A WMPRE‘HENSWE STUDY OF THE ORQANEZWUN.
AND ADMWSTRATEDN OF A SEMGR HIGH
SCHOOL HOCKEY PROGRAM

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MERIGAN STA‘I‘E UNWERSJ‘W
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nBSTRACT
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE
OMGAN ZATION AND ADMINISTIATION
CF A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
HOCKEY PROGRAM
BY
DAVID PRESTON BEw’L’iAN
Statement of the problem Many books have been written
on the fundamental skills and techniques involved in the
game of ice hockey. However, there is a peculiar lack of
information concerning the initiation of a hockey program
in the high schools. Currently, there are only eleven
states that have inter-scholastic hockey pregrams. The
author believes that part of the reason for the lack of
participation by many other states is due to insufficient
information concerning the organization of such a program.
There is little question that a need exists for a piece of
literature to serve as a master guide for a coach or
athletic administrator desiring to institute a hockey
program in his school. Possibly, fear of the unknown
prevents some administrators from organizing a hockey
program. It is the author's intention that this thesis

be helpful in guiding administrators in the successful

institution of hockey into their athletic curriculum.

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Comprehensive Study of the Organization and Administration

of a Senior High School Hockey Program.

A CONPREHENSIVE STUDY OF TBS
ORGANIZATION, AND ADKINISTRATION
OF A SENIOR HIGH SCHCOL HOCKEY PROGRAH

”U y

David Preston Berman

A THIS IS

Submitted to the College of Education
of Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of

MASTERS OF ARTS

1967

DEDICATION

To my wife, Susan, who's loving confidence served

as a constant inspiration.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to eXpress his appreciation to
the many peOple who have helped him with this study.
To Dr. Randolph webster he is indebted for his sincere
guidance and advice. Thanks are extended to Frank
Finnegan for his valuable information concerning rink
construction. Thanks must also go to Mary Helen Miller
and Carol Dunlap for their fine job of typing. To his
wife, Susan, the author is grateful for her proofreading,
editing, typing, and encouragement.

D.P.P.

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Ificrease in ‘articioafit Interest in the Game
of Scholastic Tockey Tron ICE? to 1966 . . .
Increase in Construction of Artificial Ice
Yockey Trom 19L? to 1967 . . . . . . .
Increase of Tockey Interest During tre Course
of the Year Shows the Iccrease of “layer

h

Involvement er Forth . . .
The “nestioniaire Sent th to a Tancom Sammie
of Fockey Coaches in the Tritefl States . . . .
Costs and Trequency of Different Types of Risk
Construction in Various Sections of the Unitefl
States . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . .
Aooroximate Costs of Yaterial Ueefied TT‘or Con~
struction of an Indoor Fockey fink . .

Showing Preference of Tyne of Tencing Used
Above Tasher ”oards to Fncircle Fink . . . . .
Showing the Types of Pink Floors Usefl and tre
Treqnency of Their Use

Showine the Amount of Sticks Used Per Year

and the Wake Used fost Often

Showine the Types of Teeth Fuarfis Uses: Also

Shows Whether or Not Teeth Cuards Are Tandan
tory . . . . n .

O ‘ O .
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119

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Tatle
XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV .

XV.

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XVII .

LIST CT Tl L7? (continued)

Showine the Types of Fockey Equipment
Selectec Host T1recuently . . . . . . . . . .
An Example of an Inventory for a Senior Pirh
School Hockey Procram. . . . . . . . .
Schenules Showinc Naximum Yearly Use of the
C‘acility . . . . . . . - - . . . . . .
Feference “ooks for the Coaching, Skills. and
Fundamentals of Hockey . . . . . . . .

List Compiled for Athletic Administrators
Showing Names and Addresses of Yaior Kann—
facturers of Tink and Uockey Equipment

List of Collep- hockey Coaches . . . . .

7-?

Showing Construction Sites of 38W Facilities

and “ersons or Places to Contact . . . . . .

129

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CMPERII
THE ORGANIZATION AND PROMOTION OF THE
HOCKEY PROGRAM AND HOCKEY FACILITY

Promoting the Program

The purpose of this thesis is to start more athletic
administrators and physical educators thinking about the
promotion and organization of hockey in their respective
school systems. 'When the school athletic department finally
decides to add hockey to its program, there will no doubt
be some persons in the community who will be strong Oppo-
nents to the addition, possibly because of the expense of
the needed facility, or perhaps because they are under the
impression that hockey is a dangerous game. The latter
impression may be due to the fact that their only exposure
to hockey has been on the professional level. It is then
up to the administrator to sell the hockey program to its
opponents.

More and more educators, community leaders and parents
are finding the values that hockey has in attracting and
holding the interest, energy, and enthusiasm of many boys.
In one's promotion of hockey, one would be wise to explain
to the school and community officials why hockey will be a

valuable addition to the athletic program.

It is the administrator's responsibility to point out
to the community officials and citizens that the new program
is being proposed, not only as an addition to the high
school athletic program, but for the enjoyment of the gen-
eral public as well.

People in the town must be shown that hockey is a very
enjoyable sport requiring a high level of physical effi-
ciency if it is to be played well. Hockey also provides the
same type of rugged and exciting competition as does high
school football.

One should eXplain that hockey is not only a game of
skill, but is fun also. Even the practicing of hockey is
enjoyable, and, therefore, there is no problem in retaining
the interest of the players.

A good point to stress is that boys of all sizes and
attributes can play hockey. A boy of any build, height or
weight can be on equal terms with the rest. It is his will-
ingness to develop himself, to learn a skill, that is the
basic determining factor in how proficient a player he will
become.

A boy can be rugged or slight, chunky or gangling,
short, tall, or medium-sized. He can choose a style of play
suitable to his temperament. For instance, if a player
wishes to play with little body contact, he may do so. If
he is aggressive and enjoys contact he too can find an out-
let. Hockey is not a game of muscle, brawn or size. Boys

of all body builds, temperaments, and backgrounds can play

it, have fun, learn the meaning of competition, sportsman-
ship, and, of course, the skills of the game.

Hockey is even a fine carry-over sport. Perhaps one
of the best examples of this fact is a Boston laundry owner
who can be found playing hockey two or three nights a week
at the age of sixty-five!

"Hockey is a game of skills, one skill being skat-

ing, and the second being playing the game itself.

Being a two-skill game, hockey embodies ability

and individual performance, which also have their

rewards. A player can be better at one phase than

the other and have fun. Hockey gives all players

the opportunity to learn, to improve, and to en-

joy the feeling of accomplishment. Hockey can be

learned quickly enough to a sufficient degree that

each player has fun. Hockey is a game many can

play. This gives satisfaction of participation,

of being a member of a team, and of contributing

to group action. Hockey is a vigorous but clean

cut type of sport, especially when supervised by

a good coach."1

One very important selling point of the hockey program
is that hockey can possibly assist some boys in furthering
their educations at a college or university. In the appen-
dix can be found a list of colleges in the United States
that play hockey. It would be wise to make note of these
institutions because not only could some of the players
matriculate at these colleges, but the colleges might offer
assistance to a school starting a hockey program.

Hockey is not played soley for the development of

physical proficiency, but for other educational values.

 

1"Here is Why Boys Play Hockey " Buyers Guide of the
United States, (A Trade and sport Publication—u, 1—69 539667,

p. 15.

Hockey is an activity which "offers rich experi-
ences for developing the ability to give 'that
little extra' and the development of the great
intangible called spirit which in turn breeds
enthusiasm. Hockey is aiknml of dynamic edu-
cation, where the player moves, sees, thinks,
and feels.“2

There are valuable lessons to be learned through the
game of hockey. A hockey player "learns how to take rugged
physical contact without cowering. He learns to control his
temper, to stand up to the strong and protect the weak, to
get up when he is knocked down."3

"Today's teenagers are looking for thrills, and in

hockey, there are thrills every minute. The hockey

player must learn how to be self-reliant, and how

to make quick decisions. Hockey gives the oppor-

tunity to keep a challange before the strong and

aggressive young men, and it tends to make the

weak strong.

Certainly, there is an element of risk envolved

in playing hockey, but under proper guidance and

supervision from a competent coach, the players

are safer than they are while participating in

many other activities."4

It is the administrator's responsibility to convince
the community that hockey is educationally valuable.
Through participation of the game the players are taught
sportsmanship, self-discipline, teamwork, and self-sacri-

fice. This educational value is really the justification

 

2Harper, Cliff, "Can Contact Sports be Justified as a
Part of the Educational Program," Administration 2; High
School Athletics; Report gf‘g National Conference, Wash-
ington D.C.: American Association of Health, Physical
Education and Recreation, 1963.

31bid., p. 87.
h1bid., p. 88.

for any sport that is conducted within the high school ath-
letic program. Therefore, it can be said that a hockey
program, when organized and supervised, is as educationally
justifiable as any other sport. If you can convince of-
ficials of this you will be well on your way to selling
hockey to the community.

As an administrator attempting to promote a hockey
program, one of the most important tools will be good pub-
lic relations. When one's prOposal of beginning a hockey
program and the resulting construction of a hockey rink
reaches the community, there will no doubt be mixed
emotions from the townspeOple. Public opinion will be an
important factor in deciding whether or not to grant the
new program. Therefore, it will be one's responsibility to
point out the values of the proposed program, and to inform
the community about the program. Hopefully, the adminis-
trator will have already established confidence in his
athletic program, so that the community will rally to sup-
port the new endeavor.

Through one's public relations promotion, the Opinion
of the populace must be taken into account. Because public
opinion is very powerful, individuals and organizations
within the town will have a strong effect on the success or
failure of ones program. Therefore, in promoting one's new
program, it must be certain that one considers fully what
benefits the entire community will receive from the new

program.

Good promotion is not a hit or miss operation. One
must be sure that the promotion and organization is planned
with considerable care, and a great amount of time and
effort. Remember, two-thirds of the battle for a new pro-
gram and facility will be won if one has the support and
understanding of the public.

"In order to utilize the best type of promotion,

be certain to survey your community to determine

what media can be utilized and will be most ef-

fective in your promotional persuits. Your best

means of promotion will often come from a person-

to-person medium. For example, teacher to

student, student to parent, or teacher to parent.

In all cases the school body is a most important

means of promotion."5
If one sells his new program to the boys in the school, they
will in turn carry this information home to become the sub-
ject of dinner-table conversation, and the same enthusiastic
attitude eXpressed by the students will become that of the
parents as well.

The town newspaper is also an excellent means for dis-
seminating information about the hockey program. Because
it reaches a large audience, it can be most helpful in in-
terpreting the prOposed hockey program. It is often a
good idea to submit pictures of a successful program al-
ready underway in another community and/or pictures or
architects’sketches of the proposed hockey rink.

In regard to placing a newsletter or other types of

articles in a newspaper, always remember that the purchasing

 

5Bucher, Charles A., Administration of School Health

and Physical Education Programs (New York: Research in
Education, nc., , p. .

of advertising Space, no matter how small, makes it easier
to get space in the editorial columns. This point can cer-
tainly be advantageous when one is in need of some important
bit of news to reach the citizens of the community by such
an influential source as a newspaper editorial.

Another excellent means of promotion is through public
speaking. Public addresses to various civic and social
groups in the community will serve as another effective way
to promote the new program. Such groups as the Lions,
Kiwanis and Rotary clubs are concerned with the affairs
of the high school. Also, various secular organizations,
or any other groups in the community might show great in-
terest in the program. One should certainly prepare his
speech thoroughly. Above all, he should show a. thorough
mastery of the game of hockey, whiCh may be a foreign sport
to the majority of the persons in the community, and radiate
enthusiasm and sincere interest in the game.

When addressing organizations to promote hockey, it
might be wise to bring along a film or slides which can
serve to present a dramatic and informative story of hockey.
A series of visual impressions will remain long in the minds
of the audience.

In areas where hockey is a new sport, it would be a
wise idea for one to hold some type of promotional meeting
to orient the townspeOple to the rules of hockey. This can
'be done by showing a film of a game. Films can be obtained

from a professional team as a promotional device. Each

parent in the community, eSpecially those whose sons take

a particular interest in athletics, need have an understand-
ing of the rules. When a coach is trying to indoctrinate
good sportsmanship in his team, it certainly tends to undo
everything when a parent gets excited, makes comments, about
the officiating, especially when this parent does not know
what he or she is talking about.

The community will no doubt have some type of athetic
interest group. They may be called the Boosters Club,
Fathers Club, etc. The groups are formed because of their
interest in the athletic department and its program. These
groups can often be a boon tocnxxs athletic program, and
because of this they should be given special consideration
when one promotes the new hockey program. The administrator
should take time out to inform these parents of the athletes
of the many facets of the new program. Through special
meetings with these organizations one could touch on such
things as hockey rules, practice procedures, equipment,
insurance, and other pertinent tOpics. One should also
discuss the new facility, and allow time for questions.

By discussing the new program with the parents, and
winning their enthusiasm, one may find them further
benefiting the cause by discussing the proposed program
with other parents, and even raising the money to help pur-
chase other equipment not available through the school

budget.

Padio, and television are often well worth the money
spent for promotional purposes. Cne should not overlook
the possibility of obtaining free time. The idea that the
program will be a public service will many times influence
radio and television station managers to grant free time.
Also, there are some radio and television stations reserved
for educational purposes. If the community is located near
a large university, inquire as to their radio and television
facilities and policies.

Another promotional device worth consideration is the
use of posters, brochures, and pamphlets that are well writ-
ten and illustrated to depict the proposed program and
facility. The important thing to remember when organizing
and promoting the hockey program is that every Opportunity
must be utilized in order to build good public relations.

An outstanding way to promote hockey in the community
is by adopting a Youth Hockey week. This type of promotion
offers the hockey program an opportunity to raise needed
funds for such things as a banquet or special trip, and to
foster the game in the local community.

The high school program can benefit by tying in the
drive for funds with national publicity generated by Youth

7

Hockey heck. One should plan his promotion drive before the
hockey season commences. Committees should be selected

using teachers, the Boosters Club, and enthusiastic parents.
Among some of the promotion ideas to consider are: the sale

of booster buttons, stage various games such as an alumni

game or old-tine game, honor persons who have worked hard

in promoting the new program, promote window and art dis-
plays, arrange for publicity through newspaper, radio, and
television. If one has an enthusiastic and sincere commit—
tee, I am sure that they will be able to think of many other
types of promotion ideas to aid the program.

Youth Hockey Week, which is usually held the third week
in January, is under the auspices of the American Hockey
Association of the United States. "The benefits of promo-
ting Youth Hockey Week are threefold:

1. To direct the public's attention to the many
advantages of boys playing hockey.

2. To encourage parents to attend games and take
a more active part in their son's activities.

3. To honor all persons who have contributed to
the advancement of youth hockey."5

Promotional material for Youth Hockey Week can be ob-
tained from the American Hockey Association of the United
States or from local newspapers, television, and radio
stations who recieve promotion material.

”The American Hockey Association of the United
States is convinced that since the promotion of
Youth Hockey Week in 1962 there has leen a tre—
mendous growth of hockey throughout the country.
In a comparison of figures as to the number of
boys playing in 1962 to 1965, it was found that
in 1962 a total of forty-three thousand two
hundred and ninety boys played as Opposed to
sixty-five thousand seven hundred and eighty

in 1965. A substantial increase."7

6Clark, Don, "How Youth Hockey Week Can Aid the Local
Image," chkey Buyers_§uide 9: the Unitgd States, p. A2.

 

 

7,133.91... p. 42.

For the administrator who is striving to institute a
hockey program in his community it might be helpful if the
writer cites two towns of nearly the same population but
which are over a thousand miles apart. Both have excellent
hockey programs and the complete support of their communi-
ties. Perhaps one may be able to use these examples as an
inspiration to his town.

The two towns are Berlin, New Hampshire, and Roseau,
Kinnesota; Berlin, is in the heart of the New Hampshire ski
country. "There are some twenty teams in Berlin, headed by
the two high school teams, and a well known senior high
squad. All grade school and junior high teams compete also.
Enthusiasm is at such a pitch in Berlin that from December
to March thousands of townspeople stand in zero temperatures
to watch a high school game. These same peOple helped build
the town's arena with volunteer labor and most materials
were furnished at cost.“8

The Roseau story is almost identical to that of Berlin.
"In this town of two thousand five hundred over two hundred
fifty boys play in organized hockey, and the townspeople
are equally as proud of their arena valued at two hundred
fifty thousand dollars, built with volunteer labor and dona-

tions,as they are of their winning teams."9

“'C-é -——-_......~ MCI-“'-

8"Perlin New Hampshire, Another Creat Hockey Town,"
United States Amateur Pockev (II: III, April—Nay, 19 O),
p. 5.

9"Roseau, Minnesota—Small Town—Strong Teams," Unitgd
States Amateur Hockey (II: III, April-Fay 19 O) p. 7.

Tlese examples of hockey towns were men ioned to prove
the lengths the townspeople will go to he of help once the
proiect has gained the support of the community.

When Perinning the new program one will he wise to
Check with the Amateur Hockey Association of the United
States.

This organization is the "regulating and governing

organization of amateur hockey in the United States.

It provides the coordination and direction that

encouraces the growth of hockey in America. Some

of the basic values of the organization are the

following:

1. Crranizes the United States Olympic team.

2. Fepresents the United States in inte national

hockey.

3. frovides national status and tournaments.

L. Supports state and regional associations. 10

5 Cffers bulletin and information atout hockey."-

These values of course are contributing factors to the
program, and one should tecome acquainted with the Amateur
Pockey Association of the United States. It will he of
great assistance to one in beginning his program, and
even when the program is established.

The Amateur Hockey Association of the United States is
divided into two sections. Cne section is concerned with
hockey that is played internationally: the other division
concerns itself with hockey for youth. It is the latter

category with which a high school administrator should be

concerned. One should make certain that the high school

—~-. c—d‘H-m-- -_-—-.—-

 

10”The That and Why of the Amateur Hockey Association

of the United States," n' S m e Po k (III:
II. Felruary-March, lglgl, p. 5.

 

 

teams are affiliated with the Amateur Hockey Association of
the United States.

Another important organization that one must come in
contact with to further the development of one's propram
is the American Hockey Coaches Association. The growth of
the American Hockey Coaches Association has parallelled the
growth of high school hockey.

”The American hockey Coaches Association is, in
great part, responsi‘le for the in -creased intere-st
in hockey, through their efforts in carrying out

a common coal to henefit the Feneral welfare and
improvement of hockey in the United States.

Th American Hockey Coaches Association has hrought
the hockey coaches of America throughout the country
together They have formed a Code of Fthics to
teach young hockey players to respect the game and
all those associated with it. Other activities in
a local sense hy various Association members have
no doubt brought ahout Fetter organization of high
school hockey, and led to the establishment f new
hockey facilities and local organizations."

"If hockey is going to provide more fun and oppor-
tunities for more and mor youth. there has to 1e

an or’auization to develop it in the rich schools

and commuritv nr0”rams it is thc American Hockey
Coaches Association of the United States that provides
an organizationalb asis from which tlis all can be
fathered. "12

~_.’-

11Cleverly. Parry, “Looking Ahead," United Staiffi
figagegr Hockey (II:III. April-Pay, 19 O). o. 30

12'm The 1flat and Thy of the Amateur Pockey Association
of the Uniteo States.’ United States Amateur hockey. (III:
II-Vehruary-Tarch. 19 170 9-

Tromotinfi the ?aCilitV

In areas where hockey is olayec on the
level. tkm:biggest prollcm confronting the school is the dif~
ficulty of procurin? sufficient ice time for practice and
the accompanying high cost of ice rental. Therefore. it is
the author’s Relief that in order to have an effective school
hockey program, it is necessary that a town or at least a
small nroup of two or three towns. have their own rink. The
problem of ice time is of vital importance to a successful
hiah school hockey program. It is probable tha this same
type of prohlem faced hieh school basketball enthusiasts
when there existed the nrohlem of inadequate haskettall
facilities. This pro?lem was solved by the construction,
hy the community, of elahorate, well equipped pymnasiums.

The same type of problem faces many track teams today who
are still without their own track facility.

It is essential that an artificial rink He constructed
in the community= If the rink is covered it would he advan-
tareous. Uncovered rinks cause scheduled events to be can~
celled due to inclement weathern be it rain, snow, or a warm
spell. Also, while they are more inexpensive to construct.
they tecome a maintenance problem as they are Open to the
elements. Certainly, in the southern states, where the
weather is always relatively warm, a covered or enclosed
facility is essential. however, in states where the tempera-

ture remains Felow fifty during the winter months an outdoor

facility would le suita‘le. A ta”le showinc the costs and
frequency of construction of different types of facilities
can he found in the appendix.

Immediately the cry will no up from officials as to the
expense of the rink to the city or town. The selling point
of the administrator must he that the school and community
will share the facility as they now share the school nym-
nasium, swimming pool, track, and playground. It should he
pointed out that the new skating facility, needed to pro-
mote the name properly, will serve as a gathering place
where the people of the town can enioy themselves in a
healthful supervised atmosphere. whether they are watching
their high school in competition. or an ice show, or are
themselves participating in the exhiliratine sport of
skating

In a survey conducted recently hv the editors of greys
Eacazine it was shown that the idea of constructing an arena
is not as far fetched as it may have seemed a mere three
years ago.

"This survey clearly indicates the advancement of

artificial facilities in community planning. A

similar survey was made in 19‘3, and at that time

the majority of respondants displayed apathy to-

ward artificial arenas.

Powever, currently, most respondents to the survey

were quite enthusiastic about proposed artificial

ice in their respective communities, and only a

few felt that this type of a hockey program was
definitely not in their plans."13

-~_—-.

 

WW“.

13"Survey Shows the Fast Growth in Ice Planning, Arena
(VII:II, Farch, 1946), p 5.

If the administrator rare to Speak with architectural
planners who do most of the work for schools they would tell
him that there is a feeling among athletic administrators that
ice rinks and their coming expansion are thought of in much
the same way that swimming pools or lighted baseball and foot-
ball fields were a few years ago.

It was discovered in the forementioned survey that in
a great many communities having artificial ice many of the
facilities are maintained by the recreation or park depart-
ment. From this it can be seen that one would be wise to
recruit the aid of this town organization to help the program
effort.

The proposed skating facility should be oriented to the
needs of the community. It should be multi-purpose in nature
so that the argument that the expense of the facility is not
in keeping with the amount of time during the year that the
facility is in use to doubling as an auditorium. It can be
used for conventions and large shows, both of which add
revenue to the community. An outdoor facility can he used
for roller skating and tennis in the summer, as well as an
area to hold recreational programs such as square dances or
record hops under the lights.

Another way in which the facility can be put to maxi-
mum use is to plan a summer hockey program during the months

of June, July and August. Gone is the view that skating and

hockey are seasonal. It is true that there are definite
peak periods where hockey interest is at its highest, hut
hockey has hecome a year round activity. (A nraph showing
increase of hockey interest may he found in the appendix)
This is particularly true from a planning point of view.
When planning a hockey program an administrator‘wouM V?
wise to consider the possibility of a year round hockey
program, one that can make the most out of the existing
facility. As a promotional device, cnn might plan for
hockey schools, clinics, and summer leagues.

Where a hockey prOFram is being enacted for the first
time, one might want to develop instructional clinics for
improving the quality and consistency of play for the teach-
ing of new officials.

Great community interest will 1e shown if the adminis‘
trator plans a program so that the entire community can take
part. For example, during the spring, summer and fall,
recreational leagues should be organized so that all age
groups and teams will be encouraged to enter. In the ap-
pendix can he found a series of schedules showing maximum
yearly use of a facility.

Another item to be concerned with is the land for tin
facility. If it is possible to acquire a portion of land
already owned by the community, naturally one is off to a
rood start, for today s prices for acreage are astronomical,

no matter where one is located.

Vice tho administrator has secured the land for his
facility ,he should seek out local companies, unions.
students. townspeople, and other puhlic spirited individuals
who would he willing to donate construction lahor in much
the same way as was done in Berlin, New Hampshire and Foseau,
Minnesota.

One should hevin his promotion of the program hv staring
a puhlic meeting to be attended hy representatives of civic
and social groups, management, lafior, and most important in
towns with great political overtones, the community’s leading
citizens. At the meeting one should have accurate. detailed,
but understandable facts to present concerning cost of
materials and a budget, along with a proposed firure for
the total cost of the contemplated rink. A detailed tahle
showing costs of rink materials and construction can he
found in the appendix. Following this discussion, commit-
tees should he appointed to investipate the various aspects
of ngineerinp, (It might do well to have present at the
meetinr the town or city engineer), finance, fund raising,
and publicity. These committees should work diligently to
find various costs of materials. what the best type of
organization is, a financing plan, and what sort of Ponds,
if any, should he issued for investment.

Following the completion of the investigation by the
committees and the findings of a preliminary study a target

figure should he set.

‘0

"An excellent way to raise tle necessary money for
the rink is to form a nonnprofit co-Operation and
issue honds in two denomination .

l. Cue hundred dollar twenty year honds entitlinn
the holder to non-cumulative five per ce't interest.
?. r"iye hundred dollar twenty year honds which pay
no interest hut entitle the holder to free skating
privileges.

Eetirement of the Fonds should he at the discretion
of the cooperations directors On the hasis of the
initial income from the rink itself, the actual date
to retire all bonds can be set. Once all bonds are
retired, the facility will then he deeded to your
community "

Crce the hond issue is sold out, cne can begin the sign-
inn of contracts. and finally work will he heyun on the
facility.

There are various ways which revenue can he raised to
assist in paying for the facility. Among these are the
following:

1. Admission to seneral skating, hockey games, ice rental,
and figure skating patch rental.

T)

A well-stocked and efficiently run snack Ear.
Skate rentals
Skate sharpening

A well- stocked and efficiently run skate shOp, selling
kates and hockey equipment.

(IU‘I L“ w

Skating lessons.

7. Hockey clinics

2,0

Ice shows.
For those administrators who are located in areas where

climactic conditions necessitate the need for an indoor,

h
“A
V

11+"The Creenville Story"a Eb}. 1.136 .d. itemize: 5lm飢£~lE hacker
(II:V. Octoter, 19 O), p. 11.

 

 

 

artificial rink, Put it is felt that a new, modern arena is
not within the community's means. it mirht he wise to
”check within your community for any larce huildinrs
that are either not heinc used or are partially em-
ployed. If you speak witn civic off1c1als and sell
them your idea for a hockey prorram they may he urped
to restudy the use of an existing building that might
he used to house a hockey rink. The selling point
that you would want to emphasize is that by instal-
ling a hockey rink in the existing facility would
mean that the huildiny would constantly he working
for community service.
The arena could he Operated year around or you
could operate it from Septemher until June. This
would provide the community with a new source of
revenue and continual building use."l5
As an administrator heginning a program, it will he
vital to the success of the program that he be aware of
possihle problems that may confront his new venture. When
planning the program, he must he certain that he does not
make too hip an original investment without a sufficient
amount of money to hack him. He must remember that what-
ever major sport he promotes or whatever major new facility
his school constructs. he will not realize any profit for
many years. Keep in mind that the rink will have a large

overhead and that it is a bin investment.

”*wm

 

15"A Letter to a County Poard,” United States Amateur
hockey, (II:V, October, l9w0), p. 13.

 

-

Cryanizine the Program

The administrator of a hockey program must orvanize
his work so that all the details of the season are effi~
ciently handled. He should work closely with the coach to
supervise all matters which will effect the team.

Plans for the heginning of the hockey season should
begin well in advance. For the hockey program in its first
year, it is foolish to immediately join a learue, for the
team would more than likely he considerabley outclassed,
which would prohahly cause a decline in team morale. and
might even result in a loss of interest in the sport. A
first year program should he devoted to the basic funda-
mentals of hockey, and only interscuad competition. In a
school where hockey is relatively new or being played for
the first time, the players could afford to spend all their
time on fundamentals. fut like footiall, hockey is a con-
tact sport, and the players will no douht he anxious to
scrimmage. Therefore, frequent scrimmaees will le necessary
to prevent the players from hecoming hored.

After the first year, when the skills of the game have
heen mastered,one should he concerned with entering his
team in a learue, if the other schools in surroundiny towns
have hockey programs. However, one must make certain that
his hirh school will he competing with other teams of its
own class and calibre. The official covernine body of
scholastic hockey in the United States is the National

Collegiate Athletic Association. Its rules govern the

conduct of hockey in all games played under its supervision.
high school teams are also affiliated with their ovn leagues,
who are governed. in most states where hockey is played, Ty
a Headmaster's Committee/made up of athletic directors and
principals.

Scheduling of games and practices should he done so as
not to interfere with school work or proper health hahits.
No practices should he scheduled for the early morning hours
before school, or the evening hours after six o'clock. It
is hest not to interfere with the family dinner halits. The
lest time for practice is immediately after school, and the
practice session should last no longer than an hour and a
half.

The best time for games is on Friday evening, Saturday
afternoon. or Saturday night. lTy scheduling games at these
times. many parents are able to attend. however, one
must he sure never to schedule two events at the same time
where there is a possibility that support will be divided.
The hippest conflict will no doubt he with haskethall. To
avoid all conflicts. schedules should be arranged as far in
advance as possihle.

It is recommended that no more than one game a week he
played; an exception to this might he during Christmas
Vacation. if in ends area the vacation lasts for at least
one week. An addition to the regular hockey program might
include a trip to a college or university that has a hockey

1

team. One could arrange competition cetween cnds team and

h.)
\a

the freshmen. Cge mipht also arranre for a rame with op-
ponents from nother reorraphical area The value of such
arranrements is not to le underestimated.

If the community is located in an area where hockey
has herun to expand as a scholastic sport, the rerion or
entire state in which one is located may have a scholastic
hockey tournament at the end of the hockey season. In states
where hockey is already well-estahlished, entry to the tour-
nament is "y selection of the hest teams in the various
learues throuhlout the state. however, one may he in a
state or reeion where hockey is new to the area. If this
is the case. and all teams are invited to take part in the
tournament. the administrator must decide whether his team
has hecome proficient enourh to compete. Often. teams may
he routed Ty opponents who have teen playinr hockey for a
lonrer period of time. It is not necessary to point out the
damace such a defeat could do to the team, and to the prorram.
If one decides to enter his hirh school team in a tournament.
make sure that the competition will be equal, and that the
team's participation will *e of value to the school and to
the individuals involved.

hockey. like any other maior sport, is a large joh for
one man. The coach should have assistants or managers to
look after equipment and other incidentals of the game, so
that the coach is free to concentrate on his coachinr. The
student manarer should also attend to details in connection

with varsity teams. officials. home fame arrangements. and

V

practice sessions. Tne student manager should he in clarre
of keeping records. and in charre of the dressingroom. A
student manarer of the hockey team should he familiar with
1-'asic first aid so that he can he of assistance if a player
is cut hy a puck or stick during a practice. He should also
he taurht how to sharpen skates, and this too, should he one
of his duties.

When setting up the prorram to coincide with the pro-
posed schedule, one must realize tlat the amount of ice
time one will have to allot for practice and games will de-
pend upon how many hoys are going to be accommodated. In
the early stares of the program, there should he no minimum
numher of hoys. No players should he cut 5153 the squad,
and all should be encouraged to improve, so that the level
of proficiency will he constantly improving. However, it
will be wise to remember that an overcrowded rink will defeat
the purpose of ones program. It is safe to say that a rink
with a standard surface of two hundred feet by eight-five
feet can hold, at a maximum, ninety toys. The quality of
training and the amount of playing opportunity suffers if
more than ninety players are allowed to practice as a team
during the hour and a half ice time. The fewer players on
the ice at one time, the more that can be accomplished.

Once the administrator has set up his program in rerard
to the scheduling of ice time, secured proper equipment.
hired a coach, and promoted the new hockey program within

the high school and the community, it is then necessary

.’\

“or }imV or more ure0rra'lv tic cwacl. to call a meeti 5
o? “JOShsctive Dlavers. sud outlioe the otiectives of the
hockev Program. It would is wise to Du licize this meetior
Lv meats of tie school Tulletiw. aruouucements in physical

education classes. and posters olaceo in local stores. At

this meetiur three hancouts should he given to the olavers:

l. A permission slio to he sirnec hy parent or cuaroian
? Au outliue of the hockey ororram

3' A questionnaire. requiring all plavers to fill in as
much nrrsonal icformation as oossihle rerarfiiur ahy previous
hockey experience

This information will he most heloful to the coach in makinh
no well ‘alafice‘ souaos aad lines.

This thesis in no wav finals with hockey skills. tech-
niq es or team plav. For the aflministrator who is coachiu;
hockey for the first time. the author has comoilefi a selecte?
hihliorraphv of what he Feels to ‘e the Fest coachiwg guides
aid reiereuce sources on the fame of ice hockey This hi?-
liohranhv can he founfl in the appenfix.

It must he realizec that hockey is a rugreo, virorous
tame. and Encause of this, may ioiuries are incurrec each
year In fact hockev will he as Bangerous a part of the
school's eoucational orocram as foothall. however. through
prooer cuioaoce anfl supervision hockev can hecome a much
safer came. Unfortunately, "manv times. chahces are taken.
olayers are urred to oarticipate when in not in the Test of

olvsical conflition. the safest types of uniforms and

I ‘ 0 '01 I
eoulomeut are not used. ahc ortcautlons are hot taken. h

If some instarces there is oerli~ence on the part of school
authorities. rerlireoce Peing any ”situations involvinh
ooor activities. faulty equinmert. and ioaoequate suoer—
vision "17

It is therefore the resoonsililitv of the coach to he
certain that all olavers wear teethruarcs and helmets all
times when on the ice It must also he oemanded that the
coach Ye a stronr supporter of the rules of hockey. as
serious iqiuries can ‘e caused iv such flarraot infractions
as hiyh stickine. ano soearinh

The followinh surrestions are mace to prevent all ur—
necessary iniuries to your team.
1. Fire a qualifies coach. one who knows the fame of hockey;
preferahly a man who is a physical education major with a
hackyrouuo in coaching theory as well as athletic traioin;
ahd conditioniur
2. quer no circumstances should second-rate equipmeot 1e
hourht. Durchase the heat that can he atforfleo.
3 Be sure that the rink or any rinks that the teams may

olav in, is safe' also make sure that all hazarcs such as

)

ooor ice coaoitions are eliminatec.

 

1‘9ucher. Charles A . Aomifiistratiow of School Yealth

‘ - —— ~ v—--v- “ fl'w —-—— '—

aofl Physical Ffiucatiog Drggrams"TSaint Louis: "The“CTV. ’

Jos-

EJ'chBafifT‘1§*§T’ST” 1 2.

17"ir"ley. Fohert 7.. 'Lekal Lia ility in Orhanizeo Te-
creation as” ”lavrroun" Areas? gist“? 716.135.23.912? 71:68.12.
lQEF. o. 1?.

P J

‘\,.)

‘ .

L A team physiciau shouln 'e present at all names aufi at
all practices Too often. loys are cut or infiured curinc

a practice scrimmage. and do not recieye prompt meoical
attez tion.

5. All players should be required to have a physical ex-
amination hefore the 222532 season begins. You notice that
the auth or emphasizes the hockey seasor. Nany times. toys
who participate in a fall sport need not he re-examinec for
participation in a winter sport. Vecause the game of hockey
places preat c"emands on a player's heart and luncs. the
physical examination shoulo inclune a detailed study of the
health history of each player. If this history shows heart
or lung ahnormalities or other deFects that might he ag-
frayateo ly participation in the came. the stucent should
olyiouslv not be allowed to participate in the hockey pro—
C'ram, or perhaps he mirht he invited to ioin the team in the
capacity of manaoer.

/

c. Take certain that the insurance prorram covers
fully such "essentials as x-rays study. physical
therapy. encephalogram. and the complete diarnosis
ncl treatment of all iniuries.
7. Ho player should he allowed to re-enter a Fame
or to continue practice following a head iniury
until an X—ray has been taken and the team pysi-
cian has aporoyec return to participation."l?

Vyeu tlou~l the players wear helmets atc teeth ruaros
play “y the rules. ach fleyote much tine to trainina an”

concitioninc. undoultedly. some 0F them are coiuc to receive

13‘~qc}nr Fharles A . “Hmi‘istration oF iglool health
3"" mTwiral T’ uratiO'l 17"“?"Y'3T33; rSaiut You is: The

195 y tomoa’v 1“ 3), D l 4.

some tvne of iniurv. To protect the school and the plavers,
iwsuraice should "-9 taken out.

The Amateur Hockey Association Insurance program is ac-
cepted hv maiv aiministrators and coaches as an excellent
plan. Cana‘a lealth and Accident Insurance Coooeration. the
uncerwriter for the Amateur hockey Association Insurance
r‘rorrzarrl, is a leasine writer of ice insurance in Canafia, anc
knows the sport thoroughly. The plan is administerec 1y
heicg lass” on personal experience in running high school
hockey programs and teinr involved with hockey in general.
The protlems involved in setting up insurance pro rams are
well uncerstood. lecause of this. the plan has teen made
flexihle enough to adjust to local conditions, should the
need arise

In the event that t}: facility is going to sponsor
Tall. Sprinr. anc/or Summer learues, it may le desirable to
obtain coveraee as a separate risk.

It is food to know that not only are the players covered,
but the coach. manarers. and trainers are also coverefi. It
is not unusual for managers to he struck ry a stray puck
durinr the practice session.

This insurance also covers the olayers while they are
reins transported to and from practices or rames as a group.
Nany schools take a considerable risk by allowing their
players to crive to and from practices in their own auto—
mobiles. As an administrator, it would be advisatle to hire

a hus for all practices as well as games, to alleviate the

possibility of the school being liable, due to an accident
en route to or from practice.

Insurance through Amateur hockey Association of the
United States is most attractive for a high school team be-
cause any players who are added to the team may also be
covered. However, if no player is drOppec from the team
upon this addition, an additional premium must be paid, and
the company notified of this change.

For a school that does not have general insurance
coverage for all athletic teams, this insurance is the best
available. Claims are paid directly to the doctor, hospital,
or team as requested by the insured on the claim form. All
claims are processed the same day they are receivec by the
company.

The time to join is before the players start practice.
It is recommended that one join in September so that there
Will be no doubt as to whether the team will be insured.

The team will be insured immediately upon the receipt of the
application, and the verification of the school's member-

ship in the Amateur hockey Association of the United States.

An important point to remember is that the team will be coverec
durinn the time lag caus c in verifying the school's membership.

The coverage of this insurance will be valid throughout
the entire season, from the effective date stated on the ap-
plication for insurance, until the last game or practice of

that particular season.

As an alternative to the Amateur hockey Association
of the Uniteo States, the following are some other types of
insurance programs vhich the administrator might like to look
into.

"There are five types of accident insurance the
can he used:

1. Commercial insurance policies written on an
individual basis.

2. Student medical benifit plans written on a
group basis by commercial insurers.

3. State high school athletic association bene-
fit plans.

4. Medical benefit plans 0p2rated by specific
city school systems a

5. Self-insurance"19

«hen it is decided whicn insurance program is desired
it is wise to contact several insurance agencies to obtain
cost estimates and coverage. It is then wise to sent home
a letter to the parents of all hockey players giving full
information concerning the insurance plan. One final alg-
gestion is that one keep careful records of costs, accidents,
claims, payments, and other pertinent data.

One should insist upon the "insurance providing

up to five hundred dollars for each injury to a

player, and you should be certain that the medical

services include the cost of professional services

of a physician or surgeon, cost of hospital care

and service, surgical appliances and X-rays.

Most important for a hockey program, you should

be sure that the insurance covers teeth. Your,
coverage should be maximum for minimum cost."ZU

 

19Ibid., p. tho.

‘UIbid.,

Equipment

Aside from the hockey facility, one of the largest
considerations for a hockey program must be the equipment
to be used by the players. Like any other major high
school sport, hockey's cost structure is geared from in-
significant penny items like skate laces, to large sums
of money involved in the facility. Good equipment, of
course, costs money, but is a worthwhile investment as
it is the best insurance that the players will spend a
minimum number of days away from the game due to injuries.
Therefbre, the matter of equipment must receive a great
deal of attention. Keep in mind that the author is not
stressing fancy equipment, but good, substantial, protec-
tive items.

The administrator should work closely with the hockey
coach when selecting the equipment that is needed. Like
all other sports, an inventory should be filed so that
the administrator will have a knowledge of how much equip-
ment is on hand for the next season, what equipment must
be repaired or replaced, and how much new equipment must
be purchased prior to the start of the next hockey season.
An inventory form for hockey should be composed; an ex-
ample of the necessary items that should be included, a-

long with their average prices, can be found in the

Appendix.

The purchasing of athletic equipment should not be
a haphazard affair. The administrator should know the
manufacturers and dealers from whom the equipment is to
be purchased. This is especially important, as inferior
equipment is available from dealers who know little or
nothing about hockey. One must be certain that he knows
the manufacturing source and has confidence in its repu-
tation in hockey goods. A list of the manufacturers most
frequently used can be found in the Appendix.

In an area where hockey is a new sport it may be
difficult to buy from a dealer who is familiar with
hockey equipment. In such a case the author suggests
that administrators beginning a hockey program contact
the major manufacturers listed in the Appendix directly.
These major companies will advise the administrator as
to the fit, quality, sizes and models that are best for
the hockey program.

The administrator should purchase his equipment with
service in mind. He should buy the equipment with the
length of use as important a consideration as dollar out-
lay. A good hockey uniform will have from two to four
seasons of use. Many times, gloves or pads having too
few stitches rip apart during the first season, stockings
tear and pants rip and shrink.

Another important feature to remember concerning the

purchase of equipment is that when buying jerseys, pants,

or stockings, the administrator should never deviate from
standard stock. There are wide selections in equipment,
and by choosing carefully, an administrator can obtain
good values. Standard colors and color combinations such
as red and white, blue and white, or green and white,etc.,
should be chosen, so that when repurchasing these colors
can be easily matched.

When purchasing hockey equipment, in most cases the
players are responsible for purchasing their own skates.
However, the remainder of the equipment should be purchased
by the school. It is unnecessary to purchase two sets of
equipment for hockey. The same pants and stockings can
be used for practice and games. However, it is wise to
purchase practice jerseys that are an ineXpensive cotton,
or even use practice football jerseys.

Game jerseys should be purchased to last for a number
of years. They should be worn only for games. To avoid
conflicting colors with an opponent, two sets should be
bought, one colored and one white.

The protective equipment is most important to the
hockey player. Included in protective equipment are the
following: shin pads which should be as light as possible;
gloves that will provide protection and allow the players
to stickhandle; elbow pads having solid protection at
the elbow; helmets giving complete coverage of the head,
while being unable to be lifted from the forehead so that

it is covered at all times; and shoulder pads, light for

\o

forwards and heavier for defensemen.

Goalkeeper's equipment differs from that of the
other players. They must have special gloves, sticks,
pads, skates, and a protective face mask.

There are various other pieces of equipment that
must be purchased. The team should be supplied with
from fifteen to twenty pucks for games and practices.
Tape is very essential equipment for hockey. Both black
friction tape for sticks and white tape for securing
the shin pads must be purchased. It is recommended that
shin pad straps be purchased tp help cut down the expense
of white tape. Garter belts are necessary to hold up
the stockings. There are many different types on the mar-
ket, but'the administrator should purchase the very best,
for the cheaper styles seldom last more than one month.
Protective cups and supporters must also be purchased.
These cups should be made of metal or bakelite, and
should be lined with rubber.

Sticks are a most expensive item, and there is real-
ly no way that this expense can be averted. Inexpensive
sticks break as rapidly as they are purchased. Therefore,
a high quality stick, preferably a fibre glass wrapped,
should be purchased.

PrOper care of the equipment will guarantee normal
life expectancy. The administrator must demand that care

be taken when players pack their equipment, and it should

be mandatory that equipment be removed from duffles imme-
diately upon returning from an away game. This will pre-
vent equipment from becoming damaged due to unusual posi-
tioning in the bag. The jerseys, stockings, and even
pants should be laundered as often as possible during the
hockey season.

Sticks and flying pucks make the mouth an especially
vulnerable target for injury. It is this type of injury
that has been hockey's most serious source for public
condemnation. The teeth are especially suceptable to
damage. Therefore, it should be demanded that all players
wear the same type of protective mouth piece. One hundred
percent of those coaches sent questionnaires responded
that their players were not allowed on the ice at any
time without some type of protective mouth piece. This
rule set up and inforced by the administration will help to
put the minds of parents at ease, and to reduce the loss
of teeth. In the past the sight of missing teeth has
made parents preclude hockey from their son's list of
sports. However, the knowledge.that their sons are
protected against damaged or lost teeth will help parents
to accept the game more enthusiastically. The athletic
administration must use guidance to put the mouth piece
into the players' mouths. Modern ideas of player protec-
tion must include the protection of teeth. The adminis-
trator must realize that teeth injuries to players are a

sign of callous indifference to safety, and a displayed

ignorance of modern athletic equipment.

In past years, great strides have been made in the
elimination of facial injuries received by pucks and
sticks. In 1959 all goalies were required to wear masks
made of clear plastic. This type of mask was secured to
the helmet. However, it was found to be extremely heavy
and fatiguing.

Jacque Plante, a professional goalkeeper with the
Canadiens and Rangers, developed a mask molded to the
face to protect the facial tissue, and to eliminate fear
and tension caused by the apprehension of being struck
by the puck. This type of mask weighs only six ounces,
and is now worn by all goalkeepers.

A questionnaire, the results of which can be
found in the Appendix, was sent to twenty hockey coaches.
Questions concerning preferred equipment were asked. A
new administrator would be wise to take these answers

into account when purchasing equipment for his team.

CHAPTER THREE
THE FACILITY

It must be understood that the facility be built not
only with a high school hockey program in mind, but as a
facility to accommodate the community's leisure time.

For those administrators who are located in areas of
the United States where hockey is a relatively foreign sport,
it would be wise to contact communities where hockey facili-
ties are new, under construction, planned or proposed. In
the appendix can be found an up-to-date list of communities
and the persons to contact regarding information. It is
recommended that one contact new facilities in one's own
state.

When planning for the hockey facility there are basic
things that one must do to insure the community of a well
constructed facility. Planning for the rink should start
well in advance of the date one plans to begin construction.
Careful planning will result in money saved, and a well
constructed rink. There are several steps in the planning
itself. First, there is the general overall idea, and
second, the particulars of the rink itself.

The site for the facility must first be determined.

The site should be easily accessible. One should see what

terms he can get on the location, if not owned by the

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community, and check the zoning laws of the town to be cer-
tain that this type of structure would be allowed. Also,
one must be certain that City water connections will be
easily available to the rink, as well as proper electric
service.

Once the site has been secured, it must be decided
whether the rink is to be an outdoor or indoor facility.
The author highly recommends the indoor facility. When the
administrator has made the decision as to the type of rink,
he should immediately contact leading manufacturers serving
ice recreation. The administrator should ask for their
recommendations and cost information. From this information,
one should get a general idea of how much the desired facil-
ity will cost. One word of caution. A rink is an expen-
sive investment for a community, and if it is poorly con-
structed, the overhead, easpecially labor and electrical
consumption costs, has been known to be astronomical.
Therefore, if the community does contact a local architect
or engineer, it should be made certain that he is knowl-
edgeable in the area of hockey rink construction, and is
supported by an ice expert.

One of the problems of rink construction has been the
lack of sufficient information. Because the gathering of
pertinent information is difficult and time consuming, the
author has compiled a complete list of all major companies
dealing in rink construction. This list can be found in

the appendix.

Once the administrator has studied, thoroughly, the
plans of the architect and materials from the various manu-
facturers, he must be concerned with the following:

1. Size of rink. The standard rink which measures
eighty five feet by two hundred feet usually means
an expenditure of about five dollars per square
foot. It is also necessary to allow plenty of room
for spectator seating, locker rooms, and other
facilities, plus refrigeration capacity.

2. Location of rink.

3. Refrigeration.

a. General features of the facility.

5. Rink operation.

More than likely, bids will be taken for the various
phases of construction of the rink. It is imperative that
one make certain that the bids are on a uniform basis, that
each bidder is quoting you in the same manner. In other
words, specify that all bids be based on similar operating
conditions.

One should also have the various service warrantees
epelled out, to insure the community that the manufacturers
will assume the responsibilities they should. One should
also check whether the manufacturers specify free on board
factory, or your own location, and to what degree they

stand behind free on board factory.

Location and Size of Rink

No matter what company the community eventually turns
to for the construction of the artificial rink, the funda-
mental components are the same, even though different com-
panies vary somewhat in their theory and installation
details. As an administrator, one must have a complete
knowledge of all phases of planning, construction, and
maintenance of the rink.

Unlike a football field, the dimensions of which are
standard, a hockey rink has no standard size. "Generally
the rink size is governed by its classification. A good
rule of thumb is to figure about one person to twenty-five

or thirty square feet of ice surface for normal refrigera-

n21

tion loads. A hockey rink has no standard size, as it

may vary from eighty to ninety feet in width, and from one-
hundred eighty-five to two hundred feet in length, although
the tendency in recent years has been towards a rink of
eighty-five feet in width and two-hundred feet in length.

"Many hockey rinks are used for public skating because
their size gives a good average area which will easily
accommodate five-hundred to six-hundred people. Extremely
large rinks run from one-hundred eighty-five feet by two-
hundred feet and are known as combination rinks. While
they will handle hockey and pleasure skating simultaneously,
and afigzthe ultimate in rink design, they are quite expen-
sive.

 

21Bengle, Desi of Ice Skating Rinks (New Jersey:
Worthington Corp .,%W a, p.

22Ibid.

When setting up the outdoor rink, one must consider
his planning from both a player's and spectator's point of
view. A properly laid out and equipped hockey rink not
only enables teams to perform better but is more enjoyable
to spectators, thereby increasing attendance and support
for the team.

When planning an outdoor rink, one must give thought
to location. This will play an important part in the success
of the rink. Then at all possible, the outdoor rink should
be in the shade of some natural or man—made form, such as a
hill, high trees, a building, or any configuration which
will give shade as much of the day as possible. The sun
at high noon is hard to avoid, but generally this is not
the time of day that the rink gets its maximum use. If the
sun makes the ice mushy in mid-day, but shade is available
once the sun passes overhead, the ice can be back in good
shape by late afternoon, when periods of major activity
begin. The softest part of the ice will be the area next
to the dasher boards. This is caused by the sun's reflec-
tion off the boards and down onto the ice.

When choosing the site for the facility, the general
terrain of the land is of major importance. The area
selected should be well-drained to obtain good skating
conditions. It is important that soundings or test-boring
be made to determine the location of the water table and
the sub-soil condition, as layers of clay in the sub-soil

may prevent good drainage. It may be necessary to install

a drain tile under the rink bed to assure a sufficiently
low water table. It must be known whether fill will be
needed for the site. After sub-soil conditions have been
determined, all top soil should be removed, and it may be
necessary to run field drains throughout the entire area.
The area then should be back-filled with gravel and crushed
stone. Crushed stone is preferred, but in many instances
its availability is limited and run-cfifithe-bank gravel must
be used. It becomes necessary, at times, to use a fill of
three feet in depth with the size of the fill graduated
with a fine pea-stone at the tOp. Each layer of gravel or
crushed stone should be well compacted with a heavy roller
and made level before laying any pipe.

It must also be known whether piling will be necessary.
Piling can run into extra thousands of dollars. To cite
an excellent example of how important proper selection of
a site is, the construction of a rink in Massachusetts was
delayed while friction pipes had to be driven at a cost
of sixty-thousand dollars, just to support the roof of the
rink. Then, an eight inch concrete slab has to be placed,
at an additional cost of thirty thousand dollars, to support
the rink. Only after an additional ninety thousand dollars
was spent on the site, was the rink construction begun.

One last word of advice. When choosing the site for
the facility, one must be sure to check with the community
engineer as to any underground obstacles such as culverts

or sewer lines going through the proposed site. If this

is the case, these obstacles will have to be bridged, adding

large sums of money to the overall cost of the facility.

RINK DESIGN AND REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT

Today;almost one-hundred per cent of the hockey rinks
constructed, be they indoor or outdoor facilities, are de-
signed with artificial ice. In this section, factors
influencing the design of such rinks are discussed, and
information of value to an administrator beginning a hockey
program and facility is presented. The information also
includes details and specifications concerning floor designs
and necessary refrigeration equipment.

It is imperative that the administrator have a working
knowledge of the proper designs and equipment to be used in
a hockey facility. Unless he is well informed about the
particulars regarding the rink, there is the possibilty
that poor construction and installation will result, as

well as unnecessary added expense.
Rink Floor Design

Generally, there are three types of rink surface floors:
open or sand fill, confined exclusively to the outdoors;
permanent with piping embedded in the concrete, a much more
profitable investment for high school and community hockey
programs; and all-purpose type with piping embedded in the
concrete with floor slab insulation. However, the latter
type is used only in large arenas where ice is continually
being made and melted for other year around events, and

thus the author will not be concerned with it in this paper.

The Open type sand fill floor is the least expensive
type of rink floor, with cooling pipes resting on wood or
preferably steel sleepers over a bed of sand, crushed stone,
or other fill. The cleaned, washed sand is filled in and
around the pipes. Clay or cinders should never be used in
the bed to fill around the pipes. With cinders, there is
the possibility of sulpher in the cinders, which, when damp,
accelerates corrosion of the piping.

Host rinks being constructed today have a permanent,
general purpose concrete floor, so that the floor may be
used for other purposes when the hockey season is over, and
year round skating is not scheduled. Generally, the con-
crete floor is topped with terrazzo, but because of the
lower initial cost, "road type" asphalt floor is occasionally
used. However, it is not recommended as it softens during
the warm weather, the heat transfer is poorer than that of
concrete, and a dark floor surface absorbs more radiant
heat. Any outdoor rink should have a light colored surface.
Black tOp can be covered with a thin layer of white sand
to effectively reduce the heat absorption. Data, taken from
a survey sent to various rinks, can be found in the appen-
dix, showing the types of rink floors used.

"Regardless of what type of rink floor is installed
in your facility, it should possess the following requisites:

l. Capability of withstanding expansion and contraction
without cracking or breaking.

2. Capability of sustaining concentrated loads of
equal intensities as those imposed on average street pave-
ment, such as tractors, resurfacing machines, or other
heavy equipment used in snow removal, if an outdoor rink.

 

 

A. Capability of affording protection of the floor
piping from exposure to the atmosphere.

5. Capability of withstanding repeated freezing and
thawing without damaging effects.

Possessing of a high thermal conductivity rate.

7. Ability to remain perfectly level, and having a
permanent surface suitable for all uses.”23

If it is decided to install a general purpose floor,
steel sleepers or pipe-supports should be used. These are
placed on tOp of level fill, and are set, perfectly level,
six to eight feet apart. Sand is then filled in the space
between these sleepers. Special steel spacer supports
are then set over the sleeper bars running parallel to the
width of the rink. It is over these sleeper supports that

the piping is laid.

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PERMANENT FLOOR

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24Ibid

TU

For a concrete floor a maximum of five and one half
inches of concrete is poured, with the thickness of concrete
over the piping not exceeding one and one-quarter inches.
There should be equal amounts of the concrete above and
below the pipes.

Before concrete is poured, edge forms must be con-
structed the entire circumference of the rink floor. They
should be cut to fit over the pipes at the ends and should

be securely braced for protection against lateral movement.

 

The inside face of the forms in contact with the concrete
should be about three inches back of the face of the puck-
board, so that when the puckboard is erected it will stand
on the surface of the concrete. Dasher board sleeves must
be set properly, usually on five-feet centers around the
periphery of the rink excepting where gates and other
corner radii affect the spacing. Sleeves for goal inserts
should also be set in the proper position.

"The concrete for the rink floor should be prepared
in accordance with the laws of the American Concrete
Institute, complying fully with the water-cement ratio law.
A three thousand pound concrete mixture is recommended."25

The entire floor should be poured in one continuous Operation,

and it should be well tamped to insure complete contact

 

25Ibid.

 

between gigs and ccncrete. The top finish, usually ter-
razo three-quarters of an inch thick, goes over the base
concrete, and is monolithic with it. It is imperative that
the finished surface not vary more than one eighth of an
inch either way from the true level.

A fixed steel pipe grid or open or sand filled floor
can be used when hockey and skating will be the only uses of
your facility. The base is prepared Similarly to the con-
crete floor. Cncc the piping is set, leveled, and welded,
clean, washed sand is filled in and around the sleepers and
piped and leveled off with the top surface of the pipes.

This type of rink floor is the cheapest to construct;
however, its disadvantages are that the pipes corrode
rapidly, it is unable to maintain a constant floor level
without annual maintenance expense, and most important for
the type of facility you are trying to promote, it lacks
usage when the ice is removed.

Keep in mind that if your facility is needed for some
event other than hockey, it may be used. A portable section

wood floor can be placed over the ice for the occassion,

and then removed after it has served its purpose.

Rink Surface Piping

While many piping materials can conceivably be used
for a hockey rink, excessive cost or undesirable physical
prOperties have limited the choice almost exclusively to
wrought iron or steel. Some rinks have also used plastic
pipes for the rink surface. Since a clear understanding
of the differences between these materials is essential for
intelligent selection,the author has discussed them below,
and a table showing the types and frequency used can be
found in the appendix.

Rink surface piping may be black steel pipe, galvan-
ized steel pipe, black wrought iron pipe, galvanized wrought
iron pipe, plastic, or aluminum. The choice of what type

piping to use will be limited by available funds.

"A galvanized steel pipe surface will cost approxi-
mately twenty-five hundred dollars more than black
steel pipe, and black wrought iron surface will
cost ten thousand dollars more than a black steel
surface, and a galvanized wrought iron surface will
cost twelve thousand five hundred dollars more than
a black steel pipe surface.”25

The author definitely recommend that the piping be dipped
in a special coating before being placed in the surface. If

galvanized pipe is used, joints should be coated with spe-

 

2
‘ 5Dorey, L.E., ”The A-B-C's of Artificial Ice" United
States Amateur Hockey (II:VI, December, 1960), p. 20

 

\ I}
‘1"!

cial zinc paint after welding.

The difference between steel and wrought iron is that
steel is less pure and does not contain any corrosion re—
sisting iron silicate fibers. Therefore, steel corrodes
less uniformly than wrought iron and is more susceptible
to localized attack and pitting.

Besides steel and wrought iron piping, some rinks
have used plastic piping. However, this type of piping
should be discouraged for the facility because of the dan-
ger from skates or ice surfacing equipment cutting through
the tubing, and because of the large coefficient of thermal
expansion and the reduced heat transfer obtained with this
material.

"At low temperatures, plastic has a tendency to

become brittle and will crack under light impact

force. It has also been indicated that sound

joints are difficult to obtain with plastic pipe.

The ice layer must be kept thin and frequently

planed or the surface of the ice will become.
too soft for satisfactory skating."2

Therefore, on the basis of the forementioned problems
arising with plastic piping, it is not reccomended that it be

used in the facility.

 

26A.M. Byers Company, Ice Skating Rinks—Their Con—
struction ggg Maintenance, The Report of a Study Made by
the Engineering Service Department (Ambridge, Pennsylvania:
A.M. Byers Company), p. 7

56

One final type of piping for the rink surface is
aluminum tubing. However, there is little known about the
cost of this material in comparison to other types of field
piping.

The entire rink surface should be are or oxyacetylene
welded and no thread joints should be permitted. Pipe may
run lengthwise of the rink with feed and return headers at
one end, or crosswise with brine headers down one side.

The surface should extend at least fifteen inches beyond

the rink boards to reduce melting and soft ice at the edge
of the boards. Pipe should be supported on steel rather
than on creosoted wood, as it insures metal to metal contact
and is not affected by any possible lumber failure. The
pipes are then fastened down with galvanized clamps and
galvanized nails. Supports should be at a maximum of not
over eight feet. Supports should be designed to center each
pipe.

The size of the pipe depends on the length of the pipe
run. On a standard two hundred by eighty-five foot rink,

pipe with a diameter of one inch to one and one
fourth inches should be used. The length of a single feed
is determined by quantity of the brine that has to be pumped
through each circuit to maintain the recommended brine
temperature range and the permissible brine pressure drop.

The usual pressure drop through the rink piping is six to

\ "I

eight pounds per Square inch with brine flow velocities in
the range of one hundred thirty to one hundred fifty feet
per minute.

If the rink surface is of the permanent floor type,

a herringbone support resting on steel plates is the most
desirable. This does not break the continuity of the con-
crete slab as is the case when “T"irons are used.

Black steel is the least expensive material to use,
but wrought iron offers freedom from corrosion, and is
therefore more expensive. In open sand fill rinks, wrought
iron is recommended, while in rinks where the piping is
thoroughly imbedded and bonded to the concrete, its life
may be extended indefinitely, and as a rule black steel
pipe is nearly always used.

"Pipe concrete spacing varies from three to five

inches, and experience has shown that floor

piping laid on four inch centers gives the best

results in temperature distribution and heat

absorption. On outdoor rinks, shorter centers

should be used at the sides of the rink for

almost three to four feet to allow more pipe

surface per ice surface to compensate for wind-

age or radiation losses which seem to be greater

at those areas. Twenty foot lengths of standard

weight pipe should be used to minimize the num-
ber of joints."2

 

2
7Bengle, C.V., Desi n Q§_Ice Skating Rinks (New Jersey:
Worthington Corp., 19555, p 7

Tenders and Header Trench

One of the most important considerations in rink design
is the matter of header arrangement so as to insure uniform
distribution of brine to all parts of the rink.

For the two types of'piping arrangements that can be
1used.in the rink, the first having the piping running the
length of the rink, and the second having the piping running
the width, there are two header systems. One is the three
pipe or balanced-floor system, which uses one supply and
'tuna return headers. The other is the two pipe system, which
uses one supply and one return header.

"The balanced-flow system is recommended as there

is no restriction to brine flow at any point, as

each loop is assured of the same brine volume

because the brine pressure drop in each loop is

the same. Therefore, the distribution of the

brine is uniform regardless of the quantity of

brine circulation. In this balanced-flow system,

no valves or other means of throggling the brine
flow are required at any point."

On the other hand, the two pipe or header system usually
I‘equires the use of throttling valves on each run of rink
IinDiJng. However, these valves prove unSatisfactory because
the numerous threaded connections on the valves results in
e&II:‘ZLy corrosion. On the hairpin, or return bend arrangement,
Valves are installed at the inlet or outlet of each pipe at
th“3 Iieader tap; or one valve is permissible at each return

\

28Ibid.

runout from the rink floor. The arrangement does not re—

sult in uniform brine distribution, for the reason that the

first loops would tend to bog the brine and thus starve the

loops at the opposite side of the rink. This would result

in uneven ice temperature, and unsatisfactory skating.
However, a two pipe system having no valves can be

successfully used where the load is light and the brine

flow is not too great. The return header should be placed

higher than the feed header so that any air entrained in

the system will rise to the high point in the return header

from where it can be vented. To keep the rink piping free

of air, only one or two vents in the header would be re-

quired .
The cost of an extra header in the balanced flow system

tc> {give a resulting lower overall pressure drop, versus the
two pipe header system plus throttling valves, is usually
less when the headers are along the width of the rink.
When planning the facility, one should decide which
System should be used to fit its particular application,
taking into consideration initial cost, installation cost,

and operating cost .

"Some rinks are designed so that the flow of the

brine through the floor may be alternately re-
versed, a practice which tends to produce a more

uniform floor temperature.”2

\

29- v . .
A.n. Byers Co. lg; Sk R;nkg-I gé; Con truct on
W, The Report of a tudy Made y the Engi-
A Mrlng erv1ce Department (Ambridge, Pennsylvania:
' - Byers 00.), p. 16

 

It is also important that allowances be made for con-
traction and expansion due to variation in seasonal tempera-
ture, and precaution should be taken to allow for the free

movement of the rink piping, as well as the brine headers.
The header trench, a necessity in the design of a complete
:rinkg should be constructed of concrete, with a drain lo-
cxrted at the low end, or if the pitch of the floor is two
vway' toward the center, a drain at the center. This drain
is; necessary to facilitate drying, and to prevent water from
going beneath the piping, where it may upon freezing buckle
the rink floor, and seriously damage the piping.

"The rink side of the trench should have an eight

inch channel iron at the tOp, with holes drilled

for each pipe. Plastic inserts should be placed

in these holes to prevent the pipe from touching

the I beam. “This will permit free movement of

the surface“?0 which takes place as the pipes

eXpand and contract during the constant flow of

refrigerant, and the many temperature changes

that.occur during the course of the year.

During the course of operation, problems may arise
qutlrin.the refrigeration system. These problems may be
tFaced to the header system. There may be a loss of uniform
brfiirhe flow at the header and piping connection, and it would
tK3 JJadicrous to have to repeatedly tear up the area around
the headers. Even if no problems arise,

”this trench is also essential to permit access for
periodical inspection and maintenance of the headers,

\

St; 30Dorey, L.D., "The A-B-C-‘s of Artificial Ice", United
5%; W Hocke , (II:VII, November-December, 1960),

51
‘m
.v
_ - . .:

 

61

header supports, and piping contained in the trench
These pipes do not generally require insullation."/

Various different sizes of piping have been used for
the brine headers, but experience has shown that the most

constant flow can be obtained from eight inch headers, which

:require a trench that has

"a minimum size of thirty inches deep and thirty-
six inches wide. Removable trench covers are nec-
essary, and should be constructed of either plank
or steel plate, one quarter of an inch thick, and

cut in ten foot sections."32

- 31Stencel R A "Skatin Rinks" T"n ' '°
,5 . .k. n gineering, (Ll.V
‘éilrs 1952), p.,L7O , g ’ ' ’

32Report of Engineered Ice Rinks (Illinois: St. Regis,

1966),—.‘T“ '-

62

Selection of Equipment

Load and Calculation

The theory of artificial ice is to enable persons to
satisfactorily skate on a small thickness of ice, free from
the dangers characteristic of skating on natural ice, and
to enable year around skating. The ice is made artificailly
without the aid of natural freezing. This process makes use
of refrigeration equipment.

"It is necessary that heat be removed from the rink
floor in order to get the floor temperature low
enough to freeze the water which is sprayed over it.
This requires mechanical refrigeration, the amount
of which varies with quite a few factors. These
are the type of enclosure or protection over the
rink; the latitude in which the rink is located;
the length of the skating season; the uses to
which the rink will be put, such as hockey and
public skating; and whether the service will be
light, average or heavv. In addition, for out-
door rinks one must consider orientation, sun
effect, rain, snow, wind, and finally the latent
heat of the freezing of the water and the ice
thickness.

The usual practice in the refrigeration industry
is to allow one ton of refrigeration capacity for
so many square feet of ice surface. For a hockey
rink with public skating, in addition to hockey,
two hundred fifty to three hungged fifty Square
feet per ton must be applied."

The values of square feet per ton, minimum tonnage, are
based on an average maximum wet bulb temperature of the vi-
cinity for the months when the facility will be used, and a

maximum of an inch and a half ice thickness over the pipes.

,T 33Bengle, c.v., Desi n 9; Ice Skating Rinks (New Jersey:
Worthington Corp., 1955), p. 7

For an ice thickness not exceeding one and one half
inches with an average wet bulb temperature of forty-five
degrees,

"it has been found that sixteen degrees F brine

temperature is sufficiently low for hockey, and

eighteen degrees F is sufficiently low for pub-

lic skating to obtain an average ice tempera-
ture of twenty-six to twenty-eight degrees F."34

Ice close to freezing temperature is called ”soft" ice,
because a skate cuts into it easily. As the ice becomes
colder, it becomes "hard."

As the wet bulb temperature increases, the temperature

f the ice must be lowered to maintain the same condition
of ice as given for forty-five degree wet bulb temperature.

With forty-five degree wet bulb temperature a twenty-
eight degree F ice surface will give a soft ice suitable
for public skating; hockey requires a hard dry ice, usually
twenty-five or twenty-six degrees F.

Since it is not practical to measure the surface tem-
perature, it is customary to control the ice sheet condition
either from the predetermined brine temperature or from the
ice temperature itself with a thermostat bulb imbedded in

the ice.

 

34R.A. Stencel, ”Skating Rinks" Engineering, (LX:V,
May, 1952), p. #69

Brine Solution

The cooling medium used in hockey rink refrigeration
is brine. The use of calcium chloride brine is preferred to
minimize corrosion.

"It should be mixed to a specific gravity or den-

sity of 1.20 to 1.25 at sixty degrees, depending

upon the location, and should be treated with an

inhibitor at the time of charging."35

This inhibitor is necessary because exposure to air
causes the brine to gradually absorb carbon dioxide. This
tends to neutralize the brine, making it slightly acid. The
danger hereis that acids will corrode the metals in the brine
system. Sodium bichromate together with caustic soda will
help keep the alkalinity of the brine. Therefore, the brine
should be tested for pH. As a guide, fifty pounds of caus-
tic soda dissolved in approximately ten gallons of water will
make a sufficient amount of inhibitor to treat three thou-
sand seven hundred fifty gallons of brine. Freshly prepared
brine should show a pH value of about 9.0 to assure alka-
linity at all times and to guard against corrosion.

The solution is prepared by mixing approximately three
and one half pounds of calcium chloride flakes per gallon

of water.

"The three types of corrosive attack associated

 

’3

’SDorey, L.E., "The A-B-C's of Artificial Ice",
United States Amateur Hockey (II:VI, November-December,
1900), p. 20

with brine solutions are an acid attack, oxygen
depolarization, and electrolytic corrosion.

While brine is largely responsible for most rink
piping failures, there are other corrosive factors
which must also be considered. In closed floors,
the bond between the piping material and the con-
crete is frequently broken due to the stresses
which are imposed by expansion and contractions.
An annular air space is thereby created about the
piping. 'When the floor is frozen, the moisture
content of the air condenses on the piping sur-
face. Since this condensate cannot readily dry,
it will remain on the pipe and may in time be-
come acid and/or oxygenated, and thereby corro-
sive. Failures caused by this type of corrosion
usually occur first along the edges of the floor,
and then gradually progress toward the center.
Moisture may also gain access to the piping mat-
erial from the skating surface by seeping through
expansion jcints and other voids in the floor.
This, of course, augments the corrosive action

of any condensate previously formed. To reduce
moisture penetration and remove the corrosive
hazard which accompanies it, some installations
employ a monolithic floor in which expansion
joints are eliminated. Of course, should cracks
occur in the floor slab, water may still reach
the piping.

Chloride and sulphur bearing materials, such as
Cinders of blast furnace slag, sometimes used

in floor construction, can also become a source
of trouble, since moisture may leach out the
sulphur and chloride compounds and form a highly
aggressive acid. The slightest leak caused by
any of the above factors permits the escape of
brine and the corrosive conditions will immedi-
ately become much more severe.”36

 

3OA.M. Byers Co., Ice Skating Rinks-Their Condition
and haintenance, The Report of a Study Made by the Engi-
neering Service Department (Ambridge, Pennsylvania:
AeI‘i. Byers COe), pe 5

Brine Pains

The piping system that carries the refrigerant to and
from the compressors is the brine mains. This system must
be properly designed to assure constant brine flow through
the rink piping.

“Brine mains should be sized according to the

length of the run, and on a brine velocity between

five hundred thirty five and five hundred forty

five feet per minute, with a corresponding pressure

drop between 2.3 and 2.5 pounds per square inch in

grams per hundred feet of pipe, at an average brine
temperature of fifteen degrees, and a brine spe-

cific gravity of 1.25."37

For most hockey rinks, eight inch ips mains are usual
maximum size. lost rinks are designed so that the brine
mains are the same size throughout their length for uniform-
ity of material and ease of installation. Both supply and
return brine mains should have an eXpansion joint prOperly
anchored to prevent damage to the pumps due to expansion
and contraction. A brine strainer should be placed in the
return entering pumps.

In regard to piping for the refrigeration system, hard

drawn copper or black steel pipe with added joints should be

used in a Freon system. Joints on the copper piping should

 

37Dorey, L.E., "The A-B-C's of Artificial Ice", United
States Amateur Hockey (II:VI, November-December, 1960 ,
p. 20

C\
" ~J

be used in a Freon system. Joints on the copper piping
should be sanded, cleaned, fluved, and soldered, using a
silver base alloy. For systems using ammonia, black steel

or wrought iron pipe should be used.

Brine Pumps

Not only must the brine main system be set up prOperly,
but the system must be operated with efficiently running
pumps. The pumps must maintain a constant pumping capacity
so that the brine flow will be pumped through the facility

uniformly.

“To select the proper brine pump for your facility,
two factors must be taken into account; firstly,

the quantity of brine in grams per million to be
calculated and secondly, the total dynamic head

in feet against whicn the pump must operate.

Total dynamic head is the sum of static head in

feet and the function head (loss) in feet in the
longest run of brine from the pump discharge

through the system, and back to the pump suction.“38

For calcium chloride brine application, the circulating
pumps should be all iron construction with mechanical seals,
and single stage design. These should be two brine pumps
of equal size so that during periods of light operation one
pump can carry the load and both pumps can be used during
the peak periods. Each pump should be able to handle the
total circulation of brine for the complete rink.

"The brine pumps should be of sufficient capacity

to circulate enough brine so that the temperature

difference between incoming and outgoing brine

does not exceed 1.75 degrees F. Both pumps should

be of full capacity to maintain constant velocity

through the piping system to prevent the brine
from short-circuting some of the floor pipes, and

 

38Bengle, C.V., Desi n 9£_Ice Skatinijinks (New Jersey:
Worthington Corp., 195 , p. 12

U‘

and to minimize operation troubles. A table
showing various brine temperatures maintained

can be found in the appendix.

The brine quantity should be no less than

fifteen U.S. grams per million per ton for any
application, and each pump should be valved on
both the supply and return, and shogld be equipped
with suction and discharge gauge ."J"

 

”Bangle, C.V., Desi n 9; Ice Skating Rinks (New Jersey:
‘Jorthington Corp., 195 , p. 12

 

\1
u;

Brine Tank

Brine tanks are needed to be used as balance tanks
and as mixing tanks for brine. The tank should be properly
valved off from the rest of the system, and should contain
a screen to prevent foreign materials from entering the
brine system. Two different tanks may be used, but a com-
bination tank serving both purposes is recommended. The tank
should be Open to the atmosphere and so arranged that the
brine returning from the rink piping and return main dumps
into the brine tank.

The quantity of brine in circulation will determine the
size of the tank if it is to be used as a combination
balance and mix tank. A tank six feet square and five feet
high, constructed of one quarter inch steel plate and covered
inside and out with rust resistant paint, is usally required
for a normal system holding approximately one thousand three

hundred thirty gallons when completely full.

Brine Chillers and Temperature Control

"To chill the calcium chloride brine which is cir~
culated through the rink piping, horizontal shell
and tube brine chillers are used. For Freon appli-
cation, it is best to use direct or dry expansion
chillers. In this set up, the refrigerant evapo-
rates in the tubes and the brine in the shell.
Single chillers are available up to one hundred
fifty tons in capacity. With two compressors,

two refrigerant circuits should be used, giving
two separate closed refrigeration cycles.
Receivers are necessary to store the refrigerant
during times of repair of any component of the
system or for shut down periods. They also afford
an Operating liquid seal to the refrigerant cycle.
These refrigerant receivers are usually by-passed
during the operating cycle.

Receivers must be used with evaporative condensers.
They should be able to store the complete charge
of refrigerant when eighty-five per cent full.
Selection of the proper size refrigerant receiver
is made by computing the refrigerant charge in
pounds of the complete system, and then referring
to proper refrigerant tables.”4O

 

40Bengle, C.V., Desi n 9f Ice Skating Rinks, (New Jersey:
“Worthington Corp., 1950 , p. 10

72

‘ » ~.. 'I
(10.51:): ESSLDJ.

(D

‘1

The size Cl compressors needed for the rink depends
upon the load. however, at least two compressors should be
used so that one machine may "hold" the ice in periods of
ligtt load, and two may be used during peak periods for
economy in operation, and to protect against occasional
seasonal extremes in temperature and possible breakdown at
a critical time when ice must be supplied. Compressors may
be either V-belt drive; which gives better Speec selection
on the compressors, to better balance the compressors capa-
city ageinst the evaporation load, at fringe or in between
conditions of actual service; or direct connected. They
should be automatic in operation; or direct connected, with
proper type motors and starters as determined by local power
company or authorities. Compressors can be slow or high
speed depending upon the preference of the engineer.

Artificial freezing is us ally accomplished by using
ammonia or one of the Freons as the primary refrigerant, and
calcium chloride brine as the secondary refrigerant. The
accepted and best proven practice is to use Freon-22 as the
freezing medium in rink brine systems.

"Its low cubic feet per minute per ton theoretical

displacement allows the use of smaller compressors
and is a safe refrigerant as well."

 

blIbid., p. 9.

"Safety codes now prohibit the use of direct ex-
pansion ammonia and severely restrict the use of
direct expansion green-12, as a freezing medium
in rink piping.“+ -

In addition, many local safety codes require a licensed
operator for ammonia systems, and include certain regulators

which control the amount of liquid that can be stored in one

spot.

"Each compressor should be equipped with an auto-
matic oil seperator to return the oil to the base.
They should be installed in the discharge line of
each compressor, between it and the condenser hot
gas inlet. The size of the seperator serves the
nominal tonnage of the compressor, but common
practice is to size them according to the com-
pressor hot gas discharge connection and for the
proper refrigerant."43

All modern equipment installed in hockey rinks today
is usually completely automatic. This allows for continous
Operation and uniform delivery of brine at constant pressure.
The starting and stOpping of the compressor motors and
auxiliaries are performed through a thermostat located either
in the brine tank or in the ice surface.

"The thermostat should have no more than a two

degree (plus or minus one degree) differential,
and be of a type that is easily adjustable to

 

thtencel, R.A., “Skating Rinks", Engineering, ( sz,
Iflay, 1952), p. A67

hBBengle, C.V., Desi n of Ice Skating Rinks (New Jersey:
liorthington Corp., 19 , p."IO

“.3

compensate for rink usage and air thickness.”hh
In multi-compressor installations, one minimum size
compressor Operates continuously, and the other compressor

reSponds to the demand of the thermostat.

 

hhStencel, R.A., "Skating Rinks”, Engineering, (LX:V,

May, 1952), p. A69

 

Condensers

The process of producing low temperatures for artificial
ice is by using Freon or Ammonia, two gases, and reducing
these gases to extremely cold liquid forms. This process
is carried out by using a condenser. This liquid is then
spread throughout the refrigeration system, resulting in a
sheet of ice.

“The condensing system and ammonia liquid receiver

selection is governed by local water supply con-

ditions, and type of evaporator used. When selec-
ting evaporative condensers, care should be exer-
cised, not only from the standpoint of maximum ex-
pected outdoor wet bulb temperature, during the
hockey season, but to include suitable operating

controls, and to provide protection against ree-
zing during cold weather in northern areas.‘I

There should be a steel shell condenser for each com-
pressor for proper high side balance. Pumps that supply the
condenser should be the self-priming type. However, the use
of the city water in this type of condenser is too costly
and an evaporative condenser must be used. The selection of
the type of evaporative condenser to be used is made once
the heat reflection, condensing pressure or temperature, and
the Operating wet bulb temperature is known. For economical
selection of evaporative condensers, there should be a mini-

mum temperature difference of thirty degrees between the air wet

 

“Slbid.

«74' m. C £11-

" .' T-T. QT. ‘ v." I

 

bulb temgerature and the condensing temperature of the
refrigerant.

“It is preferable to loce te the evaporative con-
denser outdoors with a ptnzp kit and pump located
in the machinery room. The condenser should be
of ample size so that when running at a twentv-
eight degree ambient temperature it may be used

dry, and bstill hl.ye adequate capacity to handle
one compressor. ,0

 

45Dorey,L L.E.fi "The A-B-C's of Artificial Ice" Hnitsdl
e

States Amateur Poe y (II:V, November-December, 1966) ), p.

rs"
J‘N

I"? v?

Insulation

All brine supply and return mains, valves, brine chil-
lers, brine tanks, as well as refrigeration suction piping
and fittings should be insulated with two or three inch
thickness solid type cork or some inorganic insulating
material. This insulation should be well sealed, and may

be painted or covered with an outer finish.

Fog and Drip Problem

In mild weather, articularly in early fall and late
spring, rinks where little or no internal heat load exists
may be plagued with drip from condensate dropping from the
roof or other overhead structures, or by fog forming over
the ice. These conditions can not be solved by ventilation
because the introduction of outside air only aggravates the
problem when the weather outside is mild and humid. These
conditions also apply to facilities designed for small
seating capacity, where the ice surface is relatively large
in relation to the roof surface.

This condition can be eliminated by the installation
of dehumidifying equipment. Brine from the rink floor can
be piped to the equipment to supply the dehumidification
capacity. In short, if confronted with this type of pro-

blem, it should be treated as an air conditioning problem.

 

Rink and Dasher Boards

The ice surface is completely encircled by dasher
boards. LPermanent I beams should be placed around the
rink area on a minimum of eight foot centers.”7 The boards
should be constructed of such material that they can with-
stand strong body contact, yet they must also be of a mat-
erial that will not be rigid and will give slightly to
prevent serious injury. The material used must also be able
to withstand flying pucks.

Special care should be taken in the location and size
of gates. At least one gate should be of ample size to
permit the passage of a Zamboni. or similar ice resurfacing
machine. Other gates for the players should be of nominal
size, and located by player benches and penalty box posi-
tions, as well as at readily accessible points for public
skating crowds.

The boards should be properly mounted, and the corners
should have a radius of between twenty-five and thirty feet.

At the bottom end of the board is located a baseboard.
It should be made of preferably hard wood such as pine,
spruce, fir or oak. hasonite has also been used over base-

boards, as well as fiber glass and steel.

 

47Ibid.

Dasherboards are usually painted gloss white, and
other colors should not be used because they magnify the
sun's reflection. The types of paint used are flat, primer,
epoxy, quick drying, rubber base, or latex.

It is highly recommended that some type of protective
fencing encircle the rink over the dasher boards to protect
the spectators from injury due to flying pucks. The fencing
can be made of net, wire screening, chain link-fence type
material and finally the most desirable from a Spectators'
point of view, but most costly, one-half inch plexiglass.

In a questionnaire sent out, recipients were asked to state
what type of protective fencing was used at their facility.

The data can be found in the appendix.

The building

An indoor hockey facility can represent an investment
of from approximately twenty-five thousand dollars for a
Quonsit Hut type enclosure, to six hundred thousand dollars
for an arena seating five thousand people.

The building should be constructed so that it is free
of columns so that spectators can enjoy hockey with an
unobstructed view.

If one is located in a climate where the rink can be
only partially enclosed, meaning a roof to eliminate sun
and the elements, but with no sides, then a laminated wooden
arch-type structure is desirable. The normal arch—type
structure has a span of one hundred twenty feet across the
buttresses and a peak height of thirty feet. Usually, the
roofing material is a combination of corrugated aluminum

sheets with translucent plastic light.

,7? ’3

K 4- . . ..- '" '
entrances and nxits

The entrancesand exits should be sufficient to handle
peak loads, and they should comply with local and state
fire regulations. Entrances to the facility should be as
convenient as possible to parking facilities and traffic
approaches. If your facility is constructed with a lobby,
it should be large enough to accomodate anticipated crowds
seeking tickets and admittance. The lobby should be de-
signed for ticket sales and collection so that traffic will
flow in a straight line, from entrances to box offices to
ticket collectors. However, entrances for hockey players
should be separate from those of the general public.
Ideally, the player entrances should lead directly to the

locker-room facilities.

f" 7

 

Rubber Flooring

The entire area around the ice surface should be cov-
ered with interlocking rubber tiling. This should include
all areas where persons wearing skates may go. Lockerooms,
toilets, first aid room, concession area and skateshop
should be covered to protect skate blades from being dulled. E3
All rubber flooring in the facility should be level with the

remainder of the floor areas to insure the safety of the

 

skaters as well as of the other patrons. If it is impossible i
to have the rubber flooring level with other surfaces it

is necessary to provide bevelled edges to prevent skaters

from tripping at entrances or places where the rubber

flooring begins.

’* I

beating

If it is decided that the facility will be an indoor
one, the first thing one must do in thr planning is to de-
termine what size building will be best suited to ones needs.

"There is a definite relationship of building,
seating and food facilities in an arena, audi-
torium or sports building. These then should
be planned together. The seating needs can
well dictate the size of building that is
needed. Snack and service argangements will
be governed by the seating."h

After one has determined the building's size, keeping
in mind the amount of use it will receive, think in terms
of how many people will need seating accomodations. The
main concern will probably be with the high school games.
One must ask himself if the amount of seats he prOposes
for the facility will provide enough revenue to help in the
financing of the rink. Try to plan the facility so that
it will be large enough to handle the hockey crowds, yet at
a cost that makes the operation feasible and practical.

"The seating has to be studied in relationship to

actual building possibilities. Once the building

has been determined, the maximum seating has also

been determined. This maximum seating then has

put a limit on the maximum use the facility can

ever have.

Often during advance seating planning there is

generally a surprise in that the number of seats
thought possible at first cannot be achieved. It

 

d
hUKelsey, Fenton, “The Starting Point in Determining
A Building's Size is its Usage“, Arena (VIIIzll, March,
1966). p. 17

85

is imperative that you consult with local building
codes before determining the area available for
seating. Once you have determined this and re-
flected it in the rough building plans, decide if
the building is big enough.

In most cases, the amount of money available will
determine your facility‘s size. This may run into
conflict as to the amount of seating required.

For this reason, you must employ a basic building
that can be held within the cost limitations but
still can contain the amount of seating necessary.
Seating itself costs money, so the right type and
amount of seating is important. If inadequate
seating, the opportunity for your facility to bring
in revenue is reduced materially. In mast cases, 0
it costs more money to have insufficient seating."4/

Jhen planning seating for the hockey rink, the seating

should be on both sides and both ends for the greatest use.

he seating dimensions are determined by the rink size and
then projected from there. where this facility will be
primarily a hockey facility, the permanent type of seating
will be the best for one's needs.

Hopefully, the spectators attracted to the high school
and amateur hockey games will be many. One should be con-
cerned with the quality and placement of all seats, as good
seating conditions attract many spectators, and good atten-

dance will help defray the cost of the facility.

 

h91bid.

1%...- lilldfllfi:
fl Jami.

..A

 

 

k ’-
7‘ :f‘

room. Often times this necessity is given little considera-

storage room is to house the Zantcni and sr on re noval ec uip

H-
"a
d
:3“
”a

ment, rink is uncoytarci. There must be enough room

around the Zauboni to allow for ease of maintenance. A man

0

’1

f average height sitt'n? in the operator's seat will not be

3

13

uch over eigh t feet to the top of his head. The sug"ested
door openir g is nine feet :‘r?, and not less than sixteen
feet in length, to allow for easy entrance and exit.

The room should be heated at least above fre e31 ng be-
cause cf the snow and ice assoc ted wit h the machine. A
large drain in the floor is reqiired so that the halting
snow from the Zamboniw'll have a place to go, and not leak

1

out onto tne area surroundi-; the rink. The floor should

be inclined toward the div ai ’The drain grille should :e

:5

‘f‘ ‘ ‘ i .O ‘.\r-.l r'-- - , a
large efiCdfiu to resist .2-.Lacc Jl a Sudil amount of snow

"

‘. W‘s! ‘ ' - . c I: ‘~ v . 1 'v I ‘. \‘r 1
ha accumulated on top 0. it, aifn a grill area mlilmhm o

(D

‘ “u * ~‘ ‘2’. ' ,.‘..~ -: ow -, r-
aCbaL one foot sauare. Tie res” .acing w ater supply shculd

L

be sized to tle capacity a? the resurfacing machine, and

C0

hauld be heated if the rink i lccated in cold cl:mates.

U)

i.ost operators in cold climates beat this water to one

6?

hundred sixty to one hundred eighty degrees for
best results. In any case, provide enough hot
water for resurfacing.”O

"Usually the shorter the distance between the

storage room and the ice surface, the better the
layout. The path between the ice and the room

should be straight and preferably away from where
there is a great deal of foot traffic around the
perimeter of the dasher boards. This short driving
distance and the kick of foot traffic will help
eliminate the tracking of dirt onto the ice by

the tires of the Ice nesurfacer. This tracking

of dirt onto the ice is also a major consideration

if the machine leaves the area of the rink to dump

the shavings. ln such instances, the area where

the machine travels snould be kept clean, or if

this is impossible, the tires should be washed down
thoroughly before the machine reenters the storage
room or the ice area. The above considerations play
an important part in keeping your ice clean and
cleanliness is one of the most important factors in
providing good ice. Aside from destroying the
attractive quality of the ice surface for the patrons,
dirt in the ice acts an abrasive and will increase the
maintenance costs by quickly dulling the shaving blade."51

 

 

50nichard F. Zamboni, Building and maintaining the
Ice Surface, Pre-Conference anel of Experts With Comments
directed toward New and Prospective Ice dink Owners, Cali-
fornia, May 16, 1960, Prepared by the Ice Skating Institute
of America (California: The Conference, 1960), p. 2.

 

511bid., p. 3.

JJCCE'ZEI‘ LOCI;

itiec are a rafcr con-

size and types of serviCe units required for the hockey

acility are of prinary importance. In th. que,tionnaire

’3

I

sent to coaches, ninety per cent stated that most rinks

5‘

today have inadequate lccker ;acilitie

U!

5

Locker rooms Should he reached easily from the ice, and

they should be out of View of the spectators in the stands.

3

They should be locked at all tines when not in use, as well

as when teams are on the ice. The room should he spacious

(1)

to allow for adequate room f;: each man's equipment.
Showers should be located in each individual dressing room
as opposed to one main showerrcar. This eliminates the
possibili y of players catch'a, e chill walking to and iron

the locker rocm while wr:_;lj .i hgly a towel.

 

*3
U]
C4»
3‘.»
F
H

v.oor*an concideziolon hurt be given to the first

fl ' ‘.
A.

..' ._ r v-: \ 1‘9“ "‘ "‘
Cilia}. Lven thoagn no one ex—

(\

aid service in a hockey
pects to become ill or to be infinred while participating

in or watcning a game, it is almost ineVitaole that ener-

gencies will occur. juring pgllic skating sessions, small

children will often receive »c:rations from s};ate bl. ml es,
or head infiuries from falling on the ice. Durint hockey
games there is always tie possibility of players or spec—
tators leing severly cut from the puck. Therefore, the
facility should have a clean, sell-equipped first aid room
to handle any emergency that nay arise.

*zge first aid room is u ei to tze at minor injuries

‘c ' ‘ischarged, or it may
sad to carry out that n-dical treatn,nt is
possil:le or desirable aft- r a serious injury or
accident prior to tre patien. trans fer to a hos—
pital. There she uld is an external door ad'acent
to the parking -ct, making it possible to receive
stretchers direct M ‘

(f
m
f

from the first aid room.
The cont nts of the first aid room should include at
least one bed, blanket, -nd plynth to be used for examina-
tion or stitching of lacerations. There should also be

sufficient cabinets ior equipment and medical supplies. The

room should be well lit, and venti ate but entrance doors

 

sudell, flichard d. Tennyson waters, Sports
En ld'n s-and Tlaving yields (London: B.T. Mts: ord Li ri ted,
'7 'in'mr'" ‘
I p. .L

w- \h
(\3

m

:3

C‘.

she“ d In L&i‘ with clouded flats, makin: observations of
occurances in the room i possi: e. All coors s culd be wide
enough to enable stretchers to rass eesilv. Finally, the

at and sink facilities.

It is hirhly advisable that the facility have a full
time registered nurse or at lea t a matron qualified in first
aid procedures in attendance. chever, if at all possible,
it is also advisable to have a physician available at all
hockey events. This does not mean that the physician must
be on duty in the rink, but his ocation should be known
so that he can be reached immediately and quietly if nec-
essary. For this reason, a phone should be installed in

the first aid room, to re used cnlv in an emergency. C3, or

uld be the n arers of the doctor,

0

nearby the phone, sh
police and ambulance.

The first aid room should be kept clean, and should be
located in an area where it can be easily found in case of
emergency. .t should be plainly worked, and signs should
be located in various places around the rink.

Whenever an injury occurs within the facility a full
report should be made out to prevent the school from he—

VQ o

..4 . .-2,
CO in? laule.

"ls-5:. I

 

21

Skate Shop

The skate shop should incluoe all hockey equipment as
well as accessories for all types of skating. where hockey
is concerned, it is best to stock only the essential items,
and then expand. Skate rental Should be handled.by the
skate room employees. It is best that a skate rental ticket
be sold along with admission. The normal procedure is for
the individual renting Skates to turn in his shoes, which
are kept in a basket. He is given a check to redeem his
shoes.

Skate repair and skate sharpening are an important
phase of the skate shOp. It is necessary to have a good
sharpening machine and an experienced operator, in addition
to the high school team manager, who should be reaponsible
for the team skates. Sharpening machines are available in
two basic types. One is the vertical spindle type, and the
Other is the horizontal Spindle type. A good sharpening
machine costs approximately four hundred dollars.

For effective skate sharpening, the machine must sit
solidly on the floor. Caution must be taken with the
grinding wheel as it is very brittle and can easily chip,
crack or break. sunning the sharpener takes a good deal
of practice. If a skate blade is slid up and down too
slowly, grinding dust will load up, and it may be impossible
to finish grinding the blade without causing the blade to
burn. Jhen grinding, the Operator should maintain a spark

length of between three to five inches. A Spark ten inches

or more will leave grooves down the skate blade which is not
satisfactory. A good sharpening job will remove all nicks
and edge wear.

Before grinding is begun, the blades should be checked
to determine if they are absolutely straight. If they are
not, they must be straightened before ginding is begun.
Next, the lengthwise curve of the blade should be checked.

he curve's middle point should be at the rear edge of the
center support. From this point towards the end it should
be a uniform curve. A check for the proper curve is made

by placing one blade on top of the other, or placing a steel
rule on the bottom of the blade.

The skates should be clamped along the blade surface,
not on the tube of the skate, as this causes an inaccurate
grind, Next, check the bottom of the blades for grinding
girth, and Slide blade into the center of the grinding wheel.
The skate is then passed in either direction through the -
grind. The slower skate is moved without burning, the
better the results will be.

Following the sharpening operation, sharpness should
be checked by running the thumb nail over the edge. If the
nail surface is scraped, a satisfactory job has been done.
Finally, the blades should be smoothed with a carbor ndum
stone to a fine smoothness and then wiped clean of all excess

particles.

 

 

 

 

5

1)

\O
\x)

Food Concession

If refreshments are to be sold within the facility
there are some important rules to observe. Firstly,
be sure that all stands from which food will be dispensed
are clean and neat in appearance. They should be located
so that the purchasers will not block entrances or exits,
and where they will not be hit by flying pucks. In regard
to the concession stands and the food served, it is im-
perative that signs be posted stating that no food is to
be eaten on the ice, and all wrappers should be disposed
in paper recepticles and not on the ice surface.

If one is going to have a food concession in the
facility he will want it to be profitable. Keep in mind

that "whenever people engage in recreation they like
to eat and drink. when planning your concession you
should bear in mind various qualifications than snack
items must meet. The main criteria are can it be con-
sumed quickly, can it be produced in a quantity
sufficient for peak periods, and how much space will
the concession take.

The concession should stock major snack categories;
sueet snack, food or sandwich snack, dry snack, and
refreshing hot and cold snacks. The best profit
items have been found to be popcorn, hot chocolate,
hot dogs, hot coffee, and cold drinks.

In buying equipment for the food concession, perhaps
the most profitable and economic purchase is the
popcorn machine. Not only does it take up a small
area of space, but a ten cent bag grosses almost
nine cents. In regard to hot chololate and coffee,
it is better to own your own machine, rather than a
vending, because it increases capacity, provides
better personal service, and larger profits.
Finally, cold drinks are most profitable when
produced in your own deSpenser from pre-mix colas,
returning eighty per cent as opposed to fifty to
sixty per cent from a vending machine."53

53Evans, J. C., "Refreshments can be the Key to Your
Success", United States Amateu§_Hocke1, (II:III, April-
May, 1960), p. 21.

94

General Features

It is important that toilets within the facility be
accessible to the general public. They should be plainly
marked, open for use, clean, and sanitary.

Adequate drinking fountains should also be provided
for in the facility. They should be located in areas that
are not in danger of being struck by flying puck . Many
times, water coolers are installed too close to the ice
surface and are badly damaged.

Entrances andeaxits must also be progerly placed within
the facility. They must be positioned so that an unsuspecting
person will not be hit by a flying prck as he enters. The
main entrance should be located well away from the rink,
and should be thoroughly protected by wire netting or glass.
It must be certain that the entrances and exits are properly
marked and lighted as required by state laws or city ordan-
ances. The administrator must be certain that his seating
does not interfere with local or state fire marshal represen-
titives when planning the facility.

The facility should be located in an area that can af-
ford ample parking. To assure a well run parking system,
have entrances and exits placed in the best possible
locations. Many of the events at the facility will be at
night, so it is essential that the parking lots be well lit.
It is also a wise policy to have the assistance of local

police on duty to direct traffic to and from the parking lot.

 

“It If: --

95

Public phone booths should be accessible to the persons
in the facility. However, placement of the phone booths
must be considered in terms of safety. Modern phone booths
are made almost entirely of glass, and thus would shatter
if hit by a flying puck, causing much injury to the person
in the booth. Therefore, phone booths should be located
well away from the playing area.

The scoreboard and timing device should be located so
that it can be seen easily by players and all Spectators.
The best type of unit for a hockey facility is a four sided
score board. Most major scoreboard companies do not make
four sided boards soley for hockey. However, a hockey
penalty timer can be installed in conjunction with all
basketball models by All-American anl Fair-Play Scoreboards.
Keep in mind that it is imperative that a hockey scoreboard
have four penalty indicators. The author feels that All
American offers an excellent set up combining its FF-hS four
sided board, having slanted sides for easy reading by the
hockey players on the ice, with its PT-h penalty timer.

Provisions should also be made for a public address
System in the facility. The uses of the public accress
system are many. 11 is use’ at hockey gzmes to inform the
Spectators of occurences, as Jell as to keep the game and
the spectators under control. It can provide music to make
general skating sessions more enjoyable. Also, in con-

junction with general skating, the public address system may

prevent accidents by controlling improper conduct of skaters
on the ice.

Lighting is another feature of the facility that must
be considered and understood. It is recommended that twenty-
forty maintained foot candles, four feet above the floor be
used. Even light distribution must be maintained over the
entire ice surface, and it is advisable to provide supplem-
mentary lighting on the two goal areas. Lighting in Spectator

areas should be dimmed during play. Incadescent lamps should

 

not be used in a hooky facility due to the considerable
amount of heat given off. For rinks that are covered but
not enclosed, "excellent lighting can be obtained by con-

necting mercury vapor lamps, suspended from the
arcles. This is an expensive installation, but
proves less expgfisive from power and maintenance
point of view." For an outdoor facility, "it
is recommended that floor lights be placed on
poles outside the rink area. Each floodlight
should be of fifteen hundred watt capacity, and
each pole should contain a :ninimum of two flood
lights. There should be eiaht poles, making a
total of t.1enty four thousand watts."55

'here are other features which must be considered in
the construction of a hockey facility. While these features
are not discussed in detail at this time, they are mentioned
to make the administrator aware of their importance; electri-
cal service, fire alarm, exit illumination emergency lighting

5hCarver, Peter, ”Edward J. Hurray Memorial Skating
Center, Yonkers, New York, "United States Amateur Hockey,
(II: III, April-May, 1960), p. 22.

55Dorey, L.E., "The A-B-C's of Artificial Ice, " United
States Amateur Hodcev, (II. VI, November-December, lQoC),
p. 21.

system, heating ventilation, air conditioning, flood drains,

hot water supply, acoustics and color and asthetics.

r}
I. )

The Operation of the Facility

It must be understood that the facility will probably
not be a paying proposition. The cost of running the rink
Will exceed the revenue obtained from hockey and public
skating. Therefore, the facility must be considered as a
form of subsidized recreation for all members of the com-
munity.

"The biggest elements in the Operating costs for
the facility are electrical power and water ser-
vices for the refrigeration plant, maintenance
costs for the refrigeration plant, and general
labor and operating costs to nin the rink. Ap-
proximate Operating costs per week for a stan-
dard two-hundred by eighty-five foot rink are
broken down as follows:

Electrical Service: $u00.00

Water Service: $30.00

Regrigeration Equipment Maintenance: Maintenance
usually involves the cost of replacing materials
and the labor required for repairs, making re-
placements, cleaning equipment and painting.

Its cost is too variable to attempt to reduce it
to figures. However, the following items should
be considered: replenishment of refrigerant;
lubrication; compressor maintenance; electrical main-
tenance; pump repairs; drive repair and mainten-
ance; water treatment; oil or grease; cleaning;
fan repairs; maintenance of piping, valves, and
controls; and painting.

Operating Labor Costs: Salaries will vary across
the country, and duties of the various personnel
will not always fit the job descriptggn because
of austerity and operation methods."

A major concern of the administrator will be the hiring
of personnel to operate the rink. It is his responsibility

to hire competent personnel so, that the rink will be run

 

568engle, C.V., "Owning and operating Artificial Ice
Skating Rinks,? Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation,
(September, 19o3f, p. 55;

\‘3
\C

efficiently. The personnel should be divided up into two
divisions, a supervisory crew and maintenance crew. The
supervisory crew is made up of a manager, assistant managers,
tickets seller, personnel to run the music and public address
system, nurse or matron and skating guards to supervise acti—

vities on the ice during public skating sessions. The manager

 

H
is the key to the success of the facility. He must be well ‘
versed in the Operation of the refrigeration, ice condi-
tioning, and acilitv maintenance.

The maintenance crew is mare up of two attentents for i

the machinery room to Operate all equipment including ice
resurfacers, two rink laborers, and one building custodian
to care for the facility and its grounds.

The only full-time personnel should be the managers and
matron or nurse. The rest of the personnel should be on a
part-time basis. Because the facility is going to operate
for the community, it would be benificial to hire help from
the high school itself. For one thing, the cost of labor
to pay this type of help is considerably less than hiring a
crew full-time. Also, the facility could act as a source
of help to boys who could use the money to aid their family's
income.

If the facility is outdoors, it will be necessary to

'I '1

put on additional personnel to assist in snov removal.

Here, again, it would be wise to recruit the aid of the high
school students. Often times, students will volenteer their

services if they are rewarded with free ice time. Even if

100

they are paid, the cost for their services would be ch aper
than that of the hiring of heavy equipment. It would, more
than likely, be impossible to seek out community maintenance
crews for assistance, for they would be concerned with high-
way snow removal.

Labor and utility costs can be reduced through the use

 

F
of special equipment, such as recirculating devices in con- ,
g
densers, the use of evaporator condensers, and Specially i
designed automatic electrical control panels to reduce
electrical expenses by eliminating guess work from equip- i

ment operation.

 

 

 

lOl

Hockey mink haintenance

ln rink operation maintenance, the most important fun-
ction is the upkeep of the skating surface. To assure
hockey players of a hard, smooth ice surface, there must be
good ice care and maintenance. Good ice should be clean and
free from dirt. The best investment that the administrator
can make for the facility is the purchasing of a Zamboni or
similar ice resurfacing machine. It is Operated entirely
by one man, and in one operation it shaves the ice, picks
up the snow, and applies a new surface.

Although the Zamboni is an eXpensive investment of close
to eight thousand dollars it does a better job than six
men, and in only one third of the time. Therefore, there
is a considerable labor savings. There is also little main—
tenance required on the "machine" as it is often called.

The only servicing that must be done is on the tires, the
sharpening of the blade, and periodic preventative main-
tenance.

The first consideration in building the ice surface is
the preperation of the rink floor prior to freezing. Concrete
floors should be thoroughly cleaned and washed of all grease.
A sand-filled rink should be prepared first by leveling sand
and cleaning all foreign matter, such as leaves and weeds

from the floor.

All-h“

 

95‘

 

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103

When building the ice surface, different considerations
must be given to an outdoor rink than to an indoor facility.
An outdoor rink requires a great deal of care for the ice
surface. When putting down the sheet of ice in the begin-
ning of the year, the rink is not flooded with six inches
of water as many persons are led to believe. The first
process is to builc up the brine in the pipes, then go
through the tedious task of spraying on layers of water.

A strong stream of water should be used from at least

 

a one inch inner diameter hose. The most appropriate time r
to begin making ice is after the sun has gone completely -
and there is no sun to hinder the freezing process. Best
results are achieved in the evening when the temperature has
dropped considerably. For an ideal ice surface and quick
freezing, hot water should always be used when making ice.
Hot water seals much better with the ice below, and melts
any snow on the ice.
The hose to be used should be rubber. Do not use hose
made of canvas, because the water will freeze rapidly within
the hose, hampering the progress of ice making efforts.
The larger the diameter of the hose, the less time will be
required to Spend making the ice surface. it is a wise
idea to keep the hose wound on a large reel that will make
the transportation of the hose to and from the storage area
easier. Firefighting hose reels are ideal, and may be pur—

chased at an army surplus store.

104

when through with the hose, it is important that it be well-
drained, and stored in a room that is kept well above
freezing.

During the ice making process, it is imperative that
the hose be kept off the ice that has already been sprayed.

Therefore,one of the following two procedures must be used:

 

Cne, have a crew help to keep the hose off the newly sprayed Ti
surface; or preferably, have a nozzle connection that can be
easily turned off and on. A fire hose-type apparatus is the
best. With this type of nozzle, one man can easily turn off H

the hose, and pull it to a new location. The reason the hose
must be kept off Sprayed ice is that it will quickly freeze
to the ice, and when moved, it will tear the newly formed

ice away, causing an irregular surface. The correct way to
build a good sheet of ice is to first drag the hose to the
far end of the rink. From here the water is sprayed on in
light, even coats. The movement should be back and forth,
across the rink, gradually working back to the opposite end
of the rink. All areas must be covered as evenly as possible.
At the beginning of this ice making procedure, keep the coats
of ice light, as this will allow for rapid freezing.

Once one half to three quarters of an inch of ice has
been built up by continuous spray, there is a sufficient
amount of ice to begin skating. From here on unless the
ice is completely lost, due to machinery breakdown, or a
mid-winter thaw, new ice should be made each day, as many

times as needed, with the aid of a Zamboni.

lO5

While on the subject of an outdoor rink, it must be
understood that weather conditions are going to play havoc
with this type of facility. They will cut down the amount
of skating days, and add on to the cost of maintenance for
snow removal. The maintenance personnel of an outdoor rink
must be well prepared for adverse weather conditions to en-
able the operation to resume as quickly as possible fol-
lowing a storm.

Light snow presents no real problem. A fall of an inch
or two can easily be handled by a Zamboni, or by frequent
scrapings with thirty-six inch snow scrapers. it is impor-
tant that an even sharp edge be maintained on the scrapers
for the best cleaning results. In the process using scrapers,
the snow is moved to one end of the rink, where it is
shoveled off over the boards. The major trouble with this
type of snow removal is that there must be at least ten men
working at one time to keep the task from becoming burdensome.
The best man power should come from the members of the high
school team.

One method that has been employed successfully by many
rinks is the use of a mecnanical broom, rigged similarly to
a lawn mower or snow blower, or pushed by a jeep. This of
course is a much speedier operation, calling for only two
or three men. however, this equipment would entail an added
cost.

If the .nowfall is a heaVy one, the personnel must be

prepared to cape with the situation with one of the following

 

10o

pieces of equipment. A hand-operated snow blower is one of
the best methods of removing snow. however, the blower must
be a heavy-duty blower, not a small store-bought one. Perhaps
the most desirable method of snow removal is a jeep rigged with
a snow blowing fixture. This type of equipment circles the
rink the same as the Zamboni. Keep in mind that all snow
removal should start at the center of the ice, and progress
towards the boards. The use of a jeep and plow should be
avoided. All the plow does is push the snow to one end of

the rink, making for an enourmous backbreaking job of
shoveling the snow over the Screening on top of the boards.

Rain is another problem that an outdoor rink is faced
with. The thickness of the ice can go up or down depending
on the type of rain. The refrigeration must be regulated
to maintain the desired thickness. The compressors should
be cut off if the ice is building up, or turned on if the
ice is melting. The prime consideration is that the rain
water be removed from the surface before it has a chance to
freeze. ‘

If the community facility is to be an outdoor rink, an-
other major problem that will threaten its operation is the
softening or melting of the ice from the direct sun rays.
However, an idea was created by a preparatory school in
Massachusetts that has been used quite successfully in many

outdoor rinks around the country.

107

Telephone poles, usually, the same ones used for light
toyers, having a ten inch diameter, are sunk ten feet in the
ground, and stand twenty four feet in the air. The poles
are placed ten feet from the rink, and twenty feet apart.
Strung between the poles are two half inch utility cables.
The cables and poles are supported by the guy wires, strung
at-forty-five degree angles to the outside perimeter of the
playing area. The guy wires are secured to five foot "dead
men" buried five feet in the ground. These dead men are cut
from telephone pole sections. Hanging between the two cables
are thirty, three and one half inch by twelve inch nylon
curtains, having thirty curtains per unit. These curtains
are green nylon and each one has two holes of one foot in
diameter cut in them in order to allow wind passage.

"The ten units of curtains provide shade for the
entire ice surface throughout the various changes
of the sun position. At the south end of the rink,
one other set of curtains are hung below the tOp

set in order to provide shade right to the edge

of the ice. By using a pulley system, the curtains,
fifteen on each side, are pulled back to the poles
each afternoon, and are set in place the next
morning. Experience has shown that these curtains
can withstand very high winds, but it is preferred
to play it safe, and pull them every day. It has
been found that the temperature is approximately
twelve to fifteen degrees colder under the shade.
All outdoor rinks should be constructed so that
they run north and south. The poles should be

on the east and west sides of the rink. if a

rink is not constructed in a north and south
direction, the poles must be placed differently so
as to shade the rink during the passage of the sun."57

57Steward, Jack. "Shade curtains and wire Boards Add Days
to Berkshire's Season, "United States‘Amateur hockey, (11:11.
Febmary-erh , 1960 ) ‘, P 0' '1’9 0'

108

For an indoor facility, first the floor is chilled,
followed by light spray to form a good base. Next the
painting of the lines on the rink surface is done, and once
the paint is sealed with a light Coat of water, and enough
water is formed to support an ice resurfacing machine, the

Zamboni can be used to Spread the water and build the ice

 

T!

sheet. The use of the machine provides a level sheet of ice. -?
with the ice sheet built, the next maintenance respon-
sibility is the up-kuep of the ice sheet. To properly main-

tain an ice surface, be it indoor or outdoor, the proper a

tools are necessary. desides the Zamboni, which is most
important, other tools that should be required for main-
tenance use are hand scrapers, shovels, squeegees, hand chip-
pers, brooms, and a trowel for packing holes in the ice that
would otherwise be slow to seal up, thus constituting hazard
to skaters.

The primary consideration in ice maintenance is the
establishment of proper ice thickness, and the maintenance
of that thickness. It is unwise to carry more ice than is
needed. Because ice acts as an insulator, the thicker the
ice is, the more refrigeration it takes to transfer the sur-
face heat to the coils. Maintenance of control of the ice
surface will lower power costs considerably. Therefore, the
best possible thickness should be determined. A recommended
thickness of three quarters of an inch to one half an inch
should be maintained. Periodic checks should be made of the

ice thickness at various Spots on the ice surface by

drilling the ice and recording its thickness. Another good
method for determining ice thickness is to check the height
of the ice at the baseboards. Yet another may might be to
observe the colors of the lines painted on the ice. If the
colors become dull the ice must be planed; if they become
too vivid, more ice must be built.

The temperature of the water used for resurfacing plays

an important part in the final finish of the ice surface.

-- I‘ul 1.1.09.3

Cold climates and cold ice temperatures require that water

be heated to produce a smooth sheet of ice, and a good band

 

‘Err-p-

between the fresh water and existing ice surface. Water
temperature should be between one hundred sixty and one
hundred eighty degrees. For rinks in warm climates, it is
satisfactory to use city tap water without heating it.

link personnel must be aware of the following areas of

rink upkeep in order to maintain a good ice surface.

1. desurfacing ice before each session or hourly.
2. 1f a heavy cut is made with the /amboni, a heavy amount

of water should be applied.

3. There should be no one on the ice during the resurfacing
operation.
a. nges of the ice sheet should be scraped frequently.

5. “he Zamboni blade should be kept sharp.

o. The ice should be kept clean.

110

7. Inspect for holes or other foreign matter in or on the
ice. Fill in holes immediately.
3. Maintain the proper ice temperature.

There will be peak periods when the rink till be used
continuously from early morning to late at night. Therefore,
the personnel will be required to work very hard to keep down
the ice surface damage froa hockey usage by anticipating the
heavy usage, keeping the ice soft to resist chipping, or
building the ice prior to peak period usage.

If the ice has been worn doyn considerably, it is then
necessary for the personnel to restore the surface. Restor-
ation is done by applying heavier ice where the activity
took place, and frequently resurfacing.

In an outdoor rink, the maintained personnel must anti-
cipate element changes. Not only does rain and snow affect
the ice; heat and sun must also be considered. The personnel
must do the following to maintain a good ice surface:

1. Watch weather predictions.

2. Lower the brine to five to ten degrees the previous night.
3. Accumulate a fUll tank of brine.

4. Set compressors to approximately ten degrees.

5. Lover the thermostats the night before a predicted wann
day.

The final duties of maintenance personnel are the pre-
parations for the shutdown of the rink following the hockey
season, or whenever it is decided for the rink to close.

These duties include the following:

 

111

1. Service refrigerator equipment.
2. Check brine and added chemicals.
3. Cover the brine tank.

h. Air out machinery room.

5. Paint where required.

6. Scrub floors of concrete and make sure that sand is over

FR

all the pipes.
7. Wax concrete floor.

8. Completely service and overhaul the Zamboni.

 

112

Summary and Conclusions

The purpose of this study is to provide senior high
school athletic administrators with the necessary infer-
mation to include hockey in their athletic programs.

The author's information was compiled from textbooks,
magazines, materials sent to him by manufacturers, and
findings from a questionnaire sent to hockey coaches.

All the points an administrator must consider when
instituting a hockey program were covered in detail: pro-
motion of the hockey program, promotion of the facility,
organization of the program, selection of equipment to be
used by the players, and the planning, construction, and
maintenance of the facility.

It is the author's hope that through this study coaches
will be led to consider adding hockey to their existing
programs, that coaches new to a system containing hockey
will have a better understanding of the facility and its
composition, and that new physical educators will read this
study and proceed with confidence to establish hockey as
an important part of their athletic program. hen will the
time and effort spent on the gathering of the fore-going

data be justified, and the author’s goal accomplished.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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APPENDIX

TABLE I

SHOEING AN INCIEASE IN PARTICIPANT INTBAHST
IN THE GAME OF SCHOLASTIC HOCKEY
FROM 952 to 1966 r5

 

JIncrease in number
ng participants in
;:igh school hockey

7500.

 

V

7000

650d

7

6000

1—

5506

5000

45001

7

vi

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'5'2 v5L .52, .5g '65 v6? $1, v65

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Years

 

TABLE II

SHOWING THE INCAEASE IN CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL
ICE HOCKEY KINKS FROM l9h8 to 1967

 

 

Number g
of i
Kinks ‘

 

zooo . -

J
01500 -—
ILOOO o

8000 L

fSCXX)

250 'l
50 v

 

 

 

l W J J
' ' ' I' I
l9h8 1952 1956 1959 1960 1962 1964 1966 Years

—-- w ——‘ w Viv-7'

Mm A A ‘

(:<>mparison of Table I and Table II shows direct
c><>rrelation of the increase in interest in hockey
E3«Ilclthe construction of artificial rinks.

ya

SHOJING AN INCREASE OF HOCKEY INTEREST DURING THE

COURSE OF THE YEAR. SHOWS THE INCREASE OF PLAYER

INVOLVEMENT PER MONTH

’ 5
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TABLE XIV

QEFSREA E BUCKS FCJ TJJ COnCHlHG, SKILLS,
AN; FUNDAMANTALS C? HOCKEY
Books F71

;E3e:1thgate, Andy, and Bob Jolff, Andy Bathqate's Hockey
Secrets, nnglexood Cliffs, new Uersey, Prentice Hall,

 

U o
li3<szvinnine Hockey, Royal Canadian Sport's Series, Ottowa, “j
The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationary, a:

1959.

 

1Eicaurquadez, Virginia, and Charles Heilman, S orts Equipment-
Selection, Care and Resair, New York, K.S. Barnes and
Company, 950.

(:3zasewell, "Sing," and Jack Life, Coach's Manual - The Fun-
damentals of Ice Hockey,.MidIand, Ontario, The Midland
Press,I1955T

 

C3<Dacms Manual - Hockey, Royal Canadian Sport's Series,
tone, The Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionary, 1959.

l*fi'zisher, Thomas Knight,Ice Hockey, 5 Manual For Player and
Coach, New York, A.S. Barnes and‘Company, 1926.

 

IIIJJ to Play Better Hockey, Royal Canadian Air Force Sports
Series, Ottowa, The queen's Printer anc Controller of
Stationary, 1959.

éTeremiah, Edward John, Ice Hockey, New York, A.S. Barnes
and Company, 1958.

IaeBow, Guy, The Hockey Scene, New'York, Homecrafts Sports

Division, 1 .

I-a’1‘1e1.1reux, Bill, Hockey for Boys, Chicago, Follett, 19S3,

 

 

 

fEflzficial Rule Book of the Canadian Amateur Hocke Association,
Uttowa, loyal Canadian air FOrce‘Sports Series,‘1903.

Patrick, Lynn, Let's Play Hockey} St. Martins, 1953.

 

TAJLE {IV (continued)

IDsacrscival, Lloyd, Hockey Handbook, Haj York, A.S. Barnes
and Company , O

LileLJay, Jack, ‘he Young Snortsnan's Guide to Ice Hocke , New
York, Thomas—Nelson and Sons, 1902.

£3L1:1.:1ivan, George, Better Ice Hockey for Bows, Dodd, 1955.

731<22 1966 Official National Collegiate Athletic Association
Ice Hockey Guide, hen York

‘V631glwghafi, Richard Ferries, Hocke , New York, McCraN - Hill
Sock Company, Inc., 1939.

‘M’I‘f‘ ‘3

 

 

 

 

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{227: 7580*; state LJCI‘RP’C
Nil NJIUJKGE, Zuiscxnisin

 

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nsten Pefriyeratica Incylpcratei
University Avenue

t Paul, Lir nesct a 551i,

 

~s=€afway Steel Frcuixcts

22? ”..est state Strzet
::il1u’2.\.\1:.ee, 'YIIiSCC'nSiA.

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xrfico Ste eel Corporati n
703 Curtis St eet
Iiddletown, fihio

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?.C. Box 269
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'Testor Jonnson Kinufact in" Company
190C ”ortn Sprin::ieldr Avenue
Cnicagc, Il li n01

2., lncorpora t-i
t;l Leneca Street
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Liamboni and C mpany
SOL} Inst Jackson

7"

13 amount, Calliornia

ngs, Incorporated
i e Elains Road
Jaqtchester, New York

AZHd Street
w York, 43w York

Liturrann, Di ktnson an‘ rernsrri, I. orporated

15 C‘hamoers Street
Princeton, New Je sey
(American Hockey Association chkey Insurance)

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tTo tics 312161 (3i C1“ri :axr =r11163
Jamestown, flew York

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Hep rtnent 18
L921 'Hest Crest Even e
Taupe, Florida 33L}!

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finiiscu anaxe Garden
E25 foiCFflfii fixnm ue
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effellirger and Dunn leather C eds Li ited
350 Sorauren Avenue
Toronto, (nt ario
sfieehdcr Sporting UOO'" .andfnc‘urin:
1% Cliver Street
Poston, Iassachnsetts

;:\>I‘(‘ CC)!“
Pinon Puiidin:
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son at ”acouta
LJt. Paul, hinnesota

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c J'nr, Llnnesota

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Brown Univ- rsitj,r
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C’ E: rleton Collefire
"‘
k’éjse Tech
C3ZL.arkson College of Tech
_\
k» Olby College
Colgate College
00101-360 college
C , , . . . ~
KDIjiiecticut, UniverSity Of
(3 . . .
Dr‘nell UniverSity

1);:
‘I‘szouth College

in"-~""-“\ ~.II‘YV
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143

1 0"

'ss

COACC 1‘55

Lt. A. U. Jrieshabor
gilliem Lelntri
sill Turner
denjamin F. MCCeoe
Ed Saugestad
nichard Elwortny
Vic Weber
John A. Kelley
Ed Barry

John H. Kelley
Sid Watson
Jim Fullerton
Willard L. Huyck
Thomas K. Waugh
Lon Ceglarski

Charles Bolt, Jr.

Ronald K.

Edward Jeremiah

144

TABLE XVI (continued)

CLIAQL‘RJ

Dayton, University Of
Lenison Universitv
Denver, University Cf
Fenn College
Fitchburg State Teachers
Gustavus Adolphus College
Hamilton College

Hanline University
Harvard University

Holy Cross College

Kent State University
Kenyon College

Lehigh UniveFSity
Leicester Junior College
Loyola University
Macalester College

Idassachusetts Institute of
Technology

Massachusetts, University of
M03111 University
Merrimack College

Ififichigan College of Mining and
Teehnolozgy

Michigan State University
Michigan, University bf

Br‘Ockport State

G L3 fl C i“.
m

Nate iiawkes
Jilliam Ereston
Hurray Armstrong
lay Catania
Eugene Cassassa
Don ioberts
Gregory J. jatt
John Niehar‘t
Ralph Weiland
Walter H. Kane
Frank Ballenzer
John Knepper
Fletcher A. Johnson
Revert Ryan

Al Grazys

Henry Frantzen

Benjamin J. Martin
Stephen Kosakowski
Lave Copp

J. Thomas Lanler

John Maclnnes
Ame Bessone
Allan nenfren

J. Robert Pedersen

TMJLB XVl (continued)

CULLSGB

 

Lake Forest College
Middlebury College
Minnesota, University of

Kinnesota, University of
(Luluth Branch)

mentana School of Mines

New orunswick, University of
he; nampshire, University of
Nichols College

North Dakota, University of
hortheastern University
Northern michigan College
Loruich University

Ohio Northern

Uhio State University

Chio University

fennsylvania University
Princeton Univeristy
rrovidence College

Queens Univeristy

hensselaer Polytechnic Institute
iiutgers University

loyal military College

Saint Cloud State Colleg

Saint John's University

COACH

L. A. Sfleet, II
Jendell Forbes

Glen Sonmer

Ralph A. Romano
Jack Leary

Peter C. Kelley
Rube BjOrkman
niciard Longveill
ailliam Selman

James Bell

dobert Priestley
lobert Sterling
sruce L. oennet
J O hn me C Omb
James Salfi

John hilaon

Z. Toppazzini

K. A. "Moon" Flannigun

Gary heerns
Geoffrey a uld
major h. J. MCLeod
Jack link

John Gegliaréi

lhé

TnnLd XVI (continued)

CULLSGE COACH

Saint Lawrence University George Menard
Saint Clef College Tom Porter

Saint Thomas' College Joseph Flood
Saint Thomas University Vance Toner
Toronto University Thomas watt
United Stated military Academy John P. Riley
Jilliams College William McCormick
hesleyan University Jillian spurrier
western michigan University harry x. Larson
Jorchester Tech H. hing

Yale University Dick dazliardi
Vermont, University of Jim Cross
hiseonsin, university of son Johnson
Salem State College Berry P. Urbanski
Oberlin College Joseph R. Horn
Toledo Unive~sity Terry Slater
Lowell, tech Dick Morrisson -3

fl ‘ \ f.
50William McCormick. "College hockey Coaches," arena

Inagazine, (VIII:V, October, 1966), p. 19.

‘k

 

"J

STA”’

 

Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
California
California
California
California
California
California
CalifOrnia
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
(30nnecticut
D. C.

D. C

TthB XVII

147

Showing Construction Sites

of New Facilities and Persons

or Places to Contact

TEEN

Decatur
Montgomery
Birmingham
Phoenix

Anaheim.

Fresno
Inglewood

Los Angeles
North Hollywood
Oakland

San Fransisco
Colorado Springs
Denver
Fairfield
Hamdem

Zest Hartford
haterbury

South hindsor
Washington

LaShingtC-n

p2; Ch ti PLACE TC CCLTACT

‘.‘—

L.

U)

Urban Revewel CommissiOn
Alabama Christian College
Birmingham-Jefferson County
John L. Holmes

Convention Center

K. C. Tressler

Charles Luckman Associates
Charles Luckman Associates
Valley Plaza Ice dink

Bill Canninghan

Harris Leggg

U.S. Air Force Academy
Convention Center

Elsie M. Lengyel

Hamden H.3.

Symmes, Kaimi &.McKee
Fredrick U. Polomba

Lars Anderson

George S. Hartzog

Columbia Realty Trust

 

 

STITJ
Florida
Florida

Florida

\

Georgia

Georgia
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana
'Maine
Missouri

Missouri

~—<v

 

hfiami

Saint Petersburg
best Palm Beach
Atlanta

Macon

Cuiro

Granite City
highland Park
Holine

Prospect Heights
Rockford

Chi cat;

Oak Park
Bloomington
Columbus

South Bend

Fort nayne
Mount Vernon
Witchita
Owensboro

Lake Charles
New Orleans
Kittery

Saint Louis

ansas City

1A8

C(IFTJAIT

 

 

Bayfront Center
pilliam H. Tyre
Civic Center

Hayor's Office

Park a Recreation Commission

Harold D. Brown
fiaymond Geraci
Roy Layman
Hiram Hanson

Earl Schroeder

John Hancock Buckling

nidgeland Ice mink

Jerome-T. Femal

Lincoln

University of hotre Dame

Fort Wayne A.H.A.

Cornell College
Civic Center

Richard J. Gay

Civic Auditorium

Trays Academy

Busch Stadium

Duncan Brookfield

 

Montana
Nevada
Oklahoma

Korth Carolina

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Carolina
Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

Utah

Virginia
Virginia
Virginia

Washington

St. Louis
Missoula
Las Vegas
Enid

maleigh

East Stroundsbcrg

Green s burg;
Killanning

W"lliamsport

Mvrtle Beach

Amarillo
Dallas

El Paso

Fort Lorth
Houston

Port Arthur
Salt Lake City
Fayetteville
Newport hens
noanoke

Bellevue

no

TAsLJ XVII (continued)

J

[1

Y“.
I

nSLN Cm PLACE TO CLLTACT

 

Lynn Patrick
Convention hall
n. Wise

County Fair

North Carolina State
University

State Collegv
Wallace Kallaugher
hugo Kontebcll
Scottish site Masons
J. Palmer Gaillark
Convention Center
Cundell, dowlett Scott
State Fair

John MCKeon

Louis C. Gwen

Jesse Jones Hall
Convention {all

Civic Auditorium

Peninsula Arena

Hans Johnson

 

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October,

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H

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