TYPQLOGEH OF ANXIETYQAROUSENG CUM Thou: {30v Hm Dame of M. A. li‘EECBEGAR STATE UNEYERSETY Bette Rae Blackburn 3967 1,1.‘2‘1‘iq Wants»: '1. $11113»! :71")? g N. 7) ff'fi-fi gnaw-’W a... 3. 1.2.0” :11 1‘. A a a if‘u’J‘. ‘1; 31.5 {Zita 1.. U miversit" AB 6T m TYPOLOGIEE 0F ANXIETY-AMUSING CUES by Butt. RIO “but. The study was Maud won tho mm that perhaps tho discrepant coupon-cs to the eluded. anxiety-musing non-ago. u. not duo to tho munipulntton of tho lttmth o! the lunar-muting on. but min: to the different“! “name. of tho topic at tho sausage. The immigration of thin in». 90.06 two pupa-u: (1) to automate 1t Md!- utauntnq en“ cm In categorized: (2) to dot-min- t! tuna. and. cnu be gypsum to tone. of that: hummus to anxtcty-Irouung can. Tho procedure. involved an nu probability umplc or student. 91 Lmtng, 141131119311. Each subject Q-noxtod t am at ughty annuity—atoning mu nanny than tron 'moct mmlnqtul' to '10.“. unntngml.‘ The data from I nun). Implo. or annuity subject. um whatnot! tar 3-hour analyst- and mum: anolysu. Tho Ila-factor may“. provided tun (a: factor-y the candy-1: grandad tight typoloqtu. A «sonata-at may“: no pufionod on tho uqht typoloqtu to provide tutu-tun mural.” outgrown 0! item “figment my typoloqlu ad to “unseat. the potubutty a: panda: a Bette Rae Blackburn method by which further sucjects could'be aasigned to types on the basis of their resnonees ta the anxiety-arouaing cues. The results of these analyses provide positive infernatisn anfi point to the uxefuflnass of these aghroaches J in fu are research. TYPOLDGIEB OF flifilfi'l'YnAROU'fiIRG CUE3 BY Botto Ru Blackburn A T3515 IS BahittOd to Michigan Stat. University in put“). fulfillment o! thaw nquircnnts to: the dogroo 0! MASTER 0? M8 Dcpu'tnont of 3:30.611 and Thoutto 1961 CQ707A Accewted by the faculty of the Department of épeech anfi Theatre, College of Communication Arts, Michigan state University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master of arts degree. 1LQ/ahn419_3[2445u2£\L ;1rector of TFeEiE guidance Covmittee Juiggmfljagfiwng{K\ , Ch:irvan_ 4%[Q‘fi Z %W __ ”}77 7' Z7 :' w' I ( ‘ (C ( 1 .‘. 7' ‘... ‘—, £1133 I‘d.“ 'v‘L-l‘ 1-1.5 ",1: 1. '3‘» This writer wishes to acknowledgo a debt of gratitude to Dr. $.3. Laqhbrook whose interest and guiéanco as éirector of this stufly provaa invaluable. To or. Hurray Hewgili, upon whose initial work this stufiy was based, and with whose original encouragement the study was begun, the writer exhreases Geso gratitude. The writer exrressea sincere appreciation to those who exyonded both time and energy in Assisting in gathering data. for this atu-fly, 141:5: marsh: Trew, Mt. Dan o'ttoill. Mr. David Thomas, and Fr. Foward Kebach. ii f"... . .f-‘o. L'-o“-f ‘ bn‘h‘ “' H J“ 1. D f“ (1 r11 Pogo V 3*" . r- ‘. F. -‘ ." .I' , '4' 9 ..~ .-o AHXLQ-whngl-fi‘was‘3 . . . . . . . g g g o g a o I t O O O O 11 ‘0' "4"! ‘1‘ ""21? T7" LII v4. CL” T.‘$-«Jw1d . . . . Q . O I Q C C C O O C I O C . . v LIST OF RF?EEU1355 . o o o o o o o o O O O 0 . ' ‘ ‘ . Vi I. IiTEDJUCTIQJ u o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 fitatG'H-‘fzt Of thO E'Z‘Cblm . . g . . . p Q Q d . 1 Assumotiona and Eefinitiona . . . . . . . . . . 2 aerit and Relevance oi“ the atufly . . . . . . . 4 Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 7 bmuary Qt ngaptere o o o o o o o u o I a o o o 3 II. 32:12.24 or m: LI’I‘E'.E1.-*;I‘Ut?.‘i" . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Tanmrttical LQVGIOp-‘Tient . . . . . . . g . . g . 9 Methofiological Eeveiopmant . . . . . . . . . . 13 III. FRQuEZ3IES GT DfiTA CCLLECTIQH . . . . . . . . . 22 Th“ SilOt étdfiy o o o o o c o o o o o a o o O o 22 Jt'flm anemic“ o 0 o o o a o O O a I O O O O 0 ‘6 Sampling Fpficeéur. o o o o 0 c o c o o o o o o 23 Data Gatherifig . a o a o o o o o o o o o o o o 3 IV. RfiQULT5 a o o o o o o o c o a a a o a a o o o o 36 Epfiethofi Factor finalysis . . . . . . . . . . . 36 L- ethod Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The Liscrininant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 44 S'Jmfiar'f o c o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o 47 V. DISCUSbIOfi C? THE REJULTfi RflD CONCLUSIOES OF THE gTUDY o a o D o o a o o o o o o o o o 49 The R*&n81Y513 o o o o o o o o o o o o o l o o 49 Th5 9*R3¥IYS13 . o o o o o c o o o o o u o o O 57 Page ,9 The biscriminant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . u3 Ifl§11C3tiOn$ f0! {uture aesearch o o o I o o o 54 “T; ‘ '3: 'I f ”a t! A! P .‘ai‘a b‘ It 3. items Used in Griginai Eilot otudy . . . o o . 63 B. List of Items Used in Present atudy . . . . . . 77 C. Ito“; Used in Interviewer Kit . . . . . . . . . 81 D. The Ten Factor “slution oi tho 3-hnalyais . . . 85 i. The Eight Factor Jolution of the owhnalysis . . to E. factor Fattern for the haven riscriminout FUUCticna o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o 92 BIELIDGFu‘FHY.....................9‘ iv Q'\ L I JJ.‘ :7 I {.31. 1'. J The Eight Typologiea as Regresentod byL-anoqraphicflatioo.o0...... Contrcid Socrea for the Lirkt first , s on the Discriminant Functions . . I . . . . The Ten Eighezt wean anfi $tanfiarfl Bevietion ECCIEE o o o o o a o o o o o o o o 0 o o The Ten Items Raving the Highest Mean Itan E3019 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o The Ten Items Having tho Highest Standard Deviation JDCIQ o 1 ¢ 0 o o o o o o o o 0 Items Sortefi into Exttumo Categoriea by the Eight B~CYFC1091¢S. o o o o o o o o o 53 53 Q. ‘Ipl .o ,.. o't‘. .ETDIX ’4 LIST C? RTFT”?ICE§ 1'31"“..3 1.:8'35 in :‘riginfl P115." sat—“y . g Q .0 Q List of Irma: Gsefl in Trement Stufy . . , . Item Included in Int rviearer Kit . . . . . A w A ”he I'v??‘1-Z"nctc:r Solutiurx of the R—Fmalyatia . he Light. Factor Solutian of the C-analysis ,, Efiunai-Dn3ogooooooccooooooo v1 CHAPTER I IFIKJDULH'ION Statement of tho Problom Ono of tho most widely researched variabloa in the field of communication haa boon tho-mossago variablo. This rosoarch has placod considerablo omphasis on tho investi- gation and explanation o: tho dittorontial ottoctsct massages incorporating onxioty-arousing cues. Howovor, tho rosulta of thooo 'foar appeal“ studios havo boon confusing and to somo extent contradictory. Investigation of individuals who aro tho rocipionts of tho suppoood anxiety-arousing messages might offor valuablo information toward accounting for tho discrepant findings. Porhaps tho discropant rosponeea elicited by tho classical anxiety-arousing messages are not duo to tho manipulation of tho strength of. tho anxiety- arousing cuo but rather to tho ditforontial salionco of the tool: of tho moasago. This is tho issuo posod by tho present study. Past rosoarchors havo omployod tho anxiety-arousing meaaaqo as an independent variablo to induco attitudo and behavior chanqo. Tho underlying assumption appoars to havo boon that all subjects will rospond similarly to particular anxioty-arousing appeals, the deciding factor being the 2 level or intensity of tho throat. Perhaps it is this over- simplification that has lod to difforing findings and tho difficulty in reconciliation of thoso findings. In a roviow and summary of tho litoroturo. hillor atatoas Rather than assuming that 'overyono knows a fear appeal when he soon ono” and proceeding to manipulate variabloo in order to detormino tho offocts of thoso appeals, researchers should attempt to delve moro deeply into tho naturo of anxiety and to arrivo ot soocific classes of stimuli that may be viowod as gonorally anxioty-orousing in naturo. Tho question tho proaont study will attempt to answer is, 'Aro all anxiety-arousing cuos similarly meaning- ful to all porsons?' Tho intont of this study is to investi- gato individuala' rooponaoo to anxiety-arousing cues, with tho how. that tho rooults will provido information related both to messago and rocoivor variablos. Two purpooos of this study can ho statodn (l) to dotormino if anxiety-arousing cues can bo catogorizod' (2) to dotormino if individuals can bo typified in torms of their responses to anxiety-arousing cues. Assumptions and Definitions Thus for the author has employod difforent terms with which to donoto tho variablo onxioty-arousing cuoo/foar appeals. Thio study will assumo that both fear and anxiety *w WW. ‘— —— W— ‘— 1Gerald R. Millor. ”Studios on tho Uoo of Fear Appeals: A Summary and Analysis,“ ngtra; Statgg Sgeggh 9.9.2.233. XIV (May, 1963). 123.24. 3 are the overt or covert manifestation of cognitive imbalance created by tho impingement of some tension producing stimulus, the terms will be used interchangeably. Cattoll and Scholar discuss tho "conceptual chaos"2 surrounding tho term anxiety and offer tho following description: Anxiety is generally conceded to be a phenomenon that manifests itself in immediato experience as an unpleasant emotional feeling uith.a character- istic anticipatory.charactoro—tho eXpectation of impending danger. CI.OOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOQ Anxiety may be relatively temporary or relatively permanent. It is generally agreed to be fairly wideSpread in occurrence. at least in human beings. CI 0...... 00...... .0... The impression is often given that anxiety is an acmuired phenomenon. or at least that certain orperiences and situations are preconditions for its develoment.3 The present study will be develOped enploying anxiety as: A learned source of drive. the kinds of stimuli that serve to elicit it will be defined by tho learning and conditioning processes to which an individual has been exposed. This is not unlike the Cattell and Scheier definition and provides a theoretical basis for the definition of anxiety- arousing cues. —— w—o—ywr—v 2Raymond B. Cattell and Ivan H. Scholar. “The nature of Anxiety: A Review of Thirteen Multivariato Analyses Comprising 814 Variables. “Esxchologica; Egggrgs. Iv (1958). 351. 3m.. 351-52. ‘Minor, 93., $12.. 122. 4 A distinction should be made regarding the definition employed by prior research with 'fear appeals“ and the definition employed in this study of anxiety-arousing cues. ”Threat appeals” or “fear-arousing" appeals. such so those employed by Hovland. Janis. and Kelley. are those which allude to or describo unfavorable consequences that will result from failure to adapt or adhere to an advocated position.s Operationally. previous research has couched anxiety-arousing appeals within a “do this or this will happen“ framework. The purpose of the present study necessitates a different Operationalisation. Anxiety- arousing cues on the other hand. are non-oral. declarative statements. They are of the sort. “I am afraid of war coming to Aaerios.' The results of the study will hopefully be transferable into construction of ”fear appeals“ for use in studying message effects. merit and Relevance of the Study An observation recorded over two thousand years ago by Aristotle can be considered the basis for research in the area of weseago strategy. Aristotle observed that “Fear sets men deliberating.“6 Assuming this observation to be correct. researchers have studied the differential effects A“ ———— w i —— - V‘s—- 5C.I. Hovland. L. Janis and.H.H. Kelley. Communiga- tiongand_rer§uasio; (New Haven. Conn.t Yale University Press. 1.9537.ng 60. 6Aristotle. gheflxhetorjic of aristotle. trans. Lane CoOper (New York: AppletoncCentury Crofts. 153.. 1960). p. 110. 9 of varying levels of fear appeal on attitude change and be- havior change in the recipient. Indeed. Aristotle's definition of fear. “a pain or disturtsnce arising from a mantel image of impending evil of e destructive or painful sort.”7 ie useful today both in the realms of the practical application of rhetorical theory and in that of renearch in communication. at the practical level teachers at speech are faced with the problem or orplicating for students that aspect of rhetorical theory referred to historically as pathetic proof and referred to in contonporary terms as motive or emotional anneals. Given the complexity of this element of rhetorical theory and the present status of social scientific research. it is not surprising that speech teachers are faced with e dilemma. There in on the one hand the neoco- nity to give students sound theoretical bases upon which to analyze and construct speeches, and on the other hand there is a paucity of textbook discussion relating to emotional appealso Authors of popular Speech texts egree upon the necessity to motivate receivers and to create a need within receivers. An understanding of there forces and their derivatives Adriveg? is e great advantage to the speaker who is trying to modify and direct conduct of others. OIOOOOOCQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI .— M —-_._‘ 7 M A... ___——- 7 WV ‘7 w M‘s 1O7e 6 The Speaker should select with care the motivea which he in to use.9 ‘Tho normal condition of the people in an audience in one of physical relaxation, mental inertia, and emotional equilibriUm unlosa something has happened alrcauy no stir thoao people into motion or unless the speaker does so through the appeal which he makes.: These and other authors list similar labels such as preservation, pride. altruism, conformity and change, and aex,10 as non-exhaustive indicauts o: the element motive appeal. These discussions point to the necessity for empirical research to define and clarify this clement. Herein is suggertefi the practical application of the present study. Thus far research has been directed toward the manifiulation of fear appeals as a message variable, lho variable, anxiety-arousing cues, has been treated as an indepenoent variable. It also has Leon cousled with other related variables such as source credibility ané interest value of the message in an attempt to build I theory which would explain and predict behavior resulting from the use or anxioty-arouaing cues. Until a recent study conducted by James Milton O'Neill and Andrew Thomas weaver. . .7 (New York: Longmans, Green and Co.. - ‘,eeoh (haw York: acott. Foroaman and Company. 1951 . p. 41. 10V Vrnnoth “. f: aroo, David C. Ralrh anfi Vilton J. 'ikrell. Irincinles of unoaking_(uelmont, California: Wadsworth E-uhlishing Company. Inc.. 1962). pm. 78-80. 7 3r. Murray Hawqillll little consideration had boon given to the investigation of the question. 'Vho is afraii of what?“ Research in psrchology has estahlinhefi tnat injivifiaala do have fears, anxieties. It has also boon entaLliJhed that peeple Co 1039333 to stinuli which ornate tension: that is, people roorcnd to anxiety with behavior which will reduce the anxiety. Jtudics done by social psychologists have mani- pulated these variables and have measured the degree of tension reéuction using attitude and behavior change as depenflent variables. Thus, it aygears that.we have more than a tentative basis for extanfiing the investigation of the dimension of anxioty. It is hapefi that the results of the present stufiy will allow indivifiuals to be typed accorfl- ing to their fears. Limitations of the Etuéy Practical conniderationn such as the length of time reguirefl per intorviow and the limited personnel and resources available to carry out the study limited the sampling aroa to a relatively circumscribed area, the city of Lansing, Kichigan. Computer capacity limited tho original sample size to ninety anfl of the original samplo it was possible to complete seventy interviews. Thus, in spite __ ——-——— ———-—— ‘— v IIMurray Hewgill, ‘Tynologiea of anxiety Responses,“ paper presented to Snoech Association of America, How York, new York. Eecember, 1965. 3 of the fact that an area probability annalo was drawn. the relatively small eamplc size becomes the major limitation of the present stufiy and may tend to restrict the generaliznhility. gammary of Chapters Chapter 11 contains a moro‘dotailcd discussion of the rurroses of the present study and a review of the relevant literature. Chapter III concern. thOLmothoda employed by the present study in obtaining data on the typologies of anxietyoarousing cues and the dimensions of anxietgnanouninq cups. Chapter IV contain: a discussion of the analynea and the results of the analyses performed on the data. Chanter V in a discussion of tho results and their anniication to future research in the field of communi- cation. CHAWER II In the previous chapter allusion was made to past investigations related to anxiety-arouaing stimuli. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature pertinent to the development of the present stuny both theoretically and methodologically. Theoretical Development The body of research most closely related to the purposes of the present study is that represented by studies in which the independent variables were anxietyoarousing cues and the depenéent variables were attitude change. be. havior change. interest. attention, or tension arousal: in short. it is the area of “fear appeals.“ The prototype eXperiment of this area of research was conducted by Janis end Feohbach.1 They investigated the effects of three different levels of 'rear appeals“ induced by three forms of e message on dental hygiene differing only in the degree to which painful consequences of poor dental hygiene were illustrated verbally and pictorially. It was M uh - M A .3. .5. 1 I v——-—p— ‘v— ww 7—, w“ w llrving 1.. Janis end Seymour Feehbsch. ‘Ettects or Fear-Amousing Communications.“ the 1 Ab rma a d c c ngggglggx. 48 (1953). 78.92, a 10 reported that s strong tear message created more emotional tension than did e moderate or minimal fear message, yet the strong fear message was less effective. The conclusion offered by Janis end Feshbech provides a useful structure within which to discuss the development of the subsequent research: The overall effectiveness at e persuasive communi- cation will tend to be reduced by the use of a strong fear eppeal. it it evokes e high degree of emotional tension without adequately satisfying the need for reassurance. This aggg,hgg explanation of findings provided the spark which generated the body of research reported here. COnsider tiret the findings related to creation of tension and interest. In another study in which messages elaborated on therdangers of cigarette smoking, Janis3 supported the original findings of Janis end Fenhhech. Janis end‘Terwilliger4 also supported the findings of the 5 initial study. Findings of Eerkowitz end Cottinqham indicated H A‘ ‘ —— w—w 2%” 92. 3Irving L. Janis. “Intensive Interview: on Re- actions to Fear-Arousing erpnganda,' reported in Carl I. Hovlend. Irving L. Janis and Harold H. Kelley. ggmmgnicatiog and .rounsi n (Ken Haven. Conn.s Yale University Press. 19 3), pp. 3-4. ‘I. L. Janis and R. F. Terwilliqer. “An Experimental Study of Psychological Resistances to Fear-Arousing Communi- cation,“ gournn; g; ghnormalfand Sgc‘a Favchol (1962). 403.11. —' W“ 5Leonard Berkowits end Eonald R. Gottingham. ”The Interest value and Relevence of Fear Arousing Communications.“ ggurne; of Abnormal and Social Boxcholggz. 60 (l960), 37-43. 11 that high anxiety¢arousing cues created greater tension and greater intcrcst. measuring phyciological differences (muscular tension) Mcfiuity and Waiters {Ound that subjects OXpoald to anxiety inducing instructions exhibited consider- ably morn muscular tenaion than did subjects in other treat- ment 9rougs.6 There are, however. stuéies that have either directly refuted these findings or havo found no significant 7 differences. For example, flunnaily and Bobren‘ found that relatively high anxiety meclagca depressed interest. Two 8 othor studios. Holt: and Thictiethwaite. and Golan-in9 reported no significant differences in tension produced by varying levels of supposed anxiety-arousing cues within massagea. *AL— “A- M A ‘— ~— m w—W w“ 6John A. yofiulty and Richard H. waiters. “Emotional Arousal. Conflict, and Susceptibility to Social Intiucnco,“ Canafiian Journa of §av¢holox .16 (1962), 211-20. 73. C. Runnaily and Howarfl a. Bobren. "Variables Governing the Willingness to Receive Communications on Rental Health.‘ gggggai gt Fgrsgnalitx. 627 (1959), 38.47. BHowardMoltz and Donald L. Thistlethwaito. ’Attituao fiodification and Anxiety Reduction." on a Abnormal and fiocia; Psxchgiogz. 50 (1955). 231-38. 9Michaoi J. Goldstcin. ‘Tho Relationship Botwoon Coping and Avoiding Behavior and Reopense to Fear Arousing Paupaganda.' Jogrna; cg Abnorma; and fiocia; gszphgiogx, 58 l2 Tho significant point in all this is orpresacd by the findings of Eerkovitz and Cottinghama that the an ienca to the receiver of the messagc topic in which fear appeals are nested determine. in part, their ettect. tat noltz anfi Thistlethwaitc. and Nunnclly ané bobrcn Clo not fitter- mine the salience.of the {car appeal involved in their GXperimenta. If we assume that the dental hygiena tapic used by Molt: and Thirtlcthwaito we: not very salient and that the mental health tapic as used by Nunnally and Bobren was relevant to their respective aufiiencea, the finfiingn seem to concur with those of Rerkowitz and Cottingham. with regard to the present study, this interpretation suggests that the effectiveness of fear appeals. and perhaps any other morsago variable. must be determined with regaré to their eftect on particular receivers. In short, it euggasts that a useful approach would be to determine what fears are salient for what pennie. "who is afraid of what?" aypears to be the important question. Those ttufiies which have chosen to relate level of anxietyoarouaing stimuli to attitufle change and behavior change have also profuced conflicting results. The cx~ planation cfferefi in the initial Jnnis and Feshbach stuéy still Appears to be an ovorcimplitication. That is. as 10 suggested by Janis and Feshbach, avoidance behavior which w __4_ MA~ v—wv , ——- IOSUnra, p. 10 13 is evoked by a high anxiety-arousing messaga 13 not nUpportefi by other research. In fact. in a noflified tooli- 11 found that cation of their first study. Janie and Fenhbech by controlling for manifest anxiety, fear-arousing stimuli had the following diffarential effects: A high levcl 0! fear eppeal resulten in significantly less conformity to recommenfiationa for high manifest anxiety subjects than for low manifest nnxioty cubjcctn. while under conditions of minimal fear epoeel. thc behavior of high manifest anxiety eahjocte conformed significantly more to the anQEQtiona ot thc message than the low'maniiest anxiety subjects. Continued incorporation of other variables into similar designs have produced varying renultn. Goldstein12 failed to tind significant differences between effects of anxiety-arousing stimuli when controlling for personality variables.13 Those studies in which level of anxiety was couglea with manipulation of related variables such as in- 15 terest and relevance.l‘ source credibility. and personal wwv ————-— w 111. L. Janie and 8. Feehbech. “Personality Differences Associated with Responsiveness to Fear~nrousing Communication.” gaugggl 2f_?ggaonali£z} 23 (1954), 154-61, 1 2301(35301“, m me 13Pereonelity types were defined as “annexe.“ those showing capacity to recognize tension-producing stimuli and relate that etimUli to themselves and ”avoidnrs.' those who are unable to recognize such stimuli and tenet. them to thcmnelves. 14Berkowitz and Cottingham, 195, cig. 15Gerald R. Miller end.Murray A. hewgill. “Reduc- tion of Cognitive Imbalance Following Exnonure to roar. hrousing Communication.“ Paper presented to Speech Association of America. Chicago. Illinois. December 28. 1964. 14 or impersonal referent: of annealsls bavo consistently found that high anxiaty~arouainq messages can bo~more effective than low anxiety-aracsing messages in oroducing change. Thus, defensive-avoidance behavior floss not apnenr to be an adequate exclanation for the effects of high anxiety- :rcuaing stimuli. Interestingly amongh, the anxiety-arousing stimuli encloyed in the stuiios discussed thus tar have emphasized undesirable gb-c *2 consequences such as pain and poor 7. 17 health resulting from poor dental hygicnc, cancer result- 18 and injury resulting from failure to use automobile seat belts.19 Nest pertinent to the present ing from cigarette snaking, study is the recent research by Powell and Miller which broadens the concert of anxiety-arousing stimuli to include 0 I, cues which stress undesirable sects conaoquences. This fippeara to be a step zwny from the narrow handling of anxiety-arousing cues represented by limiting the undesirable “TV—v w—w—W—w—fi‘. — w 1”Fredric A. Powell. ”The Effects of Anxiety-Arousing fiassages when Related to Peraonal, Familial and lageraonal Referents,“ £693 h F nawrafi a, Xflhzl (June, 1965), 132-106. 17Janis and Fashbach. lag. gig, Malta and Thistlethwaito, Loo. git: Goldatein, lac. cit. 13Janis, lac. cit: Janis and lerwilleqer. lQSb Sui. 19Berkowitz and Cottingham, 10:. gl_. q ‘o?reéric B. fcwell and Gerald R. miller. “Social Aggraval and niaapproval Cut: in Anxioty-Anouning Communica- tion,‘ h~“%"? fin an auhs. xxxlv (June. 1967). 152-53. is coaacquoncon to the physical and «uployiaq a Q‘s; has non-urn of anxiety to test the validity of the atimuluc manipulation. The preceding discussion loads to a final socculntien regarding the thaoroticul trtmowork in which '10:: appcnl' studios have been pllc0d. Briorly muntioaod earlier was tho defonsivo~avoidanca thoory which ha. sorvod to explain tho effects of anxiety-arousing stimuli. This thoory has pro. videl the major theoretical framework within which to cis- cuns cited results. Especially portinunt to this lino at 21 and thought are studies rolatod to anxiuty. and lo-rning. anxiety and persuasability.22 For tho most part. unxicty was a subject classification variable. but those studies represenc significance because thoir finding. or. rnlatod to the area of anxiety—arousing appeals and or. Caplannblo in tenas of existing thooriou of human behavior. Such thnory asserts that any stimulus which produCOI cognitivo imbalanco and Learning." >_ :.- . ' . _ ‘ . - _: an . 47 (1952). 166— It I; . Mon- and. '” 7’ in serial Rate Loarninq.‘ , . ,g _ .‘ “a ._ ' iiw_w 46 (1953) 120-24, Irving ' - “The Influence of Throat appeals. on Selective Lolrniay o!” the Contents of a Porouasivo Communication.' zgggh_13gx. 37 (1954), 75-3 0: Paul R. Robtins. Lev of anxioty. Interference Fronenell and Detansivo Reactions to Fear trousinq Information,“ ggxzrnal of inrsona t . 31 (1963). 163-78. 22:. L. Jamil. 'Anxiotv Indicos Knitted to Suscept- ibility to rersuasion. ” goggggl 9f Abgggma L and $223“ 1 ngggglggg. 51 (1955). 364-67, 3. J. E‘ino, Cone usion~0rawinq Communicator Credibility and Anxioty II Factors in O pinion Change," 0 f Abnorma and cial P choloa .54 (1957), 16 is crive Droduclnq. Anxiety in a learned source or drive resulting from environmental factors which have reinforced coponsea to certain cues, bat not other ones. Anxiety in a response to certain cues which have been learned by the individual. further, anxiety creates e state at imbalance which the individual seeks to correct. In ahort, cognitive balance theoriee, learningareinforcemvnt or incentive theory, and psycho~analytic theory may serve as noesible explanations for the effects 0: enxiety-evousinq cues.23 The saint in that. until recently. little attempt had been made to in~ corporate an: iety-aroueing research into a theory'on on 9. c... r1251, baaio. The Miller and Hewgill papers were based on cognitive balance theories. and although the theories mentioned are not new. miller'e review of the literature was one of the first to point up the necessity to develon e theoretic frame« work for the conetruct with which so many researchers have spent so much time: There exists e need to develop a concentunlization of 'an<.iet;' that mav oe incor~crota4 :: a ;;t of statements within a theory of human motivation.?4 In Spite of prior reeearch, little information is available regarding the ditterentiel meaningfulneee of anxiety-arousing cues. It is feasible. than. that e study designed to - A ——w.- w w—_— w 23 Norton neutvch oni Root. 3. Krauas. iflroricc in (new York. Basic flocks Inc.. 1965), coral? ?, tiller. '3tudiea in the Use of Eear Appeals. A Summary and Analysis.“ 1259 355;; 90 122. 17 distinguish what cues are salient to what types of peeple would Offer useful informetion with wh1ch ta test hypotheses relatefl to the effects of anxiety-arousing messages. Further investigatian of these Cues is neefied to determine if therc are groups of fear anpeals which are differentially effective and groups or typologies of persons for whom certain cues, intended to he anxiety-arousing, are differentially effective. The a%ove concluaian jivez {15% t: a major $391186 neon whl“h LP? preaent research 15 basafic That the differ- ential effectiveness of varying messaga apneals has meaning only with regarfl to tha receiver for when the message is itten3?£. It cafi be argue: that much of the confusian in the area of «995133 variahles stans from the fact that only selfion do researchers fallow the ancient dictufi o: knowing their audienza. It sagas c193: that Whit may be a hi,h anniety-3raising cue for one nan 13 net so is: anather. To test the efitsctivenass of presénting d fadr arouain; measago on a grsuo at people, it seats Laysztaat that manipulation of the message variable should yresant cues that are salient t9 the anxieties at those pas; 9. Thus the present stuiy will attatnt to determine 15 such cues are isolable an; if people may be $10435; in terns oi what tuay :33: as patantially fezr-arousinq cues on the dimensicn of salience. A method- taelf 5% uniguely desiguefi to acggmpl1ah Ft. elegy whiflh ;resevta this tasm s wheyhenaon's L-fiethaiology, to be discussed in the ramuinin; sectian oi thja chaLtnr. la Methodological Develooment In his book. ?he Study of 9ehavio; firephenson has written: we shall study man's attitudes, his thinking behavior. his personality, his social inter- action, his aelf, his psychoanalytic medhanisms, and all else objective to other: or subjective to himself, and we can do it all scientifically without using any fornal scales or measuring instrument: of the kind with which psycholocg is familiar. This is achieved by Q~technique.i It is with this approach that Stephenson sets forth his loans. The present purpose does not seem to require an exhaustive coverago of this methodology, but I brief review in in order. Qatochniquo in a psyChometric method which couples an itamusorting task with factor analysis to yield factors that are types or syndrome: by clustering together people that respond similarly to tho set of items. While it is possibln to analyze any out of reaponucn of subjects either in term: or item clusters, tho Rgfactor analysis, or in terms or 'peoolc clusters.“ as in Carroll'- P-factor analy- sis, what makes “arachniquo and G—analyais unique is the use of the Ccnort. The technique call! for subject. to sort a set of items. th01manner in which he sorts them being the signifi» cant napect of his individuality. Marsh has remarked that Stephenson assumes that peopllrcan think or talk about them- selves in the same way they think and talk about other things. 25 William Stephenson. he studu t B avioru a (Chicago: Thu University of 19 These selforcflectien: . . . are just as much a part of an indivifiual's behavior as anything also he does. It is diffiCult ta talk about pfirsoaality structure but the general 9 approach posits an underlying gsrscnalitv atruzturc far each inéiviéual. (Given rcliable measurement). This structure will determine what he 6333 from one moment t3 anothfir. The dynamic intarrolationahina. the total coniigura— tion, underlie all hehfiviors 9f the parfion. atenhenson retera to the amazement: of such a con- figuration as 'siwniiicuncesnotna tyn5s, arannts, ? attenqths of which make each person a unique Leing.'“ L.’ .4 1h: methodalcqy as set forth is termed an inductive. defluctive. a “postulatory-fiependence,“ methodology tn which a researcher can move bath fram theory to the encirical and more inportantlv from postulationa to theory. Fuxther, Q- technique is an insativa rather than a normative &ppxoach to the study of behavior and haw tho potential of either grovifl- ing data on a single infilvidual or for grouping or typing individuals. In general, it is usually nece$aary to generatc the type: by using the methoi and grouyirg peepla on the basis of ainilazities in their responses. 3n indivi— dual may be classed by comparing his responses with thoae typos. Thus, one aflvantage of the t-chnigun is thfit researchers may derive, from the similarities amang individ duals, nets of responses which éistinguish groupa oi individuals from other grcupa of other 1ndiv1éu&ls, 1.9., typologies. Ag‘; _____ M w y'— w -———-——v~ v—w v—ww— _——_ w—v w 2”3h1r1ey A» Karen. “w—Technlquea kn Advanco in I&;olynan1c5“ (JomaunLCJtiQn Rexearsh Cantar, Callagn mf Communication arts, Nichigan fitato Universtty, Dacember, 1963), p. 39. (Kiteograrhei). 20 G-Methodolocy saw only limited use until the late 1950's. The greatest impetus to its use come moot logically from the exocriencc of psychotherapists in designing research. The technique allowed them to aaoesa personalitygconflicta (self descriptions of perceived self and desired 391:27), to assess personality differences (through the use of Rorschach or TATZB), and to assess individual differences (individuals sorting to determine colt concept and Again aortint to deteru mine their beliefs regarding accepted cultural nouns, others 29). ideal values. etc. Employment in a somewhat broader aCOpo and at a level relevant to the present report has been in research attempting to typo peeplo. One or ntephonoon'a earliest studios dealt with dovelOpinq a typological atruc~ 30 turn for a theory of personality types. Communications researchers havo used t-methodology to deturmino reader 31 to determine images of public librarian,32 and to 33 values, determino patterns of belief toward civil defense» 27St0phenaon. 12§,g$§,. p. 329. 281bid., pp. 291-325, 29;bifl., pp. 242-72. ”inn. . p. 161. 7 ”In. 9. nacLean and A. L. Kan. “Picture Selection: An Editorial Game,“ gonrnglisafiguartgglx. 39 (Spring, 1963), P. 2. 32marsh, Log, cit.. p. 20. 1 “3Malcolm S. MacLean Jr.. Thomas nonbury and Albert 9' Talbot. ”Civil Defense Belief Patterns: (VIII) Technical Sum- mary“ (Communication Research Report, College of Communication Arts, Michigan State University. March, 1964). 21 0! most relevance to the present pacer was a study conducted by Hew911134 which prompted tho research to be reportod hora. That study represented the initial attompt to determino typologies of rennonsas to potentially fear— arousing out. using the L-methodology. This study found it possiblo to group peoolc on the basis of their responses to tho Gonort items. However, the atuay was admittedly exploratory. Thua the present study seeks to advance that work and add generalizability to the findings. The present study will also attempt to go one step beyond the flamethodology in order to determine the dis- criminnnt functions that distinguish the groups that result from the C-mcthofioloay. This oxtention of the research is to be viewed as primarily caploratory in nature. In essence. an attcflpt will be mafia to cluater the variables which apply to tho dimensions derived in factor analysis in such a way an to maximize the differences between the group: which ‘) result from a “*tYPG faCtor analysis.“s “—— ' *— "_"" ‘— w w ‘- aéfiurrfiy chgill. 'Typoloqies of Anxiety Responses.“ IEEkSQLa 35 C. Radhakrilhna RAG. Afivanggd g ig_§1omotric‘3oscgrch (New York: Chapman & a 1. Limited, 1952). CHAPTER III paccanuans or para COLLECTION Chapter 11 presented the problem with which future researchers must deal before investigation in the area or anxiety-arousing appeale can derive meaningful theory. Thie chapter will describe the methode used by the present study in attempting to answer none of the questicne poeed by thie problem. The description in divided into four sections: (1) the pilot study, (2) item selection, (3) sampling procedure, and (4) data gathering. ”the Pilot Stud! As mentioned in Chapter II, Hemgill1 conducted the preliminary study out of which the present one grew. In develOping e not of Gonort items. approximately one hunfired fifty eubjecte responded to the question, “What are you afraid ot?‘ The responses yielded e list of over two hundred items which, by elimination of equivalent items, were narrowed to e deck of one hundred eighty.2 Eeceuee the W w W fiw W W w ‘— _w_ , .__.___ lflflwgillc "Typologiee of Anxiety Responeee,' 19;, $13, See eleo. Gerald R. Miller and Murray A. Hawgill, “name Recent Research on Fearanrousing Message Appeals.” En *h F n rn.he, XXXIII (November, 1966), pp. 377-391. 2The list of these original items can be round in Appendix A. 22 23 eet of one hundred eighty iteme wee too long for any eingle Q-eort and constituted too many veriablee for the available tector ennlytic computer program, the items were then random- ly divided into three decks of eixty items each and were used in three separate Gonort projecte. The subjects, for the most part hichigcn State Univereity etudente, comprised three independent samples, one tor each deck or items. A sample of fortyative was obtained for one net of iteme and thirty~eeven for each of the other two sets of items. The subject: were asked to eort the items into nine categories, piecing e epecitied number of items into each category. The criterion for classification was the degree of 'meeningfulneee' of the item to the eubjecte. The cate— gorization ranged from “moat.neeningrul.' coded.to yield e numerical value or nine, to “least meaningful.‘ coded to yield e numerical value of one. Thie resulted in the follow- ing forced distributions Category 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Total Frequency 2 5 7 lo 12 lo 7 S 2 60 Employing principal exie analysis with Verimax rota- tion both flamethod and Gomethod rector enalyeee were per» formed on the date from each of the three samplee. Mean ratings and standard deviations for eech o: the items were canputed. The Rpenelyeie provided item correlatione end hyoo- theticel item factorey the Q-enelyeie provided hypothetical 24 subject factors or ‘types“. Although no interpretation of the item factors was reported, discussion or the R-analysis revealed that the item factors did not account for e large proportion of total 1 variance. The use of the Kiel-Wrigley criterion 01 a minimum or three items with their highest loadings on a factor dictated termination of factor rotation after arriving at a twelve rector solution. lven the twelve rector solution accounted for only about 70 percent of the variance. Further discussion by Hewgill revealed the usefulness of the an analysis. Although the low prcportions of variance accounted for by the item factors may seem dis- appointing, it should be remembered that the at of items was initially intended to cover as wide e range of types of fears as possible. In fact. an intuitive classification of the 180 itene by the investigator led to a list of over 25 cate- gories in which the items might be placed (e.g. concerns about offspring, concerns about employ~ meat, etc.). In any evnnt, the item factors do provide an empirical basis for eliminating some items which are highly correlated with other items. and load high on the cane factor. For example, the items, "I am afraid of what lies beyond death.” and “1 am afraid of death,“ both land high on the same factor. and one of them could be eliminated.2 Section two of this chapter will discuss these indicated pro- cedures which the n-enalysie provided. _...._.. 4..“ www— row—“w w 1'Ilonald P. Kiel and Charles r. wrigley. “Effects upon the Factorial dolution of Rotating Varying Numbers of Factors.“ taper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, September. 1960. gfiurray Hewgill. 'Typologiee ct Anxiety Responses,“ LEE-£35.- PPe 5’6 e 25 In regard to the unchalysie of the Hewgill study the hypothetical types were derived from the way the subjects sorted. The loadinge, or correlations, are interpreted as how each person correlated with each hypothetical factor. or tyre. A grouping, or a tyne was regreaented by those nub. Jocts who loaded high on a given factor. that is, correlated highly with that particular type. . a In an article, Filler and Hewgill" reported two hyg-othctical type-:3: The t-anolysin suggests that some persons can be typed in terms of their sorting patterns, but the results are not definitive, in later phosoo of the project a single universe of C-items will be used and data will be collected from other compleh. The preliminary analysis does suggest, however. that at least two typos of persons are rmzfiily identi- tiable.‘ One of the hypothetical types was categorized as those in- dividuals primarily afraid or career failure and the other hypothetical type as those primarily afraid or separation from valued others. ‘Tho forwer type tended to choose as most meaningful items such as ”I am afraid of doing poorly on important tasks,“ and “I am afraid of having my career interfere with my family life“: the latter type tended to choose as most meaningful items such an “I am afraid of being separated from my loved ones in time of disaster.” and “I am afraid of losing eomeone dear tome.“5 “A ww—v—wwr' fi—v w ~— ‘7 ifiiller and Hewgill. 'Some Recent Research on Fear— Aroueing Message Appeall. 12c.git.. pp. 388-391. fléiéna P~ 3900 5.4.21.9... 26 As pointed up by tho Miller and Hewgill article, two finding: merit emphasis. First, . . . it is noteworthy that two of the fear items with highxmean ratings relate to danger or harm to valued others. This fact suggests that such itens may have broad generalized potential for fear-arousal. . . . Second,- tho large number of factors obtained and the relatively small Amount of variance accounted for by the strongest factor: supports the notion that there are numerous in~ dividuai differences which influence tear arousal. Both the dincussion in Chapter II of the present paper, and the pilot study by Hewgiil lead to the following statement: Esmeraliy. than result. from tho initial phasc at this investigation suggest that factor analysis can be used effectively to determine the relativo variance of ratings nsnigned to numeroua fear- arousing statements. It also seems feasible to investigate typologies as defined by patterns of responses to fear-arousing statements and to non the resultant finéingn to refine nné to improve future eXperimental research on the effects at fear-arouaing appeals.7 nith this in mind the factor analyses periormed on the fiata gathered by Hewgill provided the information with which the items for the nresent study were aelacted. ti 581’ i n Using the R-analyeis and Goanalynia of each of the threc acts of items. oighty items war. solactod. Based upon tho following discussion thc‘decinion to choose an eighty item deck was'mnde. 62bid. 7w00 PP. 390‘910 27 The number of cares in a Q flictributicn in cater- mined by convenience and statistical demands. ior ctatiutic l stability and reliability, the number should probably be not lose than 60 (40 or 50 in "are rare cnann) not more than 140, in most cases no more than 100. A good range is from L0 to 9:) Ccrds. - in addition, the length of time termited to sort 80 items provided the inve5tigator with an optinum interview length. Three criteria were @“plnyed by which to choose the final ei'gilt t3, 11:32:15: 1. The mean item score was consifiered as an index of the strength of a givcn item. .fin item f: ~111ng near the eXpected mean of the Gi;tributioa wig onnsiiarcd tn have been perceived by subjects as nautral, nhcrena a high mean was consiJered to be an index of n gnnaralizifl font. 2. The standard deviation was can5iJar 33 as an in- aex of item discrimination, a low ntanflard deviation indicat- ing a lean discriminating itcn. Therefore, while a high mean and low standard deviation was considered an indicant of a high fear, a central mean and high etandard deviation was consiaered an index of discrimination. Items with the lattar characteristics were considered as useful items while low standard éeviations and central means were least desirable” items which discriminate between types. The ranges of tho mean ratings of the three sets of data were 3.18 to 6.0%, 3.08 to 6.67 and, 2.6 to 6.83. The ranges of afredN N. Kerlinger. Founratigns of wBehavioral Renparch (New York. Holt, Rinehart and ninaton, Inc.. 1904). p. 533. 28 the standard deviations of the some sets of data were 2.58 to 1.15, 2.58 to 1.20 and, 2.43 to 1.26, respectively. 3. As a secondary criterion and as a cheCk on pro- cedures «employed above, on the R—ractor aolution, the inter- correlation of those items loading +.50 on a given factor were plotted. It was considered that high intercorrelationa of items on a given factor indicate measurement of the same dimension. At this point, a subjective decision we: made as to whiCh of two highly correlated items to retain for use and which to reject. Using these criteria. twenty-six items were selected from one of the sets and twenty-seven items were selected from each of the other two sets to comprise the deck of eighty items which were used in the present study. The items were used as phrased in the initial study. The items were simple declarative statements employing the beginning phrase. “i am afraid“. Examples will indicate the phrasing of the items. The entire list of items can be found in Appendix B. I a? afraid of having people get the wrong impression o me. I am afraid of what lies beyond death. I am afraid that something may happen to my children. Sanoling Eggcggurg An initial sample was drawn fiollowing the principles of area probability sampling as outlined by Beakatrom and flursh.9 “L ___h. “A 9Charles fl. Backstrom and Gerald D. Hurah. Bgrvgg Reaeargh (Northwestern Univeraitys Northwestern University Frans. 1963). 29 Limitations were placed anon IamOIO size by the capacity of thc camputer to be afielnyed 1n the analvnis 0f the flata. The program available an the One 3600 coMputer placed tbs ceiling at nintty variables unless the user were to allow tare input. Cost of the crocedura prohibited this. The 19fi0 census Datalo at tho City at Lansing,}:1chiaan ma fie nossible a rrohahillty sample 512. of ninety-nine, comprising thirty-three sampling clusters. Bacaua. It was felt that subjects would be Tflre receptive to relinquinsh1ng their t1me ta an interview 1! they wet. notified by telenhone and an arrointment sch¢fluled at their convvnicnce, mafiregsas of each of the nubjects were fietezmined and Leleuhune nvntera were procurafl from the City pirectory. lha eu5jscta were notifiad fifia annointments veto echedal 0:3. or the original samwls, ninety-nine, twenty hausing units refused to grant an enrotntment, six were navar M )9 to be contactefl either by telephone or visit, and tfsree hang- 1mg units (tho name clueter} war: on a non-resiient, businasa block. at the interviews raceivcd, fatty-eight were by anpointment and twentyotwo wore obtainea without a prior appointment. Tho refunnls were ranfinnlv dintributed and throughout the aampla. The final uwmnla connistgfl at saventy subjacta, an attrition rate of thirtv percent. Speculétion rewarding the ‘— *7 WWW v—v—wi—vv IOU.S. Euran of the Sensus. J S CFnLuL at LOUFI a: {350M 1950, V01. III. Cit” 3910CKB. «Cries AIC‘ ‘10. :12, U05 Government Printinj foice, u'azhivqton, {.6. 1°61. 30 large attrition rate in Spite of telephoning would bring to wind tho tact that (1) Lansing, flichigan is an over-sampled city because of its close proximity to Michigan State Univer- sity and, (2) because Lansing, as any city. has been subject to the “telephone salesman“, peOple are wary. more will be discussed in relation to subject reaction in the final section of this chapter. The final sample comprised fifty- seven females and thirteen males. Both Cithorigg The procedures for data gathering began with training three graduate students to assist in interviewing. In the training session the interviewer: were briefed as to the purpose and oesign of the study, and as to their task as interviewers. Instructions were outlined for each interviewer regarding all phases of the interview. Each interviewer'waa given a kit containing the following items: a Q-deck of eighty ptCCOded 315 card: on which were typed the anxiety- aroueing cues: a set of nine category cards into which the subject aorted tho items, a precoded questionnairo for each subject: a precoded card on which to record the subject's sort: stanflard introductory-explanatory rerarks to reduce interviewer bias; an area map and bloat map, an appointment form: a letter of introduction.11 Tho proceduraa outlined and rehearsed by the interviewers are as follows: L A .__ w W ww— — llfixamploa of the items included in the kit can be found in Apoendix c. (a) 1 Using city map and block map locate address. It appointment has been mace, introduce yourself and allow suhject to read letter of introduction. It appointment has not been made, proceed to use reaponcont selection key in oruer to inter- view agoraprictc member of the family. a. If anoronriate member is not in, use appoint- ment form and make appointment. b. If member is available request 1/2 hour of tine. Suggest subject sit at tahle. Givo subject instructions (see Instructions for subjects in Appendix) emplaining puroose and procedure. a. Soread out category earns. b. Suggest subject sort the items into throe gross categories. those “most meaningful.“ thoso neutral and thoso “least meaningful.“ c. Then. working from both ands to the middle sort tho specified number into each category. ask for questions regaroing technique only. Offer to discuss meanings of items after intern View. Although the subject should think about his rosnonso, suggest he should not ponéer long: his first reactions are most useful. It the subject questions the forced distribution ex- plain that the judgments he makes in respect to placement of an item are to be mace in relation to other items. The forced distribution is to insure that subjects will make theso Judgments. whilo the categories make it possiblo to compare his sort to other people's sort. after conviction of the sort. give the subject the questionnaire. Record the subjoct'l sort. a. Check correspondence between subject's number on recording card and on the queationnairc. b. Record in each category the number of each item placed there. ‘fi ¢' 4'} . Clip the questionnoire arfl recorfi cf tho sort together. 9. Thank subject and pay him orplaining that the one to lor is just a token payment. a “thank you“ tor his tine. In order to refine. interviewer error the instructions were given in as much detail as possible and the interviewers worn rehearsed severrl timoo. 0E the-seventy interviews twentyosix were conducted by the three trained interviewers, and forty- four were conductoo by the author. Funds iron the Department of Scotch, Michigan itate Univorsity mafia Feasible'tho pay— ment of one dollar to each interviewee and to each interviewer for oach consisted interview. Eecauto the hunter of item; ewnloycd in a single €- cook was increased from sixty to eighty in the present atuoy, the distribution of the itqns was unlike that oistrinution used in tho pilot stuéyo Uoing an arbitrary distribution suggested by Karlingarl2 the {toquencies were as follows: Least ‘seutral rout Category 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 3 9 Frequency 4 5 9 13 16 13 9 6 4 Korlinger, 93. cit. 33 fin example of the reccrjing of auhject Cne 15: subject Number 1 Least East 1 ” 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 25* 3 5 2 6 7 1 4 33 26 19 22 13 a 16 9 10 4O 32 47 35 30 11 23 12 45 65 63 75 42 34 14 23.3 13 52 68 77 43 37 15 31 21 54 80 5% 46 17 38 24 62 $3 43 20 39 27 En 5? 29 41 44 75 51 35 49 £9 53 55 53 L7 “ C4 73 5 74 75 El 70 71 72 79 *The numbers represent the pro-numbered u-sort items. éfter completion of the interviewing, the data were cosed, and punched for analysis by cowputer. ihe data were subjected to hpmethom anfi 1-mathod factor analyses. Sub. sequently, diacrt~xnant analysis was performed on the “pecplo types" éerived from the u-analysis. The results are raportefl in the following chapter. before proceeging to the next chapter, further dis- cussion regarding the procedure of gathering flats employed in the present study should provide information useful to others who would choose to exploy a similar fleaign. finch of the information gainad confirms what other researchers have fiiscoverefi, namely, a woman 13 more likely to gain access than a man, an interviewer must assert conftéence without 34 being overbearing; pcoclo are generally coooerative. Four subjects requested that the? be sent resulta of the ctuay. Eeveral subjects offered to get neighbors and friends to cocoorato as subjects. but the nature of the sampling proce- éure necessitatci that these requests be denied. On the other hand, the probleas which precanted themselves during this portion of the study are also worthy of noting. In the firct place. fieaigns which require a largo simplo random samgle on a personal interview basis are difficult for a single researcher to handlo. Much appreci- ation was gained for those persons whoeo livelihood this type of work is, and considerable insight was gained into the reason why interviews with four “callbacks“ are criced at an averaQo of $30 each. Experiences ranged from being asked by an irate mother to ”Get out and.go somewhere elsei" to being tea coffee and cookies by a kindly grandmother. During on. interview, the interviewer was never offered a seat, but still another subject took three hours to complete the sort and thanked the interviowor for ”the most enjoyable afternoon in a long time.” Another subject scheduled an appointment for the day after he had waved from thfit address. Scheduling apnointments by telephone rovealcc_both negative and positive oopects. Persona were afimittefily reticent to make Appointments if they felt the slightest passibllltf of having to combat a salesman. In aflfiition, the selection key hac to be abandoned because subjects were susyicious and afraid when askoa the questions necessary to 35 ranflooly select the hourchcld mother: ”how many adults are there in your hora?“ and “how many men are in your hora?“ ibis resulted in a dominance of women in the sample simply Lecture the woman scene to be the moot likely househola mambo: to answer the telephone. ocheduling appointments did offer two afivantogeu. Iirnt, time was minimized with respect to traveling to the homes and having to schciule aypointmcuts. Such interview time was relatively atabilized, as {our interviews could be deiinitely schefiuled for an evening, however, the expected decrease in average rate of attrition was not gained by initial contact being made over tho telephone. lhe ifimeBLately preceding paragraph: intend to in- form in order that others might beware of and therefore pos- sibly avoid some of the less desirahle aspects. The die- cuusion intendei to point up the necessity of making adequate proparation regarding time and cost when undertaking to sample using the area probability technique. One of the most important aspects to remember is that all other things being equal an acequato sample size will increase precision and. in turn, decrease sampling error. The next chapter of thc present study will endeavor to exolain the process of data analysis and the result- orocured by the procedures aeacribed in this chapter. Ci-iAPIER IV RESULTS The present chanter is concerned with recorting the results of the analyses performed on the-data. the anethod factor analysis: the L-method factor analysis: the cis- criminant analysis. Rpmethod Factor énalysis &n R—analysis was performed on the interview fiath for two purposea. Thu first purpose entailed the determina- tion of the number of factors represented by the anxiety- anousinq cues, the second purpose involved the selection of the items to be used in the t~ana1ysis and the diacrtminant analysis. The Rpanalysis used the Kiel-wrigleyl criterion set at threo itums for'rotational analysis. That is. a criterion whidh ceases the analysis when an additional factor has less than three item: that havc their highoat loading on that factor. The Rnanalysis using this criteria produced sixteen factors. w w w w W lzbnald F. Kiel and.Char1es F. wriglay, 193,513. 36 firigtg gogutiog filthough the rotational analysis providefi sixteen different solutions. the problm remained to choose the most useful or these. ihc moat apprOpriato solution under the conflitiona of this study would accomplish both of the pur- poses state-:1 above. Paramount to the choice of any solution was the desire to find conceptually interpretable factors of anxiety- arousing cues. oceans. this phase of factor analysiaia some. what subjective, it is necessary to point up that one can derive “moaning“ frcn almost any solution. However. there in the necessity to maximize tho nut-she: of contributors for each of the éimensiona and provide a factor otructurc'which was most amenablc to interpretation. duilford spooks to thio issue. In an unexploreo domain where factors has their relationa to tests are not got known, lacking objective criteria. one may try out one hypothesis as to meaning after another until some solution seems satirtactory. The injunction of meaning. even at this hypothetical type, may load to a 2 final solution that also seems good objectively. In aoflition to choosing a solution which would provide the moat conceptually sound breakéown of thc variables, it was necessary to consider criteria which would ootermino which items loaded high enough on a carticular factor to be considered as rcoresentativo of that factor. w...— A 4‘— w ‘— v-w—vww 23.P. Guiltorfi. figychofctric flethcflo (flew Yerkt ficfiraw-Hill Book COMhany, InC., 19547. P. 599. 33 i For purposes of this study, it was assumed that items whose correlation with the factor eXplained less than 25%.05 the item variance. that is. an itcm with a factor loaéing of less than .50 contributcd little to the meaning of that dimension. Therefore a criterion which dictated a minimum of two items which loaded .50+ on a factor and a criterion which maximized the number of .50* loadings were employed. It thoulfi be pointed Up that these criteria aid not limit ELL loadinga to .50. but-maximized the number of .50+ loafiingo. Etill on. important issue remains to be considered in the choicc of an appropriate solution. that of account- ablo variance. The two-factor oolution accounted for 14.92% of total variance with increments of approximately 3%a the seventeen-factor Iolution accounted for 64.72% of the variance. ThOIO were no noticeably'largo increases or docreascs in total variance accounted for from one solution to another. locally. the most approoriato colution undo: the conditionl at this study. and one which would accomplish both at tho purposes stated above»would fulfill the following criteria: 1. That solution which provides a relatively clear breakdown of the hypothetical conceptualization of tho variables. 2. That solution which.haa for eadh factor a minimum of two variables loafiing .SO+. 39 3. That solution which maximizes the number of variables loading .50+. 4. That solution which maximizes the total amount of variance accounted for within the framework of the other three criteria. The solution which.was found to adhere most closely to the critgria was the ten-factor solution. The items presented below represent both those items which were chosen as contributors to each of the ten factors and those items which were selected {or further analysis. Factor I accounted for 5.45% of the total variance of the items. there are {our itena which represented this factor: I an afraid of the prospect of annihilation of the human race in a nuclear war. (.64).3 I am afraid of the prospect of lotion. injury to my family during a nuclear war. (.57) I am afraid for the rate of the nation. (.65) I am afraid of America becaminq a police StatCO (.66) factor 11 accounted for 4.95% of the total variance and was represented by three items: I am afraid of having people criticize my work. (-.64) I am afraid of’working with strangers. (0.60) I an afraid of baing unpopular. (-.53) Factor III accounted for 4.82% of the total variance of the items and had {our representativc items: 3"rho factor loaning. arc rounéed to two decimal placoa. but the unrounded values can be found in Appendix D. tho matrix representing the ten factor solution of tho finanalysis. (1) (2) (3) (4) 40 I am afraid that something may hampen to my children. (-.64) i am afraid that my children will be unable to COpQ‘with their problems. (-.53) I am afraia of failing to raise my family in the way they should be raised. (-.55) I am afraid of losing someone dear to me. (-,51) Factor IV accounted for $.24filof the total variance o! the items and had the following items contributing: and had (1) (6) I am afraid of killing or injuring someone in an accident. (.67) I am afraid of being unable to make a success of marriage. (.59) I am afraid of failing to be sufficiently masculine (feminine). (.55) I am afraid of the possibility of being sexually inadequate. (.54) I an afraid of having no one to depend on but myself. (.51) I am afraid of what those to whom I owe money may think of me. (~.50) Factor V accounted for 4.74; of theatotal variance five contributing items: I am afraid of spending beyond my income. (-.65) I am afraid of being unable to keeo up with rising I an afraid of being killed. (.54) I am afraid of getting hurt. (.51) I fear being an invalid. (.51) Factor VI accounted tor 4.l0%.o£ the total variance and had three items associated with it: 41 I am afraid of the posaibility of having a nervous breakdown. I am afraid 111. (.68) I am afraid friends. (.70) of the possibility of being mentally of failing to have any really close (e41) Factor VII accounted for 4.58% of the total variance and had three contributorca and was I am afraid I an afraid (.56) I am afraid factor VIII represented I am afraid I am afraid some kind I am afraid with what of not getting along with my parents. (.64) of having other people get ahead of me. of disappointing my parents. (.43) accounted for 4.91% of theItotal variance by three items: or hurting other peoplee' feelings. (.63) or being helnlese before someone with of power or authority. (.59) of failing to be personally satisfied I an doing. (.45) Factor Ix accounted for 4.91% of the total variance and he d the following three items: I an afraid of the wrath of God. (o. 59) I an afraid I am afraid bell ‘3. of high places. (-.59) of failing to have strong religious (-.45) Factor x accounted for 3.99% of the total variance and had the following contributors: I am afraid of the results of doing thinge that I know are wrong. (.58) I am afraid of failing to have anyone ever really love me. (-, 57) 42 I am afraid of doing things that others would tind objectionaole. (.53) I Am afraid of Doing incapable of loving. (-.Sl) Thus it appears that. without labelling, the a. factor analysis presented an intuitively sound breakdown or the eighty items into dimensions. These thirty-eight items which met the criteria as set were aciected for the subse- quent analyses. C-Method Factor analysis The u-analysia determined if the responses to the anxiety-arousing cues had producod typologies of pooplo and provided the final analysis in preparation for the dia— criminant analysis. In tho u-anaiyais. the aubjocts beCAme the variables and the factors became the hypothetical ”peeplo types.“ It was hoped that acceptance of the thirty-eight items most contributing to the ten-factor Rpsolution woulo give a clearer breakdown of the hypothetical typologios. Again the factor analytic prOCOII used an: Vorimax rotation on a principal axiu solution with.Kioi~Wrigloy criterion not at three. The analysis yielded a fourteen- i'actor solution. The two-factor solution accounted for 15.97% of the total variancoy the fourteen-factor Bolution accountcd for 71.06%.of the total variance. As with the R- analysis it was again necessary to choose a solution which would provide the typologies upon which a discriminant 43 analysis would be performefi. It was necessary then to choose a solution ch ch coulflz l. Maximize the number of persons loacing on each factor to that each type waa acocuatuly represented. 2. Yield the purent factor loaoinga. 3. kaximize the total amount ct variance accounted for given the other two criteria are met. ihe eight-factor solution most closely fulfilled those criteria.4 fhe eight-factor solution provided eight groups of "peeple typea.' Becauao determination of the hypothetical “peeplc types“ was based upon the entire distribution of items for each aubjoct, further analysis of tho u-analysin was necessary before meaningful discussion was possible. It was honefl that the demogranhic cata collected for each subject would provide a means of distinguishing between typologies. it was discoverefl, however, that the damographic fiata asked for provided little or no information. Table l provices a breakcown by factors of the demy- '1'? :3 {IE—11C (Rita. Table l. The eight tygolcgies as representec by demographic data ‘ “~‘=:::-‘~‘ “‘”€S:=:::::============B I II III IV V VI VII VIII Sax H l H l M 2 M 4 H 3 H O M l H 1 F 7 E 9 E S F 11 F 7 F 6 P 5 F 7 M (Minn 3O 30 40 4O 50 4O 30 30 -3: llwvr_ __::_ w_w_“__:_i_ A l. WW ___ A fiedian number of 3-4 1-2 0 1-2 1-2 1-2 in: 3-4 ghilfiren “_4 _fi_ __ _;oo _ 4 Th. matrix for the night factor u—aolution in repr0¢ duced in Apnenoix G. 44 It was necessary at this ooint to continue with the analysis of the totypologies in an attempt to distinguish more meaningfully between tho groups. Because Q-typologiea are based on the correlations of one subject's entire sort- ing of itenn with that of anothar tubjoct'a entige sorting of items, to the extent that several subject's reopensas in- tercorrelate. a factor or 'tyoology“ is formed. This necessitated an analysis which would yield information on the characteristics of the responses of each group that made it a distinctive typology. a proceéuro which soonefi to ful- fill thin puroose is callei Diocriminant Analysis to be des- cribed below. lha Licoriminant finalysis Yhe neat anfi final analysis of the fiata reported in this Study was that classified as discriminant. A dis- criminant analysis was oerforwed on the eight “people types" or grouns in order to gauge the extent to which these types were actually distinguishable on the basis of their sorting of the scale items. In essence. this tyga of analysis is aimed at infiexing the status of ciffering groUps in terms of clusters of variables which maximize that difference.5 The tocnniguo is analogous to the analyois of variance in the IGSpeCt that it may be used in tasting hyoothesea about groun differences when there is more than one measure per group. A-LH __.____ AL..— __ A .a T.— .— w v— ——.v w —— ———-——v V 1 ”That io. it maxirizea the ratio of among to within group dispersions. 45 It is analoqous to factor analysis in the reapect that it crevices a basis for interpreting the nature of cramp differencos in terms of dimcntiona. It is ideal to think that a given set of vectors would be such as to t. a series of curvilinear associations between group variable scores. It is more often the case that clusters have some typa of association with all vectors and that sometime. than. associations are difficult to distinguish from one another in terns of a meaningful statistic. The typo of association in the case of discriminant analysis is can which is tnsefi on a similarity among differences. It is assumed in éiscriminant analysis that a V8115 index of a group is it! atanaing in relation to vectors which are drawn to account for the total difference between all groupa. Thus thorn are two types of nunerical vnluea which come tram discriminant analysis. First. there is a value which definen the status of a group or groups in relation to some fiiscriminant function (an arrangcnent of variable scores). This vain. 1t classified as a centroid scorn. Thus. there is a centroid score for each diftarinq groan for each functicn that can be lfigitimato- 1y identified. This score can he considered a mean acorn for all tho-o subject; falling within a certain groun on a anecitiod arrangement of variables. Th0 cacond type of numerical value stemming from discriminant analysis which is of int-rent far the type of study dcscribod in this research cancerns the strength at 46 I the discriminant function in relation to how much of the group differenco is accounted for. It must be remembered that the analysis attempts to trace all group differences in terms of the arrangement of variable scores. The strength of a given function is then a measure of what percentage of the total difference between the groups is accounted for by a particular cluttering of variable scores. with respect to the present study it will be remembered that as a result of the R-nnalysis thirty-eight variables repreoenting ten dimensions of anxiety-arousing cues were derived. Using these thirty-eight variable scores as onto. a Quannlyois was performed. The objective of this analysis was to classify the subjects who did the sorting of tho anxiety—arousing cues into groups. Each group was to repreeent people who Barton in a similar manner. The objec- tive of the discriminant analysis wan then to index each group in terms or differences on variable scores. The factor pattern for the thirtyocight items used to classify the sub- jecta can b0 found in Appenoix F. A “loading” represents tho correlation of that item with a vector drawn through a cluster of variablcs which oiscrininato between the peOple types. The infiormntion most useful to the present study can best be presented in tho tabular foam. Table 2 repreoonta the centroid scores for each group on each of the seven vectors. In other words. each groun of subjects has a “mean“ score on a specified arrangement 47 of variables, “mean” score in relation to oach of the dis- criminant functions. T8131. 20 Centroid acores for the eight groups on tho dincriminant functions 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 Group 1 5.62 3.54 6.79 4.37 5.01 ~7.02 ~2.02 2 4.63 3.89 5.41 7.75 3.01 ~6.62 «1.31 3 8.94 5.89 5.57 6.17 2.00 .6.53 o2.43 4 6.62 1.83 6.54 6.15 1.78 ~5.84» «2.20 5 4.87 2.84 4.44 5.96 2.12 ~7.54 ~3.20 6 2.94 5.32 6.85 4.90 .53 -5.71 02.36 7 6.36 2.89 4.73 4.01 .66 -7.42 - .59 Percent — ' "*H“ “w “’ ’"' ‘w'vw' '7 of 32.59% 28.12% 14.91% 10.89% 6.54% 4.49% 2.47% £1ffcro.ce A l O..— ‘h ____ _ w. __ _w The “Percentagc of Difference“ scores across the bottom of Tabla 2 repreocnt the strength of each of the dis- criminant tunctions in relation to how much of the group difference is accounted tor. In othar words. on Discriminant Function 1 32.59%;ot thc total difference between the groups is accounted for by that particular vector. a particular clustering of variable scores. Chopter V will further discuss the implications of there results. Choptcr I? has boon concerned with the results at three types of analyses. The first type. the Rpanalysis. included the factor analysis of the original sixty anxiety- arousing cues from which was fierived ten cimenrions. Based 48 upon the Rpanalysis thirty-eight items were chosen with which to perfarn the second analyses, the u-analyaia. The L-analysia yielded eight "peeplo types.“ The eight groups were aubmitted to a discriminant analysis to discover differences between types could be determined. Chapter V examine: and discusses the results regorted in this chapter with respect to future research in this area. Ci-iAPTER V DISCUSSIOR Ci? TREE RiSULTfi MED (SIZECLUSIOJS OF THE STATUES"! In Chapter I, the issue that perhape the discrepant reaponees elicited by the classical anxiety-arousing messages ere contingent upon the salience of the anxiety- aroueing one was presented as e premise for further study of anxiety-arousing cues. In an etteMpt to investigate that issue, date were gathered and eeveral analyses were conducted. The results of those analyses are presented in Chapter IV. This chapter will oxemine end discuss the results. Also. further research in the area will be recom- mended. The breakdown used.thue far; that in, consideration of each analytical step. scene a useful way of organizing this final discussion. The R-Anelyeie Chapter IV presented the items by factors for the ten-factor solution. Taking e bro-d look at the eolution chosen, the~thirty~eight iteme provide e relatively clear- cut conceptualization of tear-factore. Thue, Factor I come to cover tear related to war and the fate of the nation, factor 11 some concerned with tears related to adequacy in work: Factor 111 is oriented ho children and significant others: Factor IV is concerned with personal inadequacy, 49 50 Factor V includes fears related to physical well being: Factor V1 is oriented to mental health: factor VII is oriented to inadequacies in eyes of parents: Factor VIII is oriented toward loss of fate control: factor Ix is religion oriented. Factor x is self image oriented. related to giv— ing and receiving love. locking over this breakdown. the date support certain items as being “better“ than First: Two interesting questions present themselves when can e closer look at other items in distinguishing four factors and Q-tectore? Second: although the content of the items on some factors seem relatively clearcut. why in there a marked similarity between some clusters or items? the means and standard deviations of the items. In dealing with the first question we can look at Table 3. The ten highest mean and standard deviation scores 10 highest 10 highest __ mi ”233: "w wken-‘a‘fiigmgns Item Standard Item hangs; _A‘_fi*_ Deviations * Afiumbe; _w ‘W 139909 56* 6.9714 2.1645 33* 2.6343 5.3429 74* 6.6143 2.0234 71* 2.6507 4.7286 77 6.5286 2.1025 4 2.5096 4.2429 9* 6.1857 2.2443 44* 2.4795 5.7714 12 6.0714 2.0516 69* 2.3109 4.9429 62 6.0286 1.9855 54* 2.2912_ 5.9143 23 5.9571 2.0732 35* 2.2906 5.1571 40 5.9236 1.9990 32 2.2778 4.2000 54* 5.9143 2.2912 55* 2.2750 5.7143 18* 5.9000 1.9505 9* 2.2413 6.1857 M“ w— _ w—w‘ °Those items included in the final selection of thirty- eight items. 51 *Thare are several interesting napecte to be con. sidered regarding these items. First 01 all. only five of the ten highest meene were among the final thirty-eight item: chosen while all but two of the ten highest standard deviations were among the final thirtyaeight eelected. Interestingly enough, among those items with the ten high- est meant, the two with the highest standard deviations were also among the ten items with highest standard devi- ations. Conversely in the list of highest standard deviations, the two items which were found not to have been among the final thirty-eight items had the lowest mean scores of the list. that does the relation between thezmean and standard deviation imply? Those iteme where the menu item score in relatively high but the item standard deviation is not large euggeste the presence»o£ an item relatively salient for all people. Thus, 50: example. items 56, 74, and 18 were found to be highly placed across all Q-typologies. These iteme had means at 6.97, 6.61. 5.90 and standard deviatione of 2.16, 2.02, and 1.95, reapectively. which placed them in the liet of ten highest item meane as can be seen from Table 3. An item which has a relatively large: atanéatd deviation but I relatively average item mean suggests that some subjecte placed it high and some subjects placed it low. Ihie would result in an item mean close to the central tendency of item means, yet would lead to a relatively high s: iten standard deviation. The item standard deviation may be taken as an index of the discrioinatory power of the item. since variance in the item's placement would suggest strong individual differences across sutjacts. This fact was 5;; part of the criteria for select- ing the thirty-eight items considerea moat éiscriminatory. yet, as statefl before, a serendigitcue finding is that eight of tho to? ten standard deviation items were in the final thirtyeeight. Further inspection of Table 3 shows that although tivo itams of thoacewith highest means were among the thirty-eight considered as discriminating. two of these were also among those‘with highest item standard aeviation. Thus, inapoction of Table 4 gives an indication of those items which may he considered as generally calient. Consideration of the factor: with which those items correlated offers discussion along another line. Items 56, 9. and 12 correlate with Factor III. Items 77 and 54 correlate with Factor 1. Looking at the content of these items one could question what the aubstantive difference is except for the specificity of items 77 and 54. Indeed. the items on the whole indicate concern for family and signi- ficant others. Table 5 presents a similar question. Item. 44 and 68 are correlated with Factor V but or. not unlikc itama 54, 35 and SS in that items are injury and death related tears. 53 56 I am afraid o: losing someone 6.97 111 dear to me. 74 I am afraid of hurting other 6.61 VIII people's feelings. 77 I am afraid of being separatea 6.52 I from my loved ones in a time of disaster. 9 I am afraid of something happening 6.1% III to my children. 12 I am afraid of what might happen 6.07 III to my family after I'm gone. 62 I an afraid of having to make 6.02 IX quick decisions about important aspects of my life. 23 I am afraid of losing my health 5.95 11 40 I an afraid of icing depenéent 5.92 VII on others. 54 I an afrcio of the prospect of 5.91 I serious injury to my family during a nuclear war. 13 I am afraid of killing or 5.90 IV injuring someone in an accident. Tiblo 5 The ten items having the highest standard deviation scores _VW «t am afraid of high places am afraid of the wrath of God am afraid of what lies beyond 593th fear being an invalid am afraid of being killed am afraid of the proapect of serious injury to my family during a nuclear war am afraid of the prospect of annihilation of the human race in a nuclear war. am afraid of being alone in darkness on afraid for the rate oi the nation am afraifl that something may hapgcn to my children Item Factor 8% W 2.63 Ix 2.é5 1x 2.50 VIII 2.47 v 2.29 I 2.29 I 2.27 11 2. 27 I 2.24 111 54 The discussion has now led quite naturally to the second question presented earlier, that of tho~markod similarity between apoarently inéeoendent factors. This taken us back to the intercorrelation matrix of the R—analysic. It is fairly clear from the correlation matrix that the low item intercorrelation -‘ the majority of the correlations are on the order of .10 with a scatter- ing or .20 -- incicates that one could as easily eXpect an eighty factor solution as a sixteen factor solution. In other words, it might be that the reoponseo to the items care so hi3hly inaiv ifualistic th2t no intercorrclntiona were possible. This 13 not an unreasonable inference when one consinero the large number of possible ordera into which the ions could have been sorted. The size of the sample did relatively little to exhauot LL32 possible number of events. howavor. when one begins to look at the data. one gets a subjective impression that howover small the somplo size. the typical interpretation of factor analysis output may be sioore321u3 an in ortait ar3aeot of the structlre of the item clusters. nhereas factor analysis posits ortho~ gonal. injepenfiont cluotors. some ae;ects of the data imply son: sort of hierarchi a structure. This could suggest a hierarchical analysis ouch as fievclogrfi by Ecluitty. A“ A__..___ ‘“ __-_ r—w W w w W —. w w 'v-v-v-vv —v—v—v— lnouis L. b‘céuittv. 'Comnrehenaivo hierarchical fine-1:819! II FA-zzCn-‘atinv- v1 2:3“ tie"; chlfl-lfinifal M95fi11r9‘fieflt' 1“. “WA. -_~ £50. 4(1960)‘ ”’3. {3 :0 J-r-’l'3. 55 Thin assumption is based upon the following reason- ingl Looking at the two factor solution and interpreting subjectively the item content, it would seem appropriate to talk about some sort of “self-other.‘ ”private-public.“ “paycho~socia1.' 'intra-intor' breakdown. This assumption is further supported on the other solutions are derived in the form of a polarity whidh appear: within factors. Both high negative and high poeitive loadings appear within the some factor and it in obvious that polnrity in present. Indeed, one can predict by reading the content at the items which have been assigned to a factor which items are grouped together by sign and which are not among that pain: group. For instance. items assigned to two of the factors of the Rpaolution discussed in Chapter IV provide exemglaa. Factor V has five contributors: three are positive loadings and two are negative ioaéings. The two items which load negative are: I am afraid ot spending beyond my’income. (-.65) I to afraid of being unable to keep upwwith rising prices. (-,55) The three positively loading items are: I am afraid of being killed. (.54) I am afraid of getting hurt. (.51) 1 fear being an invalid. (.51) One can see that the loading: meet criteria: they are correlated with the some factor. but are substantively different. Factor x.provides another example. The negatively loading item: are: 56 I am afraid of failing to have anyone ever really love me. (~.57) I am afraid of being incapable of loving. (-.51) The hositive loadings are: I am afraid of the results of doing things that I know are wrong. .53) I am afraid of éoing things that others would find objectionable. (.53) Again, although these items correlate with the same factor. the aubetantive difference between the two groups is-repreeented in the aign of their loadings. In addition, the constant but email incrementa of eXplained variance over successive solutions may indicate that no we add more factor solutions we euplain more variance because we are moving down through eucceaeive hierarchical steps rather than cluntere. Therefore. anxietybarouaing cues may be hierarchical rather than in— dependent cluatera of fear types. What in being euggeated can be diagramoed using the‘two factors mentioned above. Fear1 Fever2 (related to physical well being) (related to being loved) lntra Inter lntra Inter (being killed; (spending he. (never being (doing wrong getting hurt, yono income: loved; being things, doing being an invalid) rising prices) incapable of objectionable loving) things) Admittedly, this discussion in not drawn from the data but inferred from the data. However, the R-analyais 57' has both fulfilled the tirst purpose of the present study by yielding interpretable fear dimensions and has provided further insight into an alternative approach to the explica- tion of rear factors. ht this point examination and dis- cunaion of the n-nnnlyeie in in orfler. The Q~nmelyeie It should be renenbered.that the a-analysie was per- formed using the thirty-eight items derived from the ten- fector Rpenelysie. that is, the thirty-eight items determined the Qutypologiee derived in.the Quenelyeie. These item ecoree must therefore be considered on ratings rather then ee rankings. In order to diecuee the Q-typologiee it ie necessary to either go back to the raw ante, or periorm further analyses of the c-analyeie date. In thin discussion we will go been to the raw data, i.e. the original settings of each of the subjects, and exnwine that information. The final section of this chapter will examine and discuss the extended analysis of the Q-typologiee the discriminant analysis. ihe examination of the original and unenalyzed sorts of the seventy subjects yields two types of information: a lint o! itens considereé “most meaningful“ and “least meaningful” by each typology and e lint of items which appear to be “most meaningful“ or I'leaet meaningful“ across e number of groups. fl '3 we fhosc items which were sorted most often by subjects within typologies into tho two extreme categories can be pro. seated in the following form: Typology 1 Most Henningfui items H HH HH am afraid of losing someone dear to ma. aw afraid of that something way happen to my children. am afraifi o: the wrath of 604. am afraid of failing to raise my family in the way they shoulfi be raiaea. am afraid that my children will be unable to cape with their prablemt. Leas Meaningful Items I I HH HH HH H iypology am afraifl of seending beyond my income. am atraié of the prospect cf annihilation of the hunan race in a nuclear war. am afraid of America beccming a 9011c. state. am afraia of failing to have strong religious beliefs. am afraid of having other QEOple get aheaj of me. am afraid of high places. am afraid of what thaso to whom I owe-money may think of ma. fear being an invalid. am afraifi of being killed. II float firaningful Items H HFOHH I an afraid of losing somaone éenr to me. am afraid that something may happen to my chiifiren. am afraid of high places. am afraid of failing to have any really close friends. am afraid cf failing to raiaoimy gamily in the way thay should ha raised. am afraid of hurting other pooplas‘ feelings. Least Meaningful Items I Typology fear being an invalid. 211 float Meaningful Items I am afraid at losing someone rear to me. Typology IV 59 fear being an invalid. am afraid of being killed. Meaningful Items am afraid of the results of doing things I know oro'wmong. am afraid of failing to be sufficiently rescalino (feminine). am afraid of spending beyond my income. float moaningiul Items H H H H HHH Least H H HHH Typology V am afraid of losing someone dear to ma. am afraid for the fate at tho nation. am afraid that something may happen to my children. am afraid of the proSpect of soriouu injury to my family during a nuclear war. am afraid of the result of doing things that I know are wrong. am afraid of killing or injuring someone in an accioent. fear being an invalid. Meaningful Items am afraid of the wrath of God. on afraid of being incapablc of loving. an afraid of failing to have strong religious beliefs. am afraid of the posnibility of being annually inadefiuoto. am afraid of foilino to be sufficiently masculine (feminine . moat noaningful Items 1 I I I Least am afraia ofi hurting other pOOPIO'I feelings. am afraid or killing or injuring someone in an accident. am afraid of high places. am afraid of doing thinga that others would find objectionable. Meaningful Item am afraid that something may happen to my children. 60 I Typology VI fast Aesningful Items I an Efrnid of high places. I am afraid that something may happen to my chllfixen. I am afraid that my children will be unable to ("one with thtlr prol‘lcms. Least meaningful Items 1 am afraid of annihilation of tho human race in a nuclear war. I am afraid of failing to have anyone ever ‘ really love me. I am afraid of what there to whom I owe money may think of me. I am afraid of the wrath of God. lypoloqy VII. hoot Meaningful items I am afraid of killing or injuring someone in an accident. I an afraid of hurting sonaona's feelings. Least heaningful Itonc ihere were no items which more than one subject in Typology VII sortea into the "least meaningful category.“ Typology VIII Most meaningful Items 1 am arraifl of having too many children. I am afraid of working with strangers. I am afraid of the wrath of God. Least Moiningful Items I an afraid of the fate of the nation. I am afraid of the wrath of God. We started out to exploro the possibility of typing peOplc in relation to which anxiety-arousing cues were rated most and least salient. Although. an we shall discuss later. the icon-lo! typing pEOple with respect to responses 61 to tho anxiety-arcusing cues is hardly settled, coma itate- manta can be mafia in regard to the typologies derived in the pronent study. Three observations are quite interesting: (1) In anly one typology éifi no find anxietywarouaing cues related to death or personal injury. This should raise implications for the classical typo tear appeal message whose appeal: are cloaked in language éirected towarfi person- ally harmful consequences: (2) Of the remaining seven typologies the bulk of the tears most highly endorsed are associated with tears for significant others: (3) Even though tho distinction hatween typologiaa is equivocal, when we look at tho patterns of high and low endorsement between typologies there are items which appear to distinguish be- tween tho .xtromos. For example, tho item, 'I am afraid or high places," appears meet salient to Typologiea VI and VII but lcaat salient to Typology I. Thu item. ”I am afraid thrt something may happen to my chilaran.' is highly endorsed by lypalcgy I, 11, IV and VI but is least enéorsei by 'TYfiOIOQY V. Othor cxamplos can be fauna by inspection of Table 6. Look particularly at itom: 44, 71 and 79. Althaughimuch of the discussion thus tar has centered around thc itcmc most highly undernod, than. itamn least ondoruod by typologies may provide useful information upon turthor investigation. In line with the defansivo. avoidanco notion of Janis and Feshbach. that in, cuea which produce too much anxiety will trigger an avoiéance putt-tn, it may be worthwhilc to consider the value of those cues which were least endorsed by typologies. Perhaps 62 Table 6. Item: sorted into extreme coteooriea by the 5&* 56 5? 53 74 33 13 46 most 3 9 44 55 13 9 74 27 meaningful 21 33 E: 3 33 45 71 42 16 $4 21 45 42 79 74 13 44 24 44 79 71 9 35 55 Loast 35 5w 53 41 71 Meaningful 57 i 3 52 L1 51 71 13 33 52 44 63 m 7 *_ M “A .__ -_ ____ w ~—— W W w ww—V— *Tho numbers in the table rooreoont the items on numbered in the list, hopenéix E. these least mooniogiul itono reflect just as much real maoningiulnaso to subjects as those items to which they are willing to admit. This notion was brought to mind as one subject was sorting the L-itons. When the item, '1 am afraid of aofiocioting with poogle oi other races," appeared ohofimade several ototemonts inflicatiog non-oolionco but ended hor introsooction with, “And than six months ago a family of niggors movofi in noxt floor!” whereupon who vigorously placed the itom into tho “least mooniogfol‘ category. No empirical data was gathered which would oithor substantiate or refute this intuitivo notion. but further investigation may ho rolovont. Let us now turn to consider- ation of the discriminant analysis. :33 The Jiecriminnnt finalysia with reopect to the discriminant analysis, very little can be said. As we have pointed out above. the discursion of L-typolngies raquires that differential patterns of item placawent to obtainable from the data. It will he recalloé that tho rationale for to methodology was said to be the isolation of “types’ or synaromes. When subjects are presented a not of items to sort. the uncarlying assumption is that differenonsin thair item sorting behavior is infiicativo of difference» in coma trait or syndrome. fioreovnr. the purpose of the proceauro is to uso the item placement patterns as a method for assigning gersons to the type or trait or gyno drama to which he should belong. In other worés, the inolation of tynea in but one Stag in the psychometric method.which ultirntely aims at some sort of prediction about a person's possernion of some trait. Therefore, a mothoa oz analysis is requirefi which provides information that will enable the investigator to aetermine knot are tignifiicnnt éifferencea among itam assignment patterns-which itaan discriminate among typoa and how to then, assign further subjects to types on the basin of their rocponsnn. It was felt that tho discriminant analyses would proving such a procedure. Its use was procicated, in part at least, by a desire to test its applicability to this problem. The factor pattern for discriminant 54 functions and the centroid scoree associatcfi with the dis- crininazzt EuncLionu ininofl soon to meet the??? refinircoorta o; the:nethoc. “accuse iniormation is obtained concerning the relative aibcriminatory power of the various items. and scores are derived relating the sorting patterns of individuals to thccc itonc, it Lecomes possible to assign further subjects to orevioualy constructed types. However, since any analytical schema will only un- earth such infiormntion as exist in the onto themselves, the efficacy oi preuictiona and asbignmcnt of future subjects to our typologies becomes an empirical question. As we have often suggested, the drawbacks in the present data due to the relatively small couple size may vitiato the interpretation and utility of our particular applica- tion of the method. Jotting aside consideration of these data, however, it would scan that the method has a good deal of utility in application to t-ncthodolcgy. Iwnlicntionn for future Research Before closing it ocean nfirrorriatc to review the ontiro work to sujjcat further research in this area. At the haze of the orcqcnt investigation was the notion that any discussion conccrning montage strategies required the detarninntian of which Approachen were relevant for which set of receivers. . with regard to fear nooeal. it was felt that the effnctive use of such appeals required some incication of 65 what kinds of fears are salient for whom. Thus a set of statements was used in conjunction with t-methcocloiy to try ant; deter-nine if. tyces conic: be iaaolatcfi. i‘ne results. sowewhst mixcc, buggcnt that the goo; bility for tjping pcorle with rerpcct to rtcgocnct cyists. 'ut the issue of Specifying thca remains to be tnswerofi. Reviewing the present etoc; it would zoom that replication is in exact and that the following problems of the present stqiy to overconc. kirct, a furthor attarpt shouli Lo mafia to Cotonnino hhit constitutes a reasonable not of statanonts. That is, t remains an Open questioz ac to whether the universe o3 fears was exhaustod or even adoguotely tappoi. thhough soon amount at efiort went into itcn construction and selection it woula seem worth- while to comnaro those with an inoefianfiently constructed not. given an coagunto s~t of items. either those used in the preaont inventigation or otherwiaa derived, it would seem uaeiul to mount a more determineo attaCK on the problem with sufficient resources to overcome the problems brought on by the relatively snail sample size useJ in this stufiy, nltnough tho imorassion is as much subjective as it in dorived objectively from the data, there is the strong suggeotion that uhilo there may be 3§§1,tynea, tyoea do exist. if there is some large number of types. a small annolo such as ours may provide so few instances as 66 to tail to craate a factor when a L-£:ctor analysis is perfiormcd. if further ex;lorit13n3 into typologies are carried on, it would alga seem warthwhila to éEVEIOp an instru'rent for fiuhjuct ass-,ig-z‘mieut such as that offered by cur discximinan‘ analysis procoflure. what is being suggested is that the stufy of typolcgies be extended to determine whether at not accurate subject assignment is poesible. Such an instrument then becowes a research tool. with such an instruaent two kinis of research $aeu aggrcpriate. tiven that it becomes possible to assign sutjacts reliably to types it would then seem worthwhile to undertake inveztigation aired at ciscaverinq the correlateg of such tyaes. Zhua, Hfi Coulfi 100K for éiffer- ences along varicua personality and demographic dbnensiona that distinguiah one tj§9 irmn anethnr. Another lina of reaeurch is to ictermine the effects of varied? message strategies on the varioua types. If there are several types of peepla with respect to salience of anxiety- arouaing cues, the next question to ask in. “L0 these types respond differentially to various levels and contents or fear appeals?“ we might go cven further to determine anather other message strategy variables, singly. in interaction with each other, or in interaction with fear appeals, have differential effectivenaea across types. In conclusion. it Beans that rather than having prov1&ed many detinitive answers. the present study has ‘r :~'h:" ‘2’ “,4 ' ‘1 * ‘f-v" ‘/ Q ' i ORV» .3 umbill ?o‘ 3 —‘ m1€mlt 1:1,; . { -L t’.£: qut1‘t-102‘18 ‘1‘"? . ... .. .‘ .sr . n ._ cvqlku isz a» utteflpt to crrlare an area in 5% Ph fag 2 '.« '3. .. «p- n-Qa q ’- ‘ . iiit-u; atmteeenta nti {hen mafia fic':"‘ xtv‘hm- 5 lCtL. i 1t-1..r1 trig {ltt%".‘ut -. 1* r. . w; * 1-. -.- ‘ ,, -- t.{ mi-i frqv Ac hot“ twptfifila hjgathugeg infl a means .~:~: n a! a“ v--m .,. ~ ' ittx Hana ,- thkua h ”tihaigs tin be tastcfi in the 1. 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 15. 17. 1?. I am afraid or pBOpl 9. I am atraid or liffio I am afraid of I am afraid.o£ POOplc who are I am I an I an I am I an I am afraid afraid afraid afraid afraid afraid Gamnunity. I am I an I an I am I an 1am I am I am gone. afraid afraid afraid afraid afraifl afraid of of of of of of to AE‘PEXZJIX A USED IN ORIGIfiAL PILOT STUUY Berk I the possibility of having to cheat other having my career interfere with my family what lies beyond death. failing to make a good impression on important to my future. the possibility of getting lost in a crowd. getting caught in a falsehood. failing to get a job acne on time. disappainting my parents. large animals. failing to have a good standing inwmy attemgt anything new. that something may happen to my children. of my son(s) being draftea. of failing target a promotion. ' doing yearly on important tasks. failing ta cape with my job. failing t3 get along with people. what might hanpen to my family after I'm (1". u 22. 23. 24. 39. 40. 41. 42. 69 I am afraid of the possibility of having mentally retardofl children. I am afraid of having other people get ahead of me. I an afraifl of failing to have enough time to do important things. I am afraid of a tornado striking my home. an afraid of having to prove myself. am afraid of éonth. an afraid of failing to have any really close friends. I I I I am afraid.of becoming a burflen on others. I am afraid of reveAIing my emotions to others. I am afraid of failing to use proper social etiquette. I am afraid of being vulnerable to injury by those in power. I am afraid of the 0.5. bacoming aocialiatic. I am afraid of killing or injuring someone in an acciaant. I am afraid of agpearing poor or bankward. I am afraid of failing to discover something important to do with my life. I am afraid at war coming to America. I am afraid of failing tofind a suitable mate. I am afraid to get marricfi. I am afraid of doing the wrong thing. I am afraid of failing to have all the things that other people have. I am afraidin look for a better job. I am afraid of being in a small enclosed place. I am afraid of having anyone get too close or too friendly. I am afraid of doing things that I know my religion dis~ approves of. «11‘ fig". 60. 70 I am afraifi of never amounting to ruck. I am afraid of failing to be financially successful at my chosen protection. I Rfi cfrwil of Ciaaater. I an afraifi ct fioing things that others would finfi objectionable. I am afraid of being in the wrong career. I am afraid 0: being unable to communicate with pecple in time of éanger. I am afraid oi the possibility of loaing control over my impulses. I am afraid of losing my health. I am afraia of awenéing beyond my income. I fear criticimm from my superiors. I am afraifi of the possibility of having malformed children. I am afraid of getting ol&. 1 an afraié of being ungcpular. I am afraid of working with strangers. I am afraid that my chilfiten may fail ta get along with other Children. I am afraid of being helpless before someone with some kind of power or authcrity. I an afraid of the possibility'ot coming to a state of utter helplessness. I am afraid of being in an automobile accident. \l O 03 t9 10. 11. 12. 13. 71 flack II I am airiifl of failing to find a place where I really belong. I am afraid of associating with people of other races. I am afra 3 cf having peepla find out things that I want to hifie. I am afraifi of being alone in darkness. I am afraid of high places. I am afraifl of becoming a parent tefore I mtculé. I an afraid of failing to make enough money to give my family the thing: I want them to hava. I am afraid of the pressect at annihilation of the hunan race in a nuclear war. I am afraia f vindst eras. I am afraid of flcofls. I am afraid of being caught in crowds. I am afraid that I will never get the chance to improve myself. I am afraid oi failing to have as nice a car or'house as the neighbors. ’ am afraifi 0: not knowing what is expected of ma. H H am afraifi of bainfi callefi in by the hear. I am afraifi of the possibility of being mentally ill. I am afraid GI tha possibility ofi my face becoming bafily scarred. I am afraifi to let myself 90. I am afraid of the possibility of being permanently crippled. I am afraifl of rats. mice. and Other vermin. I am afraié to invite peepla to my house. 72 I an attain of failino to be personally satisfied with what I am doing. I an attain of failing to have anyone ever really love me. I am afraid of being depenoent on others. I am afraid of my chilfiren being too wilfi. I am afraid of failing to raise»m7 farily in the way they should be raincd. I am afraid of failing to hrvo a accent ctnnflurfl of living. I am afraid of criticism from my co-workers. ‘1 Rm lfreia of being unable to buy enough food. - my children being failures. 0 I“! I am afraid I am afraid of being unnhle to make my parents understand me and my problem. I am afraid of having too many children. I fear being an invalifi. I am afraio that my pa routs will find out that I do things that they might not anprovc of. I am afraid of having an unhApny life. I an afraifi that my children will be unable to cope with their problems. I am afraid of failing to have my life mean anything. I am afraid of policemen. I an Afraid of failing to live up to what my parents expect of me. I am afraid of being unable to pay my Lilla on time. I am afrzii of aving pcogle gct the wrong impression of me. I am afraid about my children failing to grow Up prOper Yo I am afraid of failing to understand what is going on in tho universe. 44. 45. 46. 1. (a, b o I am afraid I an afrnifi matting Q. I am afraid I am afraid I an afraid I am afraid race. I am afraid I am afraid aoeguate. I am afraid strcetn. I am afraid pricen. I an afraid I am afraid I am afraid of of of of of of 1" 0.; of of 73 criticism erM'my parents. being unable to make a success of making new friends. having the peeplo I work with dislike mo. failing to go to heaven. having to live among members of another failing to look as well dressed an others. the possibility of being sexually in- the possibility of being attacked in the being unable to keep up With rising 19iing my job. having to move to a 3 range cammunity. the possibility that my chiloran will not be as religious &3 they should be. I an attain ct ihat there to whom I owe money may think of no. 1 am afraid of getting hurt. I am afrnié of the right cfi Lloofi. I am afraid of the prospect of serious injury to my family during a nuclear war. I Am I am I am I an Leek III afraifi of being unable to get close to anyone. afraid of having to support a family. afraid that the United States will bo attaCKed. afraid for the late of the nation. 12. 14. ,C ‘4. 1F... 17. m. 19. 28. I am I am a afraid afruifi afraid afraid A.afirati afraifl afraid (fw“in1nn}. I am flown. afrel? rt o rt. 0 of the U.£, hedoninn a fasriet state. 74 failing to be an adequate paIEfit. losing someone dear to me. that somecne I lava will be in an accident. cf America b9ccrinq a police state. of of cf not gutting along with my parents, failing to be sufficiently masculine the rctztfiility cf having a nervous break- I am afrsifi of failing ta have Etronq teliqious beliefs. I am afraid of important asgecte of my life. having to make cuicx flaciaionfi about I am afraid of becoming uneaployed. I an Efraifi of teing incapable of lovinC. I fear geing to tell. I an afraifi of travelling by air. I a? afraid of the posaitility of being in danger unable to get help. I Rfi I am I am I am afraifl afraia afraid afraid airaid afraid afraid afraid afraid to of of oi at of or of at atrike having having having out on my own. too much resnoneibility. people criticize my wark. my parents diaflpprOVO-Of my mate. iailing to let people get friendly with committing a sin. tactng the future. having pacplo snub me. falling ta really believe in the things I ehould believc in. 29. 30. 31. 32. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 49. 50. 75 I am afraid of failing to find my true iaentity. I am afraid of the possibility of losing sight or my hearing. I fear being labelled a failure in my profession. am afraid to face pauplc in authority. on afraid of being persuaded by others. am afraid of being killed. I I I I am afraid of snakes, lizards, and other such animals. I am afraid of being the butt of tho grouo'l jokes. 1'. am afraid that peoplo I meet won't liku a. I a am afraid of the possibility of being considered an; ttractive. I am afraid of the wrath of God. I an strain of the possibility of my husband (or wife) being unfaithful. I am afraio of the effect that my guilt fooling may have on my peraonality. I am afraid of attempting important things because I might make a mmpletc mess of them. I am afraid of hurting my parents by becoming independent and living my own life. I am ufraid of getting too fat. I am afraid of pecpla who have different colored skin than I do. I am afraid of hurting other pooplo'a feelings. ram afraid of having to raise tonnage daughters. I am afraid that I will be unnblo to unto: my chosen profession. I am afraid of failing to have adequate knowledge to do my job. I an afraid.of being separated from my loved ones in a time of diaantor. I am I am I am I am I am afraid afraid afraid afraid afraid Communists. I am afraid are wrong. I am afraid diaeafie. I am I am I am afraid afraid afraid 76’ of being considered a c0ward by others. that peOpIO will consider mo :00 forward. that my children may fail to be penular. of having to go to doctors and dentists. that the 8.5. will be taken over by of the results of doing things that I know of the possibility of contracting a fatal of thunder anfi lightning. of the pcseibility of being imprisoned. of having no one to depend on but myself. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1a. 17. APPEIZEIX 3 LIST CL" T554133 USED IE3 Ivékacsifi’l“ STUDY I am afraid of having people get tha'wrong impression of me. I am afraid of the possibility of having to cheat other peopla. I am afraid of having my career interfere with my family life. I am afraid of what lies beyond death. I am afraid of failing to make a good impression on peepla who are important to my future. I am I am afraid afraid community. I am I am I am I am I am afraid afraid afraid afraid afraid I'm qona. of diaappointinq my parents. of failing to have a good standing in my to attempt anything new. that something may happen to my children. of doing poorly on important tasks. of failing to cope with my job. of what might happen to my family after I am-afraid of having other peeplo get ahead of me. I am afraid of failing to havo enough time to do important things. I am afraid of having to prove myself. I am afraid of failing to have any really close friends. I am afraid of revealing my emotions to others. 77 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 30. 31. 37. 38. 78 I am afraid of killing or injuring someone in an accident. I am afraid to look for a better Job. I am afraid of doing things that I know my religion disapnrOVO! of. I am afraid of doing things that othora would find objectionable. I an afraid of the noseibility'of losing control over my impulses. I am afraid of losing my health. I an afraid of spending beyond my income. fear critician from my unperioro. am afraid of being unponular. am afraid of working with strangers. HHHH am afraid of being helpless beforo'somaona*with some Kind of power or authority. I am afraid of failing to find a place where I really belong. I an a fraid of associating with people of other races. I am afraid of having people find out things that I want to hide. I an afraid of being alone in darkness. I am afraid of high places. I an afraid of failing to snake anouqh money to give my family the things I want them to have. I am afraid of the prospect of annihilation of the human race in a nuclear war. I am afraid that I will never get the chance to inprovo myself. I am afraid of the possibility of being mentally ill. I am afraid to invite neoplo to my house. 39. 40. 41. 4.9. 50 $1. 52. 53. 54. 55. 79 I am afraid of failing to he personally oatisfiied with what I am doing. I am afraid of being dependent on others. I am afraid of failing to have anyone ever really love*me. I am afraid of tailing to raise my family in the way they should be raised. 1 an afraid of criticism from my co-workera. {car being an invalid. I am afraid that my children will be unable to capo with their problems. I am afraid of having too many children. I am afraid of being unable to make a success of marriage. I am afraid of the possibility of being sexually in- adequate. I an afraid of being unable to keen up with rising prices. I am afraid of losing my job. I am afraid of having to move to a strange community. I am afraid of what those to whom I owe money may think of me. I an afraid of getting hurt. I am afraid of the ptOSpect of noxious injury to my family during a nuclear war. I am afraid for the fate or the nation. am afraid of losing someone dear to me. am afraid of hnorica becoming a police state. HHH am afraid of not gnttlng along with my garonta. I am afraid of failing to be sufficiently masculine (feminine). I am afraid of the possibility of having a nervous breakdown. 61. 6‘5. 70. 71. 79. 80. as I am afraid of failing to have strong religious beliefs. I am afraid of having to mat. quick éecisions about inrortant aspects of my life. I am afraid at being incapable of loving. 1 am afraid of the possibility of being in danger and unable to get hnlh. I am afraid of having peeple criticize my work. I am afraid of failing to really believe in the things that I should believe in. I an afraid of being persuaded by others. 1 am afraid of being killed. I an afraid of being the butt of the groun'u jokes. I am afraid that penal. I meet won't liko‘me. I am afraid of tha wrath of God. I am afraid of the pcasibility of my husband (or wife) being unfaithful. I am afraid of attempting important things because I might make a complete‘meas of them. I am afraid of hurting other people's feelings. I am afraid of having to raise teenager éanghtera. I am afraid that I will be unable to enter my chosen profession. I an afraid of being venerated from my loved one: in a time of disaster. I am afraid that my children may fail to be penular. I am afraid of the results of doing things that I know are wrong. I am arrnid of having no sne to depend on but myself. APPELNDIX‘ C II‘E.‘*‘15 INCLUDED IN IHTE-RVXEFJER KIT Letter of Intrnduction Department of speech Michigan Stat. University East Lansing, Michigan Juno 3, 1961 Dear Fricnc, This in to introduce . a graduate Ituéent at Michigan stat. University. He is assisting me in interviewing for a project sponsored by the Department of ipeech which is interested in learning what peepln do and do not fear. kny help you can give him will be greatly appreciated. If you have any questions please call the departmental office, 355-6L90. Thank you for your cocpcration. Sincerely. Bette Blackburn 81 1. 2. 62 unnernl instructions for interviewers yoga KIT ifiOULD caniazaa go he 1. J. C-feck of 83 items act cf euros vhiCh number tort gilen a Quarticnnaira far each intsrvicw A 5 x 8 cnrfi to record cubjcct'c aort--onc for each interview Instructions 123 give to each subject mnpn~-an area man and n blodk nap Appointmant form (on the bottam of the questionnaire) A letter of introfiuction A rnfl gen This shcct YOJR TfibKI 3. If noncihlc, each Buhjnct will have been previously contactod and an unpaintmcnt made. In any event your jab is the name. b. igncninrc: l. ccing city may lccatc corner at which you begin. Using block crowing go to each nesignated unit. 2. hygroach subject a. Ii appointment hasbeenvnada, introduce your‘ self and allow subject to read letter of introfiuction. b. If unpaintment not mafia, do same things but using resgondcnt selection key get apprentiate member of family. 1. If mamler is not in, uga anyointmcnt card anfi make appointment. 2. If subject is available, request 1/2 hour of his time. c. nan him to sit at a table, d. Give him instructionc while giving him the Carin. l. Instructionsa-verbal (from tho enclosed Cara) 2. rile atria-.syread out appIOpriately 3. Item cards-ogivu to subject as you orient than. h, 83 o. oak for questions regaroing technique only. Offer to oiscuss meanings of items after interview. It is their job now. t. after completion of the sort, give than the questionnaire. 9. l'-‘}--.iln they do questionnaire, you record the sort. Be sure aubjact numbers corresnond.on the onertionnnire and reoorfing card. h. Thank then and pay than r1» w‘. 2* Jan Ali‘n 9::-»..'---"-zi~:. a. than subject roceivos carfc, soccert ho sort than roughly into three piles, those with little meaning, those with most meaning, anfi those in the nijilo. h. Then working tram both onto to the middle sort appropriate number into each category. c. although he should think about his resnonaa, he shoulfi not ponfer long: his firct reactions are most useful. I: asked, explain that the scale is not ohxolutr, the jufigronts he notes era in relation to other items. The cate;orieo make it possible to Cfinrare his sort to other povgle'o sort. I" 4“ 1—h*-. '.~~ .‘ H 7." :{to‘vdn‘u‘t‘tk’ C}; an». A. a. This is a crucial stoo, for if forgotton an inter- view is lost, if done incorrectly the data is invalid. l. Cheek subject numoor. Rooord it on the tap of the corn on whidh you rocord the sort and on the questionnaire. i. Lecorfl in each category the number of each item which the subject placed there. Each itnm in.the L-deck has its number in the Upo right Carnot. 3. C11: the questionnaire and card togother. Emotions or'qunstions when in the fields CELL! OFFICE: 3556690 Krt. 54 C31: 3f513r3 II lull—1.11"] Il‘ll‘l’lclllll . . I J‘I‘IONQJIII. ”ii 1‘1 I '- mrérx"! z: ..‘ H I" - Lawn-v str- 34 Instructions for auhjacta float peopla are afraid or exnrcsa fear about various napacts at their ijvea. Very littll in kncwn abnut tho area of fear but it zeams laqical that canals differ in what they fear and in thm degzaa to thCh they fear ciftarent things. 49 are asking you t6 halo us {ind cut that things cease the grestéat anfi laast tear in paupla by Eavin; you :crt these cxrgz. 9""?1‘.‘ ""‘1-"2‘Wx ‘7 ~. ‘ ~ (“z-L‘HJ .J-‘u wa-kLJ 5‘1 awe war-.Jm'wA) ’du i. a V ya ara ngt fltLC 1 .0 ug to aqal3ze fag, ant by asking a 10% fl ca peugla tJ $9 w‘ct we are a;x1n; you to an we can find out what pearle are gmnaxally afrfiid cf. Eau~will remain nonyncuq-nn name cr cfifirafie will be recfirfiag. Your answer gill ma posled. (LAJLJLQ Pg:;;;JA;—~£¢4 $9 an 1?) gas: Lha carfi; acgcgiing ta 30.x heat eatinatign cf that 13 3:43. :3n’k yanfifir long; yQJI fire: Iagchian 13 grahahly tha hart. ilaxsg 33 a3 frank as pmumible becauao everything vill xawain anonymous. 33:: anamars are irgcrtant ta Us, ‘2 nfififi year flfifirerfl. Interviewer__ Sub ject. number F1 339 chaCk the aggrcgriata iteas Lelou. E16330 ignore the appointmert form at the batten. 30 n0; sign your name. Planes ignore the nurhers an the right hand edga'of the V‘"3"'?fl L‘a.;..,. 1. Yaur age: 13 or under ‘ 5 A A1. u...- M ld-za 26—33 _.: J e m JL-&¢ _ 46-3? c: re “*"‘ {0-5-} f‘!‘ _ .. an“ DJ at 0w..~r 2. Sex: Lela 6 female 3. murher of children: none 7 3 or 4 5 or 5 7 or more Q-” ~m"--.~~~~- d..- -“-------m“mwnw”- NéwPl '0 “A... . Aggrefifz J 1 1 fihzne number: g_ Agpointaant Late: _ ageintfient T1$P3 Callbacks ‘_ V 7 _ _ 86 OHvOoo «havoc dunn¢0l Humane! Gannon! nnHNoOI 'CHNoO! «NBA-OI anacool 01.0.0! ovucoo “wanna! mnemoOI kaOoOI OQMOoOI noOAoOI 8'0000 QAhOoo «mNOcOI doodoot omeqo nwno.OI MVOOvOl QVONoOO nthoo nnnOoOi NhNHoo OFVAoOI «Ghana QOOAcOO mdhnoo nnmuoo fiancee! OVNAoo CudOoo umou.0| "wanna! nuance! mnOOnOI dmnooOI «med-o nuance QHNo-OI Du Q o VNVOoo canu.c savooou anac.o nvvo.o poo«.o nave-on opuo.on cmno.ou smv«.o annu.o osoeoo usvu.o -¢u.on onvnoou nonn.o ouuo.o| cann.o nuqn.oa coca.ou noo¢.on unmo.o unam.o nunuao o¢~u.ol nomu.oc anonoou onoooal amon.ou mumn.o nnao.o odou.ou oom~.o amo«.o nanv.ou nuance vavo.on 3&6: 23.9. 336 33.0 amnu.a qooo.oa monsoon num«.o nmao.o nuanooi novn.ov mnno.¢n vvwo.o vvav.o connoov ocao.on nono.a choc-oz .nso.ou ammo.ou ovnv.ou.naan.ov nu«~.o noon.o vnoo.o nvno.o non~.oa omun.ou navooon «mno.a unpo.ol nouu.o| nomo.o omm«.o ovnn.o ouoa.o a n o n mono.o ou mavo.o n finno-o v umvo.o nhnuoOI onno.ou abouoo: nvno.ou «gnu-o owucoo memo.oa emanccl vOHVoOI anhnoo pmon.on sewage! anvo.o mummocs «ouo.o nnnc.o unma.o noun-on vam~.ot 33.0.. v vwvs.os «amvoo vanaool who".o nuance! o«ao.o onmo.o ona«.o concoct ammo.o mooo.0I vvvo.oa vumu.os noo~.o Awpn.o non«.o nmvo.o nvvo.ou hnmnoo opuo.o n oomo.o oaouool «oun.ov oco~.os anco.o ouvuoc .Qoooo «av0¢o ”me fin“ «anooo unoo.o vacuoov nvvuoo nnvu.os «ano.o «causal muonool chance hunnoos onanoo anon-o «mvnpoi onoC.0I an“ 3.0.9.. nuance wonunon vnuo.ou mafia o ohuuoon mono.oo «nan-on wouu.ou «unco- N u uifiifl‘iiio$~¢hfi meHQdOJ MOBO¢N QMHKBDM m «0'000 a n nave-O N gadgxr ho «ZOHHEOAONA wave-o h mvnOoo H mnmrdmzt 2384.98 Kthm4> mumfiawnwwlm mmh ho ZOHBDJOm “Dank 2mg. .55. Q X anmmmfl mmmv. wmnm. mmvm mama. mam mhm Anna mmmm. Hnmm. oL,-. mmmm n¢mv. ommv. m 0mm. mo.-. Ommmo b~0.m nomm. vaam mmmv. 3 mm . mama. odmm. vwhv. vnvv. mmvn. mmmm. aomm mafia. mova. omnmo somm¢ Ivdvd ldmcaEEOU ovoo.o Novena vmmmoOi aamoool «uncoo hammool thOQO hmaa o Onaa.o ohwo.o Noncoo mmwmooi moo~.o concoo ¢mm0.0l “mun hmwo.o ouua.o mamo.ot vv~o.ot aanmoo mmmo.ol mmnOoo Nmmmooi 0m~0o0§ vow” 00 mmvo.el «hmmool wwwo.ol mmmOooo mmwo.o m¢mm.o on vmvm.o «omo.Q¢ mon«.os om¢~.os mmv~.o «mma.o mono.o ~w~0.0| meNoOI «hna.o coco .0! name. Q: mhmm.ol omma.o ammacot mama.on m¢o~.ou nmmn.on mva.o ommm.os mnoo.oa mmm~.o mamo.o onwe.o hmmu.o vvmo.o «wom.o amao.oa mvvn.o mnm~.ou wwmo.ou mmao.01 m «mvmoon mn-.ol amoH.oa avmm.o vomm.o| moo«.os mvmv.ot ommo.ou meam.o andm.o «moa.ot ”moo.o ovum. name 0 «mOHLQs ammo.oa mwmo.cu anoa.ot ~m~u.¢t «mango mmvm.os ommo.es mnmo.on wamo.oo ommm.o mmmo.e: amva.o mvmo.o mvoo.os mmam.o ohaa.oa «Sn .0 m mann.o homeoo ovow.o v~n~.o vmmooo made-o v-o.o vmmo.os mnno.o bvmm.o mmwo.9u unvo.03 mnov.on mmvm.ot smmo.o mou~.o ammo.o mm-.0l ovna.o moaa.o mo-.o hmHOoo ammo.o memo.on wmhn.o omm«.o vnmn.o mmoo.o manage ammo.o sna~.ou m¢¢~o0| h mvvooo acho.ol mamaool vomcuo sow~.o mama-c! uuvv.ol nmao¢OI 0540.0 whaa.o mmmo.on ommu.o avmuao! mmaNcOI anua.ot momw.o bmv~.oo mmhd¢oi «rho-OI omnooo mmnn.0: ammo.ot mmvuoel mascoo unmo.oc change! nomm.o mmmo.0¢ Hmmm.o ma¢o.o umoaoOI MhmOoo 0 0500.0 vnao.oc uvoo.0! vwwo.au mwco.0| mw0aco mooo.o amou.os ovam.o vamo.o moma.0! mano.o mmno.o vwmo.o nvoa.oo mace-o: onmn.on ammo.o avmm.0! nmoo.o omno.o omp~.o avam.cu umv.o «mu0.01 5nv0.0I “mmo.ou wmm~.o ammo.ou mommoo umao.oa ma¢0.0l n «www.0c camo.cs aaoc.o nmvo.ot mnvm.o ommm.o mmpm.o ¢moc.ot nm~0.os nmm~.o onmo.o mowuLQ ammo.o nanngol mmovco suau.ou mhmu.on nnoo.ol nam«.01 «nun.o mhva.o nmma.o hnwa.o mmm~.ou ammo.o amom.o amwa.o m@mm.o mmwn.oa mwmo.o Hmma.o¢ mmoa.o v mmoaoo mnmw.o «mmm.o mvn~.on anhfloo mvno.o: mn«~.0 mamm.oa ammo.o om-.o ~mmm.¢t mew~.o wwao.0l mnmo.o mmmo.o an. o mnmm.oa oomogo memv.os umoc.o mome.ou memo-o! vmtm “macaw mhwo.o Humooo smofl.o «VVHoo ammo.on cmwm.oa ohod.o «mon.o m nmn~.ot cnmmé ammo.o ammo.09 mmo.03 “aho.o: mowc.c mamm.o «mmm.o man~.on vunu.e memo.o vmmo.ot awmo.o womm.Qn sa¢o.ou anO-03 mmma.o avho.0I ammo.o Hmmv.oc owmo.o no m0 0! «MGOoOO «mmo.o «mmm.on mmmnool mhfim.oo mhmo.os mvmm.o Nom~.o maoo.oo N vvoa.ou mwmo.os o~mv.o¢ m.wcdoo mono.o vmm~.os admo.oc ong-0l momH.o nov~.os mmwo.os mou~.ot mman.o cham.o: H0N~.0I sumo.os oomo.o vovm.o oomuoo mvsn.o Havo.o nmoo.o¢ maho.ou vwdm.¢u wwvooo mmm~.oa vm-.o mmmo.o: om-.o hemo.o amqm.oo «moa.o a 83 maauu IHQCDEEOU .nmmo.oa vamm.o “Aflm.ol aamo.0l memo.01 NOHH.Ot vamaoo Aaoa.ot bemo.o hmmo.o wmmn.o ovm~.cl mmmc.ot mmOmoo morm.o mmuo.o v-a.o omoa.0! mmm«.o wvoo.on 5050.0! «$90.0 ovmo.o homeool mamo.oc wmwm.o mmmo.o méow.ot GA «who.o mm#~.o ommm.o mwmo.o ammo.on aim. m. H00 mmmaoo mmmo.o gmma.o mvmm.ol hmma.c mwmo.en mnmo.¢t mwmw.o 50.0.0; mmoc.o mmm~.o mmwo.o avmm.o mnvv.ol vmho.os q¢m~.ot 0900.0: vnmo.oi ammo.on Ahmo.on ovoo.o mmwo.o m mmso.o mmmo.03 ccnm.ot mmnH.o ammo.01 «mom.oa “hmw.o m~mo.ol mmm.oa mowa.03 mmom.o Ammo.o Awdw.oo mmmo.oa mvoq.ca amen.o mnmo.o momu.on muvm.o mmoa.oe omma.0I mnoo.cn havo.ol mmmo.o nwma.o. osmo.o m0u0.0¢ somw.o m mmmn.oc coco.o Homv.o whmo.ct mumm.o «Hoo.o mmm .oa ¢mmm.oa mhho.o owma.ol «mao.ol «mon.c| ammo.o nmvm.o momm.oo mom~.on wmho.oc mnao.o mmvn.on mema.ol manu.o ammo.0i uhmw.o nmam.0 Homo.o: oooo.0 mnvo.01 naco.o h omH~.o msm~.n mava.o m¢mo.o mmm .oo unmo.o nom~.o h©¢~oci ¢moo.mt nmwo.ol wvmm.o mmva.c swmc.o oaao.ot mavn.o cmon.o «moo.co ovma.oa nwmo.0I m.ma.0 mean.o Newm.on mm-.ol mumo.Ql mvno.o ~m>0.QI vmwm.oc mmw0.0 w vamo.o amnfl.o mmao.ea vmm~.o «hmo.cl Qm@~.oc haho.03 “mao.a nana.o mmmo.o mmvd.o nmva.c mvvn.o uhmm.ol swam.os omao.cv voma.o ovv~.o ommm.on ommn.o¢ noho.o: mvmm.o¢ ammo.0I nmaa.oa «nov.o mmmm.o H~m~.ol mmom.o n waom.o mmoo.ot ¢n~0.0l moom.oa mmmc.en cmmo.o «mma.oo mmoo.o¢ awmm.o mmea.oc mmno.ot mmwo.o mcva.ca anao.o «hnw.o vom~.oa hvao.ot owam.o mmom.01 mavo.o Homo.o mnvn.o mmaa.OI hmvo.01 mmmm.0! wmho.oc Amwm.ol $000.0 v Hmvo.o vao.os hmmo.o: Hmm~.ol mwmm.o mmwo.oi nmm«.o Nmmo.o mamd.o mumo.c m-a.0 ammuoo mmoo.oe mmmo.o amvo.o Oon.o amoa.¢l awmm.o mmvo.cn mmau.o mmo.o Hw@~.oi «Odo-o aomo.ca omam.ol vamo.o oomu.0l mmmo.oa m hmao.o 0mmv.o wmao.o mwwo.o hocn.o hmm~.o mmom. hmmo.o ammm.ot Q$GCQC wawm.ml 0mg .09 vhmmoet bmwo.ot Namm.o omwmcot mmfim.o .mmo.ol Humm.o mmma.o 5500.0 nmha.ot vmwo.ol hmmo.o ammo.o mmmo.o «mmo.o moon.o N namv.o mmdo.o: msod.c o~m¢.o homo.ot mvm~.o ohmo.os awva.oa vam.ot mflmaoo mhvm.oa aflnm.c. vomo.o o-a.0o smoo.o mmnm.ol «mmo.oc ¢mm~.oa mmma.o ammo.ot unno.os mmoo.0¢ hvau.on mmmm.o moom.o ommm.o nann.o amn«.o H $9 4.5} '\ '-- ‘— ”NHJ‘. (V VLIhhmfl C :37, a": m N m .3 m h. < > f“ 0‘ f m m...” mav~.o whno.00 @mwm.o ammu.0i Huanocl m¢mvoc nnqo.o huam.o whno.o vmwa.o mv-.o ¢-.m.cl w... ACG M00 r: .HHQC .....LC.Mfl..O o pawn.ua C.%U .0! 05:0. 0 ¢CA~.OO Am§c.oa ~rcm.o ha.ao.o m mmm~.o0 hvm«.c 99“. gm «.0... ma ~.oc «mmm.o mmww.o 9920.0! cow .o ¢Afla.o! ansm.o cflm~.0l Mun fin Ont! maddte vomaoc mosa.oc mmm~.o wdco.o mmw~.ot evqo.al rvvc.on Huc¢.cl h m Hmfiaoo dnu 1? .v... v. r-) mmca.o «hn~.o mnmv.at moma.os awmc.oa mos~.oo mmao.o m ?o~h-..1vnav.os ommc.o mmmo.o ammuomi VNonOI m «www.01 owc~.01 wwww.oi ehhc.OI v hhnmccl whaCoOO GMwO m«.wm.o mhmb. «wwcool amao.o .m w .01 adan.o nm~.o hwm~.o ammm.o Avho.o mowa.o @vno.o 0mm .0 hm no mnm.cv ”Aha. ammo.co nAmm.oI woom.ou nm¢.oi vwv~.o m .Jvm.oo "mm“.ca mflwo.cn mmnn.ce onwm mwno.o ma mmn.¢0 mnno.ot sgno.oc mu¢0.0| Ahfin.es ammo.c wa vvm«.o «cao.oo vmca.OI mmmh.ol va.m.ul town.c ma mvaa.cl ow.~.oi Lvmm.ou sawo.ot uwuo.os mmHo.oI m vrxn.ol ch«.c cA.Q.CI qhvu.ca rmmn.o rnzn.¢t A" c:rn. o mnvn.QI hmwv.cl mmw~.ol «pmm.oo maan.cl a rnco.ca rraa.ou bunm.mi ewmm.ol n.uw.c Amnv.o m ”www.cl nan~.0 mmww.ca c-na.c cuwm.mn oflmn.c a memo.ol ¢v-.o m.mn.ol ”yon.o H«n«.oa m:«n. c n Cm¢«.c wauv.oi .pmo.m mana.ot r: ..c0 53.0.0! m c.c~.¢t Hom~.v «chad :Lwc.es A..a.cn vrr: .cl m r.>e.c¢ Mu9~.c m.-.o¢ Avrm.oa pray. c mnm~.o v waw¢.0{ Acme.c <«cfi. cl Huum..l «wwa.c amnn.c m wvcmoc turbos v.tm. CI mhmcu. kum.03 M~w~.00 N o¢wo.u wwwa.cv nmmo.o Aucc.ol -:r .05 mmM~.o a a n v n N A a n... wrung; Lump...“ ”é ammn.o m mbmn.o h v mmuo.c m ammo.o n mmno.o a mu......u...u..w .-u 2.2.. 9&9)...“ .unwawma mp:q ”gm w¢.mua> :- %An.qmwfi£m Bang .45 90 mwmvo mwmn.0l mvha.ol vammgol mnv0.0l ommv.OI awmo.c momm.oi mnom.o em Hump. nvmo.01 ammo.o enmm.o¢ mmm~.o Ahea.o¢ codo.o mmm~.01,mmmo.o mm mwu. mcac.cu m~ac.o¢ mmcc.o omaa.as mmoc.es mvmo.ol mmcu.. mmno.on an mawm. movo.ot maao.o nomc.o nnmfi.cu mvcfi.aa nqhfi.c mmmn.on hwmq.o Am amov. «anu.on.nomo.ot «mnq.oa mmmc.o moma.c| hmvc.o moafl.cu mawm.e om name. ovmm.o omhm.oi ovo«.ot mmad.ot mamm.c¢ m~-o.? unbu.ni noom.o mv vmv¢. msmo.o unmo.ot mnno.ol smem.ot Hh>~.on «ecu. on ooflc. ca vmam.o m. owmw. namm.o «mom.o vmm~.ct ovno.ol «pam.ct «mmm.o¢ m~m~.os vmu~.o av “mam. aewv.o namo.u amsn.o novo.o Amme.a qum.e mmmfi.ou mew».c m. mama. maao.oc omen.an ammo.o vvmm.oa mhcm.os mmoH.oI wnmo.os nvcu.c m. Noam. mm o.o om«0.01 amao.o ommv.o .ch.ca ommm.o mamm.o movo.c vw mmmw. egg“. 0 smmo.o vvoo.on namw.0l n~m~.on mwmo.ot Homm.o man~.o mv mnnw. ovmc.oa ammm.ca moo«.o mmgn.o mfiqm.o mnm~.ot mnflm.a oo...o at we m. mnma.o anm~.en ovv~.os nag...o¢ memo.o odd-.- 0.-...0 omma.o av .m.m. momm.o mqao.ot mmmo.o maoo on nonu.o v6.-.ci van: .0: wmvo.mn ov mm w. mundocl mam N. C! m:+~.0l OHMO.US mane-OI Huma- 5.! vam.Ul Hovm.o mm mem. .uum.CI ”NhAu C mmmoai 0m.mo. Cl Ndvcuul vaM.O movmovl mamm.e mm v. .. .HQ. 0 mmhn.c mvwo. c: mmmm.a- ommn.m5 msum.ec nhmv.os ohfim.o hm eaaw. ¢..a. man .0: modv.nt mhma.oa aumo.un cwhw.on momfl.o mmwa.o; on muom. mqm~.m. cqwo.o m:.w.o oa.m.oa mmmo.? dooa.o mmvm.oa mmma.o mm nvmm. omam. , mflu~.ot vomm.wn anno.ni 50:0.0 men“. on a~.m.ot wvso.o vm amps. mama..u mmho.o huflr. nmmm.en mm..~. c: we“...6 ofioo.o ~msn.o mm 5.... ma H.o Am-o .o: Admm.co “wow. a- msmfi.on n¢cm. c won“. on «www.ca mm “was. Eo¢.oa om.n. o «no..os «mom.o mu..on «mac.oo mnmv.o “mem.c an «w... mnnw.c cam .os mmha.o vm.~.. mmom.o mom~.os samH.o msma.ot an hfimm. mauc.cu .fiwh.o unho.o mmmo.m mmn0.m¢ mane.o mooo.on «woa.o mm «wow. pmmw.cc .wmo.o- «Aflfi.ou «man. a o-~.o unmfi.o e~c~.o mwv~.o¢ mu nflmw. sooc.o Haw-.o Vm.m.na comm.ou mm. co.o.c nnc~.mn no~v.c¢ afivm.c nu .sm. mumm.o hgca.oc nhva.oa cm«o.o hamd.oa ammo.oa mmo~.cn ocmo.o ma veep. vmnm.oi mmoo.o nmm~.on muav.o wowm.o “mom.o nvnm.o mmmm.o¢ mu ww¢¢. hmco.cc m~oa.¢ o.o~.ou «mac.oi nflmm.os emwo.os nmwo.o‘ nnmn.a em hnmm. hgoa.o mmm.os mvmo.o swam.oa omnn.os mmo~.oc mbhn.ot m0~m.0 mm nznaaq.; mace m a w n v m w a m l (a l k 1‘ 1 29—1wrsqwm JWKJVJQ"0AQH. O OIIO‘DO O. O «1' (‘3' (‘0 n C‘ "V ‘3 LfVCHH chma1mn mut11dt uhHN1o NwmooOO mwmm1cs HmNOoO mmmaoo thooo hmao10 Nmmcou mamm.ot Nmuooo r1... Q00... shad. Cl 01.5mm 001! «1,11. Lu 0C1.- m o o o a o i'cs'iaa th‘xr-tv-l C) I wVMdF~M€V~lm 504C‘ 0 O 0‘? a. <11 m v H m m m r. m u“! U3vt~i NomflVHQI. ovwv. on hmomool N a?“ 10.! mauw1ol NCH.19--. 21311.1... M0a010l 0G1wfla Q1! mmmm . ovvooot mvuooo v r i 0 I I Q I. O Q‘ *0 CDOID N {V 6;.) ('1 c’: O O ("'1' C! 0—. 83.: 00 N10 mnhaoO mt 31mo33 mhh31o Awmoo OI thHoO m moc:am|l.13I vamwo03v m:...... «.1. .J .. “um-VIM .4‘ nummco m$mo Qt nmwo1on mmm~.oa DWMHoQI gDHoD3 w~NU1o mmm~10 ncc01ol 1am-.aun f m... WILHUN: hm noOOm fihwcoo N mm~0101 92 moma1ot «ammoot Nam01o m~n~1n mmmn1oa mhva10 wnwa10 NvON19 omwad1m wmfldoO! «NHN1QI ~10. O O mamm1cu hmwm1e aam~1m «mnq.wl hmrm1ms mhw71ml 4. 1 h J‘. ...u ' om.1..1 mmm~.mn mMT... l .11. 1‘. mfl pmdr 0.11.... r. 3w. 9?. r114 . ~¢ufl1o mmmaofil mnxnuml mefimoo mwmmoa 1.0) m mcm! r.» W momo1ou smea1o vm~a10 wwmo1c «www.ms ammo.o 0mm0101 VWOOOO' hmao1_n Hom11o vmmc1o mmm01ci hmmH101 mama1o mama1ol mnwmofl‘ mnfla1w mnwm1ol msna1cl mmaa1ul .....n.......|1 90 1m. 10 mwuroU! wmnH1at Hwnm111 vmaa1ct amam1c mmqm1as omaxw1n ~m10101 AfimHUzflh H nmom1o m6501o mmmo1on mhm0101 unno.oa homo.o mmm0101 ~NM~101 mmpm101 mmnm1o mam~10 mm1c101 Maom1o: camH10 -v01ol mmma1a 1.5. yawn OI Onl- f“"'§ (3 F] ”J P’: (s ,4 r: rs 1-,}- (x. L". gr) 1.!) (*1:- .531. 1dnqrqmrdslflrimc; I ‘czc c3 ? 1'? H C. F‘ v: ,4 INF- t.) f“. ex “5" h [0. {fl fidfiH}HHbmHG thwm menace: meOoOl ~m¢~1o m00moo avmu1o mh¢N1o Gmmuooi mWNN1OO mw-1ol moccao maqa1o mmOHoCS mmcm1o: mmmo.os ofln01ct nmmOoGl wvmc1m mfimflofi 01ma1r onoc1nt “Unmo”- mwmd.c awon10 cama.c1 anHoG 1mmc1o mcwa1o Nvmc1b vc~c.ms wwwc1cl h xhhmmmud ammchI mmaooc mama1ol \: r I.‘ amMWo mwmm1o ¢¢nw1oa hmmmoc meC1c vane-o! vmma1cu m maool Hmmm1o wwcm1o om~o.o o¢~m1cn 001010 enhm1ct anH1rI nn¢n1c¢ hNnTom Hth C 11H01c1 pmoq.o vaaum mmaw.c ”a“! .l..\.' (rfrx C maco1o ~m¢~1ea mveaoo: mmaaoo moha1nc mamm1mn aaem1o mmom1ou H-o1o www.1mn Gammoo mmmc1mu mcam1on nmmv100 m... 1.5m... O O mmmo.o .1 . .- .. uF—qu‘s fit. .11 i 1.1... I p. p .1! f. f .1. CC nwimoc “Wnp11rs Om”. NfianCI 57m~191 H....HTQP FUNHOflU‘. mm1~1oi anma1oc udh31mu qflwa.oa .1 .7. 0.... {AVA (It HEM. XML WNMHM...“ Madam... mamm1ca mww~101 oama1o muma1o mmaq1o mmam1o «mmv1o thmo oomm1o: HnH01o momn1ol ~51H1os mwmm. mmro1o fimna1o 1‘. 1-1 . I.'\ I." . ‘1: u r~ (- O 0 ??°?? 1. 1 -"l f“: '2? {‘3 'n '_,‘,‘ \V '4 - ‘ fianfins~ an Humvmwhmm 93 VmOHOD wmm016 dowho¢l @61. mmwv CH @Mr“ (H nth h Hunt»... .1; an ..o: A ¢~11H m:v0 «infer..- Huqm .oLIc fufifloot Wu no.0 acm010 NA$CoOI sqn11o 11H~10 nmm~.oa wcmc.c «~1~.oa vesa.o: rvmoo Pl mnmn.ct ¢~m~.on mane-c mnvo.e nacH10 vow: "(amn- ...! fiVHVQO HH:~.C mw c .0! avh015! NVmOoO 0hhflcfil M .pmw .H..... NG¢fioOI ww¢m1QQ hhwooot pfitvuc nn«.A1o mmam o KCL-OO V1m.o.o wHVH10l unma BIBLIOGRAFHY EQQKS Aristotle. Zho ?hetgr1cigf firigtotlg. Translated by Lana Coooer, new iork: flppleton~tentury-Crofts, Inc.. 1960. Badkstronm, Charles H. and Gerald D. Hursh. Survet Research northweetern University. northwestern University Press. 1953. :eutsch, Morton and Robert M. Krausa. Thoorien in Social P0 ,holod , New York: Basic books Inc.. 1965. New York: McGraw-Hill Rance, Kenneth 3., David C. Ralph and Milton J. Wiksell, grinc12153 of Sneaking, Belmont, California: hadswortfi Punlishing‘tompany, Inc. 1962. Eovland, Carl 1., Irving L. Janis and Harold a. Kelley. Qgfinunicfgion and Pogsuanlgg, new Haven. Conn.u Yale University Press, 1953. Kerlinger, Fred N. gonnartiogs 9f Rehavgogal Research, new Yerkt Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 964. nonroe, Alan H. Princinles og Sneegh, flew York: Scott. Foreaman and Company, 1951. O'Eeill, James.¥ilton and Andrew Thomas Weaver. Ihg E§gmon§a 9: Sneech. Haw York: Longmana, Green and 00.. 920. Rao, C. Rafihakrishna. fijvancg§_5tatisticn Method 1 Biometric Ronearch, new Yorke Chapman & Hall. Limited. lész. Stephenson, william. The $Egfiy of Behavior! AITachngaue and Its Hothofiglogx, Chicago: aha Un varsity of Chicago trEEQ: 1953. Eerkowitz. Leonard and Donald R. Cottingham. "The Interest value and Relevance of Fear Arousing Communications, J urna o‘ Abnorma; and gocia; Esggholggz, 60 (1960). 3%-43. i 94 95 Cattell. Raymond E. and Ivan H. Scheier. “The Nature of Anxiety: A Review of Thirteen Multivariate Analyses wnprifiing 514 Variables,“ L:Vc*nloric Renort . IV (195%), 351—33a. Rina, 8. J. ”ConcluSion-Brawinq Communicator Creéibility and Anxiety as Factors in Oninion Change,“ Jougga; of RRnnrle and _Socia; Psycboloqgn 54 (1957 . 399-74. Goldstein, Michael J. "The Relationship Between Casing and Avoiding Esehavior and Resnonea to rear Arouaing Eropaganda.' J F5 s'cholonx, SB 1359 . Janis. I .L. “Rnxiety Indices Related to Suscectibility to Janis. Irving L. and Seymour Fefihbach. “Effects of Fear. Rxousing Communications.“ J Rhno a a d = ". 43 (1953 JRnis. I.L., and B. Feshbach. “Personality Differences Associated with Responsiveness to Fear-Arousinq Communication,“ gourng; gr Perggnaligx, 23 (1954), 154—67. Janis. Irving R. and H. C. Rilholland. Jr. “The Influence of Threat Appeals on Selective Learning of the Contents of a Persuasive Communication.” gougggl gf :H ..c, 37 (1954), 75-80. Janis. I.L. and R.F. Terwilliger. “Rn Experimental Study of Psychological Resistance: to Fearunrousing Communica- : ficnorfial_gnfl $06.61 FSIChO 0U“ 65 (1962 ; 403-11. RacLean. R.3. and A.L. K33. “Picture selection: Rn Rfiitorial Game.“ , , 39 (Spring. 1963). 2. Handler, G. ana 5. B. Sarason. “A Study of Rnxietys and Learning.” gourna; gt Rhnogne L and Soc 81 l . 47 (1952). 166-73. Rcuutly. John R. and Richard H. Ralters. ”Emotional Arousal. Conflict. and Suscentibility to Social Influence.“ Canadian Journal 9f Esxcho 1992: 16 (1962). 211-20. chuitty. Louis L. "Comprehensive Hierarchical Analysis.‘ Educational a"! Psycholggical Measurement. xx, No.4 (1990}. 03 5.1310. 96 Miller. Gerald R. “Stuflies on the Use of Fear Anneals: R Rummary and Rnal)2i:.' Cen ra ~ Jo'm m; XIV (Vay, 1963 . Riller. Gerald R. and Hurray R. Eewgill. “Some Recent Research on Fear-Rnoucing Feasage Appeals.“ Sggech “snoorachs, XXXIII (November. 1966). 377-391. Holt}, flowari and Donald L. Thestlathwaite. ”:ttitude ioflification and Rnxiety Refiuction.“ Jon a f ‘chrwa anti. Social Psychology 50 (19553. 231-38. hontaguo, E.K. "The Role of Rnxiety in Serial Rota Learning.” :rn’l of fxicriwon . 46 (195 3), L. “‘t-Zdw Runnaily. J.C. and Howard M. Bohren. ‘eriables Governing tho Willinqneos to Receive Communications on Mental Health.“ gourno; ofiwPeroonelitv. 627 (1959). 38.47. :owell. Fredric R. “The Ezzects ot AnxietynRrouaing Reasages Rhea Related to Feraonal. Familill and Inpersonal Referents.‘ éESEEE "onogranha. XRRII (June, 1985). 102-10R. Powell. Prairie A. and Gerald R. Riilcr. ‘Social Approval ané misapproval Cues in Rnxiety-Rrouning CORRuni. cation. ggfech_fififigggfirbfi, RRXIV (June. 1957). cbbins. Paul R. “Level of Rnxiety. Interference Pronanesa and Defensive Reactionn to Four Rxousing Information.” Jogrnal g; fegaonagigx. 31 (1963). 163-78. Hewgill. Hurray. “Tynoquies of Anxiety Resoonaea.' Paper Presented to Rpcech Association of America. New York. New York, Recember. 1965. Kiel. Donald P. and Charles F. Rr1g1ey, “Effect. Upon the Factorial Rolution of Rotating Varying Numbers of Factors." Paper Presented to the Annual meeting of the Rsychonetrio bociety, Raptamber. 1960. b-tacLean. Malcolm 8.. Jr.. Thomas Danbury and Albert 05 Talbot. ”Civil Bwrenao Eelief éatternsn (VIII) Technical Rummary, "Comrnunication Research Report. College of Communication Arts, Richigan Rtate Univaraity. March. 1964. 97 marsh, Shirley A. 'u-Technique: Rn Rdvanco in Idiodynamics,“ Communication Research Center, College of Communi- cation th3. Michigan Etate university, Lecember, 1963. Filler, Gerald R. ana Hurray R. Hewqill. ”Reduction of Cognitive Imbalance Following Exposure to Fear- Rrousing Lommunication,“ Paner Fresented to speech Association of knericn, Chicago, Illinois, hecember 23, 1964. §¢V§;p-cnt Bacwfionte U. 5. Denartnant of Censqs, U ;, Cenfius of Rousing; 1960, Vol. III, City RIOCKB, beries RC{3), L0. 212, 0.3, Government Frinting Office, Washington, D.C.. 1961. TAT Mllmmfllllsl WI W“ W WWIWWW 3 119.}! 03J58 100l