969 . .- .. .-.uv 0.9.05.1... 690‘.D.IO099909.-.9.II-IDI09 99.9.9...I."D.Q-9909IIOIIIO\O 00.996 I 9
. .

..uoo.m ..ous. mmmuxu mmmm .mpma u.mmm--..-o m.m<.

APPENDIX E

BASIC DATA PCO2 (mmHg)

79

80

 

 

I III. I f'l'l II.§I|. ‘1": II

 

 

 

_
~_.m o..~ m_.m o~.m m¢.. =:.m Na.. ~o.m .¢.~ M 9... mm.. ...m om.. .w.~ ~a.m on.e om.m “9.. am
co.- .n.- so.- h_.on so.~m .e.en Km.~m oo.~m ae.om m om.o~ Na.e~ c.- -.o~ ...cn .n.~m so..n “n.9n m..on m
.
...M .a. to... ..n. MM 4m- ,m. ..a. la. W Q. .3» la: .u. I:: 1%: l2: 4.: 4% a
.n KN -- o~ .a o. .. O. ne m m~ ¢~ m~ KN ~n km on ON an an
~p om Kw an an ~n .n Kn wn M ow o~ QN an Na Na mm ~. _. ac
.m m~ .~ - - on ~. Kn an m m~ e~ o~ - an ¢n an o. a. ¢a
m~ ‘ -- o~ _m an m. N. N. ~. ” ¢. _~ a. .~ ¢~ an mm on .n an
__ -- ¢~ on .m am an Kn ~. u _~ on .n ma QN m~ MN an .. no
on an o~ -- oN KN NM on on m K~ a. °~ -- m~ - o~ .n on an
m~ on mm mm _. n. a. an ~. m ~n .n .n o~ .m Kn an an _. um
9.5 532..-... . 23.: m 333
w
m
_~.m ¢¢.« .~._ -.. no.9 ~o.. No.” co.m oo.m I on.. .m.~ cm.~ nm.m ~o.. ...m mo.. mm.~ o~.o on
Nn.- ~..o~ oe.e~ om.o~ mo.o~ a..mn mm.on .o.mn ...on m nm.o~ Nn.o~ m~.o~ .o.- -.o~ o~._n a..." ~m..n Nm.hn w
x3: :3. Iowl ,.. .1 4% am, 1.... _ ...ns ind m In”: .81 Ia. 1%: Am: 4n: 1%: IN”: .Mfl. 8
”N .N KN - ~m on mm an _. _ - n~ v~ m~ c~ an an an mm an
an «N .m m“ cw .m an o. -. m mN aw - - .~ o~ mm mm on 99
mm ”N .N am NM .. c. m. cm . .m c” mN NN .~ .~ .~ on _. «a
~n - m~ .- on m~ an an on KN m~ .~ o~ ca ~n a~ mm _. a.
o~ o~ KN mm ow an an .m on m~ an RN an en mn - on ~. ma
o~ Np .N -- .N .m an .n em a. mw o~ -- o~ - o~ an n~ :u
-- "N c~ - _. NM .n .n an oN ow ca an ”n on an N" a. mm
«a .3 .... ...39&..:..,. .. nouns... 3.54.5 . 8%...
--g--- ; .e::---:::---.nu|--..-.. :%
Aggro: 33mg: {tween 3mm... 3N3 Ems 3mm: 3...: an” Agngoa aggmuex fol—Up: .owoa pun».- .owod .0”; Two.- .mfi 30023..
.........z‘ul...u...............:.n..5.-:.......:........v.......‘...l...v.-n..... .F.....u.llp!.l.uluobbu.iotl!lpvvln - .-unnnll-nllll

 

 

.Amzssv Noon mama u_mmm--.F-w m4m<h

BIBLIOGRAPHY

81

l.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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