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”ORION- DIS‘BIBUTION

A mu. Submttod to
tho Faculty of
Michigan State 001103.
of
laimlturo and. Applied Schne-

by
Ingram flavor-u gnu-15h

candidate for the botanical name of
noon-1a: Ingmar

Jun 1931

THES!5

-ii‘

IN'BOWCTION

In the last few years electric utility companies have
begun to realise that one of their most important problems is that of
the economical delivery of the energ produced at the generating plant
to the ultimate consumer and that improvements in the methods of dis-
tribution may be as productive of savings as the application of fuel
saving devices and more efficient generating equipment. That this
trend toward inprovement of economics in the distribution is well Just-
ified may readily be understood when it is realised that fifty per cent
or more of the ultimate cost of the electrical energy is accumlnted
after it leaves the power house. It is also realized that such in»
provements in the economics must be coupled with betterment of servi-
ce to the consumer whose full and continued use of the prodnct depends

upon the assurance he has that his demands will be met when required.

While, perhaps, the major portion of future savings will
continue to be made at the generating plants through the continual im-
provanent in boilers and generators and their auxiliary equipnents, con-
siderable savings may be effected by the more intelligent use of exist-
ing distribution systems and by the replacement of inefficient methods
by those more efficient and more adaptable to the continual demand for
improvements in service standards. lore careful planning in the con-
struction of extensions to the system and in the replacement of the old.-
er and inadequate portions will result in an appreciable decrease in the

obsolescence and maintenance expense. Line load factors may be im-

'

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proved by more intelligent use of lines and the system.power factor
increased by a more careful attention to transformer loadings. Depre-
ciation as well as maintenance may be cut down by systematic and close

periodic inspections of the whole system.

It is not the purpose of this thesis to treat the whole

subject of distribution in detail. but rather to point out certain
methods and ideas which the writer has applied in practice and which

have proven satisfactory in reliability, simplicity, and economics.

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METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
Direct—current

The distribution of electrical energy by means of direct-
current systems is fast disappearing and need not be touched upon in de-
tail. It is used here merely as a means of comparison with the present

accepted method of alternating-current distribution.

The cost of manufacture and distribution, and the law of
supply and demand are the factors which determine the sale of an article
and its worth to the buyer. If a merchandiser should wrap similar ar—
ticles in two different packages and make a difference in their prices,
the purchaser would probably demand the one of lesser price if he knew
that the articles were the same and that they would give him equal satis-
faction. So it is with electrical energy in the forms of direct-
current and alternating-current. They do the same work but their
cost to the consumer is vastly different due to their difference in cost
of manufacture and distribution and this cost is greatly in favor of al-

ternating-current.

The transmission of great bulks of power by low voltage
direct-current is very costly due to the large size and number of con-
ductors that are necessary in order to overcome excessive voltage drops
and so insure satisfactory regulation. Due to this necessarily
great number of conductors of large cross-sectional area, the use of
pole lines is precluded and it is necessary to use the more empensive

underground construction of conduits and lead covered cables. In the

 

 

high density load areas, in the larger cities, this construction of
conduit lines of sufficient numbers of ducts for direct-current dis-
tribution is well nigh impossible. The streets and thoroughfares that
are available are usually crowded with pipes and conduits of every
nature and description. There will be found sewer pipes, gas and
water mains, conduits for the use of telephone companies and for street
railway and street lighting purposes, street car tracks, and so many
other obstacles that expensive tunneling at depths of fifty feet or
awre blow the surface is often resorted to in order to provide the
zmcessary room. In alternating-current distribution, using higher
‘wfltagee, the number of ducts needed is materially reduced and their
facility of installation is greatly simplified with a corresponding

decrease in cost.

Due to the short transmission distances of direct-current
tigreat number of substations or converter stations with costly switch
gear and expensive rotating machinery must be used. Also, in the
nmre densely loaded areas, these systems are generally provided with
storage-battery reserve amounting to from.50 to 75 per cent of the load

served.

Studies are constantly being made by central station compa-
nies throughout the United States towards the elimination of direct-
current distribution, and reductions in the direct—current areas are
made each year. The cost of change—over of customer's equipment is

/

the main deterrent towards final elimination, but in many cities this

change-over must necessarily be spread over a long period of time

and the costs, in many instances, are being taken care of by agree-
ments between the central station company and the consumer whereby
each pay a certain portion. Some companies are taking care of all
the expenses involved including changing the customers equipment,
while others have adepted a policy of watchful waiting - allowing no
extensions to the system and eliminating customers from time to time
through the voluntary discontinuance on the part of the customer or
by the customer's replacement of worn-out equipment with alternating-
current equipment. Statements of the policies adopted by some cen-

tral station companies will be found in Appendix ”A".

In the changing over of any system the problem is one of
pure economics and, while in many cases the costs involved are large,
savings can be made by both the central station company and the con-
sumer. The lower rates for alternating-current energy will usually
nnre than pay for the change of customer's equipment and the central
station companies will be benefitted by the better use of their alter-
nating-current distribution systems which are now, in most cases, paral-

leling and supplementing the direct-current system.

Lansing has for some time permitted no extension to its
direct-current system and while this system has never been very large
the policy adapted several years ago has had the result that at the

jpresent time only about forty customers remain.

The following is an example of the analysis to be made

in any pr0posed change-over and although the system analysed is very
small, the same problem must be handled by all companies contemplating

such change.

Analysis of Proposed Change—over
of
Direct-current System
of the

XYZ Electric Co.

Extent of survey

 

Statement showing what was covered in the survey such as
direct-current generating equipment, switchboards, switches and other
auxiliary equipment, underground and overhead lines used for direct-
current distribution, availability of alternating current, equipment

now used by the customer and alternating-current equipment required, etc.

Method of survey

Statement showing what was done and how.

ondition of e ment
Statement of basis for determining percentages of condition

of equipment.

Selection of Alternatigg-current eggipment

Statement of reasons for the selection of types and kinds

of replacement equipment. Sources of bids and labor costs, etc.

Territory involved

Statement showing territory covered and reasons.

F §UIPLEENT

D, C, Generating Equipment

 

Costs
1 - lestinghouse steam turbine exciter
set, 2750 RPM, serial #253k, direct
connected to Westinghouse D.C. gen-
erator, 75 K‘. 125 volts, 600 amps, $h050.00

l - I.G. set consisting of l - Westing-
house D.C. generator, 125 KW, 600 v,
208 amps, 690 RPM, ser. #6h0287,
direct connected to l - Westinghouse
motor, 200 HP, constant speed Ind..
#000 v., 3pn., 60 cy, ser. #6u0285 3690.00

1 - I.G. set mounted on Cl base, consist-
ing of 2-0! D.C. generators, 25 XV,
200 amps., 120/125 v, 1200/1160 RPM,
compound wound, ser.#hh7026, hh7027.
and l - GE ind. motor, 75 HP, 60 cy.,
“000 V, 1200 RPM, NL, 1160 RPM FL,
ser. #78118“ 1700.00

1 — I.G. set mounted on Cl base consist-
ing of l - GE syn. motor, 125 HP,
900 KPH, 3 ph., 60 cy.. ser.#301896,
direct connected to l - GE D.C. gen.
75 IV, 125 amps, 125 volts, 900 RPM,
ser. #500691, and l - GE D.C. gen,
75 xv, 600 amps, 125 volts, 900 RPM,
ser. #500690 25u0.00

p. g, §witghbgard_& equipment

1 - 9 panel switchboard including
meters, bus bars, etc. 1600.00

 

$13,580.00

2. Q. Digtributign lines
Salvage value of itemized wire and cable

$2.355-00

Less removal costs 720.00

 

Total or net salvage value ...................................

Dep-%

50

5O

50

50

Present
value

$2025.00

18h5.00

850.00

1270.00

800.00

$6,790.00

$1,635.00

Quetomers Equipment

Itemized statement of customers equipment, equipment

required for replacement, cost less salvage $ 36,000.00

EVALUATION AND COSTS

Generatigg costs
The cost of generating electricity at the Ottawa St. Plant

(cost of energy delivered to the switchboard) or the charges which the
Electrical Department pays the Steam Heat Department for the energy -
1.25¢ per kwh-is approximately double the cost of energy delivered to
the switchboard by the electric plant. Also, the conversion equipment
is only about 50 per cent efficient, so that only half of the energy
that is delivered to the machines is delivered to the customer. These
conversion losses occur after the power is delivered to the switchboard
so that the total cost of the energy delivered to the customer is 2.5¢
per kwh. The total energy delivered to direct current customers

during 1929 was 172,750kwh approximately.

Distribution costs

The average cost of furnishing electricity to alternating-
current customers from the switchboard to the customers meter, and
which includes cost of billing, general and miscellaneous and other
expenses, is .752¢ per kwh. This cost, for direct current, may be
taken as slightly higher, or approximately l.0¢ per kwh. Inasmuch as

alternating current lines are available for use at all direct current

customers and the majority of these customers are already supplied
with alternating current of the type which will have to be used for
the replacement equipment, the cost of furnishing the added alterna-
ting current service will be so small that it may be neglected. The
existing cost of furnishing direct current service will therefore con-
stitute a saving and will amount to 172,750 x .01 - $1,727.50. Cost

of distribution of alternating current based on .752¢ per kwh would

be $1,299.08

22221.!22251

The total cost of the energy delivered to the customer would
be the generating cost plus the distribution cost or 3.5¢ per kwh and

amounts to 172,750 x 3.5 = $6,0h6.25

Revenue

The 'net revenue (less the prompt payment discount) from the
sale of direct current energy during the year 1929 was approximately
$8,983.00 - $6,0h6.00 : $2,937.00.

The gross revenue (loss the prompt payment discount) which
would be received from these customers if they were using alternating
current instead of direct current would be 172,750 x .oeu - $h,1u6.00.
The cost of delivering this energy is .Olh05 ¢ per kwh. making a total
cost of 172,750 x .01905 - $2,N27.50. The difference between these
two is su,lh6.00 - $2,u27.50 - $1,739.00 approximately, which would be

the net revenue from alternating current.

Plant Cqsts_

The floor space which the D.C. equipment occupies at the

10

Ottawa St. Plant will become available for other purposes if this di-
rect current equipment is removed. The cost of buildings, plus land,
amounts to $2M8,96h.5u and 22% of this is used for electric generation.
The total kwh in electricity generated at this plant during 1929 was
9,835,886 kwh of which approximately 3h5,500 kwh was for D.C. use.
Twenty-two per cent of $2hs,96h.5u or $5u,772.00 is the share of the
buildings to be apportioned to the electrical use and from this the cost
to be apportioned to direct current is found to be (5h,772 x 3h5,500) 4
9.835.886 = $1,925.00.

Evaluating this at 6%, we get a yearly saving of $115.00

Plant Bflpment

The existing equipment at the Ottawa St. Plant used for
furnishing direct current service was purchased in 1918 at 191“
prices with a 10% discount. This equipment will have to be replaced
in a few years if we are to continue to furnish this type of service
and the cost of this replacement - estimated at $15,000.00 less
$5,000.00 for salvage of old equipment - may be evaluated at about 12%
which includes interest on the investment, maintenance, and depreci-

ation. This would amount to $10,000.00 x.12 = $1,200.00

Distribution Equipment
With the growth of the system, the demand for conduit space

will increase and the conduit now used for direct current lines will
be needed for alternating current cables. The number of feet of cone
duit used for direct current is about 8000 and at a cost of 55¢ per
duct foot, this space is worth $M,H00.00. The wires and cables can

be salvaged and will amount to approximately $1,635.00. The wire and

 

11

cable used for direct current will not be needed for alternating
current distribution, and could not be used due to the fact that the
insulation is not suitable for primary distribution voltage. This
cable, as well as the wire, can be salvaged, and capitalizing its
salvage value of $1,635.00 at 6% the yearly revenue from this will

be $98 .00, approximately.

Enclugion

The cost of changing the customers' equipment to alterna-
ting current Operation will be approximately $36,000.00 and inasmuch
as the existing direct current equipment is, in general, in a bad or
worn-out condition, necessitating excessive expenditures for mainte-
nance, such change will be to the customer's benefit, not only in that
these excessive maintenance costs will be eliminated, but also through
the realization of lower operating costs due to the lower rate for
alternating current service. The saving effected by the lower energy
charge of alternating current service alone is estimated to be

$14,837 .00 per year .

The change—over will affect the customer and the XYZ Elec.
Co. as follows:
Total amount paid by direct current customers $3,983 .00

Total amount customers would pay for equivalent

 

alternating current udlu6.oo
Yearly savings to customer $14,837.00
Net revenue from direct current customers $2,937 .00
Net revenue if customer is furnished A. C. lJZLOO

 

Loss in revenue £1 , 2‘10 .00

12

Net cost of D. C. delivered to switchboard $H,318.75

Net cost of A. C. delivered to switchboard 1,128,50

 

Savings due to lower generating costs $3,190.25
Net distribution cost of D.C. $1,727.50

Net distribution cost of A.C. _;Lg21¢x;_

Savings in distribution costs h28.50
Savings from salvage of distribution lines 98.00
Savings from duct space 265.00
Future savings in replacement costs of plant equipment 1,200.00
Savings from floor space 115.00
Total yearly saving to company $u,087.00

Maps showing the direct current area and the direct current
distribution lines, curve of equipment cost plotted against savings
to customers and to the company and which shows point of equal saving,
together with copies of letters from several electric utility companies
who have experienced the problems involved in this change-over, are

attached.

(Signed)

 

(f “#22311; ,ggria’; , y £470,701
£7 //Yf£,f,f.4’é 5 r a! (fox yr ’t‘lf /7Fi1’5c¢z/é‘g{fi""

_£ ”Vitre- i312

 

 

 

 

 

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13

ternati -current

The development of the transformer is primarily respon-
sible for the rapid growth of the electrical industry and the present
efficiency and economy of the distribution of electrical energy.
Before its advent, the radius of distribution was confined to narrow
limits because of the excessive costs of direct-current distribution.
The transformer, however, made it possible to transmit the energy at
higher voltages, reducing these voltages at any point on the system
to that required by the customer. This permitted an enormous
saving in the cost of distribution and transmission because of the
increased load carrying capacities of the feeders and the reduction
in substation equipment. The production costs could also be re-
duced due to the fact that these higher voltages permitted reduction in
the size and cost of generators and other equipment and to savings
of conversion losses. The apparatus and equipment of utilization
kept in step with this important change so that at the present time,
alternating current motors are almost exclusively used and the control
for this type of motor has been so highly deve10ped that, except in
rare instances, the use of direct-current for motor drives has been

eliminated.

Although the scheme of alternating-current distribution
is fundamentally the same now as at its inception, many changes and
readjustments have taken place. The frequencies and voltages of
Generation and distribution have varied greatly among the companies

°n€aged in the industry, and although 60 cycles has become the

1%

accepted standard, many 25 and 30 cycle systems are still in opera-

tlone

Generation and distribution voltages were also chosen
without regard to standardization. Distribution voltages run the
gamut of from 2200 to 6600 volts and all the known methods of distri-
bution are still in use. The three phase 3-wire, and three phase
h—wire systems predominate at present and the systems at variance

with this will eventually be changed over.

Standards of secondary voltages are also lacking and
the secondary systems of today vary from 110/220 to l20/2u0 volts
single phase for lighting, with voltages for power purposes of 230
and M60, three phase. Two phase systems, both primary and second-
ary, are still being used in many parts of the country, but they will

probably entirely disappear within the near future.

The lack of standardization of frequencies and voltages
and the absence of coordination between the electrical manufacturer
and the central station companies, which prevailed during the early
days of the industry, have been detrimental to both the producer and
the consumer of electrical energy. Much of the equipment and appa~
ratus used must necessarily be made for the one particular system and
the cost of manufacture will naturally be greater than if the same
could be used on all systems. Many central station companies have
changed or will be forced to change their systems from the lower frequen-

cies to the accepted 60 cycle standard and the enormous cost of such

 

 

15

change in a very large system may become nearly prohibitive. In the
district of Grand Rapids, Michigan, containing approximately 50,000
-customers and with a maximum demand of less than 70,000 kwh. the Con-
sumers Power 00., is at present engaged in changing over the old 30
cycle system to 60 cycle. It is estimated that the cost of this
change-over will be approximately $5,000,000.00 which will amount to
more than $70.00 per kwh of’maximum demand or about $100.00 per custom-

er. (Number of customers and demand is estimated)

The evolution of the primary distribution system, begin-
ning with single phase, has been to two phase, four wire, to two phase
three wire, and to three phase, with the three phase connection either
I or Delta. Single phase distribution proved quite satisfactory dur-
ing the early days of the industry when lighting was the principal load.
Small motors operated on these single phase lines did not prove very
objectionable but with growth of the demand for electric motor drives
it became necessary to change the system to polyphase Operation. Two
phase was the logical step as no change had to be made in the existing
single phase lines which were combined for two-phase operation of motor
equipment. The first system, two'phase feur wire, evolved later into
the two-phase three wire system which had the advantage of being more
economical due to the fact that the amount of conductor material re—
quired was reduced to seventy-five per cent of that required for the

four wire system.

The three phase three or four wire system universally
'used at the present time, though designed primarily for power distri-

bution has the advantage that it may be readily used for single phase

16

service and is more economical in that it uses only seventy-five per
cent of the copper used in an equivalent single phase circuit. Either

two or three transformers may be used to supply power loads.

Three phase systems may be operated as an isolated delta
or as a grounded Y system. In either system the neutral is at ground
potential and the voltage from line to ground is the line voltage
divided by 3. In the isolated delta system, however, the capacity current
of the line balances the voltages against ground and thereby keeps the
neutral at ground potential. Therefore, in this system, line troubles
will give an increased voltage but do not materially affect the operation
of the system. In the grounded Y system, line troubles immediately
affect the operation due to the difference of potential between phase and

neutral or ground.

The choice of system to use has been in favor of the
grounded I by the majority of operating companies. Distribution is
normally at H000 volts, phase to phase, with the grounded neutral brought
out and used for single phase connection of transformers and for open

delta connection of power transformers.

Several schemes of primary distribution are being used and
the merits of each depend.upon several factors, such as the distances
covered, density of load, service requirements, etc. For lighting
service especially, where requirements exist for certain limits of
voltage regulation, which requirements may be prescribed by State Uti-
lities Commissions such as in Michigan (allowable variation of 3% below
to 5% above the normal standard voltage) or by the company's own desire
to keep within certain limits, the system to be used must lend itself

most readily to such regulation.

17

The feeder and main system, shown in Fig. 2, has the dis-
advantage that the mains, in many cases, are backfeeding from the center
point of distribution thus using more wire than is necessary as well as
occupying much valuable pole space. The regulation is to the center of
the section and its effectiveness depends upon the load on the mains and

their distance from the feeder point.

figure 3 shows a modified feeder and main system in which
regulation is provided to the load center of the feeder, but with branch
leads tapped off from the feeder back of the center of regulation. This
method provides good regulation to any part of the circuit if the neces-
sary amount of boost required at the far end is not too great for the
closer loads. This system is excellent for condensed load areas and

for loads located close to the stations.

A third method, shown in Fig. M, is used principally for
lighting purposes and is especially adapted for three phase four wire
grounded neutral. Here, the three phase feeder is treated as three
single phase circuits, individually regulated and usually separately
controlled, though the individual circuit breakers may be provided
with mechanical interlocks where it is desired to use the feeder for
supplying miscellaneous power loads. This method is the best means
for providing regulation in the outlying and less densely loaded dis-
tricts and may cover a large extent of territory. It also has the
advantage that feeder troubles are easily located as troubles occurring
on the feeder will be confined to one relatively small area or along
the feeder proper. Its simplicity of installation, ease of regu-
lation and economy of Operation make it the more favored for general

lighting feeder purposes.

 

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Most companies employ both of the last two methods, the
first for lighting in condensed load areas and for power distribu-
tion with or without voltage regulators, the second for serving the
more outlying districts or more lightly loaded areas. Both are used
by the Board of Water and Electric Light Commissioners Of the City of
Lansing and have proven satisfactory in providing excellent regula-
tion and in general Operation. Diagrams of both lighting and power

feeders of this system are appended.

In comparing the relative amount of loads that can be
supplied by 14160 v, three phase and direct current at 21+o v, the
ratio is found to be approximately 35 to l. The following dia-
grams, taken from the Electrical World, issue of Oct. 25, 1930, give
an indication of the relative savings Of duct space for transmitting
equal amounts of power at different voltages. Comparing the three
phase M160 v. system to 2&0 v. direct current it is seen that only
about 1/6 Of the duct space required for 2&0 v. direct current is

needed for the three phase 1:160 v. system.

I II III IV! [E “

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I -_Direct current, 2140 volts -------------------------------- 19.31 Sq. rt.
II - Alternating current, two phase, 2,h00 volts ------------- 8.26 Sq. Ft.
III - Alternating current, three phase, #160 volts --------- - 3.M3 Sq. Ft.
1v - Alternating current, three phase, 6,600 volts ----------- 2.25 Sq. rt.

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19

ALTERNATING—CURRENT NETWORKS

The term, network, as used in electrical distribution de-
notes an interlacing or interconnection Of lines and does not refer to
any one individual, isolated system, which is not so or is not capable of
being so interconnected. The National Electric Light Association has
defined a low voltage network as ”Any alternating-current installation
where transformers located on different premises have their secondaries

tied together”.

The network principle has been used by central station
companies since the beginning of the electrical industry, first in di-
rect-current distribution and then in its most simple form in alterna-
ting-current distribution by providing interconnection from one feeder
to another which could be used in cases Of emergency. This first sys-
tem depended upon manual Operation for completing the interconnection
and although this took a certain amount of time, the service given was,
on the whole, deemed quite satisfactory and except in the larger cities
and very heavy load areas it will continue to be used as the principal

method of interconnection.

The installation of the networks system with elaborate
and expensive control equipment may be economically justified in the
larger cities where the character and the density of the load warrant
the expense involved or where continuity of service is all important.
The dependence of man upon electricity for his comfort and well—being
is apparent to all and the failure of generating plants and distribu-
tion lines to properly function may be the means Of stopping all nor-

mal and necessary Operations in that particular locality.

 

 

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The manual interconnection of lines, while somewhat
slow in Operation has demonstrated its usefulness to all Operating
companies. This scheme has been further perfected by the use of
sectionalizing switches in the feeders themselves so that any section
may be cut out of service in cases of emergency. These sectionalizing
switches make it possible to transfer any section of a feeder to adjar
cent feeders in cases of overload of that section or if for any other

reason such transfer should become necessary.

To eliminate the possibilities of overload, the parent
feeder system shown in.Fig. h-a is used. The parent feeder is laid out
with this end in view and enough.spare capacity in copper and station
equipment is allowed to prevent its becoming overloaded. Normally, the

parent feeder carries as much load as any feeder in its group.

In the duplicate feeder system, shown in Fig. u—a, pro-
vision may be made to tie any primary section to the one Opposite or to
tie any secondary section to the one opposite. The primary feeders should
be run back to the station along different routes. Either primary or

secondary should be designed to take over all the load in case this should

become necessary.

In the cities of large size there are found individual
‘Customers using several thousands of kva. These should be treated as
'QDarate substations and served by independent feeders, preferably orig-
inating at separate substations and differently routed. Enough feeder

c'a'Peeityshould'beprovided.to maintain service in cases of feeder out-

age.. 'Fhese large loads are not difficult to serve and manual throw-

 

 

 

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21

over equipment may be used as these large loads usually have an electri-
cian handy who can operate this equipment and any outage would therefore

be only Of brief duration.

Business districts, however, should be more carefully con-
sidered. Here, service should be of paramount importance because of
the fact that during business hours, large numbers of people are congre-
gated therein and the greater the number of people affected the greater
the amount of good-will the Operating company will lose. The transform-
er installation serving these areas should not only have plenty of feed—
er capacity but throw-over equipment from one feeder to another should be
automatic instead of manually operated. The larger the cities, of course,
the more important this service becomes, but Justification may exist for
this higher degree of service in the smaller cities as well. Careful
studies should be made of each particular area in order to determine

whether or not such service is warranted.

The automatic throw-over equipment used for this purpose
should be selective. i.e., normally Operate on its own feeder but in case
of failure of such feeder, to throw the load over to the other. When
its own feeder is placed service again it should automatically get back
on it. Circuit breakers of such design are made by several manufactur-
ers and may be bought at prices ranging from about $1,000.00 and up, for

h,000 volts Operation.

This network principle applied to the primary feeders is'
particularly applicable to the business areas of cities of average size.

Its use presupposes spare feeder capacities and except for the additional

 

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22

cost involved in this Spare capacity the percentage increase in cost

due to employment of automatic throw-over equipment is relatively small.

The transformer installation shown in Fig. No 5 is so
designed that an automatic vault unit may be installed at any time without
much additional expense in labor. This installation was designed
by the writer and is typical Of several in use by the Board of Water &
Electric Light Commissioners, Lansing, in their undergound distribution
system throughout the business section of the city. These installations
are so designed that for normal Operation the lighting and power trans-
formers are fed from separate feeders. In cases Of emergency, all of
the load can‘be thrown over to either feeder. During several years of
service these installations have given excellent service and in cases of
emergency (this has not yet been experienced) all of the load on a cable
in trouble may be transferred to other cables within the relatively short
period of one-half hour. Distribution engineers of the Detroit Edison
00. who have inspected these installations have indicated that they may
use the same design in installations in Ann Arbor and other medium sized

cities on their system.

In order to approximate the reliability of the direct-
current system.much work has been done in recent years in the develop-
ment of the secondary network. This method of paralleling transformp
ers is not new, however, as many Operating companies have used the scheme
of banking all the transformers on the same single phase feeders for many
years with varying success. One of the disadvantages Of the method as

practiced before the introduction of the later methods of networks pro-

23

tection laid in the fact that constant inspection of transformers and of
transformer fuses as well as of sectionalizing fuses (if these were used)
was necessary in order that the transformers would not become overload-
ed to such an extent that they would burn out due to failure of other
transformers on the network to carry their proportionate share of the load.
The writer hai occasion to eliminate several such networks in Lansing
about ten years ago when investigations revealed that transformer fail-
ures and poor service conditions were due to transformers being discon-
nected from the system by reason of Open fuses thus throwing an over-

load on other transformers. This has been of common occurrence
with many operating companies and for the reason that sufficient regu-
larity of inspections cannot be made without excessive costs many comp-
anies do not permit the paralleling of transformers. 0n the other

hand, by the use of this network system, the transformer capacity instal-

led may be much smaller due to the advantage derived from diversity of

load.

The later developments, however, have eliminated most of
the disadvantages of the old system of parallel Operation. Vith the use
of automatic networks units the stability of the network approaches that
of the direct-current system. Short circuits on any one feeder will
cause the units on that feeder to Open and when the feeder is repaired
these units will automatically reclose when the feeder circuit breaker at
the substation is closed. They will not reclose on reverse phase or
When the ratio of the feeder voltage to the network voltage is less than
normal and in case feeder voltages are out of synchronism the units of

one feeder will cpen and will reclose again when voltages are in step.

2h

The substation operator may take advantage of light load periods and
take units out of service by opening feeder circuit breakers. Also,
the secondaries of the network may be so designed that faults occurring
on them will burn clear without interrupting service. The costs of
network units as quoted by one manufacturer in.Jan. 1927, were as fol-

lows:

Amps. Non—submersible Submersible
250 $ 500.00 $ 890.00
500 550.00 9h0.00

1200 1,050.00 1,550.00

The following diagram. taken from Westinghouse Elec. &
Mfg. Co. Instruction.Book:1.3.537h, shows schematic diagram of an alter-

nating-current secondary network using network units.

 

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25

DISTRIBUTION IN CXDIJDEIJSBD LOAD AREAS

Some of the problems encountered by distribution engineers
in the location and the economic construction of lines, though seeming-
ly simple, are not always easily solved. The question of time - the
maximum life of the line with respect to future load growth-is, of course,
of major importance but there are others such as routing, choice between
overhead and underground, etc. that must be given most careful consider-
ation. PrOper routes are not always available for overhead lines nor
is it always possible to build conduit lines where they are most desired.
Each particular part of the problem must be considered in its relation to
the whole and the solution must be based upon sound Judgment and economic

f8Ct. o

The writer recently had occasion to study and make recom-
mendations regarding the reinforcement of lines, of the Board of Water &
Electric Light Commissioners of Lansing, now serving East Lansing and the
report is quoted herein in order to show some of the problems that must
be considered. Qioteh

"At the present time we have one No. 16/0, three phase, four
wire overhead circuit feeding East Lansing from our Cedar Street substa—
tion, this ciI‘CUi’C being connected to the Michigan State College Power
Plant through a bank of l+000 to 2300 volts step-down transformers. The
load on this circuit has been as high as 200 amperes per phase or about
1,100 kw for the circuit. The normal load is approximately 1,000 kw
which is the maximum that should be carried without excessive voltage
drop. The construction of this line is in good condition except for

that section along Michigan Avenue from Clippert Street to Harrison Road.

 

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Basing the future growth of the load in East Lansing on
that of the past ten years it is found that the present load. will pro-
bably double in the next ten years. The load center will shift
slightly to the west due to the higher type of subdivision properties
in this direction. The growth in this direction will probably be con-
fined to the territory between Saginaw Street and West Michigan Ave.,
as far as Ranney Park. There will be no deve10pment south of
Michigan Ave. due to the lowness of the ground and to the fact that most of
this land is owned by the State and by the City of Lansing and used for
park purposes. The growth south of the Cedar River will not be ex-
tensive because much of this land is State preperty and will not be
subdivided. The growth in a north-easternly direction will probably

not go much beyond Saginaw Street.

Construction of lines to East Lansing presents a more dif—
ficult problem than any encountered in other parts of our system. The
possible routes - Michigan Ave., Saginaw St., and tit. Hope Ave.. have each
certain disadvantages which must be considered in their relation to the

system and to the general public.

In the consideration of routes, Michigan Avenue is of first
importance as it is the location of the existing circuit and because it
is the shortest route to our generating plants and substations. Additi—
onal circuits (overhead) along this route, however, will necessitate re-
building the pole line on Michigan Avenue from Clippert Street to Harri-
son Road which is not recommended due to the fact that the completion of

the boulevard project may force abandonment of pole lines on this street.

 

27

Another influence against additional circuits here is the fact that our
pols line on Kalamazoo Street is already loaded to such an extent that
additional load on these poles is not advisable. No direct route other
than Kalamazoo Street exist south of Michigan Avenue and lines east from

the Cedar Street substation must therefore use this street.

Saginaw Street from Larch Street east provides another
route to East Lansing, but lines constructed here would have to pass
over Grand River Avenue from its intersection with Saginaw Street to
Hillside Street, East Lansing. Overhead lines along here would be
very objectionable because of the high class subdivisions which lie a-
long both sides of this street and because of the fact that it is a
much traveled State and National highway. Considerable underground
cable would also be necessary from the Cedar Street substation to Sagi—
naw Street. This would occupy duct space that may be more needed for

future circuits to the northern part of the city.

Although lines could be constructed along Mt. Hope Avenue
to Harrison Road and North on Harrison Road to reach East Lansing, the
use of this route would be prohibitive due to the fact that over most
0f the distance the reconstruction of existing lines and construction
of new over that portion that has no pole lines at present would be un-
ecoriornical because of the light load conditions which now exist along

this route and which will not change materially for years to come.

Another route that has been considered is along Main Street
from River Street to McCullough Street, then over private right-of—way
31°38 the Pere Marquette Railway to Sheppard Street and over Shields

lVBnue to a point opposite Foster Street. At this point an underground

 

VI

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28

3
cable dip would be required under the Pere Marquette Railway Company's
right-of—way to the Francis Street pumping station. From here
pole lines could be constructed to Clippert Street opposite the Tourist
Camp, and underground cable construction from there across the Red Cedar
Golf Course for a distance of about 1,500 feet. This line could be
connected to one of the circuits of HL-l at Main and River Streets

and fed 13,200 volts from the Moores Park station.

In the construction of lines to East Lansing, it should
be borne in mind that the load at East Lansing will probably reach 3,000
kw or more within the next ten years and that the distance from our gen—
erating plant to the load center is nearly five miles which distance is
past the point of economical distribution of this amount of load at
h,000 volts. Any new construction should therefore be made for 13,200
volts, whether or not operation at this higher voltage is immediately

provided or deferred to a later period.

In considering 13,200 volts construction it should also
be remembered that this voltage is above the maximum allowed by the
Michigan.Bell Telephone Company for Joint use. The Operation of 13,200
volts circuits on pole lines would therefore mean duplicate pole lines
over the major part of the distance. Much of our efforts during the
past few years has been towards the elimination of such duplicate pole

11119..

Direct feed of this lead from the Moores Park:P1ant is
not recommended for the reason that no additional transformer or 13,200
volts line capacity will be required at the Cedar Street substation.

This is due to the fact that the load in East Lansing is essentially a

lighting load, its maximum demand coming on at times when the demand on

the substation is falling off; i.e., in the evening hours. Thus, advantage
is taken of the diversity in load whi ch will improve the substation load
factor. If it should be desired at any future time to feed this load
direct from Moores Park, these circuits can readily be transferred to feed-

ers from Moores Park at Cedar and Kalamazoo Streets.

Distribution over overhead lines has many advantages over
underground distribution where no obstacles to the construction of such
lines exist. The first cost of overhead construction is much less than
for underground and maintenance is considerably simplified. The mainte-
nance cost is high, however, and in the long run underground construction
may prove the least expensive, even though duplicate circuits are required
in underground, in order to take care of ncssible interruptions on the
cables. Where construction of adequate overhead lines is difficult as

in this particular case, underground construction is greatly favored.

Any extension of our underground conduit system east of
Holmes Street should not be considered as any addition to the distribu-
tion system as the territory east of Holmes Street is not likely to re-
Q‘lire distribution of this type for many years, if ever. Underground
Construction of circuits to East Lansing should therefore be planned for
”11‘ purpose alone and no consideration should be given to other distri-

bution circuits along the route.

Conduit construction throughout the portion of the route
that '111 not require future undergound distribution may be dispensed

'“h by the use of parkway cable (steel armored) laid in a trench of

3O

sufficient depth to go below the frost line. The cable would need no
protection other than a creosoted plank laid on top of the cable as a
protection against mechanical injury. Manholes for splicing should be
provided about every 700 feet. Cables of smaller circular mill areas
may also be used.by placing them directly in the ground instead of in
conduits as the carrying capacities are increaSed due to better heat ra-
diation. The attached reprint from the Electrical World describes

the use of this method of underground construction in Omaha, Nebraska,

and which resulted in a considerable saving to the operating company.

The attached estimates are based on an ultimate load of
about h,000 kw. and double circuits are provided in order that inter-

ruptions to service may be minimized.

SUMMARY OF COSTS

Estimate #1

Construction of overhead line $30,000.00
Estimate #2

Standard undergound construction $79,000.00

Estimate *3

Undergound trenchlay cable construction $55.000.00

Estimate #h
Substation installation including‘

land and buildings ' $uo,ooo.oo

Difference in cost between standard undergound and trenchlay under-

ground construction $2N,OO0.00

31

The attached schematic diagram of the M,OOO volts distri-
bution system of the Board of Water and Electric Light Commissioners cov-
ering the main business section of Lansing illustrates the simplified pri-
mary networks used, and for the design and construction of which the
writer has been principally responsible. This system was begun in
1922 and extensions have been made from time to time. It has given
no trouble during this time and there has been no cases of feeder out-
ages by reason of failure of any part, except in one instance. This
one failure was due to the breakdown of a primary tap box which was used
experimentally and in which moisture crept in by reason of the cover being
not sufficiently tightened. liped Joints are used throughout for both

main splices and taps.

As can be seen from this diagram, feed is had over five
t,ooo volts circuits from the Cedar Street substation. In addition to
these circuits, one small portion (north on Grand Ave.) may also be fed
from the Ottawa Street plant or the Moores Park plant direct. This
circuit is a tie circuit from the Ottawa Street plant to the Moores Park
plant through the Durant 13,200 volts substation. Tie through the
Ottawa Street plant bus to the Cedar Street substation is had through
four 500,000 CM 3/conductor cables which is used for emergency service

from the Ottawa Street plant in cases of breakdown at Moores Parkg

As explained on page 22, for normal operation, the light-
ing and power transformers are connected to their own individual circuits
but all the load at any one of these installations may be transferred to
either feeder if necessary or desired. In addition to this, the two

feeders serving the installation may be tied together at this point. The

32

operation of the installations on pole structures is similar to that of
the underground vault installations except that on pole structures select—

ive type disconnects are used instead of oil circuit breakers.

Each particular transformer installation used in the Lan-
sing distribution system, including the business districts is a separate
system and no attempt has been made to use the secondary network scheme
because the business blocks are, as a rule, not provided with any alleys
or thoroughfares running through the entire length of the blocks. In
only a few cases is it possible to run conduit lines through more than
one block in any direction. If networks were employed it would also
be necessary to use one for each of light and power as the secondary power
voltage, now being #60 volts, could not readily be changed without con-
siderable expense in rewiring customers' services and in reconnecting and
changing their equipment if the more economical scheme of 3 phase,
four-wire secondary distribution scheme for serving both light and power

were to be used.

A rather unique method of secondary distribution for use
in the business districts has been developed in Lansing becadse of the
“811 amount of space which may be had in the rear of the business
blocks. The use of poles has been found unsatisfactory as these 13016.
were constantly being run into by truck bodies and wheel hubs of trucks
find which caused excessive maintenance costs of poles and wire
11fies. When the undergound system was first started it was there-
fore decided to place the transformers underground in those blocks which
afforded least space for overhead mounting, and in order to avoid the

use of poles for secondary distribution, these secondaries were fastened.

 

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to the rear of the buildings by the use of steel racks. The first

of the blocks treated in this manner (in 1922) has had no mainte-

nance cost since this time except for that incurred by reason of peri-
odic inspection of equipment. In order to make the work of running
the wires on the rear of the buildings as neat and substantial as pos-
sible several supporting fixtures were designed by the writer and which
fixtures are now being manufactured and sold as standard line equipment.
Iigures 6 and 7 show two of these fixtures which are used for support-

ing secondary racks on corners.

The cost of a standard vault installation as used in
Lansing is approximately $2,200.00. This covers all labor and equip-
ment with the exception of the transformers, the cost of which would
vary with the size of the installation. With the use of three fif-
ty kwa transformers for power and three one-hundred kva transformers
for lighting the total cost will be nearly $5,000.00. By using auto-
matic throw-over equipment instead of manual this cost would be in-
creased to approximately $6,000.00., or by about 20 per cent. This
increase may'not be Justified Where the service with the use of manual
equipment is satisfactory. Figure 8 shows part of the interior of

a standard vault on the Lansing system.

The use of pole structures for transformer installations
of this type is very satisfactory where sufficient space can be obtained.
The cost involved in such installations will be materially less than for
underground and should not exceed $750.00 including all labor, material

and equipment except transformers.

 

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LANSING - MICHIGAN.

 

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DISTRIBUTION IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS

Due to the tremendous growth of the electrical industry
during the past decade distribution systems have necessarily been
called.upon to supply an increasing and diversified load, and the in-
crease in the residential areas has been of'more concern to the distri—
bution engineer than that of the industrial load. Large, concentrated
loads are relatively easy to serve and original lines are usually plan,

ned for the addition of load and extra capacity may readily be installed.

The increase in residential load, however, has been more
difficult to take care of. Here, there are two separate problems -
primary line capacity and secondary line capacity. While primary lines
for lighting purposes, like industrial distribution lines, may be plan-
ned in advance to take care of a certain load increase or may readily
be reinforced if necessary, the secondary distribution lines serving

one small group of customers are more difficult to plan in advance for

maximum economy.

Until the heating of homes by the use of electicity be-
comes economically possible or electric cooking becomes universal, the
bulk of the demand of residential customers will continue to be caused
by the lighting load. The ordinary appliances such as sweepers,
toasters, washing machines, ironers, etc., while adding to the total
ammunt of energy used does not add to the demand upon the distribution
system as their uses occur mainly while the lighting load is low. Ran-
ges, however, where they are of sufficient numbers, may affect the
whole lighting distribution system and replace lighting as the main—

stay of the residential demand and change the time of peaks of demands.

 

35

The curve in Fig. 9, plotted from current readings of lighting feeders

at the Cedar Street substation, Lansing, shows that the existing peak

demand occur about 7:00 o'clock in the evening. If range loads should

replace lighting as the principal creator of the demand the peak will be

advanced to about 6:00 o'clock.

The curves in Fig. 10, plotted by the writer from data

contained in the Electrical world, issue of November 27, 1926, shows the

individual and group demands of electric ranges. These curves show that

where one range on the system creates a demand of 3.75kw the individual
demands of a number of ranges on the same system decreases very rapidly

up to fifteen ranges. At forty ranges the individual demand is only

1.0 kw and at eighty ranges this demand is reduced to 0.9 kw. The

curve will probably not go below 0.75 kw for any number.

Radio receiving sets have been the largest single resi-
dence load builder in recent years and have been the principal means of
bringing the residence lighting demand up to nearly double that of ten
years ago. The average receiving set uses approximately one-hundred
watts and this, coupled with the fact that it is used for long periods
of time each day until late in the evening hours and that more people
stay at home now than they formerly did in order to enjoy the radio
programs - and this more often with more than the usual mount of il-
lumination turned on - it may well be said that this piece of apparatus

has done more towards increasing the revenues of the operating comp-

anies than any other apparatus used in the home. It has been the

most desirable addition to the load building apparatus as it has not

increased the demand to such an extent that extensive rebuilding of

 

 

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the secondary distribution systems has become necessary, ‘which has been

the case with the electric range load.

In order to take care of the constantly growing residen

tial demand, Operating companies have been forced to spend huge sums in

the reconstruction of secondary distribution systems. Where formerly

No. 6 and No. n wires were of sufficient size to carry the load and No. 2
wire was considered quite large, the present demands call for the use of

wire sizes as large as No.14/O and with smaller limits of distribution.

In planning the change or reconstruction of any second-

ary distribution system, distribution engineers must carefully consider
not only that particular system but also those adjoining in order that
such reconstruction will fit in with the future deve10pment of those ad-

,joining sections. Il‘hey must take into account the possible future

growth of the whole and apply the most economical methods, consistent
with the proper degree of service, in making these necessary changes.
Very often, secondary systems may most economically be bettered by cut-
ting them into two or more separate parts and installing transformers
for each and at other times the needs may best be taken care of by com-
bining two or more independent systems with only a. small amount of work

involved. The diversity of demand should also be known so that the

transformer and wire sizes, which materially affect the fixed charges,

may be reduced to the minimum. Conditions, such as existing pole lines,

primary lines, interference from trees to primary line extensions, etc.,

must also be taken into account. There is no hard and fast rule by

which one may be guided in planning secondary systems as each locality

and system has its own method of proper solution.

37

In the larger cities it is very often the case that
urge districts may be found in which the demand of residential cus-
tomers may vary considerably. In the smaller cities, however, the
entire area is of comparatively uniform demand. Lansing, particu-
larly, has no one section where the demand will differ materially from

that in others and the normal demands have therefore been fairly easy

to determine .

Figure 11 shows the demand that any number of custom-
ers will place on the secondary distribution system. The data for
this curve was obtained by the writer during the months of December,
1930 and January, 1931. Several individual transformers of various
sizes and with various numbers of customers connected were tested by
means of recording arrmeters, and the minimum demand was checked from
readings of several primary lighting circuits. me these primary read-
ings, covering approximately one thousand customers per circuit, the

maximum individual demand for this number was found to be about .175 kw.

This curve has been embodied in the "Instructions for
Determining Sizes of Transformers and Secondary Wires" which have been
prepared by the writer for use of the electric distribution department
of the Board of Water and Electric Light Commissioners of Lansing, in

the planning of secondary distribution systems. These instructions

follow:-

Fr:

 

 

Vi ’ ' ' av'..'.‘. 7:5'.;
1

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38
K
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DETEIRLXINIHG SIZES OI sscomr MAINS AND IOCATIONS

AND SIZES 01' TBANSFOBLERS

I “HEAL
A - In laying out secondary distribution systems the economics of

the undertaking must be carefully considered and thought must
be given to its relation to the system as a whole and the wire
and transformer sizes must be selected which will fit in with
the ultimate scheme.

B - In the extension and the reconstruction of secondary distri-
bution, the‘fact that tree conditions and other interferences
often make the extension of primary lines difficult and costly,
must not be lost sight of. lxtensions of primary lines, where
extremely high poles are necessary, is often not economically
justified and in mam cases it will be found that proper rear-
rangement of the existing secondary system will provide the de—
sired degree of service.

0 - In general, secondary mains shall not be extended more than five
spans on either side of the transformer unless conditions are
such that primaries are difficult to install, in which case, ex-
tensions beyond five spans mey be permitted.

D - Only one transformer shall be connected to any secondary system
and parallel operation shall be resorted to only in cases of
emergency.

E - Secondaries on rear lot service shall not cross intersecting
streets except where the transformer is located on the street

in which case they may run into the blocks in either direction.

 

A"!
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39

"-Where it is possible to do so, secondaries in two to three 5
block squares shall be grid connected and the transformer lo-

cated as near the center of the grid as possible. Blocks of

 

over 500 feet in length shall not be included in gridded sys—
tems, nor shall the number of customers on such grids appreci-
ably exceed PAC.

G - The neutral wires of secondary systems shall be connected to-

 

gether as far as practicable.

II IEEOCEJUBE

L_-ifi12.r‘§t "' iT-afleJ-z' ’
:

 

A.- Establish the physical limits of the distribution required to
serve the territory, taking into account its relation to exist-
ing secondary systems which may need rebuilding and its relation
to future distribution in new and adjoining territory. Ordinap

rily, consideration will be confined to rear lot lines between

 

intersecting streets, street service within the limits of long
blocks, four-way distribution on streets, and grids.

3 - Make a map of the territory showing the locations of poles and .
of poles to be set. Number each 0016.

C - From the physical limits of the territory involved and the nun»

ber of spans to be built for the ultimate development, deter-

 

Inine which type of system is best suited and establish the limits
of'each. Select the locations of transformers.

D ‘ Compute the existing load, probable future load, combine these
'two and set down opposite their respective pole numbers.

E ‘ From the transformer as a starting point compute the load in

kw as follows:-

 

MO

"' Ir
1 - For Straight Sections (Refer to Fig. 12) E
(a) Using the demands from curve in Fig. 11, multiply the load 5

at each pole by the number of spans between it and the trans- E

former pole. Do this for both present and probable future {

loads. Use these totals to determine the transformer size n~an

and the size of wire to be used. Use table No. l for wire

size. 1

£232; The transforumr size to be selected according to the

present and future loadings, 5.3 kw and 3.9 kw respectively

 

would be 73 kva. The wire size may also be determined
from the method shown for gridded sections.
2 — For Gridded Sections

(a) Total the kw load of the grid using the curve in Fig. 11 for

- VT_‘;'|J_ ..2 . ‘Ifl'LIY‘lv-s

the demand of services. For the demand of electric ranges

1..

use the curves in Fig. 10. For stores and other places, not

single residences, use table No. 2.

.- fr .i'rl'rfom‘

(b) Divide the grid up into sections with approximately equal load
on each sections. Compute the new load on each section from
Figures 10 and 11. For a uniformly distributed load use the {
total section load for two-thirds of the distance in selecting

the wire size to be used from Figures 1h, 15, and 16, depend—

 

ing upon the per cent voltage drop to be allowed.

3939;; Until more detailed information has been obtained re—
lative to the diversity of range loads in relation to lighting

loads, the range load may be omitted from any section where it

amounts to less than one—half of the lighting load.

 

MI

E _
2 - For Gridded Sections, cont'd.

(c) The following example is used to illustrate the method of
solution stated in (b). Refer to Figure 13.
Total number of services on the grid = 186
Individual demand from Figure 11 3 .175 kw, approximately.
Store demand from Table No. 2 8 .500 kw.
Total demand = 186 x .175 .— .500 - 33.0 kw.
Load each way from.tranformer = 33/2 I 16.5 km.
Distance 8 200 feet.
Wire size from Figure 16 I 3/0 - Use N/O.
Next, take either side of the transformer, as Olds Avenue.
Compute the load on this half of the grid, omitting that
part of Max Ayenue south of the transformer and the pole
at the intersection of’Max and.01ds Avenues.
Total number of services 8 70
Individual demand from.Figure 11 = .200 kw, approximately.
Total demand a .200 x 70 - 1h.0 kw.
’Distance eaCh way from transformer = 325 feet.
Demand on each section = its/2 = 7.0 kw.
Wire size from.Figure l6 - l/O.
New, from Olds Ayenue south, the total load is connected to
a loop circuit and the total load may therefore be divided
by two and carried half the distance. This load is fairly
well concentrated towards the middle of the loop and no aL—

lowance will be made for load distribution.

 

he

E»-
2 - For Gridded Sections, cont'd.
(c) continued.
Total number of services = 33
Individual demand from Figure 11 a .275 kw.
Total demand 8 .275 x 33 I 9.0 kw, approximately.
Range demand - Omitted.
Total distance of loop 3 1200 feet.
One-half the load or 1+.5 kw will be carried one-half the
distance of the loop or 600 feet.
Allowing 1% per cent voltage drop the wire size may be found
from Figure 1%. Wire size 8 1/0.
EQEEL:
Inasmuch as the secondary voltages at the transformers are
‘usually slightly in excess of 120 volts (varies from 120 to
122 volts) the total drop may exceed 3 per cent. Voltage
draps are cumulative, however, and as a.genera1 rule shall

not exceed N volts.

 

 

TABLE NO. 1
Kw. spans one way Size of Secondariss
from transformer ___g:u_ter wires Neutral
6 - ............................. #6 .......... #6
s .............................. on .......... #6
10 .............................. #3 .......... #6
12 —————————————————————————————— #2 ---------- #h
18 ------------------------------ #0 ---------- #3

 

 

TABLE NO. 2
Kind of Load Kilowatt Demand
final]. Apartments ---------------------------------- .250
Large Apartments ---------------------------------- .350
Small Neighborhood Stores --------------------------- .500
Charging Sets ------------------------------------- 2.000

For each H. P. of motor rating -------------------- 1.000

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In recent years electric utility companies have done
much to reduce the hazards and the unsightliness resulting from over-
head pole lines on the streets and main thoroughfares. 0n the main
streets and especially in the business sections where the load densi-
ty warrants it, it has been to the companies' own advantage to place
its lines underground, but in the residential sections, where economic
justification does not exist for placing the lines underground, other
means must be used to appease public clamor and to remove the service
hazards caused by tree interferences, etc. Sometimes, alleys are avail-
able where pole lines may be constructed and where they will be more in-
conspicuous and at other times it will be necessary to procure private

right-of—way on rear lot lines.

In the newer and.more up-to-date subdivisions easements
are usually provided on rear and side lot lines for the construction of
pole and other utility lines but even so, difficulties arises at times
in their construction. Lot lines, along which utility lines have been
planned or have already been constructed as along side lot lines to be
used for crossing from one block into another, may become obliterated
by the purchase by one person of the two lots adjoining this lot line
and the construction of a dwelling on these two lots. In such cases
the moving of lines to other locations may'become costly and sometimes

nearly impossible of execution without private right-of—way.

This sort of trouble has been experienced by the Board

of Water and Electric Light Commissioners of Lansing as well as by all

.7

 

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other operating companies, and it is a coincidence that the writer had
occasion to receive a complaint from a lot owner in the subdivision
which is used as an illustration in this thesis and which had already
been prepared before receiving the complaint. This particular com-
plaint was that the u,ooo volts mains were damaging the trees along
this owner's lot line. In this instance the line was constructed
in this particular location because of the objections of the owner of
the lot along which the line had been originally planned and where it
should have been constructed. For reference see map of the subdi-
vision in Figure 17. The line from the north edge of the subdivision
south should have been constructed along the lot line of lots 7 - 8 and
109 - 110 but was instead constructed along lot line of lots 15 - 16

and 106 - 107.

In a talk before a meeting of the Lansing Real Estate
Board about three years ago the writer pointed out some of the diffi-
culties which utility companies experience in the construction and
maintenance of their lines and suggested that certain provisions be
made in the laying out of subdivisions which would.make for better
satisfaction of the prOperty owner and result in better service from

the utility companies.

One of the things brought out was the objection by the
real estate people to running the lines over head from one block to
another. It was suggested at that time that this could be avoided
by the employment of certain methods of underground construction which
should be at the expense of the owners of the subdivision. The type

of construction which the writer had in mind at that time was lead

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covered cables placed in conduit and which, in the average subdivision,
would amount to approximately $25.00 per lot. Since that time, however,
the cheaper type of trenchlay cable has been perfected so that they may

be used with entire satisfaction for this kind of work. For the pur-
pose of showing the difference in cost between total overhead construction
and partial underground with the use of trenchlay cable, the following

estimates of costs have been.made:-

0mg oonsmucmou

Poles, installed, 1+1 0 $20.00 --—----—— $820.00
Crossarms, complete with pins and insulators

and installed 60 o $2.10 -------- 126.00
Anchor guys, complete and installed

35 o $10.00 ----- - ----------------- 350.00
Wire, #3, w. P. , 3600 feet

720 # o $ .15 ------------------- 108.00
wire, #6, w. 2., 2700 feet

3081! o $.15 ---—-———---—7 --------- 1+6.oo

Installing wire, 6300 feet 0 $ .01 --------- 63.00

Total cost, not including supervision and overhead ----------- $1,513.00

PAEIIALLY UNDERGRQUND QQNSTBUCTION

Poles, installed, 31+ o $20.00 -------- 680.00
Crossarms, complete with pins and insulators

and installed, 35 Q $2.10- --------------- 73 .50
Anchor guys, complete and installed,

23 0 $10.00 ------------------------------ 230.00

Wire, #3, 11.13., 3600 feet

720! o $.15 --------------------------------- 108.00
wire, #6, 11.2.. 800 feet
9019 0 $.15 --------------------------------- 13.50

Trenchlay cable, 3/condr. #6,

1350 feet e s .20. ....................... 270.00
Excavating and. backfill, 1075 ft o $.25-~~~-—---- 268.75
Potheads, 8 o $20.00 ..--.----------....------—--— 160.00
Iron conduit, 250 ft 0 $ .20—--- ------------- -- 50.00
Installing cable, 1350 ft 0 $ .O75---—~---------- 101.25

Installing potheads, 8 0 $5.00 ------------------ L10.00

Total cost, not including supervision and overhead -------- $ 1,995.00

Difference in cost between overhead construction and partial under-

ground construction ....................................... $ 182.00

Additional cost per lot of partial underground constr. ---- $ l+.35

In order to compare the cost of serving this subdivision
with the cost of serving the same acreage laid out with the same number
of lots but with straight lot lines and streets we will assume that it
is composed of thirty-three more lots than shown in the subdivision.
This is to allow for lots adjoining the subdivision on the north and
east. We will assume that the depth of these lots is 125 feet. The
approximate area of the territory to be served would then be 1,200,000
square feet (1000' x 1200') including the streets. This could be laid
out in rectangular blocks with 8 blocks to the section and each block
composed of 18 lots. The length and depth of the blocks from the center

line to center line of streets will be 300 x 500 feet.

Assuming a pole spacing of 125 feet there would be re-
quired approximately 36 poles including the poles on the cross streets.
Guying would be reduced to a minimum and would be required only for each
secondary dead-end plus an additional allowance for contingencies such
as dead-ending cross-leads. About 12 guys will be required. The
number of transformer installations could be reduced to four, one for
each of two blocks. The saving to the electric utility company would

then be as follows:-

5 P018! 0 $20.00 ------- ----$100 000
23 guys 0» $10.00 ------------ $230.00
to crossarms'o $2.10 ------------ 8h.00

1+ Transf. installations o $35.00 1140.00
Saving in transformer capacity

20 Kva @ $6 000 --------- 120 .00

 

 

 

Total saving - -------------------------------------- — $67h,oo

 

Saving per customer ------------------------------- ~—— -_——$ ”.68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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£31 17

SPECI FI CATIONS

As in the standardization of voltages and frequencies
and electrical utilization equipment a considerable saving may be
made by the utility companies by the use of certain “standard" meth-
ods of construction. These standard methods should be embodied
in and issued as "specifications” covering the particular type of
installation. By the use of such specifications construction
practices will be standardized and any one type of installation will
be done in the same manner at all times and their appearance will be

uniform, no matter which crew should do the work.

These specifications should describe in general each
particular piece of work and should be accompanied by prints showing
installation as well as by such detailed prints and material lists
as are necessary in order that the foreman or person responsible for
carrying out the project may plan the work with the least amount of
difficulty. The use of such specifications will aid greatly in
the expeditious completion of the work and may result in a consider-
able saving through the more efficient use of material and equipment

and labor .

The larger operating companies usually have such spec-
ifi cations printed and bound in booklet form which are issued to their
foreman and inspectors for use, but for the few copies of such speci-
fication, as are needed by the smaller companies the cost of prepara-

tion, printing, and binding may be too expensive. These Ema-1191‘

50

companies, however, may obtain a sufficient number of copies of speci-
fications from one of the larger companies whose construction practices
are similar to their own or after whose practices they may wish to pat-

tern their own.

Inexpensive specifications may also be made by the use
of typewritten and mimeographed instructions, accompanied by blue print-
ed drawings of the installations, bound in loose leaf covers. These
may readily be supplemented from time to time by the additions of such
special installations as are deemed advisable. Figures 18 to 22

inclusive are typical examples of such specification drawings.

In dealing with the general public it is necessary that
Operating companies formulate and.publish rules and regulations setting
forth their requirements as to customers installations based upon the
rules of the National Electric Safety Code and such additional rules as
are prescribed by the governing bodies of the particular locality in
which they are operating. Each type of installation should be covered
in detail or referred to.the sections of the Safety Code or municipal or
state regulations as are governing. Special rules covering certain
Specific requirements should be saie whenever the general rules are not
of sufficient detail and are apt to be misconstrued. A typical

example of such special rules follows:

L.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

51

RULES AND SPECIFICATIONS COVERING THE INSTALLATION

OF UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC SERVICE

GENERAL

These specifications shall govern the installations of all
conduits and cables which may be connected directly to the
distribution system of the X Y Z Electric Company without
intermediate circuit breakers or other automatic discon-

necting devices.

Secondary services may be installed by any licensed electrical
contractor and will be connected to the system provided that
the specifications embodied herein and pertaining to the

particular type of service have been complied with.

All primary underground services shall be installed by the
X Y 2 Electric Company and the actual cost plus ten percent
(10%) of all labor and material shall be billed the party

authorizing the installation.

Any plans for the construction of underground services shall
be submitted to the Electrical Engineering Department of the
X Y Z Electric Company for approval before construction is

commenced.

Inspection of material and workmanship of secondary service
installation will be made by the X Y Z Electric Company

without charge.

-1-

 

 

 

 

II.
(a)

(b)

(c)

52

COST OF INSTALLATION

Where primary and secondary services are to be connected to

the existing underground system, the X'Y Z Electric Company
will bear all expense of such installation from its nearest
manhole or other point of connection and to the customer's
prOperty line, provided that such prOperty abutts upon a
public street or alley and that the particular block in which
the customer is located is being served by an underground
distribution system. The customer shall bear any other exnense

incident to such installation.

Where primary or secondary underground services are desired
in districts not served by the underground distribution
system, such services may be installed and connected to

the overhead lines. In such cases, the customer shall
bear all expense of labor and material involved in such
installation including conduits and cable used for pole
risers together with the necessary cable terminals and pro-
tecting equipment.

Contractors bidding on Jobs involving primary underground
construction will be furnished with an estimate of the

cost of such installation upon application to the X Y Z

Electric Company.

III.
(8)

IV.

(a)

(b)

53

MATERIAL AND EQHIPMENT

All material and equipment used for underground electrical
services shall be as approved by the X Y Z Electric Company
for each particular installation and as detailed in these

specifications.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

General

1. All underground installations shall be run in as
straight a line as possible and without undue bends. If
for any reason it becomes necessary to change the direction
of the run, a manhole or pullbox may be required at this
point. This, however, will depend on the length of the
run and the degree of bend and instructions may be ob-
tained from the x Y Z Electric Company for each particular
case. The run shall be so located that they will be
free from possible injury or damage which.may be caused by

future excavations or other causes.

Trenching

l. The trench shall be dug at such a depth that a min-
imum cover on top of duct shall be (a) 'Under lawns and
places not subject to vehicle traffic, 18", (b) Roadways
and places subject to vehicle traffic, 2M".

2. The trench shall be of such a width that it shall per-

mit the easy installation of the conduit.

IV.

(c)

(cl)

(continued)

3. All conduit installations shall be so constructed
that no gas or water pockets are formed and shall be given
a slope of not less than one half of one percent. Where
the conduit is attached to poles or other structures,

the slope shall be away from such pole or structure. In
general, the conduit run shall drain into basements or
into pull boxes constructed for this purpose.

n. In backfilling trench, the dirt shall be thoroughly
tramped in place and sod replaced on top of the dirt.
Where the sod cannot be saved, good dirt should be

placed on top of trench to a depth of six inches and shall

be seeded with approved lawn grass seed.

Length of Runs

1. 0n the pole end of the run, the distance of cable
pull shall not exceed 300 feet. If the run is greater
than 300 feet, a pullbox or manhole shall be installed.
The location of such pullbox or manhole shall be spec-
ified by the X Y Z Electric Company for each individual
case.

2. The distance between pullboxes or manholes shall npt

exceed 500 feet.

1. Except as hereinafter provided, fiber conduit shall

-h—

55

be used for all underground services and shall be of a size as
specified by the X‘Y Z Electric Company for each particular in-
stallation. The conduit shall be provided with a
sleeve Joint for Joining the ends together. In general,
fiber conduit shall be equivalent to that manufactured by the

Brown Company under the trace name of "Bermico".

2. The Joint of the conduit shall be painted with hot com-

pound before being Jointed together.

3. The conduit shall be encased in a concrete protective
covering to a depth of 3 inches on all sides of the conduit.

Where more than one conduit is used, the duct shall be separated

by not less than 1 inch, which space shall be filled with concrete.
All multiple conduit formations shall be encased with concrete to a

depth of 3 inches.

h. Under certain conditions, the concrete covering may be
omitted if a timber of 2" x 6" size is placed on top of the con-
.duit as a means of protection from mechanical injury. This should
apply to secondary services only, but in all cases where they are
constructed under streets and driveways, they shall be protected

by a concrete covering as specified in d (3).

5. The conduit Joint shall be made as tight as possible to
await water seeping through the Joint. In Joining ducts,

tap the end of the duct being installed with a

-5-

V.
(a)

.56

short piece of 2' x h" to drive it back well into the sleeve.
Care must be used so that this driving back does not crack the

coupling or sleeve.

6. Where conduits for both electric and telephone services
are laid in the same trench they shall be separated by a

minimum of 6 inches of concrete or 12 inches of dirt.

SEBVI CE CABLES

1. Cables for primary services shall be varnished cambric
insulated and lead covered. The thickness of insulation
and lead Shall be equivalent to that used by the X'Y Z
Electric Company.

2. For voltages less than 600, trenchlay cable may be used
without the use of conduit but if so installed the customer
will be required to maintain same in proper condition.

3. In general, all service cables shall be designed for
the proper operating voltages and of sufficient carrying

capacity for the ultimate current demand.

v1 . PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

(a)

Where secondary service cables are connected to overhead
lines, they shall terminate in an approved weatherproof fuse
box and shall be fused for the carrying capacity of the
cable. (Noark Water Tight Service Boxes, Cat. #3871, 31-60

amps and Cat. #3661,

57

61-100 amps or equivalent are recommended). (#5871 for 60 amp,
3 phase and #SYYM for 100 amp, 3 phase.)

(b) Where primary service cables are connected on to overhead
lines, such cables shall terminate in pothead of approved

shape and equipped with disconnecting connectors.

(c) On customer's premises, primary cable shall terminate in the

same manner as stated in (b) above.

VII. WHOLES AND PULLBOXES
(a) The dimensions of manholes and pullboxes will depend upon
the number and size of service cables. For the ordinary
residence service a small manhole or pullbox may be used and

shall be M ft x h ft x h ft inside.

(b) Manholes and pullboxes shall be provided with a sewer drain,
if possible, and a ball trap used in the manhole. If a sewer
drain cannot be had without excessive cost, a sump of 12
inches in diameter and 12 inches deep shall be placed in the
center of the manhole. The bottom of the manhole shall

slope towards the drain or sump.

(c) The covers of manholes and pullboxes shall provide an Opening

'of 30 inches and frames and covers shall be

a.

“9'

5s

equivalent to those used by the X Y 2 Electric Company for

manholes.

VIIJI. Any point not covered in these specifications shall be taken

up with the X Y Z Electric Company and.shall be treated

separately for each particular installation.

-8-

 

 

 

 

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COMLLON'VEALTH EDISC'N COMPANY
EDISON BUILDING

72 West Adams Street

Chicago, Illinois Jan. 29, 1930
Bd. of Water 6: Light Comm'rs,
Lansing, hiichigan.
Gentlemen: Attentiqnjjz. W. H. 001133

 

Our Company has for several years been employed in changing
over quite a large area from direct to alternating current. Our first
move was to establish our alternating current lines in as large a part of
this area as possible so as to be able to furnish new customers with alter—

:nating current service as soon as they moved in.

We also made a field survey of the entire area so as to ob-
tain a record of of the nature of the load in every customer's premises. We
listed the horsepower, speed and application of all motors, size, type, make
of all fans, washing machines, radios, etc. When we made this survey
about eight years ago, we found quite a number of customers who could be
cut over to the alternating current lines at little or no cost and this

was done.

In our Company, all requests for final bills are handled by
our Application Bureau and we attach a small special card to the customer's
record card with the following notation: "When final bill or successor up.
plication is requested, please notify the cutover division at ones, because
this is alternating current territory.“ If a final bill is requested, the
meter is removed and if there are no other customers in the same building,

the direct current service is also cut off on the outside. If a succes-

 

 

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sor application is made, the applicant is notified that his application

can be approved for alternating current service only, but it has frequent—
ly occurred that the applicant was either taking over some direct current
equipment or had some which he wished to move into the premises and did

not wish to be put to the expense of making the change at that time. When-
ever possible in such cases, we have accomodated the new customers with
direct current service under a special form of agreement, a cOpy of which

I am inclosing.

A decision was rendered by the New York Commission holding
that it was not discriminatory to refuse to take on new business on direct
current lines, where all applicants are treated the same, and I am inclosing

an excerpt of that report.

When the service of old customers is changed over, an ap-
praisal is made on their equipment, as well as an estimated cost of the
replacement. Our Company then submits the customer a.pr0position in which
we agree to assume a portion of the cost which will represent the remainp
ing useful life of the equipment to be changed, less junk value. In other
words, if a customer has received $60.00 worth of use from a.motor for which
he paid $100.00, we pay $M0.00 towards the cost of replacement and take the
old motor. We also place a Junk value on the motor and allow him to keep
it at that price, if he wishes. The junk value on this equipment averages

about $2.00 a horsepower.

Owing to the difficulty of obtaining the actual cost of the
original equipment, we base our percentage allowance on the cost of replan
cing it with new AD equipment. This, in most cases, amounts to practical-
ly the same as if the percentage allowance had been made on the origional

cost. On these replacements, everything is taken into consideration. That

-3-

is, the estimate is made up to include wiring. as well as apparatus, and
the same percentage allowance applies on an average estimated depreciation

of the entire installation.

There is a question in the minds of some attorneys as to
whether the Public Utility is legally abligated to stand any portion of
the cost of making replacement of equipment on the customer's premises,
which was furnished and installed by the customer. The supreme court of
Arkansas is the only court of last resort which has rendered a decision
directly bearing upon the question and that was in the case of Hunt et a1
versus Marianna Electric Company 191M 170 S. W. 96. An excerpt from
this decision is as follows: "The pleadings conceive the duty of the users
of the electricity to furnish their own appliances, but this, they say,
they have done, and they call upon the Company to make such adjustments
as are necessary to adapt their fixtures to the new system, or to fur-
nish them with new appliances and we conceive the question in the case to
‘be whether or not the Company is under any duty to perform this service
or whether that eXpense should be borne by the plaintiff. In our
Judgment, it not having been alleged that the charges were needlessly or
capriciously made, we think this expense should be borne by the plaintiff.
Otherwise, having become a part of the operating expense of the Company,
this would be an item to be considered in fixing the rates to be charged
all consumers of electricity and would be an expense to be borne at least
by the public generally rather than by those owners who were required to

supply themselves with new appliances.

The state commissions have looked with favor upon such
cases which have been brought before them where the Public Utility agreed

to stand a portion of the cost based on the depreciation of the custom-

er‘s equipment. Of course, it is assumed that the changes are being made
in the interest of the customers as a whole or as someone has already ex-
pressed it ”in the nature of public inprovement.“ In answer to your
question regarding cost, we find that they vary to such an extent that it
is necessary to make up a detailed estimate in cash case, which sometimes
involves obtaining quotations from dealers in special equipment such as
meat grinders, coffee mills, etc. in which the motor is only a part of the
unit. We have found the average cost, however, to be in the neighborhood
of $h0.00 to $45.00 a kilowatt of customer's maximum.demand to our Company
and since we have not been approving any direct current equipment within
the areas to be changed, for the past eight years, the average depreciation

of the equipment to be reulaced runs in the neighborhood of 65 per cent.

If the customers feel that we have given them an unfair ap-
praisal, we stand ready to Jointly employ a.disinterested appraiser, pay
one-half of his charges and accept his appraisal as final. We have only
had one case, however in seven years where our appraisals were not accepted.
We also make up an estimate on the cost of replacement, submit it to the
customer, and allow him to choose between giving us the Job and having it
done by someone else and if he elcts the latter, we reimburse him for our

percentage of the cost, based on our figures.

This, of course, is our general plan and if I can be of

assistance in furnishing any further details, please write me for same.

Yours very truly

A. F. Bronwell

Vovember 29, 1929

P.U.R.1929 E 257 (N.Y.)

 

The New York Commission has held that it
is not discriminatory for an Electric Company engaged
in substituting alternating for direct current in cer-
tain city areas to refuse to take on any new business
on a direct current basis, where all new applicants
for service are likewise required to take alternating

current. Schroder and Koppel versus New York Edison

Company.

THE DETROIT EDISON 00mm
2000 SECOND AVENUE
DETROIT, MICHIGAN

January 22, 1930

3d. of later and Electric Light Cemn'rs
Lansing, Michigan

.Attention Mr. W. H. Collins

Gentlemen:
In response to your letter of January 1“ concerning our
policy in changing certain of our districts from direct to alternating

current supply.

we have for many years been narrowing in our direct-
current district, and in doing this have always stood the full expense
of making the change, and the custorers have never been put to any mo—
ney outlay because of it. The changes have been made for betterment
of service and general public good, so that it has appeared to us that
we ought to carry the cost. Of course, in residence districts which
involve the greatest number of customers, the average cost is low, the
cost to us being merely the changing of small motors on domestic elec-

tri cal appl iance s .

In commercial districts, however, this expense has been
much higher. We cut over quite a large territory in 1928, in fact the
largest we have ever undertaken at one time. It involved a total of

over 2000 customers, 700 of which required changes in equipment; 385

THE DETROIT EDISON COEsPANY

of these customers were commercial customers an} many of them had three
phase installations. The average cost for the residence customer ran

about $21.00 and the commercial customer $100 .00

Yours truly
S. M. Sheridan

Vice Pres. and Sales Manager

OHIO POWER comma
216 N. ELIZABETH 5']:

mm, mm Jan 16, 1930

Mr W. H. Collins. Elec. Engineer,
Bd. of Water & Elec, Light Com'rs,

Lansi ng . Mi chigan.

Dear Sir:
We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of January
1% wherein you make inquiry as to methods used in changing our D.C. cus-

tomers to alternating current Operation.

In connection with this request, we wish to advise that
practically all of the equipment of our D.C. customers was from twenty
to thirty years old and could easily be considered as obsolete. The pro-
position offered to these customers in connection with our portion of the
cost of the changes was “0 percent of the total cost which included not
only the equipment but the necessary wiring for 3 phase, 220 volt, A.C.

service.

We have been successful in getting the customers to consent
to making the change and at the present time, we have only six direct cur-

rent installations left.

Trust that the above information answers your inquiry in
a satisfactory manner, we are
Very truly yours
THE OHIO POWER COMPANY
I. A. Wagoner,

Power Engineer

PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY

Newark, New Jersey
January 21, 1930

Mr. W. H. Collins, Elec. Engineer,
Bd. of Water and Elec. Light Comm'rs,

Lansing, Michigan

Dear Sir:
Your inquiry of the lhth instant addressed to the Trenton

Public Service Company has been refered to the writer.

.The changeover involves the replacement, on the customers'
premises, of all direct current motors and other devices, with equipment
of the alternating current type and consequent changes or reconstruction
of the interior wiring on the customers' premises. We are obliged to
make necessary changes in our distribution lines and withdraw from ser-
vice direct current generating equipment, switchboard apparatus and map

terials.

The Company, in addition to bearing the cost of its on
changes, stands part of the net cost of the necessary changes in the
equicment and wiring on the premises of the customer. This proretion
of the expense of the changeover on customers' premises is in the main
based upon the expired life of the direct current equipment replaced,
using an average of twenty years as the full life of the equipment, the
price paid for the new alternating current equipment to be considered
as the basis of all costs. The cost of changing the wiring on the
customers' premises. as well as the cost of the labor installing the

new alternating current equipment is on a 50 - 50 basis between the

-2.

customer and the Company. Of course the cost of any necessary change
in service from the Company's main feeder lines to the customers' meter

boards is assumed entirely by the Company.

The Company will handle the entire matter for the custom-
er and furnish new alternating current motors and devices of modern and
efficient design, and make the necessary changes in the wiring on the
customers' premises, based on a careful estimate made by the Company of
the cost of the changeover. The customer is given the privilege of gets”
ting an estimate from his own contractor. We permit the customer, if he
so elects, to furnish all the material and do the work himself, he to ad»
vise us as to how much.he could have the entire Job done for and we would
allow him the same percentage of that cost as we would be obliged to as-

sume providing we did the work ourselves.

As we progressed with the changeover work, our experience
suggested a more liberal treatment of strictly elevator changeovers as
compared with straight motor installations and we decided to amend our

original plan.

For DC electrical elevator equipment from ten to twenty
years old, the proportion of the cost of replacement to be borne by
the Company will be 50 per cent of the cost of the new AC electrical
elevator equipment, providing the new AC electrical equipment installed
duplicates the replaced DC equipment as to operating characteristics,

i.e. horsepower, car speed, carrying capacity, etc.

When the replaced DC electrical elevator equipment is

over twenty years old, the preportion of cost of replacement to be borne

-3-

by the Company will be 33 - 1/3 per cent of the cost of the new AC
electrical equipment, providing the new AC electrical equipment instal-
led duplicates the replaced DC equipment as to operating characteristics,

i.e., horsepower, car speed, carryinr capacity, etc.

In addition to the 33 — 1/3 per cent of replacement cost
borne by the Company of DC electrical elevator equipment over twenty
years old, and in those instances where the customer has been put to an
expense in renewing the life of the DC electrical equipment subsequent
to the twenty year life period, and where the customer presents authentic
records covering such expenditures, in addition to the 33 - 1/3 per cent
(as outlined above) an amount equal to 50 per cent of the amount expended
by the customer for upkeep for the period subsequent to the twenty year
life of the DC electrical equipment. This additional amount plus the
33 - 1/3 per cent contribution shall, however, in no case be greater than
50 per cent of the replacement cost of each individual DC electriccal

elevator equipment.
I trust the foregoing general outline will assist you.
Yours very truly,

Franklyn.Heydecke, Gen. Auditor,

Electrical Department.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blake, D. K. ------ ~-- Fundamentals of the Mediumpvoltage Network

Reyneau and Seelye --- Economics of Electrical Engineering
Seelye -—----~--~--—-- Electrical Distribution Engineering
Sanderson ------------ Electric Systems Handbook

N. E. L. A. --------—— Overhead Systems Reference Book

General Electric Co.-- Low-voltage AFC Networks
General Electric Co.-- Technical Letters 336A.and 339A
Westinghouse Elec. &

Mfg. Co. ---------- Instruction Book I.B.537M
Michigan Public Utilities Commission Order #1692
Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
Electrical Vorld

Electric Journal

 

 

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