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LIBRARY
Michigan State

University

 
   

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

THE ALGAL TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF A

TRANSCONTINENTAL DIVIDE TRANSECT
presented bg

David Eugene Kidd

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph.D. Botany

degree in

Major professor

August 9, 1963

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

THE ALGAL TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF A
TRANSCONTINENTAL DIVIDE TRANSECT

by David Eugene Kidd

The algal taxonomy and ecology of a transcontinental di-
vide transect was studied during the summers of 1961 and 1962.
A check-list of algae was compiled along with the location,
range of altitude, temperature, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and orthophos-
phate for each species collected. Six lakes were sampled
about every two weeks from June 20, to September 3, 1962, to
determine the net phytoplankton forms, quantitative counts of
phytoplankton, and the water chemistry. Samples for quanti-
tative counts were concentrated on a membrane filter; the
enumeration procedure described by McNabb (1960) was used to
estimate the species per liter of lake water. Three stations
were sampled on each lake. Phytoplankton collections were
made by pouring 7.2 liters of water through a number 25 silk
bolting net. This concentrate was then poured through a
Gelman polypore membrane filter apparatus. Most samples were
collected between 9 o'clock and ll o'clock in the morning.

The results of this investigation are as follows:

ddVlQ nugene «tun

0f the 195 species of algae collected in Glacier
National Park, 96 are new records for the state of
Montana.

The largest number of phytoplankton species occurs in
warmer waters. It seems entirely possible that water
temperature is one of the more important factors con-
trolling algal floristic distribution in Glacier
National Park.

The most frequently encountered abundant species, 656
or more individuals per liter were those in gogging-
discus. The next most prominent phytoplankter genera
were Tabellaria, Fracilaria, and Asterionella. Other

*

relatively abundant algae were Synedra and Dictio-
sphaerium Eulchellum.

The diatoms already mentioned above existed over a
greater range of elevation and temperature than any

of the other algae collected.

The community coefficient 2w/a+b was used to show that
the phytoplankton populations between different sta-
tions sampled at the same time in one lake were
heterogeneous in composition.

The use of 2w/a+b also showed that Glacier National
Park lakes were very dissimilar at the first collecting
period, then they became more similar during the second
collecting period, and then became less similar again
as the summer progressed. Further, the general meaning

of the occurrences of stronger similarities was the

10.

11.

12.

David Eugene Kidd

common blooming or at least high counts of one or-
ganism. The significance of low similarities is that
there is shown striking differences in abundance of
one or a very few organisms occurred between the lakes.
The use of community coefficients of similarity suggest
that lakes on the west side of the continental divide
appear to be more alike biologically than lakes on the
east side of the continental divide.

Chemical determinations indicate that values for in-
organic nitrogen were similar to values obtained else-
where for similar habitats in the temperate zone.
Fluctuations in the inorganic chemistry values and
total organism count per liter indicate that inter-
action occurs between these two variables in the lakes
investigated.

Orthophosphate was generally high in comparison to
other alpine and subalpine regions. Fluctuations in
orthophOSphate and total organism count indicate that
interaction took place between these two variables in
the lakes studied.

Glacier National Park waters are mildly alkaline
except for a few bog lakes.

Lower St. Mary Lake was the most productive lake studied.
Productivity was measured in terms of number of organ-
isms per liter.

Johns Lake with 72 species had the richest flora

qualitatively.

THE ALGAL TAXONOMY
AND ECOLOGY OF A
TRANSCONTINENTAL
DIVIDE TRANSECT

By
David Eugene Kidd

A THESIS

Submitted to
Hichigan State university
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
1963

[W

"(r—Jfil 0b
7/3 /(.4

Acknowledgments
The writer wishes to thank Dr. G. W. Prescott of the
Botany Department for his assistance and counsel. Special
acknowledgment is due Dolores Kidd for her help in gather-
ing data and thesis preparation. In addition, the writer
wishes to thank Dr. C. A. Lawson, Dr. W. E. Williams and
the Royalty Committee of the Natural Science Department

for providing some equipment.

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Page 1
Review of Literature 1
Specific Objective 3

Geologic History of Glacier
National Park

PLAN OF STUDY 9
TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY I8
LOWER ST. MARY LAKE 82
LOST LAKE 109
SWIFT CURRENT LAKE 141
HIDDEN LAKE 188
BOLMAN LAKE I70
JOHNS LAKE 195
LAKE MCDONALD 227
DISCUSSION 250
SUMMARY 288
APPENDEX 289
BIBLIOGRAPHY 292

ill

Explanation of Graphs

All graphs were plotted on semi-log paper except for
the productivity graphs which were plotted on ordinary
graph paper» In certain instances the chemical and physical
data require the reader to multiply the Y-axis values by
a factor given along the X- axis. On some of the species
per liter graphs the Y-axis has been labeled so as to in-
clude those species which would not fit on the original

scale. A bar with a slanting end indicates a value which

is off scale.

iv

INTRODUCTION
The initiation of a limnological investigation of the
taxonomy and ecology of algae along a transcontinental di-
vide transect was undertaken to increase our knowledge of
alpine and subalpine algal ecology, especially in reference

to western Montana.

”Introduction: Review of Literature

The intent of the following review of literature is to
emphasize how few limnological investigations have been
made on Montana lakes. Relatively few papers deal directly
with the algae of this region and no previous Montana
studies have related the ranges of physical and chemical
conditions directly to each species collected. Also alti-
tude ranges have never been recorded for algal species in

alpine Montana.

The earliest limnological investigations in Montana
were by Evermann in 1891 when he made a reconnaissance of
the streams and lakes of western Montana and northwestern
Wyoming, and by Anderson and Kelsey (1891), who published \
on Montana algae. These investigations were followed by
Forbes in 1893, who compiled a preliminary report on the
invertebrate fauna of Yellowstone National Park, wyoming,

and of the Flathead region, Montana. The first study to
include Glacier National Park was by Elrod in 1901. His

principal emphasis was on aquatic invertebrates; algae were

not included.

Another report dealing with algae in Montana was an

unpublished paper by waters on his 1928 investigations of

l

2

Flathead Lake, Montana; included were both algal counts and
'water chemistry. He recorded no measurable nitrates or ni-
trites at the surface nor at a depth of 300 ft. He noted
that light penetrated te a depth of 300 ft. and that some
diatoms were found at this level. He also recorded a pH range
from 8.21-8.65 and a low, free carbon dioxide-content.. In
his notes he stated that in July, 1928 there was an average
of 125,000 algae per m3. His results showed that there was
a total of 138 genera and 280 species for Flathead Lake.
The Chlorophyta had the most representatives.
. A second limnological investigation on Flathead Lake
was by YOung in 1935, who found a predominance of diatoms
in the phytoplankton. Apparently a gap occurs in Montana
algal literature until the writing of Vinyard's M.S. thesis
in 1951, concerning the Distribution 2; Alpine and Subalpine
Algag'in,§hg_western ggi£2g_8tates. In this he records 19
genera and 39 species for northern Montana. The next study
was by Lauff in 1953, who recorded 47 genera of algae in the
plankton of Rogers Lake, Montana. Lauff noted that pH does
not seem to be a limiting factor for algal growth but that
it was related to photosynthetic activity in so far as high
photosynthesis was coincident with high pH. He did not draw
any conclusions as to correlations between water chemistry
and phytoplankton counts.

In 1954 John Schindler gave records of the algae and

water chemistry for a series of lakes and ponds in the Flat-

head Basin region. His data indicate very high bicarbonate

3

measurements. This is of interest because lakes of the park
region are low in bicarbonates. In general he recorded low
values for nitrogen which is consistent with observations 1
‘made during the present study. Schindler also noted that
the Chlorophyta was represented by the most algal forms.

Potter and Baker (1956) in their study of the microbial
populations of Flathead and Rogers Lakes recorded a tempera-
ture range for water samples from 11-200 C., and a pH range
of 7.6 to 8.2 A further study by Potter and Baker (1961)
on Flathead and Rogers Lakes show for the former a range of
M. O. alkalinity of 10.2-112.3 ppm., traces of ammonia, ni-
trite almost absent, small amounts of nitrates, and erratic
occurences of small amounts of phosphates. For Rogers Lake
their results were approximately the same as for Flathead
3 Lake.

Vinyard, in 1957, wrote a paper which is the only pub-
lication dealing entirely with the algae of Glacier National
Park. I

In addition, a M. S. thesis by Garric in 1960 records
a few genera of snow algae from Logan Pass in Glacier
National Park.

Introduction: Specific Objectives

The specific objective of this investigation was to
study the algal distribution and ecology throughout a trans-
continental divide transect. This was accomplished by
making hand-grabs, net tows, collection of samples with a

Kemmerer sampler for quantitative phytoplankton counts (total
organisms per liter will be used to indicate productivity),

4

and the measurement of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen,
nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate, pH, total alkalinity,
and temperature.
Introduction: Geologic History
of Glacier National.Park

Important in any consideration of the ecology of a re-
gion are those geophysical forces of nature which determine
habitats and which subsequently modify them through geo-
physical energy cycles. In addition, different types of
rocks and minerals are formed which eventually provide both
essential and nonessential substances that may be metabolized
by the biota. Therefore the following geologic account of the
park region taken from Dyson (1960) will relate the forma-
tion of some of the habitats where algal collections were
made and the nature of the various rocks and minerals found
there.

Most rocks of the park region are sedimentary. They
compose a large syncline whose maximum.thickness is about
20,000 feet. The east crest forms the Lewis Range and the
west crest the Livingston Range, These are similar in age
to the rocks found in the core of the Uinta Range in Utah
and in the bottom of the Grand Canyon, Arizona.

During Pre-Cambrian times a giant geosyncline formed
over a long narrow section of North America from the Arctic
Ocean to Arizona and Southern California. Compaction of mud

into shale, sand into sandstone, and the formation of lime-

stone took place in the shallow sea of this geosyncline.

5

Fossil animals and calcareous algal concretions provide evi-
dence that a sea did exist in Pre-Cambrian times. Today one
‘may see rock outcrops in the park containing fossil algae.

Rock types making up these Pre-Cambrian formations are
sandy dolomites (magnesium limestones). These are the old-
est rocks in the park and form the dam holding Swifthurrent
Lake and also create Swift Current Falls. On top of this
formation is a zone of greenish shales and also shales which
have been metamorphosed to argillites (recrystalized shales).
Superimposed on these shales is a red zone composed of
Grinnel argillites, white layers of interbedded quartzite,
and iron oxide which produces the red color. All Glacier
National Park rocks possess some iron or iron-bearing
minerals. Above this formation occurs a zone of thick lime-
stone which contains a 60-foot-thick bed of fossil algae
with masses up to several feet in diameter. Above this
zone is another stratum of limestone beds and overlying
these are a few outcrops in the park containing casts of
salt crystals, evidence of a once arid climate and much
evaporation of the sea.

.Igneous rocks are to be found in the park interbedded
with and cutting across the sedimentary layers. Typical
igneous rocks found in the park are basalt, granite and
diorite. Igneous rock formations are of interest to aquatic

ecology because lakes located in these regions are generally

low in salts and are usually low in total hardness.

“rrr

6

The Cretaceous period was marked by burying of the
Pre-Cambrian layers under thick residues of mud and sand.
At the end of the Cretaceous period the Laramide revolution
occurred. This effected the rock formations of the park
region by causing pressure from a westerly direction to up-
lift the rock formations into what is now called the Lewis
overthrust. This overthrust resulted in a fold which grad-
ually overturned on the more easterly formations and re-
sulted in placing the older formations on top of the younger
ones. The younger layers would be the cretaceous shales
and slates which underlie the plains to the east of the park.
The older formations which are now uppermost in the park
underwent gradational changes. After the Lewis overthrust
occurred the block broke in a verticle fault and the present
valley of the North Fork of the Flathead River lies on the
down-faulted portion of this block. The fault line is
marked by the western boundary of the Livingston Range.
Then this down-faulted region was covered by clay.

0n the east side of the park the Swift Current, St.
Mary, and other valleys are underlaid by cretaceous shales
which generally are overlaid by a glacial moraine; but which
are exposed in the Swift Current Valley along the road to
Babb and along the shores of the Sherborne Reservoir, and
also exposed near the Many Glaciers park entrance. The
bumpy topography of the east side of the park is due to
slumping of these shales.

Miocene and Pliocene times were characterized by deep
stream erosion through the overthrust block resulting in a
"mature“ topography like that found presently in the Blue
Ridge of Virginia.and North Carolina. This erosional ac-
tivity took place over a span of several million years un-
til the end of the Pliocene when the climate cooled and
marked the advent of the Pleistocene ice age. The glaciers
of the ice age cut deeper the valleys formed by stream '
erosion during Miocene and Pliocene times and carved the
existing mountainous features of the present park relief.

No glaciers existed in the park from 5,000 to 1,000 8.0.

but since that period the present glaciers of the park were
formed and reached a maximum during the middle 1850's.
Glaciers of the park now face extinction if the climate
continues to grow milder. It is interesting to note that

post Pleistocene glacial events are forming vertical sided
valleys with many potholes in the floor. Another post -
glacial event of direct meort to this study is the for-
mation of large alluvial fans which have dammed streams to
form St. Mary and Lower St. Mary Lakes. These alluvial fans
have been formed by Swift Current Creek. As a result of
glaciation the park abounds in such glacial features as
cirques, U-shaped valleys, glacial stairways, glacial scours
resulting in rock-basin lakes, pater noster lakes (a string
of rock-basin lakes), hanging valleys, aretes, cols or passes,
Ihorns, waterfalls, lakes held in by outwash, lakes held in by
.alluvial fans, morainal lakes, and moraines (Dyson 1948, 1948a).

8

Lower St. Mary Lake is present in regions where the
main rock type is shale. Swift Current Lake is in a shale
region also but does come into contact with magnesium lime-
stones. Johns Lake, Bowman Lake, Lake McDonald and Lost

Lake are in regions where argillites are prevalent. Hidden

Lake is in a magnesium limestone region.

PLAN OF STUDY
Duration of Investigation

Two summers were spent in field work. During the first
summer ('61) as many habitats were visited as possible and
particular attention was given to algal collections and
identifications. Some chemical analyses were made using the
Hellige visual comparator and Hellige methods which are
found in Standard Methods g9; Egg Examination 2; Eggs; agg_
wastewater. The second summer ('62) was utilized in further
taxonomic endeavor and in the biweekly study of the plankton
from selected lakes during the period of June 20 to
September 7. i

:The second summer operation included identification of
net phytoplankton, and in a recording of lake productivity
(phytoplankton counts). Limnological data collected include
temperature, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite
nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and orthophosphate. These con -
stitute factors which are regarded as critical in determining
the quality and quantity of algal flora and aquatic biota in
general. During this period chemical analySes were made by
the Hach D R Colorimeter and Hach chemical methods which are
modifications of the procedures in Standard Methods f9; Egg,

gigginatign g; Eater gnd wastewater. (See Appendix)

Criteria for Selection of Lakes

The following features contributed to selection of the
lakes: accessibility; altitude; whether the lake was morainal,

bog, or a glacial scour; and the direction from the continental-
divide.

10

Selected were Lake McDonald, altitude 3,144 ft., west
of continental divide, accessible by car, a morainal lake;
Bowman Lake, altitude 4,020 ft., west of continental divide,
accessible by car, a morainal lake; Johns Lake, altitude
3,300 ft., west of continental divide, accessible by 0.9 of
a mile hike, with a distinctive algal flora, a bog lake;
Hidden Lake, altitude 6,375 ft., accessible by a 2-mile hike,
on continental divide, a glacial scour lake; Swift Current
Lake, altitude 4,861 ft., east of continental divide, acces-
sible by car, a glacial scour lake; Lost Lake, altitude
4,700 ft., accessible by car, east of continental divide, a
glacial scour lake; Lower St. Mary Lake, altitude, 4,462 ft.,
accessible by car, east of continental divide, a flowage
lake, dammed by an alluvial fan.

Collection Equipment

A two-man rubber boat was used to collect plankton and
water samples. Although it was light, and easily stored for
tranSportation, it was difficult to use for limnological work.
Net tows were obtained with a No. 25 silk tow-net. All sam-
ples were preserved with Transeau's solution (six parts
water to three parts 95% ethyl alcohol and one part formal-
dehyde). Samples for plankton counting were obtained with a
1200 ml. Kemmerer sampler.

Selection of Collecting Stations

In each lake three stations were selected. These were

located as follows:

1. Lake McDonald - Station I at the east end near

11

inlet (McDonald Creek) stream close to the Lake
McDonald Motel; StatiOn II (west) at the Apgar
picnic grounds; Station III near the outlet stream
at Apgar village.

Johns Lake - Station I at east end of lake; Station
II in the middle, Station III at the west end.
Bowman Lake - Station I at the northeast of ranger
station; Station II at the middle of the bay in
front of the Bowman Lake picnic grounds; Station
III near the outlet stream (Bowman Creek). All of
these stations are located at the west end of
Bowman Lake.

Hidden Lake - Station I about 0.5 of a mile beyond
the head of the outlet creek in a westerly direction;
Station II near the outlet stream; and Station III
about 0.5 of a mile from the outlet stream in an
easterly direction; all of the stations were at the
north (lower) end of the lake.

Lost Lake - Station I near east shore; Station 11
in the middle of the lake; and Station 111 near the
west shore.

Swift Current Lake - Station 1 near the boat laun-
ching area; Station 11 opposite the south end of the

hotel in the middle of the lake; Station III in the
middle of the north sector of the lake.

Lower St. Mary Lake - Station 1 near the boat dock
at the Chief Chewing Bone picnic area; Station II

12

near the boat dock at the Malmstrom Airforce Base
Recreation Area; Station III at the west end cf the
lake near the inlet stream.
Criteria for Selection of
Physical and Chemical Factors

Physical and chemical factors were selected on the ba-
sis of presumed importance and whether they were feasibly
adaptable to field determination. Temperature was recorded
by a Taylor maximumdminimum thermometer. Temperature was
regarded as an important ecological factor because it acts
as a controlling agent related to the range of specific tol-
erance for organisms. It thus can have a bearing on growth,
metabolism, and time of reproduction.

The chemical factor pH was investigated. A Beckman
portable pH meter was used for these determinations. This
meter was found to be very reliable and tested out correctly
on standardized reference pH solutions. This factor is im-
portant because of its effect, both direct and indirect, on
the metabolism of organisms and because of its role in the
carbon dioxide, carbonate buffering system.

A second chemical factor investigated was bicarbonate
alkalinity because of its role in the carbon dioxide, car-
bonate buffering system. This was determined by titration
to the methyl orange turning point, using standard acid.
The Beckman electrode was used instead of the indicator to

record this turning point.

13

A third chemical factor, nitrogen, was studied because
of its role in the synthesis and maintenance of proteins.
Tests for ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and nitrate
nitrogen were made.

A fourth chemical factor studied was phosphorus because
it is important in the cell's energy transfer activities.
The type tested for was orthophoSphate because it is the
form which is in solution in natural waters.

Sampling Procedure

At each station on a lake, net tows were taken by cast-
ing out the net or by towing the net behind the boat. A
Kemmerer sampler was used to collect 3,600 ml. of water from
a depth of 15 ft. and a like amount from the surface. Each
bottle-full was strained through a No. 25 silk plankton net.
Thus the concentrate obtained represented the algae in 7,200
ml. of water. Surface and a 15 foot-depth were selected be-
cause some algae are less bouyant than others and it was be-
lieved that these two levels would provide a representative
collection of phytoplankton. Trial and error showed that
straining of 7,200 ml. of water would provide workable re-
sults, also perusal of the literature showed that some in-
vestigators used between one and ten L. of water. This con-
centrate was used later for phytoplankton quantitative counts.

General Comments

Chemical determinations were made usually within one or

two hours of sampling. Samples for chemical testing were

taken from the same levels as the algal collections. In a

14

first series of samplings three collections.were-taken from
each depth, but this was reduced to one from each depth be-
cause of the increased time factor involved in analyzing
such a large number of samples. At one time the samples had
to be preserved and determined several days later because.
the analytical equipment was not available. At the end of
the summer the light bulb in the apparatus failed and there
was a delay before it could be replaced. Thus the phosphate
and nitrogen tests were completed several weeks later. It
was also found that one series of ammonia nitrogen tests
could not be run because of interference from the chloroform

.preservative.

Counting Procedure

The enumeration procedure for estimating phytoplankton
abundance was based on a membrane filter method (McNabb,
1960). No one method of counting has been found to be com-
pletely satisfactory for the enumeration of phytoplankton.
Methods commonly used are the Sedgwick-Rafter and the nanno-
plankton counting procedures. The Sedgwick-Rafter method
was rejected for use in this study because the high power
objective of the microscope can not be used. Both methods
depend upon various settling and or concentrating procedures
which are time consuming and sometimes require complicated
centrifuging equipment. Therefore, these methods were re-
jected. The membrane filter method was adopted because it
is a rapid technique which has been substantiated statisti-

cally. No study has appeared in the literature which refutes

15

the basic assumption of this method, that the organisms are
randomly distributed on the filter. In this method an effort
was made to select a quadrat size so as to have the most
numerous organism occur in 80 to 90 percent of the fields
enumerated. 'For this study the quadrat used was the entire
field of a 20X ocular eyepiece. This allowed Taggllégié SP-
in Lower St. Mary Lake to fulfill such a requirement. Then
the relative abundance of the phytoplankton in the other

park lakes could be compared to Tabellaria Sp. in Lower

[St Mary Lake.

Statistical evidence for the acceptance of this tech-
nique is provided in McNabb's 1960 paper. He points out
that ' the validity for converSion of frequency values, (F),
to theoretical density, (d), is based on the assumption that
the organisms are randomly distributed on the filter."

The counting procedure used was as follows:

1. The volume of the preserved sample was increased

to 50 ml. with 4% formalin solution.
2. The sample was then filtered through a 2-in.-diam-
eter 0.85 polypore filter clamped in a Gelman mem-
brane filter apparatus which was attached to a
'Buchner funnel. A.vacuum was created by means of
an air pump with the piston reversed in the cylinder.

3. Ceder oil was added to the filter which becomes

cleared in the dark after about 7 hrs.

4. The dried filter was mounted on a microscope slide

to make a bubble-free preparation when the cover

slip is dropped on.

l6

5. The occurrences of.a species was counted in each

of 30 microscope fields selected at random.

6. The frequency-percentage was calculated by

F:

total number of occurrences of a species

 

total number of quadrats examined

7. Then F-percentage was converted to a theorectical

density value (d) by entering a table which con-

verts F-percentage to d (Fracker and Brischle (1944)

in McNabb,

8. The number

1960).

of species per liter was estimated by
(d) (area of filter)

 

(area of
quadrate

The calculation for
area of filter

area of 'scope

(number of liters filtered
used) through the plankton net)

this estimation would be as follows:
equals 2025.8 mm2
field equals 0.03 mm2

substituting in the above formula one finds that the

species/l =

(d) (2025.8 mmz)

 

(0.03 mmz) (7.2 l)

species/l = (d) (9378)

17

The advantages of this method are that the filter re-
tains very small organisms and all the organisms are dis-
tributed randomly On the filter. High magnification can be
used to identify species, but it is suggested that one first
identify the organisms in a net tow because it sometimes is
difficult to see the organisms clearly. Oil immersion could
be used if necessary. The enumeration procedure for each -
slide is relatively short and these slides can be made per-
manent for future reference if necessary. Another advantage
is that the method can be used in the field so that only a
thin filter is brought home instead of gallons of water.

The disadvantages are that living forms are not present and
it is sometimes difficult to see the sheaths and other

taxonomic features of some preserved organisms.

Taxonomy and Ecology

Table 1. provides tabulations of all forms collected.
In the Park, 9 classes, 21 orders, 48 families, 96 genera,
and 195 species of algae were collected. It is evident from
the table that the phylum Chlorophyta predominates. The
major group in this class is the Desmids collected mostly
from one bog lake. Compared to some regions this total
number of.species-would not be considered-large, but.con~
sidering the rigors of the habitat they represent a rela-
tively rich flora.

A check-list of algae is found on pages 18 through 80.
In this check-list will be found the dimensions of the or-
ganisms, the pertinent physical and chemical data of’their
environment, and the altitude at which they were collected.

There are 96 new records of algae for Montana.

Table 1. Tabulation of the Algae in Glacier National

Park

Phylum Classes Orders Families Genera Species
RhodOphyta l l 2 2 2
ChlorOphyta 2 9 21 43 113
ChrySOphyta 3 6 15 24 27
Pyrrhophyta l 1 ' 2 2
Evglenophyta 1 2 ,5, 8
CyanOphyta 1 2 6 20 41

Total 9 21 48 96 195

18

19

A Check-List of Algae

(New Records for Montana*)
Division CHLOROPHYTA'

Clas s CHLORO PHYCEAE'
Order VOLVOCALES
Family CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE
Chlamydomonas Sp.

Encysted spores only

Temp. 12.20 c. NOZ-N 0.003—0.005 ppm.
pH 7.1-7.2 NOB-N 0.045 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-44 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.06-0.08 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Hidden Lake
Altitude 6375,ft.
Family VOLVOCACEAE'
Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg
Cell diam. 8.8-11 u.
Colony diam. 50.6 u.

Temp. 14° C. NOZ-N 0.001 ppm.
pH 7.2 NOB-N 0.034 ppm.
Total Alk. 74 mg/l. Ortho-POH 0.04 ppm.

NHu—N 0.0 ppm.
Lower St. Mary Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

20

Pandorina £2323 (Muell.) Bory.
Cell length 12.6 u.
Cell Width 10.5 u.
Colony diam. 35.? u.
Temp. 7.78.250 0. N02-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.2-8.5 NO3
Total Alk. 16-178 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.15 ppm.

-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.
Mud Lake; Bowman Lake; Lake McDonald; Johns Lake
Altitude 3144-4020 ft.

Volvox aureus Ehrenberg

Tempo 22050 C. N02-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.8 NO3-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 30 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.067 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Order TETRASPORALES
Family PALMELLACEAE

Gloeocystis ampla (Kuetz.) Lagerheim
Cell length 10.5 u.
Cell width 8.4 u.

Temp. 11.5-25.56o C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.7 NOB-N 0.0-0.137 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-54 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NH4'N 0.0-0.195 ppm.
Lost Lake; Johns Lake

Altitude 3300-4700 ft.

21

Gloeocystis mgjgg Gerneck ex Lemmermann

Cell length 18.9 u.
Cell width 25.2 u..

Temp. 240 C.

pH 7.8-8

Total Alk. 140-144 mg/l.

Mud Lake

Altitude 3489 ft.

Gloeoczstig vesiculosa Rageli

pH 7.1-7.2 NO3-N 0.018-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 56-60 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.02-0.03 ppm.

Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144 ft.
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri Chodat
Cell diam. 4.2-10.5 u.
Colony diam. 31.5 u.

Temp. 9-25.560 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.027 ppm.
pH 6.9-8.5 NOB-N 0.0-0.05 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-180 mg/l. Ortho-POA 0.0-0.2 ppm.

Avalanche Lake; Lubes Lake; Mud Lake; Lake McDonald;
Bowman Lake; Johns Lake; St. Mary Lake; Lower St.
Mary Lake; Hidden Lake; Lost Lake

Altitude 3144- 6375 ft.

 

22

Family TETRASPORACEAE

' Schizochlamys gelatinosa A. Braun
Cell diam. 10.5 u.

Temp. 25° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.2 NOB-N 0.0-0.18 ppm
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POA 0.02-0.05 ppm.

NHn-N 0.05-0.06 ppm.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3855 ft.
Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vauch.) Desvaux
Cell diam. 8.4 u.
pH 7.2-7.4
Total Alk. 38 mg/l.
Temporary pool below Swift Current Falls; Logan Pass;
Avalanche Lake Inlet Creek
Altitude 3885-7000 ft.
Tetraspora laguStrig Lemmermann“

Cell diam. 6.3-8.4 u.

Temp. 14.44-17.220 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.2-8 ‘ NOB-N 0.0-0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-52 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.
Lost Lake
Altitude 4700 ft.

 

23

Family COCCOMYXACEAE
Chlorosarcina consociata (K1ebs)*
Cell length 21 u.

' Cell width 12.6-14.7 u.
Colony diam..42-52 u..

Temp. 12.78-16.11o c NOZ-N 0.0-0.004 ppm.
pH 7.4-7.7 NOB-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 56-76 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.02-O.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
Bowman Lake
Altitude 4020 ft.
Elakatothrix gelatinosa Wille*
Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 4.2 u.

Temp. 16-25.56O C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.8-7.6 NO3-N 0.0-0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-60 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.1 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.14 ppm.
Johns Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake; Lost Lake
Altitude 3300-4700 ft.

Order ULOTRICHALES

Family ULOTRICHACEAE

 

24

Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kuetzing
Cell length 25.2 u.

Temp. 10.5-22.5° C. NOz-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.

pH 7.3-8.3 NOB-N 0.0-0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-84 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.02-0.l ppm.
NHu-N 0.0

Swift Current Lake; St. Mary Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake;
Lubec Lake; St. Mary River; Quartz Creek; Lost Lake;
Lake McDonald; McDonald Creek Inlet; Bowman Creek;
Johns Lake
Altitude 3144-5300 ft.
Family MICROSPORACEAE
Microspgra stagnorum (Kuetz.) Lagerheim
Cell width 8.4 u.
pH 7.2-7.4
Total Alk. 38 mg/l.
Avalanche Lake Inlet Stream

Altitude 3885 ft.

Microspora Sp.

Temp. IO.5-12.22° C. N02-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.6-8.3 NOB-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 44-84 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.1 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Bowman Lake; St. Mary Lake; Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4020-4861

 

25

Family COLEOCHAETACEAE
Coleochaete pulvinata A. Braun*
Cell length 44.1 u.
Cell width 14.7-21 u.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft.
Order ULVALES
Family ULVACEAE
Monostroma bullosum Wittr.
Cell diam. 8.4 u.-
Fish Creek
Altitude 3144
Order OEDOGONIALES
Family OEDOGONIACEAE
{ Bulbochaete Sp.

Temp. 10-240 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.5-8.5 N03-N 0.019-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.03 ppm.
Lost Lake; Mud Lake; Swift Current Lake
Altitude 3481-4700 ft.

 

26

Oedogonium Sp.

Temp. 13-240 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.2-8.8 NOB-N 0.0-0.029 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-444 mg/l.- Ortho-POQ 0.0 0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; Swift Current Falls; Mud Lake;
Bowman Lake; Logan Pass, snow melt pool; Duck Lake;
Lost Lake; McDonald Lake
Altitude 3144-7000 ft.
Order CLADOPHORALES
Family CLADOPHORACEAE
Cladophora fracta (Dillw.) Keutzing*
Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 10.5 n.
Temp. 22° C.
pH 10
Lubec Lake
Altitude 5300 ft.
Order CHLOROCOCCALES .
Family DICTYOSPHAERIACEAE

 

27

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood
Cell diam. 6.3 u.

Temp. 11.11-25° c NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.9 NOB-N 0.0-0.046 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-76 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.046 ppm.
Johns Lake; McGee Meadow ”Moose Pondfi; Lake McDonald;
Lower St Mary Lake
Altitude 3144-4462
Family CHARACIACEAE
Characium falcatum Schroeder*
Cell length 44.1 u.
Cell width 6.3 u.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"
Altitude 3855 ft.
Characium gracilipes Lambert
Cell length 77.7 u.
Cell width 8.4 u.
Temp. 16.80 C.
pH 7.6-7.7
Total Alk. 44-48 mg/l.
Lost Lake
Altitude 4700 ft.
Family HYDRODICTYACEAE.

 

28

Pediastrum araneosum var. rugglosum*

(6.3. West) C. M. Smith
Cell width 31.5 u.

Temp. l7.3-l9.2° c. NOZ-N 0.003-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.8-7 N03-N 0.027-0.035 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Pediastrum Boryanum (Turp.) Meneghini
Cell length 14.? u.
Cell width 12.6-18.9 u.

Temp. 11.11-19.10 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.9 NOB-N 0.0-0.032 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-52 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.18 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; Duck Lake; Fishcap Lake; Lost Lake;
Lake McDonald

-Altitude 3144-5069 ft.

Pediastrum Boryanum var. undulatum Wille*
Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 18.9 u.
Colony diam. 147 u.

Temp. 12.78-l7° c. NOZ-N 0.002 ppm.
pH 7.4-8.8 NO3-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 68-444 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.05 ppm.

NHu-N 0 e 0 ppm.
Bowman Lake; Fishcap Lake; Duck Lake
Altitude 4020-5069 ft.

 

29

Pediastrum duplex Meyen
Cell length 12.6 u.
Cell width 12.6 u.

Temp. lO-l9.2° C. NOZ—N 0.003-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.9-8 'N03-N 0.0035-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 24-84 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.05 ppm.

Johns Lake; Bowman Lake
Altitude 3300-4020 ft.
Pediastrum glanduliferum Bennett*‘
Cell length 14.? u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Tempo 17.20 Ce NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 60 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.03 ppm.

NHu-N 0.08-0.15 ppm.

Lake McDonald

Altitude 3144 ft.

Pediastrum integrum Nageli*
Cell length 16.8-21 u.
Cell width 14.7-18.9 u.
Colony diam. 52.5 u.

Temp. 8-24O C.

pH 7.8-8.3 _

Total Alk. 52-180 mg/l.

Hidden Lake; Mud Lake

Altitude 3489-6375 ft.

 

30

Pediastrum obtgsum Lucks*
Cell length 18.9 u.

Cell width 16.8 u.

Temp. 19.2.250 0. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.4 » NO3-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.09 ppm.

NHu-N 0.05-0.09 ppm-
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft.
Pediastrum simplex (Meyen) Lemmermann
Cell length 27 u.
Cell width 12.6 u.

Temp. 14.44-170 C. N02-N 0.004-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.6-8.8 NOB-N 0.02 ppm.
, Total Alk. 44-444 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.02-0.25 ppm.
Duck Lake; Lost Lake; Fishcap Lake
Altitude 4700-5069 ft.
Sorastrum spinulosum Nageli*

Cell length 10.5 u.

Cell width 6.3-10.5 u.
McGee Meadow “Moose Pond"
Altitude 3855 ft.

Family COELASTRACEAE

 

‘15-...

31

Coelastrum cambricum Archer*

Cell diam. 10.5 u.

Temp. 19.2° C. NOZ-N 0.003-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.2 NOB-N 0.035-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 24 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Coelastrum microporum Rageli“

Temp. 20-24° C.
pH 8.2-8.5
Total Alk. 156-178 mg/l.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

Family OOCTSTACEAE

Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs.

Cell length 56.7 u.

Cell width 2.3 u.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300-ft.
Ankistrodesmus spiralis (Turner) Lemmermann*

Temp. 2.50 C. NOz-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.8 NOB-l: 0.0 ppm.
Tbtal Alk. 30 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.067 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

32

Oocystis Borgei Snow
Cell length 16.8-21 u.

_ Cell width 8.4 u.

Temp. 18-20.5° 0.

pH 7.7-8.1

Total Alk. 28-56 mg/l.

Lubec Lake; Lake McDonald

Altitude 3144-5300 ft.

Oocystis giggg Archer*
Cell length 57.2 u.

Cell width 30.8 u.
Colony width 77 u.

Colony length 99 u.

Temp. 15.50 c. N02-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.5 NO3-N 0.02-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-44 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0 ppm.

NHg-N 0.02—0.03 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

33

Oocystis parva West & West*
Cell length 11-18.9 u.

Cell Width 6.6-10.5 u.
Colony diam. 33.6 u.

Temp. 16.11-24.440 c. NOz-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 609-808 NOB-N 0.015-0005 ppm.
Tbtal Alk. 20-444 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.15 ppm.
Duck Lake; Johns Lake; Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144-5004 ft.
Sootiella Sp.
Cell length 18.9 u.
Cell width 4.2 u.
Logan Pass on snow
Altitude 7000 ft.
Pectodictyon cubicum Taft
Cell diam. 4.2 u.

Temp. 16.64-17.22o C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm. ‘
pH 7.4-7.6 NOB-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 44 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Lost Lake
Altitude 4700 ft.
Family SCENEDESMACEAE

34

Scenedesmus incrassatulus var. mononae G.M. Smith

Cell length 14.? u.
Cell Width 4.2 u.

Colony diam. 21 u.

Temp. 18.2-25.56O c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.4 N03-N'0.018-0.048 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.09 ppm.

NHu-N 0.08-0.09 ppm.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft;
Scenedesmug guadricauda (Turp.) de Brebisson
Cell length 11-12.6 u.
Cell width 2.1-4.4 u.
Colony width 14.7-22 u.
Spine length 14.? u.

Temp. 15.5-160 C. N02-N 0.003-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.4 N03-N 0.0-0.015 ppm.
Total Alk. 44-48 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.03 ppm.

NHh-N 0.0-0.05 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; McGee Meadow "Moose pond"
Altitude 3855-4861 ft.

Scenedesmus guadricauda var. parvus G.M. Smith*
Cell length 4.2 u.
Cell width 14.7 u.
Colony width 42 u;

Spine length 12.6 n.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

35

Order ZYGNEMATALES
Family ZYGNEMATACEAE

Moegoetia Sp.

Temp. 10-240 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.001 ppm.

pH 7.2-8.5 ' NOB-N 0.0l9-0.03 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.05-0.2 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Mud Lake; Swift Current Lake; Bowman Creek; Johns Lake;
Lake McDonald; Roadside pool near Avalanche Creek
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.
Spirogyra varians (Hass.).Kuetz.*
Cell width 31.5 u.
Spore width 35.7 u.
Temporary pool below Swift Current Falls

Altitude 4861 ft.

Spirogyra Sp.

Temp. 10.5-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.8-8.8 NOB-N 0.0-0.98 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-444 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; St. Mary Lake; Lubec Lake; Duck
Lake; Logan Pass, snow melt pool; Road side spring
near Avalanche Creek campground; McDonald Creek Inlet;
Mud Lake; Fishcap Lake; Bowman Lake; McDonald Lake;
Johns Lake

Altitude 3144-7000 ft.

36

Spirogxra Weberi (Kuetz.)*
Cell diam. 27.3 u.
Spore diam. 25.2 u._
Spore length 58. 8 u.
In seepage near fossil algae rook sign at the garden
wall on highway 89
Altitude 3732 ft.
Zyggema Sp.
Temp. 10.5-24° 0.
.pH 7.2-8.5
Total Alk. 32-178 mg/l.
Avalanche Lake Inlet Creek; Avalanche Lake; Fishcap‘
Lake; Bowman Creek; St. Mary Lake; Swift Current Lake;
McDonald Creek Inlet
Altitude 3144-5300 ft.
Family MESOTAENIACEAE
GOnatozyggg ouleatum Hastings*
Cell length 33.2 u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Temp. 12.22-15.5O C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 7.1-7.7 NOB-N 0.012-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 32-56 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.12 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.03 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

37

Gonatozygon monotaenium De Bary*
Cell length 98.? u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Temp. 16.67-17.22O C NOz-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.6-7.7 N037N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 44 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHh-N 0.0 ppm.
Lost Lake
Altitude 4700 ft.
Netrium Digitus (Ehr.) Itzigsohn et Rothe*
Cell length 225-231 u.
Cell width 63 u.
Johns Lake; McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"
Altitude 3300-3855 ft.
Family DESMIDIACEAE
Arthodesmus impgg (Jacobs.) Grdnb.*
Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 35.? u.

Temp. 16.80 C. NOZ-N 0.003-0.006 ppm.
pH 7.4-7.7 NOB-N 0.65-0.118 ppm.
Total Alk. 44-48 mg/l. Ortho-POA 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Lost Lake

Altitude 4700 ft.

38

Closterium aciculare T. West*

Temp. 14.44-15.56° C. NOZ-N 0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2-7.3 NOB-N 0.018 ppm.

Tbtal Alk. 44-48 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.08 ppm.
Lost Lake

Altitude 4700 ft.

Closterium acutum var. variable (Lemm.) Krieger’
Cell length 168 u.
Cell width 8.4 u.

Temp. 23° C.

PH 7.7

Total Alk. 20 mg/l.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Closterium Jenneri Ralfs.

Cell length 88 u.
Cell width 11 u..

Temp. 23° C. NOz-N 0.0-0.004 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.4 NOB-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 18-20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.035-0.055

NHu-N 0.045-0.085 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

39

‘Closterium Leibleinii Kfitz.
Cell length 63 u.
Cell width 12.6 u.
Temp. 23° C.
PH 7.7
Total Alk. 20 mg/l.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.
Closterium lineatum Ehrenberg
Cell length 304 u.
Cell width 23.1 u.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"
Altitude 3855 ft.

Closterium moniliferam (Bory.) Ehrenberg

Temp. 14.44-17.22° C N02-N 0.002 ppm.
pH 7.3‘8 NOB-N 0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-52 mg/l. Ortho-POn 0.02-0.08 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.05 ppm.
Lost Lake; In seepage near fossil algae rock sign at
the garden wall on highway 89

Altitude 3732-4700 ft.
Closterium Sp.

Temp. 12.220 C. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.6 NOB-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 44-48 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.1 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

40

Cosmarium piggm Nordstedt*
Cell length 57.2 u.
Cell width 41.8 u.

Isthmus 15.4 u.

Temp. 23.33-25.56° C. NOz-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.3 N03-N 0.03 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POp 0.03-0.05 ppm.

NHh-N 0.06 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.
Cosmarium dentatum Wolle’
Cell length 132.3 u.
Cell width 94.5 u.
Isthmus 25.6 u.

Temp. 17.5-25° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.2 NOB-N 0.0-0.037 Ppm.
Total Alk. 16-365mg/1. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.15 ppm.

NHg-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

41

Cosmarium difficile Lfitkemfiller*
Cell length 48.4 u.
Cell width 17.6 u.
Isthmus 2.2 u.

Temp. 23° c. NOz-N 0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2-7.4 ' NO3-N 0,009-0.03 ppm.
Tbtal Alk. 18-20 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.02-0.09 ppm.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium margaritatum (Lund.) Roy-Bissett
Cell length 90.3 u.

Cell width 65.1 u.
Isthmus 25.2 u.

Temp. 25° c. NOg-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.2' N03-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.05 ppm.

NHu-N 0.05-0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium moniliforme (Turp.) Ralfs?
Cell length 27.3-35.7 u.
Cell width 18.9-21 u.
Isthmus 4.2-6.3 u.

Temp. 18.25-25° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.

pH 6.8-7.4 NOB-N 0.0-0.035 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0-0.09 ppm.
NHu-N 0.05-0.09 ppm.

Johns'Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

42

Cosmarium ovale Ralfsr
Cell length 138.6 u.

Cell width 77 u.
Isthmus 55 u.

Temp. 17.22-17.78° C. NOZ-N 0.004 ppm.
pH 705‘707 NOB-N 0.0116 DDMQ

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144 ft.

Cosmarium pachydermum Lund.
Cell length 94.5 u.

Cell width 73.5 u.

Isthmus 31.5 u.
Temp. 250 C.

pH 7.3-8.1

Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium phaseolus var. achondrum Boldt*

Cell length 29.4 u.
Cell width 27.3 u.
Isthmus 6.2 u.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

43

Cosmarium portianum Archer
Cell length 37.8 u.
Cell width 27.3 u.
Isthmus 10.5 u.

Temp. 23° 0.

PH 7.7

Total Alk. 20 mg/l.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium portianum var. nephroideum Wittrock*
Cell length 23.1 u.
Cell width 18.0 u.
Isthmus 6.3 u.
Temp. 250 C.

pH 7.3-8.1

Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium pyramidatum var. transitorium Heimerl’
Cell length 77.? u.
Cell width 50.4 u.
Isthmus 14.? u.
Temp. 25° C.
pH 7.3-8.1
Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

43

Cosmarium portianum Archer
Cell length 37.8 u.
Cell width 27.3 n.
Isthmus 10.5 u.
Temp. 230 C.

PH 7.7 _
Total Alk. 20 mg/l.

Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium portianum var. nephroideum Wittrock*
Cell length 23.1 u.
Cell width 18.0 u.

Isthmus 6.3 u.
Temp. 250 C.

pH 7.3-8.1
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium pxramidatum var. transitggigm Heimer1*
Cell length 77.7 u.
Cell width 50.0 u.

Isthmus 1h.7 u.
Temp. 25° C.

pH 7.3-8.1

Total Alk. lé-Zh mg/l.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

44

Cosmarium reniforme (Ralfs) Arch.*
Cell length 52.5 n.
Cell width “6.2 u.
Isthmus 10.5 u.

Temp. 19.2-25O C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
PH 609-707 NOB-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-2h mg/l. Ortho-POn 0.02-0.05 ppm.

NHu-N.0.05-0.06 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

Cosmarium sexangulare Lund.*
Cell length 22-37.u u.
Cell width 15.h-33 u.

Isthmus 2.2-8.8 u.

Temp. 23.33-25.560 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2-7.3 . N03-N 0.0-0.03 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0-0.03 ppm. '

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Cosmarium speciesum Lund.

Cell length 31.8 u.
Cell width 29.4 u.

Isthmus 10.5 u.
Temp. 7.80 C.
pH 8.3
Total Alk. 43.1-57 mg/l.
Avalanche Lake

Altitude 3885 ft.

45

Cosmarium.subtumidum Nordstedt*
Cell length #2 u.

Cell width 33.6 u.
Isthmus 6.3 u.
Temp. 2&0 C.
pH 8.5

Total Alk. 156-178 mg/l.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

Cosmarium Turpinii Brebisson*
Cell length 56.7 u.

Cell Width 50.4 u.
Isthmus 12.6 u.

Temp. 12.22-16° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 7.1-7.6? NOB-N 0.0-0.032 ppm.
Total Alk. 32-56 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-1.5 Ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.05 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

Cosmarium Turpinii var. eximium W. West*
Cell length 63 u.
Cell width 54.6 u.
Isthmus 10.5 u.
Temp. 12° 0.
PH 7.8
Bullhead Lake
Altitude 5279 ft.

46

Desmidigg;8ailexi (Ralfs) Nordsted£*

Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 21 u.

Temp. 25° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2 N03-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-P04 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.05—0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Desmidium Swartgii C..A. Agardh
Cell length 21.1 u.
Cell width 29.4 u.
Isthmus 23.1 u.

Temp. 19.2-25.560 C. N0 -N 0.0-0.005 ppm.

pH 6.9-7.2 NOi-N 0.0-0.037‘ppm.
Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l. Ortho—POu 0.05-0.15 ppm.
NH4-N 0.02-0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Egastrum.elegans (Breb.5 K3tz.* .
Cell length 31.5 u.

Cell width 23.1 u.

Isthmus 2.1 u.

Temp. 23.33-25.560 C. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.
PH 702-703 NOB'N 0'03 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.03-0.05 ppm.

NHu-N 0.06 ppm.
JohnssLake

Altitude 3300 ft.

47

Euastrum.gemmatum Brebisson*
Cell length 50.4—51.5 u.

Cell width 35.7-37.8 u.
Isthmus 8.4—10.5 u.

Johns Lake; McGee Meadow “Moose Pond"
Altitude 3300-3855 ft.

Hzalotheca dissiliens (Smith) Breblsson.
Cell length 44.2 u.

Cell width 22 u.
Temp. 14.44-25.560 C. NO -N 0,004-0.005 ppm.

2
pH 7.2-7.8 NOB-N 0.025-o.036 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-60 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.08-0.12 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.
Johns Lake; Bowman Lake

Altitude 3300-4020 ft.

Hxalotheca hians Nordstedt*
Cell length 27.3 u.

Cell width 33.6 u.
Temp. 230 C.
pH 7.7
Total Alk. 20 mg/l.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.
Hzalotheca mucosa (Dillw.) Ehrenberg

Temp. 12.220 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 7.1-7.7 NOB-N 0.0-0.032 ppm.
Total Alk. 32-56 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.08-l.5 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

   

 

48

nigrgstgrigs denticulata Breblsson*
Cell length 270 u.
Cell width 225 u.
Isthmus 45 u.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"°
Altitude 3855 ft.

Migzgggggigg laticegs Nordstedt*
Cell length 126 u.
Cell width 159.6 u.
Isthmus 21 u.

Temp. 25° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2 . NOB-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Miorasterias pinnatifida (Kfitz.) Ralfs:

Cell length 63 u.
Cell width 77.7U.
Isthmus 10.5 u.

Temp. 15-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.004 ppm.
pH 702-805 N03-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.1 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake; Bowman Lake
Altitude 3300-4020 ft.

49

Micrasterias radiata Hass.*

Temp. 25° C. N02-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.

pH 7.2 . NO3-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.05-0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
fileurotaenium trabeoula (Ehrbg.) Nag.*

Cell length 495 u.
Cell width 54 u.

Isthmus 45 u.
Lost Lake

Altitude 4700 ft.

Spondxlosium planum (Wolle) West et 0.8. West*
Cell length 12.6 u.

Cell width 12.6 u.

Isthmus 4.2 u.

Temp. 18-24.440 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02—0.09 ppm.

NHu-N 0.05-0.09 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

~50

Staurastrum arctiscon (Ehrenb.) Lund.
var. glabrum West et West*

Cell length 108 u.
Cell width 108 u.

v Isthmus 27 u.
Temp. 16.67-17.22° 0. N0

2-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
PH 7.6-7.7 N03-N 0.0-0.018 ppm.
Total Alk. 44 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.15 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Lost Lake

Altitude 4700 ft.

Staurastrum anatinum Cooke et Wills*

Cell length 56.7 u.
Cell width 31.8 u.

Temp. 23° C.

pH 7.7

Total Alk. 20 mg/l.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Staurastrum apicglatum Brebisson*

Temp. 12.22° C. NOZ-N 0.005-0.008 ppm.
pH 7.1-7.7 NO3-N 0.025-o.032 ppm.
Total Alk. 32-56 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.08-1.5 ppm.

NHn-N 0.0 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

 

51

Staurastrum brevispinum Brebisson*
-Cell length 31.5 u.' "
Cell width 31.5 u.
Isthmus 10.5 u.

Temp. 18.2° C. N02-N 0.002-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9. NOB-N 0.018-0.034 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.05-0.1 ppm.
NHg-N 0.0 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Staurastrum cornutum Arch.*

Cell length 33-35.7 u.
Cell width 35.7-39.6 u.

Isthmus 8.8-10.5 u.

Temp. 23.33-25.560 c. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.

IPH 7.2-7.3 N03-N 0.03 PPM.

frotal Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-POH 0.05-0.1 ppm.
NHu-N 0.06 ppm.

.Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Staurastrum.cuspidatum Breblsson*
Cell length 31.5-33.6 u.
Cell width 31.5-48.3 u.

Isthmus 8.4 u.

‘Iemp. 17.22-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.
ij 6.9—8 NOB-N 0.018-0.07l ppm.
'rotal Alk. 16-52 mg/l. Ortho-Pop 0.03-0.99 ppm.

NH‘n-N 0 o 0-0 .09 ppm.
Johns Lake; McGee Meadow "Moose pond”; Lost Lake
Altitude 3300-4700 ft.

 

52

Staurastrum Dickiei Ralfs?
Temp. 23° C.
PH 7.7
Total Alk. 20 mg/l.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

Staurastrum furcigerum Brebisson

Cell length 52.5-63 u.
Cell width 58.8—60.9 u.
Isthmus 21 u.

Temp. 12.22-25.56° C. NOZ-N Ola-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.4-7.6 N03-N 0.0-0.048 ppm.
Tbtal Alk. 12-48 mg/l. Ortho-Poh 0.02-0.1 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.

S‘taurastrum gacile Ralfs.
Cell length 31.5-73.5 u.

Cell width 52.5-110.1 u.
Isthmus 8.4-10.5 u.

tramp. 8.89-19.3° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.3-8.8 N034; 0.0-0.038 ppm.
trotal Alk. u0-uuu mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.05-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.02 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; Mud Lake; Duck Lake; Lost Lake;
Lake MoDonald

.Altitude 3144-5004 ft.

 

53

Temp. 22.50 c. NOZ—N 0.0 ppm.

pH 7.8-7.9 N03-N 0.0 ppm.

Tbtal Alk. 20-36 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.2 ppm.
nap—N 0.0 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Staurastrum natator West*
Cell length 31.5-37.4 u.
Cell width 66.69.3iu.

Isthmus 8.4-ll u.

Temp. 14.44-25.560 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 701“7o9 NOB-N 000'0002 ppm.
Tbtal Alk. 16-48 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.
Johns Lake; Lost Lake
.Altitude 3300-4700 ft.

Staurastrum Ophiura Lund.*
Cell length 73.5 u.
Cell width 134.4 u.
Temp. 23° C.
PH 7.7
irotal Alk. 20 mg/l.
Jehns Lake
.Altitude 3300 ft.

 

54

Staurastrum orbioulare var. depressum Boy at Biss.‘

Cell length 25.2 u.
Cell width 25.2 u.

Isthmus 14.? u.

Temp. 17.5° C. N02-N 0.0 ppm.

pH 7.3-7.4 NOB-N 0.0 ppm.

Total Alk. 20-32 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.08-ppm.
NHu-N 0.02 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Staurastrum paradoxum Meyen*

Cell length 67.2 u.
Cell width 44-44.l u.
Isthmus 10.5-12.6 u.

Temp. 12.22-25.560 c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
;pH 6.8-8 NOB—N 0.0-0.07 ppm.
trotal Alk. 16-48 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.1 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.14 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; Johns Lake; Lost Lake
liltitude 3300-4861 ft.
Staurastrum tohogekaligense Wo11e*
Cell length 41.8 u.
Cell width 33.u.

tremp. 23.33-25.56° C. N02-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.3 NOB’N 0003 PP“.
fretal Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-Poh 0.03-0.05 ppm.

NHu-N 0 . 06 ppm.
Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

 

55

Staurastrum teliferum Balfs.*

Temp. 22.5° C. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.

'pH 7.8-7.9 N03-N 0.0 ppm.

Total Alk. 20-36 mg/l. Ortho-P04 0.0-0.2 ppm.
NHu—N 0.0 Ppm.

thns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Staurastrum trifidium var. inflexum*
West et West
Cell length 33.6 u.

Cell width 42.u.
Isthmus 16.8 u.
MhGee Meadow "Moose Pond”
' Altitude 3855 ft.

Staurastrum varians Baciborski*

Cell length 31.8 u.
Cell width 31.5 u.
Isthmus 14.7 u.
TPemp. 6-80’0.
PH 7.9-8.3
trotal Alk. 44 mg/l.
livalanohe Lake
ltltitude 3885 ft.

 

.4

56.

Staurastrum dejectus (Breb.) Teiling
Cell length 27.3 u.
Cell width 25.2 u.
Isthmus 6.3 u.
Temp. 23° C.
PH 747’
TOtal Alk. 20 mg/l.
JohnSTLake
Altitude 3300 ft.
Xanthidium antilopaeum Kuetz.*
Cell length 180.6 u.
Cell width 123.9-140.7 u.
Isthmus 16.8 u.

Temp. 11.2-18.2° C. N024: 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.6 NO3-N 0.0-0.034 ppm.
Snotal Alk. 20-48 mg/l. Ortho—POu 0.0-l ppm.

NHn-N 0.0-0.033 ppm.
Jkahns Lake;:Swift Current Lake
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.
Xanthidium cristatum Breblsson
Cell length 68.2-79.8 u.

Cell width 52.5-55 u.

Isthmus 11-14.? u.
Spine length 6.6 u.

Temp. 15-16.110 C. N02-N 0.003-o.oou. ppm.
Tetal Alk. 56-60 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.02-0.1 ppm.

NHa-JI 0.0 ppm.
Bowman Lake; Johns Lake

Altitude 33004020 ft.-

 

37

Class CHAROPHYCEAE
Order CHARALES
Family CHARACEAE

M Sp.
Temp. 24° C.
pH 8
Total Alk. 136-155 mg/l.
Mud Lake

Altitude 3489 ft.
Division EUGLENOPHYTA

Class EUCLENOPHYCEAE
Order EUGLENALES
Family EUGLENACEAE

Euglena apps Ehrb.”
Cell length 94.5-u.
Cell width 10.5 u.
McGee Meadow “Moose Pond"
Altitude 3855 ft.

Euglena charkowienses Swirenko .
Cell length 70 :_u.

Cell width 1m:
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

W Sp.
Cell length 31.5 u.
Cell width 12.6 n.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.

58

Phacus caudatus Haber*

Cell length 33 u.
Cell width 19.8 u.

Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.
Phacus longicauda var. attenfiata (Pochm.) H. P.
Cell length 119.7 u.
Cell width 42 u.

Temp. 23° C.

pH 707
Tbtal Alk. 20 mg/l.

Johns Lake
.Altitude 3300 ft.
Phacus suecicus Lemm.’
Cell length 37.4 u.
Cell width 22 U.

Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.
Strombomonas Sp.
Cell length 21 u.
Cell width 14.? u.

Logan Pass
Altitude 7000 ft.
Order COLACIALES

Family COALIACEAE

59

Colacium arbuscula Stein*
Cell length 14.7 u.
Cell width 6.3-8.4 u.
Temp. 17° C.
pH 8.7-8.8
Total Alk. 412-44 mg/l.
Duck Lake
Altitude 5004 ft.
Division CHRYSOPHYTA
Class XANTHOPHYCEAE
Order HETEROTRICHALES
Family TRIBONEMATACEAE
Tribonema aeguale Pascher
19H 7.7
'Total Alk. 38 mg/l.
Mud Lake; Avalanche Lake
Altitude 3489-3885 ft.
Family VAUCHERIACEAE
Vaucheria pachydermum Walz.*
Oogonium width 12.6 u.
Avalanche Lake Inlet Stream
Alstitude 3885 ft.
Class CHRYSOPHYCEAE
Order CHRYSOMONADALES
Family SYNURACEAE

60

Synura Adamsii G.M. Smith*
Cell length 18.9 u.
Cell width 12.6-14.7 u.

Temp. 13-16° C. ‘ NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.5-8.1 NOB-N 0.0-0.015 ppm.
Total Alk. 48-76 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.08-0.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Avalanche Lake; Swift Current Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake

Altitude 3885-4861 ft.
Family OCHROMONADACEAE

Dinobrzon bavaricum Imhof.*
Cell length 46.2-73.5 u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Temp. 10.16.?0 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
Total Alk. 28-84 mg/l. Ortho-POn 0.0-0.28 ppm.

NBA-N 0.0-0.05 ppm.
1ivalanche Lake; Bowman Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake

A l titude 3885-4700 ft .

Dinobryon divergens Imhof.*
Cell length 42 u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Temp. 7.78-18.33° c. NOz-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 701-8.“ NOB-N 000-00098 ppm.
Total Alk. 28-84 mg/l. Ortho-POA 0.0-0.28 ppm.

NHa-N 0.0-0.15 Ppfllo
iit. Mary Lake; Lubec Lake; Duck Lake; Bowman Lake;

Avalanche Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake; Lake McDonald;

SW1ft Current Lake
Altitude 3144-5300 ft.

.61

Dinobrxon sociale Ehrenberg*
Cell length 31.5 u.
Cell width 6.3-8.4 u.

Temp. 8.89-18.2° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-8 N03¢N 0.0-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-6u mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; McGee Meadow “Moose Pond";
Lower St. Mary Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.

Order RHIZOCHBYSIDALES
Family RHIZOCHRYSIDACEAE

Lagynion Sp.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"

Altitude 3855 ft.
Order CHRYSOCAPSALES
Family HYDRURACEAE

Hydrurus foetidus (Vill.) Trev.
McDonald Creek Inlet

Altitude 3144 ft.
Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
Order CENTRALES
Suborder COSCINODISCINEAE
Family COSCINODISCACEAE

 

62

Coscinodiscus Sp.

Temp. 7.78-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.009 ppm.
pH 6.8-8 NO3-N 0.0-0.98 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-180 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-1.5 ppm.

NHh 0.0-0.15 ppm.
St. Mary Lake; Mud Lake; Bowman Lake; Lost Lake;
Lake McDonald; Hidden Lake; Swift Current Lake;

Lower St. Mary Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3144-6375 ft.

C clotella Sp.

Temp. 11.11-24.uu° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 6-7.6 NOB-N 0.0-0.0u8 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-60 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.1-0.18 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.
Bowman Lake; Johns Lake

Melosira Sp.

tremp. 11.11-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.8-8.2 NOB-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
CPotal Alk. 16-80 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.18 ppm.

NHn-N 0.0-0.14 ppm.
Avalanche Lake Inlet Stream; Swift Current Lake;
inwer St. Mary Lake; Johns Lake; Bowman Lake;
Lake McDonald
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.
Order PENNALES
Suborder FRAGILABINEAE
Family TABELLABIACEAE

63

Tabellaria Sp.

Temp. 10-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.9-8.2 NOB-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-80 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-1.5 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.

St. Mary Lake; Swift Current Lake; Lost Lake;

Johns Lake; Bowman Lake; Lake McDonald; Hidden Lake;
Lower St. Mary Lake

Altitude 3144-6375 ft.

Tetracyclis Sp.

Temp. 15° c. NOZ—N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-64 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.03 ppm.
Lower St. Mary Lake; Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4473-4861 ft. '

\ Family FBACILARIACEAE

Asterionella Sp.

cramp; 7:78-240 0; NOZ-N 0:0-o;098 ppm.
pH 6.9-8.5 NOj-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Tuotal Alk. 20-178 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-1.ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.

Johns Lake; St. Mary Lake; Mud Lake; Bowman Lake;
Lake McDonald; Hidden Lake; Swift Current Lake;
Lower St. Mary Lake; Lost Lake

Altitude 3144-6375 ft.

 

64

Fragilaria Sp;

Temp. 7.78-240 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 6.9-8.4 NO3-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 24-180 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-1.5 ppm.

NHu-N 0. 0.0.1.5 ppIBo
St. Mary Lake; Lubec Lake; Hidden Lake Mud Lake;

Lower St. Mary Lake; Bowman Lake; Avalanche Lake;
Johns Lake; Lake McDonald; Swift Current Lake;

Lost Lake
Altitude 3144-6375 ft.

Synedra Sp.

Temp. 8.89-250 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.8-8.4 NOB-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-80 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0-1.5 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.
Avalanche Lake; St. Mary Lake; Lake McDonald;
Lost Lake; Swift Current Lake; Lower St. Mary Lake;
Bowman Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3144-4861 ft.
Family EUNOTIACEAE

Ceratoneig Sp.

Temp. 15.5° C. N02-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.5 NO3-N 0.0-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-44 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0 ppm.

NHu-N 0.02-0.03 ppm.
Swift Current Lake
.Altitude 4861 ft.
Family ACHNANTHACEAE

 

65

W Sp.

Temp. 12.22° c. NOZ-N 0.005-0.008 ppm.
pH 701-707 ' N03-N 00°25‘09032 pp.‘
Total Alk. 32456 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.08-1.5 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppl.
Swift Current Lake
Altitude 4861 ft.

Family NAVICULACEAE

Frustula Sp.

Temp. 18.20 C. NOz-N 0.002-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9 N03¢N 0.018-0.034 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. . Ortho-P04,O.O5-0.1 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
JohnsrLake
Altitude 3300 ft.

Gyrosigma Sp.
Temp. 12.30 C. NOZ-N 0.003 ppm.
pH 7.2 NOB-N 0.027 ppm.

Total Alk. 10-11 mg/l.
NHh-N 0.0 ppm.
Hidden Lake

Altitude 6375 ft.
Navicula Sp.

Temp. 8.89-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.008 ppm.
pH 608-8 NOB-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
{Total Alk. 12-80 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0-1.5 ppm.

llower St. Mary Lake; Swift Current Lake; Johns Lake;

IBowman Lake; Lake McDonald

Altitude 3144-4861 ft.

   

66

Pinnularia Sp.

Temp. 11.11-25.560 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-8 NOB-N 0.0-0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 12448 mg/l. Ortho-POA 0.0-0.2 ppm.

NHh-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; Bowman Lake; Johns Lake;
Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144-4861 ft.

Family GOMPHONEMATACEAE

Gomphonema Sp.

Temp. 14.44-25.56o C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.8-8 NOB-N 0.0-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-180 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.1 ppm.

NHfi-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.
Logan Pass; Mud Lake; Hidden Lake; Swift Current Lake;
Lower St. Mary Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake; Bowman

Lake; Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144-7000 ft.

Family CYMBELLACEAE

Cymbella Sp.

Temp. 12.22-25.56o C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.9-8 ' ‘ NOB-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-56 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.0-1.5 ppm.

NHh-N 0.0-0.14 ppm.

Swift Current Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake
Lake McDonald

.Altitude 3144-4861 ft.

 

67

E ithemia Sp.

Temp. 11.5-139 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.001 ppm.
pH 7.2-7.4 NOB-N 0.01-0.02 ppm.
Total Alk. 68-76 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.02 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.14 ppm.
Bowman Lake
Altitude 4020 ft.

Bhogalodia Sp.
Temp. l7.3-20° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.

pH 6.8—7.4 NO3-N'0.0-0.037’Ppm.
Total Alk. 16-32 mng.

NHurN 0.02-0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Suborder*SURIRELLINEAE
Family SURIRELLA
Suririella Sp.

Temp. 15.5-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.5 NOB-N 0.0-0.058 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-52‘mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.08 ppm.

NHh-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-4861 ft.

Division PYRRHOPHYTA
Class DINOPHYCEAE
Order PERIDINIALES

Family PERIDINIACEAE

 

68

Peridinium pipgg Stein’
Cell length 69.3 u.
Cell width 54.6 u.

Cell thickness 46.2 u.

Temp. 8.89-17.22° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 7.2-8 NOB-N 0.028-0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 40-52 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.12-r ppm.

NHh-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.
Swift Current Lake; Lost Lake
Altitude 4700-4861 ft.
Peridinium cinctum (Mdller) Ehrb.
Cell length 66 u.
Cell width 66 u.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.
Peridinium Sp.
Cell length 48.3 u.
Cell width 29.6—52.5 u.

cremp. 7.78-19.2° C. NOZ—N 0.0-0.0057ppm.
13H 6.8-8.7 N03-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Ekatal Alk. 20-80 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.28 ppm.
Elfin-N 0.0-0.15 ppm.

ILEike McDonald; Bowman Lake; Johns Lake

IXILtitude 3144-4020 ft.
Family CERATIACEAE

 

 

69

Ceratium hirundinella (Muell.) Dujardin
Cell length 210 u.
Cell width 153.3 u.

Temp. 7-24.uu° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6l9-8.8 NO3-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-44u mg/l. Ortho-Pop 0.0-0.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.15 ppm.

Hidden Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake; Avalanche Lake;
Mud Lake; Duck Lake; Lake McDonald; Bowman Lake;
Lower St. Mary Lake; St. Mary Lake; Bedrock Lake;
Fishcap Lake

Altitude 3144-6375 ft.

Division RHODOPHYTA
Class BHODOPHYCEAE
Subclass FLORIDEAE'
Order NEMALIONALES

Family BATRACHOSPERMACEAE

Batrachospermum Sp.
McDonald Creek Inlet

Altitude 3144 ft.
Family LEMANEACEAE'
Lemanea Sp.
Tuft length 1.5 cm.
Filamentzwidth 0.5 mm.

Camas Creek
Altitude 3779 ft.
Division CYANOPHYTA

Class CYANOPHYCEAE

 

-70

order CHBOOCOCALES
Family CHROOCOCCACEAE

Aphanothece microsoora (Menegh.) Baben.*
Cell length 6.3 u.
Cell width 2.1 u.

 

Temp. 25° C. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.32 NO3PN 0.08 ppm.
Total Alk. 16 mg/l. Ortho-POh T ppm.
NHu-N 0.075 ppm.

Johns;Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Aphanothece staggina (Spreng.) A. Braun
Cell length 6.3-8.4 u.
Cell width 4.2 u.
Colony length 115.5 u
Colony width 52.5-63 u.

Temp. 18.2-24.440 C. N02-N 0.002-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-7.4 N03-N 0,018-0.048 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.1 ppm.

NHn-N 0.08-0.09 ppm.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft.

 

 

 

r —————'#W .1.-

71

Chroococcus dispersus (Keissl.) Lemm.
Cell length 5-8.4 u.
Cell width 4.2-6.3 u.

Temp. 1049.20 0. ' N02-N 0.003-0.005 ppm.
pH 6.8-8.8 NO3-N 0.035-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-444 mg/l. Ortho-Poa 0.0-0.05 ppm.

NHu—N 0.0 ppm.
St. Mary Lake; Duck Lake; Johns Lake; Bowman Lake
Altitude 3300-5004 ft.

Chroococcus limneticus Lemm.’

Cell diam. 6.3 u.

Temp. 11.11-16.11o C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
pH 7.3-7.7 NOB-N 0.0—0.038 ppm.
Total Alk. 28-76 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
Mud Lake; Duck Lake; Bowman Lake
Altitude 3489-5004 ft.
Chroococcus limneticus var. elegans‘
G.M. Smith
Cell diam. 14.? u.
Temp. l6-18° C.
pH 7.7-8.1
Total Alk. 56-72 mg/l.
Bowman Lake

Altitude 4020 ft.

 

72

Chroococcus minimus (Keissl.) Lemm.

Temp. 13.89-25.560 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.8-7.4 N03-N 0.0-0.098 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-60 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.15 ppm.

NHu-N 0.02-0.15 ppm.
Lake McDonald; Johns Lake
Altitude 3144-3300 ft.

Chroococcus minor (Kuetz.) Regalia“
Cell diam. 4.2 u.

Temp. 18.2° c. N02-N 0.002-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9 - NO3-N 0.018-0.034 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. Ortho-POh 0.05-0.1 ppm.
NHA-N 0.0 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Chroococcus minutus (Kuetz.) Bagel-1*
Cell length 6.3 u.

Cell width 8.4 u.
Temp. 23-24° C.
pH 7.7-8
Total Alk. 20-144 mg/l.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft.

73

Chroococcus turgidus (Kuetz.)llageli'l‘

Cell length including sheath 23.1-25.2 u.
Cell width including sheath 14.7-21 u.
Colony diam. 31.5 u.

Temp. 11.11-19.2° C. N02-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-707 NOB-N 0.0-0.046 ppm.
Total Alk. 20-68 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.2 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Mud Lake; Bowman Lake; Johns Lake; Lake McDonald;

Bowman Creek
_Altitude 3144-4020 ft.

Coelosphaerium Kuetzingianum Nageli'l‘
Cell diam. 2.1-4.2 u.
Colony diam. 52.5 u.

Temp. 17.22-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-44 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.09 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.
Mud Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-4700 ft.

Coelosghaerium pallidum Lemm.
Cell daim. 2.1 u.
Temp. 17° C.
.pH 8.7-8.8
‘Total Alk. 412-444 mg/l.
Duck Lake
Illtitude 5004 ft.

 

 

743

Dactylococogsis fascicularis Lemm.

Temp. 19.2-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005 ppm.

pH 6.9-7.4 NO3-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-24 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.09 Ppm.
NHu-N 0.05-0.09 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Gomphosphaeria aponina var. multiplex Nyg.*
Temp. 24-25.560 C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.002 ppm.
pH 7.2-8.5 N03-N 0.0-0.03 Ppm.
Total Alk. 16-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.05-0.06 ppm.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-3489 ft.

Gomphosphaeria lacustris Chodat
Cell diam. 2.1-3 u.
Temp. 15.5-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0—0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9-8.5 NOB-N 0.0-0.046 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.0-0.08 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0-0.06 ppm.
Lubec Lake; Johns Lake; Mud Lake; Swift Current Lake;

Lake McDonald
Altitude 3144-5300 ft.

 

 

Merismogedia tenuissima Lemm.*

Cell length 1.05 u.

Cell width 2.1 u.
Colony length 18.9 u.

Temp. 23.33-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0 ppm.

pH 7.2-7.3 NOB-N 0.03 ppm.

Total Alk. 16-20 mg/l. Ortho-Pop 0.03-0.05 ppm.
NHh-N 0.06 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Miggggy§§i§,§lgs;§gug (Wittr.) Kirch.
Cell diam. 6.3 u.
Temp. 23-24° C.
pH 7.7-8
Total Alk. 20-180 mg/l.
Mud Lake; Johns Lake; Lubec Lake
Altitude 3300-5300 ft.
Rhabdoderma Corskii Woloszynska
Cell length 10.5 u.

Cell width 2.1 u.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.
Order OSCILLATORIALES
[Suborder OSCILLATOBINAE
Family OSCILLATORIACEAE

Oscillatoria Agardhii Gomont*
Cell length 4.2 u.

Cell width 6.3 u.

 

Logan Pass
Altitude 7000 ft.

 

 

76

Oscillatoria Bornetii Zukal.’

Cell length 4.2-6.3 u.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Temp. l7.5-25.56° c. N02-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.8-7.9 No3-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-36 mg/l. Ortho-Pou 0.0-0.2 ppm.
NHp-N 0.0-0.09 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Oscillatoria chlorina Kuetz.*
Cell length 2.1 u.
Cell width 6.3 u.
Bear Creek

Altitude 4912 ft.

Oscillatoria limnetica Lemm.
Filament width 4.2 u.
Trichome width 2.1 u.
Temp. 20-24° C.
pH 8.2-8.5
Total Alk. 156-178 mg/l.
Mud Lake
Altitude 3489 ft.
Oscillatoria gigga Vaucher
Trichome width 6.6 u.

Temp. 15-25.56° C. NOZ-N 0.0-0.005’ppm.
pH 6.9-7.7 N03-N 0.0-0.037 ppm.
Total Alk. 12-60 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.1 ppm.

Bowman Lake; Johns Lake; "Dripping Springs" Avalanche

Creek Campground Nature Trail
Altitude 3300-4020 ft.

 

77

Qggillagggig Egggig C.A. Agardh
Cell width 8.4 u.
Temp. 7-23° C.
pH 7.7-7.9
Total Alk. 20-57 mg/l.
Johns Lake; Avalanche Lake
Altitude 3300-3885 ft.
Lyngbya aerugineo-caerulea (Kuetz.) Gomont
Cell width 2.1-4.2 u.
Filament width 6.3-8.4 u.

'Mud Lake; Johns Lake

Altitude 3300-3489 ft.

Lyngbya Martensiana Meneghini*
Cell length 2.1 u.
Cell width 4.2 u.

Filament width 6.3 u.

Temp. 17.5-25.56° c. NOZ-N 0.0-0.006 ppm.

pH 6.9-7.4 NO3-N 0.0-0.03? ppm.
Total Alk. 16-72 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.15 ppm.
NHn-N 0.02-0.09 ppm.

Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

Lyngbya Sp.
Temp. 18.2° C. NOZ-N 0.002-0.006 ppm.
pH 6.9 NO3-N 0.018-0.034 ppm.
Total Alk. 20 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.05-0.1 ppm.
NHu-N 0.0 ppm.
Johns Lake

Altitude 3300 ft.

 

 

78

Family NOSTOCACEAE

Aphanizomenon flos-aguae (1.) Ralfs.*
Cell length 13.2 u.
Cell diam. 6.6 u.

Heterocyst length 1-15.4 u.
Heterocyst diam 8.8 u.
Temp. 22° C.
pH 10
Lubec Lake
Altitude 5300 ft.

Nostoc commune Vaucher
Cell length 6.6 u.

Cell diam. 6 u.
Heterocyst length 8.8 u.
Heterocyst diam. 8.8 u.

Logan Pass
Altitude 7000 ft.

Nostoc paludosum Kuetz.’
Cell length 4.2-6.3 u.
Cell width 4.2 u.
Gonidia length 8.4-10.5 u.
Gonidia width 6.3 u.
Heterocyst length 4.2 u.
Heterocyst width 4.2 u.
Colony diam. 52.5-423 u.
Temp. 23.33-25.560 C. N02-N 0.0 ppm.
pH 7.2-8.5 N03-N 0.0 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-178 mg/l. Ortho-POu 0.02-0.05 ppm.
NHu-N 0.06 ppm.
St. Mary Lake; Lubec Lake; Johns Lake; Mud Lake;
McDonald Creek Inlet
Altitude 3244-5300 ft.

79.

Angpgengfflgs-aggae (Lyngb.) Brebisson .
Cell length 6.3-8.4 u.

Cell width 4.2-6.33u.
Heterocyst length 8.4-10.5 u.
. Heterocyst width 8.4 u;
Gonidia length 10.5-23.1 u.

Genidia width 6.3-10.5 u.
Temp. 10-2u° C.
pH 7.8-8.8
Total Alk. 80-444 mg/l.
Mud Lake; Duck Lake; Bowman Lake

Anabaena Sp.

Tempe 10.5-25.560 C. NOZ'N 0.0-0.01 ppm.
pH 6.8-8.8 NO3-N 0.015-0.071 ppm.
Total Alk. 16-444 mg/l. Ortho-POQ 0.0-0.28 ppm.

NHu-N 0.0-0.25 ppm.

Lubec Lake; St. Mary Lake; Bedrock Lake; Mud Lake;
Bowman Lake; Duck Lake; Lost Lake; Johns Lake
Altitude 3300-5300 ft.

Family SCYTONEMATACEAE

Scytonema Sp.
Cell width 10.5 u.

Logan Pass
Altitude 7000 ft.

Tolypothrix tenuis Keutz.
Cell width 6.3-4.2 u.
Filament width 10.5 u.
Heterocyst length 10.5 u.
Heterocyst width 7.4 u.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"; Lost Lake
Altitude 3855-4700 ft.

 

80

Family STIGONEMATACEAE
Stigonema mamillosum (Lyngb.) C.A. Agardh*

Filament width 52.5 u.

Temp. 24° C.

pH 8.5'

Total Alk. 156 mg/l.

Mud Lake

Altitude 3489 ft.

Stigonema oscellatum (Dillw.) Thuret’
Cell width 12.6 u.
Filament width 25.2 u.
McGee Meadow "Moose Pond"
Altitude 3855 ft.
Family RIVULABIACEAE

Amphighgi§.1anghiga (Gomont) Born. & Flah.*

Trichome width 2.5 u.

Temp. 12-13° C.

pH 8.1-8.2

Total Alk. 66.76 mg/l.

Swift Current Lake

Altitude 4861 ft.

Calothrix adscendens ( Bag.) Born. & Flah.*
Cell width at base of filament 6.3 u.
Filament width at base 19.5 u.

Heterocyst width 6.3 u.

Johns Lake
Altitude 3300 ft.

 

 

—' ' ’ ' __ —-—-_fi
-- e ~:-=-_M

 

81

Eel-£181.12; Sp.

Temp. 12.3° C.
PH 7.2
Total Alk. 10 mg/l.
Ortho-POn 0.06 ppm.
Hidden Lake
Altitude 6375 ft.

Dichothrix gypSOthla (Kuetz.) Born. & F1ah.*

Cell length 4.2 m:
Cell width 6.3 u.
Filament width 31.5 u.
Bowman Creek
Altitude 4020 ft.
Gleoetrichia pisum (C.A. Ag.) Thuret

Cell width 6.3 u. :

Colony diam. 2mm. ‘i_'_
Temp. 24° 0.
pH 8
Total Alk. 144 mg/l.
Mud Lake

Altitude 3489 ft.

 

 

 

Lower St. Mary Lake
Description of Lake
Lower St. Mary Lake‘is located about 0.8 of a mile east

of the park boundary along state highway 89 in the Black

Feet Indian reservation. The lake, 0.9 mi. wide by 6 mi.

long, is formed by an alluvial fan at the lower end which

acts as a dam to back up the present water of the lake. Bot-

tom vegetation is abundant near the rocky shores and the

lake bottom is composed of sand and silt. The west (upper)

sector of the lake is very shallow, choked with weeds at

the end of the summer, and posseses a sand bottom. The

east (lower) sector of the lake is deeper and has more silt

on the bottom. St. Marys river enters the lake at the west

and flows eastward as the outlet.

Location of Stations
Station I was located near the west end of the lake op-
posite the inlet stream which flows from upper St. Mary

within the park boundaries. The depth of water at this

Station was 3 ft. Station 11 was located at the Malmstrom

Airforce Base Recreation Center near the middle of the lake
Where the depth was about 23 ft. Station 111 was located at
the Chief Chewing Bone Campground near the East end of the

lake. Depth at this station was about 23 ft.

82

 

83

Taxonomy and Species Abundance
Table 2 provides an analysis of the classification for

the plankton algae collected, showing that the Chlorophyta

and Chrysophyta are the prominent groups in Lower St. Mary

 

 

 

Lake .
Table 2. An Analysis of the Classification for
Phytoplankton Collected in Lower St. Mary Lake
Phylum Classes Orders Fami lie 8 Genera Species

Chlorophyta 1 5 9 9 . 9
Chrysophyta 2 3 7 11 13
Pyrrhophyta 1 l l 1 1

To tals T T- 17 2]. 23

Table 3 lists the plankton forms collected during the
summer of 1962, at each station and their date of collection.
If one considers the totals for each station it can be seen
that the numbers of species at all three stations rise from
a low early in July and remain relatively the same from the
middle of July to the final collections made during the first
week in September. Synedra Sp., Tabellaria Sp., and aggl-

laria Sp., represent Bacillariophyceae collected at each

K
Dinobgygn divergens (Chrysa-

S t at. ion throughout the summer .

Phyceae) was collected four times out of a possible five

Sam!) ling periods at each station. Another frequently-

Occurring form was Ceratium higndinella (Dinophyceae).

 

84

Table 3. Plankton Forms Collected at Each

Station on Lower Saint Mary Lake

Station I
Plankton 7/5 7/19 7/31 8/18 9/3
Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X
Asterlonella Sp. X X X
{Tabellaria Sp. X X X X X
Navicula Sp. X X
Synedra Sp. X X X X
IPragilaria Sp. X X X
<}omphonema Sp. X
Tetracyclis Sp. X
Melosira Sp. I X X
Pediastrum Boryanum X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Dinobryon sociale X X X
SYnura Adamsii X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X X X
Total 6 11 10 10 10?
Station II
COScinodiscus Sp. X X X
A Sterionella Sp. X x x X x
Tabellaria Sp. X X X X
NaVicula Sp. X X

 

85 '

Plankton - 7/5 7/19 7/31 8/18 9/3
Synedra Sp. X X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X X
Melosira Sp. X X X X X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X X
Elakatothrix gelatinosa X
Ulothrix zonata X
Eudorina elegans . X
IDictyosphaerium pulchellum X X X
Scenedesmus quadricauda X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X

Dinobryon bavaricum ' X X X
Dinobryon sociale X X X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X
Total 8 13 12 11 12
Station III
Coscinodiscus Sp X X X X
Asterionella Sp X X X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X X X X X
NaVicula Sp. X
Synedr-a Sp. X X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X _X X
Melosira X X X X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X X
Ulothrix zonata X
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X X X

 

86
Plankton 7/5 7/ 19 7/31 8/ 18 9/3

Mougeotia Sp . X
Dinobryon divergens X X X
Dinobryon bavaricum X
Dinobryon sociale X
Ceratium hirundine 11a X X

Total 6 9 12 11 ll

Phytoplankton Abundance
Graphs 1. through 3. show the phytoplankton count es-
timates for each species at the various stations during the
summer of 1962. One should note that Tabellaria is in bloom
condition at all three stations throughout the summer col-
lecting period. The total number of estimated organisms per
liter at all three stations at each collection date are as
follows:
7/5/62-Station I, 19,181; II, 19,049; III, 13,568
7/19/62-Station I, 23,000; 11, 18,018; 111, 19,611
7/31/62-Station I, 24,039; II, 21,065; III, 35,837
8/18/62-Station I, 21,065; 11, 13,203; III, 36,608
9/3/62-Station I, 28,306; II, 34,271; III, 48,107
Station total 115,591 105,606 153,731
Physical and Chemical Factors

 

 

The results of the analyses for physical and chemical
fac tors are given in graphs 4. through 7. In some instances
a multiplier for the Y axis value is given along with the

variable on the X axis.

 

1.

- Tabellaria

87
Graph 1.. LOWER ST.MARY LAKE

organisms Per Liter

   
    
  

~o§ § ‘s‘
S 3! 0 <3 0
Tabellaria
Asterionella Station I
7/5/62
Tabellaria
Asterionella Station II
Synedra 7/5/62
Melosira
Sghaerocystis
chroeteri
Tabellaria
Melosira Station III
7/5/62

Unknown green

Unknown blue-
green

 

A sterionella'
(Zoscinodisous
Navicula
Tetracyclus
I31~agilaria
Synura Adamsii

   

Station I
7/19/62

'P61bellaria

Asterionella Station II
Melosira 7/19/62

Navicula

See explanation of scale on page xvi.

OSE‘ZI 4.
008‘91

006‘8I

 

"88

Graph 2. LOWER ST. MARY LAKE

Organisms Peilite‘r‘ _

O

N o ,
00 u: 0 §
...... ON 0 ,

    
 

_ Tabellaria

Asterionella
Fragilaria
Coscinodiscus
Synedra

Dictyos haerium
pulche lum

Station III
7/19/62

Tabellaria
Fragilaria Station I
Synedra 701/62
Melosira

D1 nobryon
soc 1a e

 

Tabellaria

Fragilaria ~ Station II
Asterionella- 7/31/62
Co so inodiscus

Synedra
Dinobr on
bavar cum

Tab e llaria
A S t e rionella

   
 

Coscinodiscus station III

Synedra. 7/31/62
Tabellaria
NaV1cu1a Station I

C0 Sc inodiscus

OOOE

008‘9I

006‘81

009'IZ

ooo‘zc

 

Synedra
Dinobryon

bavaricum

Tabellaria
Fragilaria
Coscinodiscus

Synedra

Tabellaria
A s terionella

\

\

‘ Synedra

\ Melosira
\

\

w

\

Tabellaria
Fragi‘laria

SYnedra

‘ Tabellaria

NaVicula

lz‘lf‘fflgilar'ia

Synedra

AS terionella

Melosira

Tabe llaria
Fr"Elgilar'ia

COSC inodiscus

Synedra

Asterionella

Melosira

89

Graph 3. LOWER ST. MARY LAKE

    
   

 

  
     
 
 

Organisms Per Lite: 5 '5; 583
H "‘ 9““ 832.. 111th
8’0 8% g ocoooooxo
NO 9.— 9999999
'Station I
8/18/62
Station II
8/18/62
Station III
8/18/62
Station I
9/3/62

    

Station II
9/2/62

      
 

Station III
9/3/62

 

 

90
Graph 4. LOWER 'ST. MARY LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions:
2: b :3 S g 2: b a

90'
90’
1.0'
80'

 

Station I

NHu-N
7/5/62

N024»:
N034:
POhioifiho
pH x 100
t‘ 1
T9: 100
T§Em§oooc

    

 

k.

NH -N Station II

N034! 7/5/62
NO .1:
PO fortho

  
  

pH x 100 L
Total alk.
x 1008 ,
Tern ".
x $000”
Station III
7/5/62
NHq—N
NOg—N
NO. —N
3
P0 —ortho
x“1o

pH x 100
Total alk.
o

 
 

Station I
7/19/62

  

 

 

 

91

Graph 5..LOWER ST. MARY LAKE
Chemical and_Physical Conditions

IO?
10'

0..
90'
LOT
80'
60‘

2:
rd m
£>m j
Station II
7/19/62

0

O
0‘
Kn

- 9- 9
8 $3 8
I” ‘9 9'

p

NH -N
u
NOZ-N
NOB-N
POu-ortho
x 10

     
  

pH x 100
Total alk.
X'lOOO

Temp. 0C.
x ‘000
NHu-N
N02-N
NOB-N
PDQ-ortho
x 10 ~
pH x 100
Total alk.
x 100g
Tem C.
x $000

N82—N Station I
7/31/62

Station III
7/19/62

    
  

pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000

T 0C.
XmEOOO
NHu-N
NOZ—N

NO —N Station II
7/31/62

   

P04-ortho
X'lO
pH x 100
Total alk.
Tx 10080~
em a
x i000
NHu-N
NOZ-N Station III
N0 -N 7/31/62

PO - h
x418rt 0
pH x 100

  

 

 

 

92

Graph 6..LOWER ST. MARY LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

002):

PM
00

I0‘

910'
{0‘
90‘
10‘
80‘

'8
m

900‘
200‘

N02-N

- Station I
No N 8/18/62

Pou-ortho
x:10

pH xrlOO

Total alk.
X'IOOO

T 0 ,
$310000

‘ Station II
NOZ—N 8/18/62
N03—N
Pou-ortho
m:10

pH xr100»

Station III
NOZ-N 8/18/62
NO -N

PO -ortho
x910
pH x 100

Total alk.
x 1000

Temp.°C.
x .000

 

 

 

93

Graph 7 .. LOWER ST. MARY LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

 

0' '0'; . '."'
88 °28 a 889:8
N9 .b1 00 ..J.
NHh‘N Station I
N02-N 9/3/62
NO -N
P04—ortho
x 10
pH x 100
Total alk.
Xuloog
Tem C.
x E000 .
Station III
NH —N
1.1
N02_N 9/3/62
N0 ,N
Pot-ortho
pH X’lOO
Total alk.

 

 

 

94

Generalizations

When the physical and chemical factors are graphed and

these graphs compared, the following relationships are found

to exist between them and the organisms per liter. Many of

the implications of such generalizations are discussed at the

end of the chapter. These relationships for Station I are:

1.

5.

Nitrite nitrogen and organisms per liter are in-

versely related for the first half of the summer

and then become directly related the last part of
the summer (Figs. 1 and 2).

Nitrate nitrogen and organisms per liter are re-
lated the same as in one above (Figs. 1 and 3).
Orthophosphate and organisms per liter appear to be
directly related but it will be noticed that the low
point for phosphorus occurs before the low point for
organisms per liter. Thus the build-up in phyto-
plankton numbers the second half of the summer lags
behind the increase in phosphorus the second half of
the summer (Figs. 1 and 4).

No apparent relationship exists between the pH curve
and the organisms per liter curve (Figs. 1 and 5).
Total alkalinity and organisms per liter seem to be
inversely related the first half of the summer. The
increase in total alkalinity occurs before the in-
crease in organisms per liter (Figs. 1 and 6).

The only relationship noted for the temperature

curve and the organisms per liter curve is that

 

-95

the lowest count occurs at the time of lowest

temperature.(Figs. 1 and 7).

Relationships for Station 11 are:

1.

3.

5.

In general an inverse relationship with the low
point for both nitrite and nitrate nitrogen occur-
ring before the lowest phytoplankton count. In .
general the organism growth lags behind the in-
creases and decreases of these two chemical
factors (Figs. 8, 9 and 10)..

Orthophosphate and organisms per liter are directly
related with the organism growth curve lagging
behind the phosphorus curve. In this case the

two low points of the curves coincide (Figs. 8

and 11).

No relationship between organisms per liter and
pH (Figs. 8 and 12).

The organisms per liter seem to lag behind the
total alkalinity, but no clear relationship

exists in these data (Figs. 3 and 13).

No relationship to temperature except that the
highest temperatures are followed by_a burst in

plankton numbers (Figs. 8 and 14).

Station III shows the following relationships:

1.

Nitrite and organisms per liter are inversely
related the first half of the summer’(Fflgs.15
and.16).

 

96

An inverse relationship occurs between organisms
per liter and Nitrate nitrogen from July 5th-Ju1y
31 (Figs 15 and 17).

Inverse relationship occurs between phosphorus and
organisms per liter. As the organism count in-
creases the phosphorus curve decreases (Figs. 15
and 18).

No relationship of organisms per liter to pH
(Figs. 15 and 19).

No relationship of organisms per liter to total
alkalinity (Figs. 15 and 20).

Direct relationship of temperature for the first
four collecting periods to number of organisms per

liter (Figs. 15 and 21).

 

 

28,000 1

24,000 -
23,000 .

21,000-

19,000,

97

Lower St.Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,

Aug. 18, Sept. 3

 

19 “ms—31 .

Fig. 1. Station I

.0021

.001-

Organisms per liter

\/

 

.000

Fig.2. Stationfilg—3 I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

.000

 

 

 

Fig. 3. Sta ion I

l9 l8 3

Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

 

 

98

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,

.17 . Aug. 18, Sept. 3

.10..
.09.

.08.
.07-
.06 .
.05-
.04.

.03-
.02.

.011

.OOQ
5 1 l 18 *3
Fig. 4. Station I
Ortho-phosphate ppm.

 

 

7.7_
7.6,

7.5.

7.4

 

 

5 1'9 3‘1 1'8 3
Fig. 5. Station I
pH

 

99

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,
Aug. 18, Sept. 3

77 -
76 -
75 -
74 .

73 .
72 .
71 .

70..

60

 

Li 1'9 3'1 1'8 7'3
Fig. 6. Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

15 -
14 .
13 ,
12

 

 

5 19 31 13 fi3
Fig. 7. Station I
Temperature °C

 

 

 

 

100

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,
34,000'_ Aug. 18, Sept. 3

22,000-

18,000-

 

13,000

 

5 1b 31 18 3
Fig. 8. Station II
Organisms per liter

.003 .
.002.

.001 .

.000

 

 

wJ

3 i9 81 is
Fig. 9. Station II
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

 

101

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,
~Aug. 18, Sept. 3

 

 

.04 1
.03 .
.02 -
.01 J\
.00
.5 15 3'1 '18

Fig. 10. Station II
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

7.8-
7.7.\
' 706..
7.5.
7.4-
7.3-
.00 7.2 ‘7‘ rfi_

Fig. 11. Station II
Orthophosphate ppm. Fig- 12. Station 11

 

 

 

102

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,
Aug. 18, Sept. 3

74-
73.

72 a
71-
70-

 

60d

J .
Fig. 13. Station II
Total alkalinity mg/l

17-
16.

15-
14-
13-

0

 

 

5 19 31 18 F“?

Fig. 14. Station II
Temperature °C

 

 

103

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,
Aug. 18, Sept. 3
49,000 -

37,000 -
34,000 -

19,000 .
16,000 -

13,000

 

 

5 19 31 18 '3
Fig. 15. Station III
Organisms per liter

.005 .
.004 .
.003 -

.002

.001 -

 

.000

 

5 f9 .51 18 “3
Fig. 16. Station 111
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

104

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,

Aug. 18, Sept. 3

.10 -
.09 .
.08 4

.07 -
.06 -
.05

.04 -
003 ..

.02-

 

 

5 19 51 18 73
Fig. 17. Station III
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

1.00.
.10.

.01-

 

.00

 

5 19 31 18 73
Fig. 18. Station 111
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

105

Lower St. Mary Lake-July 5, 19, 31,

7.71 Aug. 18, Sept. 3

7.6
7.5,

7.4.
7.3.
7.2

 

 

 

5 19 51 f8 5
Fig. 19. Station III
pH

744
73-

72-
71-

70-

60

 

 

5 i9 51 18 3
Fig. 20. Station III
Total alkalinity mg/l

18 .

17 -
16 _

15 -
14 -
13 .
12 .

 

 

5 19 31 18 7‘3
Fig. 21. Station 111
Temperature 00

 

106

Discussion

Representatives of the phyla Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta
were the abundant forms in Lower St. Mary Lake. Frequently
occurdng organisms in the qualitative net tows were Synedra
Sp. Tabellaria Sp., Fragilaria Sp., Dinobgyon diver ens, and
Ceratium higugdinellg. The number of different kinds collected
on each date remained relatively constant for the sampling
period. Phytoplankton abundance measured as total organisms
per liter was higher in this lake than in any other Glacier
National Park Lake studied. Since phytoplankton abundance is
considered to be an indicator of productivity, it would follow
that Lower St. Mary Lake was the most productive lake of those
studied. Tabellaria Sp. was the principal form contributing
to phytoplankton abundance. The chemical and physical factors
were uniform at all three stations on 7/5/62. This uniformity
was also found on 7/19/62, except for Station III which was
lower in its phOSphate content. On 7/31/62 Stations II and
III were uniform as to their chemical and physical factors
but Station I was erratic because of the absence of ammonia
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen. All three
stations were again uniform on 8/18/62 and 9/3/62, except for
the absence of orthophosphate at Station III on the later
date. It is of interest to note that ammonia nitrogen was
absent on all collection dates, and thus did not enter into
the nitrogen cycle in this lake. The fact that as the organ-
isms per liter increased and the nitrite and nitrate nitrogen

decreased probably shows that these are being used as nutrients

 

107

for the phytoplankton bloom. At the end of the sampling
period these three variables-organisms per liter, nitrite
nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen-increased together. I suspect
that decay of plankton organisms and higher water plants was
permitting the return of these nutrients to the lake water.

No explanation can be offered for the mutual increase of ortho-
phosphate and organisms per liter. My values for orthophos-
phate rose to 0.17 ppm. and were generally unusually high as
compared to orthophosphate in other similar habitats. For ex-
ample orthophOSphate was not above 0.07 ppm. in Convict Creek
Basin, Mono County, California (Reimers and Maciolek); be-
tween 0.0065-0.0095 ppm. in three lakes of the Alaskan penin-
sula (Goldman, 1960); never above 0.002 ppm. for lakes on
Afugnak Island, Alaska (Dugdale and Dugdale); 0.000-O.46 ppm.
was recorded by Ruttner in lakes of the Austrian Alps region
(in Reid, 1961); 0.002 to 0.162 ppm. in lakes of the Swedish
Upland (by Lohammar in Reid, 1961). But these high values of
phosphorus and nitrogen for Lower St. Mary Lake would not be
unusually high if one considers the opportunity for fertili-
zation which this lake has from the activities of humans and
from\\naturexl In general the greatist abundance of total
organisms per liter was the highest at the end of the summer
when temperature had decreased, even so the organism count was
relatively high during warmer temperatures. At the beginning
of the summer the organisms per liter were more abundant with
warming of the lake water. The following tabulation sum-

marizes the conditions for Lower St. Mary Lake.

 

 

 

108

Lake type: flowage

Lake size: large

Benthic vegetation: abundant

Species abundance: 23

Total organism count range: 13,203-48,107
Ammonia nitrogen range: 0.00-0.05 ppm.
Nitrite nitrogen range: 0.000-0.005 ppm.
Nitrate nitrogen range: 0.00-0.104 ppm.
*Orthophosphate range: 0.000-0.l7 ppm.
Range of pH: 7.2-7.8

Total alkalinity range: 60-78 mg/l

Temperature range:. 13-18° C.

*Values suspect

1.031' LAKE
Description of Lake
This lake is a small, nearly circular lake on the east
side of the park lying in a rocky ledge above St. Mary Lake
and near Going to-the-Sun Chalet. Its altitude is 4,700 ft.
and its approximate diameter is 0.07 miles. It was probably
formed by a glacial scour; there being no inlet or outlet.
Attached vegetation is negligible. The nature of the bottom
deposits is not known.
Location of Stations
Station I was located near the east shore where the water
depth was 3 ft. Station II was located at the middle of the
lake at a depth in excess of 18 ft. Station III was located
near the west shore at a water depth of 18 ft.-
Taxonomy and Species Abundance
Table 4 shows the analysis of algal flora in Lost Lake.
There are 6 classes, 12 orders, 24 families, 35 genera, and

46 species represented. Table 5 lists the organisms and their

dates of collection. Astgriongllg Sp., Tabellgria Sp. Cera-

tigmihiggndingllg, Gloggcxstis amplg, Spagrastgum r d
and Anabaena Sp. were the main forms collected. Species

totals at each station indicate that July and August showed

the largest numbers of species.

109

110

Table 4. An Analysis of the Classification for

Phytoplankton Collected in Lost Lake

Phylum Classes
Chlorophyta l
Chrys0phyta 2
Pyrrhophyta 4 l
CyanOphyta l
Euglenophyta 1

Totals ' 6

Orders

6

3
l
l
1

12

Families Genera

 

11 15
8 11
2
2 4
l 1

24 35

Table 5. Plankton Forms Collected at Each

Station on Lost Lake

Plankton
Coscinodiscus Sp.
Asterionella Sp.
Tabellaria Sp.
Navicula Sp.
Synedra Sp.
Fragilaria Sp.
Melosira Sp.
Surirella Sp.
Cymbella Sp.
CloSterium moniliferum

Closterium acioulare

Station I

7/3
x

7/16 8/2 8/18

X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X . X
X

X
X X

Species
25
12
3

5
1

46

9/3

Plankton
Staurastrum cuspidatum
Staurastrum furcigenmn
Staurastrum paradoxum
Staurastrum natator
Staurastrum gracile
Arthrodesmus impar
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum
Pediastrum Sp.
Pediastrum Boryanum
Tetraspora lacustris
Elakatothrix gelatinosa
Gloeocystis ampla
Ulothrix zonata
Geminella interrupta
Dinobryon bavaricum
Dinobryon sociale
Peridinium Sp.
Peridinium bipes
Ceratium hirundinella
Gomphosphaeria lacustris

Anabaena Sp.

Totals

111

7/3

10

7/16

X

16

8/2

 

11

8/18
X
X

 

19

9/3

11

112

Station II

Plankton
Coscinodiscus Sp.
Asterionella Sp.
Tabellaria Sp.

Navicula Sp.

Synedra Sp.

Fragilaria Sp.

Cymbella Sp.

Gonatozygon monotaenium
Staurastrum cuspidatum
Staurastrum furcigerum
Staurastrum paradoxum
Staurastrum natator
Staurastrum gracile
Staurastrum arctiscon
Staurastrum Sp.
Cosmarium Sp.
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum
Characium gracilipes
Pediastrum Boryanum
Pediastrum simplex
Mougeotia Sp.

Tetraspora lacustris

Elakatothrix gelatinosa

7/3

><><><><><

X

7/16

><><><><><><><

8/2
X
X
X

8/18

9/3
x

113

 

Plankton 7/3 7/16 8/2 8/18- 9/3
Gloeocystis ampla X X X X
Coelosphaerium Kuetzingianum X
Oedogonium Sp. X
Pectodictyon cubicum X
Geminella interrupts X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X
Dinobryon sociale X X X X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X X
Anabaena-Sp. X X X X

Totals 12 19 13 ”TB— 10

Station III

Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X X

Tabellaria Sp. . X X
Navicula Sp. X X X

Synedra Sp. X X
.Fragilaria Sp. X X X
Pinnularia Sp. X
Gomphonema Sp. X X

Staurastrum Sp. X
Staurastrum paradoxum X X X

Stau rastrum natator

Staurastrum cuspidatum

><><><><

Staurastrum gracile

 

 

 

114

Plankton 7/3 7/16 8/2 8/18 9/3
Arthrodesmus impar X
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X
Elakatothrix gelatinosa X
Gloeocystis ampla X X‘ X’ X
Pediastrum Boryanum X X
Mougeotia Sp. X
Oedogonium Sp. X
Pectodictyon cubicum X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X X
Dinobryon sociale X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X
Peridinium bipes X
Chroococcus minor X
Anabaena Sp. X X X X
Anabaena circinalis X

Totals —_l—0- —l_5_ ——7_- T7— T

Phytoplankton Abundance
Graphs 8.through 10. give the estimated phytoplankton
counts for each species at various stations during the sum-
mer‘of 1962. The total organisms per liter, which are used
here to indicate productivity, at the three stations and

their dates of collection are as follows:

115

 

 

 

7/3/62-Station I, 1,780; II, no data; III, 2,530
7/16/62-Station I, 1,499; 11, 562; III, 6,092
8/2/62-Station I, 16,689; II, 17,251; III, 13,638
8/18/62-Station 1, 14,616; II, 9,086; III 25,424
9/3/62-Station I, 13,054; II, 6,400; III 5,254
Station total 47,638 17,299 52,848

Physical and Chemical Factors
The results of the analyses for physical and chemical
factors are given in graphs 11 through 15. In some instances
a multiplier for the Y axis value is given along with the

variable on the X axis.

Ravicula'
Fragilaria
Synedra

Coscinodiscus
Pediastrum

Fragilaria

Surirella
Ulothrix:zonata

Staurastrum
cuSpidatum

Navicula
Fragilaria
Asterionella
Synedra

Coscinodiscus
Gomphonema

Dic os aerium
pulghefgum
Anabaena
Pectodictyon
Unknown green

Asterionella
Anabaena

Asterionella
Fragilaria
Synedra
Anabaena

116

Graph 8. LOST LAKE
Organisms Per Liter

Station I Station III
7/5/62 . /
H p-t N N
W O 50' 0‘ \ .o - O
O. O p O 1.0 ,0 to
Xflfivicula

 

 

   
   
   
   
 
  
  
 

synedra
unknown
blue green
Blue green
filament

 

Navioula
Staurastrum
natator

Station I Station II
7/16/62 7/16/62

 

station III
7/16/62

OOO‘SI

 
 

Station I
8/2/62

 
 
   
 

Station II
8/2/62

117
Graph 9 ; LOST LAKE
organisms Per Liter

ooo‘t
'918‘1
'689‘1
-000‘a

ES
$’

'009

 
   

 

Asterionella
Navicula
Fragilaria

Station III
Unknown diatom 8/2/62
Elakatothrix
-selatinosa
Anabaena
Tabellaria
Fragilaria
Asterionella

Peridinium

Sta ion I
Anabaena t

8/18/62
Tabellaria
Asterionella

Ceratium
hirundinella

Anabaena

Station II
8/18/62
Tabellaria

Navicula

Asterionella
Coscinodiscus
Pinnularia
Gleoo stis
ampli’

Station III
8/18/62

Anabaena

1. Values above 3,000 modified to fit on scale.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

118

Graph 10. Loss LAKE

organisms Per Liter

l-‘r-I

..
U
08‘ :3
000 F

000
-000‘£
-006‘S

   

 

Tabellaria
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus
Synedra

Green cell
Elakatothrox

 
 

Station I
9/3/62*

   
 

o fivfié‘sflm
fagustgis a
Anabaena
Tabellaria
Asterionella

Coscinodiscus

Dinob on
bavar cum

Anabaena

Station II
9/3/62.

Tabellaria
Asterionella

Coscinodiscus

D nob on
var cum

Anabaena

Station III
9/5/62

 

119

Graph 11; LOST LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

NE4-N
1902-3
NOZdK
P04-ortho
é 1°1
- X‘ 00
bt l alk.
x 3903
' C
Tgmfooo
NBA-N
NOé-N
NO3-N
Poi-ortho
X 10 ‘
pH x 100
Tgtibo lk..
Tam ' C
x $000
nap-r
N0 2 -N
N0 3 -N
P04uortho
p ‘x 00 -
$99608 -
x £000

 
 
    
 

 

     
     
  

'.’:Q: Q o '.' o .; .i 9' ,; Y .2.
000 o o o o o o 000
000 0 SF' 83» w a m m-om
F’t’99 .t‘ 9> 9'92 . ,
Station I
7/3/62

    

Station II
7/3/62

Station III
7/3/62

 

120

Graph 120 LOST LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

9; 9;
O O O
U! 01

r

- 90.
‘ 2.0?
‘ 80?.

25
N
{)3

NH4-N
NOQ-N
NOS-I
quigrtho
g3 x 100
Tgtgéoazk.

em

2: £600

NBA-N
NOE-N

Station I
7/16/62

 

, Station II
-N
gggiam, 7/16/62
:-
ps 3: 100 ‘_
Total alk.
Tim '080
x 3000
1134-]! St ti III
_ a on
m? I 7/16/62
NOB-N
P04-ortho
x 10
pH x1100
Total alk.
X10 OO

Tempbboc

121 a

Graph 13..LOST LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

Q i 9 9 9 9
O O O O O
H IO U! 4? U1

     
  

 

NE4-N
NOé-N
NC3-N

Station I
8/2/62

Total alk;
18m 0 c

1 £000
HEX-N
Hoe-r
NO ~N
PO ~0rtho
x.10

ya x 100
Totaé alk;

0

Station II
8/2/62

    

BBQ-E

roe-r

N03 I-H

P04-ortho
x O

 

Station III
8/2/62

90?
20‘

a 80‘

 

122
Graph 14. LOST LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

9 v
o o
h! m
l

 

'910'

QO‘

.- ‘70.

90‘

.- 9°.

.. Lo‘
- 80. .

 

 

Roz-N
. NC‘-n
PC rtho
.58
pa x 100
Total alk.
x100

Tom C
XEOOO
N024!
l03-H
PCA-ortho

pfi'x 100 a
Total alk.
OO

    
     
    

Station I
8/18/62

Temp; 00
x 000 Station II
8/18562
N02—H
NC3-N
P04-ortho
pH x 100
Tota alk.
Temgéoeo
Station III
8/18/62

 

 

 

123

Graph 15. LOST‘ LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions
in o

1.79 9 3‘9
O 0080 O
0000 O H n)
HNU-fi'mm

I

170'
90‘
90?
LO‘
80‘

         
   
 

IKg-N
noz-x
N03 -3

P04i8rtho

pE‘x 100
Tota$oo alk.

Temp; 00

Station I
9/3/62

NHL-N
NUg-N
N03-N
PCAEOrtho

pH x 100
Tota%oalk.

T131111610016"

Station II
9/3/62

NE4-K

NUg-N

1103-!

POn-ortho
x'lo

pH'x 100
Total alk.

x 1000
Ten . OC
x'EOOO

Station III
9/5/62

' .195
I'll: .185

124

Generalizations

In studying the figures for Station I, the following re-

lationships appear when the graph of organisms per liter is

compared to each ecological factor:

1.

Ammonia nitrogen and organisms per liter are directly
related for the first three weeks of the collecting
period. But at‘the last sampling, ammonia nitrogen
is relatively high whereas the organism count begins
to decrease slightly. See Figs. 22 and 23.

A direct relationship occurs between organisms per
liter and nitrite nitrogen. See Figs. 22 and 24.
The organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen show an
inverse relationship until the last two sampling
periods, then both factors decrease. Note that the
peak for organisms per liter is reached two weeks
before the peak for nitrate nitrogen. See Figs. 22
and 25.

Figs. 22 and 26 show a direct relationship between
organisms per liter and orthophOSphate for the first
four weeks of the summer with the last sampling per-
iod represented by a decrease in estimated organism
count and a rise again in phOSphorus.

No relationship is seen between organisms per liter
and pH. See Figs. 22 and 27.

No relationship exists between organisms per liter

and total alkalinity. See Figs. 22 and 28.

125

7. Organisms per liter and temperature are approxi-
mately directly related. See Figs. 22 and 29.

'Figures 30 through 37 describe the situation for Station

The following relationships appear in these data.

1. Ammonia nitrogen and organisms per liter are related
the same as at Station I (Figs. 30 and 31).

2. Nitrite nitrogen and organisms per liter show no
relationship (Figs. 30 and 32).

3. Nitrate nitrogen and organisms per liter show the
same relationships as at Station I (Figs. 30 and 33).

4. Orthophosphate and organisms per liter behave
slightly different at Station II than at Station I
(Figs. 26 and 34). The peak for orthophosphate is
at the first sampling period instead of at the third
sampling period as in Station 1. However, if one
compares dates 2, 18, and 3 at Station I with 2, 18,
and 3 of Station II (Figs. 26 and 34) the same graph
shapes occur. Notice that the peak for organism
count is reached at the same time that a relatively
high orthophosphate count is maintained and that the
count and phosphorus decrease together. It will be
noted also that phosphorus has begun a slight in-
crease from dates 18, to 3 but that the decrease in
counts contines (Figs. 30 and 34).

5. No relationship occurs between pH and total alka-
linity and organisms per liter (Figs. 30, 35 and 36).

6. Organisms per liter and temperature are directly
related (Figs. 30 and 37).

 

At

126

Station III the following relationships are noted;

In general there is a direct relationship between
ammOnia nitrogen and organisms per liter except for
the first two collecting periods (Figs. 38 and 39).
No relationship exists between nitrite nitrogen and
organisms per liter (Figs. 38 and 40).

A direct relationship exists between nitrate nitro-
gen and organisms per liter (Figs. 38 and 41).
Orthophosphate seems to be directly related to the
organisms per liter for the first three sampling
periods. It is of interest to note that phosphorus
declines sharply from August 2nd to August 18th,
whereas the organisms per liter continue to increase
until August 18th before beginning a sharp decline
(Figs. 38 and 42).

There appears to be a direct relationship between or-
ganisms per liter and pH from August 2nd to September
3rd. Note that the peaks for both factors occur on
August 18th (Figs. 38 and 43).

No relationship exists between total alkalinity and
organisms per liter (Figs. 38 and 44).

Organisms per liter and temperature seem to be dis
rectly related except that the temperature peak is
reached two weeks before the organisms per liter

peak. Note that the temperature decreases before

the organisms per liter declines (Figs. 38 and 45).

 

127

Lost Lake-July 3, 16

Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3
16,000J

13,000-
10,000-
7,000-
4,000-

1,000' ' .
3 16 z '18
Fig. 22. Station I
Organisms per liter

 

 

 

.19- //

.10_ \

.02

.01

.00#_ , . . .
3 16 2 18 3

Fig. 23. Station I
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

 

 

 

128
Lost Lake-July 3, 16,

Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

.006.

.005,
.004-

.003-
.002-

.001-

 

 

.000

 

3 l6 2 18
Fig. 24. Station I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

3 '16 2 18

Fig. 25. Station I
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

 

3 1'6 2 '18 3
Fig. 26. Station I
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

7. 7-
7. 6-
7.5-

7. 4
7.3.

7.2

54
53

52
51
50
49

48
47
46

45
44

19
18
17

16
15

14 -

13

129

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2,18,Sept.3

 

 

Fig. 2716 Station I
pH

 

 

2 18 3
Fig. 28.6 Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

3 '16 ‘2 '18 3
Fig. 29. Station 1
Temperature °C

 

 

130

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,

Au . 2 18 Se t. 3
18,500- g ’ ’ p

15,500-
12,500-

9,500

6,500. \

3,500-

500

 

 

16 '2 18 3
Fig. 30. Station II
Organisms per liter

.19 1

.01 .

 

.00

 

3 1'6 '2 '18
Fig. 31. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

 

131

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

.009.
.008-
.007.
.006.

.005.
.004-

.003-
.002.

 

.001

 

3 16 '2
Fig. 32. Station 11

18

Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

.01\

 

 

l ' I

3 l6 2
Fig. 33. Station II
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

18

132

Lost lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

 

 

.08 k
.07 - ‘
.06 -
.01 -
.00
3 16 2 '18 3

Fig. 34. Station II
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

 

3 - 16 2'; 18 '3
Fig. 35. Station 11
pH

 

 

52

48 -

46
45

44

18
l7

16
15

14

13

133

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

V

 

L

 

3 1'6 2' 18 5
Fig. 36. Station 11
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

I I

I
3 l6 2 18
Fig. 37. Station 11
Temperature °C

(,6.

 

 

134

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
26,000- Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3
22,000_

18,000-
14,000-

10,000-

6,000-

 

2,000

 

3 16 1 18 8
Fig. 38. Station 111
Organisms per liter

.05-
.04.-

.03-
.02.-

.01-—
.00

 

 

3 £6 1 18 b

Fig. 39. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

 

.009
.008
.007

.006

.005
.004

.003
.002

.001

.000

.10

135

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

 

 

w-

 

 

3 l6 2 18
Fig. 40. Station 11
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.
3 '16 '2 1'8 73

Fig. 41. Station III
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

\y,‘..‘l\v - ‘ Il!!|1.IM!1\p

- :

 

.009
.008
.007

.006

.005
.004

.003
.002

.001

.000

.20
.10
.09

.08
.07
.06
.05

.04
.03
.02

.01

135

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

 

 

 

 

.1
.1
I I I 1
3 l6 2 18 3
Fig. 40. Station 11
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.
3 '16 '2 1'8 3

Fig. 41. Station III
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

 

136

Lost Lake-July 3, l6,
Aug° 2: 18, Sept. 3

.08 -

.06 -
.05 -

.04.-
.03.-

 

 

3 16 '2 1'8 73
Fig. 42. Station 111
Orthophosphate ppm.

7.6,
7.5-

7.4-
7.3.
7.2-
7.1.

7.0

 

 

3 1'6 '2 1'8 3
Fig. 43. Station III
pH

 

521
51.
50-

49-
48-
47,

46-
45-
44-

43

42-

41

137

Lost Lake-July 3, 16,
Aug. 2, 18, Sept. 3

 

 

191
18-

17

16 -
15 -
l4 .

13 -

12 .

ll

3 1'6 2' 18 3
Fig. 44. Station III
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

1'6 2 1'8 3

3 .
Fig. 45. Station 111

Temperature °C

 

138

Discussion

Representatives of the phyla Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta
were the abundant forms in Lost Lake. Frequently occurring
net phytoplankton were Asterionella Sp., Tabellaria Sp.,
Ceratium hirundinella, Gloeocystis am 1a, Staurastrum para:
doggy and Anabaena Sp. The largest numbers of different kinds
of species were in July and August which were also the warmest
months. In terms of productivity this was the second most
abundant lake. At all three stations Asterionella became very
abundant between July 16th and August 2nd, and persisted for
about two collecting dates. Anabaena Sp. also increased in
- abundance during August, as compared to the other organisms.
This increase in numbers of a blue-green was noted only in
one other lake studied, Johns Lake. This is of interest be-
cause Lower St. Mary Lake which appeared to be an ideal blue-
green algal habitat, i.e., high temperatures, and plentiful
nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, did not have any blue-green
algae in it. The water chemistry is not completely uniform
between stations at each sampling date. However, Station I
and III were located near shore, while Station 11 was at the
middle of the lake. This lake was also a favorite fishing,
boating, and swimming site, and I think that the water was
more disturbed, particulary at Station I where vacationers
could wade far out and thus stir up bottom detritus. Another
factor contributing to erratic water chemistry was that this
lake was frequently disturbed by mountain rain storms and

very high winds. No clear relationship exists between the

 

 

139

chemical factors and organisms per liter. By September ni-
trite and nitrate nitrogen had become low in content while
ammonia nitrogen had increased in quantity. Total alkalinity
is very low at the time of high organism abundance, but by
September the reverse of this is true. The best correlation
for this lake would be between temperature and organism

counts because both increase and decrease together. It may

be postulated that the decrease in temperature would be accom-
panied by more carbon dioxide which would then cause the pH to
decrease which should bring about a build-up of bicarbonate
alkalinity. This is supported by my data for these variables.
It is the author's belief that in this small subalpine lake
temperature is the key factor which controls or influences the
behavior of other variables. OrthophOSphate is fairly high
but not to the extent that it is in some of the other lakes.
But still it is high in relation to studies made on European
lakes already mentioned in the discussion of Lower St. Mary
Lake. One might predict that the orthophosphate would be on
the order of 10"3 ppm., but for this lake it is in the range
of 10‘2 ppm. There are at least two eXplanations for this re-
lationship. The first is that there was a possible contamina-
tion in the handling of the sample. Tests made on the equip-
ment seem to refute this but the phosphate test is easily con-
taminated and this well may have occurred here. The second is

that the lake is disturbed by humans and mountain storms, and

these could have brought more orthophOSphate into solution.

This question will be settled only by future investigations.

The conditions for Lost Lake are summarized on the next page.

 

140

Lake type: seepage

Lake size: small (0.07 mi. in diameter)
Benthic vegetation : negligible

Species abundance: 46

Total organism count range: 562-25,424
Ammonia nitrogen range: 0.00-0.185 ppm.
Nitrite nitrogen range: 0.001-0.0095 ppm.
Nitrate nitrogen range: 0.009-0.075 ppm.
*Orthophosphate range: 0.00-0.082 ppm
Range of pH: 7.05-7.75

Total alkalinity range: 42-52 mg/l.

Temperature range: 11.5-19.200.

*Values suspect.

 

 

Swift Current Lake
Description of Lake
Swift Current Lake is located on the east side of the
park near Many Glaciers Hotel. Its altitude is 4,861-
ft. and its approximate dimensions are 0.3 mi. wide by 0.9
mi. long. It is a glacial scour lake and is part of a pater
noster lake system. There are two main inlet streams and
one outlet stream which forms Swift Current Falls. Benthic
vegetation is abundant in August and probably covers the
entire bottom of the lake.
Location of Stations
Station I was located near the north end of the lake
in front of the boat launching site. Water depth was 30 ft.
Station II was located near the west side of the lake oppo-
site the south end of the hotel. Station III was located
in the middle of the lake at the narrows. Water depth was
24 ft. at both stations.
Taxonomy and Species Abundance
Table 6 provides an analysis of classification
for the plankton algae collected. It is shown that
the Chlorophyta and the Chrysophyta were the prominent
groups in Swift Current Lake. Table 7 lists the plankton
forms collected at each station and their dates of collection.
If one considers the totals at the bottom of these tables,
it can be seen that the numbers of species is at a high

point on July 18th and July Blst. Forms collected at all

141

 

 

142

stations were Coscinodiscus Sp., Navicula Sp., Tabellaria

Sp., Synedra Sp., Fragilaria Sp., Gomphonema Sp., and
Dinobryon sociale.

Table 6. An Analysis of the Classification for
Phytoplankton Collected in Swift Current Lake

Phylum Classes Orders Families Genera Species
Chlorophyta 1 4 7 13 17
Chrysophyta 1 3 10 15 15
Pyrrhophyta 1 1 2 2 3
CyanOphyta l l l l 1

Total 3 T ——9-— T T T

Table 7. Plankton Forms Collected at Each Station

on Swift Current Lake

Station I
Plankton 7/4 7/18 7/31 8/18 9/3
Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X X X
Navicula Sp. X X
Synedra Sp. X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X X
Gomphonema Sp. X’ X X
Pinnularia Sp. X
Cymbella Sp. X X
X X

Melosira Sp,

   

143

Plankton 7/4 7/18
Cocconeis Sp. X
Epithemia Sp.

Staurastrum apiculatum X

Staurastrum paradoxum

Hyalotheca mucosa X
Cosmarium Turpinii X
Mougeotia Sp. X
Bulbochaete Sp. X

Scenedesmus quadricauda
Dinobryon sociale X
Ceratium hirudinella
Peridinium Sp.

Gomphosphaeria lacustris

Totals 7 11
Station II
Asterionella Sp. X X

Tabellaria Sp.

Navicula Sp. X X
Synedra Sp. X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X

Gomphonema Sp.

Cynbella Sp. X
Epithemia Sp.

Gonatozygon aculeatum X

Staurastrum avicula

7/31

11

8/18 9/3
x
x
x
x x
x
“6“"“6"
x
x
x
x x
x x
x

 

144-

Plankton 7/4 7/18 7/31 8/18 9/3
Staurastrum paradoxum X X
Staurastrum gracile X
Xanthidium antilopaeum X X
Cosmarium Ihrpinii X
Pediastrum Boryanum X X
Dinobryon sociale X X
Dinobryon divergens X
Ceratium hirundinella X X
Peridinium bipes X X

Totals -__7-—'-_§_-'__IO_ -_IO—' -—§9_

Station III
Coscinodiscus Sp.
Asterionella Sp. X
Tabellaria Sp.
Navicula Sp.

Synedra Sp.

>< ><>< >< X X

Fragilaria Sp.
Gomphonema Sp.
Surirella Spa
Ceratoneis Sp.

Tetracyclis Sp.

><><><><><><><><><

Gonatozygon aculeatum X
Staurastrum paradoxum X

Staurastrum furcigerum X

 

 

145

Plankton 7/4 7/18 7/31 8/18 9/3’
Staurastrum gracile X
Hyalotheca mucosa X
Closterium Sp. X

Xanthidium antilopaeum

 

Spirogyra Sp. X X

Oedogonium Sp. X
Microspora Sp. X

Oocystis gigas ‘ X

Bulbochaete Sp. X X
Dinobryon sociale X X X

Ceratium hirundinella X

Totals "§""I§" -IE- ——6__ l

Phytoplankton Abundance
. The estimated phytoplankton counts for each Species at
the various stations during the summer of 1962 are given in
graphs 16 and 17. The productivity in terms of standing
crop is indicated by the total number of organisms per liter

9

at all three stations on each collection date are as follows:

 

 

 

146

 

 

7/4/62-Station I, 1,782; II, 281; III, 281
7/18/62-Station I, 4,777; II, 2,155; III, 2,811
7/31/62-Station I, 3,375; 11, 4,129; III, 3,654
8/18/62-Station I, 562; II, 1,218; III, 281

9/3/62-Station I, 281; II, 281; III, 281

Station total 10,777 8,084 7,308

Physical and Chemical Factors
_ The results of the analyses for physical and chemical
factors are given in graphs 18. through 22. In some in-
stances a multiplier for the Y axis value is given along

with the variable on the X axis.

 

 

147

Graph 16..SWIFT CURRENT LAKE

Tabellaria
Fragilaria
Coscinodiscus

Unknown diatom

Navicula
Dinobryon

Tabellaria
Navicula

Fragilaria
Asterionella
Synedra
cocconeis
Coscinodiscus
Unknown green

Eavicula

Asterionella

Cymbella

G. .
218312383"

Unknown green

Navicula
Fragilaria
Asterionella
synedra
Coscinodiscus

Organisms Per Liter

a;

sass
P???

”0008

 

   
   
    

Station I
7/4/62

Station II
7/4/62

Station III
7/4/62

Station I
7/18/ 62

Station II
7/18/62

Station III
7/18/62

 

 

148

Graph 17. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE

Organisms Per Liter

s
0.8 §§8

.8

 

        
   
  
   
  

Tabellaria Melosira
Navicula Gomphonema
Fragilaria Station 1‘ Epithemia
Coscinodiscus 7/31/62 Station I
Unknown diatom 9/3/52'
Ghanaian

B}gf 8519 Gomphonema

9" 283%
Tabellaria Epithemia
Ravicula
Station II

FI‘agilaria 9/3/62
Cymbella Station II

Gomphonema 7/31/52

Unknown diatom Gomphonema-

Station III

Tabellaria 973/52
N

IV1°ula Station III

Fragilaria 7/31/53

Synedra

Ceratoneis

Tetracyclis

Fragilaria Station I

Staurastrum 8/18/62

paradoxum

Tabellaria
NaVi°UIa Station II

Cymbella 8/18/62

Synedra

 

Station III
8/18/62

 

149

Graph 18;. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

: 9
O
H

80?
{0‘

O
0
4a

OOO.‘
50'
90?
L0‘

9;
O

C3
u.
I

' 900?
800‘

M-n I | l I 1
NOE—N

HC3-N
PO4-ortho
X'lo

pH'x 100 -
x .
Tamfl‘ 0,-—
x' 000 “

REA-N

Roz—R

NO‘-H

PO rtho
x :18

pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000
Temp, DC
x 000
NBA-1!
NOB-J?
NO3—H
PO4-ortho
x 10
pH x 100

Total alk;
x 100

Timféooc

   
     
 

Station I
7/4/62?

Station II
7/4/62

Station III
7/4/62

80f

 

 

 

150
Graph 19 .. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE

Chemical_and Physical Conditions

Q ;
O
p
l

“900:
7900‘
800'
’ 80'
'£0‘
’#02
— 90-.
r- 90‘
'10?
“ 90?

o
O
8

J—

NH4-N

1103-11

Pg4’ rtho

pH x'lOO

Total alk.
100

x
Tem . C
x 1600
NH4-N
1:02-11
NOB-N
Pg4i8rtho
pH x 100
Total alk.
100

2" ‘ a-
$1600

   

Station I
7/18/62

    

Station II
7/18/62

    
 

1134-111
N02-N

NO -N
PO4-ortho

 
 

Station III
7/18/62

  

 

 

151

Graph 20. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

9 9 ...

O 0 0'0
0 O OO
O n) #Ul

‘ 80‘
' £0?
- #0.

Q .
0
U1
1

>— 900
' LO‘
_ 80..

 

 
 
  
 
 

NH4-N
NOQ-N
NO3-N
Pg4i8rtho
pH x 100

Total alk.
x 100g

Tem . C
x 1000
NHa-N
NOE-N
NO3-N
PO4-ortho
pH x 100
Total alk.
Tim1 0 C
x IOOO
NH4-N
NOQ—N
NOB-N
P04-ortho
x 10
pH 2 100
Total alk.
x 1000

”$11668"

Station I
7/31/62

Station II
7/31/62

    

Station III
7/31/62

   

 

152

Graph 21.. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

99: 9‘
80 O
H D.)
09
L l

I {Of
' 90?

9 9
E: o 13 o
n- U1 -Q a)
J A | I

NHa-N*
NOg-N
NO3-N
Pea-ortho

pH x 100 -
Total an o.

x 10
Temp. C
x 000

Station I
8/18/52

 

NHa—N
NOE-N

HUB-N

PO - rtho
x418

pH x 100
Total alk.

x
Temp. C
x 000
NH4-N Station III

3102-1: 8/18/62
N03-N
PO4—ortho
pH x 100

T§t18081k°
Temp. 00
x 000

Station II
8/18/62

 

 

* No data

 

 

153

Graph 22. SWIFT CURRENT LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

9
O
8
L

”500:

’ Io:
' 203

t 50:

I 90?

r.LOf
‘ 801

 

1934-11
NOZ-N
NO3-N
PO4-ortho

x 10

Hix 102k”

O a m
T; 100§c

emo.

x 1000
NHa-N
NOB-N
N0 3-N
PO4—ortho

x 1

NE4-N

NOQ-K

NOB-N

PO4—ortho
x

pH x 100 .
Totagoalk o.
x

Temp. C

Station I
9/3/62

Station II
9/3/62

Station III
9/3/62

 

 

 

154

Generalizations
At Station I the following relationships exist between
organisms per liter and the chemical and physical conditions.

1. No relationship is discernible between ammonia
nitrogen and number of organisms.per liter. How-
ever, readings for.both conditions are very low for
the last two collecting periods. On 7/31 both are
relatively high (Figs. 46 and 47).

2. Nitrite nitrogen and number of organisms per liter
are directly related (Figs. 46 and 48).

3. Nitrate nitrogen and number of organisms per liter
show no relationship (Figs. 46 and 49).

4. Orthophosphate and number of organisms per liter

are directly related (Figs. 46 and 50).

5. The pH and number of organisms per liter show no de-
finite relationship except that both conditions show
a general decrease from 7/18 to 9/3 (Figs. 46 and 51).

6. Total alkalinity and.number of organisms per liter
are inversely related (Figs. 46 and 52).

7. Temperature and.number of organisms per liter show no
relationship. In general the organism count is low
at the periods of low temperature (Figs. 46 and 53).

At Station II the relationships are:

1. No relationship between ammonia nitrogen and num-
ber of organisms per liter (Figs. 54 and 55).

2. No relationship between nitrite nitrogen andxnnn-

ber or organisms per liter (Figs. 54 and 56).

 

 

 

155

In general there is an inverse relationship between
nitrate nitrogen and number of organisms per liter
(Figs. 54 and 57).

For the first two weeks the orthophosphate and
number of organisms per liter increase together.
The peak for phosphorus is reached on 7/18, and the
peak for organism count is on 7/31. Thus it is

noted that phOSphorus lags behind the organism.

count (Figs. 54 and 58).

No relationship exists between pH and number of or-
ganisms per liter. Both conditions decrease together
for the last three sampling periods (Figs. 54 and 59).
Total alkalinity and number of organisms per liter
are inversely related (Figs. 54.and 50).
Temperature and number of organisms per liter are

directly related (Figs. 54 and 61).

Station III the relationships are:

A dubious direct relationship between ammonia
nitrogen and number of organisms per liter exists
(Figs. 62 and 63).

No relationship is present between nitrite nitrogen
and number of organisms per liter (Figs. 62 and 64).
Nitrate nitrogen and organism count are inversely
related from 7/4 to 7/18. Then both factors in-
crease. The peak for number of organisms per liter

is reached on 7/31 and then decreases sharply.

 

 

 

156

Nitrate reaches its peak on 8/18, then decreases
quickly (Figs. 62 and 65).

4. No clear relationship exists between orthophosphate
and number of organisms.per liter. It is worthy of
note that the phosphorus peak lags behind the or-
ganism count peak (Figs. 62 and 66).

51 No relationship between pH and number of organisms
per liter except that both decrease for the last
three sampling periods (Figs. 62 and 67).

6. Total alkalinity and number of organisms per liter
are inversely related (Figs. 62 and 68).

7. A direct relationship exists between temperature

and number of organisms per liter (Figs. 62 and 69).

 

   

157

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,

5000- Aug. 18, Sept. 3
4000_
3000 ..
2000-

1000..

 

0

 

C | I

4 18 31 18
Fig. 46. Station I
Organisms per liter

.02 d
.01-
.00

“J

 

 

4 f8 31 f8
Fig. 47. Station I
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

0006 d
0005 .-

0004 -I
.003;

.002-
.001 4

 

.000

uJ/

 

4 I8 31 18
Fig. 48. Station I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

   

158

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,
“80‘18’ septo 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.03~

.02.

.01.

'00 1 l l j
4 18 31 18 3
Fig. 49. Station I

Nitrate nitrogen ppm.
1. 4

.10-

.01. ‘//////

.00 ' ‘ .
a 18 b1 18 3
Fig. 50. Station I

Orthophosphate ppm.

7.7J

7.6 .

7.5.

7u4-

7.3,

7.2 .

7.1 I ' I
4 18 31 18 _5

Fig. 51. Station I
pH

 

 

159

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,

Aug. 18, Sept. 3
58-

575
565
55.
545

53.
525
51.

50.

 

4O

 

“H

4 18 51 i8
Fig. 52. Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

 

4 f8 31 18 “5
Fig. 53. Stasion I
Temperature C

 

160

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,
4000 Aug. 18, Sept. 3

3000.
2000.

1000-

 

0

 

l

4 18 31 18 '3
Fig. 54. Station II
Organisms per liter

.03
.02.

.OL.

 

 

’ 18 31 is
Fig. 55. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

.00 \x.
*3

.005
.004.
.003.
.002.
.001

.000

 

 

4 i8 81 i8 3
Fig. 56. Station II
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

 

161

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,
.04. Aug. 18, Sept. 3
.03.
.02,
.01.
.00 I
4 18 31 18 S
Fig. 57. Station II
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.
1.004
.10-
.01,
.00
4 18 1 18 1
Fig. 58. Station II
Orthophosphate ppm.
7.8.
7.7.
7.6-
7.5.
7.4_
7.3-
7.2.
7.1 l
4 18 31 18 ‘3
Fig. 59. Station II

pH

 

162
Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,

Aug. 18, Sept. 3
62'-

54..

50.
40

 

 

4 18 31 18 3
Fig. 60. Station II
Total alkalinity mg/l

15.
14.

13.
12.

11.
10

 

 

4. f8 51 18 75
Fig. 61. Stagion II
Temperature C

   

163

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,

 

 

 

 

 

 

4000_ Aug. 18, Sept. 3
3000.
2000 .
1000 .
o f l l T
4 18 31 18 3
Fig. 62. 'Station III.
Organisms per liter
.031
.02 u-
.01 .
.00 \
I T l fir
4 18 31 18 3
Fig. 63. Station III
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.
.005
.004
.003.
.002,
0001‘
.000 I I ,
4 18 31 18 3

Fig. 64. Station III
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

   

 

164

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,
.08- Aug. 18, Sept. 3

 

 

4 18 31 18 “?

Fig. 65. Station III
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

.10-
.10.

.00 ==:;:;
51

4 18 18 3
Fig. 61. Station III
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

 

7.6.
7.5.

7.4.
7.3.

7.2.

 

7.1

 

4 18 31 18 7?
Fig. 67. Station III
pH

 

 

a;

165

Swift Current Lake-July 4, 18, 31,

Aug. 18, Sept. 3
58.

57 .
56.
55.
54_

53 .
52.
51

50

40

 

 

4 £8 31 f8 75‘
Fig. 68. Station III
Total alkalinity mg/l

16 .
15 .
l4 .

l3 .
12 ,
11 .

10

 

 

I I

4 18 31 18
Fig. 69. StaSion III
Temperature C

u.

 

 

166

Discussion

Members of the phyla Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta have
the largest representation in Swift Current Lake. Coscino-
disc 3, Navicula, Tabellaria, Synedra, Fra ilaria, ngphgnema,
and Qingbgyon s ciale, were the most frequently occurring
forms in the qualitative collections. Since only 36 Species
existed in the qualitative collections (net tows and hand-
grabs) as compared to 46 in Lost Lake and 23 in Lower St. Mary
Lake, this is the second most floristically rich lake on the
eastside of the park. But on the basis of quantitative counts
this would be the poorest lake in terms of standing crop (see
pgs. 86, 115 and 146). This relationship is interesting be-
cause Swift Current Lake is colder and has lower concentrations
of nutrients than the other two lakes mentioned above. Unlike
Lower St. Mary Lake and Lost Lake, no phytoplankton blooms
existed in Swift Current Lake during the collection period of
July 4th to Sept. 3rd. The water chemistry is of interest be-
cause it was quite erratic during the summer. Ammonia nitrogen
remained at either 0.01 ppm., or quite commonly at 0.00 ppm.
most of the summer except at one collection date. This factor
was relatively high in the other two lakes studied on the east-
side of the continental divide. Nitrite and nitrate nitrogen
showed no relationship to the number of organisms per liter,
but were present in the lake water in low amounts. As mentioned

for previous discussions, the amount of orthophosphate seems
too high for this type of habitat. In general the pH and

number of organisms per liter decreased during the summer,

 

167

while the total alkalinity increased. In the selection of a
critical factor, the author would select temperature because
of the observed direct relationship between total organism
count and this variable. The information below summarizes the
conditions for Swift Current Lake.
Lake type: flowage
Lake size: medium (0.3 x 0.9 mi.)
Benthic vegetation: abundant
Species abundance:‘ 36
Range of total organism count: 281-4,777
Range of ammonia nitrogen: 0.00-0.025 ppm.
Range of nitrite nitrogen: 0.000-0.0065 ppm.
Range of nitrate nitrogen: 0.00-0.078 ppm.
*Range of orthophosphate: 0.00-0.56 ppm.
Range of pH: 7.1-7.75
Range of total alkalinity: 42-62 mg/l.

Range of temperature: 10-160 C.

*Values susPect

 

 

Hidden Lake

Hidden Lake is located near Logan Pass on the continen-
tal divide. It is a twoqmile hike from the summit parking area
Because this lake was visited only once each summer the
following account attempts to be descriptive only of the
conditions at the time of sampling. Stations were located.
at the north end of the lake.

Description of Lake

Hidden Lake apparently has resulted from a glacial
scour. It is directly fed by a glacier and has only one
outlet stream which forms a water fall. Its altitude is
6,375 ft. and its rocky bottom supports no growth of vege-
tation. Generally one has to wait until about the first seek
in July before the trail into Hidden Lake is clear of snow.

Algal species collected were: Pediastrum 3p., Cosmarium
Sp., Oscillatoria Sp., Ulothrix zonata, Sphaerocystig
Schroeteri, Fragilaria Sp., Gomphonema Sp., Coscinodiscus Sp.,
Tabellaria Sp., Navicula Sp., Asterionella Sp., Chlamydo-
E2E§§ Sp., Gyrosigma Sp., and Calothrix Sp.

Chemical and Physical Conditions

On 7/12/61 the conditions were Temp. 9° C., Total alk.
52 mg/l., and pH 8.3. The conditions for 8/1/62 were NHu-N
0.0 ppm. at all three stations, NOZ-N 0.004 ppm. at Station
I, 0.003 ppm. at Station II, and 0.005 ppm..at Station III;
NO3-N 0.027 ppm. at Station I, 0.027 ppm. at Station II, and
0.045 ppm. at Station III; P04-ortho 0.1 ppm. at Station I,

168

 

 

169

0.06 ppm. at Station II, 0.08 ppm. at Station III; pH 7.3
at Station I, 7.2 at Station II, and 7.1 at Station III;
and total alk. 40 mg/l. at Station I, 40 mg/l. at Station
II, and 44 mg/l. at Station III; and temp. 13° C. at Station
1, 13° c. at Station II, and 13° c. at Station III.
Phytoplankton Abundance

At Station I the organisms per liter were Coscinodiscus
656 and Gomphonema 656. Station II had Coscinodiscus 656,
Gomphonema 656, and unknown diatom 656. Station III had
Tabellaria 281, Navicula 281, Gomphonema 281, and unknown
diatom 281.

Discussion

The species previously listed represent all of the
forms collected on two different occasions. The number of
species is thus seen to be very small. Temperature is low
compared to the other park habitats on these approximate
dates. Chemical analysis indicates only trace amounts of
each ion tested. Total alkalinity seems to be moderately
high as compared to Johns Lake but lower in concentration
than some of the other park lakes. In 1961 the hydrogen

ion concentration was 8.3 but in 1962 it is very nearly

neutral. As in the other lakes studied, orthophosphate is

too high in value, and has been mentioned in previous

discussions.

 

Bowman Lake
Description of Lake

Bowman Lake is located about 8 miles northeast of the
Pole Bridge Ranger Station. The lake is approximately .5
mi. wide by 6.8 mi. long. Bowman Lake is dammed by an end
moraine and apparently is in excess of 96 ft. deep at the
western end of the lake. Bottom materials include rock and
some silt. Vegetation is very sparse in this lake. There
are several glacially fed inlet streams that enter the lake
at the northern most end. Bowman Creek represents the only
outlet stream.

Location of Stations

All three stations are situated 131the western sector
of the lake. Station I is opposite the Ranger Station and
Station II is opposite the dock area at the picnic grounds,
and Station III is opposite Bowman Creek. Water depth at
each station was in excess of 30 ft.

Taxonomy and Species Abundance

Table 8 provides an analysis of the classification for
the plankton algae collected. This table shows that the
Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta are the most abundant groups

in Bowman Lake

170

 

 

 

171

Table 8. An Analysis of Classification for

the Phytoplankton in Bowman Lake

Phylum Classes Orders Families Genera Species
Chlorophyta l 2 4 6 6
ChrySOphyta 2 3 7 ll 12
Pyrrhophyta l 1 2 2 2
CyanOphyta l 2 2 3% 4

Totals “'3‘- T "—1—;— T ‘34-—

Table 9 lists the plankton forms collected at each
station and their date of collection. At all three stations
the number of species collected is relatively constant for
all five sampling periods. This is in contrast to the lakes
already mentioned on the east side of the park where the 4
number of species was low in June and early July and rose
significantly in numbers by the end of July and early August.
Forms collected at all three stations were Coscinodiscus Sp.,
Asterionella Sp., Fragilaria Sp., Dinobryon divergens,
Peridinium Sp., and Ceratium hirundinella.

 

 

Table 9. Plankton Forms Collected at Each Station

Plankton
Coscinodiscus Sp.
Asterionella Sp.
Tabellaria Sp.
Navicula Sp.

Synedra Sp.
Fragilaria Sp.
Pinnularia Sp.
Melosira Sp.
Hyalotheca dissiliens
Dictyosphaerium pulche
Spirogyra Sp.
Dinobryon bavaricum
Dinobryon divergens
Ceratium hirundinella
Peridinium Sp.
Chroococcus turgidus

Chroococcus limneticus
Totals
Coscinodiscus Sp

Asterionella Sp.
Tabellaria Sp.

172

on Bowman Lake

Station I
6/28 7/12
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
llum
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
"IZ""I§'
Station II
X X
X X
X

7/25

X

><><><><><><

 

12

 

 

 

173

 

Plankton 6/28 7/12 7/25 8/10 9/2
Navicula Sp. X X
Synedra Sp. X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X
Gomphonema Sp. ' X
Pinnularia Sp. X
Melosira Sp. X X
Cyclotella Sp. X
Epithemia Sp. X
Micrasterias pinnatifida X
Staurastrum Sp. X
Xanthidium cristatum X
Chlorosarcina consociata X X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X X
Peridinium Sp. X X X X
Chroococcus limneticus X X
Oscillatoria nigra X
Totals T7? “T5" T 1
Station III
Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X
Navicula Sp. X

Synedra Sp. X X

 

174

Plankton 6/28 7/12 7/25 8/10 9/2
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X
Pinnularia Sp. X X
Melosira Sp. X
Pediastrum Boryanum X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X
Peridinium Sp. X X X
Anabaena Sp. X
Chroococcus limnetica X X
Chroococcus turgidus X

Totals ""9—‘1‘1— T "‘6—

Phytoplankton Abundance
Graphs 23. through 25. show the phytoplankton count es-
timates for each species at the various stations during the
summer of 1962. Asteri nella, Coscin discus, and Dinobryon,
divergens were the’three most abundant species per liter
during the summer. The total number of organisms per liter

at all three stations at each collection date were as follows:

I 7

 

 

6/28/62-Station
7/12/62-Station
7/25/62-Station
8/10/62-Station

9

14' PO r4 r4 .4
.

9/2/62-Station

Station total

175

11,237;
11,917;
7,197;
6,272;
8,255;
£47877'

II,
II,
11,
II,
II,

3,750;
4,777;
5,340;
4,680;
no data

18,347

Physical and Chemical Factors

III,

III,
III,

'111,

III,

3,092
5,533
6,935
6,113
5,429
577162"

The results of the analyses for physical and chemical

factors are in Graphs 26. through 29.

In some instances a

multiplier for the Y axis value is given along with the

variable on the X axis.

 

 

Tragilaria
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus

Unknown diatom
Dinobryon
divergens
Blue'green
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus
Cyclotella
Dinobryon
divergens

Ceratium
hirundinella

Fragilaria
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus

Pinnhiaria

Unknown diatom
Dinobryon
divergens

Ravicula
Fragilaria
Asterionella

Coscinodiscus

Dinobryon
divergens

Peridinium

Navicula

Coscinodiscus
Melosira

Dinob on
divergens

176

Graph 23; BOWMAN LAKE

Organisms Per Liter

‘009

08

o
003
'ooo£
'0‘2817
081.12
23999

  

Station I
6/28/62

      
    
   

Station II
6/28/62

Station III
6/28/62

Station I
7/12/62

    

Station II
7/12/62

 
 

 

{ 177

Graph 24. BOWMAN LAKE

Organisms Per Liter

.5.)

a §§8

  
  

0008
6817
56£g

Fragilaria
Asterionella
Synedra
Coscinodiscus
Dinobryon
divergens
Ravicula
Coscinodiscus
Dinobryon

6313153”
hirundinella

Coscinodiscus

Dinob on
diveggens

Ge at _ '
h1ru§31nella
Coscinodiscus
Pinnhlaria
Ceratium
hirundinella

Station III
7/12/62

 
   
 

Station I
7/25/62‘

 
 
 

Station II
7/25/62

   

Station III
7/25/62

178
Graph 25. BOWMAN LAKE

Organisms Per Liter

Tabellaria
Asterionella
coscinodiscus

Dinobryon
divergens

Ce ti
hfgungfnella
Fragilaria
Obscinodiscus

Gcmphonema
Dinobryon
divergens

Peridinium

Fragilaria
Asterionella

Coscinodiscus

Dinobryon
divergens

Chroococcus
turgidus

Navicula
Cymbella

Obscinodiscus
Fragilaria

Melosira
Pinnfilaria
anagram
Navicula
Coscinodiscus
Cymbella
Pinnularia
Melosira
Epithemia
unknown diatom

\N
O
O
10

    
  
 

8
lopl

009
0001
0003

' 8’
O

1

..

Station I
8/10/62

  

St tion II
8 10/62

Station III
8/10/62

Station I
9/2/62

Station II
9/2/62

     
   

000W

 

 

179
Graph 26..BOWMAN LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

9
O
O
O
l

’100‘
”800?
ӣ00?
‘ 10f

9
O
m
1

‘ £03

1.. 17°.
I SO?

' 907
” LO?
F 903

 

NH -N
Rog-N Station I
no _N 6/28/62

sz-ortho
pH x 100 "
Totiéoalka
x 000
-N
N02-N. Station II
N03-N' 6/28/62
P04-ortho
x 10
pH x 100 g
Total alk.
x
T'emf o: O
x 000
NHa-N
NO -N
NOZ-N Station III
P0458rtho 6/28/62

pH’x 100

Totiéoalko

Tempbooc

 

 

180

Graph 27..BOWMAN LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

iv 0: O
O O O
b! .p- m
1 1 l

.. 900

L Loo.
' 90.‘

    

 

NH4-N

15102-15

N0 -N

P0 -hrtho
X 10

pH x 100 .
iggfa 31k 0.
x 1000

NBA-N
NOQ-N

NC 1

P0 -ortho
1'10 .

pH x 100 _
mean--
T“ C
$13600
uni—n
NOE-N
N03-N
POa-ortho
x 10
pH‘x 100
Total alk.

x
Temp. 00
x 1000

Station I
7/12/52'

    

Station II
7/12/62

    
    

Station III
7/12/62

  

 

181
Graph 28. BOWMAN LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

NHh-N
HB'AN
Noe—N
P6 - tho
‘xalgr
pH‘x 100
TgtiOOOlk’
Tempr'oc -
x 000 '
NHa-H
NOQ-N
N03 -N
Pom-ortho
x*lO
pH x 100
Total alk.

x 1008
Tom . C
x 1000

NHa-N
NOQ-N
NO -N
P04-ortho
x 10

pH'x 100
Total all: a.

rx' c
56311600

 

  
 

sass gt 6 6 8 815881

O 00 H 1x) v1 4: U1 maxi-00

0141px: co

1 1 1 1 1 L 11 1 1 1 1 1 ALL
Station I

7/25/62

   

Station II
7/25/62

    
 

Station III
7/25/62

    

 

 

182

Graph 29. BOWMAN LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

L000'
100'
“800:
“700'

g .
O
H
1

I {0‘
7 #0?
1— go.
.— 90.

-— L0.
' 807

    
    
 

Station I
8/9/ 62

Station II
8/9/62

St III
3 879732
P04-ortho
pH x 100 1
Total alk.

Témp, 90
x 1000
NBA-N

NOg-N

N0 -N

P 4-ortho
x 10

Station I
9/2/62

pH 2: 100 .
Total alk..

Station II
9/2/62
Eon-ortho
as a
T§m150§0 .
x 1000

* No data

I11 11.11.11 1 . 111 1'1 1 . 1| lt‘l1‘l1 1 11 11.11 1.11. . . 11111l 111111.111

 

 

183

Generalizations
Figures 70-77 show the relationships for organisms per
liter and the chemical and physical conditions at Station I.
These relationships are:
l. Ammonia nitrogen and organisms per liter are
directly related (Figs. 70 and 71).
2; Nitrite nitrogen and organisms per liter show_in
general an indirect relationship 1Figs. 70 and 72).
3. Nitrate nitrogen and organisms per liter show an
inverse relationship (Figs. 70 and 73).
4. No relationship exists between orthophosphate and
organisms per liter (Figs. 70 and 74).
5. Organisms per liter and pH are inversely related
(Figs. 70 and 75).
6. Total alkalinity and organisms per liter are dip
rectly related (Figs. 70 and 76).
7. Temperature and organisms per liter are inversely
related for the last four sampling periods (Figs.
70 and 77).
Figures 78-85 show the conditions for Station II.
These relationships are:
1. No relationship is indicated between ammonia
nitrogen and organisms per liter (Figs. 78 and 79).
2. Nitrite nitrogen and organisms per liter show a
direct relationship (Figs. 78 and 80).
3. Nitrate nitrogen and organisms per liter may be

directly related (Figs. 78 and 81).

 

184

4. Orthophosphate and organisms per liter show no re-
lationship. Note that the peak for phosphorus
occurs on 7/2, however, and then declines sharply
for the remainder of the summer. The peak for es;
timated counts is reached on 7/25 ( Figs. 78 and 82).

5. No relationship exists between pH and organisms
per liter (Figs. 78 and 83).

6. In general there is a direct relationship between
total alkalinity and organisms per liter (Figs. 78
and 84).

71 No relationship exists between temperature and
organisms per liter (Figs. 78 and 85).

Figures 86-91 show the conditions for Station III. The
relationships between organisms per liter and the chemical
and physical conditions are:

1. No graph was drawn for ammonia, nitrogen because the
data was too insufficient for the realization of
any relationships.

2. No relationship exists between nitrite nitrogen and
organisms per liter (Figs. 86 and 87).

3. No graph was drawn for nitrate nitrogen because of
insufficient data.

4. No relationship exists between orthophosphate and
organisms per liter (Figs. 86 and 88).

5. No relationship exists between pH and organisms

per liter (Figs. 86 and 89).

   

185

There was a direct relationship between total
alkalinity and organisms per liter (Figs, 86 and 90),
There was no relationship between temperature and

organisms per liter (Figs. 86 and 91),

 

 

186

12,000. Aug- 10. Sept.
11,000.
10,000.
9,000.
8,000.

7,000.

 

6,000

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,

 

28 12 25 10
Fig. 70. Station I
Organisms per liter

007‘
.06.

.054

.044
.03-

.02-
.01.

 

.00

 

8 12 25 10

Fig. 71. Station I
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

.004.

.0031

0001‘

 

.000

 

28 12 25 10
Fig. 72. Station I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

   
 

187

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,‘
.Aug. 10, Sept. 2

 

 

.041
. 03.
. 02.
.01. ‘\
.00
'1 '12 25 '10 2

28
Fig. 73. Station I
N trate nitrogen ppm.

.15..

 

 

1 I 1
28 12 25 10 2
Fig. 74. Station I
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

 

 

187

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,'
.Aug. 10, Sept. 2

 

 

.on
.03-
.02-
.01. \\
°°° 12 25 16 2

28
Fig. 73. Station I
N trate nitrogen ppm.

.15 -

.10 -

.09 -
.08

.07

.02 u

.00

 

 

I I
28 12 25 10
Fig. 74. Station I

Orthophosphate ppm.

'°a

   

188

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,

 

 

 

 

 

 

7.6‘ Aug. 10, Sept. 2
7.5.
7.4.
7.3.
7 o 2 l
28 1'2 25 1b 7
Fig. 75. Station I
pH
80..
70..
60 .
50..
40 .
30 1 1
28 12 25 10 2
Fig. 76. Station I .
Total alkalinity mg/l
l4_
13-
12, \
ll-
10' - 1
28 12 25 10 2
Fig. 77. Stagion I
Temperature C

 

 

 

189

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,
7’000 .Aug. 10, Sept. 2

6,000.
5,000_

4,000-

3,000

 

 

28 12 25 10 7‘2
Fig. 78. Station 11
Organisms per liter

.01
.OO

 

8 12 25 10 72—
Fig. 79. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

0004‘
0003‘

.002.

.001.

 

.0001

 

8 12 25 1b ‘32
Fig. 80. Station II
.Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

003‘
.02-

.01. \

.00

 

 

'28 12 25 10 E
Fig. 81. Station 11
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

 

190
Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,

 

 

.20.. .Aug. 10, Sept. 2
.10..
.01..
.00
28 12 25 10 ‘2

Fig. 82. Station II
Orthophosphate ppm.

7.7

-

7.6-
7.5.
7.4.

 

7.3

 

28 12 25 10 722
Fig. 83. Station II
pH
80.
70-

60-

 

50

 

8 1'2 25 15 T
Fig. 84. Station II
.Total alkalinity mg/l

15-
14;

13.
12.
1

 

 

28 12 25 10 2—
Fig. 85. Stagion II
Temperature C

   
 

191

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,
6,000-4 Aug. 10, Se to 2

5,000 .
4,000 .
3,000 .

2,000

 

 

28 12 25 10 2
Fig. 86. Station III
Organisms per liter

.004 a
.003 .

.002 .
0001 .1

.000 J 1 1 ' I
8 12 25 10 2

Fig. 87. Station III
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

 

 

 

.00

 

28 22 23 10 2
Fig. 88. Station III
Orthophosphate ppm.

   

192

Bowman Lake-June 28, July 12, 25,
.Aug. 10, Sept. 2

 

 

 

7.6..
7.5.
7.4-
7.3.
7.2
28 12 25 20 ’2
Fig. 89. Station III
pH
70 .1 \
60 “N
50
28 12 25 10 *“2

 

Fig. 90. Station III
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

 

28 12 25 10 12
Fig. 91. Stagion III
Temperature C

 

193
Discussion

Representatives of the phyla Chlorophyta and Chrysophyta
are the most abundant forms in Bowman Lake. Prominent ex-
amples would be C scin disc 3, Astgrignella, Fra ilaria,
Dinobryon diver ens, Peridinium, and Ceratium hirundinella.
The number of species collected during the summer was 24,
which is lower than Johns Lake (72) and Lake McDonald (31).
These are lakes located on the westside of the continental
divide. Only Lower St. Mary Lake on the eastside of the con-
tinental divide had a slightly lower number of different
species (23).

It is also worthy of note that the species collected by
qualitative methods (net tows) were relatively constant for
the five sampling periods, whereas the lakes studied on the
eastside of the park were not constant throughout the summer.
In terms of phytoplankton abundance, Station I was more pro-
ductive than the other two station. This was due to the rela-
tively higher numbers of Aste i nella, Coscinodisc s, and
Dinobryon diver ens, in the quantitative samples early in
July. Except for the above mentioned condition at Station I,
the counts were rather uniform at each station and between '
stations for the entire summer. It would seem then that Bow-
man Lake did not have the proper conditions to produce phyto-
plankton blooms during the summer sampling period. Bowman
Lake produced a greater total number of organisms or standing
crop than Swift Current Lake, but it was below that of Lower

St. Mary Lake and Lost Lake. The water chemistry was quite

11-

 

 

 

194

uniform from station to station at each sampling date. De-
crease of numbers of organisms, pH, and total alkalinity,
with a concomitant rise in temperature was noted for
Bowman Lake. These same relationships were also noted for
the lakes on the eastside of the continental divide. The
other factors did not show any significant relationship to
the number of organisms per liter. No one factor appears to
be more important than any other in Bowman Lake. A summary
of conditions at Bowman Lake are given below.

Lake type: flowage

Lake size: large (.5 x 6.8 mi.)

Benthic vegetation: sparse

Species abundance: 24

Total organism count range: 3,092-ll,9l7

Ammonia nitrogen range: 0.00-0.01 ppm.

Nitrite nitrogen range: 0.000-0.0045 ppm.

Nitrate nitrogen range: 0.00-0.032 ppm.

*Orthophosphate range: 0.00-0.15 ppm.

Range of pH: 7.2-7.6 ,

Total alkalinity range:~ 48-78 mg/l

Temperature range: 114-15.3o C.

*Values suspect

 

Johns Lake
Description of Lake

This lake is located near McDonald Creek Falls and is
reached by a 0.9 of a mile hike south of Going-to-the-Sun
Highway. The lake is approximately circular with a diamter of
0.2 mi. Johns Lake is located west of the continental divide
and is characterized by being a small bog lake with bottom
vegetation restricted to the shore region and with bottom
materials composed of silt.

Location of Stations

Station I was located near the east end of Johns Lake
where water depth is about 3 ft. Station II is located in
the middle of the lake where water depth is 9 ft. Station
III is located near the west shore of the lake at a water
depth of 3 ft.

Taxonomy and Species Abundance

Table 10 provides an analysis of the classification
for the plankton algae collected. This table shows that
the Chlorophyta is the prominent group although the Chryso-
phyta and Cyanophyta are well represented in Johns Lake.
Table 11 lists the plankton forms and their date of collection
at each station. If one considers the totals at the bottom
of these tables, it can be seen that the numbers of species
at all three stations rise sharply from a low,,1ate in June,

to a high early in August and then decrease by September 4th.

195

 

196

Table 10. An Analysis of the Classification for
Phytoplankton Collected in Johns Lake

Phylum Classes Orders Families Genera Species
ChlorOphyta l 6 13 21 40
' Chrysophyta ? 3 8 l6 l6
Cyanophyta l 2 2 9 l3
Pyrrhophyta 1 1 2 3 3
Totals “3" "IE" “§3" "E9" _‘72’

Tabellaria Sp., and Navicula Sp., were the abundant forms in
the Chrysophyta collected; Abundant Chlorophyta representa-
tives collected were Staurastrum cus idatum, Staurastrum
paradoxum, Spyrogyra Sp., and Dictyosphaerium pulchellum;
prominent Cyanophyta collected were Chroococcgg minimus,

Oscillatoria Bornetii, and Lgngbya Martensiana.

Table 11. Plankton Forms Collected at Each Station
on Johns Lake

Station I

Plankton 6/25 7/11 7/23 8/7 9/4
Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X
Asterionella Sp. X
Tabellaria Sp. X X X X
Navicula Sp. X X X X
Synedra Sp. X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X

Gomphonema Sp. X X'

 

197

Plankton 6/25 7/11
Pinnularia Sp.
Melosira Sp.
Surirella Sp. X
Cymbella Sp.
Cyclotella Sp,
Rhopalodia Sp.
Micrasterias pinnatifida X
Spondylosium planum X
Staurastrum longicaudatum X
Staurastrum teliferum X
Staurastrum cuspidatum
Staurastrum paradoxum
Staurastrum furcigerum X
Staurastrum natator
Cosmarium dentatum X
Cosmarium moniliforme
Cosmarium reniforme
Cosmarium binum
Desmidium Swartzii
Spirogyra Sp. X
Moegeotia Sp. X
Oocystis parva
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X X
Pediastrum obtusum

Pediastrum Boryanum

7/23
x
X

><><><><

8/7

>4

>4><><><

9/h

><><><>¢

 

198

Plankton 6/25 7/11
Scenedesmus incrassatulus
Oedogonium Sp.

Elakatothrix gelatinosa

Gloeocystis ampla

Coelophaerium Ruetzingianum
Coelastrum cambricum

Ceratium hirundinella X
Peridinium Sp.

Gomphosphaeria lacustris

Anabaena Sp.

Chroococcus minimus X
Chroococcus dispersus

Chroococcus turgidus

Oscillatoria nigra X
Oscillatoria Bornetii X X
Lyngbya Martensiana X

Dactylococopsis fascicularis

Aphanothece stagnina

Totals 7 15

Station II
Coscinodiscus Sp. X
Asterionella Sp.
Tabellaria Sp. X
Navicula Sp. X
Synedra Sp. X

7/23

 

8/7

><><><><><><><

><><><><><><><

9/#

 

I99

Plankton 6/25

Gomphonema Sp.

Surirella Sp.

Pinnularia Sp. X

Melosira Sp.

Micrasteria

Cymbella Sp.

pinnatifida

Rhopalodia Sp.

Staurastrum
Staurastrum
Staurastrum
Staurastrum
Staurastrum
Staurastrum

Staurastrum

obiculare

Sp. X
natator
cuspidatum
paradoxum
Tohopekaligense

cornutum

Hyalotheca dissiliens

Cosmarium moniliforme

Cosmarium Sp.

Cosmarium dentatum

Cosmarium sexangulare

Cosmarium binum

Euastrum elegans

Desmidium Swartzii

Spirogyra Sp.

Sphaerocystis Schroeteri

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum

7/11

7/23

X XXX.><><><

><><><><><><

8/7

9/4

 

200

Plankton 6/25 7/11

Pediastrum araneosum
var. rugulosum

Scenedesmus incrassatulus

Elakatothrix gelatinosa

Gloeocystis ampla X
Ulothrix zonata X

Coe'losphaerium metzingianum X
Peridinium Sp. '

Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Gomphosphaeria aponina

Anabaena Sp.

Chroococcus minimus X
Chroococcus dispersus

Oscillatoria Bornetii X
Oscillatoria nigra

Lyngbya Martensiana X
Dactylococc0psis fascicularis
Nostoc paludosum

Merismopedia tenuissima

Totals 5 17

Station III

Coscinodiscus Sp. X
Tabellaria Sp. X
Navicula Sp. X X

Synedra Sp.

Gomphonema Sp.

7/23

><><><><

><><><><><><

BE

><><><><><

8/7
X‘

X

><><><><

19

><><><><><

9/4

5

 

201

Plankton 6/25 7/11
Pinnularia Sp. X X
Cymbella Sp. X

Frustula Sp.

BhOpalodia X
Micrasterias radiata

Micrasterias laticeps

Micrasterias pinnatifida
Staurastrum cuspidatum

Staurastrum natator X
Staurastrum brevispinum

Xanthidium antilopaeum

Cosmarium sexangulare

Cosmarium reniforme

Cosmarium dentatum

Cosmarium margaritatum

Cosmarium moniliforme

Desmidium Baileyi

Desmidium Swartzii X
Spirogyra Sp. X
Oocystis parva

Sphaerocystis Schroeteri
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X
Pediastrum obtusum

Scenedesmus incrassatulus
Elakatothrix gelatinosa

Pandorina morum

7/23

><><><><

>< :x‘ a: >< :< x

8/7

><><><><

9/h

202

Plankton 6/25 7/11 7/23 8/7 9/n
Schizochlamys gelatinosa X X

Dinobryon sociale X

><
><

Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Gomphosphaeria aponina

Anabaena Sp.

><><><><

Chroococcus minimus X
Chroococcus minor

Chroococcus turgidus

Osillatoria Bornetii X X
Lyngbya Martensiana X X
Lyngbya Sp.

Aphanothece stagnina

><><>4><><><><><><
><

Dactylococcopsis fascicularis

Totals 3 12 23

*l

Phytoplankton Abundance
Graphs 30. through 33. show the phytoplankton count es-
timates for each species at the various stations during the
summer of 1962.. The measure of standing crop as total number
of organisms,per liter at all three stations at each collecting

period are as follows:

) J I

 

6/25/62-Station
7/11/62-Station
7/23/62-Station
8/7/62-Station
9/4/62-Station

Station total

Chemical and Physical Factors

HHHHH

U

9

2

’

203

no data
2,813;
13,418;
16,105;
,843;

33,179

II,
II,
II,
II,
II,

1,125;
1,218;
13,422;
11,801;
1,124;

28,690

III,
III,
III,
III,
III,

4,279
3,844
12,926
15,457
,562

37,069

The results of the analyses for physical and chemical

factors are given in graphs 34. through 38.

In some in-

stances a multiplier for the Y axis is given along with the

variable on the X axis.

204

Graph 30. JOHNS LAKE

Synedra
Pinnfilaria
Melosira
Unknown alga

Havicula
Cymbella

Pinnularia.
Unknown diatom

Navicula

Coscinodiscus

Dictyos haerium
pulche lum

Unknown diatom
n Nb a

Lartensiana
Navicula
Coscinodiscus

Tabellaria
Coscinodiscus
Pinnularia

Unknown diatom
Dictyosphaerium
pulch e

LKnrtensiana

organisms Per Liter

92

J

~OOOI
”0008
” 000E

       
  
   
 
 

Station II
6/ 25/ 62

Station III
6/25/52

Station I
7/11/62

Station II
7/11/62

Station III
7/11/62

A!

 

205

Graph 31. JOHNS LAKE

Organisms Per Liter

W
O
O
\

2§€9
<3?

~ooor
— oooa

OVLE
—o€at
r0va

 

   

Tabellaria

Navicula Station I

Synedra 7/23/62
Coscinodiscus
Pinnularia
Cyclotella
Sphaerocystis
Spirogyra
Chroococcus
minimus
Navicula
Coscinodiscus
Pinnularia
Unknown diatom

Sphaerocystis
Cosmarium
sexangulare
Staurastrum
cuspidatum
Lyng ya
lartensiana
Chroococcus
minimus

Station II
7/23/62

 

Navicula

Synedra
, Station III
Pinnularia 7/23/52
Cymbella

Coscinodiscus
Sphaerocystis

Chroococcus
minimus

1. Values above 3000 modified to fit on scale

 

 

.206

Graph 32. JOHNB»EEII

Organisms Per Liter'

I? a as

-0008

  

navicula
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus
Rhapalodia
unknown diatom
Elakatothrix

Station I
8/7/62

unknown
blue green
Navicula
synedra Station II
Coscinodiscus 3/7/52

Rhopalodia

Elaka thrix
gelatinosa
Spirogyra
Chroococcus
minimus

Lyngbya

Tabellaria S 1 II
tat on I
Navicula 8/7/62

Synedra
Coscinodiscus
Gomphonema
Rhapalodia

Frustula
Sphaerocystis
Schroeteri
Anabaena
GomphOSphaeria
lacustris
Lyngbya
Chroococcus
minimus

* 1. Values above 3000 off scale

”0009 ¢~
'0121

0898

OOQ‘OI

 

207

Graph '33... JOHNS LAKE
organisms Per Liter

 

ox
ass
Navicula Stati I
Gomphosphaeria ’ on
lacustris 9/4/62‘
Unknown green
Navicula '
- Station II‘

Cymbella

Staurastrum 9/4/62

cus idatum
Gomp osphaeria

lacustris

Navicula
Unknown green

Station III
9/4/62

 

 

 

208
Graph 34..JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

0 9 9
O O O
o o H
P 9‘

7800'
' 30'
.— €00
” #0?
.—— go.
.. 900

.- Lo.

J
NHh-N

NOé-N Station I
N03-N 6/25/62
P04-ortho
x 10

pH'x 100
Total alk.

Tx ioogc
e .
XmIOOO

NHa-N
N0 -N Station II
2 6/25/62

NO -N
PO4-ortho
x 10
gfl‘x 100
otal alk.~
1000

x
Tem ".00
x $000

NH4-N
no2-N Station III
NO3_N 6/25/62
P0 -ortho
x 0
pH 3 100
Total alk
00

Tx 1 00
em .
X'IOOO

 

' 80f

 

 

209

Graph 35..JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

0. o 0.0... e o. e. e
0 000 O O O O
O OOH N U «p U!
W moo I

NRA-l

neg-n

NOB-N
P04-ortho
x 10

pH x 100
Total alk.-
x 1000

Temp..°c

x 000

NRA-N

NOQ-N

NOB-N Station II

P04-ortho 7/11/62
x 10

 

Station I
7/11/62

      
  

pH x 100
Total alk.
TX 10 C
§m§Ooo
NHh-N
Noe-N
NOB-N
P04-ortho
x 10
pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000

Témfoog"

   

Station III
7/11/62

  

907
L07
80°

 

 

210

Graph 36. JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

2

 

' 10’
"30

RIM-N
NCQ—N
N03-N
P0 -0rtho
x 0
pH'x 100
Total alk.
Tx 10030
em
x I000
NH4-N

PO4-ortho
x 10
pE'x 100

Total alk.
x 1000

Tom 00
H600
NH4-N
Hue-N
N03-N
P04-ortho
x 10

pH x 100
Total alk.
x10 000

Tempbg

o .
O
U

E: 2: E5 2.?)
41‘ U! (h 4 on
I I
Station I
7/23/62:
Station II
7/23/62

Station III
7/23/62

 

211
Graph 37..JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

0 Q 9.
b O O
H N

I l

’70”

U!
l l

      
  
  

Station I
8/7/62

Station II
8/7/62

pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000

' 0
Tfiooo"

* No data

»- go.
.. 90.
' L0'
, 80..

Station III
8/7/ 62

 

 

 

212

Graph 38. JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

   
 
  
  
 
 
  
 

 

' ’o 8 ’o'ob’o'o'o
8 H m u: .p \n (m ~atm
P I :

NHa-N

NOé-N

NO3-N

P04-ortho

pH‘x 100

Total alk.
x 10

Temp. C
x 1000
NH4-N
N03-N
PO4-ortho
pH'x 100
Total alk.
x 0
Temp. C
x 000
NHh-N
NOg-N
NO3-N
P04-ortho
pH x 100

Total alk.
1000

x
Temp. 00
x 000

Station I
9/4/62

station II
9/4/62

Station III
9/4/62

 

 

212

Graph 38. JOHNS LAKE

Chemical and Physical Conditions

’0
n) xx
i

     

- to.
0‘

    
   
   

Station I
9/4/62

Pol-ortho

pH x 100
Total alk.

x
Temp. C

x 000
NRA-N
NOE-N
N03-N
PO4-ortho
pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000

Timfooé"

Station II
9/4/62

Station III
9/4/62

0.
50'
90'
L0'
80'

 

 

 

212

Graph 38. JOHNS LAKE
Chemical and Physical Conditions

S 6
I"

   
  
 
 
   
 
 

#0'

n.)
I

— Io.
. so.

 

NH4-N
NOé-U
N03-N
PO4-ortho
pH‘x'IOO
Total alk.
x 10
Temp. C
x 1000
NH4-N
NOB-N
P04—ortho
pH‘x 100
Total alk.
x l 0
Temp. C
x 000
NBA-N
NOQ-N
N03-U
P04-crtho
pH‘x 100
Total alk.
x 1000

Tat-“£508“

Station I
9/4/62

Station II
9/4/62

Station III
9/4/62

90'
L0'
90'

213

Generalizations

At Station I the relationships between organisms per

1iter and chemical and physical factors are as follows.

1.

Organisms per liter and ammonia nitrogen appear to

be directly related but the data are incomplete for
these two factors (Figs. 92 and 93).

Organisms per liter and nitrite nitrogen show no
re1ationship (Figs. 92 and 94).

Organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen are directly
related except for the last sampling date (Figs.

92 and 95).

Organisms per liter and orthophosphate show an in-
verse relationship for the first four sampling periods
and then decrease sharply together from 8/7 to 9/4.
In general as the organism count increases the ortho-
phosphate declines for the first four sampling dates
(Figs. 92 and 96).

Organisms per liter and pH show an inverse relation-
ship for the first four sampling periods and then de-
crease sharply together from 8/7 to 9/4 (Figs. 92
and 97).

Organisms per liter and total alkalinity show no
marked relationship. Total alkalinity remains

fairly constant for the summer with a slight de-
crease from 6/25 to 9/4 (Figs. 92 and 98).

Organisms per liter and temperature show no re-

lationship (Figs. 92 and 99).

 

 

At

1.

At
1.

'214

Station II the relationships are:

Organisms per liter and ammonia nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 100 and 101).

Organisms per liter and nitrite nitrogen show a
direct relationship for the sampling periods 7/23
to 9/4 (Figs. 100 and 102).

Organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 100 and 103).

Organisms per liter and orthophosphate show a di-
rect relationship from 7/23 to 9/4. The amount of
phosphorous is relatively high on 6/25 while the
organism count is low (Figs. 100 and 104).
Organisms per liter and pH show the same relation-
ships already mentioned for phosphorus (Figs. 100
and 105).

Organisms per liter and total alkalinity show no
relationship (Figs. 100 and 106).

Organisms per liter and temperature show a direct
relationship for the sampling periods 7/11 through
9/4 (Figs. 100 and 107).

Station III the conditions are:

Organisms per liter and ammonia nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 108 and 109).
Organisms per liter and nitrite nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 108 and 110).
Organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen show no

relationship (Figs. 108 and 111).

   

 

215

Organisms per liter and orthophosphate show no
relationship except that phosphorus has a peak
(7/11) before the peak (7/23) for organism count
(Figs. 108 and 112).

Organisms per liter and pH are directly related
from 7/23 to 9/4. That is, both decline together
(Figs. 108 and 113).

Organisms per liter and total alkalinity show no
relationships (Figs. 108 and 114).

Organisms per liter and temperature are directly

related (Figs. 108 and 115).

 

 

 

/

216

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,

 

155000‘ . Aug. 7, Sept. 4
10,000.
5,000.
000
25 f1 23 1 E“

 

Fig. 92. Station I
Organisms per liter

 

 

 

I l

55 11 23 7 4
Fig. 93. Station I
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

.002 J'

 

.001-

.000

 

 

25 11 23 5 Z
Fig. 94. Station I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

\

 

 

 

217

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
'Aug.‘7,’Sept.‘4

.02.
.01.

 

.00

 

25 11 23 7 74
Fig. 95. Station I
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

.08 .
.07 .
.06 .
.05 -

.04 d
.03 -

.02 -

.01 _
.00

 

 

l l I j
25 11 23 7 4
Fig. 96. Station I
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

 

 

218

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
Aug. 7, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

 

25
24
6.0 . 23
l
25 11 23 '7 4T 22.
Fig. 97. Station I
2Q
11
18
17
1
30.
25 1: . .
- 25 $5 23 1 f1 4—
Fig. . Sta on
20- Temperature 8C
15-
10

 

 

25 11 23 i 7f
Fig. 98. Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

218

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
Aug. 7, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

 

25
24
6.0 . 23
l
25 11 23 V d) 22.
Fig. 97. Station I
2Q
11
18
17
1
30-
25 1: . .
~ 25 11 23 f 72’
20 Fig. 99. Stasion I
‘ Temperature C
15.
10

 

 

l l l
25 11 23 7 75
Fig. 98. Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

 

219

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
159000 4 ’ Aug. 7, Sept. 4

10,000.

5,000-
000,

 

 

25 1 23 2 i1
Fig. 100. Station II
Organisms per liter

007 .-

.06 -
.05 -

.04 a
.03 -
.02 a!

.01 -

 

.00

 

25 . £1 23 i ‘4
Fig. 101. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

 

.002 l
.001 . \\\\\\
.000 '

25 11 23 V 42

 

Fig. 102. Station II
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

 

220

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
.06 J Aug. 7, Sept. 4

.05 -
.04 .

:03 .
.02.-
.01.

.00

 

 

25 11 23 f 4
Fig. 103. Station II
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

.09.
O 08‘

 

 

25 11 23 f 77E
Fig. 104. Station 11
Orthophosphate ppm.

   

 

 

221

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
Aug. 7, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

7.9-
7.8.
7.7.
706‘
7.5.
7.4-
7.3-
7.2-
7.1_
('0‘ 24.
6.0 23.
I I 22.
25 11 23 i 4 21
Fig. 105. Station II ‘
PH 20«
194
18.
17a
16.
15.
14.
13
25-
25 ‘11 23 '7 7.
20.‘”””'\‘\\\~_________~_ Fig. 107. Station II
Temperature C
15 '
25 1‘1 2'3 7 4
Fig. 106. Station II

Total alkalinity mg/l

   

222

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,
Aug. 7, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

.004.
15,000. .003.
10’000‘ .002.
5,000- .001‘
000 000
I I I T '
25 11 23 7 4 25 11 23 7 7T
Fig. 108. Station III Fig. 110. Station III
-Organisms per liter.. -Nitrite nitrogen ppm.
.05 ‘ .06 .
.05.
'04 ‘ .04.
'03‘ .03.
’02‘ .02-
’01 .01.
.00 ' 00
I I ‘T ‘ .
25 11 23 7 4 25 11 23 m
Fig. 109. Station III Fig. 111. Station III

Ammonia nitrogen ppm. Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

   

223

Johns Lake-June 25, July 11, 23,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

014-
.13- Aug. 7, Sept. 4
.12.
.11.
.10.
.09- 25 a
008‘ 20
007- /\—— A‘
.06. 15 I I I r
.05 25 11 23 7 4
Fig. 114. Station III
.04, Total alkalinity mg/l
.03.
.02.
.01.
.00
- I I l T
25 11 23 7 4
Fig. 112. Station III
Orthophosphate ppm.
26 .I
25-
24.
23.
22.
7.6- 21,
7.54 20‘
7.4, 19_
7-3- 18.
7.2- 17-
7~1- 16.
7.0— 15-
6.0
t ' ‘ fi— 14 l f l ' fir
25 11 23 7 4 25 ll 23 7 4
Fig. 113. Station III Fig. 115. Station III
pH Temperature C

   

224

Discussion
The Chlorophyta are prominent although the Chrysophyta
land Cyanophyta are well represented in this lake. This rep-
resents the only one of the six lakes studied in which the
Cyanophyta (blue-greens) are relatively abundant in the phyto-
plankton (13 species). In Johns Lake the kinds of phytoplank-
ton were low in June and reached their high point in early
August and then decreased by September 4th. This increase
and decrease is to be contrasted with Bowman Lake and Lake
McDonald which are the other two lakes studied west of the
continental divide. In the latter two lakes the kinds of
species remained relatively constant.' This fact is brought
out by a review of the species totals at the end of each
plankton list for Johns Lake, Bowman Lake and Lake McDonald.
In terms of number of species (72) Johns Lake ranks the highest
for the lakes studied in Glacier National Park. This fact is
interesting because in qualitative terms Johns Lake was more
productive than any other lake studied, but in quantitative
terms (number of organisms per liter) it was less productive
than two of the lakes on the eastside of the park-Lower St.
Mary Lake and Lost Lake (see totals at the end of each station
on pgs. 86 , 115 , 203 ). Chroococcus minigs was the most abundant
organism in terms of species per liter. Its largest bloom,
10,300, was reached on the sampling date of 8/7/62 (see pg.
196). Therefore Johns Lake was the only lake studied in which
the diatoms were not the most abundant forms in terms of

species per liter.

 

225

In general, the water chemistry and physical factors
were fairly uniform at each sampling date. Relationships be-
tween these factors and the number of organisms per liter are
_ rather clear-cut in Johns Lake. The number of organisms per
liter are directly related to ammonia nitrogen and temperature.
There is a general decrease from the beginning of the sampling
period to the end of the sampling period in pH, orthophOSphate
and temperature. Total alkalinity was lower in this lake than
any other lake studied (20-30 mg/l). It was also relatively
the same concentration throughout the summer collecting
period. No one chemical or physical factor seems to be more
critical than any other. Temperature and pH decrease together
at the end of the summer, which would be an expected relation-
ship since the cooler water would contain more carbon dioxide
which can then form carbonic acid. This relationship was also
seen for the other lakes studied. Unlike the other lakes
studied, pH decreased until the lake water was acid. A

summary for Johns Lake follows on the next page.

   

226

Lake type: Bog-seepage

Lake size: Small (0.2 mi. diameter)
Species abundance: 72

Total organism count range: 562-l5,457
Ammonia nitrogen range: 0-0.09 ppm.
Nitrite nitrogen range: 0-0.006 ppm.
Nitrate nitrogen range: 0-0.058 ppm.
Orthophosphate range: 0-0.2 ppm

Range of pH: 6.8-8

Total alkalinity range: 12-36 mg/l

Temperature range: 13.2-25.56o C.

   

Lake McDonald
Description of Lake

This lake is located beside Going-to-the-Sun Highway
near the west entrance to Glacier National Park. It is 1.5
mi. wide by 12 mi. long. A terminal end moraine dams the
west end of the lake. McDonald Creek is the main inlet,
flowing from the mountains and entering the lake at the
east end. A creek by the same name serves as the outlet
near the village of Apgar on the western shore. The lake
bottom is composed primarily of glacial boulders and silt.
Benthic vegetation is nearly lacking.

Location of Stations

Station I was located at the east end of the lake at
the McDonald Lake Motel about 10 feet beyond the dock.
Station II was off shore at the west_end of the lake near
Apgar. Station III was near-Apgar but further west at the
boat launching area. Water depth was 30 ft. at these
stations.

Taxonomy and Species Abundance

Table 12 provides classification of the plankton algae.
This table shows that the Chrysophyta and the Chlorophyta
were equally abundant. Table 13 lists the plankton forms
and date of collection at each station. If one considers
the totals at the bottom of these tables, it can be seen
that the numbers of species at each station remains relatively

the same for the entire sampling period. The most abundant

227

 

 

 

228

forms representing the Chrysnphyta were Coscinodiscus Sp.,
Asterionella-Sp., Tabellaria Sp., Fragilaria Sp., Synedra
Sp., andwgiggQEXQQLdivergen . Ceratium hirundinella

and Peridinium;8p. were frequent-occurring members of the
Pyrrhophyta.

Table 12. An Analysis of the Classification for
Phytoplankton Collected in Lake McDonald

 

 

Phylum Classes Orders Families Genera Species
Chlorophyta l 6 9 12 13
Chrysophyta 2 3 7 ll 13
Pyrrhophyta l l 2 2 3
Cyanophyta l l 1 2 2

Totals '3.— 11 19 T T

Table 13. Plankton Forms Collected at Each Station
on Lake McDonald

Station I

Plankton 6/26 7/11 7/24 8/8 9/4
Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X X X X
Navicula Sp. X X X X
Synedra Sp. X X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X -
Gomphonema Sp. X X X
Melosira Sp. X

 

 

 

 

 

229:

Plankton 6/26 7/11 7/24 8/8 9/4
Cymbella Sp. X X X
Staurastrum gracile X
Moegeotia Sp. X X
Oocystis parva _ X X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X
Pediastrum glanduliferum X
Pediastrum Boryanum X
Gloeocystis vesiculosa X
Ulothrix zonata X
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X X
Oedogonium Sp. X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Dinobryon Sp. X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X X X
Peridinium Sp. X X X X X
Chroococcus minimus X

Totals T;— T T 73— ——8—
Station II

Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X X X X
Navicula Sp. X

Synedra Sp. X X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X

Pinnularia Sp. X

 

 

 

230

Plankton 6/26 7/11 7/24 8/8 9/4
Oocystis parva X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X X
Pediastrum Boryanum X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Dinobryon bavaricum X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X X X
Peridinium Sp. . . X X X X
Chroococcus minimus X X

Totals T'Tl— "T "1'5" "‘5‘"

Station III

Coscinodiscus Sp. X X X
Asterionella Sp. X X X X X
Tabellaria Sp. X X

Navicula Sp. X X
Synedra Sp. X X X X
Fragilaria Sp. X X X X X
Gomphonema Sp X

Cymbella X
Unknown diatom X X

Cosmarium ovale , X

Spirogyra Sp. X
Oocystis parva X
Sphaerocystis Schroeteri X X

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum X

 

 

231

 

 

Plankton 6/26 7/11 7/24 8/8 9/4
Gloeocystis vesiculosa X
Pandorina morum X
Dinobryon divergens X X X X
Dinobryon bavaricum X X
Ceratium hirundinella X X X
Peridinium Sp. X X
Gomphosphaeria lacustris
Chroococcus minimus X

Totals 7 12- -12— 13 7

Phytoplankton Abundance
Graphs 39. and 40. give the estimated phytoplankton
counts for each form at the various stations during the summer
of 1962. The total organisms per liter, which are used to
indicate lake productivity, are as follows:
6/26/62-Station I, 1,124; II, 3,469; III, 1,874
7/ll/62-Station I, 1,874; II, 1,780; III, Z 526
7/24/62-Station I, 3,050; II, 1,970; III, 4,961
8/8/62-Station I, 10,419; II, 6,279; III, 5,432
9/4/62-Station I, 1,499; II, 3,894; III, 937

 

Station total 17,966 17,392 13,730
Chemical and Physical Conditions
The results of the analyses for physical and chemical

factors are given in graphs 41. through 45. In some instances

a multiplier for the Y axis is given along with the variable

on the X axis.

 

232

Graph 39..LAKE MsDONALD

Fragilaria
Asterionella

Ulothrix zonata
Ceratium
hirundinella

Tabellaria
Fragilaria

Asterionella

Ceratium
hirundinella
Pediastrum
boryanum
Fragilaria
Synedra
Coscinodiscus
Cymbella
Peridinium
Dictyosphaerium

Asterionella
Synedra
Coscinodiscus
Peridinium

Coscinodiscus
Peridinium

Asterionella
Synedra
Coscinodiscus

DiggyOSEhaerium

Coscinodiscus
Peridinium

organisms Per Liter

 
   
   
   
   
  
 
  

Station I
6/26/62

Station II
6/26/62

Station 1'
7/11/62

Station II
7/11/62

Station III
7/11/62

Station I
7/24/62

 
 
  

Station 11'
7/24/62

   

233

Graph 40..LAKE MGDONALD

organisms Per Liter

Fragilaria
isterionella
Coscinodiscus

Unknown diatom

Peridinium
Ceratium
hirundinella

Fragilaria
Navicula

Asterionella
Synedra
Coscinodiscus

C t
fifguéggnella

Navicula
Asterionella
Coscinodiscus
atium
hirundinella

Dinobryon
divergens

Synedra
Coscinodiscus

Navicula
Coscinodiscus
Gomphonema

Fragilaria

Synedra
Coscinodiscus

Coscinodiscus

" 0009 <H
'OBLV

1.;
gs ass

llJ

r"0008

  
 
   
  

 

Station III
7/24/62

Station I
8/8/62_

  
    

Station II
8/8/62

     
 

Station III
8/8/62

Station I
9/4/62

Station II
9/4/62

Station :11

. .9 2
1. Values above 3000 modified to fit on scale

' 09179

 

 

234

Graph 41..LAKE MCDONALD
Chemical and Physical Conditions

°‘ 2: 'o'o'o
‘6’ Y‘ FPF‘I‘n

000°
0 n
900”

 
  

Station I
6/26/62

  
   

 
 

Station II
6/26/62’

P0 -ortho

x410

pH x 100

Total alk .-

Station III
6/26/62

   

Po4-ortho
x 10

  

pH x 100k
Total 8.1 o
x-1ooo

m 1 oc
fimiooo

 

 

 

 

235

Graph 42. LAKE M°DONALD
~Chemica1 and Physical Conditions

” 80'
“'90‘

.0.
p;
I

U
C)
.p
i

.— So.
- 900
” LO‘
— 80..
' 60?

 

PO4-0rth0
pH x 100
Total alk.
x 1000
Temp..OC
X 000
NH4-N
NOE-N
NOB-N
P04-Orth0
pH x 100
Total alk.
1000

X
Temp. 00
x 000

 

Station I
7/11/62

      

Station II
7/11/62

Station III
2/11/62

 

 

236

Graph 43. LAKE MCDONALD

Chemical and Physical Conditions

0 o o o
O O CO
0 O OO
O \N UIO‘:

80'

o
O
H

80'

9 9- o
O O O
\» UI 0\
l I \

800'
"tO'
‘ LO’
}

   

NH4-N

N0 -N

P04-ortho
x 10

pH‘x 100

Tot alk o
x 1000

Station I
7/24/62

    

Station II

no -N 7/24/62
P0 ~ortho
x410

pH x 100

T 31]: .-
Tgtl6gg

an

x 1000
NBA-N
Hoe-N
NOB-N
P04-01‘th0
x 10

pH x 100 -
Total alk.-

1000

x
T‘m . °C
3 1000 Station III

7/24/62

 

 

237
Graph.4h,.LAKE MODONALD

Chemical and Physical Conditions

80'

o
O
W

000°
t0°
90°
90‘
2.0'
80‘

q o
8 B
W !

     
 

NHq-N

NCz-N

NO3-N

Pan-ortho
x 10

pH x 100
To ta]. 31k .-

: 10

T."x ' C
Emio'oo

  
 
 

Station I
8/8/62

   

13H x 100

    

Station II
8 8/62

pH x 100
Total alk.
TX 10030
em
’ Station III
x 1000 8/8/62

' .115

 

238

Graph 45. LAKE MCDONALD
Chemical and Physical Conditions

98;
to

I
C)
pl
1

"000'
'EOO'
' 30'
’ {0‘
... 170.
' 50'
-90.
’ LC‘
-— 80.

 

NHg-N
NOQ-H
NOB-N
Poa-ortho
pH x 100
Total alk.

TX 10080
Emiboo

   
  
   
     

Station I

NEH. 9/4/62

NOQ-N

N0 -N

P0 -ortho
x 10

pH x 100
Total alk.

x
Tam C
x $000
NHn-N
N02-N
N03-N
PO4-ortho
pH x 100
Total alk.
TX W00
emf600

St874°6 II

Station III
9/4/62

' .135

 

 

239

Generalizations

At Station I the relationships between organisms per

liter and the physical and chemical conditions are as follows:

1.

Organisms per liter and ammonia nitrogen are
directly related (Figs. 116 and 117).

Organisms per liter and nitrite nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 116 and 118).

Organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen show no
relationship (Figs. 116 and 119).

Organisms per liter and orth0phosphate show no
exact relationship, however, phosphorus is rela-
tively high from 6/25 to 7/24 and then declines
sharply. Organism count increaSes to a peak on
8/8 then declines rapidly. Thus the phosphorous
peak lags behind the organisms per liter (Figs.
116 and 120).

Organisms per liter and pH are inversely related
except for the period 7/11 to 7/24. In general
the pH and organism count are both low at the last
sampling period. The pH is relatively high while
the organism estimate is low (Figs. 116 and 121).
No relationship exists between organisms per liter
and total alkalinity (Figs. 116 and 122).
Organisms per liter and temperature are directly

related (Figs. 116 and 123).

 

 

240

At Station II the relationships between organisms per

liter and the physical and chemical factors are as follows:

1. Organisms per liter and ammonia nitrogen show a
direct relationship for the sampling period 7/24

to 9/4 (Figs. 124 and 125).

2. Organisms per liter and nitrite nitrogen show no
relationship except that the peak for nitrite lags
behind the peak for organism count (Figs. 124 and
126).

3. Organisms per liter and nitrate nitrogen are in-
versely related (Figs. 124 and 127.

4. Organisms per liter and orthOphosphate are directly
related from 6/26 to 7/24, then the peak for
phosphorus lags behind the peak for organism count.
They are inversely related from 7/24 to 9/4 (Figs.
124 and 128).

5. Organisms per liter and pH are directly related for
the period 6/26 to 7/24 but then are inversely re-
lated from 7/24 to 9/4. The pH peak lags behind
that of the organism count peak (Figs. 124 and 129).

6. Organisms per liter and total alkalinity are in-
versely related from 6/26 to 7/24 and then are
directly related from 7/24 to 9/4 (Figs. 124 and 130).

7. No relationship exists between organisms per liter

and temperature (Figs. 124 and 131).

241

At Station III the relationships between organisms per

liter and physical and chemical conditions are as follows:

1.

3.

No relationship exists between organisms per liter
and ammonia nitrogen, however, the peak for nitro-
gen occurs after the peak for organism counts (Figs.
132 and 133).

In general there is a direct relationship between
nitrite nitrogen and organisms per liter. The
nitrite peak lags behind the organism peak (Figs.
132 and 134).

No relationship exists between nitrate nitrogen
and organisms per liter. The nitrate peak occurs
after the organism count peak (Figs. 132 and 135).
Organisms per liter and orth0phosphate are directly
related except for the fact that the phosphorus
peak lags behind that of the organism count peak
(Figs. 132 and 136).

No relationship exists between pH and organisms per
liter (Figs. 132 and 137).

No relationship exists between total alkalinity

and organisms per liter (Fags. 132 and 138).

In general the organisms per liter and temperature

are directly related (Figs. 132 and 139).

 

 

242

Lake McDonald-June 26, July 11, 24,
Aug. 8, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

14’994‘P .005-
.004-
10,000- .003.
9,000—
8,000- .002.
7,000-
6,000- .001.
5,000-
4,000-
.000 '
3.000. 26 11 ha a 4
Fig. 118. Station I
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.
2,000.
1,000. .
26 11 24 a Z ~°7«
Fig. 116. Station I -06.
Organisms per liter .05.
0044
.03.
.104 .02,
.10- .01.
.oo-L,____‘r”/’ I, . .oo

 

 

 

 

26 11 i4 8 4 25 11 14 a a
Fig. 117- Station I Fig. 119. Station I
Ammonia nitrogen PPm- Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

.08.
.07.

.06.

.04.

.03-

.02-

.01-

.00;

243

Lake McDonald-June 26, July 11, 24,
Aug. 8, Sept. 4

60-

9U!
(DO

 

 

26 1124 8 T
Fig. 122. Station I
Total alkalinity mg/l

 

26 1'1 2'4 '8 7
Fig. 120. Station I
Orthophosphate ppm.

 

 

 

 

7.5-

7.4 - 17.

7.3- 16-

7.2- 15,

7.1 I l I f 14 I
26 ll 24 8 4 26 ll 24 8 4
Fig. 121. Station I Fig. 123. Station I
pH Temperature C

   

6000.

5000
4000

3000

2000

1000

.08
.07

.06
.05

.04
.03

.02

.01

.00

244

Lake McDonald-June 26, July 11, 24,

Aug. 8,

 

Sept. 4
.005-

.004-
.003-

.002-

.001-

.000

 

is i1 24 8 4
Fig. 124. Station II
Organisms per liter

 

 

26 1'1 2'4 '8 (I
Fig. 125. Station II
Ammonia nitrogen ppm.

 

 

26 i1 2’4 8 4'
Fig. 126. Station II
Nitrite nitrogen ppm.

.07J
.06-

.05-
.04-

.03-

.02

.01-

 

 

.00

 

2'6 1'1 2'4 8' 4‘—
Fig. 127. Station II
Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

245

Lake McDonald-June 26, July 11, 24,
Aug. 8, Sept. 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.lo
.011
60 .
50 ./\/\
.oo 48
26 '11 ‘246 4 2611124 '8 '4
Fig. 128. Station 11 Fig. 130. Station II
Orthophosphate ppm. Total alkalinity mg/l
18 .
l7 .
7.7. 16
. - 15
7.5- 14
7.4- 13-
7.3- 12
7. 26 11 i4 8 Zi— 11 '
. 26. ll 24 8 if—
Fig. 129. Station II Fig. 131. St tion II
pH 8
Temperature C

 

 

 

246
Lake McDonald-June 26, July ll, 24,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5500- Aug. 8, Sept. 4
5000.
4500-
4000- .074
3500- .06-
300°— .05.
2500- .04-
2000- .03-
1500- .02.
lOOO- .01-
500 ' , . . .oo
26 11 24 8 4 26 ll 24 '8 4
Fig. 132. Station 111 Fig. 133. Station 111
Organisms per liter Ammonia nitrogen ppm.
.004 A
.003 - 1.00.
.002 - .10-
.001- .01.
.000 i . . , -°° . .
26 11 24 8 4 26 11' 24 8 4‘
Fig. 134. Station III Fig. 135. Station III

Nitrite nitrogen ppm. Nitrate nitrogen ppm.

 

 

 

‘247

Lake McDonald-June 26, July ll, 24,
Aug. 8, Sept. 4

 

.07
.06

.05
.04.

.03.

6oJ

so._

 

 

45

26 ll 24 8 4 26 11 24 8 4
Fig. 136. Station III Fig. 138. Station III
Orthophosphate ppm. Total alkalinity mg/l

.00

 

 

7.6 -
7.5 -

7.4 -

7.3

7.2

/

O I

26 ll 24 8 4
Fig. 137. Station III . . . . 4T—
PH 26 ll 24 8 4
Fig. 139. Ststion III

Temperature C

 

 

 

 

 

248

Discussion

The Chrysophyta and Chlorophyta were equally prominent
in Lake McDonald. The number of species at each station re-
mains relatively the same for the summer collecting period.
The most numerous forms were Coscinodiscus, Asteri nella,
Tabellaria, Fra ilaria, S dra, Dinobryon diver ens, Qgggr
gigm,hirundinella and Peridinium. The total number of phyto-
plankton species was 31. Lower St. Mary Lake, Lost Lake, and
Johns Lake were the park lakes which were more numerous than
Lake McDonald in regard to kinds of species. Each station was
approximately equal in regard to total number of organisms
per liter (see pg. 218). In terms of total organisms per
liter, Lake McDonald ranked higher only in productivity
than Swift Current Lake. In regard to the chemical and physi-
cal conditions the number of organisms per liter was directly
related to ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate and temperature.
Total alkalinity increases near the end of the summer, while
the temperature, pH and total number of organisms per liter
decreases. This is true of the other park lakes except Johns
Lake. In general as the temperature rose from a low of about
140 C. at the beginning of the summer the total number of
organisms also increased. Thus temperature seems to be the '
most important factor in this lake, provided’that enough
other nutrients are present for the growth of the organisms,
which is the case for Lake McDonald. The following tabulation

summarizes the conditions for Lake McDonald.

 

 

 

I
249

Lake type: flowage

Lake size: large (1.5 x 12 mi.)
Species abundance: 31

Total organism count range:. 526-10,4l9
‘Ammonia nitrogen range: 0.0-0.15 ppm.
Nitrite nitrogen range: 0.0-0.005 ppm.
Nitrate nitrogen range: 0.0-0.15 ppm.
Orthophosphate range: '020-O.2 ppm.
Range of pH: 7.1-7.8 '
Total alkalinity range: 44-60 mg/l

Temperature range: 7.78-18.33° C.

 

 

 

DISCUSSION

Aquatic ecology represents a field which is a combina-
tion of many disciplines, namely: physics, chemistry, geology,
and biology. An attempt is made to use differences in the
algal component of the biota as well as certain physical and
chemical conditions to obtain an insight into the ecology of
these algae along a transcontinental divide transect.

Floristic Distribution, Elevation,
and Maximum Summer Water Temperature

The following list summarizes the elevation, direction
from the continental divide, maximum summer water temperature
and the number of kinds of phytoplankton species collected
by means of net tows.

Elevation Direction Species Max. Temp.

Lake McDonald 3144 ft. west 31 l8.3°c
Johns Lake 3300 ft. west 72 25.6°c
Bowman Lake 4020 ft. West 24 15.30C
Swift Current Lake 4861 ft. East 36 16.o°c
Lost Lake 4700 ft. East 46 19.2°c
Lower St. Mary Lake 4462 ft. East 23 18.00C

It is evident from this list that the largest number of
species occur in warmer waters. It seems entirely possible
that water temperature is one of the more important factors
controlling algal floristic distribution in Glacier National
Park. Since the lakes at higher elevations occur where the
climate is cooler and receive glacial melt water more directly,

they would be expected to have lower summer water temperatures.

250

 

 

251

Phytoplankton with Elevation
Table 13 shows the occurrence of the more abundant
(greater than 656 individuals per liter) phytoplankton accor-
ding to habitat, elevation and maximum summer water tempera-

ture. Species of Coscinodiscus were the most frequently en-

 

countered abundant forms, reaching the minimum count in all
seven lakes. The next most prominent phytoplankters were
Tabellaria, Fragilaria and Asterionella. These organisms
occurred at minimum levels in five out of seven lakes. How-
ever, this does not mean that these organisms were not col-
lected in two of the lakes, because Tabellaria was present at
below minimum level in Hidden Lake and in Bowman Lake; {ragga
l§£ig_was not present at all in quantitative samples from
Johns Lake and Hidden Lake, but it was found in qualitative
samples (net tows) taken from these two lakes; and Asterionella
was present only in qualitative collections taken from Hidden
Lake and was at below minimum level in quantitative samples
taken from Johns Lake. The next most abundant alga was Sly
ngd£§_which occurred in four out of seven lakes. Of the three
lakes in which it was not recorded (Table 13), Synedra was
present only in qualitative samples taken from Johns Lake,

and it was below minimum level in Swift Current Lake and it
was absent in all samples taken from Hidden Lake. All of
these abundant algae mentioned so far are diatoms and they
existed over a greater range of elevation and temperature than
any of the others. This is particularly evident when one

notes (pg. 169) that the common forms at Hidden Lake

   

252

(elevation 6375 ft. and maximum water temperature 13° C)

were forms having a wide range of occurrence in the lakes
studied. On the other hand, not all diatoms are widely dis-
tributed in Glacier National Park, for example, Ceratoneis
existed only in Swift Current Lake. In addition it is noted
that the blue-green algae, Lyngbya Martensiana, Anabaena Sp.
and Chroococcus minimus were present at or above minimum

level in only the two very small seepage lakes studied. These
lakes were also quite warm. The only blue-green alga which
occurred at minimum level or above in a flowage lake (Bowman
Lake) was Chroococcus turgidus. It is an enigma that no blue-
green algae were present in either phytoplankton or hand grab
collections taken from Lower St. Mary Lake. Since relatively
warm temperatures (18°C) prevailed in this lake and since
sufficient nutrients were also present, one would expect blue-
green algae to be present. Table 13 also shows that large
numbers of the green algae, Sphaerocystis Schroeteri and
Elakatothrix gelatinosa are restricted to the two relatively
warm, small, seepage lakes (Johns Lake and Lost Lake). Only
one green alga is widely distributed as an abundant Species
and that is Dictyosghaerium pulchellum. Other algae which

had narrow ranges of abundance at the higher numbers were

Dinobryon bavaricum and Dinobryon divergens.

 

 

 

 

253

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255

Biological Similarity

Community coefficients were used to estimate the biologi-
cal similarity between lakes, times, and different stations
sampled at the same time in one lake. The number of stations
sampled at one time in one lake is small (3) and coefficients
of similarity between stations range from zero to 98 percent
with an average of 50 percent (see Table 14). Significance
levels cannot be given for the differences among the coeffic-
ients within a lake or between lakes or between periods. Even
so, they are presented here as a guide for eliciting questions
about the lakes, such as whether certain of them were bioti-
cally more similar than other lakes in any one sampling period;
whether certain lakes become less alike as the season progresses;
whether there is a relationship between the biota of flowage
and seepage lakes; whether there is a biota-elevation relation-
ship; and a comparison of east-west similarity indexes.

Kulczynski's community coefficient, 2w/a+b times 100 was
used as an index of similarity (Oosting, 1956). Thus lakes
with a higher coefficient would be more similar in community
structure than those with a lower value. The sum of the low-
est of each set of phytoplankton counts shared in common be-
tween two populations being compared is represented by w. This
value is doubled (2w) because these species are shared between
populations a and b to the level of the lowest number (if 2w
were not used then it would be possible for an gland Q popu-
lation, which are identical, to have a value of 50 percent

instead of a true value of 100 percent).

 

 

 

256

Samples were taken at three stations on a lake and by
comparing lakes or time of sampling in a lake an average was
calculated for each species and then these averages were
summed to give a and b. Community coefficients were then
arranged so that they could be easily compared for each col-
lecting period (see Table 15). The highest coefficient was
45 percent for the between-lake indexes. Since the between-
sample comparison in the same lake at the same time ranged
from O to 98 percent with a mean of 50 percent, one can have
a relative degree of confidence in these values because they
are all below the 50 percent average for between station
coefficients in a lake. In other words, there is less be-

tween-lake variation than interstation variation in a lake.

 

 

 

257

Table 14. Community coefficients (C=2w/a+b)
for different stations sampled at

the same time in a lake.

II & III

Date I & II I & III
% % A
McDonald 6/26 36.7 ---- ----
7/11 62.5 31.5 47.9
7/24 57.0 67.8 56.8
8/8 68.5 61.4 60.7
9/4 35.7 80.2 39.1
Johns 6/25 ---- 20.8 ----
7/11 60.4 56.3 74.0
7/23 56.7 48.3 73.3
8/7 80.5 73.5 79.7
9/2 57.1 80.0 33.3
Bowman 6/28 28.7 24.8 35.6
7/12 45.9 50.2 52.3
7/25 82.4 52.8 54.2
8/10 70.0 67.0 68.1
9/2 65.7 ---- ----
Swift Current 7/4 00.0 00.0 00.0
7/18 35.1 64.2 52.8
7/31 67.5 34.0 31.3
8/18 00.0 00.0 00.0
9/3 66.7 50.0 50.0
Lost Lake 7/3 00.0 43.5 00.0
7/16 00.0 74.0 00.0
8/2 98.3 82.5 82.5
8/18 74.2 47.2 47.2
9/3 61.3 57.3 90.1
Lower St. Mary 7/5 89.3 75.4 81.4
7/19 00.0 1.3 90.7
7/31 88.0 96.9 70.7
8/18 77.0 67.8 50.7
9/3 68.2 70.5 73.8
Hidden Lake 8/1 80.0 23.0 36.0

 

 

258

Biological Similarity Between Different
Stations Sampled at the Same Time in One Lake

Examination of Table 14 shows that between-station coef-
ficients varied considerably. This would indicate that the
phytoplankton populations were heterogeneous in composition.
For example, zero coefficients of similarity on 8/18 for
Swift Current Lake (Table 14) indicates that there was no
similarity between the three sampling stations on this date.
At Station I there were 281 Fragilaria per liter and 281
Staurastrum paradoxum per liter; at Station 11 there were 657
Tabellaria per liter, 281 Navicula per liter, and 281 Cymbella
per liter; and at Station 111 there were 281 Synedra per liter.
No one kind of phytoplankter was present in the 7.2 liter
samples at more than one station at this collecting period.

It is of interest to note that there were zero coefficients

of similarity for the first sampling period (7/4) as well as
for the collecting period 8/18. Swift Current is a flowage
lake and the heavy discharge of water early in the season
could have caused the interstation heterogeneity on 7/4, while
heavy storm activity during and immediately preceding sampling
possibly caused phytoplankton heterogeneity between stations
on 8/18.

However another flowage lake, Lake McDonald, had inter-
station coefficients which were consistently relatively high.
The consistent, high counts of Coscinodiscus were largely re-
sponsible. The greatest interstation heterogeneity in this

lake occurred at the second and last collecting periods.

 

 

 

259

Responsible for these large differences are the following:
Dictyosphaerium pulchellum which occurred only at Station I
where it reached large numbers on the second sampling period;
Coscinodiscus which occurred in small numbers at Station III
as compared to the other two stations on the last collecting
period (pgs. 232 and 233).

Johns Lake also showed a high degree of interstation
homogeneity except for the last collecting period. This
heterogeneity at the last sampling period was due to a drop
in the abundance of Navicula from the previous sampling
period. This interstation similarity was due primarily to
high counts of Chroococcgs minimus.

Bowman Lake was also very uniform in respect to inter-
station similarity indexes. This homogeneity was determined
by Coscinodiscus, Ceratium hirundinella, Dinobryon diver ens,
Navicula and Cymbella.

Lower St. Mary Lake was quite homogeneous because of an
all-season Tabellaria bloom.

The preceding discussion has provided some evidence for
the pattern of phytoplankton in a lake. By the use of inter-
station coefficients one is able to recognize that phytoplank-
ters have varying degrees of dissimilarity between stations.
It is now known (Hutchinson, 1953) that heterogeneity in
water masses may be caused by light, temperature, humidity
or density gradients, changes of state in certain directions,
currents, winds, reproductive patterns (how close the off-

spring remain to the parent), social patterns, competition

 

 

260

brought about by the interaction of species, and the laws of
chance which effect the distribution of organisms in a
random manner.
Biological Similarity Between Lakes

InSpection of Table 15 indicates that for the period
6/28 to 7/5 the coefficients are uniformly low, suggesting
that the lakes were not very similar in respect to phyto-
plankton early in the season. Although Lake McDonald and
Swift Current Lake have the highest index (15 percent),
examination of pg. 232 shows that Asterionella and Tabellaria
were prominent in Lake McDonald, whereas Coscinodiscus and
Navicula were prominent in Swift Current Lake (pg. 147);
these lakes were not alike because of the presence of dif-
ferent phytoplankters in each lake. The greater similarity
between these two lakes was because of the presence of large

numbers of Fracilaria and Tabellaria in both lakes (pgs. 147

 

and 232). Therefore none of the lakes showed strong bio-
logical similarity in the early part of the season.

For the collecting period 7/11 to 7/19 the highest co-
efficient was 33 percent for Lake McDonald and Johns Lake.
This coefficient was due to the relatively large counts of
Coscinodiscus in both lakes. The next higher coefficients,
29 percent, were between Swift Current Lake and Bowman Lake,
and between Swift Current Lake and Lost Lake. Inspection of
the graphs for these lakes on pgs. 116, 147, and 176, show
that Exggilggig is present in fairly large numbers in all

three lakes; Asterionella is abundantly present in both

 

 

 

261

Bowman Lake and Swift Current Lake; and Coscinodiscus is
abundant in both Bowman Lake and Lost Lake. This common

abundance of particular taxa explains why the indexes of

similarity were higher for the collecting period 7/11 to 7/19.

For the sampling period 7/24 to 8/2 the highest coef-
ficient was 25 percent for Hidden Lake (sampled during this
period only) and Bowman Lake. The presence of high counts of
Coscinodiscus in both these lakes caused them to be biologi-
cally similar in respect to the phytoplankton (pgs. 169 and
177). The next highest coefficient was 21 percent for Johns
and Swift Current Lakes. This was caused by the abundance
of Navicula and Tabellaria in both lakes (pgs. 148 and 205).
Most of the coefficients were low, and thus show that the
dominant species in the various lakes were not alike.

The next period, 8/7 to 8/18 also showed low indexes of
similarity, but it is noted that the two large flowage lakes

on the west side of the park have the highest similarity

(30 percent), and that the next higher coefficient was 27 per-

cent for Lost and Lower St. Mary Lakes. Since Coscinodiscus
was abundant in both Bowman Lake and Lake McDonald these two

lakes appear quite similar for this collecting period. Both

of these lakes are on the west side of the divide and both are

flowage lakes. Because Asterionella was abundant in both Lost

Lake and Lower St. Mary Lake, these two lakes were quite simi-

lar in community structure as contrasted to the other com-

binations of lake comparisons. In general, most of the lakes

had low coefficients of similarity which show that they were

 

 

 

 

262

not very similar for this sampling period (pgs. 89, 117, 178,
and 206). This was due to the absence of common bloom
organisms.

The period 9/2 to 9/3 was interesting because of great
similarity between Lake McDonald and Bowman Lake (45 percent).
This similarity is related to the prominence of Coscinodiscus
in both lakes (pgs. 178, 233). However, the other coeffi-
cients were low for this collecting period which indicates
low degrees of similarity between the lakes. This was caused
by the absence of common bloom organisms.

It may be concluded that Glacier National Park Lakes
were very dissimilar at the first collecting period, but were
more similar during the second collecting period, and as noted
above they became less similar again as the season progressed.
Further, the significance of the occurrences of stronger
similarities is the common blooming or at least high counts
of one organism. The most significant meaning of low simi-
larities was that striking differences in abundance of one or
a very few organisms occurred between the lakes.

Biological Similarity Between
Flowage and Seepage Lakes

When the coefficients of similarity in the table of
matrices are averaged for flowage versus flowage lakes,
flowage versus seepage lakes, and seepage versus seepage
lakes, for each collecting period, the following relation-
ships are suggested. Coefficient of similarity for flowage

versus flowage lakes average low for the first sampling period,

 

 

 

263

increase in similarity at the second collecting period, main-
tain moderate similarity the rest of the season (7%, 15%, 6%,
10%, and 11%). Coefficients of similarity for flowage versus
seepage lakes show the same relationship as for flowage versus
flowage lakes, namely, greater similarity at the second sam-
pling period but then a drop to lower similarity than the
former later in the season (4%, 17%, 8%, 7.5%, and 8%).
Seepage versus seepage lake coefficients of similarity indi-
cate high homogeneity for the first two sampling periods and
great heterogeneity the remainder of the season (13%, 15%,
1%, 1%, and 2%). The time of greatest similarity was reached
at the second sampling period (15%, 17%, and 15%). It is not
possible to evaluate the significance of these differences
but the trends help focus attention on the questions of
similarities and differences.
Biological Similarity and Direction
from the Continental Divide

Lakes on the west side of the continental divide appear
to be more alike than lakes on the east side of the continental
divide. This relationship is suggested when one averages the
community coefficients for each collecting period for east
versus west side lakes. These averages are 4%, 13%, 5%, 10%,
and 7% for east side lakes; 8%, 15%, 6%, 5%, and 5% for west
side lakes. The above values are listed in order from the
first sampling period to the last sampling period. Inspection
shows high indices of similarity (27%, 18%, and 21%) for the

west side lakes as compared to the east side lakes, or to the

 

 

 

264

west and east side lakes. All of the lakes became more simi-
lar at the second sampling period (27%, 15%, and 13%) because
of the common abundance of certain organisms. West-east lake
comparisons and east lake comparisons show low indices of simi-
larity for the remainder of the season but the west lake com-
parisons remained relatively high for the last two sampling
periods.

In general, lakes on the west side of the continental
divide were biologically more alike during the sampling sea-
son than lakes on the east side of the continental divide.
This was caused by the more common occurrence of abundant

phytoplankters in west side lakes than in east side lakes.

 

 

265

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267

General Discussion of the Interaction
Between Phytoplankton and Environmental Factors
Nitrogen

The function of this discussion and the presentation of
the raw-data for each lake (see Tables 16 through 21) as ap-
posed to line graphs using averages of the raw-data (see
chapters for each lake), is to ascertain if any additional
information could be gained to illustrate what chemical and
physical conditions affect the biota and also what affects
the biota may have on the chemical and physical conditions.
The author will show that interaction did take place between
the biota and these conditions.

Examination of the data showed that Lost Lake (a small
seepage lake at an altitude of 4700 ft.) had the highest
value for ammonia nitrogen (0.35 ppm. at the surface on
Sept. 3); whereas Lower St. Mary Lake (a flowage lake at an
altitude of 4462 ft.) displayed 0.00 ppm. of ammonia nitrogen
for all sampling dates but one. Ruttner has recorded a range
of from 0.00 to 0.03 ppm. in the Austrian Alps in the tropho-
genic layers of various lakes (in Hutchinson, 1957). Most of
the ammonia nitrogen readings for Glacier National Park were
within this range. In natural waters, one would usually ex-
pect ammonia to be in concentrations of usually 1.0 ppm. or
less (Reid, 1961). The Glacier National Park Lakes all have
concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below this value. Other
comparable values are 0.016 to 0.052 ppm. for lakes of the

Convict Creek Basin in Mono County, California (Reimers and

 

 

 

268

Maciolek, 1955); "about 0.06 ppm." for two Colorado Lakes
(Olive, 1953); and 0.00-0.07 ppm. for Flathead Lake, Montana
(Baker and Potter, 1961).

Nitrite nitrogen was highest in Lost Lake (0.009 ppm.,
surface, August 2) but lower values of 0.000, 0.002, and
0.005 ppm. were more often encountered in Glacier Park Lakes.
Comparable data were 0.001-0.003 ppm. for lakes of the Con-
vict Creek Basin region in California ( Reimers and Maciolek,
1955); 0.000-0.005 ppm. for Flathead and Rogers Lake, Montana
(Potter and Baker, 1961). The fact that values of more than
0.004 ppm. were detected in Montana waters would raise the
suspicion that our national parks and national forest areas
are becoming polluted. Hutchinson (1957) cites data by Juday,
Birge, and Meloche. They reported in 1938 concentrations of
0.004 ppm. nitrite nitrogen in sewage pollution. Dr. Potter
(1961) has run bacteriological studies on Flathead Lake which
indicate pollution in Polson Bay (verbal communication).
Although only 20 percent of the readings in Glacier Park were
above the value of 0.004 ppm. it is of interest to speculate
whether the heavy use of Glacier National Park by tourists
over the ensuing years will lead to pollution conditions. It
is my opinion that a thorough study of existing water chemistry
and biota of those lakes accessible to tourists should be made
now so that future studies can be used for comparison and to
determine what effect man is having on northern Montana recre-
ational areas so that there would be a possibility also of

remedying the situations before they become serious.

 

269

Nitrate nitrogen values were highest in Lower St. Mary
Lake (0.14 ppm. at 15 ft. on August 18) and in Lake McDonald
(0.15 ppm. at 15 ft. on Sept. 4). Comparable values for other
regions would be 0.1-0.3 ppm. (Domogalla, Juday, and Peterson
in Reid, 1961) for Lake Mendota, Wisconsin; the world average
for nitrate nitrogen in unpolluted fresh waters is 0.30 ppm.
(Reid, 1961); 0.00-0.12 ppm. for Flathead and Rogers Lake
(1961); and 0.04 to 0.19 ppm. (Reimers and Maciolek, 1955).

In summary, the above discussion indicates that values
for inorganic nitrogen were similar to values obtained else-
where for similar habitats in the temperate zone.

Phytoplankters are able to obtain their nitrogen either
by fixation or from ammonia and nitrate. It is clear that
fluctuations in these factors could be caused by the biota
absorbing them from the water, or by releasing them during
decay. Since direct fixation is not known to occur in very
many algae, it seems probable that in natural water, ammonia
and nitrate nitrogen are the most important forms to consider.
Ammonia is produced by ammonification of dead organic material
and animal excretory products. Thus one would anticipate
fluctuations in the ammonia concentration because organisms
would be taking it up. It is well known that phytoplankton
populations can decline exponentially and their decay in-
creases the amount of ammonia in the water, however, it is
also possible for algae to decay and the organic residue
never be reduced to ammonia. Nitrite and nitrate would be

formed by successive oxidations of the nitrogen atom. Both

 

 

270

of these forms of nitrogen are utilized by algae, but nitrate
is generally the most important (Lewin, 1962). Thus growth
of phytoplankton organisms could alter the concentration of
the various forms of nitrogen in lake water by differentially
absorbing them, or by releasing them into the water through
decay in surface waters. Algae can utilize inorganic nitrogen
at concentrations below 0.1 mg. N/L (Lund, 1950 in Lewin).
This fact is important because of the low concentrations re-
ported by the author for Glacier National Park. The purpose
of this resume concerning the nitrogen cycle in natural waters
is to point out that one expects fluctuations in inorganic
nitrogen due to utilization by algae and by release during
decay. Also it is appropriate to further point out that ni-
trogen could become limiting at very low concentrations.

Since these cycling procedures do occur with great rapidity,
it is possible that chemical changes could be missed by col-
lecting every two weeks as was done during this investigation.
But the data presented in tables 16 through 21 indicates

that cycling does occur and therefore this study shows that

it would be of value for future researchers to study this
phenomenon over shorter collecting periods.

The next step is to inspect the raw-data tables for
Glacier Park Lakes and to see if these fluctuations have
occurred. Table 17 for Lost Lake does show a fluctuation in
ammonia nitrogen concentration. It was possible that when the
organism count was low on July 3, and then increased substan-

tially to August 2, that the decrease in ammonia nitrogen

 

 

271

between July 3 and July 16, was determined by uptake of this
substance by the algae. This table also shows an increase in
ammonia after this date which could be caused by decay of the
organisms. Nitrite nitrogen increased by August 2, and then
declined. Its increase could be explained by the oxidation
of ammonia to nitrite. Nitrate increased by August 18, and
was most likely formed by decay. In this lake the organisms
per liter reached their peak during August and then declined.
These fluctuations of biota and inorganic nitrogen very well
could be caused by the various interactions between them.

But no generalization should be made for all lakes because no
relationship is shown in Tables l6, l8, and 19. Inspection
of Table 20 for Johns Lake shows an increase in ammonia ni-
trogen from 0.00 ppm. to higher values on July 11. Nitrite
and nitrate nitrogen also increased by July 23. The organ-
isms per liter increased to a high on August 7, and then de-
clined. It may be that the organisms per liter were low
because of very little inorganic nitrogen in the water. Then
as inorganic nitrogen became available, the biota increased.
A very good relationship between inorganic nitrogen and the
phytoplankton is clearly indicated at Station I in Table 21.
Note that a bloom occurred on August 8, and that ammonia ni-
trogen was also high on this date, probably because the organ-
isms had increased for several weeks and decay had produced

this high concentration of ammonia. It is noted that nitrite

reached a peak concentration two weeks before this bloom and

then dropped to 0.00 ppm. on August 8. This could indicate

 

 

272

that the organisms used up nitrite as a nitrogen source. It
is also possible that this phenomenon was not related to the
biota because nitrite could have changed to ammonia and
caused its peak of concentration. No direct cause and effect
relationship is brought out by reference to the raw-data
tables, but since there were examples of fluctuations in both
the biota and the inorganic nitrogen, it is appropriate to
speculate that interaction between the two caused these
fluctuations.
Orthophosphate

The highest orthophosphate value was 1.5 ppm. on July
18, at a depth of 15 ft. in Swift Current Lake. This value
was very high when compared to 0.08 ppm. at the surface for
the same date. Comparable data for other world regions would
be 0.000-0.046 ppm. for the Austrian Alps (Ruttner, in Reid,
1961) and 0.002-0.046 ppm. for Swedish lakes (Lohammar, in
Reid, 1961). Although the values included for Glacier Na-
tional Park were only occassionally above these values, they
do seem high for what would be expected in western alpine and
subalpine regions. Juday and Birge report a soluble phosphate
range of from 0.000-0.013 ppm. for 494 Wisconsin Lakes (1931).
My values were too high in this study when compared to the
values cited above for other regions. The stannous chloride
method used in this study is very sensitive to interference
and contamination. However, tests run for contamination on
all glassware used were run without producing any evidence

of contamination. It is my belief that these readings should

 

 

273

be treated as suspect values until Such time as future in-
vestigations support or refute these phOSphorus data.

Since phosphorus is a necessary nutrient it is reason-
able to expect a decrease in phosphorus if it is absorbed by
algae, resulting in population increase, and an increase in
phosphorus when decay occurs. Radioactive phosphorus eXperi-
ments have shown that phosphorus is taken up immediately by
phytoplankton and some of it released back into the water in
a few days (Hutchinson, 1957). If this is the case, then one
would predict that the concentration of phosphorus in the
water would be very erratic from one collecting date to the
next. Examination of Tables 16-21 indicate very sharp changes
in the phosphorus concentrations. This relationship is fur-
ther emphasized if one again reviews the line graphs drawn
for phosphorus at the end of each chapter. This interaction
between biota and phosphorus is amplified further if one ex-
amines the raw-data tables 16-21, and finds readings indi-
cating that organisms are increasing and phosphorus is de-
clining, showing that phosphorus is being utilized by the
organisms. Such an example would be Table 17, but the other
tables do not show any such relationship. I think that there
is a definite reason why my data does not indicate the clas-
sical relationship of decline and rise of a nutrient with
rise and decline of the population, and that is because or-

ganisms are able to store phosphate and thus exist for long

periods of time in limiting supplies of phOSphorus.

 

 

 

274

Alkalinity, pH, and Temperature
Reference to the data tables of Glacier National Park

Lakes indicates a pH range of 6.8 to 8.0 and a bicarbonate
range (total alkalinity) of 12 to 78 mg/l. A statement of pH
range indicates that the important chemical reactions taking
place in the park lakes are:

CO2 +I H20 = H2C03

H2C03= 11* + HC03'

8003‘: H+ + CO3=

Bicarbonate ion is the more prevalent ion between a pH

of 6-8 (Hutchinson, 1957). Examination of Tables 16 through
21 shows values of pH that indicate the waters of the park
are mildly alkaline. This is an important generalization be-
cause one can then make the statement that pH is regulated
by the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system (Hutchinson, 1957).
A review of the above equations illustrate the interaction
between the biota and the environment because if the organisms
are taking up carbon dioxide then the above equations shift
their equilibrium to the left; if decay is adding carbon di-
oxide to the ecosystem then the equilibrium shifts to the
right. One of the major properties of this buffering system
is to prevent sudden changes in pH which could materially up-
set cellular physiology. Since cooler temperatures mean
greater solubility of carbon dioxide, one would predict that
at cooler water temperatures the equilibrium shifts to the

right and results in an increase in bicarbonate concentration,

 

275

and also a decrease in pH values (increase in hydrogen ion
concentration, or in other words higher acidity). Inspection
of Tables 16, 17, and 18 supports these predictions. If one
does not take into account the biota the above relationships
can be explained by the cooler water temperatures at the end
of the summer. However, one can not ignore the fact that the
biota are also taking up carbon dioxide, but it seems reason-
able to expect that by the end of the summer decay is probably
adding more carbon dioxide to the ecosystem than the organ-
isms are using up. Thus one can still rationalize the increase
in bicarbonate alkalinity on the basis of pure chemical and
physical interactions and still not ignore the role of the
phytoplankton. One might ask the question, what kind of data
would allow one to minimize the role of the biota to explain
the increase in bicarbonate and the increase in acidity?
One would predict that the organisms per liter would be de-
clining, which means that smaller amounts of carbon dioxide
are used in photosynthesis. Examination of the tables support
this prediction. In addition, factors in the environment
such as the formation of bicarbonate and carbonate ions, or
warmer temperatures could cause carbon dioxide in solution to
decrease in concentration. Thus carbon dioxide would begin
to accumulate and cause higher acidity and higher bicarbonate
ion concentration.

This discussion has supported the view that interaction
does occur between the phytoplankton and certain factors in

the environment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

276

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277

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hash

 

 

 

278

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macosem

 

 

 

279

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280

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282

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283

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284

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285

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286

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SUMMARY

The algal taxonomy and ecology of a transcontinental di-
vide transect was studied during the summers of 1961 and 1962.
A checklist of algae was compiled along with the location,
range of altitude, temperature, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and orthophos-
phate for each species collected. Six lakes were sampled
about every two weeks from June 20, to September 3, 1962, to
determine the net phytoplankton forms, quantitative counts of

phytoplankton, and the water chemistry. The community coef-

 

ficient 2w/a+b was used to estimate the biological similarity
between lakes, times, and different stations sampled at the
same time in one lake. Further, the possible interaction be-
tween phytoplankton and environmental factors has been

discussed.

288

 

 

 

APPENDIX
Hach Company Chemical

Procedures for the D R Calorimeter
Ammonium Nitrogen Nessler's Method

The direct Nesslerization procedure will determine am-

monia nitrogen as low as 0.02 ppm. when carried out with a

photoelectric calorimeter.

Prgcedure

1.

Measure a 25 ml. water sample by filling a clean 25 ml.
graduated cylinder to the 25 ml. mark. Pour the sample
into a clean calorimeter bottle.

Measure a 25 ml. sample of demineralized water by filling
another clean 25 ml. graduated cylinder to the 25 ml.
mark. Pour it into a clean colorimeter bottle.

Add to each sample 1.0 ml. of Nessler's Reagent. Swirl to
mix. If ammonium nitrogen is present a yellow color will
develop. Allow ten minutes for full color development.

Place the colorimeter bottle which contains the prepared
sample of demineralized water in the light cell. Insert
the ammonium nitrogen meter scale in the meter and use
the 5543 color filter. Press the light switch and adjust
the light control for a meter reading of zero ppm.

Place the colorimeter bottle that contains the prepared
unknown sample in the light cell. Press the light switch
and read the ppm. Ammonium Nitrogen.

289

   

290
Nitrate Nitrogen Brucine Method

Prgcedgre

1. Measure a 10 ml. water sample by filling a clean 25 m1.
graduated cylinder to the 10 ml. mark.

2. Measure a 10 ml. sample of demineralized water by filling
another clean 25 ml. graduated cylinder to the 10 ml. mark.

3. Add to each graduated cylinder 0.1 gram of NitraVer powder.

4. Carefully add concentrated sulfuric acid to each cylinder
to the 25 ml. mark. Carefully swirl to mix. Allow ten
minutes for color development.

5. Fill a colorimeter bottle with the prepared sample of de-
mineralized water. Insert the nitrate Brucine Method
meter scale in the meter and use the 5543 color filter.
Press the light switch and adjust the light control for
a meter reading of zero ppm.

6. Fill a calorimeter bottle with the prepared unknown sam-
ple and place it in the light cell. Press the light
switch and read the ppm. nitrate nitrogen.

Nitrite Nitrogen

Procedugg

1. Measure a 25 ml. water sample by filling a clean 25 m1.
graduated cylinder to the 25 m1. mark. Pour the sample
into a clean colorimeter bottle.

2. Add 0.25 grams of NitriVer. Swirl to mix. Allow the

color to develop for thirty minutes.
3. Fill a colorimeter bottle with some of the original water

sample and place it in the light cell.

   

291

Insert the nitrite nitrogen meter scale in the meter and
use the 4445 color filter. Press the light switch and
adjust the light control for a meter reading of zero ppm.

Place the prepared sample in the light cell. Press the
the light switch and read the ppm. nitrite nitrogen.

Orthophosphate

Procedgre

1.

Measure two 25 ml. water samples by filling two clean 25
m1. graduated cylinders to the 25 ml. mark. Pour each
into two clean colorimeter bottles. The temperature of
the samples should be close to 750 F. for best accuracy.

Add to each colorimeter bottle 1.0 ml. of ammonium
molybdate solution and swirl to mix.

Add 0.1 gram of StannaVer powder to one of the calorimeter
bottles. Swirl to mix. If phOSphate is present a blue
color will develop.

Place the colorimeter bottle, to which Stannaver was not
added, in the light cell. Insert the phosphate meter
scale in the meter and use the 5330 color filter. Press
the light switch, adjust the light control for a meter
reading of zero ppm.

Place the prepared sample in the light cell, press the

light switch and read the ppm. phosphate.

 

 

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Eggslzégae of Montana. Bull. Torrey Botan. Club. 17:

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Croasdale, Hannah. 1956. Freshwater algae of Alaska. Part
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Dugdale, R. C. and Dugdale, V. A. 1961. Sources of phosphorus
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Dyson, J. L. 1948. Shrinkage of Sperry and Grinnell Glaciers,
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1948a. Glaciers and glaciation in Glacier
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1960. The geologic story of Glacier National
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Evermann, B. W. 1891. A reconnaissance of the streams and
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Forbes, S. A. 1893. Aquatic preliminary report on inverte-
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Geitler, L. 1932. Cyanophyceae.' In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-
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Gojdics, M. 1953. The genus Egglena. University of Wis.
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Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1941. Das Phytoplankton des Sflsswassers.
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292

293

Hutchinson, G. E. 1953. The concept of pattern in ecology.
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1957. A treatise on limnology. vol. 1.
JOhn Wiley and Sons, New York.

 

Irenee-Marie (Frere). 1939. Flore Desmidiale de la region
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Lewin, R. A. 1962. Physiology and biochemistry of algae.
Academic Press, New York.

McNabb, C. D. 1960. Enumeration of freshwater phytoplankton
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Odum, E. P. and Odum, H. T. 1959. Fundamentals of ecology.
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Olive, J. R. 1953. A comparative limnological study of two
n¥§§hefg)Colorado mountain lakes. The Ohio J. of Sci.
L : .

Oosting, H. J. 1956. The study of plant communities.
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Pascher, A. 1913. Die Sasswasserflora Deutschlands, Oster-
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Pennak, R. W. 1941. An introduction to the limnology of
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1955. Comparative limnology of eight Colorado
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Potter, L. F. and Baker, G. E. 1956. The microbiology of
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1961. The microbiology of
FIatgzad and Rogers Lakes, Montana. II. Ecol. 42: (2)
pg. 0.

Prescott, G. W. 1962. Algae of the western great lakes area.
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294

Rawson, D. S. 1953. The limnology of Amethyst Lake, a high
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Reid, 0. K. 1961. Ecology of inland lake and estuaries.
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Reimers, J. A., Maciolek, J. A. and Pister, E. P. 1955.
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Schindler, J. F. 1954. Taxonomy and ecology of algae in
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Smith, G. M. 1920. Phytoplankton of the inland lakes of
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1950. The fresh-water algae of the United
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Thomasson, Kuno. 1962. Planktological notes from western
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Transeau, E. N. 1951. The Zygnemataceae (Fresh-water
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Vinyard, W. C. 1951. Distribution of alpine and subalpine
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1957. Algae of the Glacier National Park
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Waters, W. 1928. Botany of Flathead Lake. Unpublished.
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Young, R. T. 1935. The life of Flathead Lake, Montana.
Ecol. Monographs. 5: 91-163.

 

 

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