.44 -«m..~> r... -----a-, DIRECT AND INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NETWORK CORPORATE GROWTH AND DOCUMENTARY PROGRAMS Thesis for the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY PHILIP ROBERT BANDY 1972 -‘ 7w— LIBRA :2 Y LI Michigan 3 : University v .1“ swims av ‘5 IIOAII 8: SONY BOOK BINDERT INC. LIBRARY BINDERS I “amen" llcllsll ‘ V F iii r’y M _’____.__._.— ABSTRACT DIRECT AND INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NETWORK CORPORATE GROWTH AND DOCUMENTARY PROGRAMS By Philip Robert Bandy Within the past fifty years, there has been a tremendous upswing in the number of conglomerate corporations. This has been a factor in all industries, but seems to be especially prevelant in national television. Critics of the medium have suggested that there are numerous problems associated with this type of a corporation. Broadcasting station ownership by only a few, disservice to the public, concentration of news and information outlets, and focalization on profit instead of "the public, interest, convenience and necessity" are just a few of the problems cited. One of the most serious is the possibility that the network corporations may encourage their news operations to report favorably on specific subjects, so that network subsidiaries could reap economic rewards. Since the newscasts of ABC, CBS and NBC would be impossible to survey, due to their volume, the survey was done on network news documentaries over a fifteen year period. The results from this study were then compared to the growth of the network corporations in the same fifteen year period. The information concerning the networks' corporate growth was relatively easy to acquire. The only enigma was in attempting to obtain a list of their subsidiaries. However, partial lists were acquired. A complete listing of the documentary programs for ABC, CBS and NBC was a problem. The only available source "7"! "I'HII.IVU a 1 c .n'v r" I— . .. .‘v. -..,3 .1, I.. q i. ‘ I. g l, “ v. .x ‘- l'l , O‘.‘ Philip Robert Bandy material was lfl_§gigg magazine, and though it has its limitations, it was used. The documentaries were categorized into one of thirteen categories and divided yearly. All years and categories were compared as to the number of programs and hours broadcast. Finally, comparisons were drawn between the networks themselves. No cause-effect relationship could be established between the television documentaries and the networks, but the results of the research proved interesting. RCA (the parent corporation of NBC) had the greatest amount of income. CBS was second. ABC had the third highest amount. NBC produced the most documentary material, before repeated programs were subtracted. CBS produced the second largest amount and ABC broadcast the third. Even though the networks performed in the economic sphere in the same order as they did in the documentary, the proportions were far from equal. NBC, CBS and ABC were very close to each other in documentary output. The networks tended to specialize in certain categories. The results of the specialization by the networks was particularly interesting. A possible danger was found in this specialization. NBC dominated the less controversial categories while CBS controlled most of the controversial classifications and ABC mastered the category concerned with science, technology and nature. ABC seemed to be more consistant in its documentary coverage than the other networks. Finally, the networks had economic interests in many of the fields covered by the categories. Some of the programming done by the networks could have affected the network's corporation. Because of the specialization trend Philip Robert Bandy on the part of the networks and the conglomerate shape of the network corporations, documentaries produced may have covered corporate holdings of the individual corporations. Due to the specialization by ABC, CBS, and NBC, statistics point to the pOSSibility of a conflict-of-interests on the part of all three networks, but especially NBC. DIRECT AND INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NETWORK CORPORATE GROWTH AND DOCUMENTARY PROGRAMS By Philip Robert Bandy A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Television and Radio 1972 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Television and Radio, College of Communication Arts, Michigan State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree._, gImI (KL Director of Tfiesis ACHNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful appreciation is extended to Dr. Robert Babe, who served assthe advisor for this thesis. His constant atten- tion to detail and meticulous standards are appreciated now more than ever. Thanks are rendered to the kind people at the TV Guide office in Chicago and to the helpful employees at the Detroit Public Library. Sincere gratitude is extended to my typist, editor, research consultant and constant companion--my wife. Without her encour- agement, help and creativity, this paper would never have been written. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS C HAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM The Need to Study the Problem Purpose of the Study The Hypotheses to be Tested Limitations of the Study Definition of Terms The Study Design Description of the Population Sources of Data Treatment of Data CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE Review of Previous Research Review of Related Theories CHAPTER III NETWORK CORPORATION RESEARCH The RCA Corporation Corporate Structure Corporate Growth The Columbia Broadcasting System Corporate Structure Corporate Growth The American Broadcasting Companies, Incorporated Corporate Structure Corporate Growth CHAPTER IV DOCUMENTARY PROGRAM RESEARCH 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 iii 26 26 27 7.3 73 74 71+ 75 76 "IIIIIIII IIIII I‘r.| II ..I [Ix I TABLE OF CONTENTS-~Continued Page 1963 77 196A 78 1965 79 1966 79 1967 80 1968 81 1969 82 1970 82 1971 83 Overview 84 CHAPTER V COMPARISON OF CORPORATE AND DOCUMENTARY DATA 97 Corporate Growth and Documentary Growth 98 General Tendencies lOO Specialization 103 Subhypothesis 111 Overview 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 APPENDIX A 116 APPENDIX B 119 iv ..a . . :4 o .3 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table LIST OF TABLES l--Financial Picture of RCA Corporation 2--Financial Picture of Columbia Broad- casting System ?--Financial Picture of American Broad- casting Companies, Incorporated A--Category 1; Category 2 5--Category 3; Category A 6--Category 5; Category 6 7--Category 7; Category 8 8--Category 9; Category 10 9--Category 11; Category 12 10--Category 13 ll--Comparison of Documentary and Corporate Growth Page 45 57 7O 9O 91 92 94 95 96 99 LIST RCA Corporation Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart The Columbia Broadcasting Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart The American Broadcasting Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart Organizational Chart OF CHARTS ystem \OCD'QChU'IU) PWNI—J Companies,Incorporated 10 11 12 13 14 vi 62 66 67 68 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM Everything seen on commercial television networks is produced by companies whose main business is to make a profit. The Congress of the United States has encouraged this system of broadcasting. In the Communications Act of 1954, Congress has also placed certain responsibilities on the shoulders of the broadcasters.1 Commercial television networks have been profitable business enterprises; their profits run in the millions of_dollars and increase annually. The networks have augmented their profits by maintaining an audience of great prOportions. Using this audience to entice advertisers, the networks generate revenue. The free enterprise system is not being questioned here. This is a limited investigation of the performance of the television networks. It is a study of networks' corporate growth and it relationship to network documentaries. In order to successfully comprehend the growth of networks, financial growth in an institution must be studied. There are two types of growth, internal and external. Internal growth in an institution is achieved by expanding facilities, operations and products within the company. External growth 1Whether or not the broadcasters and networks have met these responsibilities is a matter of great debate. It is not going to be covered in any great depth in this paper. is achieved when facilities, products and operations indigenous to an independent institution are added to the growing corporation. A corporation desiring to expand in a certain direction has two choices. One, it can grow internally, a process that may waste years before the manufacturing of products begins. Internal growth also lengthens the time period needed for return on investment. Two, the corporation can grow externally. Normally this would be done by merging with another corporation. External growth via mergers is very rapid, because the merged company is already tooled up for the product and probably has an established position in the marketplace. Mergers tend to make the stock of corporations grow quickly. Companies do not have to wait as long for the investors' reactions when they grow through mergers. On the other hand, internal growth is slower. The stock price of the corporation may rise when investors learn the company is growing, but it will be a slow rise. Internal growth is not as secure as external growth. When two companies merge, normally they both have a reputation or position in the market. A corporation that grows internally does not have an established position in its new market; it must prove itself. Quick growth, security and established positions are some reasons why mergers have grown in popularity recently. Many peeple have expressed concern over this method of growth. ~- 9! 'U s \b‘ ~s 3 Some peOple contend that when networks and other television companies merge and grow, they are undermining the rights of the people. Many of these pe0p1e express fear that media owners will use their holdings to their own advantage. There is debate as to whether it is better for the networks and others to increase their holdings within the media or whether they should grow outside the media. In the past, CBS and ABC have tended to stay within the media. Their growth was internal, to a large extent. NBC, on the other hand, is an arm of a huge corporation, RCA. RCA is the manufacturer of many items other than television programs. Many critics of the media point to corporations like RCA and accuse them of using their media holdings to increase the profits of other holdings. These people have expressed fear that when a corporation, developed via mergers, is faced with the decision to support their corporate growth or the public, they too often support their corporation. Many critics contend that this is a flagrant disregard of their responsibilities as broadcasters. On the other hand, proponents of centralized ownership feel that the size of the corporation allows it to serve the public better. They contend that only networks with large financial holdings in other businesses can absorb the losses incurred by the networks in news and public affairs programming. They also note that stations who receive the majority of the rewards for news and public affairs programs are owned by multi—media owners. They reason that the size of the corporation gives the station the extra money needed to do a better job. Opponents of the small company stations say that the conglomerate is the answer to a lot of the problems American business is facing. Media conglomerates, they assert, are beneficial for the nation because they serve as a unifying force. Corporate diversification supposedly helps the conglomerate overcome financial disasters that may strike the media as a whole.2 In order to completely comprehend what both sides are saying, it is necessary to look at the three types of media conglomerates: the national, the regional and the local. The national conglomerate can best be described by example. In 1927, the company currently known as the Columbia Broadcasting System, was founded. At that time it owned only a handful of radio stations, yet by 1938 it had acquired both a radio network and a major record company. Between 19A5 and 1965 the corporation was constantly searching for new properties. By 1971, CBS had increased its number of national and international subsidiaries to 134. CBS has asee Paul W. Cherington, Leon V. Hirsch and Robert Brandwein, eds., Television Station Ownership (New Ybrk: Hastings House PuEIishers, 19715, Renneth . Andrews, "Product Diversification and the Public Interest," The Harvard Business Review, (July, 1951), James A. Anderson, “THE Alliance of Broadcast Stations and Newspapers: The Problem of Information Control," The Journal 9; Broadcastin , (XVI, Winter 1971-72), Corwin D. EHWards, "Conglomerate Bigness as a Sgurcgrof Power " Biggess as a Source of ower (Princeton Un v ty ess, 1955). ers holdings in 20 foreign countries and 13 states. CBS produces millions of records each year, thousands of books, hundreds of films, dozens of television series and with one subsidiary, the New York Yankees, scores of baseball games. The RCA Corporation, owner of the NBC television network is much larger. While CBS had net revenues and sales of 31,230,53A,OOO for 1970, RCA had $3,291,888,000 for the same fiscal period. Although CBS owns numerous corporations, it seems to stay near the communications industry, RCA, however, manufactures records, TV sets, computers, electronic components, books, music, prepared foods, carpets, furniture, wall coverings and even rents cars and trucks. The American Broadcasting Companies, Incorporated, is a media conglomerate. It owns five TV stations, seven AM and seven FM radio stations, a major television network and four radio networks. ABC was formed when NBC was ordered by the FCC to divest itself of one of the two networks it owned. This new network became the American Broadcasting Company. In l9h9, ABC merged with a corporation that was formed when Paramount Pictures was ordered to divest itself of its motion picture theatres. Presently ABC owns approximately 450 theatres. Because of its merger with Paramount's theatres, ABC had an interest in motion picture production; hence it has been producing pictures since 1967. ABC has also been a major force in the recording industry with such labels as ABC, Dunhill, Impulse and Command. The network corporations are nationally known conglomerates. Almost everyone who watches television and most people who listen to radio in the United States realize the presence of the networks. But there are many other conglomerates within the media who reach out to millions of people and are not readily recognized. The Cowles family companies stand as testimony to that. Cowles Communications' main economic base was £925 magazine. When the publication folded, many media specialists were expecting Cowles to face economic troubles. But the experts did not count on Cowles' other support such as Family Circle and Fortune. The Cowles family has interests in numerous other branches of the media. The Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company is owned by members of the Cowles family. It owns Minneapolis' morning and evening papers, papers in Montana and South Dakota, Harpgr's magazine, a CATV outlet, a TV station in Kansas and A? per cent of Minneapolis-St. Paul's CBS-TV affiliate. The other 53 per cent is owned by the publisher of St. Paul's two daily newspapers, the Ridder family. The Ridder family owns its share in the Minneapolis— St. Paul CBS affiliate through another company, which owns another company, which in turn is a non-Cowles stockholder in the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company.3 BuTravels in Medialand," The Atlantic Monthl , July, 19699 PP. 90‘9HO The Des Moines Register and Tribune Company, a Cowles company, publishes both of Des Moines' daily newspapers and a Sunday paper. At the same time, Cowles Communications owns the CBS radio and TV affiliate in Des Moines. The Cowles family insists that the family holdings are separate; however, they do admit to a certain amount of overlap in the upper echelons of the companies. Gardner Cowles is president of the Des Moines Register and Tribune Company, his brother John Cowles, Sr. is the chairman of the board of that company and the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, while John's son, John, Jr. is president of the Minneapolis company.‘+ In addition to the national and regional media conglomerates, there are the local owners who many times have a virtual monopoly on the media. Niles, Michigan is the home of the Plym family, a family that, like the Cowles, has many media holdings. Although the Plym's are not as diversified as the Cowles, they are much more valuable to Niles. The Plym family owns the only AM station and the town's sole daily newspaper. Since there is no local television outlet, the Plyms have control of all local news outlets.5 Much of the regional and national news is obtained in Niles from the South Bend, Indiana and Chicago, Illinois TV stations. up< b: (I) A4 ‘- .I ‘ Alli-i Opponents of this multi-media, conglomerate ownership voice a concern for the potential monopoly. Fred Friendly, former president of CBS News wrote:6 It's like the game of MonOpoly, in which you sell off lesser properties and buy 'Boardwalk' or 'Park Place' to put up rent producing houses or hotels. For example, Capital Cities might be prepared to sellcmf Albany or Providence in order to buy a station in Cleveland or Los Angeles. And Corinthian might want to give up Houston to obtain a franchise in New York or Chicago.7 Statistics bear out what Fred Friendly has said. But, the trend toward concentration is not limited to television stations. According to FCC Commissioner Nicholas Johnson, of 1500 cities with daily newspapers, 96 per cent of those cities were, in 1970, served by single owner monopolies. He stated "there were nearly 72 cities where the only broadcasting station is owned by the only local newspaper." But even though the broadcasting outlets are owned by the same peOple who own the local newspaper they probably are not owned by a local citizen. Commissioner Johnson goes on to say, "In 1967, 81.3 per cent of the commercial VHF television stations were either owned by a group broadcaster or a newspaper." In the top ten markets of the United States, thirty-seven of the 6It should be noted that Fred Friendly's book was published by Random House, a subsidiary of RCA, instead of Holt, Rinehart & Winston, a subsidiary of CBS. 7 Fred W. Friendly Due to C rcumstan e Be ond Our antzol,,, (New York: ’Rahaom'House} 19675, p. £77. (I forty VHF television stations are licensed to either group owners or daily papers.8 In the 50 largest markets of the United States 526 of the 715 AM and FM radio stations are owned by multiple-media owners.9 The radio networks themselves are reflecting the trend. The American Broadcasting Corporation owns four radio networks--out of seven national radio networks. Cable television-~in many eyes the savior of the future-- is no exception to the rule of concentration. In 1968, 255 newspapers owned at least part of a cable television system, and in 1970, 32 per cent of the systems were owned by broad- casters, including the networks. In some eyes, the worst possible consequence of local concentration is the diminishing number of independent news and information sources available to the public. Allowing only one editorial voice in a community, no matter how small is, in their opinion, dangerous and undemocratic. They argue that since the United States is a participatory democracy, citizens need correct, unbiased information for their decision making. If the citizen lived in a community where the local newspaper, radio station and television station were owned by a single person or corporation, he would have * 8Proceeding of the Special Senate Committee on the Mass Media, Senate of Canada, Document No. 32, p. 32:15 (1970). 9Ibid. , p. 32:15. 24 h a» HH NIH.- . AN... ‘ aIu‘ ~.~\~q\ r 10 a difficult time determining all the facts in local issues. Unless the owner of the media allowed each separate medium a free editorial voice, there would be little opportunity for the effective operation of the "marketplace of ideas". In the small community, with a concentration of news dissemination, there is little chance that the news the audience hears will be comprehensive. The proponents of single-media ownership contend that if the same community had separate owners for the media, the chances are that every story would have a slightly different interpretation.10 Consequently, a study conducted for the National Associa- tion of Broadcasters hints that newspaper-allied radio and television stations have fewer stories in common with the local newspaper than those radio and television stations not affiliated with the local paper. It also shows that the electronic media's stories are longer when allied with a newspaper. The study points out that more of the stories carried on radio and television stations affiliated with newspapers are locally written than those not affiliated with papers. The proponents of multi-media ownership are quick to point out that this study concludes non-newspaper- loSee Nicholas Johnson, How £2_Talk Back Eg’YOur Television Set (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), Morton Mintz and Jerry S. CBHen, America, Inc. (New York: Dial Press, 1971), Mark J. Green, BEverIy C:_Mbore Jr. and Bruce wasserstein, The Closed Enter rise S stem (New Perk: Grossmann Publishers I972), FFed N. FFienHIy, Due to Circumstances Beyond Our Control... (New York: Random—HBuse, 9 7 . '_—— ‘- -- e'. 6.. i A '1 5., O C) I!) ‘(D "1 ID ll allied stations show greater interrelationships with the local newspaper than those stations affiliated with local papers.11 Other defendants of the conglomerate owner maintain that manipulation of public opinion by large owners is virtually impossible because: the viewer is selective in his viewing; the industry itself is not structurally able to mold opinion; and stations are dependant on wire services and networks for news. Finally, they cite psychologists who contend that non-media forces are more important in the molding of individual opinion than are the media.12 There have been arguments pro and con since the early 1900's concerning ownership of broadcasting stations. Some people felt the government should be the sole broadcaster; however, they were not able to convince Congress. The private-enterprise system of broadcasting has prevailed. There are advantages and disadvantages to this system, many of which have previously been stated. Some potential problems that have not occurred or may not ever occur are also a concern to some people and should be studied. One of the most interesting problems is the possibility of a direct correlation between the growth of a company and its 11James A. Anderson, "The Alliance of Broadcast Stations and Newspapers: The Problem of Information Control," Journal 2; Broadcastin , XVI (Winter, 1971-72), p. 61. 12Paul W. Cherington, Leon V. Hirsch and Robert Brandwein, eds., Television Station rshi (New York: Hastings House Publishers, I971), pp. 75- . 12 product performance. This paper concerns such a correlation. Networks and other media corporations have grown to immense size, but whether or not their product (programs) has increased in performance at a corresponding rate is not known. Have the network corporations grown to such proportions that they no longer care about their television programs? Or have they realized their "civic duty" as they have grown and thus increased their efforts? Have the network parent corporations been careful not to investigate their own holdings or types of businesses in documentaries? Or have they made a conscious effort to look at themselves long and hard before anyone else? Have the networks, due to some bureaucratic manipulation, lost their interestin public affairs programs (particularly documentaries)? Or have they increased the number of documentaries produced proportionate to their growth? _.9. 19.9.9. .129. 92141 2.1.1.6: _.____Pr°blem To date there have been no studies establishing a relationship between the economics of television broadcasting and the performance of the medium. This work is an attempt to draw together information on both economics and documentary programs so that some inferences might possibly be drawn. Because of the potential for both good and evil in our broadcasting system, the governing force of the system must be studied. Since the increase in monetary reward is the basis of television broadcasting, its effects should be noted. 13 This increases the understanding of the system and allows people in key decision-making positions in government and the networks more knowledge. The few studies that have been conducted relate more to the program performance than the economic effects on those programs. One notable study was done by Peter Steiner.13 It was basically an attempt to prove his theory of program preferences and performance. John McGowan went into some detail in his analysis of the same subject and his conclusions are quite similar to Steiner's.14 Finally, Rolla Park conducted a study of cable television's impact on broadcasting.15 Many of his conclusions and theories can easily be applied to other areas without losing validity. Most of these studies involve the performance of the medium, viewer preferences, and their relation to the economics of the company that is broadcasting (or cablecasting) the programs. There have been a few studies on the concentration and growth of businesses. Many of those dealing with growth and concentration appear to only view the negative aspects 13Peter Steiner, "Program Patterns and Preferences and the Workability of Competition in Radio Broadcasting," Quarterly Journal 2; Economics, May, 1952. 1“John J. McGowan, "Competition, Regulation and Performance in Television Broadcasting, " in The Radio Spectrum: Its Use and Re lation reprinted from the as ng on nivers ty LE” EfiarEerly VoI. I967, 'No. A and Vol.1968, o. , 15Rolla Park, Potential Im act of Cable Growth on Television Broadcasting (Santaw onica: nd, 19 0. 14 of business. Ralph Nader, the well-known consumer advocate, has frequently commissioned studies that have attacked corporations whose size and profits give the company autonomy from consumers. The most recent published study his "raiders" m".16 Morton have completed was on the "closed enterprise syste Mintz and Jerry Cohen wrote a book entitled, America, ng,, in which they claim to investigate "who owns and Operates the United States".17 Their basic research method was the compilation of data from numerous sources. They deal with many of the practices of big business that irritate concerned citizens, for example the "buying" of politicians, the regulatory agencies, "crime in the suites" and the corporations' tendency to play God. Nicholas Johnson has published a few articles and a book expounding his theory of concentration and 18 FCC data reinforces his view. growth. The biggest fault with these studies, theories and writings is that none of the authors have collaborated and combined their information. This is the first study attempting to link corporate growth with economic performance. If this study, or any other were able to establish a direct link t i 16¥firkcg' Gregn, Beverly C. Moore, Jr. and Bruce Wesser- s e n e osed nterprise System New Yerk: Grossmann Publléh_ere,‘1‘7279 . ' 17Morton Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, America, Inc. (New York: Dial Press, 1971). 18Nicholas Johnson, How 59 Talk Back t__Ybur Television Set (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). 15 between program performance and corporate growth it could act as a warning (if the results were negative) or as a "how to" manual (if the results were positive). Either of these functions would serve the public good. Purpgse p; the Study Instead of speculating on the outcome of theoretical problems that may occur and that possibly could have potential side effects, this study is intended to offer conclusions based on vigorous analysis as to the effects of corporate growth in certain aspects of television broadcast performance. This study could serve as an input to the decision-making process in determining whether or not new legislation limiting ownership of media should be approved by the FCC. It should serve as a useful reference to people in legislative positions. The basic purpose of this study is to allow those people who govern the country access to analysis, so that any decision that they make will be based on as much factual information and analysis as possible. [The Hypotheses pp_pg Tested Today's television networks are not completely autonomous business units. They are parts of larger corporations. These corporations' main purposes are to make money. The Michigan Supreme Court has declared that: "A business corporation is organized and carried on primarily for the profit of the l6 stockholders. The powers of the directors are to be employed for that end."19 Since corporations are required to act in that prescribed manner, how is television to act? The broad- casting industry is required by Congress to act in the "public interest, convenience and necessity". These two requirements appear to be diametrically opposed. How can a corporation program public affairs (thereby generally suffering a loss in potential revenue)when it is supposed to make a profit? Since industry as a whole has been instructed by the courts to obtain profits for the stockholders and the broadcasting industry is required by law to act in the public interest, which rule does the broadcasting industry follow or is there a constant? Chances are most media corporations cannot satisfy both without doing a disservice to each one. The network corporations have generally followed the will of the courts; they have continually made a profit for their stockholders. But have the network affiliated stations and the networks themselves performed in the "public interest"? Though corporations are instructed by the courts to make a profit for the stockholders, they are not told to abandon all else in favor of profits. In a speech before the Radio-Television News Directors Association Edward R. Murrow, a CBS television journalist, said: l91b1d., p. 18. 17 There is no suggestion here that networks or individual stations should operate as philanthropies. But I can find nothing in the Bill of Rights or the Communications Act which says they must increase their net 20 profits each year, lest the Republic collapse. The focal point in this study is the growth of the networks' corporations and that growth's effect on performance of the media. The area of particular concern is documentary programs. Have the ownings of the networks' affected their performance in the production of documentaries? Have the networks increased the number of documentaries as they have grown? Or has the network corporation's growth encouraged strong statements or documentary positions? There is a second hypothesis that will be tested. It is independent of the first, but utilizes the same fundamental data. Since a chronological development pattern was formed, it will be elementary to establish whether or not there was a peak period of network documentary performance. The peak period is defined as that point where the network produces the maximum number of documentaries. This chronological outline shows the periods in time that proceeded to encourage the maximum number of documentaries. When this period is compared to the size of the network corporation, it may be hypothesized that network holdings were: too large, too little, or were about the right size to encourage the 2OFriendly, p. 252. 18 production of the maximum number of documentaries. (Other exogenous factors affecting network programming cannot be taken into account in this study). Limitations pf_the Study The ideal way to research this study would be to view each documentary program in the study and for each documentary write a content analysis and score each program on its merits. This is not possible, because of time limitations, the inaccessibility of many of the programs, and monetary restrictions. If this procedure were possible, control would be maximized; however, some of the programs were not preserved and have been all but forgotten. Even if all other limitations were removed and each documentary could be viewed, it would still be an impossible task. Content analyses cannot be performed on every program. Therefore, a feasible substitute was found. Instead of viewing each program and then judging it via a set of criteria, each program was categorized into one of thirteen groups: History Science/Space/Nature U.S. Government/Politics Business/Economics/Labor Fine Arts/Media Civil Rights Crime/Police/Justice Religion/Medicine/Education Sports Biography Life/Leisure/Entertainment U.S. Foreign Affairs 13. Foreign Countries 0 O ODVme-PWNH o \O o o wasna rufHD 19 The basis for the decision made on categorizing each program was the title of the program and the summation printed in TE_§pigg, The inherent problemin this is that 21.92122 is a magazine devoted to the medium's status quo and its entries are written basically by the networks. A secondary limitation encountered by using Ey_§pigg is the fact that all documentaries listed in the magazine were listed three weeks before they were scheduled to air. That is the current deadline set for listings by Ty_§pigg (in limited instances, a program entry can be ammended two weeks before air). Documentaries that were not aired during the prime-time viewing period have not been included. There were only a few programs in this category and the majority of those were aired in the "Sunday-afternoon ghetto". Since this time period has one of the lowest number of viewers per hour (except on football days), it would appear that little is lost by not including such programs in this study. Those time periods that have the largest number of viewers and are readily accessible to the majority of the potential audience were included in the study. Consequently the study is measuring those documentaries that had the potential for the greatest amount of impact. The documentaries studied were from January 1, 1957 to December 31, 1971. It is a period of fifteen years. This time period is useful because it contains: "the golden age of television", the quiz scandals, the Kennedy years, the Beverly 20 Hillbillies, the Beatles, Johnson's Great Society, Bonanza, and Richard Nixon. Within this fifteen-year period industry growth was the largest on record. It encompasses a large period of time, but not so large that it is hard to comprehend or retain the details. Definitions p£_Tppp§ To be able to understand and correctly comprehend the methodology, analysis, conclusions and policy propositions found in this paper, it is first necessary to define some terms. Qgcumentary--the term is used in a limited sense here. It includes the depiction of "things as they are", a journal- istic report on events of the world (past or present) but does not include debate or discussion programs (which may or may not have a documentary flair), nor news programs. It is an in depth look at a single event-- conditions leading to the event, its consequences and the event itself--presented in a journalistic style. A dramatic recreation of the event is not qualified under this definition of documentary. ,Epipg_gipg--is defined as the period of time in a day in which the number of people in the audience is the largest for that twenty-four hour period. During the study period this was between 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. For the purposes of clarity, this study will use the seven to eleven time period exclusively. 21 Regplarly Scheduled--a program that is assigned a particular time period on a particular day for at least a three month period of time. The Study Desigp Between January 1, 1957 and December 31, 1971 ABC, CBS and NBC produced numerous television documentaries. The data compiled on those documentaries were culled from the gy_gp;gg magazine. Although this method does have its limitations, it is by far the best practical method. This study compares two sets of figures--data on the growth of network corporations and data on documentaries. Comparisons are made for each year as a whole. They will also be compared to the previous and following years so changes can be detected. Comparisons will be made between first year and the final year. With these comparisons, charts can be made that show the growth in both corporations and documentaries. After all of the data are compiled and comparisons made, the results will be subjected to the hypothesis. Description 2;,ppg Population In the category of documentary programs all are network, prime-time documentaries dealing with one subject. Each program that meets this criteria will be included in the study. Only prime-time documentaries were included because they had the greatest possible impact, due to their large audience. 22 Documentaries that dealt with more than one topic per program were impossible to categorize in this paper due to time limitations. It was not feasible to give each segment of a program equal credit when they were of differing lengths, therefore, those documentaries dealing with more than one topic were excluded from this study. Sources 9; papa Most of the information necessary for judging the documentary programs was gathered from I! Cpigp_magazine, as was the basic list of programs. 0n programs where insufficient information was available through 2!.EEIQ2: other sources were consulted. Those sources were: the Egg prk,Tipp§, which assisted in establishing the subject of the program and the general reaction to it; Documentary ip American Television, which also assisted in establishing the subject. The networks were asked to contribute lists of documentaries produced during that time period. The final source of data was Fred Friendly's book 2pg_pg Circumstances Beyond‘Qpp C ntrol.. , since this book is probably more biased than the others, it was used merely to ascertain the subject matter and production methods used in some documentaries. Information on the growth of the network corporations was available from many sources. The two most widely used in the charting of corporate growth were: Standard and Poor's 23 Industrial Index and Moody's Industrial Index. These reference books provided the data necessary for judging: the number of acquisitions, the cost and expenses, the net income, gross income and profit for every year at each network corporation. They also established a rough estimate of what percentage of profit the networks gave their parent corporations. All three network corporations and the Securities Exchange Commission were asked to provide lists of network subsidiaries. Other sources that were consulted were: the Atlantic Monthl , July, 1969; Nicholas Johnson's pr‘pg Talk Back pp_zppp Television Set; Fred Friendly's book-~again--; Broadcasting magazine and finally information published by the FCC. Although most of this additional data was not used directly in this paper, it was necessary for a better understanding of corporate growth and to assure that the facts and figures cited were correct. Treatment 92,2gpg .All of the information compiled that concerned the documentary programs studied was put into one of thirteen categories. Each of these categories was chosen because it was (or is) a current problem in America. Some of the categories are combinations of related subjects, all of them are self-explanatory. They are: 1. History 2. Science/Space/Nature 3. U.S. Government/Politics h. Business/Economics/Labor 5. Fine Arts/Media BA 6. Civil Rights 7. Crime/Police/Justice 8. Religion/Medicine/Education 9. Sports 10. Biography 11. Life/Leisure/Entertainment l2. U.S. Foreign Affairs 13. Fbreign Countries From the reference material referred to previously, each documentary program was assigned one category. On documentaries that seemed to fit into more than one category the program was credited to the category that was the documentary's chief concern. All of the programs were listed chronologically in a table to show their relationship to one another. Each year involved in the study was illustrated in a like manner, thus facilitating comparisons between the different years. The graphs illustrate the number of documentaries and the number of hours of documentaries programmed by the networks. This allows the total number of hours of this program type to be compared network by network, year by year. It also enables the number of documentaries produced by a network in one year to be compared with the number produced in a different year. Finally, the total number of hours over the fifteen year study period and the total number of programs produced by each network were compared to the corresponding data of the other networks. The information compiled on the network corporations is just as important as that of the documentary programs. The 25 data concerns itself basically with the growth of the corporation, but also mentions the corporate structure, the corporate divisions and the products produced by the companies. The data collected were: the net revenues, the gross revenues, the corporate costs and eXpenses, corporate profit and the number of acquisitions. This was done for each network corporation, each year of the study. The data was chronologically arranged so that comparisons could be made. Finally, the data concerning the documentaries and the data concerning the corporate growth were compared. This was the true test of the study. It answered the hypothesis' question and hopefully will contribute to the knowledge of corporations. CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE For the most part, attempting to find literature dealing with conglomerates, business or economics is not difficult. Nor is it very hard to find literature on television documen- taries. Some articles and books have been written on the effects the number of channels have on television programming, but little has yet been written on the significance of ownership on programming. This paper investigates this latter question. Review'gg Previous Research In 1966, a study was conducted by a group of broadcasting executives in answer to the FCC proposed rule of "one to a customer". The report, entitled Television Station Ownershi , concluded that multiple ownership was not as terrible a curse as some people had supposed. Since many of the hypothesized implications of multiple owners are similar to those hypothe- sized for the networks, some conclusions can possibly be extended to the networks. For example, the effects of multiple ownership with regard to serving community needs may find a parallel to the question examined here.21 With regard to local programming, the authors based their conclusions on only A76 stations. They contend that in the top fifty markets, group-owned stations presented more "local 21Paul W. Cherington, Leon V. Hirsch and Robert Brandwein, eds., Television Station Ownership (New York: Hastings House Publisfiers, 1971). 26 27 programming" than single-owner stations. The authors' results were presented as proof of the superiority of multiple owners' programming in the community interest.22 Review 2; Related Theories There have been a number of people who have attempted to investigate the problem of television programming. Some have attempted to relate the parent corporations economic welfare to the corporation's product performance. Dr. Peter Steiner, a noted economist from the University of Michigan and Dr. John McGowan, economist from Yale University, for example, have tried to analyze programming in this light. Both men established economic models that, when applied to television, answer some basic questions about programs and the lack of television diversity. According to Steiner's theory, each station attempts to maximize its audience in order to maximize revenues.23 To do this the first station in the market would schedule a certain program type (e.g. a Western). This station would not change its programming practices for fear of losing audience. He assumed that the total audience is composed of a number of groups and that these groups are fixed in size. During the program period, the audience in mass, views what 221bid., p. 105. 23Peter Steiner, "Program Patterns and Preferences and the Workability of Competition in Radio Broadcasting," Qparterly Journal pf Economics, May, 1952, p. 183. PU r» v- is presented. He hypothesized that if two stations programmed the same program type, the audience would divide equally be- tween them. Therefore, when one station enters a market, it will have all of the viewers who are the audience for that program type. If a second station enters the market and programs the same program type, both stations will split the audience. In all probability both stations, in attempting to get the largest audience will broadcast the same program type. When a third station enters the market the situation may change. The new station may be forced to counter-program in order to maximize the audience. This third station may be forced into non-duplication because, by imitating the programming of the other two stations the entire audience would split three ways, and it may be possible to secure a larger audience by offering a new program type. Neither of the two stations programming the first type would be induced to emulate the third station, because then they would be splitting the third station's share of the audience}!+ John McGowan's theoretical conclusions are similar in many ways to Steiner's. Both men concluded that competition a“Steiner, p. 185. 29 breeds more program diversity, but only slowly.25 McGowan differed from Steiner only in his methodology. Edward Greenberg and Harold J. Barnett both of Washington University collaborated on research attempting to show a relationship between diversity and the number of television channels available. They found that if the number of channels are increased without duplication of program types, the diversity increases in a linear fashion. They also found that program type diversity is not dependant solely on stations numbers, because programs of the same type do not increase diversity?6 Other writers have investigated conglomerates, but have not incorporated economic studies of the industry in their works-~see for example Ralph Nader's task force report on anti-trust enforcement entitled.2hg Closed Enterprise System.27 The authors of the Nader report, Mark Green, Beverly Moore, Jr. and Bruce Wasserstein investigated the political 25John J. McGowan, "Competition, Regulation, and Per- formance in Television Broadcasting," in The Radio S ectrum: gag Use and Re lation, reprinted from thfla’E—s n FLU—"on niver- sit TEE! QfingerIy, Vol. 1967, No. A and VoI. I968, No. I, p. E0 . 26Edward Greenberg and Harold J. Barnett, "TV Program Diversity--New Evidence and Old Theories," The American Economic Review, May, 1961, pp. 89-93- 27Mark J. Grgen, Beverly C. Moore, Jrz, and Bruce Wasserstein The losed Epterppise System New York: Grossmann Publishers, '1‘729 )—'—'1', p. 5. 30 force of the huge corporation and found it to be relatively important. As was brought out in other Nader reports, the control regulated industries have over their regulatory agencies is, supposedly, so complete that one can look at both of them "and be unable to distinguish them". The authors proposed that the number of business advisory councils in the Executive Branch (approximately 1500) help to shape the opinions and decisions made by various agencies. The third basic political power they see used by corporations is the army of lobbyists who cover the Senate and House. While the single most powerful lever exerted by business on Congress is the campaign contribution.28 A misconception they attempt to disprove concerns the argument that the larger the business, the more efficient because of the company's ability to utilize all available resources. The authors disagreed with this logic. Competition is the whip of efficiency, driving firms to produce better goods at lower costs to maximize profits. Monopoly and oligopoly lead to...a state of mind and economy where there is no need to seek efficiency since the targeted return is fixed and market percentage is predictable.29 As a matter of fact, they state that the larger the corporation the more bureaucratic and wasteful. Some noted economists 28Ibid., p. 17. 291bid., pp. 21, 22. 31 agree, "most studies show that within their range of observations, size adds little to research intensity and may actually detract from it."30 On the whole, the authors were extremely critical of conglomerates and the Justice Department. They felt that conglomerate business poses a threat to effective competition. For example, Conglomerate ownership may result in reciprocity, (where firms buy materials from other firms owned by them, effectively foreclosing market competition). Furthermore, conglomerates with numerous diversified interests have frequent contacts with competitors, suppliers, retailers, 31 etc. Such contacts may result in the diminishing of compe- tition in any one field, but "aggregate" concentration is affected. The United States Attorney General's Committee on Anti- trust Laws contends that their hands are tied. They cannot prosecute firms under anti—trust laws unless proof is offered that an acquisition "may tend to reduce competition". Unless this is proved, corporations are exempt from monopoly legislation.32 Many large conglomerates, therefore, have not 30Green, Moore, Nasserstein, The Closed Enterprise System, p. 23, quoting; Weiss, "Econometric Studies of Industrial Organization, " (a paper done while resident economist at the Justice Department, Anti- trust Division). 311bid., p. 27. 32The Attorney General's National Committee to Study Anti-trust Laws, "Workable Competition, " in Mono 01 and Penguin BooEs, Com tition ed. by Alex Hunter (Baltimore: 1963). pp. 77-8 89. 32 been prosecuted under the anti-trust laws. The government is not empowered to judge the efficiency of a private corporation, nor is it empowered to judge the effect the corporation's size may have on the public. Jerry Cohen, former staff director of the Senate Anti-trust Subcommittee and Morton Mintz, a Washington Pppp reporter, have written a book entitled America, ng.35 In the book, they chastise conglomerates and big business for their unrelentless search for increasing profit, at the cost of many people especially consumers. Their basic argument throughout the book, including the chapter devoted exclusively to the media, is that conglomerates do not do any real good for the country. The conglomerates' only worth is to the stockholder. Nicholas Johnson, an FCC Commissioner contends that the news portion of the medium is more susceptible to business pressures than other branches of the medium. Commissioner Johnson feels that there is a danger of censorship from within the industry more than from within the government. The Commissioner recommends that the government, the people and business should not interfere with the work that professional newsmen are doing-~except to protect them 33Morton Mintz and Jerr S. Cohen, America, Inc. (New York: Dial Press, 1971). 33 from physical assault. He stated, however, that if the facts could be opened up to the news media and more newsmen or women were interested in specific areas, then news programs could be serving all of the peOple better.3N In the book,_23§_pg Circumstances Beyond 925 Control..., Fred Friendly, an ex-President of CBS News, refused to limit himself to explaining the networks position. He found the only reason for news and public affairs inaction by the networks was, "because the corporate money making machine has no input for such a command. Maximum profit is the only input it hears loud and clear." He felt it is a sad state of affairs when decisions of this magnitude are relegated to people who are only concerned with corporate profit.35 Through the writings of Fred Friendly the story of the documentary television program is told. Through the theories of Steiner, McGowan, Greenberg, and Barnett insight into the economics of television and diversity is gained. Through the writings of Commissioner Johnson the holdings and inner workings of the media are exposed to light. Hopefully, these can be brought together to build a basis of opinion concerning the economics of television and its documentary program performance. 3“Johnson, pp. 3h-36, 83. 35Friendly, p. 189. CHAPTER III NETWORK CORPORATION RESEARCH Conclusions cannot be reached on program performance until the company that produces the program is examined. The size, growth and structure of the three network corporations must be known if any knowledge of their performance is to be acquired. This study will investigate whether or not the holdings and growth of these corporations have influenced the documentaries' subject matter. Many renowned educators have stated that as corporations grow, their preoccupation with corporate profit takes a dominant role, while their product many times diminishes in importance. If this is the case in television, action could be taken to help alleviate the problem. There are other people, however, who contend that corporate growth encourages corporate responsibility and product-company identification. They state that this identification forces the company to insure positive product performance. If this is the case in television, action could be taken to encourage this activity. This study will examine the three television network corporations, NBC, CBS and ABC from January 1, 1957 to December 31, 1971. (Much of the information in this chapter has been acquired from Moody's Industrial_Manual, 1972).36 36George H. Parsons, ed. Moody's Industrial Manual (New York: Moody's Investors Service, 1972), pp. 3139-3143. 3A 35 The RCA Corporation Corporate Structure. RCA is an extremely diverse conglomerate. It owns companies that produce everything from television programs to frozen foods and electronic equipment. There are eleven major subsidiaries in RCA: Banquet Foods, Coronet Industries, Cushman and Wakefield, Hertz Corporation, National Broadcasting Company, Random House, RCA Distributing Corporation, RCA Global Communica- tions, RCA Institutes, RCA International Service and RCA Sales Corporation. Four of RCA's eleven subsidiaries are not related to the media, and have all been recently acquired. Banquet Foods Corporation purchased in 1970 produces a nationally known brand of frozen prepared foods. Coronet Industries, Incorporated, acquired in 1971, is a manufacturer of carpets, rugs, carpet tiles, furniture and vinyl wall coverings. Cushman and wakefield, Incorporated is a real estate broker that was acquired in 1970, and provides services such as property management and project consulting. The fourth subsidiary not related to media is Hertz Corporation. Hertz is a well-known renting agency dealing with cars and trucks. It is a world-wide organization acquired in 1967 and operates in about 20,000 cities. A subsidiary of Hertz, Hertz System, Incorporated, is a francise agent for the parent corporation and allows dealers to use the Hertz system of operation and the Hertz name. 36 Another subsidiary of Hertz is Meyer Brothers Parking System, Incorporated, which operates parking garages in twenty cities in the country. Through other wholly owned subsidiaries, Hertz rents equipment used in shows, conventions, construction work, and business offices. It is expanding into hotels and lodging services at airports (refer to Organiza- tional Chart 1). The National Broadcasting Company, Incorporated owns and operates five television stations, six AM radio stations, six FM radio stations, one television network and a radio network. As a major subsidiary of RCA, it is responsible for international distribution of programs and licensing of materials and rights. The NBC television network has 215 regularly affiliated stations throughout the major cities of the United States. The NBC radio network has 230 affiliated stations. Those stations owned by NBC are situated in the largest cities of the nation. A division of NBC is RCA Records, one of the largest producers and distributors of recorded music in the world. RCA Records produces records, reel-to-reel, eight-track and cassette stereo tapes. Through other subsidiaries, the RCA Record Club and the RCA Tape Club, many of these stereo recordings are retailed to the public. RCA Records has other distributing companies that it uses and allows competing record and tape producers to use. Some of these distribution companies are affiliated with RCA Music Services, a sub- sidiary of another division of RCA. 37 - .mhoo momfimmfiafism HmsowpmsuopsH omz Add om: pad I I_ _ , .osH ; .anoo .sopmhm .mnoo # mafimwpan .osH oofi>umm paws Msfixnmm Hapnom anodes: . . macpoz mango inwsvm muonuonm vsosnfisum msmwaafis .oo swam moans: meg meg marks: sperm madman aboamfihnoz n , J rJIIII. H L F — . 4 .osH, I - .osH - . .mmoamonm mom .osH .nom .msmfiaaaz .oo xomdm soaposhvmsoo unmomOb .b knaonm Inonmopm _ , _ , I I _ - I L - H. . - .ssH .saeae .ssH .esH .nuoo some; a .mofinpmspsH .mpoom spasm smasmso pmsonoo posvsmm H _ H A. , _ Qm_ _ consumes . comma< mom omz omz >Blomz WI. I 11 mfl I .w I I In - _ I I H . - HI I I u I a - . H .osH .osH .hsmmsoo mmsom soosmm wsfipmmoemomm Hugowpmz decm m pnmso HBGOHpmNfismmso r1] n: V (I) ’J- so with 200 foreign countries via: telex, telegraph, television, facsimile and data transmission and leases circuits for simultaneous voice and/or non-voice use. RCA Global Communications and a subsidiary, RCA Alaska Communications, are attempting to obtain FCC permission to Operate domestic communications satellites. Alaska Communications provides longline telephone and telegraph service in Alaska. Coupled with Random House and its electronic manufacturing is RCA Corporation's RCA Institutes, Incorporated. This subsidiary trains individuals in electronics and related fields. RCA Institute also develops and tests learning devices and educational programs to be used in technological fields (refer to Organizational Chart 3). The Operations of RCA International Service Corporation are closely related to those of the RCA Distributing Corporation, RCA Institutes, Incorporated and RCA's consumer services branches. RCA International Service is involved in the overseas installation and maintenance service of electronic products. International Service shares some of its duties with RCA, Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of RCA based in Canada. RCA, Limited sells most of the products used, installed and maintained by RCA International Service. RCA, Limited is also engaged in the design, manufacture and distribution of electronic products. In addition to these 41 mOOH>HOw . I sens: onH .mnoapmofinsssoo dam mxmma< aom .OOH noamwpfin mamfiaopmz nOHmH>aQ .mnoame OOHmH>HQ soamabaq .mnoo .ocH weapon a ooapaom opmpm Iassssoo moH:OApOOHm rampmzm msapan .mOpspfipmcH Imnonmq weanspomm madam Hmnoaw mossmnoo Oflnmmnw swupmfin 40m «om Idem: «om mom «om mom ac msopmmw nOHmH>aQ I - II. Hmfiouossoo nowmupao - msOpmmm Amvmnmov mammsoo a aces mswmneowq .muoo .aaoo OOH>mOm oasmmmw .uuA moH>AOm Isno>oc a mpsovmm moamm Hm:0fipmnumunH «om «om Ha 055a mmo._ FEES/Hm mamz mau— _I - I a. I a , Ia - fl I _Is=ome smeosaomm\wmm_ Qm<0m w .5. Bi. ‘ mg #9 independently owned radio stations, a national spot sales organization and the fourteen CBS owned radio stations--seven AM stations and seven FM stations. The seven CBS owned stations are; WCBS New York, KNXT Los Angeles, WBBM Chicago, WCAU Philadelphia, KMOX St. Louis, WEEI Boston, and KCBS San Francisco. The CBS Television Network Division operates the CBS television network through 190 independently owned stations and the five CBS owned television stations. The network has an agreement with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, thus allowing CBS network news programming in Canada. The CBS Television Stations Division contains the five CBS owned and Operated stations WCBS-TV New York, KNXT-TV Los Angeles, WBBM-TV Chicago, WCAU-TV Philadelphia, and KMOX-TV St. Louis. This division includes a national spot sales organization that services them. The CBS/Columbia Group has three basic divisions: the Columbia House Division is a combination of the Columbia Record Club and other distributors of Columbia, Epic, Harmony, Date, Okeh, Odyssey, Crossroads and other CBS-produced records. The CBS Musical Instrument Division manufactures and distributes Fender Musical Instruments, V.C. Squier strings, Rogers Drums and Electro Music speakers. Creative Playthings is a division that produces and distributes toys based on educational concepts (refer to Organizational Chart 6). 50 w pnmso H620HuMNqumao muses mmsaapm Issuqu cams: madam Meagan Hmoamsz oauooam mawmom .o.> smegma H L a L psao soanaras sesaeaeso psau eras mwamm mama omaopm mama ooampm .vuanp chooom pnesaamumsH mapssaoo manssaoo muaooom mapssaou _ .I _ NHL _ 1252355 Insane: emu _ I eeZameias misses _ ‘ II. “Home «amssaoohmo _ % mmbom amm ooa>aom seamen soaposopm msaaamz .soea ensnnaan n.ennnaamsm .eosnsas e a Hm. 0n n meawm “.m.ev I mess - .noumnaa a manpaumna e Ooseaom ansnesam assasnoes as aoonee — .saom sas>- eaameeem assessev a.ansee I I I I - - .eaa.soansas e soaneas a - - mesa» spsaapnsa esseaansa ansnnsam sensssam memes Issaansm menses: manganese .aaom .aaom assess seas messansm aeeoaeez NH HI I‘ dI I I- In 1 Hmsoapmn I sampsH .oo _ memes II III .oo aeeoae camera: a assoan nsoan I memensmm nausea pamnmsam Imospm Imoaansm maoonom .m.a eme .naom «mm emu emu JIII la . H IH I - Ih I _ IIL .msome ezameaamem mze zoasaosmm\emo mmdom s sense assoannnasseeo L‘- In (J I? (A) ( "J' AL 1 53 Division. CBS Laboratories is the major branch of the company's research and development. They experiment in electronic developments in medicine, holography, ultra-high speed photocomposition, space and underwater exploration. One of the CBS Laboratories' inventions is now a CBS division, the CBS Electronic Video Recording (EVR) Division. The ENR is a unique visual-audio system that is being distributed to schools and businesses through this division (refer to Organizational Chart 8). The final CBS group is the CBS/Records Group which consists of two divisions, the CBS Records Division and CBS Records International. Both of these corporate units produce, manufacture, distribute and retail records and relate products (refer to Organizational Chart 9). There are two other divisions that are not formally connected with any group in the CBS organization, one is the New YOrk Yankees, an American League baseball team. The second independent division is Cinema Center Films. It is a producer and distributor of feature-length films for the United States and foreign markets. Both of these divisions are subsidiaries Of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Incorporated; they are under no other corporation. 5A e passe assoaassaeseeo .OmH .meaapmsvsH . .mp4 amoasmso .onH mmHo adagemsH m>m emu L L _ I —e2ammoemm omma>_ emamcsamomsa emefl eazomaomam emu ‘i p. I II _Impome amazoo\emw_ 1 _ ammon— 55 m pamno Hmsoapmuasmwao .mmaoonwmsz ammoaam:AmpaH mm A¢ZOHB¢zmmBZH wnmoomm mmo~ m I III — nseoswmI oaman esoauoseoam areaassm II. IHI II _ cams: coosxomam _ Owes: aaema I, _ I _Imeome emmoomm\em04 _ mm _ emmsemm emo— H I‘ 56 Corporate Growth. CBS as a corporation is rather small when compared to the corporate giant, RCA. The gross revenues of RCA are three times those of CBS, however, CBS seems to be catching up. RCA's growth in revenues was 193 per cent during the study period. Growth of CBS was 250 per cent. In 1957, CBS's gross revenues were $385,409,018, yet by December of 1971 they had increased to 81,247,969,000 (see Table 2). In that same time period, the operating profits for CBS rose from $48,052,970 in 1957 to $113,622,000. This is an increase of 137 per cent. RCA, however, had Operating profits rise by 201 per cent. 0n the whole, for both corporations, it was an extremely profitable fifteen year period. Both CBS and RCA had corporate fluctuations in their profits. Both corporations had a decline in operating profit for six years. RCA had six years of decreasing revenues at the same time its Operating profits declined. RCA's six lean years were 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1969 and 1970. CBS's years of decreasing profits were 1960, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1970 and 1971. CBS did not have any loss in gross revenues, for fifteen years they have consistently grown. The net income for CBS has declined five times in comparison to RCA's four times. The years of prosperity for CBS were not quite as dramatic as those of RCA. RCA's largest increase in profit was 70 per cent. CBS's largest increase was 36 per cent. RCA had the largest loss, 39 per cent in comparison to CBS's 28 per cent. Over the study period, CBS averaged an increase 57 as I ooo.mme.maa ooo.mss.me ooo.osm.sea.a ooo.ses.ssm.a assa mew. ooo.ess.eaa ooo.esm.ae ooo.soe.oma.a ooo.ses.oam.a ossa awe. ooo.osm.msa ooo.sss.as ooo.mss.eao.a ooo.mas.esa.a sesa aem. ooo.aem.eaa ooo.ems.ss ooo.ses.mse ooo.s~a.ees eesa asmI ooo.oao.ms ooo.mss.ms ooo.mms.ame ooo.aea.¢os sesa mam. mms.ssm.saa s:e.eaa.se sos.esm.:as ame.nme.:ae eesa see. I mes.mas.ss mes.omo.ss ems.eam.eoe ees.mms.sse eesa sea. sse.sas.ss asm.mea.me oms.ese.mss see.eso.eme eesa ass. oem.mos.me sos.soe.ss sse.saa.aes smo.eae.ses mesa men. aae.amm.ae ems.meo.sm mom.eso.ess mae.sem.soe mesa as.u ses.mos.sr eme.smo.m~ eem.asa.sms sme.mse.mss aesa moaI one.e~e.es rso.mmm.mm ees.ass.sas eam.ese.ses oesa as . ere.mea.se sea.sem.sm soe.s:a.osm sss.aam.rrn sesa me + amo.mos.as mae.ems.s~ ~ea.sso.oem mom.ooe.aas eesa are. oss.mmo.es sem.ssa.mm eso.esm.smn mao.sos.mem sesa seamen emwonm msoonH poz momnomxm e pmoo mosmo>mm macaw are» IIeaemmeI. esaaseoeo zmamwm wzHBmBlom¢3 .coama>oama .OsH ammoaum: .mmamm .onH .OmH exaospmz IaepsH pose mpaoam msez oaemm .OsH .OsH .OnH -xaosuez 0mm sauomm 0mm 0mm om< Nsxm aux; was salumd _ fiI _ onmH>HQ 62Hem¢omamm mascaooem zsmmsoo .mvaoOmm .osH cams: mamas wsaeaooem pnsosmamm muaooem escapes esmaw aopmasaspmma om< 0mm _ Lw Ir . _ mmdom Ameaooomv aa asses assoapsnasseno 65 Through Ambro Distributing Corporation and Ambro Western Hemisphere Releasing Corporation, ABC is able to distribute pictures that they and others have produced (refer to Organizational Chart 12). Finally, ABC shows motion pictures in theatres that it owns in 32 states. The sixteen companies who own the theatres are all decentralized subsidiaries of ABC (refer to Organizational Chart 13). ABC publishes three newspapers. The only corporation ABC owns in this field is the Prairie Farmer Publishing Company. This company publishes the three farm papers: Prairie Farmer, Wallace's Farmer, and Wisconsin Agpicul- turalist. Their combined circulation is approximately 700,000 throughout the midwestern section of the country (refer to Organizational Chart 14). One of ABC's theatre subsidiaries, Florida State Theatres, Incorporated, owns two other subsidiaries that are tourist attractions. Weeki-Watchee Spring near St. Petersburg, Florida and Silver Spring near Ocala, Florida offer natural springs, underwater shows and glass-bottom boat rides to attract tourists. Corporate Growth. Of the three network corporations, only ABC and CBS had a consistent growth in gross revenues. Between 1957 and 1972, ABC was able to increase gross revenues by 253 per cent. CBS' increase was 250 per cent and was as steady in growth as ABC. RCA, however, was not able to continually increase its revenues. In 1958 and 1970, 66 I V .OsH .osH .maoo ..maoo .omH msoapmammo megamem measpuam msafim coaposvoam omma 0mm 0mm I a _ I .maoo I I mnammmamm I .maoo .9900 I maonmmasom .maoo moaspoam measpofim .maoo camper; wnausnaapmam Ovamae>am mpaonaq massaoo cans< eased _ . I .I. H a fiscaasnaapmam e composeoam safimv deom ma sense aesoanssasseeo 67 .onH .nhoo .nhoo .9900 mmhpmonB mow>nmm monpwmna maydmna umpwu moonam pfiogpon mopapm uHHomcoo mnafia vmpdna lane waxwa fl 1 H _ _ .onH .onH .onH x90» «Hanan .ocH .onH mmnudmna .onH 302 no Iflamo mo anNwH¢ no qufluaom npsom magnum mmnpwmsa mmnumona monadona whammne 16H: pwmnd omd omd om< om< um¢ omd ~I _ _ _ H\ r, .onH .ocH wnwnmm mmaahmm um>aam anomalflxmms .oaH .oaH .ou 9:05 I, .osH .onH mwupwmne magpMose Immsa< mmkpmmne pfizonfio mmnawose .onH wnHHoan camamam «pom madam madam campuses mmnpwmna appoz amz nosed: moaneam Inoch InoucH “Haw nmdom AmmeanEv ma guano HagoapmNfinwmgo 68 pmaadnapasofigw< “maham camcoomda m.mowHHds ‘ H, u — .mnoo mpamwm . I upsuaom _.oo madnmwansm 11 I noanmm manfiwum _ ’ mmdom :H #9630 Hm20Hpmuficmmno 69 RCA's revenues decreased. The overall increase for RCA was 193 per cent. In 1957, ABC's gross revenues were $21k,h69,486; by 1971 they had increased to 3756,#95,000. ABC is the smallest of the three corporations studied, yet it had the largest percentage growth in gross revenues (see Table 3). The column that has grown the slowest is ABC's cost and expense column. The growth has been 202 per cent in the study period. Not once in that time did the amount expended in costs and expenses decrease. The second slowest growing item for ABC was ABC's net income. The increase was 204 per cent over the fifteen year study. The fastest growing item in the survey was ABC's operating profit. The profit increased 283 per cent which is the largest gain of the three corporations. RCA's profit increase was 201 per cent while CBS's was 137 per cent. Any hypothesis that may be suggested concerning the fact that the smallest corporation had the largest percentage increase in profit will not be covered. As was the case with CBS and RCA, ABC had six years in which the operating profit of the corporation declined. However, only two years, 1961 and 1970, saw depressions in the profits of all three corporations. ABC and RCA shared diminishing profits in 1957. CBS and ABC had a decline in their profits in 1967 and 1971. ABC had a dramatic increase in operating profit in 1959, a 59 per cent increase. 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Hm .. .. 82 u. 2. e e N N 82 s H: H H II II mmmH m m 3 NM m w: mmmH N N N N uu uu :mmH mN HsH N HH uu uu :mmH uu uu uu uu uu uu mmmH NH Hm : m : HN mmmH H H uu uu uu uu NmmH : m m m m : NmmH : m m w H H meH uu uu H H m N HmmH H H H H m m ommH N HH N N uu uu ommH H H H H uu uu mmmH H H uu uu uu uu mmmH uu uu H H uu uu wmmH uu uu uu uu uu uu wmmH uu uu uu uu uu uu mmmH H H H H uu uu mmmH msms mssom msmsm mssom msmmw masom Hmmw mammww mHsom madam mHsom msmsw mssom HmmML scam uohm uonm uohm uogm uonm omz mmo use omz mmo oNH In mNHNNNH QNHmnom .m.: NH mpommpwo m meNe usmssHmpsoHGM\mHsmHmH\mmHH HH msommpmo >.A..A......\.. ..nt- - :Zrdi ~ -\-v . vu~n~0|.~ 96 mwm mm HdBOB NH H 00 U\ N\NU\N\\O.¢ MHM-J'N d" HumH ommH mmmH wmmH ummH mme mmaH $3 mmmH NmmH HmmH ommH mmmH mmmH mmmH mnaom madam wusom mawuw m Iona know mmo om< Hana onHHcsoo :MHoHom MH anomopmo OH mewa CHAPTER V COMPARISON OF CORPORATE AND DOCUMENTARY DATA The network corporations have grown to become huge multi- national corporations, but have the networks allowed their documentary programming to grow at the same pace? This study does not attempt to investigate the minute details of corporations, nor does it attempt to delve into all of the networks' products. The limited area researched is documentary programming divided into their number, hours and subject areas. No attempt is made to ascertain if one documentary is produced better than another, or if one documentary takes a positive stance instead of a negative stance in the subject area. Only those items that pertain to the corporate growth's relationship to documentaries produced by the networks are examined here. Some questions need to be asked about the networks and their documentary program performance. Hopefully, these questions will be answered in this chapter. Has the growth of the network corporations coincided with the growth of the network documentaries? Have the corporations' growth and vested interests affected the specialization trend in the networks? Can correlations be drawn between the corporations' interests and the networks emergence on areas such as the Vietnam war or pollution? Is there a peak period of documentary performance? If so, what is its relationship to the size of the corporation? Cause-effect relationships probably cannot be drawn between the corporations studied and their documentaries, but some tendencies may be noted. 97 {3' J (.3' '—-l £1 '11 n) 98 Corporate Growth and Documentary Growth. No statistics have been compiled on the number of documentary programs in 1956. Thus, the percentage increase or decrease in programs between 1956 and 1957 is impossible to determine. A detailed listing of all documentary programs by year, is in Appendix B. Only those years that had an unusual increase or decrease are mentioned in Table 11. The early years of the study period showed a phenomenal percentage increase in documentary programs. In 1958, CBS had an increase of 100 percent. The network did this by adding one program. In the same year, ABC fell 78 per cent, from 9 programs to 2. In 1959, CBS had another large percentage increase. By adding 3 programs, CBS increased 150 per cent in documentary programming. In 1960, each network increased the documentary programming. ABC had a 500 per cent increase with the addition of 10 programs. CBS added 12 programs for a 240 per cent increase. By adding 21 programs--including 3 repeats-~NBC had a 525 per cent increase in documentary broadcasts. In 1961 there was another dramatic increase in documentaries. ABC grew by 13 programs and 108 per cent. CBS had 9 new programs for a rise of 74 per cent even though 2 programs were repeated from previous years. NBC added 18 programs and had an increase of 90 per cent; however, 8 of the programs were repeats. 99 r. 53 m mamm *cKMJ * *RJ .9 + ##ROmN... £05 wc&mm **&m *twmmm .8. *&m **&0m + + + + *t&MNM+ RAM I *0: I *.<.z apnoea humanoasoon 40m amH + Room I RH I Rm + §mn + awn + RHN + am + &:m + abs + xH I Rmm I xmm + “RN I a: I sarong cumnonnoo msmhmonm humuccazoou copmonou no: page mnmowtw oHanHm>m poo mNA:MHmI **&:H + Rm I Rom I *3 I *tRHN + *NN + *wm I &mm + wan + «gm I *tmmm I RNN + HEN + amo.o . &m + &mH + amH + $3 + wtmeH + me + #*&35 + Ra I ROJN+ &CH I xomH+ Rm + *8? &m + *.<.z_ &:m + serene museum humanoasooa opmnomnoo mmo Antone ouoponnoo un< Rom I &m I fiwm + ROH I wwfimdn I Ran + *wfim I wamm + *wfimm + mamm I mama I m$H + *tROOlT *wm + fiam I &6N + .Rdm + &u I me + &m + §®OH+ RHH I $00? $0 + *0 $mm + mums I A“$4“ + m.<.z &mm I apnoea aprons anopnoasooa ouunomaoo om< humanoasoon «o nomHAwnsoo HH oHnt HumH om¢H mmmH wme mmmH mmaH mmmH :mmH nomH Nme meH ome ommH wmmH mmmH use» kAl (1“ 100 ABC had a large increase in 1965, an increase of 400 per cent. ABC added 52 programs that year. The year before ABC had a 79 per cent drop. The network fell from 59 documentaries to 8. Also in 1965, NBC fell by 55 per cent in documentary programming. NBC dropped 54 programs in 1965, yet the network still repeated 1 program. In 1966, NBC dropped 70 per cent in documentary programs. NBC had 19 fewer broadcasts than it had in 1965. ABC also fell in 1966. By deleting 2h programs, ABC lost 56 per cent of its documentary broadcasts. The next year to have a large change was 1967, RCA increased documentary programs by 250 per cent that year. ABC had an increase of 63 per cent while CBS remained about the same. In 1969, NBC dropped 13 programs and lost #5 per cent of its documentary programming--and still had a repeated program. CBS had a 21 per cent increase while ABC had a 13 per cent loss in documentary programming. In 1970, NBC increased 56 per cent in documentary production. ABC rose 36 per cent. CBS, however, lost 20 per cent of its documentaries. The final year of the study, 1971, was unusual. ABC realized a 50 per cent loss in documentaries. RCA had a 56 per cent loss, while CBS rose 14 per cent in documentary broadcasts. General Tendencies. In a number of the years immediately following a corporate loss, the networks many times cut back on documentary production. In 1957, ABC and NBC both suffered losses in corporate profit. In 1958, the two networks lowered their documentary production, ABC fell 78 per cent, NBC fell f). 101 40 per cent. The lowering in documentaries' growth was much more extreme than the corporate loss. However, this did not apply to all documentary programs or years. In 1961, ABC suffered a loss in corporate profits, but in 1962 the network did not react or compensate by cutting documentary production. In both 1960 and 1961, CBS fell a total of 19 per cent but in the years immediately following CBS documentary broadcasts did not decline. The decrease in documentary programming seemed to be very arbitrary on the part of the network. ABC had 6 years of economic loss; 1957, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1970 and 1971. ABC also had declines in documentary program- ming in 6 years; 1958, 196A, 1966, 1968, 1969 and 1971. Some years of documentary broadcast decrease are immediately following years of economic decline but not all years are like that. CBS, like ABC, had six years of economic decline; 1960, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1970 and 1971. Only three receding years of documentaries were experienced by CBS; 1966, 1968 and 1970. NBC had six years of sinking profits; 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1969 and 1970. However, NBC had only five years of receeding documentaries; 1958, 1965, 1966, 1969 and 1971. There were no obvious purposes in the cutbacks the networks had instituted. The cuts cannot all be explained by any data here, so it must be assumed that they were not all due to declining profits. Between January 1, 1957 and December 31, 1971 ABC had an increase of 89 per cent in its documentary programming. 102 However, in the same period, the corporate profits for the corporation increased 283 per cent. CBS had a very dramatic rise in documentary broadcasts, a 3500 per cent rise. In that time period, CBS's documentaries expanded from 1 to 32 programs. CBS's corporate operating profit rose by 137 per cent in the study period. NBC enlarged its documentary programmingby 220 per cent in the 15 year period. RCA, NBC's parent corporation expanded its corporate profit by 201 per cent. Although the CBS conglomerate had a gigantic growth rate, it must be noted that CBS had an extremely poor performance in 195?. With only one documentary broadcast for the entire year any increase would be at least a 100 per cent increase. RCA maintained an equitable growth record between the conglomerate's corporate operating profits and the number of documentary growth rate as impressive as its corporate growth in operating profit. If the study period is divided into two equal parts, more insight is gained as to the performance of the television networks. RCA had a growth in its operating profit of 84 per cent between 1957 and 1963 while eXpanding its documentary programming by 1120 per cent. In the last half of the study period, 196A to 1971, RCA realized a gain of 77 per cent in its operating profit, however, in that same period, NBC lost 7h per cent of its documentaries. CBS had a tremendous increase in documentary production in the first half of the study period. CBS's 3200 per cent growth in documentary broadcasts dwarfted CBS's Operating profit increase of 65 per cent. In the second half of the 103 study period, CBS increased its operating profit by 94 per cent. In the same period, CBS cut back on documentary program production by 3 per cent. In the first seven years of the study period (1957-1963), ABC dropped 11 per cent in documentary program production while ABC's corporate operating profit grew by 97 per cent. In the second half of the study period, ABC's profits grew by a smaller per cent,79. However, the network enlarged its documentary program broadcasts by 112 per cent. Specialization. There is no way that the material gathered in this study can prove any definite relationship between the network corporations and their documentary program performance. However, the figures do point to certain tendencies on the part of the networks to specialize in certain areas. The reasons for this specialization will not be speculated, only the networks can say why they tended to produce more programs in one category than another. The statistics do raise some questions that should be answered. Whether a network specialized in a certain area in order to protect its vested interests or to keep them secret is not known. Instead of protecting or main- taining the secrecy of vested interests, there is the possibility that the networks did not pregram in a certain category because of journalistic ethics, which would not approve of a network news organization "selling" the corporate position. Because of the vast size of the network corporations, which has already been established, no definite relationship 10h on documentary performance can be drawn. However, questions are raised that the figures and statistics cannot answer. The research many times points to the fact that if a subject is popular with the public and the networks have interests in it, the network corporations capitalize on it by programming heavily in that area. The research also notes that if an area has negative public opinion and the network has interests in it, then the network down plays its role. Has the tendency on the part of CBS and NBC to specialize been affected by their corporate holdings? No definite answers have arisen from this research but a pattern has formed. While NBC dominated the History, Religion/Medicine/Education, Sports, Biography, Life/Leisure/Entertainment and Foreign Countries categories, CBS emphasized U. S. Government/Politics, Civil Rights, Crime/Police/Justice and U. S. Foreign Affairs. ABC was very careful not to emphasize any one category too much, even though the network did program more in Science/Space/ Nature than the other networks. No economic ties can be found between RCA and industries or people involved in History, Religion, Medicine, Sports or Biography. RCA does, however, own a number of educational institutions, it has business operations in numerous foreign countries, and many of RCA's other ownings could fit into the category of Life/Leisure/Entertainment. The questions must be asked, why did NBC specialize in those categories previously mentioned and why did NBC not specialize in U. S. Government/ Politics, Civil Rights, Crime/Police/Justice, U. S. Foreign 105 Affairs or Science/Space/Nature? Many answers could be given but some would be based on pure speculation not concrete facts. Only those that have a basis in fact are covered here. One of the main areas of concern in the U. S. Government/ Politics classification was the Vietnam war. RCA had numerous defense contracts with the United States government. RCA manufactured: tactical communications equipment, radar systems, command and control systems, navigational aids, laser systems, low-light level television systems, military instrumentation and specialized computers many used in Vietnam}+0 NBC, RCA's television network, did only 7 programs dealing with the Vietnam conflict. This averages to 1 out of every 55 television documentaries aired on NBC. CBS, which has only a few military contracts, produced 20 documentaries on the Vietnam war. This averages out to 1 out of every 18 programs broadcast by CBS. ABC had no military contracts and had an average of 1 program out of every 62 that dealt with Vietnam. Why did the networks program Vietnam the way they did? CBS had the most programming and only a few minor military contracts. Why did it concentrate on Vietnam? Could it have been because it wanted to shape the public's opinion, or to serve the public by exposing facts or to maximize its military holdings by expounding a positive public stance? RCA, on the other hand, had numerous military ties, yet it had a low average b'OMoody's Industrial Manual, p. 3140. 0-“ l1 Iri \M (‘1‘ 1"! f" 106 number of programs on Vietnam. Was NBC attempting to maintain journalistic ethics by avoiding the vested interests of RCA, or was NBC afraid of conflict of interest charges, or was NBC attempting to downgrade RCA's role in a very unpopular war, thus maintaining a positive corporate image? ABC probably had the easiest role to follow. ABC may have merely continued its practice of equal distribution of programs in all categories. ABC could also have been afraid to approach such a volitile subject, or the network may have felt it would serve the public best by avoiding the subject. The answers are not known. The figures presented here point to certain tendencies, but do not prove anything. In the study period, both CBS and NBC produced 11 docu- mentaries concerned with space eXploration and development in the category of Science/Space/Nature. This works out to 1 program out of every 32 for CBS and 1 documentary in every 35 shown on NBC. Both of these figures are high when compared to ABC. ABC, which had no contracts concerning space explora- tion or space development, had an average of 1 program dealing with space in every 52 documentaries broadcast. Both RCA and CBS had government contracts with the space program. RCA has manufactured the ITOS environmental satellites, computer systems for ERTS satellites, communications systems for the Apollo astronauts, electronic systems for Viking satellites and has helped develop the Navy's new Aegis surface missle system.41 CBS has had, through CBS Laboratories, government 41i£1a., p. 3140. 107 contracts concerning research and development of space technology especially in the communications and electronic fields. Why did CBS and NBC do so many documentaries on space? It could be that they thought it was an area that deserved attention. They could both have been making a conscious effort to educate the public concerning the government's plans for space. Another possible answer is that both networks were attempting to sell the space program to the public, thus possibly increasing their contracts and revenues. ABC most probably was maintaining its consistant profile. However, it could also have been de-emphasizing the space program because the network thought it was a waste of money, or because the network did not have the manpower to cover it correctly. In the area of pollution, there has been a great deal of public concern. All three networks have produced documentaries on the subject, but ABC has produced more than the other networks. In this category of Science/Space/Nature, ABC has predominated largely due to the 11 documentaries concerned with pollution. CBS and NBC produced only 6 programs on pollution. Yet, both CBS and NBC produced many more documentaries over the study period than did ABC. ABC had an average of 1 documentary dealing with pollution for every 28 programs broadcast. CBS had 1 pollution documentary in every 59 documentaries. NBC produced 1 program dealing with pollution out of every 65 documentary programs. 108 RCA has 18 major manufacturing facilities throughout the United States. Factories dealing with electronic equipment, food processing, furniture manufacturing, and produce a great deal of waste. CBS has 9 major manufacturing plants. Manu- facturing toys, printing books, pressing records and making musical instruments can pollute. ABC has only 2 operations that could pollute. It is not known whether or not any of the corporations do pollute the water or air but they may. Since RCA has the most manufacturing facilities and the least pro- portionate number of documentaries, the argument is strengthened. CBS has the second largest number of factories and the second fewest documentaries (proportionately) that deal with pollution. ABC has few manufacturing factories and a great many documen- taries on pollution; thus the possibility is distinct. Why did ABC do so many documentaries on pollution while NBC and CBS did only a few? Could it be that ABC had nothing to hide, therefore, they concentrated on pollution documentaries? Maybe ABC saw the public's concern sooner. It also might have been that ABC was trying to convince the public that pollution control is necessary. But why did CBS and NBC do proportionately so few documentaries? It could have been that both network corporations wished to avoid an unpopular subject in which they were partially at fault. They also could have thought pollution was not as important as other issues. However, the networks may not have seen the popularity of the subject as ABC had. The reasons are unknown to the public, only the networks themselves can answer the questions. 109 RCA has a huge number of foreign subsidiaries in numerous countries that deal in everything from the manufacturing of electronic equipment to the distribution of television programs. CBS has 89 foreign subsidiaries in many countries. ABC has only a few foreign subsidiaries and these deal mainly in record and film distribution and television production. ABC produced 34 documentaries on U. S. Foreign Affairs and Foreign Countries for an average of 1 out of every 9 programs. CBS broadcast a total of 61 programs, averaging 1 out of every 6 documentaries. NBC had the greatest number of programs on U. S. Foreign Affairs and ForeignCountries, 6A, or 1 out of every 6 programs on the NBC television network. RCA has the largest amount of foreign holdings and the most documentaries. CBS has the second highest number of foreign subsidiaries and the second largest number of documentaries. ABC brings up the last place with the smallest total in Foreign Countries and U. S. Foreign Affairs programs and foreign companies. Why did NBC and CBS produce so many documentaries on Foreign Countries and U. 8. Foreign Affairs? Could it have been that the networks thought the public should know the facts? Possibly the networks thought those areas to be of special importance. But could it have been that both NBC and CBS were attempting to persuade the American public to take a certain position on foreign countries in which the networks had vested interests? ABC may have produced the 110 fewest overseas intersts. It could also have been because ABC did not deem it as important a concern, or because ABC had no position to "sell" the American people. The exact reason is not known, but the data indicates a certain tendency. The remaining categories are not going to be pursued here because adequate information is not available. Specula- tion as to why CBS dominated Civil Rights and Business/Economics/ Labor or why it did not specialize in Biography, Crime/Police/ Justice, Fine Arts/Media, Religion/Medicine/Education, or Life/ Leisure/Entertainment is useless. The same holds true for the other networks and their programming. Since Life/Leisure/ Entertainment is such an all encompassing area, it would be impossible to attempt to establish an economic link between that category and any network. Business/Economics/Labor would embody the same problems. No economic ties can be drawn from information in this study between the networks and civil rights organizations. Since the employment records of the corporations are not readily available, network performance cannot be judged. The category, Crime/Police/Justice, had no visible ties to the networks' documentaries nor did the documentaries in that category have economic ties to the networks themselves. No economic links could be found between the three corporations and persons studied in the Biography category. In two remaining areas, however, there are questions. ABC, which is heavily involved in record production and distribution produced six documentaries dealing with singers, pop music and 111 song writers. CBS and NBC both are involved in recordings of this nature, yet they produced only one documentary apiece. With the higher study totals of CBS and NBC, ABC has a much higher average per program. The question arises, is ABC attempting to promote record sales for subsidiary companies by broadcasting documentaries investigating this part of the entertainment industry? No answer can be given because the available information is incomplete. For instance, are the singers or song writers who took part in the ABC broadcasts contracted to ABC for their singing or songs? The information to answer the question is not available; however, the question remains. The second area that is in question involves CBS,its subsidiary the New York Yankees and the category of Sports. CBS produced no documentaries on the New York Yankees or even on the subject of baseball. NBC produced 2 programs on baseball and ABC produced one. Yet, neither of these networks have economic ties with the baseball teams or players they investigated. Did CBS purposely neglect baseball because of its direct economic ties? Possibly CBS felt the pressure of journalistic ethics. Whether professional ethics prevented CBS from pursuing the subject or not is not known. Subhypothesis. Another fact to be noted is that there has been no common "peak period" of program production among the network corporations. In 1963, NBC maximized its docu- mentary programming with 66 broadcasts. At that time, RCA had gross revenues of $1,779,064,000. CBS, however, reached a 112 peak number of programs in 1965, the same year ABC did. CBS had AZ programs that year while ABC had 43 broadcasts. CBS had gross revenues of $699,737,488 in 1965. ABC had revenues of 3A76,A65,000. When the corporate income is compared in comparable periods, the possibility of a common peak period is proved non-existant in the study period. When CBS's peak in documentary programs is compared, economically, to the same point on ABC's corporate income, the result is discouraging. In 1969, ABC had gross revenues of $720,924,000. That is the ABC year-end total closest to CBS's peak year. However, in 1969, ABC had only 25 programs, down from its highest point of 42 broadcasts. Conversely, when the ABC peak documentary period's gross revenues are compared to a comparable CBS revenue year, the results disprove the subhypothesis. ABC produced A2 programs in 1965 and earned $476,465,000 in gross revenues. CBS, in 1961, made 3h73,843,835 in gross revenues, however, CBS produced only 25 programs. RCA's record of 66 documentaries and $1,779,06A,OOO cannot be compared to either CBS or ABC because neither network has reached that point in gross revenues or programs. The last year studied for CBS can be compared to a similar economic year for RCA. In 1971, CBS had $1,247,969,000 in gross receipts and 32 documentaries. RCA had gross revenues closest to that figure in 1959, but NBC had only 3 documentary broadcasts. 113 Overview. While no definite relationship can be established in this research between network documentary performance and network corporate growth, some interesting tendencies have been noted. First, nothing could be established in the study, as to why some years had a decline in the number of programs broadcast by the networks. [$11 periods of growth or decline in documentary programming seemed to have no relationship to the operating profit of that year or the previous yeari7 Second, regarding the volume of documentary programming, the networks performed in the same order as they did economically. However, the proportions were not the same, the documentary programs were much closer in number. The hours broadcast kept the order the same, until they were adjusted for repeated programs, then the order changed with CBS leading and ABC at the end. Three, the CBS and NBC networks tended to specialize, but ABC seemed to be broader in its documentary coverage. Four, the networks had economic ties in some of the fields they investigated. Statistics point to the possibility of a conflict-of-interests on the part of all three networks, but especially NBC. BI BLI OGRAPH Y BIBLIOGRAPHY "The Amzrican Media Baronies and Atlas." The Atlantic, July, 19 9. Anderson, James A. "The Alliance of Broadcast Stations and Newspapers: The Problem of Information Control." The Journal of Broadcasting, Winter, 1971-72. Andrews, Kenneth R. "Product Diversification and the Public Interest." The Harvard Business Review, July, 1951. Attorney General's National Committee to Study Anti-Trust Laws. "Workable Competition." Mono 01 and Competition. Edited by Alex Hunter. Baltimore: ge nguin Books, 1969. Barmash, Isadore. Welcome to Our Conglomerate-~You' re Fired. New York: Delcore Press, Inc., 1971. Bluem, William A. Documentary in American Television. New York: Hastings House, 1969. Cherington, Paul W.; Hirsch, Leon V.; and Brandwein, Robert. Editors. Television Station Ownership. New York: Hastings House, 1971. Edwards, Corwin D. "Conglomerate Business as a Source of Power." Bi ness as a Source of Power. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University—Press, 1955. Friendly, Fred W. Due to Circumstances Beyond Our Control.... New York: Random Hsuse, l9 7. Green, Mark J.; Moore, Beverly C.; and Wasserstein, Bruce. The Closed Enterprise System. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1972. Greenberg, Edward, and Barnett, Harold J. "TV Program Diversity-- New Evidence and Old Theories." The American Economic Review, May, 1961. Goldin, Hyman H. "The Television Overlords." The Atlantic, July, 1969. Hyland, Robert F., and Drew Leon J. "CBS, The Company You Keep." St. Louis, 1968. (Mimeographed. ) Johnson, Nicholas. How to Talk Back to Your Television Set. Boston: Little, Brown_ and Co., 1975. Mintz, Morton, and Cohen, Jerry S. America, Inc. New York: Dial Press, 1971. 114 115 McGowan, John J. "Competition, Regulation and Performance in Television Broadcasting." The Radio Spectrum: ‘I£§_U§g and Regulation. Reprinted from Washin ton Universit Law Quarterly, Vol. 1967, No. A and o . 9 , No. l. Park, Rolla. Potential Impact of Cable Growth on Television Broadcasting. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand-Corp., 1970. Parsons, George H., ed. Moodyjs Industrial Manual. New York: Moody's Investors Service, 1972. RCA Board of Directors. RCA Annual Report, 1971. New York: RCA Corporation, 1971. Special Senate Committee on the Mass Media. Mass Media. Proceeding of the Special Senate Committee on the Mass Media, Document No. 32, 1970. Singer, Eugene M. Antitrust Economics: Selected Legal Cases and Economic Models. Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey: PFEntice-Hall, Inc., 196 . Standard Corporation Descriptions. New York: Standard and ’PBorTS Corporation, 1969. Steiner, Peter J. "Program Patterns and Preferences and the Workability of Competition in Radio Broadcasting." Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1952. "Travels in Medialand." The Atlantic Monthly, July, 1969. APPENDICES APPENDI X A APPENDIX A Sample Letter 1 The following letter was sent to ABC, CBS, RCA and the National Securities Commission. Gentlemen: Presently I am attempting to finish my Master's thesis at Michigan State University. To facilitate this goal, it is necessary for me to obtain certain information concerning three corporations. The information needed is a complete list of subsidiaries of the RCA Corporation, the Columbia Broadcasting System, Incorporated and the American Broadcasting Companies, Incor- porated. I am attempting to ascertain a schedule of their growth from January 1, 1957 to December 31, 1971. To do this I need a list of their subsidiaries and the dates these companies were acquired by the corporations. This data is urgently needed because of the approaching deadline of my thesis. I hope that you will be able to respond favorably and quickly. Thank you for your assistance in this matter. Sincerely, Philip R. Bandy IReplies were received from RCA and the National Securities C ommission . 116 APPENDIX A Sample Letter 2 The following letter was sent to the presidents of ABC, CBS and NBC news Operations. As a graduate student studying television, I have decided to do a survey of television documentaries televised by the networks. The survey period runs from January 1, 1957 to December 31, 1971. I am limiting the survey to prime time documentaries and excluding all documentaries repeated within a year's time. The statistics gathered to date show a definite increase in the number of documentaries over the survey period. In 1957, there were only five documentaries for all three networks. This can't be right! Since I am getting my material from TV Guide I am not sure whether or not these statistics are completely accurate. To assure the validity of any judgment made in my study, I am writing all three networks hoping that they will help me in my research. Since I will be comparing the amount of time and the number of documentaries over a calendar year, I feel that this is the only fair method. I would like to ask you to reinforce the figures obtained from TV Guide. 1. WOuld you send me a complete list of all prime time documentaries between 1957 and 1971. This could include: a) The title of the series and program. b) The length of the program. c) A brief synopsis of the documentary itself. 2. If you cannot send a complete list, I hope that you will send a list of those documentaries for the first few years of the study (1957 to 1959). Since a copy of this thesis will be sent to the FCC I feel obligated to be as accurate as possible. I hope that this study will increase the knowledge of the networks and their documentaries. 117 APPENDIX A Sample Letter 2--Continued I appreciate all the help that you can lend and hope that someday I amy be able to reciprocate. Thank you for your assistance. Sincerely, Philip R. Bandy Replies were received from ABC and NBC. 118 APPENDIX B DOCUMENTARIES 1957 Category Title Length Network History Project 20 "Call to Freedom" 90 NBC Project 20 "The Innocent Years" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 2% Hours Category Total 2% Hours Science/ Focus "Hail the Hearty" 30 ABC Space/ Nature Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total % Heur U. S. NO PROGRAMS -- _-- Govern- ment/ Politics Business/ ABC Presents "Credit, Man's 30 ABC Labor/ Confidence in Man" Economics - Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total cu?— Fine Open Hearing "What's with the Arts/ Movies" 30 ABC Media Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total E Hour DOCUMENTARIES l957--Continued Category Title Length Network Civil N0 PROGRAMS .. --- Rights Crime/ NO PROGRAMS _- -_- Police/ Justice Religion/ March of Medicine "Monganga" 60 NBC Medicine/ ABC Presents "To Young to Burn" 30 ABC Education Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1? Hours Sports NO PROGRAMS -- --- Biography NO PROGRAMS -- --- Life/ "Eleven Against the Ice" 60 NBC Leisure/ See It Now "The Lady from Enter- Philadelphia" 60 CBS tainment Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total ‘2' Hours U. S. NO PROGRAMS -- --- Foreign Affairs DOCUMENTARIES l957--Continu0d Category Title Length Network Foreign "Maurice Chevalier's Paris" 60 NBC Countries Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1 Hour 121 DOCUMENTARIES 1958 Category Title Length Network History NO PROGRAMS -- --- Science/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Space/ Nature U . S. "DEW Line " 30 ABC Govern- ment/ Network Totals Politics ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total E Hour Business/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Economics/ Labor Fine NO PROGRAMS -- --- Arts/ Media Civil NO PROGRAMS -- --- Rights Crime/ "Paper Saints" 30 NBC Police/ Justice Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC % Hour Category Total E Hour Religion/ March of Medicine "M.D. Inter- Medicine/ national" 60 NBC Education Report Card 1958 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 2 Hours DOCUMENTARIES l958--Continued Category Title Length Network Sports NO PROGRAMS -- --- Biography NO PROGRAMS -- --- Life/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Leisure/ Enter- tainment U. S. "Where We Stand" 60 CBS Foreign Affairs Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour Foreign See it Now "Watch on the Ruhr" 60 CBS Countries "Fifth French Republic" 30 NBC Network Total ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC % Hour Category Total 1% Hours 123 Category History DOCUMENTARIES 1959 Title Project 20 "Meet Mr. Lincoln" Project 20 "Life in the Thir- ties" "Mussolini" Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 1% Hours Category Total 2% Hours Length 30 6O 60 Network NBC NBC CBS Science/ Space/ Nature CBS Reports "Biography of a Missle" CBS Reports "The Population Explosion" Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 5 Hours 60 60 CBS CBS U. So Govern- ment/ Politics "Investigations and the Law" Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour ABC Business/ NO PROGRAMS Economics/ Labor DOCUMENTARIES l959-—Continued Category Title Length Network Civil "The Lost Class of '59" 60 CBS Rights Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour Crime/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Police/ Justice Religion/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Medicine/ Education Sports NO PROGRAMS -_ --- Biography "The Splendid American" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total I HOE?— Life/ "I Take Thee" 60 NBC Leisure/ Enter- Network Totals tainment ABC 0 Hours CBS O Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total l Hour DOCUMENTARIES l959--Continued Category Title Length Network U.S. ”Why Berlin?" 60 NBC Foreign CBS Reports "Iran: Brittle Ally" 60 C‘S Affairs Network Totals A3 O Hours BS 1 Hour :1? BC 1 Hour Category Total 2 Hours Foreign NO PROGRAMS -- --- Countries 126 DOCUMENTARIES 1960 Category Title Length Network History Project 20 "The Twisted Cross" 60 NBC *Project 20 "Meet Mr. Lincoln" 30 NBC Project 20 "Not So Long Ago" 60 NBC *Project 20 "Life in the Thir- ties" 60 NBC Project 20 "Mark Twain's America" 60 NBC *Project 20 "The Innocent Years" 60 NBC Project 20 "The Jazz Age" 60 NBC Project 20 "The Great War" 60 NBC Project 20 "Those Ragtime Years" 60 NBC Project 20 "Victory at Sea" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 9% Hours Category Total 9} Hours Science/ CBS Reports "The Space Lag: Space/ Can Democracy Compete?" 60 CBS Nature World Wide '60 "Assault on Antartica" 30 NBC World Wide '60 "The Immense Design" 50 NBC "Race for Space" 60 CBS "Inside Argonne" 30 ABC EXpedition! "The Frozen Continent" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1% Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4% Hours 127 DOCUMENTARIES l960--Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. CBS Reports "Lippmann on Govern- Leadership" 60 CBS ment/ CBS Reports "The Year of Politics the Polaris" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Money and the Next President" 60 CBS Closeup! "What's the Pro- position?" 30 ABC NBC White Paper "The U-Z Affair" 60 ‘NBC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 3 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total hi Hours Business/ Providers "The Big Squeeze" 60 ABC Economics/ Closeup! "The Money Raisers" 30 ABC Labor CBS Reports "Harvest of Shame" 60 CBS Closeup! "Featherbedding" 30 ABC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC % Hour Category Total 4% Hours JFine NO PROGRAMS -- --- .Arts/ lfiedia 128 DOCUMENTARIES 1960--Continued Category Title Length Network Civil "Not by Bread Alone" 60 ABC Rights CBS Reports "Who Speaks for the South?" 60 CBS Closeup! "Cast the First Stone" 60 ABC NBC White Paper "Sit-In" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total E Hours Crime/ NO PROGRAMS -- _-- Police/ Justice Religion/ World Wide '60 "Requim for Mary Medicine/ Jo" 30 NBC Education CBS Reports "Biography of Cancer" 60 CBS March of Medicine "M.D. U.S.A." 60 NBC Project 20 "The Coming of Christ" 60 NBC "Influential Americans" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 2% Hours Category Total Ch} Hours Sports "How Tall is a Giant" 30 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC % Hour Category Total % Hour ‘0 ‘J-u. DOCUMENTARIES 1960--Continued Category Title Length Network Biography NO PROGRAMS -- --- Life/ World Wide '60 "The Shape of Leisure/ Things" 30 NBC Enter- "Story of a Family" 60 NBC tainment Tomorrow "Big City--l980" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Great Holiday Massacre" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 1% Hours Category Total 3% Hours U.S. World Wide '60 "The Missle Race" 30 NBC Foreign "Korea: No Parellel" 60 ABC Affairs "Listening Post East" 60 ABC "What Can We Do About Cuba?" 60 CBS Closeup! "Yangui, No!" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC % Hour Category Total CE% Hours Foreign CBS Reports "Population" 60 CBS Coun- World Wide '60 "Freedom is Sweet tries and Bitter" 30 NBC CBS Reports "The Freedom Explosion" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Trujillo: Portrait of a Dictator" 60 CBS World Wide '60 "Where is Abel, Your Brother" 30 NBC 130 DOCUMENTARIES 1960--Continued Category Title Length Network Foreign CBS Reports "Berlin: End of Coun- the Line" 60 CBS tries "Japan-~Anchor in the East" 30 ABC (Cont.) Project 20 "Nightmare in Red" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Rescue--with Yul Brenner" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 5 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total ‘7% Hours 131 DOCUMENTARIES 1961 Category Title History "Will to Victory" *Project 20 "The Twisted Cross" *Project 20 "Life in the Thir- ties" Project 20 "The Real West" *Project 20 "The Innocent Years" "Trial of Adolf Eichmann" Closeup! "I Remember" NBC White Paper "Railroads--End of the Line?" *Project 20 "Not So Long Ago" *Project 20 "The Great War" "Return of General MacArthur" CBS Reports "The Trials of Charles DeGaulle" CBS Reports "Britain: Blood, Sweat & Tears Plus 20 Years Focus on America "Clipper Ships & Paddle Wheels" CBS Reports "Carl Sandburg at Get- tysburg" *Project 20 "Those Ragtime Years" Network Totals ABC % Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 9% Hours Category Total 14 Hours Length 30 60 6O 6O 6O 50 50 6O 6O 6O 60 6O 6O 50 60 60 Network ABC NBC N BC N BC NBC NBC ABC NBC NBC NBC N BC CBS CBS ABC CBS NBC Science/ Closeup! "X Pilot" Space/ CBS Reports "Why Man in Space?" Nature "Astronauts" Focus on America "The Tullahoma Story" CBS Reports "The Water Famine" "Crossing the Threshold" Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 52 Hours ABC CBS NBC ABC CBS NBC ’3 ...k i 1" A ll..- it DOCUMENTARIES 196l--Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. CBS Reports "Our Election Day Govern- Illusions: The Beat Majority" 60 CBS ment/ CBS Reports "The Keeper of the Politics Rules: Congressman Smith & the New Frontier" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Business of Health, Medicine, Money & Politics" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Case of the Boston Electra" 60 CBS JFK Report Number One 60 NBC NBC White Paper "The Man in the Middle: The State Legislator" 60 NBC Closeup! "Adventures on the New Frontier" 60 ABC Closeup! "Kennedy's New Frontier" 60 ABC JFK Report Number Two 60 NBC CBS Reports "Walter Lippmann, 1961" 60 CBS JFK.Report Number Nine 60 NBC *CBS Reports "The Year of the Polaris" 60 CBS JFK Report 30 NBC CBS Reports "Eisenhower on the Presidency" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Walter Lippmann, Year End" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 8 Hours NBC hi Hours Category Total lui Hours Business/ At the Source "Interview with Economics/ Walter Reuther" 60 CBS Labor Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour Category Title Length Network Fine CBS Reports "Censorship & the Arts/ Movies" 60 CBS Media Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 11 Heur Civil Closeup! "The Children Were Rights Watching" 30 ABC Closeup! "Walk in My Shoes" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1% Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1} Hours Crime/ CBS Reports "A Real Case of Police/ Murder" 60 CBS Justice Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Heur Religion/ Circle Theatre "Minerva's Medicine/ Children" 60 CBS Education "Way of the Cross" 60 NBC NBC White Paper "Anatomy of a Hospital" 60 NBC Closeup! "The Flabby American" 60 ABC "Doctor B" 60 NBC Fbcus on America "Education Tailor- Made" 60 ABC Now...In Our Time "The Good Ship Hope" 30 NBC DOCUMENTARIES l961--Continued 134 ' " - 'ur‘r —.‘ *4..." ‘5' M DOCUMENTARIES 1961--Continued Category Title Length Network Religion/ Closeup! "It's a Small World" 30 ABC Medicine/ *Project 20 "The Coming of Christ" 60 NBC Education (Cont.) Network Totals ABC 2% Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 4% Hours Category Total 8' Hours Sports *"How Tall is a Giant9" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1 ‘Hour Biography Project 20 "The Story of Will Rogers" 60 NBC Focus on America "The General Palmer Story" 30 ABC DuPont Show of the Month "Hemingway" 60 NBC "WOrld of Bob Hope" 60 NBC "Vincent Van Gogh" 60 NBC "U. S. Grant, an Improbable Hero" 60 NBC "The World of Billy Graham" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total ‘6%’Hburs Life/ Fbcus on America "Cows, Cowboys Leisure/ & Cow Country" 30 ABC Enter- Fbcus on America "Rundown on a tainment Gang Ranch Roundup" 30 ABC *CBS Reports "The Great Holiday Massacre" 60 CBS Closeup! "The Awesome Servant" 60 ABC 135 l‘ " .; 1.5.17 " ‘lu f‘ DOCUMENTARIES 196l--Continued Life/Leisure/Entertainment Category Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hour Category Total T Hours U.S. NBC White Paper "Panama--Danger Foreign Zone" 60 NBC Affairs CBS Reports "Crossroads Africa-- Pilot for the Peace Corps" 60 CBS Closeup! Our Durable Diplomats 30 ABC "Berlin--Act of War?" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Balance of Terror, Part I" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Eisenhower on Foreign Affairs" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Balance of Terror, Part II" 60 CBS Now...In Our Time "Sentry Abroad" 30 NBC CBS Reports "The Balance of Terror, Part III" 60 CBS Now...In Our Time "The Peace Corps in Tanganyika" 7 30 NBC NBC White Paper "Kruschev & Berlin" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 6 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 5% Hours Fereign Closeup! "The Red & the Black" 30 ABC Coun- "Our Man in Hong Kong" 60 NBC tries Closeup! "Ninety Miles to Com- munism" 60 ABC "May Day in Moscow" 60 NBC Closeup! "Kenya: Land of the White Ghost" 60 ABC Closeup! "The Troubled Land" 60 ABC At the Source "U.A.R. President Nasser" 60 CBS Belgrade Conference "The Uncom- mitted" 60 NBC NBC White Paper "Angola: Journey to a War" 60 NBC "The Many Faces of Spain" 60 NBC Closeup! "Behind the Wall" 30 ABC 136 Category Foreign Coun- tries (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES l961--Continued Title Length Closeup! "West of the Wall-- Behind the Wall, Part II" 30 Closeup! "Heresy in Red" . 3O Closeup! "The Remarkable Comrades" 6O 8 Network Totals ABC 6 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 5 Hours Category Total 12 *Hours 137 Network ABC ABC ABC J DOCUMENTARIES 1962 Category Title Length Network History CBS Reports "Carl Sandburg-- Lincoln's Prairie Years" 60 CBS *Project 20 "The Real West" 60 NBC "U.S. Number 1, American Profile" 60 NBC "River Nile" 60 NBC "Pearl Harbor Unforgotten" 60 CBS Focus on America "Old Hand & the Weavil" 30 ABC "Riddle of the Lusitania" 60 NBC "Hollywood: The Golden Years" 60 NBC "The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson" 30 NBC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 5% Hours Category Total *8“ Hours Science/ "Beyond the Threshold" 60 NBC Space/ "Stars-~Halfway to Space" 60 ABC Nature "American in Orbit" 30 NBC "60 Hours to the Moon" 30 ABC Closeup! "The Vanishing Oasis" 30 ABC CBS Reports "109 Days to Venus" 60 CBS "Thresholds for Tomorrow" 60 NBC Focus on America "The Vanishing Ozarks" 30 ABC Network Totals ABC 2% Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 2% Hours Category Total ‘6fi Hours U. S. "JFK Report" 30 NBC Govern- White Paper "The Battle of Newburg" 60 NBC ment/ CBS Reports "Thunder on the Right" 60 CBS Politics CBS Reports "The Phenominon of Barry Goldwater" 60 CBS White Paper "Arms and the State" 60 NBC CBS Reports "The Taxed American" 60 CBS "Fifty Faces of '62" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Seventh Crisis of Richard Nixon" 60 CBS Closeup! "The Unpaid & the Unsung" 30 ABC "Polaris Submarine" 60 NBC 138 DOCUMENTARIES l962--Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. Focus on America "Designed Govern- for Deterrence" . 30 ABC ment/ Focus on America "The Sailing Politics of the Coates" . 30 ABC (Cont.) "Sentry Abroad" 60 NBC *CBS Reports "The Year of the Polaris" 60 CBS KN Network Totals ‘ ABC 1% Hours ,' CBS 6 Hours i NBC A% Hours g Category Total 12 ‘Hours ' Business/ "The Land" 60 NBC V Economics/ White Paper "The Inferno" 60 NBC Labor Focus on America "Crop Duster" 30 ABC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 2% Hours Fine Close-up! "Gamble at the Arts/ Keyboard" 30 ABC Media Focus on America "Within my Walls" 30 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour Civil CBS Reports "The Other Face of Rights Dixie" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour DOCUMENTARIES 1962--Continued Category Title Length Network Crime/ Close-up! "The Big Revolving Police/ Door" 30 ABC Justice Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours Fri NBC 0 Hours Category Total % Hour g Religion/ CBS Reports "The Fat American" 60 CBS ; I Medicine/ Close-up! "The Great Conversation" 60 ABC 2 . Education "The Bridge" 60 ABC Q 5 Project 20 "He is Risen" 60 NBC .Hj Breakthrough! "Heart and Artery 5' Surgery" 60 NBC Your Doctor Reports "The Physician Speaks Out on the Question of Medical Carefbr the Aged" 60 NBC Breakthrough! "Suspect Cancer Virus" 30 NBC Breakthrough! "Causes & Cures of Mental Illness" 30 NBC DuPont Show "Emergency Ward" 60 NBC Focus on America "Heart Attack" 30 ABC "Good Ship Hope" 60 NBC "Birth by Appointment" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 2% Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 10 Hours Sports "Pro Football Explosion" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1*“HOur DOCUMENTARIES l962—-Continued Category Title Length Network Biography "Lee, The Virginian" 60 NBC "World of Jimmy Doolittle" 60 NBC "World of Sophia Loren" 60 NBC "Self—Portrait--Vincent Van Gogh" 60 NBC Project 20 "The Story of Will Rogers" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 5 Hours Category Total 5 Hours Life/ "Debutant '62" 30 NBC Leisure/ "Vanishing 400" 30 NBC Enter- Close-up! "Do Not Enter" 30 ABC tainment CBS Reports "Birth Control and the Law" 60 CBS Close-up! "Comedy" 60 ABC Dupont Show "Fire Rescue" 60 NBC Close-up! "The Lost Neighborhood" 30 ABC "Chosen Child" 60 NBC Close-up! "The Wonderful World of Seven" 30 ABC Focus on America "Hudson--Portrait of a River" 30 ABC Focus on America "While the City Sleeps" 30 ABC Focus on America "Canton West" 30 ABC CBS Reports "The Teenage Smoker" 60 CBS "Road to Button Bay" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 10 Hburs U. S. "Peace Corps in Tanganyika" 60 NBC Foreign Affairs Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1 Hour DOCUMENTARIES l962--Continued Category Title Length Network Foreign CBS Reports "The Land Beyond Countries the Wall--Three Weeks in an East German City" 60 CBS "Our Man in Vienna" 30 NBC White Paper "Red China" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Mr. Europe and the Common Market" 60 CBS Close-up! "Cambodia--The Peaceful Paradox" 60 ABC Close-up! "Back to Bhowani" 30 ABC Close-up! "Britain—-A11y on the Verge" 60 ABC Close-up! "The Overseas Chinese" 30 ABC Robert Ruark's Africa 60 NBC CBS Reports "Showdown in the Congo" 60 CBS Close-up! "The Turbulant Jordan" 60 ABC Close-up! "India: The Troubled Grant" 30 ABC "The Tunnel" 60 NBC "Japan: East is West" 60 NBC "Germany: Fathers and Sons" 60 NBC Close-up! "Meet Comrade Student" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 5% Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 5% Hours Category Total 14 Heurs 142 DOCUMENTARIES 196} Category Title Length Network History "Hollywood: The Fabulous Era" 30 ABC White Paper "The Death of Stalin" . . 60 ‘NBC White Paper "The Rise of Kruschev" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Germany Since Hitler: Adenauer Sums Up" 30 CBS "Lincoln--the Commander-in Chief" 30 NBC "Where We Stand: Ten Years After Stalin" 60 CBS "The Vice Presidency" 30 ABC "American Landmark--Lexington-Con- cord" 60 NBC Close-up! "I Remember" 30 ABC Focus on America "Flight to Yesterday" 30 ABC Roots of Freedom "Athens Where the Theatre Began" 60 CBS *Summer Special "The Real West" 60 NBC "World's Girls" 60 ABC "The Yanks are Coming" 60 CBS Project 20 "That War in Korea" 90 NBC "Pearl Harbor--December 7th: The Day of Infamy" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 4% Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 13% Hours Science/ "The Problem With Water is People" 60 NBC Space/ Close-up! "The Irreplaceables" 30 ABC Nature CBS Reports "The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson" 60 CBS Close-up! "Smog: The Silent Killer"30 ABC CBS Reports "Reflections of a Soviet Scientist" 60 CBS Close-up! "The Troubled Land" 30 ABC Summer Special "The Voice of the Desert" 60 NBC Focus on America "To the Moon and Beyond" 30 ABC "Apollo: A Journey to the Moon" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total P7"H0urs 9 ."g ' DOCUMENTARIES 1963--Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. "First Lady" 60 CBS Govern- CBS Reports."Eisenhower, 1963" 60 CBS ment/ "Big Bomber Battle" 30 ABC Politics Who Goes There? "A Primer on Communism" - 60 NBC CBS Reports "The Great Farm Vote '63" 60 CBS "Report from Washington" 30 NBC "The Loyal Opposition" 30 NBC CBS Reports "McNamara and the Pentagon" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Case History of a Rumor" . 60 CBS "Making of the President--1960" 90 ABC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 5 NBC 2 Hours 9 Category Total Business/ Close-up! "The Miner's Lament" 30 ABC Economics/ CBS Reports "Deadlock: the Rail- Labor road DiSpute" 60 CBS Dupont Show "Fire Rescue" 60 NBC Focus on America "Reported Miss- ing—-D. D. 13" 30 ABC Chet Huntley "A Chance to Achieve" 30 NBC 'Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 1% Hours Category Total 3% Hours Fine "Leonard Bernstein andthe New Arts/ YOrk Philharmonic in Japan" 60 CBS Media "In the Mouth of the Youth-- Parma, Italy" 60 CBS "The Vatican" 60 ABC DuPont Show "Opening Night" 60 NBC CBS Reports "The Flight from Hollywood" ' 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 3 Hours 1).). ‘-;—“o 1““ 'F DOCUMENTARIES 1963-~Continued Category Title Length Network Fine Network Totals Arts/ (Cont.) Media (Cont.) NBC 1 Hour Category Total 5 Hours Civil David Brinkley's Journal 60 NBC Rights David Brinkley's Journal 60 NBC Crutial Summer "The 1963 Civil Rights Crisis" 30 ABC Focus on America "Mark on Man" 30 ABC Crutial Summer "Means &.Methods" 30 ABC American Revolution of '63 180 NBC Crutial Summer "The Issues of Civil Rights" 30 ABC Crutial Summer "The 1963 Civil Rights Crisis" Part IV 30 ABC Crutial Summer "The 1963 Civil Rights Crisis" Part V 30 ABC CBS Reports "The Priest and the Politician" 60 CBS "Washington Negro" 60 NBC CBS Reports "The Harlem Temper" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 11* Heurs Crime/ CBS Reports "Storm Over the Police/ Supreme Court" 60 CBS Justice CBS Reports "Storm Over the Supreme Court, Part II" 60 CBS White Paper "The Business of Gambling" 6O . NBC Close-up! "Money for Burning" 30 ABC Close-up! "23 Precinct" 30 ABC DuPont Show "San Francisco Detective" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Bible Reading in the Public Schools" 60 CBS 145 DOCUMENTARIES 1963-~Continued Category Title Length Network Crime/ Dupont Show "Manhattan Battle- ~ Police/ ground" . 60 NBC Justice . (Cont.) Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 3 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 7 Hours Religion/ White Paper "British Socialized Medicine/ Medicine" 60 NBC Education Close-up! "The Vatican" 30 ABC "Quiet Revolution" 60 NBC Focus on America "Emergency Room" 30 ABC "Education: Latin America" 60 CBS *Project 20 "The Coming of Christ" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 3 Hours Category Total 5 Hburs Sports Focus on America "Synanon--So Fair a House" 30 ABC "A Man Named Mays" 60 NBC "The Making of a Pro" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 2% Hours Biography "World of Maurice Chevalier" 60 NBC "Marilyn Monroe" 60 ABC Project 20 "Gary Cooper-Tall American" 60 NBC Portrait "Winthrop Rockefeller" 60 CBS "World of Darryl F. Zanuck" 60 NBC Portrait "Eileen Farrell" 60 CBS “Summer Special "The World of Jimmy Doolittle" 60 NBC Summer S ecial "The World of Jackie tennedy" 60 NBC 146 .1‘! ‘14-... _ Category DOCUMENTARIES l963--Continued Title Length Biogra hy Portrait "Senator Richard (Cont. Brevard Russell" *"The World of Bob Hope" *Summer Special "World of Sophis Loren" . *Summer.Specia1 "World of Billy Graham" *Summer Special "The Story of Will Rogers" U Hollywood and the Stars "Bogart" Hollywood and the Stars "Birth of a Star" Hollywood and the Stars "The Unsinkable Betty Davis". "Worlds Greatest Showman" Hollywood and the Stars "The One and Only--Bing" Biography "General George Patton" Biography "David Ben-Gurion" BiOgraphy "Charles Lindberg" Biography "Pope Pius VII" Biography "General George Marshall" Biography "John Barrymore" Biography "Nikita Kruschev" Biography "Mark Twain" Biography "John Glenn" Biography "Admiral William F. 'Bull' Halsey" Biography "Grace Kelly" Biography "Charles de Gaulle" Network Totals ABC 7 Hours CBS 2% Hours NBC 13% Hours Category Total 23 Hours 30 6O 6O 6O 6O 30 Network CBS NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC Life/ Leisure/ Enter- tainment "California...the Most" Close-up! "Return from Darkness" Focus on America "To Climb the Summit" Focus on America "Picture of a Cuban" 'Hollywood: the Great Stars" Summer Special "The Circus" 147 NBC DOCUMENTARIES 1963--C0ntinued Category Title Length Network Life/ Hollywood and the Stars "Sirens, Leisure/ Symbols & Glamor Girls, Part I" 30 NBC Enter- Hollywood and the Stars "Sirens, tainment Symbols & Glamor Girls, Part II" 30 NBC (Cont.) Chronicle "American Tap Roots: Finkley, Dickens, and Merry" 30 CBS CBS Reports "The Great American Funeral" 60 CBS Hollywood and the Stars "They Went Thataway" 30 NBC DuPont Show "Miss America, Behind the Scenes" 60 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "The Great Lovers" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "The Fabulous Musicals" 30 NBC Chronicle "An American Jester" 30 CBS Hollywood and the Stars "The Funny Men, Part I" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "The Funny Men, Part II" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Holly- wood U.S.A." 30 NBC Network Totals ABC 2% Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 7% Hours Category Total 13 Hours ‘U. 8. NO PROGRAMS -- --- Foreign Affairs Foreign "Russians: Self Impressions" 60 CBS Countries "A Country Called Europe" 60 NBC "Encyclopedia of Communism" 60 NBC "Israel--It is No Fable" 60 CBS "Kremlin" 60 NBC "Monaco" 50 CBS "The Festival Frenzy" 60 ABC Report from...Tokyo 30 NBC Report from...Paris 30 NBC Report from...London 30 NBC Report from...Warsaw 3 NBC Report from... 30 NBC David Brinkley's Journal 30 NBC 1A8 ‘11-. Category Foreign Countries (Cont.) DOCUHENTARIES 1963--Continued Title Focus on America "Amigo on the Move" Report from...Beirut Report from...Munich "Whatever Happened to Royalty" Chronicle "0h Be Joyful" "Greece: The Golden Age" Network Totals ABC CBS NBC Category Total 149 2% Hours 4 Hours 8 Hours 14% Hours Length 30 30 '50 60 60 60 Network ABC NBC NBC ABC CBS NBC 3, ‘Fnl-II ..-m.u A r I .1 DOCUMENTARI ES 1964 Category Title Length Network History Chronicle "Tomorrow Was Yester- day 60 NBC Saga of Western Man "1898" 60 ABC Saga of Western Man "1964" 60 ABC Hollywood and the Stars "The Wild and Wonderful '30's" 30 NBC Primer on Communism "Who Goes There" 60 NBC *White Paper "The Death of Stalin" 60 NBC *White Paper "The Rise of Kruschev" 60 NBC *Project 20 "The Real West" 60 NBC Roots of Freedom "In Defense of Rome" 60 CBS CBS Reports "D-Day Plus 20 Years: Eisenhower Returns to Normandy" 90 CBS "The French Army" 60 NBC "Civil War Portraits" 60 NBC "Battle of the Bulge" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 2% Hours NBC 8% Hours Category Total 13 Hours Science/ Science Series "The Restless Sea" 60 NBC Space/ Chronicle "The Best is Yet to Be" 30 CBS Nature "Race for the Moon" 60 CBS "Nobel Prize Awards" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1% Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total 3% Hours U. S. "Our Man in Washington" 60 NBC Govern- CBS Reports "The Legacy of the ment/ Thresher" 60 CBS Politics CBS Reports "Walter Lippman, 1964" 60 CBS "Big Brother is Listening" 30 ABC "Great Conventions--GOP" 60 CBS "Great Conventions--Democrat" 60 CBS "Letters from Vietnam" 60 ABC Project 20 "The Red, White & Blue Flag" 60 N BC 150 mJ-_"-f u‘T 1 ‘55—- DOCUMENTARIES l964-—Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. "Election Year in Averagetown" 60 NBC Govern- "Showdown Over the White House" 30 ABC ment/ *"Polaris Submarine" 60 NBC Politics "The Missleman" 30 ABC (Cont.) DuPont Show "Flight Deck" 60 NBC "The Presidency: A Splendid Mystery" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Kennedy vs. Heating" 60 CBS "The Burden & the Glory of John F. Kennedy" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 2% Hours ‘ CBS 7 Hours NBC 5 Hours Category Total 14% Hours Business/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Economics/ Labor Fine Arts/ "Art of Collecting" 60 NBC Media "Soul of an Age" 60 NBC "The Louvre" 60 NBC "Casals at 88" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 3 Hours Category Total 4 Hours Civil CBS Reports "Birth Struggle of Rights a Law" 60 CBS "After Ten Years--the Court & the Schools" 60 CBS "The Great Divide" 60 ABC CBS Reports "Segregation: Northern Style" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 3 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 4 Hours rhuvaw- ‘El'.‘ “we... DOCUMENTARIES l964--Continued Category Title Length Network Crime/ CBS Reports "The Business of Police/ Heroin" . 60 CBS Justice CBS Reports "Murder & the Right to Bear Arms" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Gideon's Trumpet: The Poor Man & the Law" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3 Hours Religion/ "Birth Control: How?" 60 NBC Medicine/ CBS Reports "The Catholics and Education the Schools" 60 CBS "The Thousand Mile Campus" 60 NBC Breakthrough "Medicine--Shape of the Future" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Cigarettes: A Collision of Interests" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The Education of George Waruhiu" 60 CBS "Great Stars" 60 CBS *Project 20 "The Coming of Christ" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 4 Hours Category Total #8' Heurs Sports "Boxing's Last Round" 60 NBC *"A Man Named Mays" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 82* Heurs Biography White Paper "Adam Clayton Powell" 60 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Paul iewman: Actor in a Hurry" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Natalie Wood: Hollywood's Child" 30 NBC 152 DOCUMENTARIES 1964--Continued Category Title Length Network Biography Hollywood and the Stars "The (Cont.) Odyssey of Rita Hayworth" 30 NBC Chronicle "Huntington Hartford: The Reluctant Militant" 30 CBS CBS Reports'De Gaulle: Roots of Power" 60 CBS Hollywood and the Stars "The ' Immortal A1 Jolson" 30 NBC CBS Reports "De Gaulle: The Challenge" 60 CBS Hollywood and the Stars "The One and Only-~Bing" 30 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2% Hours NBC 3% Hours Category Total 6_'Hburs Life/ Hollywood and the Stars "Monsters Leisure/ We've Known and Loved" 30 NBC Enter- Hollywood and the Stars "Teenage tainment Idols , Part I" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Tennage Idols, Part II" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Holly- wood Goes to War" 30 NBC "Our Man Brinkley Surveys the Mississippi" 60 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Anatomy of a Movie" 30 NBC *Hollywood and the Stars "The Great Lovers" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "The Angry Screen" 30 NBC CBS Reports "The Flight from Hollywood" 60 CBS Hollywood and the Stars "The Swashbucklers" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "On Location: Night of the Iquana" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "In Search of Kim Novak" 30 NBC DuPont Show "High Wire Wallendas" 60 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "The Oscars: Moments of Greatness" 30 NBC 153 DOCUMENTARIES 1964--Continued Category Title . Length Network Life/ "Carney" 60 NBC Leisure/ Hollywood and the Stars "Whata Enter- Way to Go" 30 NBC tainment Hollywood and the Stars "The (cont.) Great Dictators" 30 NBC Hollywood and the Stars "Sirens, Symbols & Glamor Girls, Part I" 30 NBC *Hollywood and the Stars "Sirens, Symbols & Glamor Girls, Part II" 30 NBC *Hollywood and the Stars "They Went That-a-Way" 30 NBC "The Chosen Child" 60 NBC "Small Town U.S.A." 60 NBC "U.S.Route #1" 60 NBC *Hollywood and the Stars "How to Succeed as a Gangster" 30 NBC "The Unwed Father" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 14% Hours Category Total ”168 Heurs U. S. White Paper "Cuba: The Bay of Foreign Pigs" 60 NBC Affairs "Vietnam: The Deadly Decision" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The U.S. & the Two Chinas" 60 CBS "Vietnam: It's a Mad War" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 4 Heurs Foreign "Orient Express" 60 NBC Countries *"Kremlin" 60 NBC Chronicle "Les Holles: A Farewell" 30 CBS "Britain: Changing Guard" 60 NBC "Changing Matilda: The New Australia" 60 NBC "Jawan: Defense of India" 60 NBC 154 Category Foreign Countries (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES 1964--Continucd Title Length Network "Ganges: Sacred River" 60 NBC "Five Faces of Tokyo" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 7% Hours 155 Category History DOCUMENTARIES 1965 Title Chronicle of Freedom "The Capitol" "French Revolution" "The Mystery of Stonehedge" FDR "Nothing to Fear but Fear" FDR "Forgotten Man" "Trial at Nuremberg" "The Journals of Lewis & Clark" FDR "The Stricken Land" FDR "Strife" FDR "The Blue Eagle" ABC Scope "The Children of Death" "France: Conquest & Liberation" FDR "That Man in the White House" FDR "Rendevous with Destiny" FDR "Distant Trumpet" Saga of Western Man "Custer to the Little Big Horn" CBS Reports "United Nations: Beleagured Fortress" "The Aftereffects of 1945" "Victory in Europe; 20 Years Afte "The Middle Ages" FDR "The Good Neighbor" FDR "Mr. &.Mrs. Roosevelt" FDR "Going Home" FDR "The Hundred Days" Network Totals ABC 7% Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 17% Hours Length 60 6O 6O 3O 30 6O 6O 6O 6O r"60 6O 3O 3O 3O 30 Network NBC NBC CBS ABC ABC NBC NBC ABC ABC ABC ABC NBC ABC ABC ABC Science/ Space/ Nature "Way Out Men" "T-Minus Four Years, Nine Months & Thirty Days" "Man Invades the Sea" "Gemini: TWO Men in Space" "The Man Who Walked in Space" "A Journey with Joseph Wood Krutch" "Mission to Mars: the Search for Life" ABC Scope "Mars Closeup: Are We Alone?" 156 ABC CBS CBS NBC NBC CBS ABC Category Science/ Space/ Nature (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES l965--Continued Title National Geographic "Americans on Everest" "America the Beautiful" This Proud Land "Wild, Wild East" This Proud Land "The Big Sky Country" National Geographic "Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees" Network Totals ABC 5 Hours CBS 5 Hours NBC 2% Hours Category Total 12% Hours Length 60 3O 6O 6O 60 Network CBS NBC ABC ABC CBS U. S. Govern- ment/ Politics CBS Reports "Walter Lippman, 1965" ABC Scope "The Dilemma in Vietnam" 60 3O "Humphrey and the Vice-Presidency" 30 Vietnam "Winning the War" "The Making of the President 1964 Vietnam "Winning the Peace" "The Big Ear" Vietnam "The Agony of Vietnam" "Congress Needs Help" Vietnam "The Day of War" "Where We Stand on Vietnam" "Vietnam, December 1965” "Christmas in Vietnam" Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 9 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 12%'H3u;§ 60 u 90 6O 6O 6O 6O 6O 6O 60 60 CBS ABC CBS CBS CBS CBS NBC CBS NBC CBS CBS NBC CBS Business/ Economics/ Labor ABC Scope "Instant Money" Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total % Hon;— ABC DOCUMENTARIES l965--Continued Category Title Length Network Fine ‘*"The Louve" 60 NBC Arts/ CBS Reports "The Rating Game" 60 CBS Media CBS Reports "The 150 Lira Escape" 60 CBS "Henry Moore: Man of Form" 60 CBS "Michelangelo: The Last Giant" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total '5 Hours Civil "Who Can Vote?" 60 NBC Rights CBS Reports "KKK~The Invisible Empire" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total 2 Hours Crime/ ABC Scope "Life? or Death?" 30 ABC Police/ "The Press and the Law" 30 CBS Justice White Paper "Oswald and the Law: A Study of Criminal Justice" 60 NBC CBS Reports "Abortion and the Law" 60 CBS White Paper "Terror in the Streets"60 NBC ABC Scope "Thorn of Plenty" 30 ABC "Everybody's Got a System" 60 ABC CBS Reports "Watts: Riot or Revolt?" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 2% Hours NBC 2 H ours Category Total 6% Hours Religion/ *ABC Scope "Heart Attack" 30 ABC Medicine/ "The Pope & the Vatican" 60 NBC Education "The Berkley Rebels" 60 CBS "Health Care at the Crossroads" 30 ABC 158 Category Religion/ Medicine/ Education (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES l965--Continued Title "Who Shall Live?" Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 2 Hours Category Total 4 ‘Hours Length 60 Network NBC "Assault on LeMans" "Mayhem on a Sunday Afternoon" Network Totals ABC 1% Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1% Hours ABC ABC Biography FDR "The Making of a Man, Part I" FDR "The Making of a Man, Part II" 30 FDR "I Like to Win" "I, Leonardo da Vinci" "Casals at 88" "The General" "Finlandia" "Tall American" "Frank Sinatra" "Salute to Stan Laurel" Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 9 Hours ABC ABC ABC CBS ABC CBS N BC CBS CBS Life/ Leisure/ Enter- tainment ABC Scope "An Age to Drink" "Stately Ghosts of England" "An Essay on Bridges" ABC Scepe "Out with the Old" "Bold Men" "Let's Go to the Fair" "Jazz on a Summer Day" ABC Scope "Westerns, European Style" 159 ABC NBC CBS ABC ABC CBS CBS ABC DOCUMENTARIES l965--Continued Category Title Length Network Life/ ”The Great Love Affair" 60 CBS Leisure/ "Teen Age Revolution” 60 ABC Enter- "Circus!" 60 NBC tainment "World of James Bond" 60 NBC (Cont.) "In Search of Man" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 4% Hours CBS 3% Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 11 Hours U. S. White Paper "The Decision to Foreign Drop the Bomb" 90 NBC Affairs "The Inter-American Highway" 60 NBC "The Science of Spying" 60 NBC "What Went Wrong in Santa Domingo" 60 CBS White Paper "U.S. Foreign Policy" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 4% Hours Category Total 5% Hours Foreign CBS Reports "East Europe: Countries Satelittes Out of Orbit" 60 CBS ABC Scope "Television, Moscow- style" 30 ABC "Hollow Crown" 60 CBS "Time Bomb in Rhodesia" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 3 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3% Hours 160 DOCUMENTARIES 1966 Category Title Length Network History "The Search for Ulysseus” 60 CBS National Geographic "Voyage on the Brigantine Yankee" 60 CBS *"Nystery of Stonehedge" 60 CBS Saga of Western Man ”The Legacy of Rome” 60 BC ABC Stage '67 "The Brave Rifles" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 2 Houls CBS 3 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 5 Houls Science/ National Geographic "Dr. Leakey Space/ & the Dawn of Man" 60 CBS Nature CBS Reports "Friend, Fee or Fantasy" 60 CBS "The Baffling World of ESP" 60 ABC CBS Reports "The Poisoned Air" 60 CBS "We Are Not Alone" ' 60 ABC "The Aviation Revolution" 60 NBC National Geographic "The Hidden World" 60 CBS CBS Reports "The SST" 60 CBS CBS Reports "Harvest of Mercy" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 6 Hours IJBC 1 Iiour' Category Total 9 Hours U. S. "Vietnam: The Home Front" 60 NBC Govern- Saga of Western Man "I Am a ment/ Soldier" 60 ABC Politics "Anatomy of Defense" 60 NBC "Vietnam, Eric Severaid's Personal Report" 30 CBS "To Save a Soldier" 60 ABC "General Westmoreland on Vietnam" 30 CBS 161 Category U.S. Govern- ment/ Politics (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES l966--Continued Title "The Undeclared War" Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 3 Hours Category Total *6' Hours Length 60 Network NBC Business/ Economics/ Labor CBS Reports "IOU $315,000, 000,000.00" "Wall Street: Where the Money Is" "The American Economy" CBS Reports "The State of the Unions" Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 4 Hours CBS CBS CBS CBS Anatomy of Pep "The Music Explosion" "Matisse Retrospective" "Cappella Paolino" Network Totals ABC 1% Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 2% Hours "The Angry Voices of watts" CBS Reports "Black Power—-White Backlash" Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total 2 Hours NBC CBS DOCUMENTARIES l966--Continued Category Title Length Network Crime/ "Thin Blue Line" 60 ABC Police/ CBS Reports "The Policeman's Lot" 60 CBS Justice White Paper "Organized Crime in America" 210 NBC CBS Reports "Men in Cages" 60 BS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Tours NBC 3% Hours Category Total 6% Hours Religion/ "Revolution in the Three R's" 60 ABC Medicine/ CBS Reports "The Spring Grove Education Experiment" 60 CBS "The Long Childhood of Timmy" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3 Hours Sports "The Big Guy" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Heur Biography Saga of Western Man "Beethovan: Ordeal & Triumph" 60 ABC U.S.A. Land of Color "The Lincoln People" 60 CBS National Geographic "The WOrld of Jacques Yves Cousteau" 60 CBS "Stravinsky" 60 CBS "Young Man from Boston" 60 ABC "Young Mr. Eisenhower" 60 CBS Michelangelo "The Last Giant" 60 NBC 163 DOCUMENTARIES l966--Continued Category Title Length Network Biogra hy ABC Stage '67 "The Life & Legend (Cont. of Marilyn Monroe" 60 ABC NetworkiTotals ABC 3 Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 1 Hours Category Total #8» Hours Life/ CBS Reports "The Divorce Dilemma" 60 CBS Leisure/ "16 in Webster Groves" 60 CBS Enter- "Webster Groves Revisited" 60 CBS tainment "In Search of Man" 60 ABC "An Essay on Hotels" 60 CBS *"An Essay on Bridges" 60 CBS "If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium" 60 CBS ABC Stage '67 "The Kennedy Wit" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 6 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total *8' HourE U. S. "Our Friends, The French" 60 CBS Foreign "One of Our H-Bombs is Missing" 30 CBS Affairs CBS Reports "The Other War in the U.N." 60 CBS "The Anti-Americans" 60 CBS Battle for Asia "Thailand, the New Front" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 3% Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4% Hburs 16A DOCUMENTARIES l966--Continued Category Title Length Network Foreign "Communist China" 60 ABC Countries "Siberia: A Day in Irkutsk" 60 NBC "Birds eye View of Scotland" 30 CBS CBS Reports "Inside Red China" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1% Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 3%*Hburs 165 DOCUMENTARIES 1967 Category Title Length Network History Project 20 "End of the Trial" 60 NBC "Our Time in Hell" . 60 ABC Saga of Western Man "Robert Scott & the Race for the South Pole" 60 ABC Smithsonian "The Flight of the_ Spirit of St. Louis & the Friendship 7" 30 NBC "Warren Report" 60 CBS "Warren Report--Was There a Conspiracy?" 60 CBS "Warren Report--Was There a Conspiracy?" 60 CBS "Warren Report--Why Doesn't America Believe warren Report?" 60 CBS Summer Focus "1776" 60 ABC *Summer Focus "The Legacy of Rome" 60 ABC "El Alahein" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 4 Hours NBC 2% Hours Category Total 10% HBurs Science/ *CBS Reports "The Poisoned Air" 60 CBS Space/ "Crossroads in Space" 60 NBC Nature National Geographic "Grizzly" 60 CBS National Geographic "Winged World of Birds" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4 ‘Hours U. 5. *"To Save A Soldier" 60 ABC Govern- CBS Special Report "The CIA & ment/ Students" 60 CBS Politics CBS News Special "Morley Safer's Vietnam" 60 CBS "War in the Skies" 60 ABC Summer Focus "Dissent or Treason" 60 ABC CBS Reports "The Anderson Platoon" 60 CBS "The Loyal Opposition" 60 NBC 166 DOCUMENTARIES 1967-~Continued Category Title Length Network U. S. "GOP Perspective: The Governors" 30 CBS Govern- *Summer Focus "I Am a Soldier" 60 ABC ment/ Summer Focus "Who in '68" 60 ABC Politics "The New Left" 60 CBS (Cont.) "Raymond Burr Visits Vietnam" 60 NBC "Where We Stand in Vietnam" Part I 60 CBS "Where We Stand in Vietnam" Part II . 60 CBS "Report on the Upcoming Presiden- tial Election" 60 NBC Harry Reasoner "Vietnam Interviews" 30 CBS "Same Mud, Same Blood" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 5 Hours CBS 7 Hours NBC 4 Hours Category Total 16* Heurs Business/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Economics/ Labor Fine CBS News Special "Inside Pop-- Arts/ The Rock Revolution" 60 CBS Media "American Image" 60 NBC '*Summer Focus "Anatomy of Pop" 60 ABC Summer Focus "The Songmakers" 60 ABC Harry Reasoner "The Wyeth Phenomenon" 30 CBS American Profile "The National Gallery of Art" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 5% Hours Civil "After Civil Rights...Black Power" 60 NBC Rights Summer Focus "Southern Accents" 60 ABC "The Summer Riots" 60 NBC 167 DOCUMENTARIES l967--Continued Civil Rights Category Network Totals ABC Hour CBS Hours NBC Hours 1 O 2 Category Total ’3' Hours Crime/ Summer Focus "Free Press, Fair Police/ Trial" 60 ABC Justice Summer Focus "Report on the 'New' Addict" 60 ABC Summer Focus "Marathon: The Story of the YCung Drug Users" 60 ABC "Justice for All" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4 Hours Religion/ CBS Reports "The Farthest Frontier" 60 CBS Medicine/ CBS Reports "The Homosexuals" 60 CBS Education Project 20 "The Law & the Prophets" 60 NBC NBC News Special "The Pill" 60 NBC "The Old College Try" 60 CBS "Nurses: Crisis in Medicine" 60 ABC "The Learning Process" 60 NBC Summer Focus "Take a Deep, Deadly Breath" 60 ABC *"The Long Childhood of Timmy" 60 ABC "Can You Hear Me?" 30 ABC Harry Reasoner "Christmas in the Holy Land" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 3% Hours CBS 3% Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 10 Hours Category Sports DOCUMENTARIES l967--Continued Title "Portrait of Willie Mays" "Bear Bryant" . Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total ”2' Hours Length 60 60 Network ABC ABC Biography *ABC Stage 67 "The Legend of Marilyn Monroe" "Bogart " "Mark Twain" '*Summer Focus "I, Leonardo da Vinci" "Gowghin in Tahiti" CBS Reports "Profile: Robert F. Kennedy" "Michelangelo, the Last Giant" Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC _ 1 Hour Category Total 7 Hours ABC ABC ABC CBS CBS NBC Life/ Leisure/ Enter- tainment National Geographic "Alaska" "The Mini-Skirt Rebellion" "The Tenement" "If Ybu're Appalled by My Texas,‘ I'm Bewildered by Your England" "Pursuit of Pleasure" "Hippies" "The Aviation Revolution" "Hit the Surf" "The Hippie Temptation" "Do Blondes Have More Fun?" "Eric Hoffer: The Passionate Mind" "Barry Goldwater's Arizona" Harry Reasoner "Tour of the Kennedy House" "America & Americans" 169 DOCUMENTARIES 1967--Continued Life/Leisure/Entertainment Category Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 7 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 12 Hours U.S. Battle For Asia "Laos, the Foreign Forgotten war" . 6O Affairs CBS Special "Distrust of Americans" 60 CBS News Special "South Vietnamese Survey" 30 NBC News Special "The View from Europe" 60 "Khruschev in Exile" 60 Harry Reasoner "South Vietnamese Elections" 30 "A Conversation with Rusk and McNamara" 60 Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 6 ‘Hours Foreign "China: The Roots of Madness" 90 Countries Battle for Asia "Indonesia: The Troubled Victory" 60 "Ivan Ivanovich" 60 "Leningrad" 60 "The Beautiful Red & Blue Danube" 60 National Geographic "Sailing Across EurOpe" 60 "How Israel Won the War" 60 "Morley Safer's Red China Diary" 60 "Can Peace Break Out?" 60 "Africa: Study of a Continent" 240 "The Germans" 60 American Profile "Report on Canada" 60 "Forgotten Peninsula" 60 Network Totals ABC 6 Hours CBS 5 Hours NBC 5% Hours Category Total 16% Heurs 170 NBC CBS CBS NBC NBC CBS CBS DOCUMENTARIES 1968 Category Title Length Network History "Great Explorations" 60 NBC "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" Pat]: 60 AH) "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" Part II 60 ABC Rise and Fall of the Third Reich "Gotterdammerurg" 60 ABC "The Confrontation: Army-McCarthy Hearings" 60 ABC "Our Time in Hell" 60 ABC *"Robert Scott and the Race for the South Pole" 60 ABC Dieppe "Rehersal for D-Day" 60 ABC Project 20 "Down to the Sea in Ships" 60 NBC "The View from the White House" 60 ABC National Geographic "Amazon" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 8 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 2 Hours Category Total 11' HourE Science/ "Beyond the Sky" 60 NBC Space/ Jacques Cousteau "Sharks" 60 ABC Nature Tomorrow's World: Feeding the Billions" 60 NBC "The Soviets in Space" 60 NBC Jacques Cousteau "The Savage World of the Coral Jungle" 60 ABC 'How Life Begins" 60 ABC Jacques Cousteau "Search in the Deep" 60 ABC Tomorrow's World "Man and the Sea" 60 NBC World of Animals "Big Cats, Little Cats" 60 NBC "Man, Beast and the Land" 60 NBC National Geographic "America's Wonderlands--The National Parks" 60 CBS 'Sense of Wonder" 60 ABC 171 DOCUMENTARIES l968--Continued Category Title Length Network Science/ Jacques Cousteau "Whales" 60 ABC Space/ National Geographic "Reptiles and Nature Amphibians" 60 CBS (Cont.) Network Totals ABC 6 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 6 Hours Category Total 14 Hours U.S. "Everett Dirkson's Washington" 60 ABC Govern- "The Loyal Opposition" 30 NBC ment/ "Walter Cronkite in Vietnam" 30 CBS Politics Riot Report "What Happened to the Riot Report?" 30 CBS "We Won't Go!" 60 NBC American Profile "Somehow It Works"60 NBC CBS Reports "Campaign American Style" 60 CBS CBS News Special "Hill 943" 60 CBS "Youth in Politics" 30 CBS *"Same Mud, Same Blood" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 3% Hours NBC 4 Hours Category Total 8% Hours Business/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Economics/ Labor Fine "Vienna Boys Choir" 60 ABC Arts/ "The Singers" 60 ABC Media "The Art Game" 60 NBC "The Secret of Michelangelo: Every Man's Dream" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4 ‘Hours 172 DOCUMENTARIES l968--Continued Category Title Length Network Civil "Dilemma in Black & White" 60 CBS Rights "Bias & the Media" 60 ABC Of Black America "The Black Soldier" 30 CBS Of Black America "Black History: Lost, Stolen or Strayed?" 60 CBS Of Black America "Blacks in Music & Sports" 60 CBS Time for Americans "Can White Suburbia Think Black?" 60 ABC Of Black America "Examination of Slavery" 60 CBS Of Black America "In Search of a Past" 60 CBS Of Black America "Portrait in Black and White" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 6% Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 8% Hours Crime/ "The Trial Lawyers" 60 CBS Police/ "Justice for All?" 60 NBC Justice Time for Americans "Prejudice & the Police" 60 ABC "Marajuana" 60 CBS "Justice Black and the Bill of Rights" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 3 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 5* Hours Religion/ "The American Alcoholic" 60 NBC Medicine/ Saga of Western Man "In the Name Education of God" 60 ABC Tomorrow's World "A New Era in Medicine" 60 NBC 173 DOCUMENTARIES 1968--Continued Category Title Length Network Religion/ "The Business of Religion" 60 CBS Medicine/ "The New American Catholic" 60 NBC Education (Cont.) Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 3 Hours Category Total 5 HouFE Sports "The Football Scholars" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1 Hour Biography "Dear Mr. Gable" 60 NBC "The Big Little Werld of Roman Vishniac" 60 NBC "Around the World of Mike Todd" 60 ABC "Lombardi" 60 NBC "Sophia" ABC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 5 Hours Life/ "World of Horses" 60 NBC Leisure/ "An Essay on Chairs" 30 CBS Enter- "Destination North Pole" 60 CBS tainment "The Actor" 60 ABC "Don't Count the Candles" 60 CBS "California Girl" 60 ABC American Profile "Home Country U.S.A." 60 NBC 174 DOCUMENTARIES l968-—Continued Category Title Length Network Life/ "Discover America with Jose Leisure/ Jimenez" 60 NBC Enter- CBS Reports "Hunger in America" 60 CBS tainment World of Animals "It's a Dog's (cont.) World" 60 NBC "The Cities" 60 CBS "Mexico Special” 60 ABC "On the Road...With Charles Kuralt" 30 CBS NBC White Paper "The People are the City" 120 NBC NBC White Paper "Ordeal of the City" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 5 Hours NBC 7 Hours Category Total 15 Hours. U.S. NO PROGRAMS -- --- Foreign Affairs Foreign "Ho Chi Minh's Viet Cong" 60 CBS Countries National Geographic "The Lonely Dorymen--Portugal's Men of the Sea" 60 CBS *"Along the Beautiful Red & Blue Danube" 60 ABC "Cuba" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2% Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3% Hours 175 Category History DOCUMENTARIES 1969 Title "The First Americans" "The Ship That Wouldn't Die" Project 20 "Meet George Washington" Saga of Western Man "Kitty Hawk to Paris: the Historic Years" Project 20 "Mirror of America" "D-Day Revisited" "Battle of Britain" "From Here to the Seventies" "Dean Achison Remembers" "End of a Decade" Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 7% Hours Category Total 11 Hours Length 60 6O 60 Network NBC NBC NBC ABC NBC ABC NBC NBC CBS CBS Science/ Space/ Nature Jacques Cousteau "The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito & Cristobal" Man & His Universe "The View from Space" "Volcano: Birth of an Island" Jacques Cousteau "The Legend of Lake Titicaca" *"Big Cats, Little Cats" "The Heritage of Apollo" "Who Killed Lake Erie" "The Time of Man" National Geographic "The Mystery of Animal Behavior" Jacques Cousteau "The Desert Whales" "The Wolf Men" *"How Life Begins" Network Totals ABC 5 Hours CBS 3 Hours NBC 3 Hours 11 'HOurs 176 ABC ABC CBS ABC NBC CBS NBC CBS CBS CBS NBC ABC DOCUMENTARIES 1969--Continued Category Title Length Network U.S. CBS Reports "The Embattled ABM" 60 CBS Govern- Correspondent's Report "The First ment/ 100 Days of Richard Nixon" 60 CBS Politics "Making of the President: 1968" 90 CBS "Ethics in Congress" 60 ABC CBS Reports "A Timetable for Vietnam" 60 CBS "Interview with Secretary of State Rogers" 60 CBS "Lyndon B. Johnson: Why I Chose Not to Run" 60 CBS NBC White Paper "The Year of the Mayors" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 6% Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 8% Hours Business/ "Danger! Mines" 60 CBS Economics/ "Who, What, When, Where, Why?" 30 CBS Labor "Miners in Revolt" 30 CBS "The Great Dollar Robbery: Can We Arrest Inflation?" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3 Hours Fine Bell Telephone Hour "Hollywood: Arts/ The Selznick Years" 60 NBC iedia "The Secret of Michelangelo" 60 ABC Experiment in Television "Fellini: A Director's Notebook" 60 NBC *"The Singers" 60 ABC "A Profile of Arthur Rubenstein" 90 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 3% Hours Category Totals 5% Hours DOCUMENTARIES l969--Continuod Category Title Length Network Civil Summer Focus "It Can Be Done" 60 ABC Rights "Operation Breadbasket" . 60 ABC Summer Focus "Black Fiddler: ' Prejudice & the Negro" 60 ABC CBS Reports "The Battle of East St. Louis” 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 3 Lours CBS 1 Hour NB" 0 Jours Category Total 4 Hours Crime/ NO PROGRAMS -- --- Police/ Justice Religion/ "Heart Attack" 60 ABC Medicine/ "The College Turmoil" 60 CBS Education Summer Focus "The Right to Live" 60 ABC Summer Focus "Problems in the Catholic Church" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 4 Hours Sports "Football Special" 60 ABC "Football Special" 60 CrS "100 Years Old & Still Kicking" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Tot : Hours 178 DOCUMENTARIES 1969--Continued Category Title Length Network Biography "Jean Claude-Hilly" 60 ABC "Charles Schults--Profi1e of a Cartoonist" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS % Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1% Hours Life/ "To Love a Child" 30 ABC Leisure/ "Down on the Farm" 60 NBC Enter- "Artie Odyssey" 60 NBC tainment "The Savage Heart--A Conversation with Eric Hoffer" 60 CBS Man & His Universe "Cosmopolis" 60 ABC Jacques Cousteau "Sunken Treasure" 60 BC "Three Young Americans in Search of Survival" 120 ABC "Moby Dick" 60 CBS National Geographic "Polynesian Adventures" 60 CBS NBC White Paper "Ordeal of the American City" 90 NBC Generations Apart "A Question of Values" 60 CBS Generations Apart "A Profile of Dissent" 60 CBS Generations Apart "The Youth International Campus Demonstra- tions Abroad" 60 BS "Mothers and Daughters" 60 BS *"Don't Count the Candles" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC ;% Hours CBS 8 Hours NBC 3% Hours Category Total 16‘ Hours U.S. "Mediterranean Trouble Spots" 60 NBC Foreign Summer Focus "War in the Mideast" 60 ABC Affairs "Pueblo: A Question of Intelli- gence " 60 NBC "Which Way Red China?" 30 CBS 179 DOCUMENTARIES l969--Continued U.S. Foreign Affairs Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS % Hour NBC 2 Hours Category Total 3% Hours Foreign National Geographic "Australia: Countries the Timeless Land" "Voyage to the Enchanted Isles" "Adventures at the Jade Sea" "The Japanese" "Comrade Soldier" "The Royal Family" National Geographic "Siberia: The Endless Horizon” "The Sahara” Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 6% Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 48% Hours 180 60 6O 6O 6O 9O 6O 60 CBS CBS CBS CBS ABC CBS CBS IJBC DOCUMENTARIES 1970 Category Title Length Network History "The Last of the Westerners" 30 ABC "LBJ: The Decision to Halt the Bombing" 60 CBS Now "Alaska" 30 ABC "The Ballad of the Iron Horse" 60 ABC "LBJ: Tragedy & Transition" 60 CBS "Hitler & His Henchmen" 30 CBS "The American Adventure" 120 ABC Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 2% Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 6% Hours Science/ Jacques Cousteau "The Night of the Space/ Squid" 60 ABC Nature "Lowell Thomas in New Guinea" 60 NBC "The World of Beaver" 60 NBC "The Man Hunters" 60 NBC "The Environment Crusade" 30 CBS Jacques Cousteau "Those Incredible Diving Machines" 60 ABC "Mission Possible: They Care for a City" 60 ABC Jacques Cousteau "The Water P1anet"60 ABC "The Unexplained" 60 NBC White Paper "Pollution is a Matter of Choice" 60 NBC Now "No Deposit, No Return" 30 ABC Jacques Cousteau "The Returncf the Water Elephant" 60 ABC "Mission Possible: They Care for the Land" 60 ABC "Arthur Godfrey's America-~The Ocean Frontier" 60 CBS "Mission Possible: They Care for a Nation" 60 ABC "The Great Barrier Reef" 60 NBC Project 20 "The Shining Mountains" 60 NBC Now "The Poisoned Planet" 30 ABC Now "We Have Met the Enemy & He is Us!" 30 ABC "Operation Elephant" 60 CBS "The Unseen World" 60 ABC National Geographic "Zoos of the World" 60 CBS "Kifaru-the Black Rhinoceros" 6O ' NBC 181 Category Science/ Space/ Nature (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES 1970--Continued Title Jacques Cousteau "The Tragedy of the Red Salmon" Network Totals ABC 10% Hours CBS 3% Hours NBC 8 Hours Category Total 22 Hours Length 60 Network ABC U.S. Govern- ment/ Politics New "Report on Income Tax, Part I" 30 Now "Report on Income Tax, Part III! New "Report on Income Tax, Part III" "The Draft: Who Serves?" "The World of Charlie Company" Network Totals ABC 2% Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 3% Hours 30 3O 6O 60 CBS Business/ Economics/ Labor "Recuiter" "Cowboy ! n "The Whale Hunters of Fayal" "With These Hands" White Paper "Migrant" Now "Unions and the Blacks" "Blue Christmas, Or the State of the Economy" Network Totals ABC 1% Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 6% Hours Project 20 "The West of Charles Russell" "California Impressions of Henri Cartier-Bresson" "New Communicators, Part I" "New Communicators, Part II" 182 60 3O 6O 60 NBC CBS NBC NBC Category Fine Arts/ Media (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES l970--Continued Title "Television and Politics" Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1% Hours NBC 3 Hours Category Total 4% Hours Length 60 Network CBS New "Black Panthers in Black America" Now "The Eye of the Storm" Now "Women's Liberation" Now "Help" "Stranger in His Homeland" Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC % Hour Category Total 2% Hours ABC ABC ABC ABC NBC Crime/ Police/ Justice Now "The Kid Next Door Smokes Pot" White Paper "Trip to Nowhere" Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total % Hours 30 60 ABC NBC Religion/ Medicine/ Education CBS Reports "The Day They Had to Close the Schools" "The Mystery of Pain" "The Promise and the Practice" "Don't Get Sick in America" "A Question of Survival" White Paper "Cry Help!" Now "The Precious Years" 183 CBS CBS CBS CBS CBS ABC Category Religion/ Medicine/ Education (Cont.) DOCUMENTARIES 1970--Continued Title Length "The Catholic Dilemma" Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 5% Hours NBC 1% Hours Category Total 77% Hours 60 Network CBS Life/ Leisure/ Enter- tainment "The Golden Age of the Automobile" "Three Boys on Safari" "The Eskimos‘ Fight for Life" "It Couldn't Be Done" "This Land is Mine" "It's a Man's World" Now "Age of Aquarius" "Once Before I Die" Now "Missing in Randolph" Now "Straight from the Heartland" Now "An Analysis of Today's Youth" "The Making of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" "A Day in the Life of the United States" 1 "The Ice People" "Rescue...The Search for Billy" White Paper "The Beseiged Majority" Network Totals ABC 4 Hours CBS 3 3/4 Hours NBC 7 Hours 05 6O 6O 6O Category Total 14 3/4 Hours NBC CBS NBC NBC NBC Category U.S. Foreign Affairs DOCUMENTARIES 1970—-Continued Title "The Stakes in Asia" "Where We Stand in Indochina" Network Totals ABC CBS NBC Category Total Length 60 60 Network ABC CBS Foreign Countries "mpo '70" "Expo '70" National Geographic "Holland Against the Sea" "Voices from the Russian Under- ground" Now "Palestinian Arabs" National Geographic "Ethiopia: The Hidden Empire" Network Totals ABC CBS NBC Category Total 185 % Hour 4 Hours 1 Hour 5% Hours NBC CBS CBS CBS ABC CBS DOCUMENTARIES 1971 Category Title Length Network History *Project 20 "Down to the Sea in Ships" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1 Hour Science/ "Man's Thumb on Nature's Balance" 60 NBC Space/ National Geographic "The Great Nature Mojave Desert" 60 CBS "Everglades" 60 NBC "SST...Super Sound and Fury" 30 ABC Jacques Cousteau "The Dragons of Galapagos" 60 ABC Jacques Cousteau "Secrets of the Sunken Caves" 60 ABC "What Happened to Earth Day?" 30 CBS National Geographic "Journey to the High Artic" 60 CBS Jacques Cousteau "Sockeye Salmon" 60 ABC "Polar Seas" 60 CBS Jacques Cousteau "Lagoon of Lost Ships" 60 ABC *"Kifaru, The Black Rhinoceros" 60 NBC "Penguin City" 60 CBS *"The Great Barrier Reef" 60 NBC "Monkeys, Apes and Man" 60 CBS Jacques Cousteau "Octopus, Octopus"60 ABC "Eagle and the Hawk" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 6% Hours CBS 5% Hours NBC 4 Hours Category Total 16 Hours U. S. "The Waning War in South Govern- Vietnam" 60 CBS ment/ "New Voices in the South" 30 CBS Politics "A Different Welfare Story" 60 ABC "National Polling Day: The Surprising Americans" 60 ‘ ABC "Report on American POW's" 60 CBS 186 DOCUMENTARIES 1971--Continued Category Title Length Network U.S. "When Johnny Comes Marching Govern- Home" 60 ABC ment/ "What's Happened to the Army?" 60 CBS Politics White Paper "The Death of Diem" 60 NBC (Cont.) Network Totals ABC 3 Hours CBS 4% Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 78% Hours Business/ "The Cherokee Shaft: The Story of Economics/ Mines and Men" 60 ABC Labor "Wildfire!" 60 NBC CBS Reports "...But What if the Dream Comes True" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 1 Hour Category Total 3’ Hours Fine "Search for the Goddess of Arts/ Love" 60 CBS Media "Picasso is 90" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 0 Hours Category Total 2 Hours Civil "Strangers in Their Own Rights Land" 30 ABC "Chicano" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 1 Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total 1% Hours DOCUMENTARIES 197l--Continued Category Title Length Network Crime/ White Paper "Children Imprisoned" 60 NBC Police/ ' Justice In America "Justice Justice Delayed, Justice Denied" 60. CBS Justice In America "Crime and the Courts" 60 CBS "Heroes and Heroin" 60 ABC Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 4 Hours Religion/ "Kids!--53 Things to Know about Medicine/ Health, Sex and Growing Up" 60 CBS Education "How to Stay Alive" 60 ABC "Lure of the Tall Ships" 60 CBS "Alcoholism Out of the Shadows" 60 ABC "Cancer is the Next Frontier" 60 NBC *Project 20 "The Coming of Christ" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 2 Hours CBS 2 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 6"Hours Sports "The Hard Chargers" 60 NBC Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 0 Hours NBC 1 Hour Category Total 1 Hour Biography "Southern Exposures" 30 CBS Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS % Hour NBC 0 Hours Category Total % Heur DOCUMENTARIES 197l--Continued Category Title Length Network Life/ "Childhood-~The Enchanted Years" 60 NBC Leisure/ *"Eskimos' Fight For Life" 60 CBS Enter- "Leaving Home Blues" 60 NBC tainment "Land of the Small" 60 NBC "To the Top of Everest" 60 CBS Network Totals ABC 1 Hour CBS 2 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 5 Hours U.S. "Changing War in Indochina" 60 CBS Foreign "The Seven Summits" 3 NBC Affairs Network Totals ABC 0 Hours CBS 1 Hour NBC % Hour Category Total 1%FHours Foreign "Inside Scotland Yard" 60 NBC Countries "Venice Be Damned" 60 NBC "Terror in Northern Ireland" 30 ABC Network Totals ABC % Hour CBS 0 Hours NBC 2 Hours Category Total 2% Heurs 189