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Aal- .- ’1 ~ A ~‘ Q M , ‘0 . b. .51.. , \ n M ~:~*—~ .3 - .— "25 “fr"! “'5 '3: ‘ ‘ “:‘-n THE DIFFERENCE IN THE OPITIOHS OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SOCILL WORKERS TONKRD PUBLIC ASSISTANCE by Tessie Marie Baltrip I A Research Project V» Submitted to The School of Social Work Michigan State University Joseph W Heffernan May 26, l9&; Assistant Professor THLESIB TABLE OF COJDENPS Page LIST OF GRAFA‘HS.............CO0.0...O...O.000.......0...........iii Chapter I IZqTRODUCTIOII..........O0......0.0.0.0...OOOOOIOOOOCOCOIOCOI Statement of the Problem Review of the Literature Focus of Study II D'IE'PIIODOIIOGY 0.00.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI...~OOOOOO7 Method of Securing Data Selection and Description of Sample Method of AnaLysis III DISTRIBUTION OF OPIHIUHS 0] HELP YE QUESTIONS............10 IV DISTRIBJTION OF O;IIJ'I"_).-€S ON THY] USE OF PR E‘SSSIOLIAL CffLSBz‘IOiuCCOCOOOOOO0.0...00.0.000000000000000021 V DISI‘RIBJI‘ION OF Oi—‘I'TIOf‘TS OBI SIECIFIC PUBLIC AS ISTAJCE J‘OLICIESOOOOOOo0.000.00.00000000000000033 VI DISTRIBUTIQE OF OPIHIONS OF WHY PEOPLE ARE 01" ELIEFOCCOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO0.000...-....OO 000000000040 VII. DISTRIBUTION OF‘OPIUIONS WITH REFERENCE TO INTEL-GT- ERITLIEII‘AL RELATIO'ES IN SOCIAL WELF-IILREOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0.... 52 VIII DISTRIBUTION OF‘OPINIONS COHCEiNIJG THE NE}:BURG PROI’OSAu-ISOOOOOOOOOO 0000000000-0.00090000000059 IX COI‘ICLIJSIOIISO.00.0.0...O.0.0000......-0.0.00 cccccccc 0.0.0063 ‘UIEIDIX AOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI--OIOoooooooooo oooooo o 0000.00.65 Cofficient of Reproducibility of Newburg Proposals for the Southern Social Workers API)EIDIXB.OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOO.OOOOOOAOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.0.00...... 68 Interview Schedule BIBLIOGRMJHYOOOOOOOOOOO‘OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ0.0000000000000000000083 ii Graph 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 3010 3.2, 3.3. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4, 4.5. LIST OF GRAPES Page Distribution of Opinions on Helfare Questions Role of Government..........................................11 Job Guarantee...............................................13 Medicare....................................................15 Civil Rights.................... ...........................17 Aid to muc-ationOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0.0...0......00.0.19 Distribution of Opinions on the Use of Professional Casework Training of the Staff.......................................22 Nature of the Case Loads....................................24 Purpose of Public Assistance................................26 Rights of Individuals to Casework...........................28 Financial Gains of Utilizing Casework.......... ............30 Distribution of Opinions on Public Assistance Policies Public Assistance Recipients' Names made Available..........34 Public Assistance Rieipietns' Names kept Confidential.......36 Nature of Public Assistance Application.....................38 Distribution of Opinions on Why People Are on Relief Why PeOple Feed Help................. ........ .............41 Role of Poor Management... .................................43 Effect of the Economy............. .........................45 Availability of Decent Jobs.................................47 Behavior of Public Assistince Worker........................49 CHAPTER I NTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of social workers toward public assistance. There are varied Opinions about the present public assistince program, mamy of them being quite negative. Before an attempt is made to improve the program, it seems beneficial to first discover what the present attitudes are among some of the major groups which work with the recipients of public assistance. With this in mind, this paper will be focused on the attitudes of social workers. Social workers Operate on the belief in the idea of progress and should serve as a force in improving the lives of these recipients. Because the sections of our nation differ economically and politi- cally, it seems as if the public assistance programs would also differ. This would indicate the nee s of one community would not necessarily be the needs of any other. The comparison will be made in this paper to discover what, if any, are the differences between the attitudes of social workers in Houston, Texas and Lansing, Michigan. Review of the Literature From its birth, the public assistance program has had difficulties. When the social security bill was being written, the assistance program was added without much discussion. This indicates that the organizers of the act considered it of little importance, and viewed it as only being temporary. It has now expanded and is considered to have become a permanent part of the act._ The major changes in the assistance pro- gram-broadening of Aid to Dependent Children, exemption on earned income \ for the blind, programs in Puerto Rico and the Virgian Islands, and federal grants in Aid to the Blind---have added and improved the program, but there are many prOposals which would futher improve the program. The protbém has also had difficulties because of the values of our culture. Success or failure in our society is measured in terms of economic status. The public's attitude toward the dependent still tends to range between co descension and contempt. Thus, the individual who come to consider public assistance as a possible solution to his par- ticular situation must live through feelings, anxieties and changes in the economic as well as other relationship aSpects of his life.1 The needy person finds his situation humiliating not only because of commup nity attitudes, but also because of his own feelings of failure.2 Feiner3 feels that social workers have not yet shed lay attitudes toward relief. Like other professionals, they are exposed to community attitudes inasmuch as they work with the community and are dependent upon it for their existence. Social workers tend to reflect biased ind unsym- pathetic attitudes toward relief clients, just as the community does. Whether or not they are biased, most of them do think that the public assistince program should be changed. 1Pauline Miller, The Experience of the Individual in Public Assistance (University of Penisylvania: Pennsylvania School of Social Work, 1947),p.24. ZHilary H. Leyendecker. Problemsgand Policy in Public Assistance New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), p. 27. 3Regina Feiner, "Personal Attitudes and Relief Practice," Smith Studies in Social Work, XIV (September, 1943-June, 1944), p. 204. The administration of public assistance provides for the individual states to determine the levels at which they wish to Operate the programs.4 A comparsion of the funds during the second decade of the public assistance program in Michigan and Texas indicates that the levels in these two states varied greatly. Total State and Local Funds5 (in thousands) 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1955 1 Michigan 34,099 45,629 63,844 53.279 50.338 161.538 W Texas 23,123 35,212 36,944 35,655 37,279 38,005 .J Could this indicate that the attitudes between these states toward public assistance vary greatLy? And this, then as Feiner points out, means that the attitudes of social workers would correlate to that of the states? A further search of the literature indicates that the social work profession has always been concerned with the public assistance programs. 0 4Loula Dunn, "Public Assistance Administration: Why Change Horses in Midstream," State Government, xxx, no.7 (July, 1957) p. 150. sEllen J. Perkins, State and Local Financing[of Public Assistance: 1235-55 (Washington D.C.: Uhited States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1956), p. 45. 6Grance Abbott, From Relief to Social Security (Chicago: The Chi- vers ity of Chicago Press, 1941), p.333; Vaughn Davis Bornet. Welfare in America (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1960), p.62.; Helen E. Martz, "The Contribution of Social Work to the Administration of Public Assistance", Social Casework, XXXVII, No. 2 (February, 1956), pp. 55-6 1; Eunice Minton, "The Effect of the Setting on Casework Prac- tice in Public Assistance", Social Casework, XXXVII, N02 (February, 1956), pp. 61-69; Kermit T. Wiltse, "Social Casework and Public Assistance", Social Service Review (January, 1958), pp.4l-SO. The interest shown by social workers has lead them to evaluate the pro- grams and they have proposed changes in them. 7 In a New York study, Burns, was unable to find any one major change that might be needed in the program. He fOund that the leading adminis- trators in public assistance at all levels of government and of outstald- ing leaders in social welfare revealed unaminity that something is wrong ' with the program. However, they placed their emphasis at different points. ‘ Many different proposals fOr change also indicates that the profes- sion has not agreed on the direction of the change. The Family Welfare Association of America has reported that there is great uneveness during families receiving assistance and has suggested several changes.8 9 In proposing his changes, Cohen emphases governmental relation— ships. He sees the most urgent needs as state-wide standards for direct relief in every state, more adequate state financial participation to the counties, and federal financial aid to the states for this purpose. This should be done with federal standards assuring assistance without regard to residence, citizenship, race, religion, or national origin. There seems to be a general feeling that attention should be given to the residence requirements. The American Legion made studies which have definitely established that the present residence laws deprive many 7Eveline M. Burns, "What's Wrong with Public Welfare?", Social Service Review, XXXVI, No. 2 (June, 1962), pp. 111-22. 8Philip Schiff, "Twenty Years of Social Security", Social Casework, xxxvx, No.8, (June, 1955), p.346. 9Wilbur Cohen, "Needed Changes in Social Welfare Programs and Objec— tives", Social Service Review, XXXIII, No. 1 (March, 1959), pp. 30-42. citizens of adequate protection and benefits.10 The Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare has been quoted as saying that "a residence require- ment doesn't make sense."11 The National Conference of Social Workers has pointed out that residence laws are of declining importance to modern society and for many reasons should be ended.12 In his discussion on a better public assistance program Keith-Lucas13 has proposed that the whole program should be abolished. In its place would be a program in favor of more e.uitable and a less individualized program. The mayor difficulty with.this pro osal is in f nding an alterna- tive. In prOposing their changes, some social workers tend to tnlufi that such steps as those gr posed by Mr. Iitchell, city manager of Newburgh, New York, are too drastic. Both Norman V. Lourie, presiient of the National Association of SociaL Workers, and Ruth Smally, president of the Council of Social Work Education responded to his proposals jointly. They pointed out that "social workers believe the American people will see through the thin tissue of the Newburgh plan and agree that irresponsible efforts to reduce assistance rolls is not the answer there (in Newburgh) or in any 14 Iother community." 10"Notes and Comments," Social Service Review, XXIII, No.2 (June, 1959), p. 167. 11Ibid. 12"Residence Laws and Public Welfare", State Government, XXX, No.3 (IdarCh, 1957) ’ p 070 e 13Alan KeithsLucas, Decisions About People in Need (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1957), p.254. 14Notes and Comments, Social Service Review, XXV, No.4 (December, 1961). p.433. Focus of Study Opinions have been expressed that social workers are part of their communities and so reflect their community's attitudes. The writer feels that this is applicable in some areas, but does not think this applies to the area of social security. Social workers are generally concerned with strengthening the individual; their training tends to influence their attti- tudes toward others. Considering this, the hypothesis on which this study is based is: There is little, if any, difference between the o,inions of Northern social workers (NSW) and Southern social workers (SSW) toward public assistance. In this study Opinions are defined as consistent reaponses to the in- terview schedule. Northern social workers (NSW) were those persons in Lansing, Michigan who are employed as social workers and are members of the Natianal Association of Social Workers. The Southern social workers (SSH) were those persons in Houston, Texas who are employed as social workers and are members of the National Association of Social Workers. Public Assistance is a portion of the Social Security Act which was passed in 1935. It comprises five categories: old-age assistance, aid to families of dependent chi dren, aid to the blind, aid to the permanently and totally disabled, and general assistance. Although the terms southern and northern will be used, they are not meant to indicate that the study will be typical of these sections of the country. The findings will only be applicable to the two cities menti ned as of this year. CHAPTER II METHODOTOSY Method of Securinngata Data on the social workers was secured through Liket type interviews which lasted approximately fifty mintues.1 The northern social workers were interviewed during the summer of 1963. They were interviewed for a different, but similar study. The interviewer was an instructor in the School of Social Work, Michigan State University. Data on the sourthern social workers was secured through the same interview. The interviewers identified themselves exactly as the inter- viewer of the northern social workers did; however, they were second year graduate social work students.2 Several items were omitted in the schedule before it was used with the SSH because they were of no use in this study. Many items, which were included, will serve only to lengthen the interview so that the length for both groups did not vary greatly. Questions at the end of the schedule will be of importance, and it is believed that the length of the interviews may influence the resPonses. It is anticipated that the change of interviewers may affect the responses. One group was interviewed by a white male doctroal candidate and the other was interviewed by Negro female students with one year of graduate training. It is hOped that this was controlled by the similar- ities between the way the interviewee were conducted. 1See Appendix fer interview schedule. 2The interviewers were Miss Nelda R. Conner and the writer. 7 Selection and Description of Sample The SSW were randomly chosen from the 1962-64 Membership Directory of the San Jacinto Chapter, Houston, Texas of the National Association of Social Workers. All of these persons either have a masters degree in social work or were included in the membership of the organization on October 1, 1955 when it was established. Because San Jacinto Chapter includes per- sons in four other cities, the population in this study was defined astnose working within the city limits of Houston. This means that there were 249 persons in 43 agencies. The three private practitioners and the 31 non- agency members are not included in the 249. One twelfth of the pOpulation will provide an ade ute sample. The NSW were 35 persons in Lansing, Michigan who held positions in social agencies as social workers during the summer of 1963. Method of Anagysis The interviews were divided into five major areas: (1) Opinions on welfare questions, (2) Opinions on the use of professional casework, (3) Opinions on specific public assistance policies, (4) Opinions on why peOple are on relief, (5) Opinions concerning the Newburgh prOposals. There are from three to six statements from the interview schedule in each area. All the statements are expre seed in percents and are shown graphi- cally. The graphs are in colOr and each category of reSponses are sepa- rated by an uncolorsi column. The numbers 1 to 6 on the graphs corresyondes with the number of the responses on the interview schedule. Fbr discussion purposes, these responses are divided into several areas, which will be interchanged with the reaponses in the schedule throughout the paper. The positive responses includes the first two response categories-the first being very positive and the second moderately positive. Categories four and five are consid- ered as the negative responses-«category four being moderately negative and category five very negative. The other two response categories, three and six will be viewed only in regards to the comments on the sche- dule e CHAPTER III DISTRIBUTION OF OPINION ON WELFARE ~:UESTIONS An analysis of the responses given to welfare questions will be the focus of this chapter. Five statements from the interview schedule have been chosen fOr examination. The present role that the respondents felt the government performs was Obtained from this statement: Some people think the national government should do more in trying to deal with such problems as unemployment, education, housing and so on. Others think the government is doing too much. On the whole, would you say that the government has done :_____about rignt;______too much; _______not enough. Graph 1.1 shows how the reaponses were distributed by the groups. The greatest percent ( 4O %, NSW-70%, SSW) of the responses shows that most of the workers felt that the government is doing about right. The next greatest percent ( 33%, NSW-—20%, SSW) of the responses shows that the workers felt that the government has done too much. The least (22%, N W—~10%, SSW) felt that more should be done by the government. There is a much smaller difference within the responses of the NSW Almost three-fourths of the SSH, on the other hand felt that the govern— ment is doing about right. This would indicate that the NSW have no one outstanding Opinion about the role of the national government. The ma- jority of SSW are content with the government's role. 10 . humfiwm .I...‘ «alimwflc .. ‘5‘ '7; 9' a w. _. u u. ‘, whegsoz Hmaoom unempsom mnouuoz Hmaoom shcnphoz .gwsoso won “nous oow magmas psonm assoc mom pnessne>om on» page hem nah case: .eaogz on» no .noss cop mnaou ma odesnne>ow on» Moan» mncnpo .uo on use wsamson .snapsosee .pneshoaasen: we mseanoua nose spa: Heme op madame qa ones on vasogm unmanne>ow deceased one nudge manoem osom mZOHHmWDO mmsmqm: zd ZOH5HMO mo ZOHHDmHMQmHQ H.H EMdMO 11 12 The reSponses to the following statement was analyZGd to find the Opinions of the workers on job guarantee: The government in Washington ought to see to it that everybody who wants to work can find a job. The distribution of responses by both groups is shown in Graph 1.2. These responses were wildly distributed. The SSW were more positive than thelfifli; however, the greatest per— cent of responses to the most positive category was present in the responses of the RSV. There was a sizable percent of reSponses in both groups (23%, NSW--25%, SSW) which indicate that some of the workers were not sure about the government guarenteeing jobs. (Hue NSW expressed more negative Opinions, the greater number of which were very neg.tive. There was a sharp division between the reSponses of the NSW. Thr percent of responses in both the most positive category and the moat nega- tive category were idential (25.5%). Neither of the groups had a majority of their reSponses in any one Category. There was no outstanding difference between the Opinions of the two groups toward the government'srole in.guaranteeing jobs; however, the 55: were slightly more in agreement. The respondents were asked to give their Opinions regarding a st, ;— ment on the government's role in medicare. This statement was: The government ought to kelp peOple get doctor and hospital care at low cost. An analysis of their responses shows that most of the workers ex- pressed positive feelings. The distribution of the reaponses for both III 1‘ .4 .— H . J1 _ 4 H . 1 a _ u q . _ n a _‘ _ . _ . 1...? . .1 r .§L.|4I. _ J! I ‘P 4| fell L 1“ VT '. V T] t .%j +1F 4 a rquLI inky]; r4 lq'd »~ L _ H5991; lollii T + 91+. . T11 ._. .Y fit flaw J :1 .I. I L” 11L v .- 11! . 1.1; 4 ..x W . . . _ . _ . . . . . r 1. 1. W alfxm, til .7. w t l .lf-flfl¥ to“ Wi.! 1 IT Ml.|1 -J rate 4.41 f WT t » I‘LL! i smx .1. .tb . A l olnfllv [w a If My ¢ l4- 1!; f «It? .4 fl 1. . n! n Lliri _ , . . _ _, _ J j. i - d w. n .44 a +4 I mnmxnoz mnmxnoz Hmaoom qnmgpsom HmHoow sumnpnoz i ..... ON on 13 .nofi w uqaw use she: as means on: muonmsm>o was» pH on mom on pnwzo sopwsanmmz ma psmsnhm>ow one .DZOHHUEJW mamafihqflz ad ZOHSHNA; n.2, ZfiHaDMHMHQHQ N .H injflnm. 14 groups is shown in Graph 1.3 The majority of the reSponses eXpressed by the NSW’(15%D were very positive. A little less than a fourth of the NSW believed that this role was dependent on other factors. The least percent (21%) of these respon- dents felt negative about the government intervening in medical expenses; the majority of which were moderately negative. I The SSW's responses regarding this preposition were also positive. The greatest percent of them felt very positive; whereas, none of them expressed-very negative Opinions. Three times as many SSW favored such a role for the government as those who were against it. Slightly more NSW were positive in agreeing with this statement. More SSW expressed negative Opinions about the government having a role in medicare; however, all of them were moderately negative. This pro- position was positively agreeable with both groups. The statement analyzed to Obtain the workers Opinion of the govern- ment's role in civial rights was directly after the first three state- ments in this area. It read: If Negroes are not getting fair treatment in jobs and housing, the government in Washington should see to it that they do. The distribution of responses by both groups was more or less centrally located. Most of the workers in both groups eXpressed very positive Opinions regarding this statement, (50%‘NSW--65%, SSW). 1.3 .1 1 . . . 7... mafia“. ,l: Slum-km pk... .. w l . . . .9151... A.) «n z ... mnmxnoz Hmaoom snmnpsom unoxnox Heaoom nhmnpnnz .pmoo boa pm onmo Hmpaamon use unapooc pom onoom maoc.op pewso pnossuo>ow one mZOHHMMDd fimQQQHI ZO, ZOHZHNO .mo ZOHHDQHHBWHQ M...” Hammad o¢ om 15 16 The reSponses by the NSW were distributed throughout each category. The greatest percent (73%) felt positive toward the government taking a role in civil rights. A little less than three-fOurths of these workers felt very positive. Only nine percent of the reSpondents disagreed with this prOposal. Half of the workers who did disagree did so very strongly. The third largest percent of the total responses (18%) shows that about a fifth of the NSW were amblivant about the government in this role. There were no responses given by the SSH that were negative. The greatest percent of responses were positive, most of the being very posi- tive. The lowest percent, (15%) were not sure, or felt tha the govern- ment's role in civil rights was dependent on other factors. More of the SSW's responses (85%) than those of the NSW (73%) were in agreement with this proposition. Of these respondents, most of them (50%, NSW-65%, SSW) agreed very strongly. Most of the remaining NSW (18%) and all of the remaining SSW (15%) were not sure about the govern~ ment‘s role in civil rights. There were a few NSW who eXpressed negative Opinions regarding this statement. ‘ Generally the SSW were more positive toward the government having [a role in civil rights. Could one of the factors which influenced these responses be due to the fact that the SSW were interviewed by Negroes? The distribution of these responses are showen in Graph 1.4. x The workers' Opinions about having the federal government Ulay a role in eiucation was also eXpressed in the interview. The following statement was analyzed to show the Opinions given: .1qu... ”His 4...! 17 L I: muoxsox Hmaoom sheepsom L: anomnoz Hmaoom quocpnoz .ou heap page pa op mom wasnnm snowmanmmz ad pumashm>ow one .wsamnog can when ma pnespamsp pawn mqappew poo one moonwoz HH mZOHBQMDV. Hm1nqm3 Zo 20H? Hmo mo ZOHHDmHfiBmHQ ¢ H mmtmw 18 If cities and towns around the country need help to build more schools, the government in Washington ought to give them the help they need. The responses were widely distributed, but the largest percent as shown in Graph 1.5, were positive. The Opinions of the NSW were spread throughout the five catego- ries which indicate some opinion on this subject. There were no reSponses in category six. Slightly less than two-thirds of the workers agreed that the government ought to aid in education. The second highest per— cent of the owrkers, (20%) expressed amblivant feelings about having the gOvernment aid in eiucation. There were exactly as many workers (20%) who disagreed with this role. Most of those who disagreed with this statement did so very strongly. The greatest percent of responses by the SSW (50%) agreed that the government ought to take a role in education. Over half Of these workers felt very strongly about this role. The one category with the highest percent (40%).of the total responses indicate that almost half of the workers were not sure about the government's role in educztion. A small percent of the reSpondents expressed moderately negative Opinions regarding this role. The majority of the responses by both groups concerning the fed— eral government's role in education were positive. A greater percent of the NSW's responses were positive. Also, more of these workers' res onses were negative, most of them being very negztive. om mnmanoz Hmaoom sheepsnm mm. mnmxnoz Hwaoom shmnpnon .ummq hoop game can Eon» m>am op pnwsn noumsacmm: ma psmsunobow mow .maoonom ones caazp op mam: when hnpssoo emu snacks mason use moauao NH mZOHBmmbv flMqumz 20 20H5Hmo ho ZGHBDQHMBnHQ m.H mmdmw 19 20 Summary In this chapter an examination was made of the Opinions expressed by the social workers regarding welfare questions on the schedule. The specific issues under consideration was past degree of involvement of the federal government in public welfare; and the role the government should take in terms of job guarantee, medicare, civil rights and federal aid to education. Both groups of social workers felt that the government shozld be active in these areas. The most agreement in favor of the government be- ing involved in the areas explored was toward civil rights. Medicare re- ceived the second highest percent of responses, but had only a few more than federal aid to education which was third. The Opinions expressed toward the government's role in job guaren- tee was the least clear—out of all the areas examined. The workers ex- pressed uore negative opinions in this area than in the other areas. The largest number of responses, howerer, indicate that most of the workers felt this should be a role of the government. There was little difference in the Opinions eXpressed by the two groups. All the statements were positively accepted by the SSH. Only one prOposition, job guarentee, was not accepted by the NSH. CHAPTER IV DISTRIBUTION OF OEIYIOHS ON THE USE OF PROFESSIONAL CASEW RK One of the goals of this inveLtigation is to explore the Opinions of the reSpondents toward public assistance. This would aid in helping to develop a program that social workers might find profitdflxa to work with and thus help the recipients on public assistance more. With this in mind, five questions asked during the interviews were concerned with these workers Opinions on the usefulness of casework. The reSponses to these questions will be discussed in this chapter. The first question asked was: PeOple on public assist nce provide such a variety of problems that the assistance de- partment should be staffed by skilled and professionally trained workers. The distribution of reSponses by both groups is shown in GrapL 2.1. There is no significant difference between the Opinions of the groups. Both groups were extremely positive. A larger percent of SSW (85%) than NSW (80%) expressed very posi- tive Opinions regarding this statement. The negative reSponses of the NSW were less than any other category of res onses for either group. They were also the only negative reSponses. A small percent of the 21 ‘vv-~I~~'I1’. H OH ON -y—qp->"_" . on o¢ om 00 Oh manHo: Haaoom snmnusom.ww . om I]. humane: Hmaoom anemones EH .mnomnos sesamup saamsoammmnonm use omHHHMm an cmHMMpm mp Hosonm uqospsemoe mosmpmammm one page maeanona Mo humanm> a noun mua>ohm mosepmammm oaansa no manomm MMOzflnflo Adonnmflmomm ho Mme 20 ZtzHmo m0 ZOHHDQHMHMHQ H N mmdMu 22 23 respondents of ezch group felt ambivalent about this statement. Both groups expressed positive Opinions about having the staff of the assistance department skilled and professional. The least num- ber of the total reSponses were negative. These negative res onses were only present in the NSW interviewed. The interview schedule provided somewhat Of a check on the above question. Two questions later the reSpondents were asked to give their Opinions on the following statement: The expansion of social insurance means a reduction of public assistance. It is likely the the case loads will be in- creasingly dominated by peOple with per- sonal problems who reqaire intensive and skilled help. Graph 2.2 shows that the reSponses to this statement were also very positive. Almost a third of the reSponses by the NSW agreed strongly that the persons who seek public assistance will require the kind of help. There was a small number of the NSW (6%) who had no Opinions on the sub— ject. Twice as many of the Lansing workers felt very negative about this statement. The highest percentage of the responses by the NSW was very positive. The percent Of the reSponses to the moderately positive and very positive categories were identical. Over half 0f the SSW (60%) expressed very positive Opinions re- garding this statement. .Tne lowest percentage of the total responses 24 nausea: Hmaoom qnmnpaommwm nausea: Hmaoom snmnpuoz .mamn emaaaum use o>HQOpsa endgame oak msoanoum quomnmm and: mamoom hp cepssasov hamsammmnosa on Haas mowed mwmo esp peep hamxaa ma pH .eoqmpmammm oaanzm Ho soauosuon a muses monjnsmsa Hedoom Ho scamsamxm may MMowmmdo Q¢30Hnmmmommlmo Mum mmmn casonm moqmpmHmm< oaansm Mmozmmno Ataounnmmfmga mo and 20 ZOHZHNO mo AOHHDQHMQmHQ new mmémo 26 27 Unlike the NSW, there were a few of the SSH who were amblivadent about agreeing with this statement. None of the SSW expressed negative Opinions. The Opinions eXpressed by these workers were varied. The percent of positive reSponses by the SSH were s.ightly greater than the percent expressed by the N81. There were no negative reSponses received from the SSH. The distribution Of the NSW's responses, on the other hand, did in— clude the negative categories. Generally, the SSH appeared to be slightly more in agreement with strengthening family life via public assistance. To further explore the reSpondents' Opinions toward using case— work in public aesistance the fellowing statement was included in the interview: I believe that individuals and their families have a right to receive both income mainte- nance and help in the resolution of social, psychological and physical problems which limit their potential for constructive living. The majority of the total number of reSponses for both groups (83%, NSW--70%,SSH), as shown in Graph 2.4 were very positive. Again the NS? were the only group that expressed any negative Opinions, all Of which were moderatley negative. 'A small percent of the NSW had no Opinion on the rights of individual along this line. mummuox Heaoom sheepsom mm mnmuno: Hmaoom qumnpnoz .wnH>HH o>«.osnpmsoAWnow Heapnmpom Hams» pasaa soar: msoanona Hwoamhna use Hwoawoaogohmm .HMao w No soapsaomoh map ma game can moqnqmpnawa osoona neon m>amomn on pgwap w m>mn moaaasmm Hams» can mamsca>avna page oboaawn H Manmmdo 44ZnHmmmmomm mo flmb zo ZOHZHMO ho ZOHBDmHmBmHQ ¢.N mm<fi0 28 29 A little less than three—fourth (70%) of the SSW's responses were very positive. Over half Of the remaining reSponses (15%) were in the moderatley positive category. The other half of these responses was class- ified as not sure, it depends. Generally, the largest percent of total responses was positive and was made by the SSH. The largest percent Of NSW responses were very positive but the remaining Opinions were Spread throughout three other categories. A small percent Of’NSW were moderately negative toward this statement. There were no negative reaponses among the 88?. Some Of the SSH, on the other hand, felt that agreement with the nature Of the rights Of individuals depended on other factors. In addition to exploring the Opinions of the workers sbout the usefulness Of casework with public assistance recipients, it was also felt important to know whether they thought there would be any financial gains by using casework. To investigate this, the reSpondents were asked to give their Opinions on the following statement: DevelOpment Of casework services in the public assistance program, while initally costing more in the long run, will save a great deal of money. Graph 2.5 which shows the distribution Of Opinions on this state- ment, demonstrates that more than half Of the responses for both groups mummies, Hmaoom numnpsom Wu 3330: Heaoom nuogpnozg .houos Mo Home pdouw m ms obmm Hafiz use wqoa esp ma .onos msapmoo anadpasa mafia: summons mosxpmamwe oaansa on» as mooabnom Mnokomeo Ho pnosmoao>on MMozmmdo AdzOHmmmhomm ho Ema zo ZOHZHmo mo ZOHBDQHMBmHQ mnw mmau 31 were very positive. The Opinions Of the NSW were distributed among more categories, but a larger percentage Of them were positive. The only negative Opinions eXpressed (3.5%) were by the NS“ and were mode— rately negative. Three-fourth of the SSW's reaponses were positive. The other third SSH felt that the possibility Of saving money via deve- lOping casework services in public assistance was dependent on other factors. Both groups felt very positively that there would be a financial gain if casework services were utilized. The NSW were slightly more posi- tive than the SSW, but at the same time, was the only group that expres- sed any negative Opinions. SUMMARY The principal consideration of this chapter was to explore the Opiiions Of the groups of social workers toward the usefulness Of pro- fessional casework in puolic assistance. The statements examined were concerned with the training of the staff, nature of case loads, purgos: of public assistance, needs of relief families, and finaicial gains Of utilizing casework in this area. The data denonstrated that botn groups expressed very pOSitiie Opinions regarding all five statements. The few negative reSponsea given were almost entirely made by the NSW. A larger percent of SSN, 32 on the other hand, were unable to eXpress either positive or negative Opinions but felt that these statements depended on other factors. Generally, the percent of reSponses by the NSW were slightly more positive. The distribution of Opinions by this group was also more diversified. CHAPTER V DISTRIBUTION OF OPINIONS ON SPECIFIC PUBLIC ASSISTANCE POLICIES In the discussion of the focus of this study it was stated that the aim of this investig tion was to examine the Opinions of the two groups toward public assist nce. Several statements in the interview schedule dealt with Specific public assis~unce policies. The focus of this chapter will be to examine the distribution of reSponses to these statements. Three of the statements under consideration dealth with the nature of keeping the names Of public assistance recipients confiden- tial. There was a unanimous reSponse given to this statement: Names of relief recipients should be published in the newspaper to cut down on chexting. All the social workers interviewed were strongly against this prOposal. The SSH readily Spoke out against publishing recipients names and it is Speculated by the author thit the NSW's reSponses were just as strongly made. Graph 3.1 shows the distribution of Opinions by both groups to the second statement in this general area. This statement was: 33 unexpoz unease: a Heaoom shmspnozmuu ma . use newshound op omsnn assoc one cannamwww oenw on vasonm madmamaoon moaaon Ho mosmz . _ Hg a om on oe om om o... om. om 35 Names of relief recipients should be made available in the court house to interested parties. Unlike the conformity of responses to publishing names, there were varied opinions expressed toward making the names available. The greatest percent of the total response (82%, NSW—-85%,SSH) were strongly against this statement. ‘ ‘ A small percent of both groups felt positive about using the court house as the source from which recipients' names could be found. A larger percent of these reapondents, and the only ones to feel very positive toward this statement, were NSW. Both groups were in favor of keeping the recipients' names away from the public's eyes. More of the NSH, but a small percent of the total responses, were in favor of this prOposal. lore of the SSW were ambivalent about eXpressing either positive or negative Opinions. The third statement which was concerned with the confidentiality of the recipients' names was: Names of relief recipients should be kept strictly confidential. The distribution of Opinions expressed by both groups varied, but at least three-fOurth of the responses from both the NSW and the SSW were very positive. These reSponses are shown in Graph 3.2. A small percent of both groups felt negative about this state— ment; however, only the NSW were very negative. A larger percent of the mnmxnoz Hmaoom nhmnpsom “Mu mhmfihoz Hmaoom sumnpnoz .Hwauqowausoo hapoanpm puma on casonm musmdaaomh Hoaamn Ho mmsdz HOHQGW mozsamHmns OHJmDm. OHhNHb awamammqmu ZUHZHMO ho ZOHHnMHMBmHQ u Q. H --—dfil-I 36 37 SSW felt the confidentiality Of the names was dependent on other factors. A few of the NSW had nOOpinion on this statement. The perzent of positive responses for both groups were identical; however, the NSH expressed more negative Opinions toward keeping the names strictly confidential. The usefulness of making application for public assistance diffi- cult was included among the public assistance policies which were inVes- tigated. The statement examined for this was: Social workers should make the appli- cation Of Public Assistance a process which is difficult and uncomertable in order tO encourage peeple to get along on their own. The majority of respnnses from both groups were very negative toward this policy. Graph 3.3, which snows the distribution Of Opinions on this statement, indicates that a small percent of the responses were very positive. There were more positive responses from the SSH. Both groups definitely felt that public assistance application should not be made a difficult process, but a larger percent Of NSW responded in this category. Summary . This chapter has been concerned with the Opinions of .hese groups ESE: HanoomVES: a a msounoz Haaoom snmnpsoz w& .sso wanna do macaw . pom 0p eaqoom omensoosm on House ad opaspnoweOOss was pasoawmau ma seas: muooonm d moswpmammd oaansm Ho.soausoadmmm esp ohms wagogm mHmMuok Hmaoom HOHQOL MDZ1HWHmm< OHQQDW OHmHommm ad ZOHZHmo ho ZOHBDMHmHmHQ n.m mmdmw 38 39 toward specific public assistance policies. There were four statements from the interview schedule analyzed. These statements were divided in- to two areas: (1) nature of confidentiality of names of relief recipients and. (2) the benefit of making the application of ,ublic assistance dif- ficult. Both groups felt that the recipients' names should be kept con- fidential. All of the reSpondents were strongly against publishing the names in the neWSpapers, a somewhat fewer percentage felt that the names should not be made available in the court hoses, and an even lesser per— cent, but over three-fOurths of both groups, felt the names should be kept strictly confidential. It seems as if the NSH were slightly more negative toward accepting these proposals. Both groups felt that people would not be encouraged to get along on their own if public assistance application was made difficult. Again, more NSW were against this prOposal. CHAPTER VI DISDiIBUTION 3F OPIJIONS OF WHY PEORLE ARE or RYLIWF This investigation is ained at understinding what social workers think of the present public assistance program. This would make it possible to know about the kind Of program the social work profession thinks would yield rewarding results and help the relief recipients most. In order tdhelp these ,ersons, it seems profitable to be enlight- ened on the reasons they are on relief. The cauastive factors will, in turn, effect the treatment Of these persons and the attitude of the work- ers toward them. The focus of this chapter will be to explore the Opin— ions of these groups of workers concerning why peo;le are on relief. A question asked in the last section of the interview schedule gave the respondents an Opportunity to express some of their possible beliefs about why ,eOple are on relief. This statement was: Sometimes peOple don't have any money and can't care for themselves. In general what do you think is the single biggest reason for this: weak morally, have a per- sonality problem, dislocation in the eco- nomy, didn't have proper unbringing, PA makes them lazy so they don't try. The distribution Of responses for both groups is shown in Graph 4.1. The greatest percent in both groups felt that relief 40 mummnnz Hmaonm sheepznn mnmxunz Hmaoom sheepsnz mmw .mmmsmmmm asoaums wane p.qnu menu om Anna smgp mmxme 4m Am “mqamqangms Hogans m>wn p.ncan As “meosoom mg» ma qfiaalooamau An “smanonm mpaasnomomm m m>mn Am “maasnns Mam: AH «wasp now Gammon pmmwmap mawnaw one ma Meade an» 0c use: Hmnmsmm qH .mm>ammemgp you muse p.nwo can means new m>wn p.sne manomq mmsapmsnm mquaz so ems mqmomm Mm: an aqHaHmo as asHaemHmemHm H. J :36 ON on oq om 00 41 42 recipients are dislocated in the economy (41%,Nsw-61t, sew). The next greatest percent of the reSponoes for both groups was also direct- ed in the same category-~presence of a personality problem. The.NSW's reSponses were distributed throughout four of the six categories. The percent of the total reSponses, in descending order, was dislocation in the economy (41%), personality problem (32%), lack of proper upbringing (24%), and medical expenses (3%). The responses of the SSH, on the otherlunui were distributed in onLy two categories. Most of the SSW felt the main reason for these people to be on relief was due to their position in the economy (61%). The remaining felt they h.d a personality. A more Specific question will also provide some of the Opinions of these workers toward the TSESJHS why some peOple are receiving relief. This st tement follows: The failure of an individual to provide for his own financial need is usualLy the result of poor management. Most of the reSponses by both groups, as shown in Graph 4.2,” were very negative. The responses were, however, Spread throughout most of the possible categories. The percent of positive res onses by the NSW was slightly less than that by the SSW. The NSW, on the other hand, was the only group that eXpressed very positive feelings. There was a small percent in nnmxuoa amaoom dnmcpsom mm .3 mnmunoz Hedonm qnmsupozmwm .pnmsmwnnds Hoom Ho pasmou on» haawsms ma cows Hedonmsau :20 man you oua>onn op assua>aena am mo ensaawu one a, n.¢ z 4 . a A WMH um 20 .m mqmomm Numbwo vwwfiuwmo mo 2 HBDmHmBnHD . OH ON on om 00 ON 43 both groups, more SSW than NSW, who were undecided about the statement and felt that it depended on other factors. The majority of the reSpondents (38%, NSW——80%,SSW) felt that the inability of a person to care fer himself is not due to poor manage- ment. The first statement explored in this chapter showed that the majority of the workers in both groups felt that the major reason for people being unable to care for themselves was due to their dislocation in the economy. Another statement in the schedule can serve to check these Opinions. This statement, which was asked before the latter one, was: If the economy got better many men who have apparently deserted their families would find jobs and start supporting their families again. Graph 4.3 shows that the responses by both groups were widley distributed and varied slightly. The greatest percent of NSW's responses (48%) were negative, half of these being very negative. A sizeable number of the NSW's re- 8p nses were neither positive nor negative. They were either not sure (26%) or had no Opinion(6%). . Almost half of the responses by the SSH (46%) were expressing {a- ill _ «4% 1i 4 a _ h .4 o l+_ *H aw ~-fl a AWL “fl 4 A «H *4 AH «__ _ l. a H_ i H +1; -lHlifllAVH A H HM MHJH Jan A la 1 e l+_. fl lr|iT .lo _ E 4 1 Hi ,. a 4 _ n .l s 1H H — a JIM TIPWJI4 4" l+ n « Ilv . . .5, _r . A r wl+ Ill“! 4 + k.-. 4 + H T * 1 . + Ifl l¢_x . fi .74 H p _l_,. T. l: inl ii. 4.-+.i a” _ .. _ .--..l__ ...-.lT ll - llxrll i. a Ir- l. .. LYl+ a. +ll ll.-.|+.. a . l. |.l+ llql. .14 a 4 _ ._ 1+ *Lllr . +|L_ . . o . . IL.-. 1T 0 .w _,.¥| +54 ...“ n h t_l e +|i VIFAJ LI 4 f o t wll4| 1%.]! I . .o lll. ... Iflluf: la. mw_ _li tw_- 1i..l.l . on 4lVl -_ ahjfi , .. . h l. w l T i y. .1. ii 1.4.; ell. . i ....-.l fl 5 11.. all .4 a ll 4 I; - 1, -. Hi . _ a 4.1 , l _ m - .-.. k. an”? .lel . « .... l; a a H a ._ . IT llll a _ i _ l4 _ - 1 a l ##l ll lti # 7+1 * . ”I .i. -. ....A . .lTlll ...r T li u l i _ a p h , i rh n a i . .... a _. , All? illll, . o. . .I,e .rl- loll . . a q -: -.ilfpai :3. f-.. ri. - . H , _ f ' _- . I. l i i i +-...._- 7. hr _ i.o.lllr Y wL I“ a g 41+I. t _ k -4, i i. + W Awlb 6 I‘ll‘ m a tliV 9,. e IVY .I. a +.+# .HYlfglw at . i .. L i a, .. % mnexsoz Hmaoom somepznm Ta mumspog HsHoom shmspnnz mm .samma mmaaasnm passe msapnomazm opium use mnoq ends ease: mmaaasmm pawns umppmmmc xHuannmam o>sn on: see mass nmpemp pow msnsoom one 9H mquam zo ems anyway ems as ZOHaHmo so anaeanmpmHQ . n.¢ seams . OH on as 45 46 amblivalent opinions about this statement. The next greatest number felt positive, most Of them very positively, that men would return home. The other fourth of the reSponses were negative. Most of the workers in both groups felt that whether or not a man returned home to support his family depended on more than improve- ment in the economy. There were more positive responses by the SS"—- a fourth of the total SSW's reSponses were very positive. The effect Of our economy on the cowdiditons Of the poor was further explored in this study. The following question was analyzed to gain more Of the workers' Opinions in this area: Anybody in America who really wants to work can, if he tries, find a job that will pay enough money for him to care decently for his family. Graph 4.4 shows the distribution Of Opinions on this statement. The majority Of the total reSponses for both groups were very neggtive. A slightly greater percent of NSW expressed very negative feelings about our economy being about to afford every person the Opportunity to care decently fOr his family. The SW expressed more positive resyonses than the NSW, but neither group felt very positive about the state- ment. 47 mnmgnoz HmwnTr mnmxuoz Haaoom uneconoz E .haasem man now mapnoomc onmo op ads new memos emsoqo ham Had: page new a Oman .mmduu on Ha .nmo man: on mass: haauon on: seahOSd ma hennhnd MWqum zo MMd mqmomm mm: 20 stsz0 mo HOHHDmHmamHQ 1 #.¢ ”Imam. 48 The percent of reSponses were definitely negative with the NSW's being somewhat more negative. The attitude that a worker has about the reasons why a client is in need may influence his behavior toward thst client. This relation- ship appears to be present inversly also. With this in mind, the fol- lowing statement was analyzed: When the public assistance worker goes into the home for his regular visit, he should look in closets and things like that to see if there is any evidence of a man staying in the home. The distribution of the responses to this statement were defi— nitely negative. There were no positive res,onses from either group. The only category which received reSpOHSeS, beside the neg tive ones, shows that a small percent (6%, NSW-—lO%,SSW) of the total reaponses were ambivalent. These workers felt that the action of the public assistance worker is de endent on other facotrs. Graph 4.5, which shows this distribution of Opinions, illustrates that the NSW were slightly more negative toward this statement. Most of the negative resPonses were in the very neg.tive category. ‘3 unease: Haaoom snmcwsom EW unannoz Hmaoom nnmspnow. ..oehn one. a." magnum as n no nonmea>e has ma mums» Ha mam on was, oxaa mmnanp use mummoao ed Mead canonm on .pama> Haaswmn man How each map oped meow segues moqm.m«mmw oaapsm one son: mqufim zo axe mamOQm M32 20 ZOHZHNO ho ZOHBDmHMBmHQ m.¢ mmdmw 3 om on 3 0m 00 ON. on om 49 50 Summary In this chapter an examination was made of the Opinions expressed by the workers regarding the reasons why peOple are on relief. The speci— fic areas analyzed from the schedule was concerned with why peOple need help, effect ofnthe economy on an individual's capacity to maintain his_ financial reSponsibilities and the behavior taken by the public assistance worker. The majority of reapondents in both groups felt that the capacity of an individual to care for himself, from the possible alternative, is due mainly to his position in the eoonomy,and secondly to a personality problem. The economic conditions are not enchanced by personal financial difficulties. This is shown in the fact that a majority of respondents in both groups felt very negatively about poor management being the cause " of individuals needs. These Opinions were emphasized by the respondents when most of them very strongly disagreed that everybody in America could get employment which would enable him to care decently for his family. Even though both groups implied that the economic conditions are one of the major causes of need, they were ambivalent about what improvements of these conditions could do. A sizeable percent Of the workers felt that the behavior of many men was dependent on more than ttese canditions. The workers felt that the personal prOperty of the recipients 51 should be respected. Could this imply that these workers think no less of the public assistance recipients than they do of peOple who are not on relief? There was no great difference between the Opinions expressed by the two groups. The Opinions of both groups were that the persons in need are not the major cause of their destitution and shou;d be treated with respect. CHAPTER VII DISTRIBJTION OF OBINIOHS WITH REFERENCE TO INTER-GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN SOCIAL WELFARE When deveIOping any program which involves more than one level ?] of government, it is necessary to consider the relations between these levels. Social Welfare in America is so organized that three levels of government is involved. The three statements from the interview sche- J dule which deal with inter-governmental relations in social welfare have been isolated. This chapter will be concerned with analyzing the Opinions of the workers to these statements. The nature of financing public assistance was explored by analyz- ing the responses of the following statement: Responsibility for the financing of Public Assistance should be removed entirely from local government and placed at a higher level. Graph 5.1 shows the distribution of Opinions by both groups on this statement. Both groups were very negative toward this prOpOsition. The SSW's responses were Spread throughout all six categories. The negative categories received most of the reSponses. The next larg— est percent of responses (17%) were positive, 143 of them very positive. 52 H! - . on o¢ lid; ‘1!» Evffifiijlrwl mnmxnoz asaoom‘dpmmpstTm“ aw mnmxunz anaoom numnunoznmw .Ho>ma gunman m pm smomam can pnmsqnm>om Hmooa scum samndpnm om>oSmH on casogm oodhpmamwd oaansm Ho wsaonmnan on» now hpaaapamnommmm mm¢mamg adHoon ZH mdeadqmm atazmzzmm>omlmmBZH mozmMAmmm maHs $0 WWWfiwo ZOHeDmHmHmHQ 54 The remaining responses indicate that several workers (11%) were ambiva— lent about removing financial responsibility from the local government or had no Opinion on the statement (3% . Most of the NSW, (80%), expressed negative Opinions concerning this statement, over half of them being very negative. The next largest percent of responses was to the ambivalent category. The reSponses of a few of the respondents were positive. Both groups, more of the SSW, were against removing financial reSponsibility. A larger percent Of NSW expressed very negative Opinions. Residence requirements, as indicated in the introduction of this paper, have received much concern. The Opinions of the workers regard- ing this area was also explored. They were asked: Residence requirements for all federally aided relief requirements should be abloished. The responses of both groups, as shown in Graph 5.2, were very positive. The Opinions were distributed throughout the categories. Most of the Opinioqs of uoth groups (32$,NSW--85%, SSW) fe;t strongly that these residence requirements should be abolished. The greater portion Of these res,cnses were very positive. There were a few negative responses from both groups. .. VJ mill-nun; .3 .5. .II. _, I: ..III _ 0H . , ON a! nut“:- .unlu, on O-III. E! i am nu." 2 ”mm. r .H-lm. om . ..ul! .7 . I.— . on. on ow mHmMnoz Hmwoom queensom mu . . 4 ”c -. mnmxuoz Hmfioom nnmnpnoz mm .umgmaaonn en adamgm munmsmudswmn cesam haannmumu Add new mpsmEOHstmn moquHmmm ashamz .HdHoom 2H mZQHanqmm amaquv4§m>ouéM92H OB Muzmmmmmm my”? ZMHMHM%#%% ZOHHDQHMEmHQ 55 56 The percent of reapondents who felt that this prOposition was dependent on other factors was identical to the percent who had no Opinion on the statement. At the present time the budget standards are uniibxmxahroughout any particular state. Is this standardizing serving a political need? To gain the reapondents Opinions reg rding this, the follo:ing statement was analyzed: Without statewide budget standards for categorical aid, there is a real danger that public assistance would become a local political football. The greates percent of reSponses for both groups were positive, (88%, NSW—-75%,SSW). More Of the NSW'S reSpOnses were very positive. The category which ranked second to the percent of reSponses in the positive categories, indicate th:t most of the remaining workers were not sure about this proposition, (6%, NSW--l5%,SSW). A few Of the NSW had no Opinion on the policital use of statewide budget standards. Of the few negative reSponses, more were from the SSW. The dis- tribution of these reSponses is shown in Graph 5.3. Summary The principal consideration of this chapter was to explore the 5 u mnmxhoz Hwaoom numcpzom mm . mnmxno: Hmaonm qnmcpuoa mm .Hawnpoom Hwoauaaom asooa w msoown vase: oodwomHmma oaansm page Howsnc Hams a ma whose .cam Hmoanowmpmo you munmcsmpm powwzn moaSmpwpm ezogpax mmsmqmz quoon zH mZOHyaqam Aswamzzmm>owumnaaH os HOZflMflmwm mst ZMW4HMO ho ZOHHDQHMBmHQ n. mmH mm Hm ma m emaizoc mm mm ma AM as mm mm ma mb d n» om em . a M no mo Mm on we as .4 a / IWJZ. ta)“. 5““.34 as: :unamqa “Jamaican nqmnamqmu .4 N). \4, .~ Um:77 manaauq as stammHaunHa on #n 4-‘r--- 411141-1tfi (Sign O» 00 Iams esp an wemomm an can Hamnm pa .Haomsno map an em>onaam ma seem a omHH map How semeso mg» mono.HH CHAPTB IX CONCLUSIONS There was no outstanding difference in the opinions eXpressed by the groups of social workers. The conclusions that are drawn will, then, apply to both groups. The social workers felt that the government should take a more active role in social welfare. This role should encompass, in addition to financial aid, civil rights, medicare, and aid to education. It was felt that economic conditions are one of the major factors which causes the presence of needs. The government mignt be able to better this con- dition. Maybe President Johnson's project on poverty will aid in improv- ing these conditions. There is no doubt that it would be advantageous to staff the public ass;stance departments with .rofesssionally trained workers. This would be profitible because individauls receiving public assistance need, in addztion to financial aid, assistance with social, psychological, and physical problems. A professional Stiff would be better equipped to deal with these kinds of problems. Public assitstance recipients snouldlmatreated like all other types of clients. Their workers should pr.ctice the principles of confidenti- ality and individual worth. These principles would be exemplified in a trained staff. 63 64 There is no dobut that professional workers could solve many of the evils in the present public assistance program. The problem now is how to get them attracted to this field. More investigation in this area is needed. Investigation is also needed to discover how advantageous it would be to increase the role of the government in social welfare. Social workers think this increase is needed. What about the rest of the pOpu- lation? APBENDIX A COFFICIETT OF REPRODUCIBILITY OF NEHBURG_ PROEOSALS A Prooosals Persons 70 l2 9. 10 ill Rank N0 0 .4 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 x0 I I I 19 20 Errors .85 officient of reproducibility = n U 66 APPENDIX The first two pages of the interview schedule shows the information that was on the cards noted in the schedule. The information on the next page was on 8 by 5 cards. Cards for Question IVb were 5 by 3. CARD I LOWER 1 WORKING 2 MIDDLE 3 UPPERsMIDDLE 4 UPPER 5 CARD Ill 1. AGREE ERY STROHGLY 2. AGREE BUT NOT VERY STRONGLY 30 HOT SURE— IT DEPEHDS 4. DISAGREE, BUT NOT STROUGLY 5. DISAGREE VERY STROHGLY 6. NO OPIHION ON THIS SUBJECT CARD V A. RAISE THE STARTING SALARIES OF SOCIAL WORK TO RECUIT MORE WORKERS. B. SUPPORT A RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE CAUSES OF DEPENDEWCY. C. HIRE A PSYCHIATRIC CONSULTANT. D. SET ASIDE AN EMERGENCY FUND FOR USE BY CLIENTS WHO NEED MONEY, BUT CAN'T BE HELPED BY STRTE OR COUNTY FUNDS. E. RAISE SALARY OF CUSTODIAL STAFF. F. HIRE ADDITIOHAL ClSEYORKERS. CIRD VI A LESS THAN 34,000 B 34,000 to $5,999 0 $6,000 to 37,999 D .38,300 to 314,999 E More than $15,000 59 CARDS GIVEN TO ANSWER 7ljUELJTION IV!) 1. 4. 5. 10. 11. ALL CASH PSY?'IEI‘ITS IIHICH CHI BE COIIVERTED TO FOOD, CLOTIII‘IG, AND RENT VOUCHERS AID THE LIKE HITI IOUT BASIC HARE TO THE I ITENT OF THE AID SHALL BE ISSUED IN VOUCHER FORM HEICETORTH. ALL ABLE—HDDIED I-"IALES ON RELIEF OF ANY KIND WHO ARE CAPABLE OF WORKING ARE TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE CHIEF OF BUILDING III-AI}? FINANCE FOR IIORK ASSIG- N‘IEI-IT ON A FOURTY-HOUR BASIS. ALL RECIPIENTS PHYSICALLY CAPABLE OF AND AVAILABLE FOR PRIVATE EMPLOY- MEEIT WHO ARE OFFERED A JOB AND REFUSE IT, REGARDLESS OF THE TYPE OF mil-’LOYI-IEIIT INVOLVED, ARE TO BE DENIED REL EF. ALL IIO'FTH RS OF ILnuGIlIIIX CHI ..‘DRT‘EI ARE TO BE ADVISED THAT SHOULD THEY HAVE SEDLOCK, THEY SHALL BE DENIED RELIE ALL APl’L C TNTS FOR RELIEF WHO SHALL HAVE LEFT A JOB VOLUNTARILY, I.E., WHO HAVE NOT BE" ELI FIRED OR LAID OFF, SHALL BE DENIED RELIEF. THE ALLOTIIEIIT FOR AN Y ONE F.~'L1‘:IILY UNIT SHALL IIOT EXCEED THE TAKE—HOIJIE PAY OF THE LO EST PAID CITY I'II-IPLOYEE IIHIT A FAMILY OF COII: ARABLE SIZE. ALSO, NO RELIEF SHALL BE GRfLI-ITED TO ANY FLI-IIIIY ‘rI-ZOSE I ICI‘IZ E IS IN EXCESS OF THE LATTER FIGURE. ALL FILES OF ALL AID TO .IEE’ITIDEI‘IT CHILDREN CASES. ARE TO BE BROUGHT TO THE OFFICE OF THE COREOR ITION COUISEL FOR REVIEW MONTHLY. ALL NEW CASE S OF ANY KIND n‘IILL BE REFERRED TO THE CORPORXTION COUNSEL PRIOR TO CERTIFICATION OF PAYMENT. ALL APPLIC'LN‘TS FOR RELIEF T'IIIO ARE NEW TO THE CITY IITIST SHOW EVIDENCE TH LT THEIR PLANS IE‘I COMING TO THE CITY INVOLVED A CONCRETE OF FFER OF H5: ’15LOY1EIIT, SII IILAR TO TH 1T RE fUIRED OF FOREIGN IIJHIIGRi-IITS. ALL SUCH PERSD‘IS SHALL 'IITED TO TIIO IIE ‘KS OF RELI :LF. THOSE IITIO CATI‘IOT SHOW EVIDENCE L'EIALL BE LII IITED TO IE LEEK OR RETIRE AID TO PERSONS EXCEPT THE AJ-ED, BLIND A’ID DISABLED SH \LL BE LIIIITED TO THREE "ONTHS IN ANY ONE YE ’LR--TIIIS IS A FELTLI- JE SII IIL AR TO 'HET PRESENT POLICIES IN UNE LPLOUI: lIT BE‘IE TS. ALL RECIPIE HITS IIHO ARE «IOT DISABLE, BI IND AIIBULATORY OR OTHERWISE IIICARACITITED SHALL RE-‘ORT TO THE DEPARTLF .I'IT OF 'UBIIC IIELF AXE. ‘5O ITHLY FOR A COI‘IFERFINCE TO E-3TABLISII THEIR CO TINUED ELIGI‘ BILITY FOR RELIEF. EC COU?CIL, IT ONCE THE BUDGET FOR THE FISC. L YEAR IS A? ROVED BY TI' ES S .-'L’:-- RO'JED BY THE SHALL NOT BE EXC "ED BY THE IIELFA RE 1)E.“ART1 FYI-IT UNL COUNCIL FOR SUPPLEIENTAL APPROPRIATION. 70 12. 13. THERE SHALL BE AI 37THLY LATENDITURJ LIIIIT ON ALL C'TEGORI'L‘S OF WEI.“ FARE AID. THIS IIO TH Y EXI EDIIDIT IRE LI CIT SHALL BE E31 IBI 1-ISH ED BY THE DEP‘ART T'T OF PUB1IC ELF IRE AT THE TIME OF ".‘IRE E‘ITING THE BUDGET .Ll'. LJL 12:1) 8:-1LL T KB 12110 ACCOU’Ir-IT 8:3 LSOI‘I :‘ARIA’Z‘IO‘IS. PRIOR TO CERTIFIC'LTION OR CONTINUI 'IG ANY .‘IORE AID TO DErEIDmIT C IILDREN CASES , A DETERI1 'IiIATION SHALL BE TIDE AS TO T E IIC'IE EII-IIRO ‘ ..IIIT, IF IT IS NOT S ATISFAC TORY, THE CHI DIEN IN THAT H IE SHUL BE PLAC‘; 1D IN FOS ER C IRE IN LIEU OF IIELF 1 RE AID TO THE F- .I'II'. Y ADULTS. 71 Public Assistance Study School of Social Work Michigan State University Study Number61§ Project Director Baltrip Intervies Number # ReSpondent Interviewer -# , Agency (Memorize this paragragh and repeat it as the introduction to each interview.) I am doing some interviewing as part of a study that is being done at Michigan State. We are interested in finding out how different peOple with different backgrounds, jobs, and interests feel about some questions in the area of social welfare. Some of the questions will be about your job, you and your family. We need this information so that we can caom- pare your answers with pe0ple who are like you and peOple who are different. Most of the uestions will be about how you feel abiut Varinus thing. This is not a test in any way; we just wgnt to know what yau think Need— less to say, this interview is entirely confidential and I teat this (Show reSpondent where his name is written) off before I hand in my recort. I need this only so we will know who we have interviewed and we don't talk to you twice. This interview should take us a caseworker's hour-—- 50 minutes of’your time-but I am sure you will agree that it is important for us to know how peOple like yourself really feel. Do you have any ques- tions? I. Now first, I would like to ask some questinns about yaur job. 1. What is the exact name of this (or if interviewing in respondent's home, your) agency? 2. What is the basic pirgose of the agency? 72 3, What is your job here: (or "there" if the interview is in the res- pondent's home.) Probe so as the re8ponse can be coded in reference to executive, supervi- sory or line personnel. 4. what is it that you like the best about your job? 5. What is it that you like the least? (If the respondent says “the pay", ask anything else?) II. Soc-Economic Characteristics Now, I would like to ask a few questi ns about you and your background. 1. Where did you grow up?__ (Specify, state if U.S., country, if foreign) Was that a farm_____, small town_____, city_____, large city How many brothers__m__and sisters___*_ did you have: How many grtdes of school did you finish? 89l011121314151617181920 2. Do you have a college degree? Yes No Do you have a graduate degree: If ou do, what is it? In what field did you Specialize? as an undergraduate as a graduate. If respondent has gone to college. 2A. Where did you go to college? 3. If you were to place yourself and your fzmily in a social class, in what class would you s;y you belong? lower 1 working 2 middle 3 Give card fil upper-middle 4 upper 5 73 Which class wou d you say your family was in during the years you were growzng up? 12345 4. Are you married? Do you have any chi dren? How much money do you thilk a family like yours needs to be comfor- table? ___ 5. We are interesed in how peolpe feel about personal finances, Speaking of your own family, would you say you are: I. pretty well satisfied more or less satisfied definitely dissatisfied with your own financail situation 6. How about your Own future; do you think your own financial situation will: remain the same get worse get better 7. Do you have any religious preference? ....ves no What is it? How often do you attend church? every Sunday about once a month every now and again ‘_;a few times a year never III. Now, I would like to ask you some questions about how you feel about some general public Opinion matters: 1. Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Democrat, Republican, or independent? Democrat Republican__ Independent If Democrat: Would you call yourself a strong Democrat or not very strong 74 If Republican: Would you call yourself a strong Republican ur not very strong If Independent: Do you ever think of yourself as being closer to Democrats of Republicans? Yes, Democrats Yes, Republicans Neither 2. How concerned with politics would you say you are?_ W I see, now if you had to put yourself in one of four groups: Very con- cerned with politics, concerned with policits, concerned but not much, not at all concerned, which group would you put yourself in? gfilf Respondent asks you what do you mean "politics" answer "just as you use the term yourself.?) 3. Some peOple say, "I am fer the man, not the party". How well does that comment describe your own feelings?fi_ 4. Some peoPIe think the national government should do morein trying to deal with such problems as unempolyment, education, housing and so on. Others think the government is doing too much. On the whole, would you say that the government has done:____about righti____too much; _____not enough. When peOple like myself interview, we hear lots of tkings. I would like to have your opinion. On this card (Give card #3), you see the numbers 1 to 6. 1 means agree strongly, 2 means agree but not strongly, 3 means not sure, it depends, 4 means disagree but not stongly, 5 means you dis— agree strongly, and 6 means you don't have any Opinion on that subject. As I read each remark you telll me the number that most closely agrees 1 with your feelings. 5. The government in Washington ought to see to it that everybody who want to work can find a job. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. The government ought to help peOple get doctors and hOSpital care at low cost. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. If Negroes are not getting fair treatment in jobs and housing, the government in Washington shoulcd see to it that they do. 123456 75 8. If cities and towns areound the country need help to bulid more schools, the boernment in Washiggt n ought to give them the help they need. 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Now I am going to ask about a variety of public welfare _uesti3ns. l. Peeple on public assistance provide such a variety of problems that the assistance department should be staffed by skilled and professionally trained workers. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. Just as it wouldn't make sense to run a hospital without doctors, it doesn't make sense to run a public assistance agency without professionally trained workers. 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. The expanion of social insurance memns a reduction of public assistance. It is -ikely that the case loads will be increas- ingly dominated by peeple with “ersonal problems who require intensive and ski led help. 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. Names of relief recipients should be published in the news- paper to cut down on chea ing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 5. Names or relief recipients should be made availabel in the court house to interested parties. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. Names of relief recipients sho ld be kept strictly co deential. l 2 3 4 5 6 7. In Aid to Dependent Children cases, the reilef worker has to find out if the mother has a "boy friend" living in the h me or fre- quenting the home. This is a pretty easy matter to determine. 1 2 3 4 5 5 8. Sometimes a man out of wor who can't find a job will try to make it appear that heleft home just so his family can get aid to de- pendent chi dren relief. 1 2:1 3 4 5 6 9. When the public assistance worker goes into the hame for his regular visit, he she 1d look in closets and t ings like that to s ee if there is any evidence of aman staying in the home. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ~10. States which cut off relief of mothers who have additional il- legitimate children while on relief have lowered theri illegiti- macy rate. 1 2 3 4 5 6 76 11. Last year the total amount of money Spent on public assistance waw How much was spent in this county?_ IVb. Now I would like for yoir to look at each of these proposals and place them into separate stacks--one, all of those which you think ought to be adapted by the local public relief agency, and one stack for those which you think ought not be adopted. Adoptedw‘ Not adopted 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. IO. 11. 12. 13. V. Now, I would like to ask you about some more questions which we hear talk lot about these day. 1. Which of the follo ing statements (Shoe card ¥4) would come the closest to describing your own philosophy of relief: a. b c d Take this card again (Card #3) and tell me the number that best fits for you. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. To say that a needy person has a "right" to help from his g vern- ment is no more socialistic than to say that chi dren of a school age hive a ri ht to a free education. 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. A family allowance program like those present in many western - countries would help many families who are in low income cate- gories and prevent them from having to fall back on relief. 1 2 3 4 5 6 . 4. A real advantage of the family allowance program is that it would free many families from meddling social workers. Therefore the 77 18. Categorical assist nce should be abolis had and replaced be a single relief program for all who are in need regardless of the cause of their destitution. l 2 3 4 5 6 19. In general, same residence restrictions imposed by state law are good becuase otherwise reliefers would drift to cities and states with high relief staadards. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Repeat substitition "federal" for state. 1 2 3 4 5 6 20. I believe that during the next 10 years the productivity of our nation will continue to expand so that we can afford to give every aged, disabled, widowed, or orphaned person a grant large enough fer him to live in health and decency. 1 2 3 4 5 6 21. If the ecotomy got better many men who have apparently deserted their families wou d find jobs and start supporting their families again. 1 2 3 4 5 o 22. Public Assistance program shou.d provide just financial support. 1 2 3 4 5 6 23. Public Assistance should have a broad purpose, like strengthening family life. 1 2 3 4 S 6 VI. Take Card #3 From ReSpondent This is the last section, and I want to find out how you feel about some other questions in regard to social welfare. 1. The one best way to cut relief expenditures in this country would be: A. Follow the exam_1e set by the city manager in Newburg, New York, and really get tomgh with the reliefers. B. Spend a little more money the first few years and hire enough social workers to give the peolpe on relief the kind of pro- fessional help they relly need. 0. Changing the reLief policy in any direction is no the aaswer. What we have to do is simply find ways to provide more jobs. 2. Right now the most important P.A. question is: 1 the question of state-county i t gration of departments 2 the state adoption of the ADC*U program 3 finding Win to attrict more :ualified workers 4 finding ways to cut down on cheating in relief 78 family could work out their own problems in their own way and not the way some social workers think they should. 1 2 3 4 5 6 5. Making assistance unpleasant is a good way to disconraged able- bodied people from goxng on relief. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. Anybody in American who really wants to wor can, if he tries, find a job that will pay enough money fer him to eare decently fer his family. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. I believe that individuals and their families have a right to receive both income maintenance and help in the r sclltion of social, psyhco- logical and physical problems which limit their potentila for construc- ‘ uctive living. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. We are treating the very poor pretty much the same way we did 100 "years ago. 1 2 3 4 5 6 9. I believe that policy and procedures for eligibility of relief should be modified to provide a greater flexibility. l 2 3 4 5 6 10. Heeponsibility for the financing of Pulbic Assistance should be re- moud.entirely from local government and placed at a higher Level. 1 2 3 4 5 6 11. The recurrent criese in Public Assistance are more a reflection on American society in general than they are on the character of the p60ple who need assistance. 1 2 3 4 5 6 12. The failure of an individual to provide for his own fi ancial need is usually the result of poor management. 1 2 3 4 5 6 13. Social workers should make the applicxtion of Pulbic Assistance a process which is difficult and uncomfortlble in order to encourage people to ge. along on their own. 1 2 3 4 5 6 14. The 0AA lein law shou.d be repealed. l 2 3 4 5 6 15. Residence requirements for all federilly aided re ief re uirenents should be abolished. 1 2 3 4 5 6 15. Without statewide budget standards for categorical aid, there is a real danger that public assistance comld become a local political fecthall. 1 2 3 4 5 6 16. Development of casework services in the public assistizce program while initally costing more, in the long run will save us a gr at deal of monty. l 2 3 4 5 6 79 3. 4. Sometimes peeple don't have any money and can't care for themselves; In general what do you think is the single biggest r ason for this. weak morally gave a persaonality i.mo'elem dislocation in the ecunomy PA makes them lazy so they don't try. What sort of agreement wou d you expect to find on the following questions retween the professional staff and board. _gigh Agreement __Moderate Low a . approval of staff appiontnents b. 0: d. 30 5o approval of general relief grants approval of categorical relief grants approval of administrative budget approval of regular salary increases for professional staff. On the questian of whether the state should deny aid to the mother of a second i legitimate child, do you think this is .primarily a: legal problem ethical proqlem mental health praelem some other kind of problem We hear a lot of talk these days about providing casework service to the recipients of Public Assistance; What is casework: (Take answer verbatim) In general, do you think casework is a us ful way of helping people: ____ye 8, very useful _yes, useful .____limited usefulness don't know, no Opinion In general, do you think casework can help (what % of the) clients who are currently receiving relief in this county. 10% 25175 75% 90% 50.11% 80 9. The Deparemtae of Labor classifies jobs in various categories. Generally, would yon say that a social worker should be classed as: Professi nal sub-professional technical unskilled 10. Now, how about the public assistance worker? ____;professional sub-proressional ____technical 11. How many years past high school does it take to beohce a fully ,ualified social worker? 2 4 6 8 “- don't know ‘Erobe to see if they cozsidor certification. 12. The reason social wo kers c:n(t help peolpe on relief is: A. social workers are too sympathetic B. social workers Are too narrow minded and don't see the problem in all of its ramificatiins. 0. social workers put too much emphasis on psychological adjustment, personal therapy, etc., and not enough on things like finding jobs, checking on relief cheats, etc. D. social workers do help. ‘ l3. Surveys have been done which e timate the number ofppoor families in Americl. About what percent of the poor fami_ies do you be- lieve are currently receiving Pu-bic Assistance, or assistance anytime during the year? 10% 2575 507% 75% 90,24 14. Some peOple think political pull plays an important part in whether the government will help a private citiz;n with some problems he has; other don't think so. In, your opinion, does pol ciatl pull play an important part in whetehr the government will help a private citizen? 81 yes, it plays an important part yes, it plays some part _ depends no _no Opinion 15. If the local Public Assistance Agency reeived an unrestricted ten thousand dollar annually renewable gift, what should be your priority for its use from highest to lowest. _jgard #51 VII.Could you indicate fom this card ng;§l_your approximate family income from all sources befor taxes? 3.. less than 34,000 (proverty) b. 34,000 - 35,999 (doprivasion) 0. 86,003 - 37,499 (deprivx ion-comfort) d. 37,500 ~ $14,999 (comfort-affluence) e. more than 315,000 (affluence) BI BLIO GRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY , Books Abbott, Grace. From Relief To_§ocial Security. Chicago: The Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1941. Bornet, Vaugh Davis. Welfare in America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960. Keith-Lucas, Alan. Decisions About People in Need. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1957. Leyendecker, Hilary M. .Problems and Policy in Public Assistance. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955. Miller, Pauline. The Experience of the Individual in Public_A§sistance. University of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania School of Social Work 1947. Perkins, Ellen J. State and Local Financing of Public Assistance: 1935— '55. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare, 1956.. Articles and Periodicals Burns, Eveline M. "What's Wrong with Public Welfare", Social Service Review, XXXVI, No. 2 (June, 1962), 111-22. Cohen, Vilbur. "Needed Changes in Social Welfare Programs and Objectives", Social Service Review, mu, No. 1 (March, 1959), 150+. Feiner, Regina. "Personal Attitudes and Relief Practice", Smith College .Studies in Social Work, XIV, (September, 1943-June, 1944), 197—204. Martz, Helen E. "The Contribution of Social Work to the Administration of Public Assistance", Social Caseworr, XXXVII, No. 2 (February, 1955), 55-51. Minton, Eunice. "The Effect of the Setting on Casework Practice in Public Assistance", Social Casework, XXXVII, No. 2 (February, "Notes and Comments", Social Service Review, XXXIII, No. 2 (June, 1959), 57-8- "Notes and Comments", Social Service Review, XXXV, No. 4 (December, 1961), 433. "Residence Laws and Public Welfare", State Government, XXX, No.2 1957): 70. Schiff, Philpi. "Twenty Years of Social Security", Social Casework, XXXVI, No. 8 (June, 1955), 343-352. Wilste, Kermit T. "Social Casework and Public Assistance", Social Ser- vice Review, XXXII (January, 1958), 41—50. {'35 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII wwmwmwwmww 293