. PALYNOLUGY AAA PALEOEGOLOBY AA AAA: aucx man MIGHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY EVAN JflSEPH KIDSON figures: « This is to certify that the thesis entitled PALYNOLOGY AAO PALEOECOLOGY OF THE BUCK TONGUE OF THE MANCOS SHALE (UPPER OEETAOEOUS) FROM EAST CENTRAL UTAH AND WESTERN COLORADO presented by Evan J. Kidson has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph D degree in my.— WW Major professor Date W /21 "771 7 0-7 839 W—«w SUPPLEEAAARY MATEEAAL IN BACK OF BOOK ABSTRACT PALYNOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE BUCK TONGUE OF THE MANCOS SHALE (UPPER CRETACEOUS) FROM EAST CENTRAL UTAH AND WESTERN COLORADO By Evan J. Kidson The sediments of the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale were systemati— cally collected from five localities along the Book Cliffs in east central Utah and western Colorado. The most westerly section is at Tuscher Wash north of Green River, Utah and the most easterly section is at West Salt Creek in Colorado about 70 miles east of Tuscher Wash. The line of sections is normal to the trend of the old Upper Cretaceous shoreline in this area. The samples were treated by standard palynologic techniques and quantitative counts were made. The fossil record of the Buck tongue is interpreted to represent a transitional environment in and around the basin of deposition, but the distant highlands (Wasatch Plateau) are thought to be relatively quiet. The pollen and spore spectrum is very diverse and is dominated by representa- tives of a floodplain environment which was evolving very rapidly. The relative low frequency of the indigenous marine fossils is discussed and possible explanations proposed. The paleoecology of the basin of deposition is discussed with respect to the transgressive-regressive cycle as well as the floodplain environment, which is a dominant feature of the ancient landscape, and the upland source area. The time of the Buck tongue transgression is interpreted to be of such short duration that no recognizable evolution of palynomorphs was observed. Evan J. Kidson Data was collected on 224 species of palynomorphs from the middle Campanian of the Book Cliffs and their possible botanical affinity, patterns of distribution and morphologic characteristics are discussed. The results of a factor analysis are presented with a discussion of their interpretation. PALYNOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE EUCK TONGUE OF THE MANCOS SHALE (UPPER CRETACEOUS) FROM EAST CENTRAL UTAH AND WESTERN COLORADO By 1 R I,’ ‘. . Evan JfifKidson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Geology 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to thank Dr. Aureal T. Cross of the Department of Geology and the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University for his advice and encouragement throughout all phases of this thesis. Thanks are also due Drs. C. E. Prouty, Jane E. Smith, Robert Ehrlich, Department of Geology, and Dr. S. N. Stephenson, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, who, in addition to Dr. Cross (Chairman), served on the advisory committee for this thesis. Many peoplefhave contributed time and assistance to the completion of this study; without their help it would not have been possible. ' Ted Gies and Dick Rintz, of Michigan State University, assisted with field work. Dr. Don Merritt of Michigan State University prepared the data program for the CDC 3600 Computer at Michigan State University. The Department of Geology provided computer time for this work. The research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (Aureal T. Cross, principal investigator), and printing and plate costs have been supported by Amoco Production Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to my family for their under— standing and patience, especially to my wife, Betty Jo, who deserves much of the credit. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 00......OOCOCOOOOOIOOOOOOC0.00000000COOOCCOOOOOOO 1 Statement of problem................................ Study methods....................................... Previous work....................................... Geologic....................................... Palynology..................................... WNNNH U‘l GEOLOGY 0.0.0000000000000000.000000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...... Regional and structural setting..................... Paleogeography...................................... Stratigraphy........................................ General remarks................................ Mancos Shale................................... 10 Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale................ 11 Areal extent of the Buck tongue................ 12 Mesaverde Group................................ 14 Price River Formation.......................... 14 \JUILD N DATACOLLECTION 0.0...O...0..0.0.00....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO... l7 Localities.......................................... 17 Sampling............................................ 17 Preparation of materials............................ 18 Technique of study of palynomorphs.................. 19 Number......................................... 19 Traversing technique........................... 21 ANALYSIS OF DATA .CCOOOOCCOOOCOCCOOOOO0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 23 Discussion of palynomorphs.......................... 23 Conclusions.................................... 30 Paleoecology........................................ 32 Paleogeography................................. 32 Palynomorph distribution....................... 33 COflClUSionS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 41 EVOlutionO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 42 cone IUSionS O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 O 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O 42 SWRY OF MAJORFINDINGS OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0000000000000000 4’3 Discussion of palynomorphs.......................... 43 Paleoecology........................................ 43 Evolution........................................... 44 Taxonomy............................................ 44 iii Page SYSTEMTICS 00.0.00...0.0..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...0.0.0.000... 45 Introduction........................................ 45 Trilete spores...................................... 54 Monolete spores..................................... 77 Gymnospermous pollen................................ 82 Angiosperm pollen................................... 93 Monosulcate.................................... 93 Tricolpate..................................... 95 Tricolporate................................... 114 Triporate...................................... 115 Polyporate..................................... 121 Acritarcha.......................................... 122 Acanthomorphitae............................... 122 Polygonomorphitae.............................. 126 Sphaeromorphitae............................... 127 Netromorphitae................................. 128 Herkomorphitae................................. 129 Pteromorphitae................................. 131 Dinetromorphitae............................... 132 Uncertain...................................... 132 Chlorophyceae....................................... 132 Uncertain...................................... 132 Dinophyceae......................................... 135 Gonyaulacystaceae.............................. 136 Peridiniaceae.................................. 136 Pyxidieliaceae................................. 137 Broomeaceae.................................... 138 Hystrichosphaeridaceae......................... 138 ExochosPhaeridiaceae........................... 143 Areoligeraceae................................. 143 Hystrichosphaeraceae........................... 144 Deflandraceae.................................. 146 Endoscriniaceae................................ 148- Hexagoniferaceae............................... 149 Pseudoceratiaceae.............................. 150 Membranilarnacaceae............................ 151 Uncertain...................................... 151 Microforam A................................... 155 Microforam B................................... 155 REFERENCES OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0......00......OOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO. 156 APPENDICIES 0......0.0.0....00.00....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0... 170 PIATES 0.......0...00.0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCIOOOOOOOOOOOOO 210 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Distribution of palynomorph groups by percent representation at each locality of the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale.......................... 24 II Distribution of morphotypes of gymnosperm pollen in the mncos ShaleOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000000000000000 26 III Average per sample occurrence of palynomorph groups by locality.................................. 34 IV List of flora (by genera and species) examined from the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale............ 46 Figure LIST OF FIGURES Index map and sample localities of this study....... Diagramatic cross section of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata exposed in the area of the Book Cliffs....... Lithofacies map of the Castlegate Sandstone and its eqUivalentSOO0.0000COOOOOIO0.0000000000000000000 Per sample average by Z composition of palynomorph groups from the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale..... Per sample average by Z composition of palynomorph groups from the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale..... Per sample average by % composition of palynomorphs of the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale.............. Natural model of Buck tongue of Mancos Shale with .zonules (interpreted from factor analysis of data) superimposed on lithologic sections................. vi Page 13 37 38 40 184 Appendix I II II APE II F-J Plate 1' LIST OF APPENDICES Register of measured stratigraphic sections......... Factor analySiS Of dataOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Q mode analysis of Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale reordered oblique projection matrix................. Q mode analysis of Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Oblique prOjeCtion matriXOOOOO0.0000000000000000000. Raw datamatriXOOO...0......OOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. vii Page 171 180 190 200 in pocket INTRODUCTION Statement‘g£_problem At the beginning of this study, a palynologic analysis of sediments of the Upper Cretaceous Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale in the Book Cliffs area of central Utah and Colorado (Fig. l), the following goals were set 0 1. List of all identifiable organic-walled palynomorphs recovered from the sediments. Evaluate palynomorphs indigenous to the Buck tongue seas (autochthonous palynomorphs), and those that were tranSported from areas surrounding the Buck tongue seas (the land—derived, allochthonous palynomorphs). Determine the systematic position of these palynomorphs and indicate their probable natural affinities. Analyze the changes (both laterally and vertically) in the samples studied: a. To determine if computer—based florule zones can be estab- lished between the various samples studied. To determine recurrent cycles, if present, on the basis of the compositional components of the samples. To establish criteria to delineate the upper and lower boundaries of the Buck tongue on the basis of the micro— fossils found. To establish, if possible, florule relationships that can be used to delineate relative proximity to shorelines. 2 e. To establish time correlation between the various samples of this study if possible. f. To determine if any evolutionary changes can be delineated in the species recovered from the samples studied. 5. To develop information on the paleoenvironment of the Buck tongue seas and the surrounding area. Study_methods The sediments of the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale were systemati- cally described and collected from five localities along the Book Cliffs in western Colorado and eastern Utah. The samples were treated in the laboratory to concentrate all organic—walled palynomorphs and the concentrated residues were mounted on microscope slides for analysis at high magnification. A factor analysis program was used to assist in the interpretation of the data. Previous work Geologic.--The first geologic studies of the Book Cliffs were the Hayden and Powell surveys of 1875 to 1877. Numerous minor studies have been completed but the general geology of the Book Cliffs was not known until Spieker and Reeside (1925), Clark (1928), Erdmann (1934), and Fisher (1936), published their resPective reports. Young (1955), in a paper on sedimentary facies and intertonguing in the Book Cliffs des— cribed in detail the contact between the Mancos Shale and the Mesaverde Group along the entire length of the cliffs. Several studies on the correlation, stratigraphy and paleontology of the Book Cliffs were published by the Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists 3 (Peterson 2d,, 1966). The cyclic nature of the sedimentary sequences of the Book Cliffs was first described by Spieker (1949), and later by Young (1957). Fisher, Erdmann and Reeside (1960), published a comr prehensive study on the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Book Cliffs, a reference which was used extensively during the collection phase of this work. The Geological Society of America Coal Division Field Trip Guidebook (Hamlin and Young, gg., 1966) contains several papers dealing with various aspects of the Mancos Shale along the Book Cliffs. Palynology.--Several workers have published reports dealing with various aspects of Mesozoic or Mesozoic-Cenozoic palynology from the Rocky Mountains. The earliest study is by Wodehouse (1933), on the taxonomy and systematics of pollen from the Eocene Green River Formation, Garfield County, Colorado. Miner (1935) and Wilson and Webster (1946) reported on the palynology of some Cretaceous and Tertiary coals from Mbntana. Radforth and Rouse (1954) studied the palynology of the Upper Cretaceous Brazeau Formation of western Canada, and-Rouse (1957, 1959), reported on studies of Upper Cretaceous and Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous formations from British Columbia. Sarmiento (1957) published range data, assemblages, and distribution of a variety of Upper Cretaceous palyno- morphs from the Rocky Mountain region. Singh (1964) and Norris (1967) published studies on the Mannville Group microfossil flora of Alberta. Anderson (1960), Stanley (1965), Norton and Hall (1967, 1969), and Oltz (1969), reported on the palynology of rocks of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of New Mexico, North Dakota and Montana, reSpectively, and more recently, Snead (1969) has published the results of his work across this 4 boundary in Alberta. Gray, Patalski, and Schapiro (1966), Leffingwell (1962), Newman (1962, 1965), Tschudy (1961) and Leopold, i2 Dickinson, Leopold and Marvin (1968), discussed palynomorph assemblages frOm various Upper Cretaceous sediments. Several unpublished studies have been completed and a number of theses are currently in progress on sediments of Upper Cretaceous age from the Rocky Mountain region. Newman (1961, unpublished Ph.D. thesis) is the only other study that has included rocks of the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale, and his study included only one sample from that stratigraphic unit. GEOLOGY Igggional and structural setting The Book Cliffs escarpment marks the southern boundary of the Uinta Basin in Utah and the Piceance Basin in Colorado (Fig. 1). For the entire length of the escarpment the dominant structural feature is the gently northward dipping nature of the strata into the two basins which constitute the northern margin of the Colorado Plateau, a region which has been stable throughout much of geologic time. The major structural features to the south of the Book Cliffs are the San Rafael Swell, Monument Upwarp and the Uncompahgre Uplift. There are also some smaller anticlines and domes and a minor amount of faulting. These features (except the Uncompahgre Uplift) are thought to be Tertiary in age (Osmund, 1965). The Roan Cliffs, which mark the southern erosional edge of the northward-dipping Tertiary strata, form an irregular escarpment parallel- ing the underlying Book Cliffs. Both Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks dip generally northward into the Uinta Basin. To the south of the Book Cliffs escarpment, beyond the Mancos Shale flats, older rocks (primarily Jurassic and Triassic) form the surface though other Cretaceous strata are found near the Henry and the La Sal Mountains and locally elsewhere. The area is drained by the Colorado and the Green Rivers and their tributaries. Paleoggography Early Cretaceous seas invaded the old Rocky Mountain Geosyncline and by Albian time had migrated westward to the eastern edge of the Colorado Plateau (Young, 1960). The seas apparently advanced to the west in intermittent irregular pulses, and remained relatively stable between 5 ' 7“] wvomms . '0 IN“ 3*]. (DTUSCHER WASH e/ - -—"— O ' 31/ @CRESCENT WASH A 54%. a @corronwooo CREEK «a v.5; . I 5/ 35”,. ““323? @WESTwATER WASH A 5/ ,, ,3,“ @wesr SALT CREEK 5, .. COLORADO ‘- 0 I '3 .HIHH. -+ ‘ s“— 3.... KAIPAROWITZ s : PLATEAE “nun-é l f: 338;:8mm BLACK MESA' ., - ’, BA 3' N \UQ"... I "’4 .01.." ‘ ARIZONA ' NEW MEXICO L '90 200 I_—T units TU \I I 0 (an 24 l - -J-— MEEKER tannin ' I—lfiffilfi i o A “we“ " ' 0%? cE 0 - - - %A3""I'_LE0An/’VI“4" v7 PICEAANSIN ""'"‘ “hm ER xEuALwonrAA 94 ‘90,,‘190 L-—-—- imwmswe 3’ 6‘4. RIFLE :HIA AT A @ //”’/ E C5 A . / -_ GDwooosmE an." ( DEDEOUE CASTLE OALE , ‘ {v "“r’ . -. thy "3"" wruowfiu \OREND / “s/ JUNCTION <0REEN® cAEschr Guam,” {0}" Q‘Qc’ {RWER mauucnou Hko 2: ’ L°‘ .1 HANKSVILLE HER a) ’ b - a ‘ "D/ ; FIGURE 1 Index map and sample localities of this study. 7 these pulses. Westward transgression Of the sea reached its limit (near the edge of the Mesocordilleran Geanticline) in Cenomanian time, where it remained until the regressive phase started during the Early Campanian. At the time Of maximum marine transgression, the typical dark-gray Mancos Shale was deposited as far as the Wasatch Plateau on the west. The main source of sediments was the Sevier Arch in western Utah which supplied sufficient clastic sediments to accumulate to over 12,000 feet in the area occupied now by the Uinta Basin (Osmund, 1965). A thin blanket of Late Cretaceous sediments over the top of the Douglas Creek Arch in the east, indicates that this moderate tectonic feature, which forms the eastern margin of the Uinta Basin, has remained more positive than the subsiding basins on either side since the end of Cretaceous times (Kopper, 1962). The Uncompahgre Uplift to the south may have been positive through part of the Cretaceous period. This Pennsylvanian remnant of the ancestral Rocky Mountains resulted in thinner Upper Cretaceous strata than are found north and west of this structure. The eastward withdrawal Of the Late Cretaceous sea from Utah, Colorado, and wyoming was interrupted by many partial readvances, as recorded by the regressive-transgressive cycles of the Late Campanian and younger strata of the area (Fig. 2). Stratigraphy General remarks.—-The escarpment Of the Book Cliffs in the area Of this study, exposes regionally a cross section Of the sediments approxi— mately normal to the ancient shorelines Of the Cretaceous seas. The intricate lateral intertounging of the Mancos Shale and Mesaverde sand- 30m. .oz=o> 5E3 .mtju xoom oz» do 3:2 2.: z. oumomxu «5.5m ESE”: oz< 0 303455 no 2953 «.85 25224545 ~ .2... m 79 3...: 0:... ON 0. 0 $000.: ”a. / W .00 3 V m .I\\\\|I/ .3 2.qu A9 v +0.. m 2.28» 5:22.. .19.". m made-0 0008<3 u3020h «ICObm/ / .3 2328 2......» .3 232327... /! {I} A. U'. uh‘OUJPWCO ll...‘ ll: .mm 2.533459. zoC_d_g. C3r-21. Occurrence. 118 samples; 0.3 to 4%. Comments. This species is characterized by its small, round lumina. Affinity. Hamamelidaceae cf. Hamamelis spp. Retitricolpites sp. Plate 8, Figure 11 Description. Pollen grains tricolpate; round to prolate; colpi ex- tending almost the length of the grain; most commonly found in polar compression; exine finely reticulate with distinctive psilate copal margins ‘h 107 . extending 2 microns from the lips. Frequently, the lumina are reduced in number in the polar area. Dimension, 15 to 20 microns in diameter in polar view. Occurrence. 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This grain is characterized by its smooth colpal margins. Rgierence specimen. Pb4826-1 Dll.2xR12.9. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. Genus Tricolpites Cookson ex. Couper 1953 Type species Tricolpites reticulatus Cookson 1947 Tricolpites anguloluminosus Anderson 1960 Plate 8, Figure 37 1960 New Mexico Bureau of Mines, Mem. 6, p. 26, pl. 6, figs. 15-17, pl. 8, figs. l7, l8. Eggg, C3r-20. Occurrence. 51 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. This grain is characterized by its large size, coarse reticulum and generally its polar orientation with gaping colpi. Affinity. Drugg (1967) refers this Species to Bucklandia populnea of the Hamamelidaceae. Tricolpites bathyreticplgpps Stanley 1965 Plate 8, Figure 18 1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 320, pl. 47, figs. 18-23. Eggs, C3r—15. Occurrence. 22 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. This pollen grain is distinguished by its coarse reticulum and rounded inter-colpate outline in equatorial plane. 108 Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpites erpggpus Hedlund 1966 Plate 8, Figures 19, 20 1966 Oklahoma Geol. Survey, Bull. 112, p. 30, pl. 9, figs. 2a, b. Eggg, C3sm-l6. Occurrence. 26 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. This small thin walled tricolpate grain was counted as three separate entities in this study. Upon the completion of the counts it was determined that they were not significantly different nor did they occur in large enough numbers to warrant their separation. Of the 26 samples containing this species, 19 had an occurrence of only 1 entity in a count of 300. This grain appears to be similar to Cyrilla minima Anderson (1961). Affinity. Cyrillaceae (?). Tricolpites higpg Stanley 1965 Plate 8, Figure 16 1965 Bull. of Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 321, pl. 47, figs. 24-27. gggyg. C3f-1. Occurrence. 140 samples; 0.3 to 10.0%. Comments. This grain is distinguished by its microreticulate or foveolate surface texture and is relatively thinner walled than.T, parvu . Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpites cf..1. lilliei Couper 1953 Plate 8, Figure 21 1953 New Zealand Geol. Survey Paleont. Bull. 22, p. 62, pl. 8, figs. 116, 117. 109 5353;. C3p—2. Occurrence. 113 samples; 0.3 to 4.3%. Comments. This grain can be distinguished by its sparse, small conical spines. This species is similar to species of Gemmatricolpites and appears to be somewhat similar to Triptycha elegans Bolkhovitina (1953). Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpites parvus Stanley 1965 Plate 8, Figure 22 1965 Bull. of Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 322, pl. 47, figs. 28-31. COdeo C f-7o 3 Occurrence. 134 samples; 0.3 to 6.0%. Comments. Stanley (1965) recorded this species from the Paleocene of South Dakota; Newman (1965) recorded a similar species (1. interangplus) from the Upper Cretaceous of Colorado which is slightly larger than T. parvus. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. Tricolgtes cf. '_1‘_. w Norris 1967 Plate 8, Figure 23 1967 Palaeontographica, v. 120, Abt. B, p. 107, pl. 17, figs. 12-19. 'Qggg. C3r—17. Occurrence. 82 samples; 0.3 to 4.0%. Comments. In his original description Norris (1967) indicated that some of his Specimens were rather prolate whereas most of the Specimens of this study were rounded to slightly oval in shape. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. 110 Tricolpites Sp. Plate 8, Figure 24 5353;. C3r-16. Description. Tricolpate pollen grain; round to sub-round in equatorial outline; colpi gaping, reaching the polar area; exine about 1 micron thick, finely reticulate surface ornamentation, lumina about 1 micron across. Diameter, 12-18 microns. Occurrence. ’45 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments. This species is characterized by its small size, gaping colpi and small reticulum. The average size of this species in the Buck tongue is 16 microns. Reference specimen. Pb47542-1 D7.6xR18.2. Affinity. Ilex (?). Genus TricolpOpollenites Pflug & Thomson 1953 Type species Tricolpopollenites parmularis Pflug & Thomson 1953 Tricolpgpollenites debilis Groot, Penny & Groot 1961 Plate 8, Figure 33 1961 Palaeontographica, v. 108, Abt. B, p. 132, pl. 26, fig. 5. Egyyg. C3sm92. Occurrence. 102 samples; 0.3 to 7.7%. Comments. This species generally occurs in small numbers throughout the section, rarely being counted more than 5 times in any count of 300. This species has its greatest occurrence in the top of the West Salt Creek section. It is difficult to say with certainty but it appears that this species might be most prominent in the upper portion of the sections in 'which it occurs. 111 Affinity. Groot, Penny & Groot (1961) questionably refer this Species to Labiatae (?). .Tpicolpopollenites elongatus Groot & Groot 1962 Plate 8, Figures 25, 26 1962 Comunicacoes dos Servicos Geologicos de Portugal, v. 46, p. 164, pl. 9, fig. l. 5353;. C3smr4. Occurrence. 116 samples; 0.3 to 2.3%. Comments. This distinct pollen grain, although never occurring more than 7 times in a count of 300, occurred persistently throughout the Buck tongue samples of this study. Affinity. Unknown. TricolpOpollenites micromurus Groot & Penny 1960 Plate 8, Figure 29 1960 MicrOpaleontology, v. 6, p. 232, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7. ‘9215. C3r—5. Occurrence. 136 samples; 0.3 to 6%. Comments. This small grain can be distinguished from.T, minutus by its larger size and coarser reticulum, and is unique for its persistent occurrence in small numbers. Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpopollenites minutus Brenner 1963 Plate 8, Figure 27 1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines & Water Res., p. 93, pl. 40, figs. 5, 6. 112 ‘Qggg. C3r—4. Occurrence. 139 samples; 0.3 to 913%. Comments. This Species is characterized by its extremely small-sized and reticulate sculpture, and is unique for its persistent low frequency of occurrence. Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpopollenites parvulus Groot & Penny 1960 Plate 8, Figure 38 1960 Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 232, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. ‘9223. CBSm-l. Occurrence. 140 samples; 0.3 to 13.0%. Comments. Norris (1967) reassigned this species to the genus Psilatricolpites Van der Hammen, but did not state his reasoning, so his reassignment is not followed by this writer. This Species is differentiated from.1. debilis (C3sm—2) by its slightly smaller size and thicker wall. Affinity. Groot, Penny & Groot (1961) state that it has been suggested that this species has an affinity with Cupuliferae (Fagaceae). Tricolpopollenites cf.'z, platyreticulatus Groot, Penny & Groot 1961 Plate 8, Figure 35 1961 Palaeontographica, v. 108, Abt. B, p. 133, pl. 26, figs. 14, 15. 3 Occurrence. 96 samples; 0.3 to 4.3%. Comments. This grain is characterized by its coarse reticulum and rounded equatorial outline.‘ Affinity. Ilex (?). 113 Tricolpopollenites cf. Eh retiformis Pflug & Thomson 1953 Plate 8, Figure 28 1953 Palaeontographica, v. 94, Abt. B., p. 97, pl. 11, figs. 59—61. Occurrence. 120 samples; 0.3 to 4%. Comments. This Species can be distinguished from T. miCromurus by its larger size and more rounded inter-colpate regions in equatorial view. Affinity. Platanus-salix. Tricolpopollenites sp. A Plate 8, Figure 34 Qgig. C3sm-5. Description. Tricolpate pollen grains; shape, circular; foveolate- tectate; exine 2.5 microns thick; collumella prominent; margins of colpi thick, 2.7 microns. Diameter, 22 to 30 microns. Occurrence. 135 samples; 0.3 to 4.7%. Comments. This species is characterized by very thick-walled structure and thick margins of the colpate, and is similar to Pollenites edwardii Potonie (1933) but appears to be smaller. Reference specimen. Pb48112-1 D2.6xR8.l. Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Tricolpopollenites Sp. B Plate 8, Figure 36 Code. C3r-7. Description. Pollen grains tricolpate; prolate; colpi long; exine consists of wide-meshed reticulum; lumina greater than 5 microns in 114 diameter, polygonal; muri very narrow, i.l micron high. Dimension, approximately 20 microns. Occurrence. 15 samples; 16 times. Comments. This grain was recognized for its very coarsedmeshed reticulum, the shape was difficult to ascertain because of its usual crushed or distorted preservation. Iggference specimen. Pb4828-1 Dll.0xR5.6. Affinity. AngioSpermous pollen. ANGIOSPERM.POLLEN (Tricolporate) Genus Psilatricolporites Pierce 1961 Type Species Psilatricolporites prolatus Pierce 1961 Psilatricolporites acuticostatus Muller 1968 Plate 8, Figure 39 1968 MicrOpaleontology, v. 14, p. 21, pl. 4, fig. 10. Egyyg. CPBSmrl. Occurrence. 12 samples; 13 times. Comments. This grain has long colpi that are bordered by slightly thickened ridges which is a diagnostic character. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. Psilatricolporites prolatus Pierce 1961 Plate 8, Figure 40 1961 Minnesota Geol. Survey Bull. 42, p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 114. Code. CP3sm-2. 115 Occurrence. 15 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments. The species of the Buck tongue are Slightly smaller than those described by Pierce (1961); however, they are in every other way satisfactory. This Species resembles Tricolporopollenites aliquantulus Hedlund (1966). Affinity. This Species has been referred to the families Fagaceae, Myrsinaceae, Rutaceae and others. Genus Tricolporopollenites Pflug & Thomson 1953 Type species Tricolporopollenites kruschii (Potonie) Pflug & Thomson 1953 Tricolporopollenites cf. 2. microreticulatus Pflug & Thomson 1953 Plate 8, Figure 31 1953 Palaeontographica, v. 94, Abt. B, p. 106, pl. 14, figs. 27-42. Qgfig. CP3f-1. Occurrence. 7 samples; 9 times. Comments. This tricolporite grain differs from that described by Pflug & Thomson in Thomson & Pflug (1953) by its smaller size. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. ANGIOSPERM POLLEN (Triporate) Genus Engelhardtioidites Potonie, Thomson, & Thiergart 1950 Type species Engelhardtioides microcoryphaeus (Potonie 1931) Engelhardtioidites minutus Newman 1965 Plate 9, Figure 7 1965 University Colorado Studies, Earth Science Series, no. 2, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 8. 116 Code. P smrl. 3 Occurrence. 32 samples; 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This grain is characterized by its exaggerated convex sides, psilate exine, and the notched Pore. Affinity. Engelhardtia. Genus Momipites Wodehouse 1933 Type Species Momipites coryloides Wodehouse 1933 Momipites circularis Norton iE_Norton & Hall 1969 Plate 9, Figures 9, 10 1969 Paleontographica, v. 125, Abt. B, p. 37, pl. 5, fig. 8. Occurrence. 19 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. Norton & Hall (1969) described this species from the Maestrichtian and Paleocene of Montana. Stanley (1965) reassigned this genus (in part) to the genus Engelhardtia, including the type species !. coryloides. Affinity. Engelhardtia. Genus Myrtaceoipollenites Potonie 1951 Type species Myrtaceoipollenites megagranifer (Potonie 1931) Myrtaceoipollenites peritus Newman 1965 Plate 9, Figure 6 1965 University Colorado Studies, Earth Science Series, no. 2, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 11. Code. P3smr3. Occurrence. 34 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. 117 Comments. The distinguishing characteristics of this grain are the Shape and the pore structure. Newman (1965) reports this Specimen from the middle Mese Verde Formation but did not find it in his Buck tongue samples. Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Genus Proteacidites Cookson 1950 Type Species Proteacidites adenanthcoides Cookson 1950 Proteacidites cf. 2, mollis Samoilovitch 1961 Plate 9, Figure 8 1961 Trudy vscs. neft. nauchno-issled. geol.—razv. Inst. 177, p. 185, 186, pl. 59, figs. 1, 2. Eggg, P3r-5. Occurrence. 48 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. The diameter of this triporate pollen grain rarely exceeds 25 microns which is slightly smaller than those reported by Drugg (1967) as well as those reported from western Siberia by Samoilovitch (1961). This small grain is characterized by the small generally round muri and reticulation which frequently becomes slightly smaller towards the pole, and by its small pores. Affinity. Proteaceae (?). Proteacidites retusus Anderson 1960 Plate 9, Figure 2 1960 New Mexico Bureau Mines & Mineral Res., Memoir 6, p. 21, pl. 2, figs 0 5-7 0 Code. P3r-3o Occurrence. 63 samples; 0.3 to 2.3%. 118 Comments. This species is characterized by its reticulate pattern and relatively large pores. Affinity. Proteaceae. Proteacidites symphonenoides Cookson 1950 Plate 9, Figure 3 1950 Australian Jour. Sci. Res., v. 3, p. 172, pl. 2, fig. 17. 5353;. P3r-2. Occurrence. 65 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments.' The average Size of this Species found in the Buck tongue is the minimum of the range as found by Cookson (1950) in the Tertiary of Australia. This species is characterized by the uniform size of the reticulum. Affinity. Proteaceae. Proteacidites thalmannii Anderson 1960 Plate 9, Figure l 1960 New Mexico Bureau Mines & Mineral Res., Mem. 6, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 1-4; pl. 10, figs. 9-13. 9242, P3r-4. Occurrence. 43 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments. This species has been described from Upper Cretaceous of California, western Canada and New Mexico. Because the original description was rather loose regarding dimensions of ornamentation and pore structure, this species has been reported with a great range of variation; its most diagnostic character is the coarse reticulum that is reduced toward the pole and its large pore size. 119 Affinity. Proteaceae. Proteacidites Sp. Plate 9, Figure 13 Code. P 1. 3“ Description. Triporate reticulate grains; reticulum uniform over the surface; pore structure, simple, £3, 2 microns in diameter. Maximum diameter generally less than 15 microns. Occurrence. 42 samples; 0.3 to 2%. Comments. This grain is characterized by its very small size and even reticulate surface ornamentation. Reference Specimen. Pb4751a-1 D11.7xR10.5. Affinity. Proteaceae. Genus Sporopollis Pflug 1953 Type Species Sporopollis documentum Pflug 1953 Sporopollis laqueaeformis Weyland & Greifeld 1953 Plate 9, Figure 11 1953 Palaeontographica, v. 95, Abt. B, p. 45, pl. 13, figs. 111, 112. Eggg. P3sm-7. Occurrence. 46 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. The "Y—doppelmarke" is the most diagnostic character of this species, as seen in the figures of P1. 10, this feature tends to vary somewhat. Newman (1965) described this species from the Buck tongue of northwestern Colorado. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. 120 Genus Triporopollenites (Pflug) Thomson & Pflug 1953 Type species Triporopollenites coryloides Pflug in Thomson & Pflug 1953 Triporopollenites rugatus Newman 1965 Plate 9, Figure 12 1965 University Colorado Studies, Earth Science Series, no. 2, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 7. Eggs, P3f-l. Occurrence. 59 samples; 0.3 to 3.0%. Comments. This species agrees very well with the description of Newman (1965), the average dimension being Similar to the smallest maximum dimension of the type material. Newman records this species from the Paleocene. Affinity. Juglandaceae (?). TriporOpolleniteS cf..1. teetus Newman 1965 Plate 9, Figure 5 1965 University Colorado Studies, Earth Science Series, no. 2, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 6. £3533. P3f-2. Occurrence. 25 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. The small size, shape and the surface texture are the distinguishing features of this species, the pore structure is also diagnostic. Affinity. Angiospermous pollen. Genus Trudapollis (Pflug) Potonie 1960 Type Species Tzudapollis pertrudens (Pflug) Potonie 1960 121 Trudopollis meekeri Newman 1965 Plate 9, Figure 4 1965 University Colorado Studies, Earth Science Series, no. 2, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 12. Igggg. P3sm-4. Occurrence. 17 samples; 20 times. Comments. The shape and pore structure are diagnostic on this species. Newman (1965) describes this species from the Buck tongue of northwestern Colorado. Affinity. Angiospermous grain. ANGIOSPERM‘POLLEN (Polyporate) Genus Liquidambarpollenites Raatz 1937 Type species Liquidambarpollenites stigmosus (Potonie) Raatz 1937 Liquidambarpollenites cf..£. stigmosus (Potonie) Raatz 1937 Plate 9, Figure 14 1937 Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, v. 183, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 26. Eggs, Poo—l. Occurrence. 10 samples; 12 times. Comments. These grains are not thought to be modern contaminates although the possibility exists. They are very small, and some specimens are remarkably well preserved. Affinity. These grains are similar to the pollen of Liquidambar. 122 Liquidambarpollenites sp. Plate 9, Figure 15 9.933. P°°-2. Description. Pollen grains polyporate; outline circular; exine granular; pores round, 2.0 microns in diameter, heavy granular annulus; grains about 20 microns. Occurrence. 15 samples; 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This grain could well be a modern contaminant. It was often found in an expanded condition, and sometimes appeared to stain Slightly darker than other pollen in the same sample. This entity strongly resembles Species of the modern family Chenopodiaceae. Reference specimen. Pb4751a-1 Dll.2xR12.6. Affinity. Liquidambar? Group ACRITARCHA Evitt 1963 Subgroup ACANTHOMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Baltisphaeridium Eisenack emend. Downie & Sarjeant 1963 Type species Baltisphaeridium longispinosum (Eisenack) Eisenack 1958 Baltisphaeridium cf. B. delicatum Wall 1965 Plate 9, Figure 29 1965 Micropaleontology, v. 11, p. 156, pl. 1, figs. 11-13; pl. 7, fig. 6. 9293, Baltisphaeridiumrl. Occurrence. 6 samples; 6 times. Comments. This species differs from that described by Wall (1965) by being thicker walled but is also similar to the Devonian species B, brevispinosum Eisenack (1931). 123 Baltisphaeridium hirsutum (Ehrenberg) Downie & Sarjeant 1963 Plate 9, Figure 23 1963 Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. , p. 91. Code. BaltisphaeridiumPB. Occurrence. 17 samples; 21 times. Comments. This Species is characterized by its folded and irregular surface pattern on its central body. .2, hirsutum has been reported from the Cretaceous of Germany (Ehrenberg, 1838) and Upper Cretaceous of Britain (Cookson & Hughes, 1964). Baltisphaeridium infulatum Wall 1965 Plate 9, Figure 30 1965 Micr0paleontology, v. 11, p. 155, pl. 1, figs. 5—7; pl. 7, fig. 3. Code. BaltisphaeridiumFZ. Occurrence. 3 samples; 3 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its long slender pro- cesses; Wall (1965) described this species with two varieties based on the length of their processes. The Species found in this study are most similar to Wall's Baltisphaeridium infulatum var. infulatum, Wall (1965) described from the Jurassic of England. Baltisphaeridium sp. Plate 9, Figure 27 Code. Baltisphaeridium-4. Description. Small acritarch; central body spherical; wall thickness about 1 micron; processes short cones, about 2 microns long (over 30). Diameter, about 25 microns. 124 Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its short conical pro— cesses and is apparently a new Species. Reference Specimen. Pb4828-l D8.4xR10.5. Genus Micrhystridium Deflandre 1937 emend. Downie & Sarjeant 1963 Type species Micrhystridium inconSpicuum Deflandre 1935 Micrhystridium cf. M, biornatum Deflandre 1937 Plate 9, Figure 16 1937 Ann. Paleont. v. 26, p. 34, pl. 13, fig. 9. Code. MicrhystridiumFZ. Occurrence. 81 samples; 0.3 to 5%. Comments. This distinctive Species rarely occurs more than 4 times in a sample. Deflandre (1937) described this species from the Senonian of France and it has subsequently been reported from the Jurassic of EurOpe. MicrhyStridium fragile Deflandre 1947 Plate 9, Figure 28 1947 Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco no. 921, p. 8, figs. 13-18. dig. Micrhystridiumr9. Occurrence. 13 samples; 14 times. COmments. This Species is characterized by its long sinuous processes (few in number). This entity is well known from Jurassic of France and Great Britain and has been reported from Upper Cretaceous of Texas (Zaitzeff, 1967) and Eocene of England (Williams, 1963). This Species has 125 been reported in more than 15 publications with a total range from Devonian through Eocene. Micrhystridium inconspicum Deflandre emend. Deflandre 1937 Plate 9, Figure 19 1937 Ann. Paleont. v. 26, p. 80. Code. Micrhystridiumr4. Occurrence. 68 samples; 0.3 to 5.3%. Comments. This species as identified in this study probably contains more than one species and was generally characterized by those Specimens having a small central body with numerous processes (more than 20), but in general the entity identified as Micrhystridium~4 in this study conforms to the description of the species M. inconspicum Deflandre (1937). Micrhystridium minutispinum Wall 1965 Plate 9, Figure 18 1965 MicrOpaleontology, v. 11, p. 158, pl. 3, figs. 8-10; pl. 7, fig. 12. Code. Micrhystridium—l. Occurrence. 97 samples; 0.3 to 7.3%. Comments. This very small entity is characterized by small conical to slightly rounded spines that are less than 1 micron long. Wall (1965) reported this species from the Jurassic of England. Micrhystridium cf. M, roguesi Valensi 1948 Plate 9, Figure 17 1948 Bull. Society Geology France, v. 18, p. 545, fig. 5. Code. Micrhystridium—S. Occurrence. 31 samples; 0.3 to 5.0%. 126 Comments. This distinctive grain is characterized by its many blunt spines and is most similar to the species M, roguesi described by Valensi (1948) from Jurassic of France. This Species rarely occurs more than 2 times in a sample. Micrhystridigm sp. Plate 9, Figure 24 Code. MicrhyStridiumPB. Description. Small acritarch; central body spherical to sub— spherical; processes slender, sinuous with a bifurcate or otherwise complex tip, about 15 in number. Central body is frequently Split. Dimension, central body, about 12 microns maximum diameter; processes 3-7 microns long. Occurrence. 46 samples; 0.3 to 5%. Comments. This small acritarch is common in the samples of the Buck tongue and is characterized by its processes and small size. This Species is distinct from any other species of Micrhystridium thus far described. Reference specimen. 4713-1 D7.4le4.5. Subgroup POLYGONOMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Veryhachium Deunff emend. Downie & Sarjeant 1963 Type species Veryhachium trisulcum (Deunff) Veryhachium reductum (Deunff) de Jekhowsky fa. bygyg.de Jekhowsky 1961 Plate 9, Figure 26 1961 Review Micropaleont., v. 3, p. 212, pl. 2, figs. 41-44. 127 Code. Veryhachium-6. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its very short processes or apical spines and has a long range. This forms was described from the Permo-Triassic by de Jekhowsky (1961). Veryhachium reductum (Deunff) de Jekhowsky fa. reductum de Jekhowsky 1961 Plate 9, Figure 22 1961 Review Micropaleont., v. 3, p. , pl. 2, figs. 33—37. Code. Veryhachium-6a. Occurrence. 2 samples, 2 times. Comments. This forms is characterized by its shape and its processes and was initially differentiated by de Jekhowsky (1961) from the Permo— Triassic of Africa and Yugoslavia. Subgroup SPHAEROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Leiosphaeridia Eisenack 1958 Type species Leiosphaeridia baltica Eisenack 1958 LeiOSphaeridia Sp. A Plate 9, Figure 21 Code. LeiOSphaeridia-l. Description. Small acritarch; thick walled; less than 10 microns in diameter. Occurrence. 139 samples; 0.3 to 15.7%. Comments. This category was used as a "catch-all" group for very small inaperturate non-fungal palynomorphs with smooth walls. Generally this entity occurs as less than 3% of the total palynomorphs. 128 Leiosphaeridia Sp. B Plate 9, Figure 20 Code. Leiosphaeridia-2. Description. Medium sized acritarch; from 10 to 20 microns in diameter; psilate wall texture; inaperturate. Occurrence. 75 samples; 0.3 to 3.0%. Comments. This smooth-walled acritarch category was used for all smooth-walled, medium sized, inaperturate palynomorphs, excluding fungal Spores. LeiOSphaeridia sp. C Plate 9, Figure 25 Code. Leiosphaeridia-3. Description. Large acritarch; smooth-walled; inaperturate; generally Spherical to subspherical in shape. Diameter, greater than 20 microns, average 25 microns. Occurrence. 77 samples; 0.3 to 6.7%. Comments. This category of large acritarchs was set up to accommodate all non-fungal inaperturate entities, with a diameter greater than 20 microns. This category rarely occurred more than 1% of the total count in any sample. Subgroup NETROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Leiofusa Eisenack 1938 Type species Leiofusa fusiformis (Eisenack) Eisenack 1938 Leiofusa jurassica Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Plate 10, Figure 17 129 Code. Leiofusa—l. Occurrence. 3 samples; 3 times. Comments. This species is similar to some Lower Paleozoic Species described by Cramer (1964) and Downie (1959), but is most like L, jurassica Cookson & Eisenack (1958) except it is Slightly smaller in size. Leiofusa Sp. A Plate 10, Figure 11 Code. Leiofusa—2. Description. Small acritarch; central body fusiform, small, un- ornamented; with short Spines at each end; no Opening observed. Maximum diameter of the central body less than 15 microns; spines 1/3 to 1/2 maximum diameter of the central body. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comments. One specimen of this Species was encountered in the samples of the Buck tongue; to the writer's knowledge no similar species of comparable age has been reported. Reference specimen. Pb47l3-l Dl4.4le7.5. Subgroup HERKOMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Cymatiosphaera O. Wetzel emend. Deflandre 1954 Type species Cymatiosphaera radiata O. Wetzel 1933 Cymatiosphaera eupeplos (Valensi) Deflandre 1954 Plate 10, Figure 3 1954 Compte Rende Soc. Geol. France, v. 12, p. 258. Code. Cymatiosphaera—l. 130 Occurrence. 24 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments. This very small but distinctive acritarch is most common in the Crescent Butte section occurring only eight times in all other Buck tongue samples. This species was originally described as a Micrhystridium and does greatly resemble that genus. Cymatiosphaera cf. 9, exilissima (Deflandre) Deflandre 1954 Plate 10, Figure 2 1954 Compte Rende Soc. Geol. France, v. 12, p. 258. Code. Cymatiosphaera—B. Occurrence. 16 samples; 20 times. Comments. This very small Species has been described from the Jurassic by Deflandre (1947) and is therefore only compared to the samples of the Buck tongue. Cymatiosphaera cf. 9. pachytheca Eisenack 1957 Plate 10, Figure 4 1957 Neues Jahrb. Geol. Pa1.,v. 15, p. 245, pl. 19, figs. 4-5; pl. 20, fig. 11. Code. Cymatiosphaera72. Occurrence. 29 samples; 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This species is found most commonly in the bottom portion of the West Salt Creek section and is only scattered throughout the rest of sections sampled. Cymatiosphaera cf. Q, Stigmata Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Plate 10, Figure 9 1958 Roy. Soc. Victoria, Proc., v. 70, p. 50, pl. 9, fig. 14. 131 Code. Cymatiosphaera—4. Occurrence. 6 samples; 6 times. Comments. This large acritarch with small polygonal fields is similar to the Q, stigmata described by Cookson & Eisenack (1958) but is considerably smaller and differs Slightly in other details also. This species has only one occurrence other than the Tuscher Wash Section, Which is the most shoreward section of this study. Subgroup PTEROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Pterospermopsis W. Wetzel 1952 Type species Pterospermopsis danica W. Wetzel 1952 Pterospermopsis australiensis Deflandre & Cookson 1955 Plate 10, Figures 7, 8 1955 Australian Jour. Marine & Freshw. Res., v. 6, p. 286, pl. 3, fig. 4. Code. Pterospermopsis-2. Occurrence. 14 samples; 0.3 to 3.0%. Comments. This species is characterized by its size and the nature of the wing. This species was described from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia. Pterospermopsis ginginensis Deflandre & Cookson 1955 Plate 10, Figure 6 1955 Australian Jour. Marine & Freshw. Res., v. 6, p. 287—8, fig. 49. Code. Pterospermopsis-l. Occurrence. 12 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. This species is characterized by its very small size. I It has an Upper Cretaceous range. 132 Subgroup DINETROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant 1963 Genus Diplotesta Cookson & Eisenack 1959 Type species Diplotesta glaessneri Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Diplotesta luna Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Plate 10, Figure l 1960 MicrOpaleontology, v. 6, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 21. Code. Diplotesta-l. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. Comments. The Australian specimens of this species have an upper Albian to Cenomanian range. The species of this study are middle Campanian. Subgroup UNCERTAIN Genus Palaeostomocystis Deflandre 1935 Type Species Palaeostomocystis reticulata Deflandre 1935 Palaeostomocystis laevigata Drugg 1967 Plate 10, Figure 16 1967 Palaeontographica, v. 120, Abt. B, p. 35, pl. 6, figs. 14, 15. Code. Palaeostomocystis-l. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species is characterized by the rim around its pylome and was described by Drugg (1967) from the Maestrichtian of California. Class CHLOROPHYCEAE Order CHLOROCOCCALES Family UNCERTAIN 133 Genus Palambages O. Wetzel 1961 Type species Palambages morulosa O. Wetzel 1961 Palambages deflandrei Gorka 1963 Plate 10, Figure 19 1963 Acta. Paleont. Polonica, p. 76, pl. 11, fig. 2. Code. Palambages—l. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species resembles Palambages Sp. A (in part) Manum & Cookson (1964) (pl. 7, fig. 6) Palambages morulosa O. Wetzel 1961 Plate 10, Figure 18 1961 Micropaleontology, v. 7, p. 338, pl. 1, fig. 11. lgggg. Palambages-Z. Occurrence. »4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species can be differentiated from P, deflandrei by its larger size and thinner wall structure. This Species is similar to forms described by Manum & Cookson (1964), Cookson (1965), and Zeitzeff (1967). Palambages £2£m5_"c" Manum & Cookson 1964 Plate 10, Figure 20 1964 Norske Vid-Aked. Skrifter I Mat—Naturv. Klasse no. 17, p. 24, pl. 7, fig. 7. Code. PalambagegrB. Occurrence. 7 samples; 7 times. Comments. This characteristic Species can be differentiated by the 134 the large size of the cells, the thin wall structure and by normally present pylome. Genus Quisquilites Wilson & Urban 1963 Type species Quisquilites buckhornensis Wilson & Urban 1963 Quisquilites(?) pluralis Hemer & Nygreen 1967 Plate 10, Figure 14 1967 Micropaleontology, v. 13, p. 192, pl. 3, figs. l4, l7, l8. .Qggg. Quisquilites-l. Occurrence. 10 samples; 0.3 to 0.7%. Comments. This species as described by Hemer & Nygreen (1967) is probably an invalid Species in as much it was questionably assigned to the genus Quisquilites; however, the species as described by Hemer & Nygreen most closely agrees with the Species found in the samples of this study. Other closely related taxa are some species of Schizosporis Cookson & Dettmann (1959), species of the genus Leioaletes Staplin (1960), or members of the Devonian genus Ellipsaletes Cramer (1966). Quisquilites(?) ornatus Hemer & Nygreen 1967 Plate 10, Figure 12 1967 Micropaleontology, v. 13, p. 192, pl. 3, figs. 15, 16. .Qggg, Quisquilites—Z. ' Occurrence. Not found in count of 300 entities. Comments. Although this Species was not found in the fixed sum counts of the samples of this study, it was noted on several occasions as being present. The comments under the species.g, pluralis are also valid for this Species. 135 Genus Tetraporina Naumova 1950 Type Species Tetraporina antique Naumova 1950 Tetraporina glabra Naumova 1950 Plate 10, Figure 10 1950 Akad. Nauk. SSR, lzv., Geol. Ser., v. 3, p. 103—113. Code. Tetraporina-2. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species differs from T, horologia by having thicker walls and being slightly larger. Tetraporina hprologia (Staplin) Playford 1963 Plate 10, Figure 5 1963 Palaeontology, v. 5, p. 659, pl. 95, figs. 14, 15. Code. Tetraporina-l. Occurrence. 16 samples; 0.3.to 2.7%. Comments. This is one of the few entities found in this study that appeared to be restricted to the lower parts of the sections from which it was recovered. This entity somewhat resembles the genera Horolqginella of Cookson & Eisenack (1962) and Schizocystia Cookson & Eisenack (1962) but differs in the pore structure. Class DINOPHYCEAE Discussion. The Class DINOPHYCEAE embraces all fossil dinoflagellates and the typical hystrichosPheres. Evitt (1961), Downie, Evitt & Sarjeant (1963), Evitt & Davidson (1964), and others have demonstrated that almost all, if not all, fossil dinoflagellates are representatives of the encysted state rather than the motile state of the living forms. 136 For this reason, the following cyst family classification of Sarjeant & Downie (1966) modified by Sarjeant (1967) is utilized in the taxonomic structure of this study. Cyst-Family GONYAULACYSTACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Leptodinium Klement 1960 Type Species Leptodinium subtile Klement 1960 Leptodinium of. L, dispertitum Cookson & Eisenack 1965 Plate 11, Figure l 1965 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 79, p. 122, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6. Eggs. Gonyaulax—l. Occurrence. 3 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species was described from the Upper Eocene of Australia and the four Specimens recovered from the Buck tongue sediments are tentatively assigned to it. Cyst—Family PERIDINIACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Apteodinium Eisenack 1958 Type species Apteodinium granulatum Eisenack 1958 Apteodinium grande Cookson & Hughes 1964 Plate 11, Figure 5 1964 Palaeontology, v. 7, p. 52, pl. 6, figs. 8, 9. Eggs, Apteodiniumrl. Occurrence. 9 samples; 9 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its large size and pre- cingular archeOpyle. The occurrence of this species tends to be greatest 137 in the middle of the stratigraphic sections from which it is recovered; however,the number of occurrences is not sufficient to draw accurate conclusions. Genus Spinidinium Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Type species Spinidinium styloniferum Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Spinidinium densispinatum Stanley 1965 Plate 11, Figure 2 1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 226, pl. 21, figs. 1-3. .Qggg. Spinidinium-2. Occurrence. 15 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. Comments. This species is restricted to those samples collected from the lower portion of the sections of the Buck tongue. Spinidinium Styloniferum Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Plate 11, Figure 6 1962 MicrOpaleontology, v. 8, p. 489, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. Code. Spinidinium-l. Occurrence. 12 samples; 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This Species iS differentiated from-S. densispinatum Stanley (1965) by its less rounded shape and stronger sculptural elements. Cyst-Family PYXIDIELIACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Komewuia Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Type species Komewuia glabra Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Komewuia glabra Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Plate 10, Figure 13 138 1960 Palaeontology, v. 2, p. 257, pl. 39, fig. 8. 'dig. Komewuia-Z. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comment. A single specimen of this Species was found within the fixed sum counts. This Species has been reported from the Upper Jurassic of Australia. Cyst-Family BROOMEACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Canningia Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Type species Canningia reticulata Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Canningia cf. Q, colliveri Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Plate 11, Figure 3 1960 Palaeontology, v. 2, p. 38, fig. 4. .Qggg, Canningia. Occurrence. 9 samples; 13 times. Comments. This species is only tentatively assigned to this genus. The location of the archeopyle is not known with certainty; morphologi- cally it resembles g, colliveri. Cyst—Family HYSTRICHOSPHAERIDACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Cleistosphaeridium Davey,.g£”§l. 1966 Type species Cleistosphaeridium diversispinosum Davey e£_§l, 1966 Cleistosphaeridium heteracanthum (Deflandre-& Cookson) Davey & Williams 1966 Plate 11, Figure 7 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 168, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7. 139 Egge. Cleistosphaeridium—1. Occurrence. 8 samples; 0.3 to 2.0%. Comments. This Species is characterized by its apical archeopyle and its processes, and is not readily differentiated from the genus Exochosphaeridium. Genus Cordosphaeridium Eisenack 1963 Type species Cordosphaeridium inodes (KlumpP) Eisenack 1963 Cordosphaeridium fasciatum Davey & Williams 1966b Plate 11, Figure 8 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 90, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6. .Qggg. Cordosphaeridium—1. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This species most resembles g, fasciatum and is assigned to this genus even though the original designation by Davey & Williams (1966) is doubtfully validated in as much as they questioned the genus to which they assigned the Species. CordOSQhaeridium cf..§. fibrospinosum Davey & Williams 1966b Plate 12, Figure 6 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 5. ‘Qggg. Cordosphaeridium—3. Occurrence. 4 samples; 5 times. Comments. This Tertiary species was recorded from the Maestrichtian of Texas by Zaitzeff (1967) and is found in the Campanian Buck tongue samples of this study. 140 Genus Hystrichokolpoma Klumpp 1953 Type Species Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp 1953 Hystrichokolpoma ferox (Deflandre) Williams & Downie 1966 Plate 11, Figure 4 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 181. ‘dig. gflystrichokolpoma ferox. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 specimen. Comments. The documentation of this Species is well substantiated from middle Neocomian to the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary. Genus Hystrichosphaeridium Deflandre 1937 Type Species Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg) Davey & Williams 1966b Hystrichosphaeridium cf.‘fl. bowerbanki Davey & Williams 1966b Plate 12, Figure 3 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 1, 4. .Qggg. Hystrichosphaeridium—Z. Occurrence. 2 samples; 3 times. Comments. The previously recorded range of this species is Albian to Cenomanian. Hystrichosphaeridium readei Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 12, Figure 2 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 64, pl. 6, fig. 3. Code. Hystrichosphaeridium—4. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. 141 Comments. This Species was described from Cenomanian of England and is reported by its authors as being undoubtedfiy related to the Upper. Jurassic species 3. costatum Davey & Williams (1966). Hystrichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg) Davey & Williams 1966 Plate 12, Figure 7 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 56, pl. 6, figs. 1; pl. 8, fig. 5; pl. 10, fig. 2, text-fig. l3. Eggg. Hystrichosphaeridium—l. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. Comments. This species has a known range of Albian to Eocene. Genus Oligosphaeridium Davey & Williams 1966a Type Species Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey & Williams 1966a Oligosphaeridium prolixispinosum Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 12, Figure 5 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 76, pl. 8, figs. 2, 3. Eggs. Oligosphaeridium—3. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comments. This Species has a recorded range from the Middle Neocomian to Lower Eocene. Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 12, Figure 4 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 71, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; pl. 10, fig. 10. 142 Code. Hystrichosphaeridium Sp. Occurrence. 4 samples; 4 times. Comments. This long-ranging species is found in sediments from Valanginian (middle Neocomian) to Lower Eocene. Genus Polysphaeridium Davey & Williams 1966b Type species Polysphaeridium subtile Davey & Williams 1966b Polysphaeridium subtile Davey & Williams 1966b Plate 12, Figure l 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 92, pl. 11, fig. 1. Eggg. Polysphaeridium—l. Occurrence. 6 samples; 6 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its short Slender pro- cesses with expanded distal ends. Genus Prolixosphaeridium Davey e£_§l. 1966 Type species Prolixosphaeridium deirense Davey e£_§1. 1966 Prolixosphaeridium deirense Davey g£_§l. 1966 Plate 10, Figure 15 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 171, pl. 3, fig. 2, text-fig. 45. Eggg. Prolixosphaeridium—l. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comments. This species is characterized by its elongated central body, apical archeopyle, and two antapical processes. 143 Cyst—Family EXOCHOSPHAERIDIACEAE Davey g£_§l. 1966 Genus Exochosphaeridium Davey §£_§1. 1966 Type species Exochosphaeridium phragmites Davey ££_31. 1966 ExochosRhaeridium cf. E, phragmites Davey e£_§l. 1966 Plate 13, Figure 5 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 165, pl. 2, figs. 8-10. Qggg. Exochosphaeridium-l. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comments. This species differs from Cleistosphaeridium in having a precingular archeopyle whereas ExochosEhaeridium has an apical archeo— pyle, orientation is a critical factor in the proper identification of these genera and it could easily be misidentified. Cyst-Family AREOLIGERACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Circulodinium Alberti 1961 Type species Circulodinium hirtellum Alberti 1961 Circulodinium deflandrei Alberti 1961 Plate 13, Figure 3 1961 Palaeontographica, v. 116, Abt. B, p. 29, pl. 4, figs. 7-13. Egdg. Circulodinium deflandrei. Occurrence. 3 samples; 5 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its general form and the nature of its processes. 144 Cyst-Family HYSTRICHOSPHAERACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Hystrichodinium Deflandre ex. Deflandre 1936 Type species Hystrichodinium pulchrum Deflandre 1936 Hystrichodinium cf. H. pulchrum Deflandre ex. Deflandre 1936 Plate 13, Figure 4 1936 Ann. Paleont., v. 25, p. 182, pl. 8, figs. 3, 4. Eggg. flystrichodinium—l. Occurrence. 1 sample; 5 times. Comments. This species resembles fl. pulchrum as defined by Deflandre (1936) except the dimensions are much smaller; the Buck tongue Species are 60-70 microns long whereas the type material is 110-125 microns long. Genus HystrichosEhaera O. Wetzel 1933 Type species Hystrichosghaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) O. Wetzel 1933 Hystrichosphaera cingulata (O. Wetzel) Deflandre 1958 Plate 13, Figure 2 1954 Compte Rende Soc. Geol. France, v. 12, p. 258. ggge. Hystrichosphaera-3. Occurrence. 4 samples; 6 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its high sutural crests and its short gonal processes. Hystrichosphaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) var. gracilis Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 13, Figure 1 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 34, pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 5, fig. 6. Code. Hystrichosphaera-6a. ‘ f 145 Occurrence. 13 samples; 13 times. Comments. This, the most common of the HyStrichoSphaera Species is characterized by its relatively small central body. This species has been reported from the Cenomanian of England and the Miocene of Australia. HystrichosPhaera cf. ramosa var. multibrevis Davey & Williams iE_Davey.e£_§;, 1966 Plate 14, Figure 4 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 4, fig. 6; text-fig. 9. Eggg. gflystrichosphaera-B. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. Comments. This species is characterized by its numerous processes. Hystrichosphaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) var. ram0sa Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 14, Figure 7 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 33, pl. 1, figs. 1-6; pl. 3, fig. 1; text-fig. 8. Eggg, Hystrichosphaera—l. Occurrence. 19 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. This species is characterized by its thin—walled large central body which is relatively unornamented. Hystrichosphaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) var. reticulata Davey & Williams 1966a Plate 13, Figure 6 1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3, p. 38, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. Code. Hystrichosphaera—Z. 146 Occurrence. 8 samples; 8 times. Comments. This Species can be distinguished from.§, ramosa var. ramosa by its thicker, ornamented central body wall. This species is reported from the Cenomanian of England. Genus Pterodinium Eisenack 1958 Type species Pterodinium aliferum Eisenack 1958 Pterodinium aliferum Eisenack 1958 Plate 14, Figure 6 1958 Neues Jb. Geol. Palaeont., v. 106, p. 395. Code. Pterodinium—1. Occurrence. 3 samples; 3 times. Comments. This readily recognizable species has a previously reported range of Albian. Cyst-Family DEFLANDRACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Deflandrea Eisenack 1938 Type species Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938 Deflandrea cincta Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Plate 14, Figure 3 1958 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 70, p. 26, pl. 4, figs. 1-3. Code. Deflandrea-5. Occurrence. 13 samples; 16 times. Comments. This Species is characterized by its general shape, antapical horns and shape and position of its archeopyle and the nature of its girdle. 147 Deflandrea diebeli Alberti 1959 Plate 14, Figure 8 1959 Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, v. 28, p. 99-100, pl. 9, figs. 18-21. Eggg. Deflandrea-l. Occurrence. 21 samples; 0.3 to 1.3%. Comments. This species is characterized by its apical and antapical horns and by the striations of folding of the periphram. Deflandrea oebisfeldensis Alberti 1959 Plate 14, Figure l 1959 Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, v. 28, p. 95, pl. 8, figs. 10-13. Eggg.' Deflandrea-2. Occurrence. 6 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. The gross outline and nature of the apical horn agree with the species 2. oebisfeldensis; however, there are a number of characters that do not agree with the original diagnosis of this species which has been reported only from the Eocene. Deflandrea pannucea Stanley 1965 Plate 14, Figure 9 1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 220, pl. 22, figs. 1-4, 8-10. Eggg. Deflandrea pannucea. Occurrence. Comments. This species is characterized by the longitudinally folded 148 periphram and the nature of its horns, and has been previously reported from the Paleocene of South Dakota and the Maestrichtian of Texas. Deflandrea Scheii Manum 1963 Plate 14, Figure 2 1963 Norsk Polarinstitutt-Arbok Oslo, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 1-16. .dig. Deflandrea-12. Occurrence. 9 samples; 0.3 to 2%. Comments. This Species is characterized by its tetragonal Shape and the seven spinous areas or zones of the girdle. Cyst—Family ENDOSCRINIACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Palaeohystrichophora Deflandre 1934 Type Species Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre 1934 Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre 1934 Plate 15, Figure l 1934 Compte Rende Acad. Sci. France, v. 199, p. 967, p1. , fig. 8. QQQE, Palaeohystrichophora—l. Occurrence. 16 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. This very characteristic species is reported from the Upper Cretaceous of France, Australia and North America. Palaeohystrichophora isodiametrica Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Plate 15, Figure 3 1958 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 70, p. 38, pl. 12, fig. 12. Eggs, Palaeohystrichgphora-Z. Occurrence. 5 samples; 5 times. 149 Comments. This species is characterized by its shape, nature of processes and the outline of the archeOpyle. This species has only been reported from the Campanian and the lower parts of the Maestrichtian of the Upper Cretaceous. Cyst-Family HEXAGONIFERACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Hexagonifera Cookson & Eisenack 1961 Type species Hexagpnifera suspecta Manum & Cookson 1964 Hexaggnifera chlamydata Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Plate 15, Figure 6 1962 Palaeontology, v. 8, p. 496, pl. 7, figs. 1—3, 5—8. Eggs, Hexagonifera—3. Occurrence. 28 samples; 0.3 to 1.0%. Comments. This small thickrwalled Specimen is characterized by its surface ornamentation and has been recorded from the Albian to the Cenomanian. Hexagonifera cf..§. glabra Cookson & Eisenack 1961 Plate 15, Figure 5 1961 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 74, p. 73, pl. 12, figs. 9—13. .9992. Hexagonifera—2. Occurrence. 114 samples; 0.3 to 4.7%. Comments. This species differentiated from.§. suspecta by having a thinner, smoother wall and in generally being slightly larger. This species has been reported from the Upper Cretaceous sediments ranging from the Coniacian to the t0p of the Campanian. 150 Hexagonifera suspecta Manum & Cookson 1964 Plate 15, Figures 4, 7 1964 Norske Vid—Akad. Skrifter I Mat-Haturv. Klasse no. 17, p. 9, pl. 1, figs. 9-13. gggyg. Hexagonifera-l. Occurrence. 124 samples; 0.3 to 5%. Comments. This species is considered to be a species of Deflandrea by Sarjeant (1966) and not entirely without justification as this Specimen is found in this study, on rare occasions, with a periphram Similar to, if not identical with, the genus Deflandrea; however, it usually occurs with only the central body whichhas a three-plate (hexagonal in outline) archeopyle. This species has previously been reported from Cenomanian sediments. Cyst—Family PSEUDOCERATIACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus Odontochitina Deflandre 1935 Type species Odontochitina striatoperforata Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Odontochitina striatoperforata Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Plate 16, Figure 10 1962 MicrOpaleontology, v. 8, p. 490, pl. 3, fig. 16. Eggg. Odontochitina-1. Occurrence. 1 sample; 1 time. Comments. This easily recognizable micrOplankton species was found only one time within the constant sum count but was present in several samples outside the 300 count. This species has previously been recorded 151 from the Albian to the Cenomanian of Australia Cookson & Eisenack (1962) If‘ and from the Maestrichtian of Texas Zaitzeff (1967).)-1 ‘F""" ‘R-u—w-_.—_ .--_ -...._-. -5” .._._.._ _ __ _ _ _ - - - -. .~-. ......_‘.. -.--__~.. Cyst—Family MEMBRANILARNACACEAE Sarjeant & Downie 1966 Genus ChlamydOphorella Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Type species Chlamydophorella nyei Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Chlamydophorella cf. 9. grossa Manum & Cookson 1964 Plate 15, Figure 2 1964 Norske Vid-Akad. Skrifter I Mat-Haturv. Klasse no. 17, p. 17, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. Code. Chlamydophorella-l. Occurrence. 4 samples; 5 times. Comments. This genus differs from the type species of Chlamydophorella in being smaller, and differs from the genus Gardodinium Alberti (1961) by not having an apical process. Cyst—Family UNCERTAIN Genus Diconodinium Eisenack & Cookson 1960 Type Species Diconodinium multispinum (Deflandre & Cookson) Eisenack & Cookson 1960 Diconodinium arcticum Manum & Cookson 1964 Plate 14, Figure 5 1964 Norske Vid—Akad. Skrifter I Mat-Haturv. Klasse no. 17, p. 18, pl. 6, figs. 1-4. Code. Diconodinium-l. Occurrence. 22 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. 152 Comments. This species differs from Q, glabrum Cookson & Eisenack (1960) by being smaller and by the natrue of its apical horn. Genus Dinogymgium Evitt-et.al, 1967 Type species Dinogymnium acuminatum Evitt g£_§1. 1967 Dinogymnium acuminatum Evitt 1967 Plate 16, Figure 3 1967 Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sciences, v. 10, p. 8, pls. 1, 2; pl. 3, figs. 1-8, 10, 11, 20, text—fig. 11-23. Eggg, Dinogymnium—3. Occurrence. 5 samples; 5 times. Comments. For the complete discussion of the relationship of this species to other species of this genus the reader is referred to Evitt gt _1. (1967). This species was described from the Maestrichtian of California but probably has a range at least from the Cenomanian to the Maestrichtian. Dinogymnium cf. 2, cretaceum (Deflandre) Evitt g£_§1. 1967 Plate 16, Figure 6 1967 Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sciences, v. 10, p. 17, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19. Eggg. Dinogymnium—S. Occurrence. 11 samples; 13 times. Comments. This species is referred to Q, cretaceum and does indeed resemble the many reports of this Species; however, the generally accepted size range of this small Species is 25 to 42 microns. The specimens found 153 in this study are about 15 microns; for this reason these Specimens have been tentatively assigned to this Species. Dinggymnium cf. 2. digitus (Deflandre) Evitt EEHEL! 1967 Plate 16, Figure 4 1967 Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sciences, v. 10, p. 18. .Qggg. Dinogymnium—4. Occurrence. :4 samples; 4 times. Comments. The Specimens of this study are doubtfully assigned to ,Q. digitus in as much as the location of the cingulum appears to be somewhat different than the cingulum of the type material; otherwise, this species is the same as those described,by Deflandre (1935). Dinogymnium westralium (Cookson & Eisenack) Evitt 25 2;. 1967 Plate 16, Figure 1 1967 Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sciences, v. 10, p. 23. Code. Dinogymnium-l. Occurrence. 20 samples; 0.3 to 2.3%. Comments. This species has a reported range from the Cenomanian to the middle Maestrichtian and is characterized by its large size, CI (cingulum index) and wall texture. Dinogymnium cf. 2, sp. "2" Evitt g£_§l, 1967 Plate 16, Figure 2 1967 Review Paleobot. & Palynol., v. 2, pl. 1, fig. C, H-J. Code. Dinogymnium—Z. Occurrence. 19 samples; 0.3 to 1.7%. 154 Comments. This species as recovered from the samples of the Buck tongue does not occur in the upper part of any of the sections in which it was found. This species, apparently undescribed in the literature, most resembles the Gypnodinium Sp. 2 Evitt (1967) but has a somewhat smaller CI. Dinogymnium sp. Plate 16, Figure 5 Eggg. Dinogymnium—8. Description. Test essentially elongate cylinder with rounded ends, cingulum less than 1/3 of the maximum dimension from one end, CI=70; wall thin and porous; archeopyle present. Maximum dimension greater than 110 microns, range 110 to 220 microns. Occurrence. 6 samples; 0.3 to 2.7%. Comments. This extremely long narrow thin species has not been previously reported to the writer's knowledge. The diagnostic features are the overall length, the thin wall, and the location of the cingulum. Reference specimen. Pb4735—l D15.9xR3.3. Genus Horologinella Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Type species Horologinella lineata Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Horologinella cf. H. incurvatum Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Plate 16, Figure 7 1962 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 75, p. 272, pl. 37, fig. 5. Code. Horologinella-l. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. 155 Comments. This entity is tentatively assigned to this genus and species because of its central capsule and wall structure; it differs from Tetraporina in having a central capsule. Microforam A Plate 16, Figure 8 Eggg. Microforam A Description. Uniserial, planispiral, evolute microforaminiferal chitinous innerlining. Occurrence. 2 samples; 2 times. Comments. All planispiral forms were collectively included within this group with no attempt being made to speciate. Microforam B Plate 16, Figure 9 Eggg. Microforam B Description. Uniserial, linear microforaminiferal chitinous inner— lining. Occurrence. 9 samples; 14 times. Comments. All linear nonfungal spore forms were collectively in- cluded within this category. 156 ' REFERENCES Alberti, G., 1959. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Deflandrea Eisenack (Dinoflag.) in der Kreide und im Alttertiar Nord und Mitteldeutschlands. Mitt Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 28: 93-105. , 1961. 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Taxonomic and stratigraphic Significance of dino— flagellates and acritarchs of the Navarro Group (Maestrichtian) from east-central and southwest Texas. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing: 172 p. APPENDICES APPENDIX I 2 Register pf measured stratigraphic sections Tuscher Wash.--8 miles north and 2 east of Green River, Utah, SE l/4, Sec. 13, T.203., R.16E., field locality 7/12/67 I —1 through -17. Typg_p£ Sam- Feet Mascar- ple Above ation Sample: No.: Base: Mop; Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Shale, dark gray, compact, weathers bluish gray, gritty to teeth, typical mancos type of shale. 3'channel 1 base Pb4860 Shale - same as above. 3'channe1 2 ll' Pb486l Shale — same as above. 3'channel 3 16'6" Pb4862 Shale - same as above. 3'channel 4 22' Pb4863 Shale - same as above. 3'channel 5 27'6" Pb4864 Shale - same as above. 3'channel 6 33' Pb4865 Shale - same as above. 3'channel 7 38'6" Pb4866 Shale — same as above, with discontinuous silty lenses. 3'cbannel 8 44' Pb4867 Shale - same as sample above, with 8" sand. stone below sample site. 3'channel 9 49'6" Pb4868 Shale, sandy, porcelaneous, giving the appearance of being case hardened. 3'channel 10 55' Pb4869 Shale - same as above with laminated to thin bedded fine sand and shale. 3'channel ll 60'6" Pb4870 Shale - same as sample 10 above. 3'channel 12 66' Pb487l Shale - same as sample 10 above, with thin beds of fine sand. 3'channel l3 71'6" Pb4872 Shale - same as sample 13 above. 3'channel 14 77' Pb4873 Shale, with increasing amounts of sand, beds up to 3" thick. 3'channel 15 82'6" Pb4874 Shale - same as sample 15 above 2'channel 16 88' Pb4875 171 172 Tuscher Wash (cont.) Shale and sandstone slightly more shale Sandstone and slightly more partings. Crescent Wash. Type of Sample: interbedded with than sand. 2'channel shale interbedded with sand, but with good shale 2'channel a.19s., field locality 7/11/67 III -1 through -23. Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Shale, dark gray, compact, weathers bluish gray, gritty to teeth, typical mancos type of shale. Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale - same as crystals in the Shale Shale Shale Shale 3'channel Shale - same as above, with thin layers of fine sand dispersed throughout. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as sample 1 above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channe1 same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel above, with gypsum joints. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channel same as above. 3'channe1 same as above. 3'channel Shale 18 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 Feet Above Base: 93:6" 99' --below Crescent Butte, north of Crescent, Utah, Sec. 11' 16'6" 22' 27'6" 33' 38'6" 44' 49'6" 55' 60'6" 71'6" 82'6" 93'6" 104'6" 115'6" 121' Mascer- ation No.: Pb4876 Pb4877 35,T.ZOS” Pb4837 Pb4838 Pb4839 Pb4840 Pb484l Pb4842 Pb4843 Pb4844 Pb4845 Pb4846 Pb4847 Pb4848 Pb4849 Pb4850 Pb4851 Pb4852 173 Crescent Wash (cont.) Shale same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above, with silt- stone interbedded. Shale - same as above, with fine sandstone interbedded. Shale partings typical of mancos in bedded fine sandstone. Shale partings of mancos type below 3' massive sandstone. Type of Sample: 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'picked l'picked Cottonwood Creek.--northeast of Cottonwood, Utah, SE R.23E., field locality 7/6/67 I -1 through -34. Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Shale, dark gray, compact, weathers bluish gray, gritty to teeth, typical mancos type of shale. Shale - same as above. Shale same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale same as above. Shale - same as above. Limestone, nonfossiliferous 1 1/2" thick. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. l'channel 2'channel Z'channel l'channel 2'channel 2'channel spot 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel Sam- Feet Mascer- ple Above ation No.: Base: No.: 17 126'6" Pb4853 18 132' Pb4854 19 137'6" Pb4855 20 143' Pb4856 21 148'6" Pb4857 22 154' Pb4858 23 159'6" Pb4859 l/4, Sec. 13, T.19S., 10 base 5| 6" 11' 16'6" 22' 33' 33' 49 I 6" 61'6" 72'6" Pb4794 Pb4795 Pb4796 Pb4797 Pb4798 Pb4800 Pb4801 Pb4802 Pb4803 Pb4804 174 Cottonwood Creek (Cont.) Shale - same as above, just below 1' limestone. Limestone, brown nodular, fossili- ferous badly recrystallized in places, 1' thick. Shale - same as sample 11 above, but just above limestone. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale — same as above. Shale — same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above from a 2" parting between 3" thick massive sandstone units that hold up a small nose on the slope. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale — same as above. Shale - same as above, with slightly sandy zones, just below 2' sandstone. Shale - same as above from between 6", 4" and 14" sandstones. Type of Sam- 213' Sample: No.: l'channel 11 spot 11a l'channel 12 3'channe1 l3 3'channel l4 3'channel 15 3'channel 16 3'channel l7 3'channel l8 3'channel 19 3'channel 20 3'channe1 21 3'channel 22 3'channel 23 spot 24 3'channe1 25 3'channel 26 3'channel 27 picked 28 Feet Mascer- Above ation Base: No.: 80' Pb4805 81' Pb4806 83' Pb4807 88' Pb4808 99' Pb4809 110' Pb48lO 121' Pb4811 133' Pb4812 144' Pb4813 155' Pb4814 166' Pb4815 177' Pb48l6 188' Pb4817 199' Pb4818 202' Pb4818 210' Pb48l9 221' Pb4820 228'6" Pb482l 229' Pb4822 175 Cottonwood Creek (Cont.) Shale — same as above sandstone of sample 29, sand-shale contact is very sharp. Shale - same as above, with sand- stone partings. Shale - same as above, with lenti- cular buff sand partings. Sandy shale with plant fragments. Shale, sandy with sharp contact between sand and shale units, sand may be the basal unit of Castlegate Sandstone. Shale from 2" composite at base of massive sandstone. Type of Sample: 2'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel picked 2" picked Westwater Wash.--1/4 mile south of ranch house, Sec. field locality 7/5/67 I «1 through -37. Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Shale, dark gray, compact, weathers bluish gray, gritty to teeth, typi- cal mancos type of shale. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Limestone, l l/4" thick. Shale - same as sample 1 with small calcareous nodules. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above, 6" below limestone. Limestone, 6" thick fossiliferous, buff, somewhat recrystalized. 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel spot 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel spot spot Sam- 2 9H ea“ 29 30 31 32 33 34 231' Feet Mascer- Above ation Ease: No.: Pb4824 243' Pb4825 254' Pb4826 259'6" Pb4827 265' Pb4828 267' Pb4829 T.188., R.24E., 5'6" Pb4756 ll' Pb4757 16'6" Pb4758 21'11"Pb4759 23' Pb4760 38'6" Pb4761 49'6" Pb4762 60' Pb4763 60'6" Pb4764 Westwater Wash (Cont.) Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale a same as above. 176 Shale — same as above collected above and below fossiliferous limestone. Limestone, irregular thickness, about 6", recrystalized. Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale Shale same same same same 'same same same same same same same same same same same same Shale - same fine sand. 38 88 as 88 88 BS 88 88 as 88 88 88 88 sample 1 above. above. above. above. above with some sample 1 above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. above. sand. above with silt and Type of Sam- -__—___' -§I§l Sample: No.: 3'channe1 10 3'channel ll 3'channe1 12 spot 12a 3'channel l3 3'channel 14 3'channel 15 3'channe1 16 3'channel 17 3'channel l8 3'channe1 l9 3'channel 20 3'channel 21 3'channel 22 3'channel 23 3'channel 24 3'channel 25 3'channel 26 3'channel 27 3'channel 28 3'channe1 29 3'channel 30 3'channe1 31 Feet Mascer- Above ation 8333?'No.: 71'6" Pb4765 82'6" Pb4766 93'6" Pb4767 94' Pb4768 104'6" Pb4769 115.6" Pb4770 126'6" Pb4771 137'6" Pb4772 148'6" Pb4773 159'6" Pb4774 170'6" Pb4775 181'6" Pb4776 192'6" Pb4777 203'6" Pb4778 214'6" Pb4779 225'6" Pb4780 236'6" Pb478l 247'6" Pb4782 258'6" Pb4783 269'6" Pb4784 280'6" Pb4785 291'6" Pb4786 302'6" Pb4787 177 Westwater Wash (Cont.) Type of Sample: Shale changing abruptly into sandstone. picked Shale and siltstone same as above. 3'channel Shale - same as sample 1 above. 3'channel Shale - same as above with 2-8" sand- stone beds dispersed throughout. 3'channel Siltstone or fine sandstone with shale partings. 3'channe1 Shale - same as above. spot West Salt Creek.--about 15 miles north of highway 50, Sec. Colorado. Field locality 7/9/67 I -1 through ~51. Mancos Shale Shale, dark gray, compact, weathers bluish gray, gritty to teeth, typical mancos shale. 3'channe1 Shale - same as above. 3'channel Shale - same as above. 3'channel Castlegate Sandstone Shale, sandy in partings between thin sandstones picked Shale - same as above. 3'channel Sandstone, fine grained with plant debris. picked ' Shale, sandy just below 6' massive capping sandstone. picked Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale Shale - same as sample 1 above. 3'channel base 22' Sam- Feet Mascar- pie Above ation No.: Base: No.: 32 305'6" Pb4788 33 313'6" Pb4789 34 324'6" Pb4790 35 330' Pb4791 36 346'6" Pb4792 37 357'6" Pb4793 35, T.7S.,R.104W., Pb4705 Pb4706 38'6" Pb4707 55' 66' Pb4708 Pb4709 71'6" Pb4710 77' Pb47ll 85'6" Pb4712 178 West Salt Creek (Cont.) Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Limestone thin limy interval in shale. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as sample above. Shale - same as limestone. above just below Limestone, buff to orange, 6" thick, no fossils found. Siltstone, 5" thick resistant bed. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Siltstone - same as sample 26 above. Siltstone - same as above. Siltstone - same as above but limy. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Siltstone - same as sample 16 above. Siltstone — same as above. Siltstone - same as above. Siltstone - limy, 12" thick. Limestone, buff to red, fossil baculites and Inoceramus, 18" thick. Limestone, nonfossiliferous, 8" thick. Limestone, shaly with nodules. Limestone, nodular containing fossils as nucleai, 18" thick. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Type of Sample: 3'channel 3'channe1 spot 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel spot spot 3'channe1 spot spot spot 3'channel spot spot spot picked picked picked picked picked 3'channel Sam- [E :z 9 10 ll 12 l3 14 15 l6. 17 18 19 20 31 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Feet Above Base: 96'6" 107'6" 118'6" 124' 135' 151' 6" 153'6" 163'6" 169' 171' 174'6" 180' 185'6" 192'6" 197' 198'6" 201' 206'6" 214' 230'6" 234'6" 237' Mascer- ation No.: Pb4713 Pb4714 Pb4715 Pb47l6 Pb4717 Pb4718 Pb4719 Pb4720 Pb4721 Pb4722 Pb4723 Pb4724 Pb4725 Pb4726 Pb4727 Pb4728 Pb4729 Pb4730 Pb473l Pb4732 Pb4733 Pb4734 179 West Salt Creek (Cont.) Shale - same as above with silty limy zone. Shale - same as sample 1 above with silty zones throughout. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale, silty and limy. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above with buff colored zone at top of channel Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above. Limestone, possibly dolomitic, 3" thick. Shale - same as sample 1 above. Shale - same as above, with sand partings. Shale - same as above. Shale - same as above with beds of sand. Shale — same as above. Shale — same as above. Shale - same as above, with silty zones. Sandstone, tan with silty partines. Type of Sample: 3'channel 4'channel 3'channel 3'channel l'channel 3'channel 3'channe1 l'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel spot 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel 3'channe1 3'channel 3'channel 3'channel picked Sam- Feet Mascar- ple Above ation NIT:- fase: No.: ‘ 31 252'6" Pb4735 32 264'6" Pb4736 33 275'6" Pb4737 34 297'6" Pb4738 35 303' Pb4739 36 319'6" Pb4740 37 330'6" Pb4741 38 341'6" Pb4742 39 352'6" Pb4743 40 363'6" Pb4744 41 374'6" Pb4745 42 385'6" Pb4746 43 387' Pb4747 44 396'6" Pb4748 45 413' Pb4749 46 424' Pb4750 47 429'6" Pb47Sl 48 435' Pb4752 49 440'6" Pb4753 50 446' Pb4754 51 451' Pb4755 APPENDIX II Factor Analysis of £a_t_a_ As stated in the goals of this study, one of the primary objectives was to formulate a computer based model to help explain the vertical variation in the stratigraphic sections in terms of degrees of marineness. Factor analysis seemed ideally suited for this and was chosen, for reasons outlined below, to provide the values used to construct Fig. 7. Certain questions have been raised concerning evaluation of variables and the advisability of running Q mode analysis without the R mode. Since these questions have not been entirely and satisfactorily answered at this time, this section is placed in the appendix of this study. As can be noted from the lithologic descriptions in Appendix I, the rocks of the Buck tongue are virtually homogenous throughout. There are very few lithologically distinct units megasc0pica11y discernible in the dark marine shale in the area of the Book Cliffs. The Westwater Wash section contained three thin limestone stringers which appeared in the field to be similar both lithologically and in stratigraphic position to only two units in the Cottonwood Creek Section. Except for these units it was not possible to correlate lithostratigraphic units in the Buck tongue from field relationships. As the Buck tongue is such a homogenous rock unit and because detailed superpositional control was available (2.3,, close interval samples, structurally uncomplicated outcrops, sample transect almost perpendicular to the depositional strike, a clearly defined datum at the base of the rock unit, etc.) factor analysis was selected as an analytic statistic. The problem to be solved by this statistical tool was to determine the 180 181 relatedness of all samples both linearly and vertically. The factor analysis program chosen for this study includes a complete listing of coefficients of correlation between all samples in the data matrix and it uses actual samples as reference vector end-members. The analysis of the data presented in Fig. 7 utilizes the factor- vector analysis technique. This analysis was carried out by using the Control Data Corporation model 3600 digital computer at Michigan State University. The program used was that of Manson and Imbrie, Columbia Vector Analysis Program (COVAP) and for this study only the Q mode analysis and a maximum of 72 samples per computer run were used, because of storage limitations imposed by the computer. Factor analysis is a multivariate method of classifying a large data matrix into a small number of closely related groups which can be examined and geologically interpreted. These groups are numerically related to those samples (end—members) which can account for the greatest amount of variation in the data matrix. In this objective classification, the classes are formed first and their geologic significances are determined after the classification is complete. The number of end members to be used are pre—selected by the program and are based on natural boundaries. Statistical and matrix algebra techniques are used to determine which samples will become end members. All of the original data are used in constructing the classification. Many mathematical techniques are available for quantitatively classi— fying a set of data into sample groupings. The reason that factor-vector analysis was chosen in this study is because it classifies the data into 7 natural partitions;'and because a communality value is given for every 182 sample in the data matrix, that is, a coefficient of correlation is calcu— lated for each sample so that it can be numerically related to any sample in any group. For a more complete discussion of the factor analysis pro- gram used see Manson and Imbrie (1964). Some pertinent references on the historical development and theory of application of factor analysis are Catell (1952), Lauley and Maxwell (1964) and Thurstone (1967). The basic premise of this study is that the Buck tongue can be viewed as a small sedimentary cycle, that is, a complete transgression- rcgression is recorded. Although no lithic units can be traced for more than a few miles through any part of this cycle, it was hoped at the begin- ning of this study, that "biogenic units" might be established and traced through the transgressive—regressive phases of the sediments of the Buck tongue. The palynologic composition of the sediment is used for this inter- pretation and is superimposed on the stratigraphic succession of the out- crop sections in Fig. 7. This "natural model" ggngg_Kauffman (1967), delineates the broad horizontal V-shaped biogenic units as interpreted from the factor analysis program. The communality values (Appendix II A—J) were rounded off until natural groupings occurred (Dahlberg & Griffiths, 1967) as plotted in the model of Fig. 7. The lines that separate the differ- ent biogenic units are drawn between sample groupings as inferred from factor analysis. The matrix size limitations imposed by the computer required that several runs be made so that all data within the matrix could be compared. When several sets of communality values were available for the same samples, some interpretation was necessary to determine the unit boundaries. This overlap demonstrated that although actual numerical values can not be directly correlated between different sets of data, relative values do exist between closely related samples. 183 In this phase of the study, a basic attempt is made to interpret the environs of a restricted cycle of sedimentation based solely on the flor- istic composition of the sediments. The consistent biotic associations or groupings are very much in evidence and undoubtedly reflect the paleo- environment. A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Kauffman (1967), in which he constructs a model based on the different lithologies of a marine cycle. He then interpreted environments based on lithologic and faunal distributions. In the Buck tongue of the Mancos Shale, the litho— logy is essentually one homogenous unit but the highly diversified floral content is used to construct a model. Conceptually the palynomorphs, re— covered from the sediments, are being distributed on the surface, a time plane, at any point in time during the evolution of a basin albeit at differing rates and conditions of sedimentation. The distribution of palynomorphs, which reflect environmental changes with time, are more closely related laterally than vertically. The function of factor analysis as applied to this study has been to show mathematically the degree of lateral relatedness through time and that is what is intended in Fig. 7. By examining a restricted marine transgression-regression, the time increment and the area of study are small enough to minimize the broad regional blending effects. The changes in sediment content tend to be of a local nature and the statistical technique used is very sensitive to slight changes in the data. Each leg (zonule) of the horizontal V shows that those samples within that zonule are more closely inter-related lat- erally than they are to associations assemblages vertically. The boundaries between these zonules are diagnostically representative of distinct change in the environment both ecologically and depositionally. No evolutionary 184 31VHS SODNVN JO 300N01 xona - .o .hzw2w044n mw4n2.._