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ELIZLABJIJ JauLL) ELL) 9-.
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Submitted to the School of Graduate Studi e of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in pertiel fulfillment of tne reguirjrents
fer tee degree of

LAJTQR OF ARES

Department of Textiles, Clothi;g and Relate; Arts

1&52

A

(H ‘_‘

Acknowledgments

The writer wishes to express her sihcere gratitude
.to the following peoole:

Miss Hazel B. Strahan, head of the Textiles, Clothing
and Related Arts Departueut, for her guidance and assistanc:
in selection of a problem and its supervision.

Professor Bruce E. Hartsucu for his willing assistance
in the Chemical analysis of the sanqles.

Miss Sarah Brier for her assistance in the Textile

Laboratory.

Elizabeth sells Benson

n-R‘ .' ~.-.... - 1:. 1.. I V _ . '.
IL ‘xn‘JH-‘b UL IN.) \e‘-‘l l. - 4.7 x l x)

'V'

i. Introduction . . . . . . . . .
II. Review of Literature. . . . . .
Ill. Experimental Proceiure. . . .
‘Selection of Carpeting. . .
specification Tests . . . .
Laboratory Tessa. . . . . .
13. Discussion of Results. . . . .
Resistance to «our Test. . .
Soil Retention Test. . . . .
Fadeouater Test. . . . . . .
Resistance to Crushing'fest.
V. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . .
VI. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . .

VII. Literature Cited. . . . . . .

VIII. Appeniix. . . . . . . . . . .

CHART

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A30 PLKTSS
Carpet Code, guality and Price Data
Chemical Analysis of Carpet Pile Fibers
Specification Analysis of Weights
Density Index numbers
Standard‘Ihickness And Conpressional
Resiliency
Results of Wear Test
.Soil Retention Data

Crush-resistance Data

Compression In Inches

Recovery in Inches

Conpressional Resiliency’

Carpets of Axminster Weave

Carpets of Wilton Weave

Carpets of Velvet heave--Loop Pile
Carpets of Velvet Weave~~Cut Pile
Carpet Weaves

Carpet Weaves

Samples Abraied to 1,250 Cycles
Samples Abraded to 4,500 Cycles

Samples Abraded to 9,000 Cycles

I. lNTRODUCTION

Price and limited availability of carpet wool has resulted in
increased production of carpeting in which the use of all-synthetic
or synthetic-wool blends are dominate. Because synthetic pile is rela-
tively new on the market there is reluctance on the part of the con-
sumer to accept it in place of the traditional all-wool pile carpeting.
An understanding of carpet construction, the problems of the industry,
and serviceability studies would aid the consumer in intelligent
selection of carpets for their specific needs.

All carpet wool is imported. Argentina furnishes approximately
one-half of our needs.(9) Other sources selling to the United States
are Scotland, China, Mengolia, Tibet, Egypt, India, Iraq, Syria, Iceland,
New Zealand, Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Spain.

Seventy percent or all carpeting produced in the'United States is
made by six large companies; namely Mohawk Carpet Mills, Bigelow-Sani’ord
Carpet Company,.A1exander Smith &.Sons carpet Company, and the Firth Carpet
Company. The BigelowASanford Company is the largest and the oldest, haVIng
celebrated its leth anniversary in 1950.

All manufacturers have been concerned over the tight supply of carpet
wool and the high prices. The average cost of clean carpet wool in 1939
was 23.7 cents per pound. Due to the world political and economical con-
ditions following World War II, price of wool soared to a peak of $2.24 .

39
per pound in March 1951.( ) In.Rayon and Synthetic Textiles for

2
September 1950, Mr. Goodwin of the Magoo Carpet Company was quoted as
saying:
"It used to be a standard saying in the carpet

field that if wool went to $.50 a pound, that was

as far as a carpet manufacturer could go and still

maintain a market for his product. Wool today(l950)

for the average blend has reached 95 cents a pound,

and there is a terrific shortage."(21)

It is only natural that this condition would further interest in
the use of synthetic fibers. However, this is not a sudden interest
for some of the carpet companies have been experimenting with synthetic
carpet fibers for more than fifteen years.

The rayon industry likewise is interested in developing fibers
suitable for the carpet industry. Daniel Shall writes in a Market
Newsletter in.ngon and.§ynthetic Textiles,.august 1950

"The carpet industry imports as much as two hundred
thousand pounds of carpet wool per year. If we could
assume one-half this market it would be well worth
our while'.

American chemists have felt for some time that the right synthetic
would be a boom.to the carpet industry. Success in developmental re-
search could assure the mills a free and stable market. The fiber would
be clean, white, and predictable in its uniformity of quality. Desired
characteristics such as resistance to moths, fire, and soil lie within the
possibility of research development.

Fibers suitable for carpeting must have length, stiffness, fullness,
resiliency and strength. These qualifications are hard to meet. 0f the

four hundred different types of wool on the international market, no one

type possesses all of the above characteristics, thus necessitating
blending of many different kinds of carpet wool.

Synthetic apparel fibers are not satisfactory for use in carpet-
ing, as a coarser, stiffer, more resilient fiber is needed. Research
chemists have attacked this problem from two directions; first, through
continued experimentation with re-generated cellulose, and secondly
*the develonment of new carpet fibers from nylon, Orlon and.8aran. Today
the leading man-made carpet fibers are for the.most part made of regen-
erated cellulose. Arisco '15', produced by the.American Viscose Company
is a 15 denier viscose rayon. Estron, a product of the Tennessee Eastman
Company, and Celcos, a Celenese Corporation product are both cellulose
'acetates. Nylon.makes an excellent pile for carpeting, but the fiber is
currently too much in demand for other uses, and too expensive for the
construction of moderately priced carpeting. .Although Orion is consid-
ered to be the most wool-like of all synthetics, it is still in the exper-
imental stage as a carpet fiber.

The blending of two or more fibers should not imply adulteration. It
is true that during the war, some carpet manufacturers felt forced to
purchase rayon waste material for use in production. This situation was
obviously detrimental to the industry and the use of rayon waste was soon

37)
‘ carpet industry could not afford to jeopard-

eliminated. The $152,000,000
ise its reputation by the use of a fiber that had nothing to offer the
finished product except availability and lower cost.

Hewever, rayon if made to carpet fiber specifications does offer

certain advantages. Technological improvements have made possible the

4
processing of fibers of desired diameters, which may be cut into desired
lenghfls. .Advantages lie in the fact that these fibers are completely
.mothpproof and flame resistant, and they can be dyed in clear, brilliant
colors.

Rayon and wool fibers combined in blends tend to compliment one
another. Wool is neither moth nor fire-resistant. It's greatest values
are in it's resiliency and bulk, both of which are lacking in synthetic
fibers unless a permanent crimp is added. Wool soils more readily than

Sm ewf
rayon, but gives up soil more readily when a commercial cleaner is applied.

Blends must be planned to give the best quality values at the most
economical cost. [It has been found that if 25% or more of a fiber is
blended into a carpet it will enhance the carpet by its good points or
weaken the carpet with its poor points-~thus, blending is dependent upon
the characteristics of the fibers to be blended:7 It is a complex process
requiring new machines and technology, which must be learned by the carpet
mill employee, as well as the producer of synthetic fibers.

6. B..Schuls, President of the NyeAWaits Carpet Company, in communi-
cation with the.Michigan.State College Textile Department writes:

”I am disposed to believe two things,--that some of
the blends in synthetic carpets will work out satisfact-
orily and further that eventually a good share of the
production of the carpets will be from 100% synthetic
fibers. Some of them.are not satisfactory for such
specifications at present. In my opinion the industry
should have adopted synthetic materials several years
ago instead of waiting for the emergency that has de-
veloped.”

Due to the increased production of all synthetic or synthetic-wool

blends now available in the retail market, there has been an increased

number of consuuer inquires cogcernin; treir perfomgnaca. It was thought
a study simulating nor a1 use and care of four of these new carpetings
for comparison wit. tr ditioual all-wool carpets would be of interest and
value to consumers. It would aid in detennining the relatiOnship of
price in respect to perforranct, and migxt present some suggestions for
infatuation wniC‘ should aipear on thr labels of carpets in order to
aid the purchaser in his selections.

This specific study plans:

a

First, an aha ysis of the initial physicrl nroperti s 01 four selected

~

types of carpeting containin; a blend of syn h tic and tool fib-ns or 100,

(It.

synth tic fibers in the pile, and four wool pile carp ts coaparably priCed
and similar ii appearence. Chemical and microsc0pic analysis of the pile
and backing yarns; spgcifications of Weave and yarn structure; height per
Square yard; density and height of pile; and compressional resilience of
the pile constitute Specification analysis.

Secondly, a co parison of performance under conditions simulating
normal home use and care was planned as labor tory testing in colorfastness
to light; subjective comparison for alter tion in appear use of samples
abraded a constant number of cycl\s; and relative efficiency in removal
of standard soil by vacuum cleaning and snagpooing. Comparison of the
degree and rate of recovery fro; crushing constitutes a fourth perfonnsnce

tGSte

II. REVIEW OF IITERATURE

Federal laws require a manufacturer to state the fiber content of
all carpet pile. However, it does not require that the percentages of
tool from.different sources, nor the source be divulged. Each manu-
facturer decides upon the proper blending of several different wools
of varying characteristics for the specific grade and type of carpeting
he Iishes to make. For instance, a high-grade carpet might be composed
of a certain amount of wool fromflTurkey'or Syria for added strength;
South.American wool for luster; or Chinese tool for resiliency. For
ease in spinning, these short fibers might be twisted with the long fibers
of the black sheep raised in Scotland. The amount of each fiber used in
each type of carpet remains the trade secret of the producer.

Iederal laws require that carpets containing rayon be labeled as such.
However, they do not specify that either the type of rayon or the percent-
age used in wool-synthetic blends be placed on the label. Neither is it
necessary to state whether the pile is constructed of apparel or carpet
rayon fibers or rayon waste. However, many carpet manufacturers and textile
fiber mills are designating their new synthetic carpet fiber through the
use of a specific trade name rather than the term 'rayon' in order to de-
signate its end use.

QAvisco-IS”, a viscose rayon produced by the American Viscose Company

is the synthetic fiber used by the Mohatk Carpet Mills, and others. The

7
number ”15” refers to the denier of the filament, which is comparable
to the average fiber diameter of the best carpet wools. The filaments
from which viscose staple carpet fiber is cut consist of a number of
highly uniform rod-like fibers of a natural white. .Avisco ”15" is
permanently crimped; the yarns being cut into approximately 3 inch lengths,

(34) The

and delustered to the degree considered best for carpet use.
BigelowHSanford Carpet Company also uses a viscose carpet fiber which is
produced in their rayon mill in.Rocky Hill, Connecticut.

Estron is the name designated by the American.Society of Testing
Materials for all cellulose ester fibers. Estron carpet fiber is pro-
duced by the Tennessee Eastman Company, and has been used by the James
Lee and Son's Carpet Company in the manufacture of their synthetic carpets.
Cellulose acetate filaments are strong, uniform and white, with a high de-
gree of resiliency, and a hand similar to that of wool. Cellulose Acetate
fibers are slightly more difficult to dye than viscose rayon fibers and
colors in finished products may be affected by gas fumes. Celcos is
produced by the Celenese Corporation. It, too, is cellulose acetate.

,A "l?” denier Celcos is used by the.Alexander Smith &.Sons Carpet Company
in their manufacture of synthetic-blend carpetings.

nylon, a product of Dupont De Nemours and Company, is characterized
by its excellent durability and high degree of resiliency. Unlike tool
it is not damaged by moths and not easily affected by changes in humidity.
Carpets of nylon pile, produced by the Rye4Waite Carpet Company, and others,
are being primarily used in business establishments where durability is
more important than initial cost. The Firth Carpet Company announced re-

cently their production of a new 'carved' broadloom.of vinyon. This

carpet fiber is called 'cellini', and is not currently in comercial
production. Orlon, Saran, Velen, Vicara and other synthetic fibers
are also being tried out experimentally for use in carpet manufacture.

In the selection of the best synthetic carpet fiber for a specific
need, the manufacturer must consider price and fiber size. Nylon, vinyon
and other similar fibers are expensive, costing from three to four times
as much as fibers made from a cellulose base such as Avisco, estron and
Celcos. ‘ 13) Synthetic fibers which are to be blended with wool must
be comparable in length, weight, diameter and strength if the resulting
yam is to be satisfactory. Carpet wools range from 1 to 13 inches in
length, while synthetic staple fibers are cut in three inch lengths for
convenience in spinning. The specific gravity of wool is 1.30. The
specific gravity of synthetic fibers depends upon the process used in
manufacturing-~ce11ulose acetate being 1.55 and viscose 1.55 (38).

loolen carpet yarns are much coarser than those used in the apparel
industry. They are usually 1.6 to 2.4 Typp, whereas woolen clothing yarns
vary from 4.8 to 6.4Typp.(38) Clothing yarns are made from rayon filaments
which range from 8 to 7 denier, carpet yarns from 15 to 1'7 denier rayon.

According to the American Wool Handbook (1948) carpet wools ranged
from 15 to 70 microns in diameter. However, ideal carpet wool should
contain approximately 65% by weight of true wool fibers, with an average
diameter of no more than 24 microns, and approximately 55% by weight of
heterotypical fibers with an average diameter of at least 50 microns.

Rayon staple fibers may be produced as fine or as coarse as is spec-

ified by the manufacturer. Within certain limitations, the coarser the

fiber the better it complies with ideal specifications. However, if the

synthetic fiber is to be blended with wool the diameter of the fibers
.must be comparable. The '15' denier Lvisco fiber measures approximately
38 microns in diameter, and the '17' denier Celcos approximately 45 microns.

The tensile strength of wool yarns used in carpet manufacture ranges
from 40 to 200 pounds according to data compiled for the Amsrican.!ggl
Handbook(38). These figures represent the results of tests in which the
skein breaks of 15 yard skeins wound on 1% yard reels were recorded. .Al-
though no tests concerning the strength of rayon.carpet yarns have been
published, synthetic yarns are generally thought to have a greater tensile
strength than wool.

However, the value of a fiber for use in carpet yarns is more depend-
ent upon such latent characteristics as its fiber surface, interfiber re-
lationships, resiliency, fiber crimp, and energy absorption properties than
upon its tensile strength. The surface of a fiber is very important in
a carpet yarn because of the nature of the wear to which the yarn will be
subjected. Gonsalves (l4)perfonmed a series of tests on rayon filaments
which tend to prove that the outside layer of a rayon filament is stronger
than the core. This was accomplished by laying a filament around a roller,
and rotating it under tension. It was discovered that when the outer sur-
face was worn, it became cracked and fissures were formed. The localization
of additional stress resulted in the final breakage of the filament.

.Lccording toJMatthew,(19)wool fibers are not so dependent upon the
strength of their outer layer. Not only is the external sheath of tissue

resistant to crushing stress, but the internal cortical cells are so ar-

ranged as to present a very firm.resistance to rupture. Thus, these in-

10
inherent differences in the structure of wool and rayon fibers account
for the difficulties in determining accurately their eXpected perform-
ance characteristics.

The amount of friction between fibers is determined by their coarse-
ness, static force, and the ability of the fiber to transmit stress. The
latter is particularly pertinent in a discussion of carpet fibers, because
of the constant application of stress caused by footsteps and the weight
of furniture. In order for a stress to reach the further and or a yarn
in which it originates, forces must be transferred from fiber to fiber
along and throughout the yarn. These forces can only be transferred at
points of fiber-to-fiber contact.(32)ln the transmission of a normal load,
the nature of the stress is distributed over the area in a manner pre-
scribed by the shapes of the load, and their relative mechanical

(13)
properties.

The Textile Research Journal has published several articles concern-
ing stress analysis by Platt. (23)(24)(25)He states that every textile fiber
possesses a non-linear stress-strain curve for ordinary rates of loading,
depending upon its geometric form and type of construction. He points out
that there are many things to take into consideration in making the curve;
namely, the laws of static equilibrium, the deformation of the structure,
and the action of stress on the cross-section of the fiber.

According to Dillon,(lo)the quality of resiliency is measured by a
fiber's reaction to stress, and the amount of time involved between the
deformation and a satisfactory recovery. The resiliency of wool is es-

sentially different from.that of other fibers. Being fairly stiff and

springy, it is not readily deformed by short loading periods but under

11
longer loads it becomes increasingly compliant.(38)REY°n fibers do not
inherently have as much natural resiliency as wool. Chemists have sought
to achieve comparable resiliency in rayon by crimping the fibers.

Rainard and Abbot(26)

define crimp in a fiber, 'whether it be regular
or irregular, as the degree of deviation from linearity which the fiber
possesses'. At first, artificial fibers were crimped to increase bulki-
ness of the yarns but manufacturers soon realized that it had a far more
important effect upon the yarn in that it made it resilient.(6)Ro-ults
(6)

of laboratory measures, described by Barach and Rainard , show how much
crimp improves a fiber. In a large scale machine for crimping naturally
resilient fibers, the fibers were crushed together so as to fold them,
‘After boiling an hour, they were tested, woven into carpets and tested
again. Tests showed that there was an actual increase in wear for carpets
made with crimped fibers over those made with straight fibers. The crimped
fibers had a measurably higher ability to form.stabilized structures. An
uncrimped fiber can collapse under compressional loads in one or two places
but a highly crimped fiber should behave somewhat like a spring under com-
pression. Crimp also improves the hand of the carpet pile. Rainard and
.Abbot(26)emphasize the fact that a high degree of regularity of crimp is
not necessary as it causes close-packing and decreases the bulking tend-
ency of the fiber. If a single crimp is able to stand-off its neighbors,
it will create a bulking effect regardless of its shape. Moisture and

heat increase the crimp, thereby increasing the resiliency of naturally
resilient fibers in the same way that the curl of human hair is influenced

by moisture and warmth. Hewever, when fiber crimp is achieved artifi-

cally as is the case of synthetic fibers, the crimp is not affected as

12
greatly by humidity and temperature.

Fear is caused by abrasion of one kind or another. Backer(4)ex-
plains three different ways in which single fibers, touched by the
projection of a foreign surface will act. First, the fibers will be
subjected to frictional wear, such as occurs when a person walks across
a carpet. Secondly, the fibers will be subjected to surface cutting
processes, such as the effect of glass and sand ground into the pile of
a carpet by walking. Uneven surface protuberances result when the a-
bradant is extremely forceful, such as the effect resulting from the
surface clawing of the carpet by a cat or dog. Through tests made in
cOOperation with the army concerning clothing, Backer(4)discovered that
there is a distinct barbed effect on the surface of spun viscose fibers
which have been severely abraded mechanically. This effect has been
suggested as a means of 'felting' viscose fibers. However, in the case
of carpet pile--felting means matting, an undesireable characteristic.
According to Schiefer(30), the slow process of wear evolved by walking
on a carpet will break rayon fibers into short segments, whereas wool
fibers are frayed and split at the tip and some of them are fractured.
Both.Schiefer(29)and Backer‘4)speak of coatings from worn-out wool fibers
which form on the material being abraded.

various fibers recover from small strains at different speeds, and
different abradants will effect fibers differently. For instance, nylon
might wear better than wool when subjected to one test, whereas another
test might show wool as the better fiber. Therefore, it is important

that fibers be spun into yarns of specified size, weight, etc., for a

specific purpose.

13

Yarns form the medium.which relates the prOperties of fibers to
the properties of the carpet pile. However, many steps are necessary
to convert wool fleece into carpet yarns. Man-made fibers are more
easily converted, although they too must be sorted, dyed and spun.

Wool arrives at the mills dusty and dirty. The fleeces must be
pulled apart and blended with the fleeces from other sources in accord-
ances with the manufacturer's specifications. The wool is next scoured
in warm.water in order to remove accumulated grease, dirt and discolor-
ation. Synthetic fibers, rigidly controlled throughout the manufactur-
ing process, are without foreign matter which might influence the quality
of the batch, and therefore areready for conversion into yarns as soon
as the fiber is manufactured.

As a rule, carpet fibers are dyed before they are Spun. This process,
regardless of the type of fiber is not an easy one. ,A wool fiber is
complex; consisting of a smooth, uniform outer layer known as an exo-
cuticle. Beneath this lies a second layer, the endo-cuticle, which is
pitted and ridged longitudinally. Within the cuticle lies the cortex.

The rate and degree of penetration of dyes are influenced by the character
of both the cuticle and cortex, as well as the dye itself. Experiments
show that the dye must penetrate the cuticle, and diffuse with comparative
ease through-out the cortex, if the dye is to be uniform throughout.(20)
The coarser the wool fiber, the more difficult it is to dye it satis-

(39)

factorily. One theory concerning the dyeing of avisco fibers is that
single molecules of dye are absorbed on the surface of the fiber and
reach the center through a diffusion process. The dye is fixed in the

cellulose by co-ordinating bonds and each dye molecule is ‘set' by the

14
(28)

cellulose chain with which it is combined. Another factor in the
dyeing of this type of rayon is the fact that regenerated rayons lose
from 40 to 50% of their dry strength when wet. Inasmuch as viscose
swells when wet, it packs readily, and is best dyed in raw stock,

(38)

in pressure machines. A special acetate dye has been developed for
cellulose acetate as it does not dye satisfactorily with dyes used for
other fibers. It is believed that the dye is attached to the cellulose
acetate fibers by hydrogen bonding to the carboxyl oxygen of the ester
groupings,(28)cellulose acetate must be dyed at a temperature not ex-

ceeding 170° as luster is impaired and saponification sets in at higher
temperatures.(38)

The dyeing of a material in which two or more fibers are blended
together is termed 'union dyeing’. Union dyeing is a complex process,
the science of which must be based on the dyeing behavior of the individ-
ual fibers. Often in the dyeing of fiber blends the manufacturer utilizes
the different dying characteristics of the fibers to achieve a 'frosted'
effect in the yarns. Great batches of raw stock are dyed in dye-vats,
then spread in layers in blending bins. Vertical cuts through the layers
are fed into a picker, thus pulling the locks of wool apart and helping
to blend the fibers uniformly.

The fibers, now ready to be carded and combed,pass through revolving
cylinders closely studded with fine wire teeth. These cylinders separate
and comb the fibers until they lay parallel. The fibers, leaving the card-
ing machines in fluffy strands are known as rovings. The roving is then

spun between paired rollers. By combining two, three or four single

strands and twisting them together, a proportionately thicker and stronger

15

yarn is produced.

Truitt<37)defines torsional rigidity as 'that property, which re-
sists twisting torsion and opens up the yarn when out into tufts so
that the individual fibers separate and spread against adjacent rows
of tufts'. This rigidity depends upon the amount of moisture in the wool,
the rigidity of dry wool fibers being about 15 times greater than that
of fibers saturated with water.(38)For this reason spinning rooms are
equipped with humidifying systems to keep the humidity as high as
possible. The importance of taking the tortuosity of the yarn into
consideration is discussed by Schwarz, in an article concerning yarn
structure in the Textile Research Journal for.March 1951.(32) When a
yarn is distorted so that its axis lies in a spiral formation rather
than a single plane, the twist is changed. in order to produce a bal-
anced yarn with singles of a given twist, the manufacturer must make
allowances for tortuosity.

Platt(25) makes three statements of interest concerning carpet
yarn structure. First, when yarn twist is increased, there is a decrease
in modulus of elasticity and resiliency. Second, under a given external
tension, those fibers in the higher-tWisted yarns are under greater
stress and strain than those in the low twisted yarns. Third, when yarn
twist is increased, there occurs an increase in yarn denier. As a decrease
in resiliency and an increase in potential strain are undesirpanle factors
for carpet yarns, it would seem that there are some definite disadvantages
in the use of high-twist yarns for carpets. However, an advantage lies
in the fact that the more twist in the yarn the more resistant it is to

both soil and abrasion.

16

After the carpet yarn has been prepared for weaving, the producer
must determine not only the number of tufts and the weave best suited
for each particular type of carpet yarn but also the proper fibers for
use in the backing and the number of shot and stuffer yarns.

Jute has been the choice fiber for use as stuffer yarns for many
years. It is obtained from the best of various species of Corchorus,
grown in india. It provides body, stiffness and firmness to the carpet
although it is recognized that it loses considerable strength when wet.
For this reason, and because of limited availability, Kraftcord and other
developments are, to a certain extent, replacing the use of jute.

During the war, carpet manufacturers, unable to obtain jute in the
necessary quantities, used a specially processed paper made from woou,
called 'fiber' or"Kraftcord.'. Because Kraftcord was introduced during
the war years, it was considered a substitute for jute. Today, it is
being used more and more and has been found satisfactory. It is twisted
and treated to make it tough and waterproof, and has many desireable char-
acteristics for use in carpet backing.

Kraftcord is often used for the 'shot' or crosswise threads in a
carpet. Two-shot means that there are two crosswise threads for each row
of loops or tufts. Three shot is better than two shot, for it helps to
hold the pile more securely. The number of shots may be determined by
bending the pile crosswise, and counting the yarns between two rows of ’
tufts.

Chain or warp yarns are the cries-cross yarns which bind the entire
carpet together. Usually, the warp yarns are of cotton, although rayon

has been used. Staffer yarns of cotton, jute or 'fiber' add bulk, stiffness

l7
and padding to the carpet.

The number of tufts or loops per inch across the width of the
carpet is called 'pitch'. The number of rows of tufts per inch in
the length-wise direction are called 'wires'. The density of the
carpet is the number of tufts per square inch; that is, pitch times
wires.

There are three basic weaves in carpet manufacture; namely velvet,
wilton and axminster. No one weave is necessarily superior to another
for there are high, low and medium grade carpets constructed on each
type of loom.

The velvet weave is the simplest of the three. For this reason,
it has a lower production cost than other pile rugs and is generally
believed to have a higher dollar value in the low-price field.(8)A 800d
grade velvet is very durable. Although velvet is ordinarily a cut-pile
construction, a loop-pile may be made on a velvet loom. If the loops
are small, even and give the appearance of a tapestry the carpet is
frequently said to be of a tapestry weave, although this term is techni-
cally incorrect. When the loops are uneven in size or height, the carpet
will be referred to as a looped pile of velvet construction. The quality
of a velvet rug depends upon the type and quality of the fiber used, the
height of the pile, its weight per square yard, the ply of the yarn,
number of shot, and the number of tufts per square inch. Federal speci-
fications (1937) for carpets to be purchased for government use list only
one type of velvet carpet. In this carpet, the yarns, made of carded,
spun and blended wools were to be three-ply. The desired pitch was 216,
or 8 per inch and the number of wires, 8 3/4 , thus making the density

70 tufts per square inch. Dilts (11) lists two other grades of velvet

18
a fine quality velvet, usually having a one-half inch pile depth, two
or three shot, a to 10 wires with a pitch of s or 10, and e density of
80 tufts per square inch; and, a low grade velvet, ordinarily having
an extremely rigid backing, 6 or 7 wires, a pitch of 6 or 7 and only
42 tufts per square inch. The pile yarns in velvet carpet construction
are on the surface so they must be carefully selected. Stuffer yarns of
jute or fiber are used as a cushion and backing.

In the wilton construction, the filling, warp and stuffer yarns

form the back structure of the carpet and also constitute the weave.
The warp yarns are split into two sections, alternating warp ends being
threaded through alternating harnesses in the loom, thus forming a V
shaped opening called the 'shed'. The filling yarn is inserted through
this opening. Usually the pile is shorter than in comparable carpets
of axminster and velvet weaves. The quality of a wilton depends upon
several factors; namely, the quality of yarn, the number of frames carried
in the backing of the carpet, the density of the pile, the ply of the yarn,
and the number of shot. Federal specifications cover four types of wilton
carpets 11931), two of which have worsted pile.(12)Type I is 3-shot, woven
on 6 frames with 3 ply yarns, 13 wires per inch, and a pitch of 9.5; or
approximately 123 tufts per square inch. Type II differs from.type I in
that it has 5 frames and 10.5 wires. The proportion of pile to total weight
in both types of carpeting should not be less than 56%. Type III is woven
on 2 or 3 frmes, 2-shot, 9 wires and a pitch of 9.5; the portion of pile
to total weight to be no less than 44%. Type IV is woven on 5 frames with
a pitch of 6 2/3 and 8 wires; or approximately 53 tufts per square inch;

the portion of pile to total weight to be 66% or more.

19
Axminster carpets are made by fastening tufts of yarn into the
backing by means of heavily sized crosswise threads. lfhese produce
pronounced ridges across the back, thus making it possible to roll
axminsters in the lengthwise direction only. 'fhe quality of axminsters
varies according to the quality of the fiber, the number of tufts per
square inch, and the pliability of the backing. Specifications for

axminsters listed in the Federal Standard Stock Catalog require 7 or

 

more rows of tufts per inch, and a pitch of 7, or approximately 56 tufts
per square inch for high quality carpets. 'Extra high quality' carpets
require a pitch of 9, or approximately 63 tufts per square inch. The
porportion of the pile to the total weight of the carpets in both grades
should not be less than 42%.

In addition to the three basic types of weaves, there are several
other special types. Chenille carpets are woven in two operations, making
them very pleasing in appearance but expensive to produce. The lokweave
carpets are of different weave constructions, yet the carpet may be cut
in any direction without fear of raveling. Pile yarns go all the way
down through the backing of the carpet and up again and are firmly lockedZ//
in place by a special sealer. Carpets are also being made with thick
sponge-rubber backing, so deep that it forms its own cushiony underlining.
This type of carpet is cemented to the floor and requires no special seaming.
These types of carpets constitute only a small portion of total production.

Research concerning the performance characteristics of carpets has
been done for the most part by the carpet manufacturers, working coopera-
tively with the Bureau of Standards. The tests performed by the latter

were under the direction of Herbert F. Schiefer. Experimental procedure

20
and results of these tests have been published in the Journal gf_Research,

one paper appearing in the February 1934 Journal(30)and another in the

Nbvember 1942(31)Journa1.

Prior to the 1934 publication, two series of twelve velvet carpets
were studied for the effect of density and height of pile on the durability
of carpets. It was noted that resistance-to-wear was increased by a greater
amount when the pile density was increased than when the pile height was
increased by the same percentage. It was further noted that pile consisting
of fine fibers was readily compressed by the application of a load, whereas
pile consisting of coarse fibers was stiff and unbending. Many of the
fine fibers in wool pile were broken off during the early part of the
abrasion tests by the slipping and twisting actions of the machines, where-
as coarse fibers were more likely to fracture near the anchorage of the
pile in the carpet backing. According to Schiefer,.Ashcroft has published
results in the Melliand Textile Monthly_for March 1933 showing that the
rate of wear of wool pile will increase almost directly with the time re-
quired to boil the yarn in the dyeing process, thereby accounting for the
uneven wear observed in carpets in which the pattern consists of several
colors. Although it was difficult to determine the effect of the pile
anchorage on the durability, Schiefer thought it worth while to note the
effect of the wear test on a carpet having the pile tufts exposed on the
back. When this carpet was tested, the wool fibers gradually worked
through to the back where they became matted together.

The wear study performed between 1939 and 1942(31)was done in the
laboratories of the Bigelow.3anford Carpet Co., the Mohawk Carpet Mills,

Inc., the Alexander Smith &.Sons Carpet Co., and the UniteduStates Testing

21

Company. Tests were made on twenty-four carpets of either axminster,
velvet or wilton weave. Some of the carpets in this study were those

in regular production but Others, including an experimental carpeting

of fifty percent rayon and fifty percent wool, were woven to Specifi-
cations. Although the teats were extensive,.Schiefer did not feel that

the analysis of the carpets tested yielded sufficient data to determine

the probable durability of different types of carpeting.

Physical analysis of the carpets used in this study included deter-
mination of weave, rows and pitch per inch, weight per tuft, length of
tuft, height of pile, initial thickness of pile and backing, and the
density of the pile. A density index number for each carpet was determined
as the product of the number or rows per inch, the pitch per inch, the
weight of tuft per inch length, and the pile height. This number was
used as a criteria for determining the expected wear of the carpets.
Although the correlation was high, there was some indication that it was
affected by the type of weave, or more likely, the wool blend.

The actual wear testing was conducted by Schiefer, by placing the
carpets under study in a busy corridor of the Procurement Building in
Washington, D. C. During the six months of the study, the carpets were
vacuumed each day and the dirt removed weighed. At intervals, the height
of the pile was measured without removing the carpets from the floor.

The results in the serviceability tests were compared with data on the
laboratory abrasion tests. The correlations were highly significant though
differences were-noted. Because the backing of a carpet wears down as
much as 33% during a service test, change in the thickness of the pile

of a carpet during a test has been found to be the best measure of the

22
amount of wear. It was noted that the pile decreased very rapidly
during the early stages of the test because of pile matting, but de-
creased at a fairly uniform rate for the remainder of the wear test.
Schiefer again stressed the importance of density, stating that an
increase of 100% in the number of tufts per square inch produced an
increase of about 225% in the number of revolutions required to wear
the pile down to one-fourth its matted thickness. This experiment also
involved a study of the effect of humidity and temperature upon the wear
qualities of carpets. Results showed that relative wear increased sign-
ificantly with increase in relative humidity; a 10% increase in humidity
above 65% r.h. corresponded to a 15% increase in relative wear. This
study showed that, as temperature was increased, the relative wear of
the carpets appeared to decrease. Schiefer, therefore, stressed the
necessity of testing carpets in an atmosphere of controlled temperature
and relative humidity. A difference in wear indices was also noted wnen
the nozzle of the vacuum cleaner was lowered or raised. Wear increased
on an average of 3% when the height of the nozzle was raised from 1/8
to 3/8 inches from the carpet, the wear indices increased 75%. This
increased wear was attributed to the ineffective cleaning at greater
height.

Results of tests performed by Beckwith and Barach are recorded in
an article entitled 'NOtes on the Resilience of Pile Coverings', Textile
Research_{ournal for June, 1947. They define resilience 'as the ratio
of work returned upon release of a compressional load to the total work
done in compression. Tests consisted of loading the fabric at steps of
0.5 pound to 5.0 pounds per square inch. The density (tufts per square

inch) and the height (thickness) of the carpet were taken into consideration

23
because they partially determine resilience. When the density of car-
peting is low, the force of the load causes the pile to collapse quickly;
the backing structure than absorbs most of the applied force. The greater
the density, the more the force is dissipated by resistance of the pile
to bending. This study also shows that, with density constant, the higher
the pile, the more the force is absorbed by the pile. If the pile is ex-
ceptionally high the bending of the pile will completely absorb the force.
The greater the number of tufts per square inch, the more opportunity
there is for the fibers to become entangled due to the pressure of the
load. This factor reduces the ability of the fibers to 'spring back',
after the load has been removed. With a constant density, 'work returned'
will increase with increased pile height. This relationship is to be ex-
pected, because the effect of the back structure is gradually eliminated
with an increased pile height. The follow1ng concluSion is given: ”the
effect of a force on the pile of a floor covering is better expressed in
terms of the work done and work recovered than by the ratio of these two
values.”

In another article entitled ”Dynamic Studies of Carpet Resilience"

in the Textile Research Journal of June 1949, Barach showed, through

 

photography, the effects of walking upon a carpet. Results in this study
showed that walking on a carpet subjects it to rapid loading of about

12 pounds per square inch per second and that this load is then withdrawn
at the same rate. The photographs also showed that fibers bend in groups
rather than singly. He emphasizes the fact that there is a constant
opposition between the elements of the fibers; one measurement which he

terms dynamic--constantly attempting to force the fiber to return to its

24
original vertical position in the pile of the carpet; the other force
within the fiber (static measurement) constantly attempting to remain in
the bent position caused by the load applied to the fiber. This author
also emphasizes the importance of carpet backing. If the backing is not
stiff and of firm structure the pile will bend very easily--in fact the
desire of the carpet pile to return to an upright position might be impaired;
The more firmly woven the backing and the more sizing applied to it, the
more nearly upright the pile will remain. This means less 'compression'
in resiliency, but it also means more 'recovery', thereby causing the ratio
between the work accomplished and the work recovered to be higher.

Tests performed by the National Bureau of Standards reveal that the

30
use of rug cushions (underlays) increased wear of carpets 73 to 146%.( )

These cushions, costing only a fraction of the price of a carpet, may
be purchased of hair, jute, cotton, paper or rubber. Although all under-
lays increase durability to some extent, the thick resilient cushions
prolong the life of carpets more effectively than those that are hard
and stiff.

All new carpets, regardless of fiber content, will shed for the
first few weeks. There are two reasons for this: First, pile yarns of
wool may be constructed of long and short fibess. In weaving these
yarns are cut in such a way that many of the short ends do not reach
down far enough to be bound into the backing of the carpet. They are,
therefore, held in place only by contact with the other pile fibers,
and as the carpet is used they work loose and are carried off as lint.
The fewer short fibers in a carpet yarn, the less shedding. For this

reason, synthetic carpet fibers are cut as long as can be handled

25
satisfactorily on available Spinning machines. Shedding is also due to

the fact that there is a lack of moisture in a new carpet. This en-
courages shedding until the carpet has been laid for awhile and has
had a chance to re-absorb moisture from the atmosphere.(2)

Some carpets that have been laid for several months develop lights
and shadows in certain spots, particularly in places were traffic is
heavy. This factor is not dependent upon the fiber of the pile, but rather
on the construction of the carpet. Smooth plush-like pile is subject to
matting. The sides of all pile fibers reflect light more intensely than
do the cut ends, and when the pile fibers are bent they will reflect
light at a different angle from the rest of the carpet.(1l) Synthetic
fibers are known to have more sheen than wool fibers, and they mat easily.
Therefore it would seem possible that spots due to light reflection might
be more prevalent in synthetic pile carpets, than in those with an all-wool
pile.

All carpets are subject to changes in hue. Delicate tints fade
through orposure to sunlight more quickly than stronger colors.(8) They
are also more affected by atmospheric dust, a discoloration which may be
minimized through the application of a commercial cleaner.

A knowledge of the substances called 'carpet 8011' give an appreci-
ation of the need for keeping carpets as clean as possible. In a pamphlet
published by the Hoover vacuum company,(11)carpet dirt is divided into
three general types of material:

1. Surface litter, such as lint, hair

threads, ravelings, and sewing room
scraps.

26

2. Light clinging dirt which is deposited on the tOp
of the rug by air currents but is worked about
half way down into the pile tufts by the tread cf
feet on the carpet. This type of carpet dirt is
quite readily removed even by the least effective
electric cleaning. .After it is removed the carpet
appears clean at the surface although large
quantities of dirt may remain farther down in the
pile tufts and in the furrows between the rows of
pile.

5. A heavier type or dirt composed or fine sand, powdered
clay, powdered limestone, gypsum, etc., bound together
with sticky substances such as asphalt, grease, rubber

V oils and fats, present in quantities as great as
one-half pound to eve? ten pounds or dirt.

Surface litter and light clinging dirt are eaSily removed from
carpets by vacuuming. however, the portion of carpet dirt most harmful to
carpets is the heavy type of 3011 described above under item.3. it is
also the most difficult to remove. Many of these particles are hard
and glass-like in texture with Sharp knife-like edges which work them-
selves into the base or the pile tufts and into the backing of the carpet.
When these sharp, hard particles are rubbed against the soft fibers of the
pile due to pressure caused by walking, they cut the yarns.

in order to remove soluble grease and fats, or to brighten the sur-
face of carpets, a commerCial cleaning fluid is more satisfactory than
soap and water. Soap solutions, particularly those containing alkali,
may destroy the natural oil in the fibers and produce color changes.\8)
Water also is detrimental to a carpet if used in too great quantities.

It may weaken such backing fibers as paper and Jute and it may affect

/
the twist of carpets with a frieze pile. Sand and other insoluble part-
icles of soil cannot be removed successfully with a commercial cleaning

fluid, so for this reason, carpets should be sent to a professional

cleaner at least every other year.

Selection of Ca;p_tin‘: Samples were chos' on from the 1i ited supply of
synthetic and sgnthetic-blend carpets on the market in Lansing,. ichig an
during the spring of 1951. Blends of 50% Avisco and 50% wool were avail-
able in suffic Melt cuantities for this study, as were carpets of 100
estron, a He U1 los acetate produced by the Tennessee hastuan Company.

The price range for synthetic pile carpets w s as variable as prices
for wool pile arpeting. A ltflfi estron axminster could be pu'chase d for
56.50 per square yard. Blends of wool-avisco, and wool- Ce we» r in

prize from $9.00 to $13.00, while custom-wade nplons OI carved pile were

available throu:n special 0rd r, but at prices prohibitive f r the avers“

(L)

Of the samples chosen for this study, two were 100% estron but re—
presented Siffor nt quflity grejes and CUHSLTUCtiOd; and two were of medium
priced weal-Avisco* blends produced by different nanu;acturers. All-wool

c tr;nce, weave and lei ht were selected for com-

H.“

rpit~ go parable in spy

(u
(u

paris n witi the synthetic caroetinr. howev-r, their price ranged from

'

al.00 to $3.50 more per square yard.

* ror convenience, in this study, Avisco,( t‘e American Viscose Company
Trade Here for carpet yarnslis used to des i hated tie vi scose carpet
yarns used in both crr_iets. toiaw\ Carpet “ills used Avisco--The
Bigelow—Sanford Company has their own rayon mill.

28

The construction, pile fiber content, and price per square

yard for the eight carpets used in this study are summarised:

 

TAbLL I

Carpets Used in Study

 

alternates?

 

-.___.-.-—_-._.__-.__-—.--a-- --l

Pricekier

Construction Square Yard

 

axminster

axminster

wilton
100p pile

wilton
100p pile

velvet
loop pile

velvet
loop pile

velvet

velvet

$6.b0

$7.30

$10.50

$14.9b

$10.50

p12.50

p 9.50

$13.50

 

 

Carpet No. “manufacturer

And Code* qufiile

l LPEQA-l James Lees & estron
Sons Carpet (cellulose
Company acetate)

2 L-WqA-l James Lees &
Sons Carpet wool
Company

3 L-E-W-L-Z James Lees &
Sons Carpet estron
Company

4.Ma-W-W-L-3 Masland Carpet wool
Company

5 B-WAAV-L-Z Bigelow Sanford wool &
Carpet Company viscose

6 B-fi-VeL-S Bigelow Sanford wool
Carpet Company

7 M0-Wa-V-2 Mohawk Carpet wool &
hills Inc. avisco

8 AS-W—V-S Alexander Smith wool
&.Sons Carpet
Company

iiCode: lst letter: Manufacturer

2nd letter: Fiber

3rd letter:

The pile yarns

Construction

4th letter: Loop pile

NUmeral: price group

.—.-.< -

---

of Carpets l and 2 have practically no twist which

gives them a fuller appearing pile than they actually possess, (see

Plate I, appendix).

tufts per square inch.

These two carpets are light weight with only 35

A rubberized backing gives a certain amount of

firmness to the carpeting but also contributes to a stiffness not

apparent in the others.

29
Carpets number 3 and 4 were constructed on the two-frame wilton loom.
A pleasing, all-over leaf design was achieved through variation in tones
of the same color and pile 100ps of varying size and heigh , (see Plate II,
appendix). These two carpets were the heaviest tested. The pile yarn used
was two-ply with only enough twist to hold the ply together. The pile was
caught into every other warp of the backing instead of the usual method of
catching the pile into each.warp. However, the pile gives coverage because
of the size of the yarns and the looseness of the twist. Actual count of
the tufts per square inch is 54, although the closeness of the weave of
the backing would suggest twice as many tufts.

Carpet 5 and 6 appear identical to the extent that it is difficult
to determine which carpet contains the blend of wool and viscose fibers,
(Sea Plate III). Both carpets are of velvet weave construction. The un-
even loops form.a pattern often referred to as 'treabark', but which the
manufacturer designates as 'corday'. Two single yarns of high twist are
woven into the pile as a single yarn. These differ from.two-ply yarns in
that the two single yarns are not twisted together. This gives the appear-
ance of twice as many tufts as its actual count of 64 per square inch.
The backing of these two carpets was heavily sized with a plastic-like
substance which makes them stiff and unpliable.

Carpets 7 and 8 are both of cut-pile velvet weave construction (see
Plate IV, appendix). Number 7, the wool-avisco carpet, appears very
similar to alldwool carpeting although its tufts are not as coarse and it
is brighter in color. Low twisting characterizes the singles of the two-ply
yarns used in both carpets, but the twist of the plies is high. These yarns

are typicalcr all frieze carpetings. Both carpets have a density of 64

30
tufts per square inch.

§pecification Tests:

 

A. Chemical: verification of fiber content in the pile of the carpets

was made by using three different tests. Each test was performed three
times using 2 to 4 grams of carpet pile per test. The averages of the

test were recorded.

A potassium hydroxide test to dissolve wool fibers was used. This

test was recommended by Hartsuch. (15)

Dry and weigh samples. Drop into 250 cc of
10% KOH which has been brought to 50° in a
water bath. maintain sample and solution

at this temperature for 30 minutes, stirring
every five minutes. Filter through a Gouch
filter. Wash with dilute acetic acid. Wash
with water. Dry the residue(non-wool fibers)
and condition before weighing.

A sulphuric acid test to dissolve viscose rayon was used. This

test was suggested by'Skinkle.(38)

Dry and weigh sample. Immerse in 200 cc of boiling
1% solution of sulphuric acid 7 to 10 minutes.
Transfer to a.Gouch filter and remove excess acid
by suction. Place sample in 200 cc of a 70%
solution by weight of sulphuric acid at 100°F

and work it for 15 minutes. Filter on a Gouch
filter or a 100 mesh screen and wash well with
cold water. Place sample in a beaker of 2%
sodium bicarbonate at room temperature for 5
minutes. Filter again, wash well on the filter,
dry and weigh.

An acetone test to dissolve cellulose acetate was the third
test used. The procedure suggested by the American Society for

Testing materialsll)was used.

Take the clean fiber and agitate vigorougly for

15 minutes in about 50 times its weight of acetone
at room temperature. Rinse the residue by alternate
squeezing and immersion in acetone, using two fresh

31
portions of acetone. Allow the residue to
dry and immerse in water at about 7000.
Remove the excess water by squsezing, and

dry the residue at 105° to 100 c to con-
stant weight. °

Microscopic Tests: In preparing test specimens for examination under
the.microscope, the fibers were first boiled in distilled water in
order to remove any natural or applied oil, starch or sizing which
might obscure the characteristic structure of the fiber. The fibers
were then dried and placed on a glass slide. After teasing the fibers
apart with a dissecting needle, they were covered with a second glass
slide and examined at 100x with transmitted light. Visual observations
were recorded.

ghysical Tests: Physical tests for Specification analysis were performed
in accordance with the standard methods or testing pile floor covering
designated by the.American.Society for Testing Materials, as published
in the Society's Manual for October 1946.

The weight of the carpets was determined as follows: 4 samples,
each 16 square inches in area, were conditioned and weighed on a balance.
The average weight per square inch was calculated in grams, and the average
weight per square yard in ounces.

The samples were then dissected, dividing the yarn according to its
utility in the carpet--that is pile, warp, stuffer and filling. The
samples were again reconditioned. The average of the weights for the pile
yarn was determined and calculation for the average weight of pile per
square inch (in grams) was made for each carpet. The average weight of
pile fibers per square yard (in ounces) was also calculated. Averages
of the weights of warp yarns, stuffer yarns, and filling yarns were also

calculated in grams per square inch. The total weight of the backing of

32
each carpet was recorded in grams per square inch and ounces per square
yard.

The thickness of the carpet was determined as follows: The carpets
were measured with the‘Schiefer Compressometer to the nearest .0001
inch distance between the two plane surfaces of a fabric under a press-
ure of.1000£ .001 pounds per square inch, using the circular pressure
disc which is 3 inches in diameter. The pressure was applied slowly
to avoid impact. The average of five readings taken at unifromly dis-
tributed places over the ar:a of the surface was recorded as the thick-
ness of the carpet.

In order to measure the thickness of the carpet backing, this
procedure was followed: The pile yarn was removed by clipping from a
25 square inch section of carpeting. All pile which was not removed in
this way was burned off with a flame. By alternate charring and brushing
the total pile was destroyed without damage to the back construction.
The thickness of the remaining back construction was then measured with
the compressometer'to the nearest .0001 inch under a pressure of 0.75fi
0.0001 pounds per square inch, using the one inch circular pressure disc.
An average of five readings taken at different places within the eXposed
back construction was designated as the thickness of the backing.

The thickness of the pile of each carpet was determined by calculat-
ing the difference to the nearest .0001 inch between the total thickness
of the carpet and the thickness of the backing.

The rows of tufts per inch was determined by counting the number of
rows in 10 inches at different places with no two determinations being

made in the same row. The average number of rows per inch was calculated

and recorded to the nearest whole number.

The nwmber of pile ends per inch of width was determined by
counting the tufts in a Space of not less than 10 inches at three
different places throughout the width of the carpet. The average
number of pile ends per inch was calculated and recorded as pitch
per inch. The number of shots for each row of 100ps was also re-
corded.

A density index number for this study was calculated as follows:

gfldensity x 2 weight of tuftjgrains) x pile height)
This formulae differs from Schiefer's* in one respect. Inasmuch as
there was no means for measuring the length or a tuft, twice the
weight of a tuft was substituted for the weight of a tuft per inch
length.

Laboratory'Tests:

 

A. Resistance $2_Abrasion: Perhaps the most important single factor

 

for the consumer-buyer to consider in a carpet is its ability to with-
stand continuous traffic. One method which can be used to test this
factor is a serviceability study in which the carpets are subjected to
normal use. Wear studies necessarily require a much longer time than
laboratory studies. The time differential makes necessary laboratory
tests which can be concluded and the results of the test made available
concurrently with the product when it reaches the consumer market.
However, a wear index for each carpet may be obtained in the

laboratory by charting the average number of cycles required to wear

hSchiefer's density index number:

8 (density x weight of tuft per inch length(grains) x pile height)

(31

)

34
out carpets on an abrasion machine. Testing equipment for measuring
abrasion for this study was limited to the Taber Abraser. It is
admittedly an inadequate instrument for use on carpets, but it does
offer comparison in relative serviceability of the different carpetings
in this study.

Testing carpets with this instrument offered many problems. The
carpets were too thick to stretch over the sides of the specimen
holder. as one would a piece of dress fabric. If trimmed to the exact
size of the specimen holder, the wheel-rim.was too large. This prob-
lem was solved by placing a piece of muslin on the specimen holder
first, and carefully cutting the rug samples to the exact size of the
specimen holder. before applying over the cloth. If the sample was
too large, the carpeting buckled; if too small, there was the possi-
bility that tufts, not caught under the rim would be lost during the
test.

Several different abrasion wheels were used in the pre-test.
c17f wheels were found to give the most consistent results. The first
set of c17f wheels which was used, wore out the carpets in DOC to
11000 cycles. Three new c17f wheels were ordered, but the cycles
required to produce a similar degree of wear ranged from £500 to 20000.
However, there was a definite relationship in the data from the pre-test
and this study. Each carpet wore out approximately two and one-half
times as quickly in the pre-test as those recorded in this study. A
date mark stamped on the new wheels suggested that these wheels be used

before June 1953 for accurate results. Inasmuch as no date mark was

35
stamped on the wheels used in the pre-test, it was felt that they
may have been quite old and dried out to the extent that their abrasion
action was significantly greater. The fact that analysis of the data
from the different rug types and grades in the pre-tests bore a direct
relationship to the data from the subsequent tests indicates that abrasion
test results may be affected by many different factors and that compar-
ison of test results should be subjected to careful analysis before
valid conclusions can be drawn.

In this study, three samples of each carpet were abraded until
worn out. This point was designated as the number of cycles necessary
to abrade the pile until the back construction could be seen along the
entire path of the abrasion wheels. The 'wear-out' indices were then
arbitrarily determined, and division into '1ow', 'medium! and '1ong
wearing' groups was made. Three additional samples of each carpet,
falling in the *low-wearing' group were abraded to 1500 cycles. In the
mediumpwearing' group, three additional samples were abraded to 4500
cycles. Likewise, three samples of carpets most wear-resistant were
abraded 9000 cycles. The appearance of each sample was checked and re-
corded at intervals of not less than 250 cycles, and in many instances
at greater frequency, depending upon the appearance of the specimen.
Loss in twist, change in color, loose tufts and first signs of wear
were recorded and subsequently evaluated. Between each test of a given
sample, fifteen control samples of 120 count muslin-Were abraded. If
these control samples were completely worn out in 75 to 90 cycles, the
wheels were considered to be satisfactory for the continuance of testing

the carpet samples. The wheels were refaced with sandpaper each 1000 cycles.

36
An attempt was made to gather the lint from each carpet abraded
in a small paper sack in the vacuum cleaner as a check on loss of
weight. Such difficulty was encountered in collecting all the lint
that the results were considered unreliable and the procedure discon-
tinued. .After each abrasion test the samples were conditioned for 24

hours, and then weighed and recorded as conditioned weight.

EL Soil Retention Test: The abrasive quality of soil ground into car-

 

pets during normal use sometimes cuts at the base of the pile. It
is therefore of interest to the consumer-buyer to know which fibers
best resist dirt.

For comparison of soil retention properties of carpet fibers,
the following test was used: The eight carpet samples (12" x 27")
were conditioned and then weighed. At fifteen different times there-
after, 25 grams of a standard soil of the following consistency was
applied; 70% by weight of sand, 5% each of cracker crumbs, mineral
oil, dried leaves from trees, and carbon. 1% each of the following
were added; salt, sugar, Eon Ami, and cigarette ashes:

.In order to simulate actual use, the standard soil was rolled into
the pile of the carpet with a rolling pin with 25 strokes in each
direction, for a total of 100 strokes. After standing for 2 hours,
the soil was again rolled into the carpets, and then removed with the
furniture brush attachment of the Hoover vacuum cleaner. Each carpet
sample was vacuumed by brushing slowly over the surface with three
strokes of the vacuum in one direction of the sample and ten strokes in
the opposite direction. This was repeated a second time. Thus each

cleaning procedure consisted of 60 strokes of the vacuum on the sample.

37
At the conclusion of the application of soil, one-half cup of
mystic foam was used to clean each carpet. Directions given on the
mystic foam container were followed. After the carpet was shampooed,
it was dried, vacuumed, conditioned and weighed. Subjective comparison
was made with the control sample for cleanliness, change in color, and

loss of twist in the yarns.

C. Colorfastness Tg_légh;3 Total normal utility expectancy in a carpet

 

will vary with the use given it, but ten years may be taken as an arbi-
trary figure for normal wear. During that time, carpets are exposed to
direct sunlight as well as indirect light. Fading in a carpet is
obvious inasmuch as those areas on which large pieces of furniture have
been set do not fade to the extent that the exposed areas fade. Conse-
quently, any rearrangement of furniture frequently points up color
differences in relatively small areas, and definitely detracts in the
over-all appearance of the floor covering.

The Hatch Textile Research and Testing Laboratory at 25 East 26th
Street, New York City, has compiled a Table of Fade-ometer and Sunlight
Equivalents. in which they suggest that 100 hours is the minimum number
of hours for satisfactorily testing carpet samples in a fade-ometer. They
consider 100 hours equivalent to 21 days of sunlight (6 hours per day)
in June, July and August; 63 days in.September, April and May; 125 days
in October, November andearch; and 375 days in December, January and
February. These equivalents are based on data determined by the American
Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists and are subject to changes
according to geographical location, atmospheric conditions, humidity, air

pollution and the like. .

38
The standards designated for reporting colorfestness to light
are as follows:*

Class 0 Carpets which show an appreciable change in color after
exposure for 10 hours.

Class 1 No appreciable change in color after exposure to light
for 10 hours.

Class 2 No appreciaole change in color after exposure to light
for 20 hours.

Class 3 No appreciable change in color after exposure to light
for 40 hours.

Class 4 No appreciable change in color after exposure to light
for 80 hours.

Class 5 No appreciable change in color after exposure to light
for 160 or more hours.

* Fade-ometer Instruction.Sheet--Paragraph 53.

Tests in this study were run for 80 hours, 100 hours, 160 hours
and 200 hours respectively. Because fadeometer frames are so small in
comparison with a room sized carpet, one frame was used for each test

so as to expose as much of the carpet area as possible.

Crush-ResiStant Test: Inasmuch as furniture is moved from place to place

 

in a room, the carpet with low resistance to crushing will show matted
or crushed areas due to the weight of the furniture. 'dhen this occurrs
it suggests that the fiber used in the carpet pile has a low degree of
resiliency.

In this study, a comparison of the degree of crush resistance in
synthetic and wool-synthetic blends is based on calculations of the total
weight of a book case filled with a normal number of books, in relation

to the number of square inches resting on the carpet. The weight per square

59
inch was then calculated for the specimens used in this study.

Laboratory test procedures were designed to simulate normal con-
ditions of use. A series of weights totaling 20 pounds 10 ounces were
placed on the various carpet samples. This number was obtained by
multiplying 2.3 pounds per square inch by the 9 square inches of carpet-
ing over which the total load was applied.

The carpet samples were conditioned under standard conditions or

testing, 70°F i 1° and 60% 1‘. 1% relative humidity. The Schiefer
(b)

Compressometer was used to detenmine compression(a), recovery ,

(<1)

c
compressional index number‘ ), compressional resiliency , and standard

thickness(ez Each test was recorded on a 'Compressometer Data Sheet',
and results tabulated for Table V in the appendix.

This test procedure was repeated, following the application of
weights for 75, 150, and 300 hours respectively. Readings were taken
immediately following the removal of the weights. Data is recorded in
the appendix, Tables VII through XI. Trial tests indicated that all

of the carpets appeared to have reached maximum crushing after

(a) Compression: The amount of work done(or compressed) expressed
in .0000" due to the application of loads up to
0.2 pounds per square inch.

(b) Recovery: The amount of work recovered expressed in .0000"
from.said load to .01 pound per square inch.

(C) Compressional Indeszhe difference between the thickness at
.05 pounds pressure per square inch, and .15 pounds
pressure per square inch divided by the standard
thickness of the carpet.

(d) Compressional.Resiliency: The ratio (in percentage of the work
returned upon release of a compressional load to the
total.work done in compression.

(e) Standard Thickness: The thickness, in .0000" of a carpet at 0.1
pounds pressure per square inch.

40
300 hours under the weights applied. In the selection of some samples
difficulties were encountered. Carpet number 3 which was of looped
wilton construction, was particularly difficult, as the pile yarns had
been brought through the backing and tied in the same manner as one
would tie threads in making a needle-point for upholestry. Carpets
l and 2 were uneven because of the large amount of sizing applied to
the backing. In readings obtained with as sensitive instrument as the
Schiefer Compressometer, even minor differences in carpet construction

were reflected.

IV. DISCUSSION OF RLJULTS

(30)

- Schiefer stresses the fact that many inconsistencies may be
found when testing carpets. These he attributes in a large measure to
a lack of uniformity of production in carpet manufacturing. It could
also be attributed to the innate differences in wool from various
sources, and to the newness of the synthetic fibers, many of which are
still in the experimental stage.

The results of this study and their subsequent evaluation are not
sufficient in scope to be predictive of the wearing quality of the
eight carpets tested. However, the analysis of the initial properties
of the carpets and the laboratory performance teats suggest several
pertinent factors concerning differences in the behavior of carpets

with pile fibers of wool and those in which synthetic fibers have been

used.

Chemical Analysis: Chemical analysis of the carpets verified the fiber

 

content appearing on the label or indicated by the salesman. Carpets

5 and 7 were sold as blends of wool and Avisco. It was thought that the
percentage would be approximately 50% of each fiber. The composition of
Carpet 7 was found to be approximately 45% wool, 50% Avisco and 5%
sizing. The backing of carpet 5 was so heavily sized that bits of

sizing, of a transparent, plastic-like-composition, clung to the uncut

42

pile, and could not be separated from the pile by boiling in a 1%
solution of HCL. Hewever, this sizing dissolved to a certain ex-

tent in the sulphuric acid. The exact composition of this carpet

could not be determined accurately for 56.1% of the carpet contained
both viscose fibers and sizing, 35.9% was wool, and 8% of the weight

was lost--evidentally sizing which dissolved. The pile used for

carpets 2, 4, 6, and 8 was 100% wool, whereas the fiber used for

carpets 1 and 3 was cellulose acetate. For further information con-

cerning chemical analysis of the carpets, see Chart II in the appendix.

JMicroscopic Tests: Microscopic tests revealed much irregularity in the
size of the wool fibers, whereas synthetic fibers appeared uniform in
size. The exact nature, structure and arrangement of the scales of the
wool fibers differed considerably within the pile of each carpet.
Occasionally the individual scales would completely surround the entire
fiber, but as a rule, two or more scales occurred in circumference.

The scales appeared to fit tightly together with very few 'free edges',
suggesting that fibers were chosen which would present a minimum of
'matting'. In some cases, the surface of the scales was more or less
concave, a characteristic of coarse fibers. Many of the coarse fibers
contained a dark medullary cylinder consisting of several rows of cells.
Carpets 2 and 8 showed much evidence of this type of fiber. Those of
carpet 2 were also very uneven in size, and the appearance of several under
the microscope was that of a jumbled mass. Carpet 4 appeared to be
composed of comparatively fine, even and orderly fibers. All synthetic

fibers appeared to be coarse in comparison with wool fibers. They also

43
appear much more ribbon-like and gave no evidence of the 'roundness'
apparent in the wool fibers. They were uniform in size and similar
in markings. All synthetic fibers had been delustered, thereby
making it difficult to differentiate between the viscose and the
cellulose acetate fibers.

Physical Tests: The total weight in ounces per square yard of each

of the eight carpets tested is given below. The weight of pile yarns,
stuffer, warp yarns and shot are recorded as percentages of the total
weight:

TABLE II
Carpet Weights

 

 

Carpet Number Total %Weight % Weight arfieight %Weight
and Code * Weight In Pile In.Shct In.Stuffer In Warp
In Ounces Yarns Yarns
Per Square Yard
1 LpE-A-l 44.0980 36.5% 40.4% 0.0% 23.0%
2 L-W-A-l 46.7097 33.2% 40.9% 0.0% 24.9%
3 L-E-W-L-2 65.5443 36.5% 13.2% 18.7% 11.3%
4 Ma-w-w-L-3 61.4864 30.6% 19.2% 16.7% 11.9%
6 s-w-v-L-s 60.8002 60.4% 17.3% 10.0% 11.4%
7 Mb-WA-V-z 56.7285 50.2% 17.2% 17.5% 14.8%
8 AS-WAV-3 67.9872 50.0% 12.8% 23.0% 14.2%

 

*

4th Letter: Loop Pile
Number: Price Group

Code: lst letter: Manufacturer
2nd Letter: Fiber
3rd Letter: Weave

The above figures suggest that approximately two-thirds of the

weight of an axminster carpet is in the backing of the carpet. In wilton

carpets the weight is approximately 50% pile and 50% backing yarns;

while carpets with velvet construction have from one-half to two-thirds

of their weight in the pile yarns.

A Table of Weights, including the weight of carpet, pile and backing

in grams per square inch is included in the appendix, Chart III.

The standard thickness (or height) in .0001 inches is the thickness

at .1 pounds pressure per square inch, when tested with the Schiefer

Compressometer.

below:

The thickness of the pile and the backing are recorded

TABLE III

Thickness Expressed In .0000 Inches

 

 

 

 

Carpet Number Standard Thickness of Thickness
and Code‘ Thickness Pile_. 0f Backing
l L-EqA-l .3l19" .1885" .1234"
2 L-WqA-l .3583” .2165" .1418”
3 L-E-l-L-Z .3530” .1862" .1668"
4 Ma-WAW-L-S .3433" .1785" .1648"
5 B-wA-V-L-2 .3700" .2230" .1370"
6 B-WAV4LP2 .3600” .2230" .1370”
7 Mb-ELAV-2 .3000” .1907" .1093"
8 AS-W-V-a .3600" 02219" .1381."
* Code:

let Letter: Manufacturer 4th Letter: Loop Construction

2nd Letter: Fiber Number: Price Group

3rd Letter: Weave

 

45
The number of rows per inch, the pile ends per inch, the
density, number of shot per weave-repeat, and the number of stuffer
yarns are recorded below:

TABLE IV
Carpet Construction

 

 

 

Carpet Number Pitch Wires Density Shot Stuffer
and Codet Yarns
l LPEqA-l 7 5 35 2 double 2
1 double
2 IquA-l 7 5 35 2 double 2
1 double
3 L'EPW’LPZ 9 6 54 2 4
4 Ma-W—W—L-3 9 6 54 2 2
5 .BAWA-VeL-z 8 8 64 2 2
6 B4W4VLL-3 8 8 64 2 2
7 Mo-WA-V-z 8 8 64 2 3
8 AS-W.V;3 8 8 64 2 4
*Code: (l).Manufacturer (4) Loop Pile
(2) Fiber (5) Price Group
(3)_Weave

 

A density index number based on the formulae: 2(density x 2 weight
per tuft in grains x height of pile in inches) was computed for each
carpet. A Density Index Number Chart is included in the appendix (Chart V).

The numbers obtained are also listed on page 46, TABLE V.

Resistance-To-Wear Test: Aside from the general appearance of carpeting,

 

serviceability is of prime importance. Many factors must be taken into

46
consideration in determining the durability of a carpet.

Results of tests performed show a definite relationship between
the number of cycles required to completely wear-off the pile of the
carpet and its Density Index Number. The data give no definite indi-
cation that the use of synthetic and synthetic blended with wool has
decreased abrasion resistance. Carpet 5, a blend of 55% viscose and
45% wool ranked second in abrasion resistance. As this carpet was
also second highest in Density Index Number, it suggests the importance
of density, size of yarn and thickness of pile over fiber content.

TABLE V
Cycles Required to Wear Out Carpets

 

 

Carpet Number Density Cycles Required To
And Code Index Number Wear Out Carpets
0
High Resistance to Wear
6 B-W-V-L-3 11.13 20,000,!
5 DANA-V;L~2 10.96 16,425
8 AS-WAVA3 10.86 15,500
/
Average Resistance To Wear
7 Mo-WA-V-z 7.27 9,208
4 ,MaAWAW-L-3 7.32 8,150
3 LpE-W-L-2 9.29 4,950
Low Resistance to Wear
2 LAWqA-l 4.51 2,500
l LpEmA-l 4.15 1,250

 

It is obvious from the above figures, that no one number of cycles
could be chosen as a constant number for comparison of all eight carpets
tests. Therefore, carpets with low density index numbers were worn to
1250 cycles, (See Plate VII, appendix). Carpets with average density

index numbers were abraded to 4500 cycles, (See Plate VIII, appendix);

47
while carpets of high density index numbers were abraded to twice the
number chosen for the carpets of average density index number, or
9,000 cycles, (see Plate IX, appendix).

Each group contains a wool carpet as well as one of estron or wool
and avisco blend. ‘The photographs show that within each group the syn-
thetic and synthetic-wool blends are more severely worn by the number
of cycles to which they were abraded. The density indices for the
axminster carpets 1 and 2 are approximately the same, but after 1,250
cycles the estron carpet is completely worn out while the pile of
the wool carpet still completely covers the backing, (see Plate VII).
Sample 3 and 4, both of wilton construction were worn to 4,500 cycles.

At this point, the estron carpet is almost completely worn out and the
wool carpet pile is still intact, (see Plate VIII, appendix). Carpets

5 and 6 are the most abrasion resistant, yet the carpet containing
approximately 55% viscose and 45% wool shows some wear at 9,000 cycles
while the wool carpet (identical to carpet 5 in weave, construction

and appearance) shows almost no wear. Although in the wear-out test,
carpet 5 was more resistant to abrasion than carpet 8, it shows more

wear at 9,000 cycles than this all-wool carpet, (see Plate IX, appendix).
Carpet 7, of wool and avisco fibers, is obviously more worn at 4,500 cycles
than the wool carpet number 8 is at 9,000 cycles-~although both are of cut
velvet construction and very similar in appearance and weight, (see

Plates VIII and IX, appendix). Sample 7 has an index number almost ident-
ical with number 4, an all-wool carpet. In this case the wool-avisco
blend wore 1000 cycles longer than the wool wilton. This suggests that

a difference of 10 tufts per square inch in density of the two

48
carpets might have been more of a deciding factor in wearing quality
than either fiber content or the lower pile heignt of the blended
carpet, (see Photograph Plate VII for a comparison of Carpets 4 and 7
at 4,500 cycles).

This test suggests too, that viscose rayon is more resistant to
wear as a carpet fiber than estron. However, it should be pointed out
that the viscose fibers were blended with wool, whereas the pile of the
estron carpets was entirely synthetic.

Occasionally carpets become worn, not by abrasion but through the
loss of tufts. A series of preliminary tests revealed that a carpet
identical to Carpet 8 except in color, showed a marked tendency under
the abrasion wheels to lose tufts. This tendency was first noted at
3500 cycles. After 7,000 cycles enough tufts were missing to seriously
impair the serviceability of the carpet. However, when the same carpet-
ing was purchased in another color for this study, no tufts were lost,
so it is not possible to draw any conclusions.

No change in color was noted in any of the carpets during the entire
series of abrasion tests nor was there any indication of a coating com-
posed of minute particles of wool formed from the worn-out fibers as

29)

4)
noted in some abrasion studies conductei by Backer ( and Schiefer .

Soil Retention Tests: Surface litter is unsightly and unhygienic. It

 

should be removed from the carpet as quickly and easily as possible.
Soluble grease and fats should be removed through the application of
an effective commercial rug cleaning fluid. Particles of dirt which are
sharp and gritty are detrimental to the carpet; under heavy traffic they

are ground into the pile and cut the fiber at its base. The latter type

49
of soil should be removed by professional cleaners.

Cleaning tests performed on the samples of carpeting in this study
were not designed to make any comparisons concerning ease in vacuuming,
for the samples were vacuumed on a table-top rather than on the floor
as one would normally do. However, certain factors were suggested by
the reactions of the various carpet samples to vacuum cleaning. For
ease in cleaning, a carpet should be of sufficient weight to stay in
place. Carpets l and 2, although heavily sized with a rubber-like
sizing, tended to buckle unless they were cleaned in the widthwise
direction. It was felt that this was due to their light weight. In
vacuuming Carpet 2, it was observed that strokes of the vacuum from
Opposite directions caused 'shading' of the pile. This could be attrib-
uted to the low resiliency of the coarse wool fibers, or to the plush-
like surface of the pile. However, Carpet 1, of estron, also had a
'plush-like' surface pile, yet no 'shading' was observed.

The cleaning procedure selected during the pro-test was found to be
more than adequate for cleaning the carpets of cut pile construction, but
not sufficient to clean those with an uneven or loop pile. An attempt
to throughly clean the carpets of surface litter in the pra-tests showed
that Carpets l, 2, 7, and 8 of cut pile were clean in two or three minutes.
Carpet 3 and 4 of wilton construction and uneven loop-pile were cleaned in
four or five minutes. Carpets 5 and 6, of velvet construction with un-
even loops which formed a textured appearance were not thoroughly cleaned
in six minutes of surface cleaning with a suction-type vacuum cleaner.

It was felt that a rotating type of vacuum cleaner would be more

Because cons r.ble lint was removed from the carp ts during the

afore the actual soil-

0)

prs-tasts , the cares s were thoroughly vacuumed
retention tests were conducts}. iowever, the c rests, 0a rticularly tHlee
with cut pile, continued to 8-ed throughout KOSt of the ties. In the
process of snearingc =r3ets aft3r weaVing, many of the sheared ends fall

.3 1 . i (9)»,
onto the carp t and are held tn r: 0y the pile tufts. Tflebe 'ends'
are re: oved by the suction action of the vacuuu cleaner. A though all
carpets will shed for a certain period of time, Carpet 2 (100% wool) shed
more than average, whereas Carpet 1 (100% estr on) shed the least of the
ca Wts of cut-pile const uction. Thi s was u_doubtedly due to tna fact that
the oils used for synthetic carpets is cut to specification, thereby elinin-
sting short ends which might no have become fastened in the booking of tne
carpet.

uring the soil-retention test, all carpets showed continuous gain in
weight, (see Chart V11, 8, b, c, Apmien ‘ 3). However, after 15 applications
the gain in weight wrs almost negligible. Jo degr e of consistency w-s noted

concerning the actual az; icunt reta ire ed during each to . For 1 st nce, Carpet

2 gained 2. 5% of its ori iial wei ht during Test 6; 0.9% duri:ig Test7; and
3,- . A -3 . (31) .. . . l . . _.

3.2% during Test 8. Schiefer suggested the there w~s a definite cor-

relation between the w.ctner and t- a ouet 01 8011 carpets retain.

Therefore the differences in readings from day to day could be attributed to

the amount of moisture in the air.

(31

The amount of soil retained by the caroets after 1 applications and

J.

the subse ue- t re J'20vals of soil, and a description of the soiled carp net 8

are summarized in Table VI.

 

 

 

TABLE VI 51
Amount of Soil Retained by Carpets*

Carpet Number Control Soil Percent

Codé*and Fiber Sample Retained Gain Subjective
Weight*** in In Observations
(Grams ) Grams. We ignt

1 L-EqA-l

100% estron 373.7 34.7 9.3% Fairly soiled. No surface

 

.__. .._,_....______r .W. H...

litter. Colors dulled by
soil. Need of dry-clean-
1:333...

 

 

 

-._». "A—m—o—I—

Very sciled. No surface
litter. Colors very dulled
by 3011. Appearance does
not indicate the large
amount of soil retained.
Very much in need of dry-

 

_. .. .......-...._..—.._.._._.—_

Very soiled. Surface litter.
Colors dulled by 8011. Need
of good vacuuming with a rotary
vacuum and §.933:Eleanl9§b_.i

 

 

2 LquA-l

100% wool 400.3 119.0 26.7%

_______ cleaning,-~_._

3 L-E-W-L-Z 47 :9 8 .876

100% estron D74 .2
4 M8‘WPW-L-3 4 67 .4 79 o 9 17 01%

100% wool
5 B-WAAV-L-Z 463.7 52.5 11.3%

Wool & viscose

very dirty. Surface litter.
Tops of high pile very dark
with dirt. very much in need

Apf dry-cleaning.

 

Fairly soiled. Surface litter.
Color dulled by 8011. Need of
good vacuuming with a rotary
vacuum. Dry-cleaning desire-
able.

Fairly soiled. Surface litter.
Colors not dulled by soil.
Carpet appeared to need a good
vacuuming with rotary vacuwm,

but did not appear to need
drygcleaning.

 

6 B-W-v-L-s 491.8 56.4 11.5%
100% wool
'7 Mo-WA-V-z 409 .3 38.0 9.5%”

Wool & Viscose

8 AS-W-v-S 51.4 o 9 87 .4 16 0 97,0
100% wool

*15 applications of soil

very soiled. No surface litter.
Colors very dulled by soil.
Need of dry cleaningL

‘Very soiled. No surface litter.
Color dulled beyond recognition.
Need of dry-cleaning.

** Code: lat letter: manufacturer; 2nd letter: fiber; 5rd Letter: Weave;
4th letter: loop pile; number; price group.

*** Sample size: 12" x 27"

The above fitures suggest taut carp ts containing synthetic fibers
will not retain as great 8; amount of soil as will carpets of all-wool
pile. Dirt will cling to the soil; surface of the wool fibers ilere s
synthetics, WLicn are snootn and rod-line in structure, give up soil
more readily. Lowthr, in corparing the carpets in percent: 8 of weignt

seined through retention of soil it is evident teat otner factors such

as weave, size of yarn, tw*st, densit; and sizing also influenced soil

retention.

Carp ts 1 81d 2, of am instcs weave, hzve less tga; the aver ge
nurber of tu.ts per Square inch. Therefor3, it is possible tnat tna soil
had a better opportunity to pass down tnrougn the pile to tie base of tLe
carpet, where it could have been held by the interlocied, scaly surfaces
of the wool fibers in Carpet 2, or by tee fullness of tne loosely twisted
tufts. The synthetic fibers of Carpet 1 (estron), wits less fullness in
the tufts and no scales, may have rele-sed the dirt to tne suction of the
vacuum clean r more readily.

Carpets 5 and 6, of velvet weave construction wit; a textured patte n
formed by loops of uneven neignts, w.rc algost idetticcl in tneir soil
retention preperti 3, although Carp t 5 contained a blend of W001 an: viscose
and Carpet 6 is 100% wool. This suggests tnat the following pJOperties
may have contri‘uted to a fairly high r:sistance to soil: sign yarn twist,
fulln as of the loops, and the diff rent heirnts of tue pile loops. Tie
theory co.c.rning the latter being, tLat dirt falling on tne carpet is

likely to come in contact with tne high pile first; as it is wormed into

the Carp t, the low pile suspends tne soil rather than allowing it to fall

immediately to the base of the pile.

4L

53

As dirt ground into the pile through heavy traffic will act as an
abrasive, it would seem logical that carpets retaining large percentages
of soil would wear out more quickly than the abrasive test on clean
carpeting would suggest. For instance 1250 cycles were required to
wear out carpet number 1 (100% estron, axminster), whereas carpet number
2 (100% wool axminster) could.withstand twice as many cycles of the
abrasion wheels (see Plate VII, appendix). waever, vacuuming removed
four times as much soil from the estron carpet as the wool carpet, as
shown in.Table VI. If the abrading could be done after the carpet had
been subjected to normal use for a given period of time it would give
a more accurate picture of the difference in wear characteristics of
wool and synthetic carpets, and also a clearer picture of the damaged ‘~
caused by 'aoil-retention' characteristics of carpets.

.Lll carpets cleaned with comparative ease, but differences in
cleanliness were noted when these carpets were compared with control
samples. Carpet 4, a wool of pale green, was the most soiled; carpets
l and 3 both rose-colored (100% estrons) were also unsatisfactorily cleaned.
Carpet 2, a wool axminster of light green seemed to have changed color
slightlyo-this new bus was more yellow-grey, as if there had been a change
in color caused by some factor other than cleaning. No other change in
color was detected, nor was the twist of the two frieze'carpets affected. »
Carpets 5, 6, 7, and 8 cleaned satisfactorily. ,As these carpets were above
average in quality, it would suggest a definite relationship between quality
and 'ease in cleaning', regardless of the fiber of which the pile was made, v‘
or the construction of the carpet. However, all of the carpets did have a

washed appearance. This appearance was identical wits that of any wool

54
(such as a wool blanket) after it had been washed and dried. The yarns
seemed slightly frayed, and there were more fiber ends on the surface
of the pile; although, upon close inspection, no decided change in the
yarns had taken place. The estron pile of Carpet 1 appeared to have be-
come slightly matted during the cleaning process, but this may have been
due to its plush-like construction.

Because of the fact that the carpets were cleaned in a stationary
position--as one would clean a carpet on the floor in the home, it was
not expected that all of the soil would be removed. This type of clean-
ing is only expected to partially restore original appearance by removing
the atmospheric dust, soluble fats and grease. The following table shows
the amount of dirt unaffected and remaining in the carpets after shampooingt

TABLE VII

Weight of Carpets After Shampooing With Mystic Foam
Sample Size: 12" x 27"

 

- .....—..~ -

 

 

 

Carpet Number Original Weight 0f Weight Percentage Percentage
And Code * Sample Soiled ,After’ Soil Soil
Weight Carpet Cleaning Removed Remaining
In.Grams In.Grams
100%Vestron
1 L—E—A-l 573.7 408.5 406.5 2.8% 6.5%
3 LpE-W-Lpz 574.2 622.1 621.5 0.6% 8.2%
Wool and viscose blend
5 B-WA-V-L-z 465.7 515.7 511.8 0.9% 10.47”.
7 Mb-WAAV;2 409.3 447.3 446.5 0.3% 9.0%
100% wool
z L-W-A-l 400.5 515.5 507.2 2.173 26.675
4 Ma-w-w-L-s 467.4 547.5 557.7 2.1% 15.0%
6 B-W-V-3 491.8 548.2 547.7 0.2% 11.5%
8 AS-W4V-3 514.9 602.3 601.5 0.4% 16.5%
* Code: lst Letter: Manufacturer 4th Letter: L00p Pile
2nd Letter: Fiber Numeral: Price group

3rd Letter: Weave

55
The above Table emphasizes the inadequacy of home methods for
completely removing soil from carpets. The residue of dirt and clean-
ing material] remaining in the carpet after a home cleaning, often causes
rapid resoiling(8)t In order to obtain maximum service, it is of extreme

importance that carpets be cleaned professionally each year or two.

Fadeometer Test: Floor coverings have more need of color-fast dyes today

 

than ever before. Modern architects are increasing the areas exposed to
sunlight throughout our homes, particularly in the living room. ‘fiall to
wall carpeting is currently p0pular and the area over which carpets are
laid has increased. However, modern dyestuff manufacturers have progressed
in the production of colorfast dyes to such an extent that only moderate
precautions should be necessary to protect floor coverings.

A11 carpets in this study rated either Class 3 or 4 in colorfastness
to light. Three carpets satisfactorily passed the minimum.test of 100
hours in the fadeometer. However, no carpet was badly faded in less than
150 hours exposure. The carpets are listed below in descending rank in
their colorfastness to light:

TABLE VII
Colorfastness to Light

 

 

 

Carpet Number Color Class Rank Result of minimum

and Code* 100 hour rating

2 LAWqA-l green 4 l Satisfactory

5 B4WA-V42 brown 4 2 "

8 AS-W-V43 green 4 3 "

l L-EqA-l rose 4 4 Unsatisfactory

7 Mo-WAév-z green 3 5 "

4 ma-w—w-L-s Light green 3 6 ”

3 LpE-WéL-z rose 3 7 ”

6 B-I-V-Lp3 ,grey 3 8 "

*Code: lst Letter: Manufacturer 4th Letter: Loop Pile
2nd Letter: Fiber Numeral: Price Group

3rd Letter :Weave

After 120 hours in tie 1 dc oreter, Carpo-s l and 3, bots of loop
estron pile, hey u to champs in color from rose to orznje. After 200
hours, the faded are s were considerxoly li"-cer the n tne 021 i- 61
carpets and tie orange hue of the fulcd area clashed with the original
color. Car pet 3 faded to a greater extent, however, the; Carpet 1.

The four wool pile 0839393 turned yellow as tie” faicd. Ihis yellow-
ing was particularly noticeable nd urL s‘reble in the ray corset tested.
Carpet 4, of two tones of light green was he first to yellow after 60

hours exposure to liggt. This is undsustodlv due to t1 li1htness of the

(b

original color, as darn colors are kiOWi to kmep their color bett;r tLai

tr
\/

lighter V31? 5( . However, after 200 hours, use amount 0: cna:;.e 11 col r
in Caryet 4 was not as severe as in Carpets 3 and 6. Carpet 6, a bluish
grey wool showed first signs of 3ellow1n after 80 hours exposure in tne
apparatus. The fa1ed area, after 150 nours was ligater Witi a tannisn

L0 hours tn; carp t ans 5 yellow—tan inste d of grey.

O
(D
Us
cf
0
#-
Ha
(7"
(I.
H
(\5

Carpet 7, a wool-avisco blend did not yellow; instea’ t. e faded area
became a darc grsy- greer. nowever, Carpet 5, also a wool—viscose blend

did not darken, but paled, ret:ining its original “us in a li er vrlue.

£535.11??ng10.399.11.195.18.3.1713. A carpet with a spring3~ pile is co; 1‘0 table
to walk on; will not snow foot prints; nor uses it Show a se'ious tend-
ency to mat permanently under tne weight of furniture.“ We haVe base 6
accustomed to associating a thic: pile wit: cusxion-like goalities in
carpeting. However, a tiicL pile ray be sti f and unbendi ng-ooue to

coarse fibers or a higu degree of twist in the 11: yarns, or-to t-e

'{j

57
amount of sizing applied to the back of the carpet. Actually, a
carpet's cushion-like quality is not due to the height of the pile,
nor to its compressional resiliency, but rather it is due to compression
(the actual work done) and recovery (work recovered). Compression is
mechanical and is caused by the pressure of the load. Recovery is not
mechanical, but is caused by an urge within the fiber to 'spring back'
to its original position.

Data obtained from tests performed on the control samples with the
compressometer suggest several points of interest concerning compression,
(see Chart V, appendix). Carpets number 1, 3, and 4 were high in work
accomplished; the amount (expressed in inches), in each case being more
than .0330". Of these three, one was 100% wool/ and two were 100% estron.
These carpets were constructed of yarns with slight twist and no apparent
sizing in two of them. Carpet number 6, showing the least 'springiness'
was of 100% wool of highly twisted yarns with a heavily sized backing.

In determining Whether or not footsteps will leave an imprint, we
must know something about the ability of a carpet to 'spring back'.

Data obtained from tests on the original samples show that Carpets l, 3,
and 4 were also high in recovery, (1 and 8 are 100% estron, 4 is 100% wool)
while the three carpets with the lowest recoveries were of all-wool pile.
Carpets 2, 6, and 8 recovered less than .0055”. HOwever, it is to be
remembered that coarse wools such as carpet wool areyas a rule, stiff

and unbending at first; but increase in resiliency with use.(38) The
all-wool wilton carpet with the uncut pile showed the highest recovery
recorded. This carpet is composed of finer-appearing fibers than the

other three, and its yarn is twisted only slightly.

0‘.
(D

The thickness of a carpet is directly dependent upon its compressional
resiliency. This becomes more and more apparent as tne carpet begins to
wear. COMPPGSSiOHEl resiliency is also indirectly one of tne most im-
portant factors in determining the warmth of our floors, for thicKn-ss
determines the thermal qualities of a Carpet.(38)Tns greater the ability
of carpets to maintain their initial thickness, the greater will be the
volume of air entrapped in the carpet. heel and viscose blends showed
the highest percentages in conpr ssional resiliency, regaining 26 to 28j
of their original thickness. Two carpets of loop wool were below averege
in c mpr-ssional resiliency.

Tests on the control sanples were very favoraple to the synthetic
and synthetic-blend carpets. However, it is to be r senberei that tn
maiinu: load applied by the compressoneter is only .2 pounds pressure
per square inch, Whereas a person walxing across a carpet subjects it
(5)

to 12 pounds pressure per square inch per second. Furthermore, furn-

iture resting on a carpet will cause flattening or crushing-~tie degree
depending upon the weight of the furniture and the elapse of time.

In the compression of the original samsles, there were plenty of
air spaces between tne tufts allowing roor for the carpet pile to spread.
However, after the pile has been netted, the size of the air spaces is
decreased and further compression would be expected to be slower.

After the carpets had seen subjected to wei;;ts for 75 hours, all
of the carpets in this Stud; shoved a decre se in work accomplished with
the exception of Carpet 2, (see Chart IX, appendix). This lCOfl wool
axminster W25 stiff when first tested, but due to increrse in the load

applied and the time nodulus; it began to 'unbend' and subsequently

59
showed an increase in compression of 18.2% over its original number.
Two carpets of cut pile construction showed only slight losses in work
accomplished. Carpet 1 of estron, lost 1% and Carpet 8, of wool lost
6.4% reapectively. Carpet 6, not only shows the least work accomplished
both in initial compression and after the 75 hour test, but also showed
a loss of 20.1% of its original compression after application of weights
for 75 hours. The high twist in the pile yarns, and the above average .
amount of sizing in the backing may account for its low compression read-
ings. however, neither of these factors satisfactorily explain the loss of
approximately one-fourth its original ability to 'compress'. This carpet
is constructed with pile loops of uneven height. One explanation for its
low compression value may be due to the fact that initially only the
high pile was affected by the pressure of the compressomater, whereas after
75 hours under pressure; both the high and low pile was reflected(thus in-
creasing tna carpet density) in its compression reading. After 300 hours
under weights, this carpet had regainedfmuch of its original compressional
ability} to that instead of a 25.0% loss, there was only an approximate 10%
loss, (see ChartVIII, carpet 6, appendix). Carpet 2, an axminster wool,
continued to gain in compression. This fact suggests that carpets made of
coarse stiff fibers will, within certain limitations, become more and more
'springy'. All four of the carpets containing synthetic fibers showed
increasing losses in their ability to compress, (see chart 1X, appendix).
After 300 hours under weights the loss range was 20.0 to 46.3”. Wool carpet
number 8 of velvet construction likewise lost 28.3% of its compression

I
value. All carpet with 25 or more percent loss in compression showed evidences

of matting.

60

In order to ascertain the reason for the matting mentioned above,
the amount of 'work regained' during each test must be taken into con-
sideration. This is dependent upon two conflicting factors. The scaly
surface of the wool fibers might become entangled under the pressure of
the load} thereby causing matting. 0n the other hand, it would seem
logical that, if no matting took place, the upward push of one fiber
against another would hasten the recovery of the pile.

After weights had been applied for 73 hours, it was found that all
carpets containing synthetic fibers showed a loss in work recovered,
ranging from 26.2% to 62.2% of their initial ability to compress, (see
Chart.X, appendix). Carpets or all-wool showed gains in work recovered
from.2.2% to 90.9%. It is evident then, that no interference in compress-
ional recovery was due to an entangling of the wool fibers under pressure.

As the synthetic fibers are comparatively smooth and rod-like, matting
through interlocking could not have taken place. Therefore it would seem
that the initial resiliency of the synthetic fibers had been strongly
affected by the application of weights for 75 hours.

Table IX, page 61, shows that} after 300 hours, each or the four
synthetic carpets lost from 47.5% to 81.2% of their original recovery.
Significantly, three of the four woolen carpets retained (or increased)
their ability to recover from crushing. Carpet 2, a wool axminster which
showed the lowest original reading in 'recovery', showed the highest reading
after being weighted for 300 hours. Due to the fact that the fibers used
in this carpet were stiff and coarse, resiliency would be expected to increas-
as the load increased. Moreover, its low den31ty of 35 tufts per square

inch reduced any Opportunity for the fibers to entangle under the load.

Cl
TAbLm IX

Recovery From Compression

 

Carpet Number “control Recover3 Recove Hr After — caih76}"iaés"
539:99d3fl__nuu_l§;ln nches ___________ w_m-900‘hpursrIn_lnphesm._ln_§ercent

1‘3 0”; 370 01

2 L-fl-A-l .0044" .0119" / 170.4%
4 iia-s'i-..-L-2 .009?" .0102" 3. 3;;
6 B‘fl'-‘J-L-3 000: ‘7" 000$?" 00 1"?)
8 AS-w-V-S .OCEE" .C 39" -24.5§
Elenis of Wool and avisco
5 B-hA-V-L-Z .0080" .004 2" -47.5¢
7 :‘-C"‘MA"V"2 QC’O7'3" .00 23/" -0u.7/0
180% estron
l L-E“A-l 00091" 00027" -6000};
3 L-E-W-L—Z .0081" .0017" -81.2fi
*‘T'JBE'éTmis't’ letter-t ‘ 3.113227.) 11? ' ' 41:3” 13.23511" in me Loop ’ " ' ’ " ' " " "" ‘ ' ’
2:1d latte r: Fiber Numerrl: Price Group
.__-._. _.,,. - _:r_d_..1:tita.zz;_ Reeve-.. m..-" - - -_-._. _A -._._-. --- ____ _ - -__ - - , -_ H a -- __

Carpet 8 (100% wool velvet construction) lost 24.8% of its oririnal
ability in 'recovery from compression' after 300 hours. Visual Sign” of
letting were more evident than in other wool carpets. This carpet pile
was of two—ply 3arns with only slig.t twist in the siLgl s of t e 3arh.

Its densitd, height of pile, and weight were above tne average of the other
carpe ts tes ta 1. However, there are two possible regs ns for the loss of more
than one-fourth its original ability in recovery from pressure. As the densit3
is high, matting might have been caused by the intei loc: ing of the wool

fibers; or the sea: structure of the b czing might have caused a slight

shift of the fibers from an up-right pos;tiol. This carpet w:s the easiest

to dissect of the ei. ht carpets teat ed. The pile abhost fell out, sugges st-

ing that the back wrs not too 1i ml3 woven. The backing shows no apparent

sizing, the stuffer yarns are paper, and there are only two shots to hold

62
the tufts in place. This carpet was the only one to show wear due to
loss of tufts in the abrasion pre-testing.

A comparison of the rate and extent of recovery (following the term-
inal pressure of 500 hours) was possible through readings taken at
Specified intervals. The compression figures are summarized below in

Table.X:

TABLE X
A Comparison of Compression Numbers at Specified Intervals

 

Carpet Number Compression Compression After Weights Percentage Gain

 

 

 

and Code After 300 Removed For Or Lose Over

Hours 1 hour 4 hours 24 hours 48 hours Control
1 *L-EqA-l .0238" .0276" .0305” .0306" .0309" - 8.0%
3 *LpE-WqL-Z .0211” .0213" .0216" .0218" .0221" ~43.4%
5**B~WAAVéL-2 .0229” .0232" .0238" .0260" .0259" -13.3%
7**Mo-WA-V-L-2 .0131" .0181" .0184" .0189" .0192" -26.5%
2 L-WqA-l .0337" .0528" .0554" .0369" .0378" f44.1%
4 Ma-W-W-L-3 .0384" .0371" .0373" .0379" .0393" - 1 .o%
6 B4WAVéL-3 .0206:_ .0225" .0272" .0266" .0274" f20.1%
8 AS-W-V-S .0203" .0191” .0202" .0213" .0260" - 6.8%
* 100% estron

** Wool-avisco blends

In one hour's time, the 100%

estron.axminster carpet (number I) showed

marked improvement in compression, and after 48 hours it had regained

approximately its original compression number. However, Carpet 3, also of

estron, showed a loss of 43.3%.

In comparing the construction of the two

estron carpets, Carpet number I has a low density number of 35 tufts per

square inch;while carpet Number 3 with 54 tufts per square inch has fewer

air spaces into which the fiber might be 'packed' after matting had taken

63
place. Car;et 3 had the second hignest compression number recorded in the
'control' test: It is possible that onl; tne higner gile 10093 were
affected by the pre sure of tne compress rater in the control test;

whereas after weights had been applied for 300 hours, both hing and low

" *C;

pile were r flected in the coxpression reading. After tne weights were
removed, the pile 10033 of which tnere were only an averave numb-r per
square inch may have flattened to sucn an extent that the compression of
the carpet w:s lessened. Howe er, Carpet 4, an all-wool comparable to the
above estron carpet in weave, weight and density ranked hign in co pression
throughout tne series of tests, tnereby suégesting that tne pressure of tee

W81"

\

i
\It‘

fits had impaired the connressional ability of Carpet 3.
It is to be noted from.Table XI that thr e of the carpets containing

synthetic fibers lost between 27.1% and 51.6% of their ability in recovery.

TAQLE XI

A Co;parison of Recovery Numbers at Specified Intervals

 

Carpet Number Control 300 Hour Recovery After Percent Gain
And Code Sample Recovery Weights Renoved or Loss Over
Recovery lumber for 48 hours Control After

_ -_ - Weber --__- - -- ---_-(.Z.8.I:0_ 34.09:) _- -_ .....-_-_.- -__4_3_.119}1.r_8.- _--

1* L-E-A-l .0091" .0017" .0043" -5l.€fi
z *L-E-W-L-Z .0081" .0027" .0055" -27.lfi
5**B-HA-V-L-2 .coeo" .0042" .00:0" 0.0%
7**xo—vA-V-2 .0073" .0025" .ooee" -4e.sw
2 n-n-A-i .0094" .0119" .0062" {36.3fi
4 ma-W-W-L-B .0099" .“102" .ccee" -1o.1%
6 B-W-V-L-E .oozv" .cce " .0095" gc;.et
AI 0 -._..... ..c__....o.0_:1?.8: ._.._..._lo -

* 100% estron
** Wool -avisco bleni

64

Three of the 100% wool carpets gained between 36.9% and 66.T%

f their ability to 'recover'. .Although Carpet 4 (100% wool) lost 10%
of its ability in recovery, this carpet continued to rank second. Micro-
scopic tests showed that the pile of this carpet was of a finer grade of
wool than that used in the other carpets; therefore, it was not stiff and
unbending in the first t;sts but was immediately resilient. Perhaps,
because the yarns are made from finer fibers than the others it could not
be expected to withstand repeated loads with the same high compressional re-
siliency noted in the initial test.

According to Table XI, wool carpets tend to gain in their ability to
'spring back' after the application of pressure and synthetic erpets tend
to lose their '3pringiness'. It would seem logical that Carpet 5, a blend
of wool and synthetic fibers would retain its original recovery number;
yet this carpet showed very positive evidence of matting. A high recover
nuiber in the 'control' test could be attributed to the uneven height of
the pile. Carpet 7, also a blend of wool and synthetic fibers lost 46.5%
of its original recovery number: This was expected, as this carpet also
appeared very 'matted'. A detailed 'Recovery Chart' is included in the
appendix, Chart X.

Compressional resiliency is a ratio between the work accomplished and
the work recovered. The control test samples show slightly grzater com-
pressional resiliences for those containing synthetic fibers nan those
of all wool, (see Cnart KI, appendix). Howeve:, terminal teS7s of the
eight carpets in this study indicate that after wool has been given a chance
to 'unbend' the percent of compressional resilience will snow a definite re-

lationship to the Density Index.Number, (see‘fable Kel, page 65).

60
TABLE III

Comparison of Compressional Resiliences
.And Density Index Numbers

 

Carpet Number Density Index

Compressional Resiliences

 

 

.And Code Control Test After 48 hours Number

1 *L-EaA-l 23.0% 14.0% 4.15

3 *L-EAW-L-z 20.4% 26.6% 9.29

5MB-WL-V-L-2 26. 6% 30.8% 1 0. 95

7**Mo-WA-V-2 28 .075 20.3% '7 . 26

2 L-lqA-l 14.9% 16.4% 4.51

4 .Ma-W-W-L—S 24.9% 22.9% 7.32

6 BAUAV-L-S 25.0% 54.7% 11.15

a AS-W-V-S 18.6% 50.07. 10.86 4___

 

* 100% estron

** Wool and Avisco blend

.Lccording to the above figures, there is a definite relationship be-

tween the quality and the compressional resiliency recorded after the

'newness' of a carpet has worn off.

.A certain degree of pile crushing or matting takes place on all carpets

and is particularly noticeable when the carpet is woven so as to have a ,

plush-like surface, or is of a plain color.

Although weave, texture and

pattern are important in reducing the appearance of crushing or matting,

genuine crushing is directly dependent upon the resiliency of tne fiber.

.After the carpets in this study had been under the weights for 300

hours, six of them lost 15.4 to 22.3% of their original thickness due to

pile-crushing.

Carpets 4 and 6 did not look matted, although the former

had lost 13.6% of its original thicxness and the latter 6.4%. Both of

66
these all-wool carpets were seemingly high in resilience at the termination
........ of 300 hours, (see Table XI, appendix). Within 48 hours after
weights were removed, Carpets of 100% wool and 100% estron had regained
at least 95% of their original thicknesses; whereas the wool-avisco blends,
(carpets 5 and 7) regained only 83.3% and 89.2%, respectively. mereover,
these carpets were matted four weeks after weights had been removed.
Although Carpets 1 and 3 (100% estrons) were greatly affected by the
pressure of the weights, their subsequent recovery suggests that the effect
was not permanent, and that the estron fiber is more resilient than a blend
of wool and avisco fibers.

TABLE XIII

Carpet Crushing*

 

 

 

 

 

Carpet Number Control Percentage Loss in Thickness
And Code Thickness Hours Compressed Hours Released

In Inches 75 150 300 1 4 24 48
1 iL-EeA-l .3117" 13.1% 14.6% 17.1% 14.5% 12.9% 6.5% 3.2%
3 *L-E-W-LPZ .3530" 5.4% 14.0% 15.4% 13.8% 12.0% 10.6% 5.4%
5**B-WA-V-L-2 .5700" 12.5% 15.1% 18.5% 18.0% 15.7% 12.0% 10.8%
7*‘Mo-WA-V-2 .5000" 14.9% 18.5% 22.3% 19.9% 19.5% 18.0% 16.7%
2 LAWqA-l .3579" 12.3% 12.4% 19.7% 15.7% 13.2% 2.3% 0.4%
4 Ma-W4W-L-3 .3433" 6.8% 12.8% 13.6% 3.2% 1.8% 0.6% 0.4%
6 B-W4V-L-3 .3600" 0.4% 3.6% 6.3% 4.7% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0%
8 AS-W—V-3 .5500" 12.8% 15.5% 21.9% 18.8% 15.9% 15.6% 3.6%
iL—Crushing: Loss in Standard Thickness, due to pressure of weights, recorded

as Percentage Loss in.Thickness.

¥ 100% estron
** Wool and avisco blends

67

Evaluation of Carpets: A Table summarizes the investigators evaluation

and ranking of each carpet on a ten point scale, from high of 10 to

low of 0) for serviceability factors and general appearance:

TABLE XIV

Carpet Rating As to Appearance And Serviceability Factors

 

 

 

Carpet .Appearance (1) Ease in Vacfiuming(4) thting (7)

Number .Abrasion(2) Soil Resistance(5) Total(8)

And Code’ Resiliency(3) Resistance to Fading(6)

l L-EqA-1** 3 0 4 8 10 5 8 41

2 L—WqA-l 4 1 5 7 O 9 9 4O
’tt

3 L-E-W-L-z 5 2 8 5 10 '7 6 50

4 Ma-W-W-L-3 10 4 7 5 6 3 10 59

***

5 BAWAAV-L-Z 8 8 9 3 9 8 5 66

6 B-W-V-L-S 8 10 10 3 9 l 10 69
***

7 Mo-WA-V-2 7 5 6 8 10 5 1 54

8 AS-W-VBS 10 8 9 8 6 7 3 68

«nu—- _- ----—

 

(1) Appearance: Personal reaction to
(2) Abrasion: One-half the number of

worn out by the action
(3) Resiliency: 3 times compressional

appearance of carpets

cycles carpet withstood before becoming
of abrasion machine.

resiliency, 48 hours after weights were

removed, expressed as points on a ten-point scale.
(4) Ease in vacuuming: Arbitarily graded during soil-retention test.
(5) Resistance to Soil Retention: Highest in resistance to soil graded 10,
lowest graded 0, others calculated between 0 and 10
(6) Resistance to Fading: Based on results obtained from Fadeometer'Tests.
(7) Based on percentage of original thickness regained 24 hours after weights
were removed, highest regain graded 10, lowest graded 0,

others calculated between 0 and 10.

(8) Total: Because of the importance to the consumer-buer of appearance and
wear-qualities of a carpet, the rating for these factors are
doubled in computing the total evaluation of the carpets.

 

if; .
C°d°° lst Letterszanufacturer

2nd Letter: Fiber
3rd Letter: Weave
** 100% estron
*** Wool-viscose blend

4th Letter: Loop Pile
Numeral: Price Group

68
'fhe over-all results of the carpets tested in this study suggest

their division into three quality groups; fair, average, and high.
Although there is some relationship between quality and price, this
correlation 81 not always positive as is shown in Chart 1, appendix.
Carpet 4 was high in price but only average in quality. It was felt
that the style value of this lovely wool carpet was the determining
price factor. Carpet 5 was average in price but high in quality. The
price factor is due to the fact that appro-imately 50% of the fibers used
were viscose, Which cost 42¢ per pound in September 1950, about the time
that this carpet was in production, whereas wool carpet fibers were $1.05
per pound (9). The high quality of Carpet 5 is attributed to its excellent

construction, in which density, height of pile and weight were above average.

‘V. CONCLUSIONS

Considering the vest numbers of carpets on the market and the
tremendous amount of thought and time that has gone into the manufacture
of carpets throughout the last eight centuries, it is impertinent to suggest
that the results of this small study is predictive of the wear qualities
of carpets containing synthetic fibers. In fact, this study is not suffi-
cient in its sc0pe to be predictive of the serviceability qualities of the
eight carpets tested. However, several points worthy of consideration in
the purchase of carpets are suggested by the results of this study.

Surveys made in retail stores have shown that customers buying carpets
are interested primarily in color, pattern and appearance; secondly, in
quality and/or serviceability; and third, in price.(2) The consumer-buyer
has accepted synthetic fibers in other products and is prepared to accept
them in the carpet field provided the synthetic carpets offer equivalent
value in appearance and serviceability in relationship to price.

The over-811 test results of the carpets in tnis study suggest their
division into three quality groups--fair, average and high uality. As
each group includes a 100% wool carpet as well as one containing synthetic
fibers, one cannot accurately base the over-all value on the fiber content
of carpet pile.

Before the introduction of synthetics and synthetic-blends, the

Inaximum wear value of wool pile was based primarily on density and height

70
of pile and weight of the carpet, properly cbordinated and balanced.
The compactness of the tufts per square inch in the pile was considered
most important. When density was equal, carpets with the highest pile
were the most durable, but yarn size, type of dye, and fiber quality were
also important.

Serviceability tests for this study suggest that, other factors being
equal; wool fibers will wear longer than synthetic fibers. However,
density, height of pile and weight of the carpets are still of major import-
ance in determining probable serviceability. A Density Index Number based
on the above factors is more predictive of tne wear qualities of a carpet
than the quality of the carpet fiber used. For instance, Carpet 5, a
wool and viscose blend with 8 Density Index Number of 10.96 was abraded 8
times as many cycles before becoming worn out as Carpet 2, a 100% wool
with 8 Density Index Number of 4.5.

However, the formulae for 8 Density Index Num er does not present the
total criteria for determining serviceability, for it does not account
directly for differences in soil retention, the ability to reSist crushing,

or fading characteristics.

Test results showed that, as a rule, carpets with synthetic pile
fibers retained less soil than the carpets or all-wool. However, twist,
density, and the amount of Sizing applied to tne fibers and/or the backing
also affected soil retention.

Difficulties encountered in vacuuming and cleaning carpets with a
fluid cleaner were not due to the differences in the fibers of the pile,
but rather to the construction of the carpet or to the lightness of the

colors used. Carpets of uneven loop pile seemed very difficult to clean

71

with a suction-type vacuum cleaner. Carpet 2, (100% wool axminster with

a plush-like pile) showed a marked tendency to 'shade' when vacuumed
against the grain of the pile. Although Carpet 1, (100% estron axminster)
also constructed with a plush-like pile, did not 'shade' during vacuuming,
the application of a commercial cleaner tended to give this pile a definite
'shaded' appearance. Pale colors such as light green and rose were more
difficult to clean satisfactorily than the darker colors.

The wool carpets showed wide variation in resiliency. Carpet 4, a
'1uxury' carpet which was very resilient at the beginning of the test,
lost some of its ability to compress and 'spring back' due to the fineness
of the fibers of the yarns. 0n the other hand, Carpet 2, which was stiff and
unbending at first became increasingly resilient as the tests progressed.
This carpet was constructed of coarse fibers more capable of resiliency when
the load was prolonged than for short loads. Carpet 6, also fairly stiff
and unbending at first, due to high twist and heavy sizing became more
resilient as the fiber becane accustomed to bending under a load. Only one
wool carpet, number 8, showed evidence of matting. It lost 21.9% of its
original.thickness through the application of weights. However, after 48
hours, a regain of most of its original thickness suggested that the 'matting'
was not of a permanent nature.

Carpets of synthetic fibers or synthetic-wool blends were high in
compression, recovery and compressional resiliency during control tests, but
after weights had been applied each of these carpets reacted differently
and to approximately the same extent that the wool fibers differed from
each other. The ability of carpets of estron to compress and recover

seemed the most impaired by the pressure of the weights, yet 48 hours after

72

the weights were removed these carpets were continuing to regain in

resiliency,and no visual effect of matting was evident. Carpets 5 and 7

(wool-avisco fibers), at first did not seem to be as seriously affected

'by the weights has had the estron carpets, but eight weeks after the

weights had been removed, these carpets were still very 'matted'. Although

Carpet 5 had recovered 90.1% of its original thickness and Carpet 7,

85.0%, it seemed possible that these carpets were permanently 'crushed',
_(to a certain extent) by a load of 2.3 pounds per square inch for a period

of 300 hours (approximately 12 days).

Analysis of results of this study indicated that the pile-crushing
characteristic of the synthetic fibers is its most significant adverse
factor, and that fibers of viscose are more subject to matting than fibers
of estron. However, certain construction factors conceal matting. Patterns
in design, achieved either through combining colors or use of uncut an
cuthile or different heights of uncut pile or twist in the yarns tend
to minimize the appearance of crushing. Therefore, the consumer-buyer
who wants plush-like carpeting Should avoid the synthetics.

Carpets tested in the fadeometer were insufficient in number to give
an accurate comparison of the color characteristics and permanency of
carpet yarns when subjected to accelerated sunlight. However, it was ob-
served in this study that carpets of light colors do not hold their color
as well as those of darker hues. This point is affirmed by Heuer(8), who
states that this is due to the small amount of coloring used in the lighter
colors. While all of these carpets were fairly sunfast, only three passed
the minimum test of 100 hours in the fadeometer. Two of these carpets

were all-wool, the other a wool-avisco blend. Carpet 6, one of the finest

73
carpets tested showed the greatest amount of fading. It was felt that

this was due to the color--as light grey seems to be more susceptible

to color change than positive colors of darker values. The estron carpets
faded badly after 150 hours, the color itself actually changing from rose

to orange. However, there seemed to be no significant differences in the

colorfastness of the synthetic and the wool carpets.

The factor of cost has a definite relationship with the quality of
the carpet. Carpets of low price were found to be below average in
over-811 quality. With two exceptions, carpets of medium.price were
'average’ in quality and the high priced carpets were 'high-quality'.
Carpet 4 was high in price but only average in quality. It was felt
that the style value of this lovely wool carpet was the determining price
factor. Carpet 5 was average in price. but high in qualit‘. The price

factor was due to the fact that approximately 50% of the fibers used were
viscose at 5.42 per pound (January 1951 figure)(27), costing less than
one-half the $1.05 per pound of carpet wool (September 1950 figure)(9).*
The high quality of this carpet was due to the high grade of construction
in which density, height of pile, and weight of fiber were above average.

The need for further study on carpets of synthetic fibers is obvious.
There is relatively little information on the serviceability of these
carpets. With increased use of synthetic carpets there is a definite need
for a clearer understanding of its advantages and limitations in consumer
use. .A laboratory study such as this one is but indicative of one type

of research which could be done. Further investigations of carpets should

include a serviceability study in which the carpets are subjected to normal

.. (39)
* Six.months later, in March 1951, the price of wool was $2.24

74

use for a period of yeans. Several studies in which larger samplings
of carpets than those used in this study is also recommended. Another
phase of study in carpets should include those made of nylon, vinyon
and other synthetic fibers as orlon and dynel.

Consumers, purchasing carpets today should have some knowledge of
the significance of carpet construction as well as an understanding of
the comparative cost of carpet construction and fibers. In addition to
this information, a consumer should be able to rely on an informative
label attached to the carpet under consideration. Such a label would include
the following: name of the manufacturer; number of tufts per square inch;
size of yarns; the fiber content of the pile and backing yarns; type of
weave; height of the pile; and weight of carpet per square yard. The color-
fastness of the carpet should be designated by the number of hours of accel-
erated sunlight required to fade the carpet. Functional finishes for resist-
ance to moths and fire should also be stated.

Because so many new fibers, fiber blends, and methods of construction
are possible in the future, both technological and consumer research must
continue so that today's consumer-buyer may purchase the carpeting that

she wants and needs with few or no compromises required.

VI. SUMMARY

Statistics show that the carpet industry has been facing a downward
trend for the last thirty years.(37)(39)For some time, the manufacturers
have been looking for some way in which a less expensive carpet of good
quality would be available for the market, thus enabling them to obtain
a larger share of the consumer's dollar. Rayon has been able to ac-
complish very fine results in other textile fields, and it has been felt
that it could conceivably accomplish a similar result in the carpet field.

For years wool has been considered the finest possible fiber for
carpet wools in spite of the instability of the foreign markets and the
continual fluctuation in price per pound. Hewever, there are several un-
favorable properties possessed in varying degrees by different carpet
wools which must be overcome by the manufacturer by careful blending with
other wools. These properties include the presence of exce351ve amount of
kempy fibers; uneven dyeing properties; shedding; and wide variation in
the different carpet wools in wear-resistance, resiliency and torsional
rigidity.

Rayon fibers produced in the United States provide not only a domestic
source of supply but a.market in which price is not as fluctuant as those
from.which carpet wool are secured. Of course, it is not a perfect fiber,
it needs greater resiliency, more torsional rigidity, and crimp, Rayon

technology has made remarkable progress and it is not unreasonable to

76
except that eventually carpet fibers can be pror du ced to Specifications,
so to Speak, in size, length, brightness and crime. They will, no
doubt, be able to overcome to a limited exten some of tne adverse
characteristics of synthetic carpet pile.

An evaluation of select d types of all-synthetic, and wool and
synthetic blends with wool carpeting was cc gzu ucted through labaratory
eXperiments on eight carpets purchased in Lansing, michigan in march
1951. 'Phe carpets representing five different manufacturers were of
100” estron, 100% wool, and seal-avisco blends. Two carpets each of
axminster weave; wilton construction with 100p pile; velvet weave with
loop pile, and two of velvet construction with a cut pile were studied.
Each pair consisted of one carpet with synthetic pile fibers and one
all-wool pile.
ts were purchased from three price groups; $6. 50 to 47 50
per square yard, $9.50 to $10.95 per square yard, and $12.50 to $14.95
per quare yard. Correlation between price and quality was found to be
positive for all but two of the carpets.

Specification tests included microscopic and chemical analysis for
fiber content; dissection of c rpe ts for construction analysis; and perform-
ance testing for light fading; compr. rn-ssi al resiliency and thicxness.

A comparison of dirt retention, abrasion resistance and compressional
recovery *were modified to the available instruments for testing.
laboratory tests to determine the abrcs sive quality of the c rpet
suggested that, other factors cein' equal, wool fibers will give longer
wear than some of the synthetic fibers. hovever, density, height of pile
and weight of the carpets are of major irmaortance in determining probable

serviceability. A density index nuuber based on the above factors

77
is more predictive of wear qualities of a carpet than the type of fiber
used.

Tests for 'soil retention' showed that, as a rule, carpets of
synthetic pile retained less dirt than the carpets of all-wool. However,
twist, density, freedom from scales, uniformity of size, and the amount
of sizing applied to the fibers and/or the backing affect soil retention
to a greater degree than the 'type' of fiber.

Analysis of the results of the pile-crushing test indicated that the
low-resistance to crushing of the synthetic fibers is their most signifi-
cant adverse factor, and that viscose fibers are more subject to matting
than estron fibers. It is suggested that synthetic pile carpets are
most satisfactory in textured patterns, multicolors or tone on tone so
that genuine matting is not so evident.

Carpets tested in the fadeometer for fastness to light were insuffi-
cient in number to provide an accurate comparison of color change or
permanency of color when carpets were subjected to acnlerated sunlight.
However, there was no significant difference in the colorfastness to light
of the synthetic, wool or blends.

It was felt that carpets of good construction, purchased from reliable
manufacturers, at medium or somewhat highgprices will be satisfactory in

appearance and serviceability in use regardless of the fiber used.

2.

‘2.
U0

5.

6.

7.

9.

79

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American Society for Testing materials, Committee D-lE
5.8. .‘1‘.n,,k Stands ds on fextile materials. :hiladelpnia, Penn.

mild", UCtODCr lC'ZO, ‘Jfio Lap-59, Pp U70-C7 5’ p 77, p 4.).

 

American Viscose Coporation: 'fhiigs You Should Know hbout the
New man-made Carpet Fibers. Leaflet 1.umher 149, Consumer
Service Section of American fiscose Corporation, Kew York,
Law York. 4 pp.

 

 

Ashcroft, A. G. .Sarnet Yfiff§nijflefc1frlu¢13 In Science. ,Alexander

Smith & Sons Carpet 00: pan;, 1onxers, hew York, nineographed
Bulletin, Splinz, 1251. 6 pp.

Backer, Stanley. he Relationship Between the Structural Geometry
of a Textile Fabric and Its hysical Properties.
Textile A? use rch Journal. VOlume 21 (July 1951), pp 453-467.

 

Barach, J. L. Dynamic Studies of Carpet Resilience, gentile
Research Journal. velume 19 (June 1949) , pp 3b5-be2.

 

Barach, J. L., and Rainard, L. H. Effect of Crimp on Fiber
Behavior. Part II , Addition of Crimp to "col Fibers and Its
Effect on Fiber Properties. Textile leseerc; Journa .
Volume 20 (may 1950) pp. 308-16.

 

Beckwith, O. P., and Barach, J. L. Kotes on the Resiliency of
Pile Cover :33, Textile Researc; Spurnal. volume 17 (June 1947)

 

Better Bujn.anshi,. Pamphlet.v Floor Cov111lés, Earnhletl uroer 10.

.J'“ --_.—.. ”fl .————-__..—..-

householdF rinance Corporation. Januai y L DC, 31 pp.

Carpets Go Synthetic. Business Heck, September 2, 1950,p 56.

 

lC. Dillon, h. E. Resilience of F1be and labrics. Textile Research
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Journal. Volume 17 (April 1; 47),

«PM

11. Dilts, Ledge 3., Carpets and Ruvs. The hoover Company, Aorth canton

Oni . 1939.

12. Federal Standard Stock Catalogues: DflD-C-Sla, march 27, 1942

Superint Hndeit of DUD-C-Sl January 9, 954
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DDD-C-7la JulyS , 1954

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Finch, Rogers B. Interfiber Stress and Its Transmission:
Part I: Leasurc;ent of tne Contact area Between Fibs 8
Under Pressure. Textile Research Journal, volume 21 (June 1951)
p 3750 - M“-
Gonsalves, v.1. Theoretical Co: -siderat1o1‘1s and neasur: ments with
-egard to t1e Long itudinal AbPESiOH of llayon Fila ants.

Textile Researc; Journal. velume 20 (January 1950) page 28-42.

 

 

Hartsuch, Bruce E. Introduction_to Textzls Chemistry. John
'Jiley & Sons, Inc. 1950. 587 po.

4.

 

Bildreth,fioward.17hat About Rayon Carpets? Reprint from
..o1CJx Ca ryet Iills_Pow-wow. September 1950. 4 pp.

 

Boffm.n, R. n. Generalized Concept of Resilience. Textile_3esearch
Journal. Volune 18 (march 1948), p 141.

 

James Lees Carpet Company. Technical Bulletir: Cellulose Acetate--
n 1a1-naae liner. imeog rained mat rial ire. rroduct Deve103-

—- -o— ..._

 

1

gent Divi siCn. Jame 5 Less moons Carpet Company, Bridgepo1t, Penn.

Matthews, J. Lerrit. Textile Fibers John Jiley'ani Sons, Inc.
1:335, p. 77.

(D

Lillson, B. 3., and Turl, L. H., Studies on flool Dyeing: The In1lue-
of tne Cuticle in the Dyeing of Jool. American Dyestus'f
Reporter, October 2, 1950. pp. 647-56

morahan, J.IH., Rug and Carpet Yarns: Use of Rayon and Synthetic
Fibers. Rayon .11 3 3nt1 tic Textiles. Velume 51 (August 1950)
pp. 26-28.
morahan, J. M.
Synthetic Fibers Dig In On'The Carpet Front.
Sayon andSSyntnetic Textiles. Volume 52 (February 1951) pp 52-51

 

 

 

Platt, Lilton. mechanics of else 10 Performance of Te:- :tile Lateria 13.
Part III. Some ASpects of Stress analysis of Textile Structure
Continuous Filament Yarns. Textile 39599?95;J9932?;f volume 20
(January 1950) pp 1-15.

 

Platt, Lilton. Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile mato?ials.
Part IV. Some ASpects of Stress Analysis of Textile Structure
Staple Fiber Yarns. Textile Resea1Journal(dugu3t 1950)

p 519-557.

Platt, lilton. hechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Latsrials
Part VI. Influence of Yarn Twist on modulus of elasticity.
Textile Res earcn Jo -urna Volume 20, (October 1150) pp 6C5-6o7.

 

Rainard, L. W., and Abbot, D. Effect of Crimp on Fiber Behavior.
Part I: The D te1ninat ion of Fiber Irregularitie s and the
Concepts of the S gle-Fiber Bulking Capacity. Textile Research
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Rayon and Sy

nthe ti ic Textile Survex: what's IJeW in StapleF ibe
Rayona nd S.n e 51)

u s

thetic ‘1exC'l 3, Volume 52 (September 1% p 60.

Boyer, G. L. A Revij of Textile Coloring and Finishing'aeserrch.
Americzn D"estu f Ron r er. December 11, 1950.

Schiefer, E.F. Notes on Disinte;ration of dool in abrasion Tests.
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Pepe RP 640.

niefer, E. F. Near‘Te ti -5 of Ca1pets. Researc
iaris Journai_;f Research

United States National Bureau of Sten~

Volume 12,Feb1uar1354, pp 155- CC C.
Schiefer, H. F. :iear Testing of Carpets. Researcn Paper RP 1505.

Unite1_ Stat s 1atio al bureau oi th‘d“11o Journal of Research

'1

Volume C , (NovenoCr 1992) pp. 555-579

 

 

 

 

 

Schwanz. Edward R. Yarn Struct re . ile Res arc: Journal

Me
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Skinkle, John H. Textile Tes t'115. Chemical Publishing Co.
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Prices of Rayon Filanent aid Staples, Ra yon and Synthetic Textiles
Volume 52 (Januardy 1951) p 60.

 

Smith, Robert E. Rayon Staple and Joel Blends Produce Sew Possibilities
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Ra;onTexCileont11v January 1940 pp 55-57, February 1940
pp 101-102 0

 

Von her5en, nerner, and 1auereher5er, Herbert 3. American Jool
Handbook. Textile Book Publishers (194a) 1055 pp.

 

aool's Battle Witd the Synthetics. Fortune Veluue XLV'($ay 1952)
pp 123-153
Ya1 n Acceptar ce : Jhat Carpet Producers Think of Synthetics a a
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0)

1'1PPEI‘1DIK

GHAMI

Carpet Code, Quality and Price Data

 

Carpet Manufacturer

 

 

Fiber Weave Loop Pile Price Quality

Number JisiY-
1 Leon Eat ron Lminet er cut pile $6 .50 Low
000.6 : b..- 3.... ‘---- a-.. - --l*
3 Lee: lool Aminst er out Pile $7 .50 Low
Code: 1.---.. l--- 5---- ..-- ---1*
3 Lee- Eet ron Wilt on loop $10.95 Medium
4 Meelend Wool Wilton Loop 314. 95 Medium
Code: ma---- w---- I”-.. L...- ---3*
5 Bigelov Wool-Avieeo Velvet Loop $10 .50 High
cade: B.--- W‘---. Yo--- Lao-o- ---2*
6 Bigelow Wool Velvet Loop $12.50 High
'7 Mohawk Wool-Avioco Velvet Cut Pile $9 .50 Medium
Code : Mo--- u---- v.... ----- -- -21:
8 Alexander-Smith Wool Velvet Cut Pile $13 .95 High
COdB : ‘8...- W“-.. Va-.. on--- ”-3*
* Price Range : l . Lev

2 . Med inn

3 . High

CHART II

Chemical Analysis of Carpet Pile Fibers It

 

 

Carpet N0 Weight of Weight of Loss in Weight

Percentage We ight

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and Code Pile in Residue in Attributed to of Residue
Grams Grams Loss of Fibers Qr Sizing
Potassium Hydroxide Test
1 L-E-L-l 4 3.9525 sizing 98.8%(rayon)
3 L-E-W-L-z 4 3.8624 do 94.5%(reyon)
5 s-vu-v-L-z 4 2.2412 W001 Fibers 56.0%(ray0n 8r. sizing)
7 Mo-WA-V-z 4 2.0036 do 50.0%(reyon)
2 L-W-A-l 4 N0 residue do ----
4 Ma-W-W-L-S 4 do do —---
6 B-W-V-L-IS 4 do do ---
8 AS-W-V-S 4 do do .---
Lcetone Test
1 L-E-A-l 2 N0 residue estron fibers ----
3 L-E-W-L-Z 2 N0 residue estron fibers mu»
5 B-WA-V-L-z 2 2.0340 - ----- 100%(I001 8c. viscose)
7 Mo-WA-V-Z 2 1.9862 ------ 100%(301 8c. viscose)
Sulphuric Acid Test
5 B-WA-V-L-Z 2 .7197 viscose i‘ibers 35.9% (tool)
'7 Mo-M-V-2 2 .8943 viscose fibers 44.7%(wo01L
Snmmry: Composition of Pile Fiber
1 L-E-A-l 98.8% estron, 1.2% sizing
I L-E-W-L-2 94.5% estron, 5.5% sizing
5 s-m-v-ns 56.0% viscose and sizing , 8.1% sizing, 35.9% I001
7 Mo-m-v-s 50.0% viscose 5.5% sizing, 44.7% 1001
2 L-I-L-l 100% wool and sizing
4 Ms-W-W-L-S 100% I001 and sizing
6 B—W-V-L-S 100% wool and sizing
8 AS-W-V—S 100% wool and sizing
* Averages of three tests
Code: 1st letter: Manufacturer 4th letter : Loop pile
2nd letter: Fiber Number: Price Group

3rd letter: Weave

 

 

 

 

 

 

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sea. amen. come. $8.0m neon.mm nmms.om eoem.we mupusgwozn s
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cos. nose. nose. me.on oaae.on some.ao msHH.oe anguauawssw e
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med. some. mama. s .mn omna.na sacs.os mano.mn Husrz1g m
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CHART 1V

Density Index Numbers*

 

 

Carpet Ho. Weight.Per Tufts per Height of Density
and Code Tuft in Square Pile in Index
Grains Inch Inches number
1 L-E-A-l . 157 35 .1885 4. l5
2 L-W-A-l .145 35 . 2065 4.51
3 L-E-I-L-z . 231 54 .18 62 9 . 29
4 Me-l-l-L-3 . 190 54 .1785 7 . 32
5 B-M-V-L-2 . 184 64 .2323 10. 96
6 B-W-V-L-fi .1 95 64 . 2230 11 . 13
7 Mo-IL-V-z .149 64 . 1907 7 .27
8 AS-W—V -3 .191 64 .2221 10. 86

 

* Formula: 4(weight per

of Pile).

tuft in grains 1 tufts per square inch x height

CHART V

Standard Thickness and Compressional Resiliency

 

(a) (b) (e) (d) (e)

 

 

 

 

 

Carpet No. Standard Compression Compression Recovery Compressional
and Code Thickness Index In Inches In Inches Resiliency
In Inches Number
Carpets containing.Synthetic Fibers
l LPEnL-l .3117“ .026 .0335" .0079" 23.5%
3 Lpssw-L-z .3530" .074 .0391" .0081" 20.4%
5 BAWvaeLp3 .3700" .038 .0300" .0080" 26.6%
7 IMO-WA-VLB .3000” .057 .0260" .0073” 28.0%
carpets of 100% I001
8 L-W-L-l e3579. 0°43 e0268" .0044" 14.9%
4 Ma-W-W-L-l! .5455": .070 .0398" .0099" 24.9%
6 BAIAYAL~3 .3600" .042 .0228' .0057" 25.0%
s AB-W-V-3 .3600” .052 .0279” .0059 18.1

 

(a) Standard Thickness: Thickness at 0.1 pounds pressure per square inch.

(b) Compression Index Number:

Difference between thickness at 0.15 pounds

pressure per square inch and thickness at 0.05 pounds pressure
per square inch, divided by the standard thickness

(c) Compression: The amount of work done due to pressure of 0.2 pounds per
square inch, expressed in .0000"

(d) Recovery:

The amount of work recovered after release of .2 pounds pressure
per square inch to pressure of .01 pounds per square inch.

(e) Compressional Resiliency: Relationship between Compression and Recovery

expressed as a percentage.

spec; “popped can

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Price: 39.50 per eqmre yerd Height: 56.? ounces per square yard
‘.'.'eeve: Velvet Thickncux .3000 inches
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Gerpet. 8
Code: AS-li-V-B Density: 61; tm per equu'e inch
Price: 813.95 per equere yud Weight: 68.0 ounces per emu-e yu-d
Thickness .3600 inch

Heeve: Velvet.
Fiber: I001 end Avisco Blend

     

       

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PLATEVI

CARPKI' LEAVE
Carpet 5 Velvet

Pile: 71001 and
Avisco

   
    

Z-Shct: Jute Pile H
Stuffer: Gotten .2323'

Nerp: myon

Pitch: 3 Becking Height
Rm: 8 .1377'

Pile: ‘Jool

2-Shot: Jute

Staffer: Cotton Pile Height
Wm: Cotton .2230!

Pitch: 8

Rows: 8 Becldng Height
. 1370'

Pile: Noel and
Avisco

2-3hot: Jute

”Staffer: Paper

Warp: Cotton
Pitch: 5
Ron: 3

Car ~t ‘ Volvet

Pile: Zioal 1' wn'l'r' f" r/ Y"! ' "I”
2-3hot: Jute

Staffer: mner , H ‘ ‘1 ‘ ’ Pile Height

Tim: Cotton ‘ .2221"

Pitch: 3 |‘ .‘ ‘ l ‘ 1‘} Backing Heighi
1379'

Rm: 3

 

 

 

 

 

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9.12;: m 3

Code: H—h—l

Price: 87.50 per equere yard
Density: 35 tufts per equere inch
Density Index Huber: L15

Fiber: :00; wool

 

 

 

 

 

mm: VIII
smLas WED 39 500 cm

  
   

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Code: I’ll-In:
810.50 p» eel-N 1rd

 

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@9259.

Code: lb-l-W-L-3
Price: 811:.95 per equm yerd
Fiber: m I001

Cortnntim: Hilton, un-cut pile
Demity: SI: tufts per eqmre inch
Density Index Malabar: 7.32

  
 
  
  
   

   

Rice: ”.50 per eqmre yerd
Fiber: IooL-Avieoo Elen d
Gutructim: Velvet

Demity: 61: tufts per square inch
Density Index m: 7.27

 

 

 

 

pun 1::
353mm wrung; 19 9000 CYCLES

 

 
 
 
  
   
 

6412222255

Code: HA-V-Ir-Z

Price: 810.50 per square yard
Fiber: I001 end ”1000 81nd
leave: Velvet

Density: 6!: m. per equre inch
Density Iniex wet: 10.96

 
 
  
   
   

act msnber 6

Code: B-fi-V—la-B

Price: $12.50 per squsre yard
Fiber: 100% wool

Weave: Velvet

Density: 6!: Tufts per sqmne inch
Density Index number: 11.13

Price: 813.95 Per square yard
Fiber: 1” I001

Reeve: Velvet

Density: 6 h tufte per square inch
Density Index tuber: 10.86

 

 

 

    

    
 

:7 mm

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19

  

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