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“@513 LIBRARY
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University

This is to certify that the
dissertation entitled

HYDRATION STATUS OF ENDURANCE HORSES AS AFFECTED
BY DIETARY FIBER TYPE WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL
FAT

presented by
HOLLY SUE SPOONER

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for the

PhD. degree in Animal Science

 

 

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HYDRATION STATUS OF ENDURANCE HORSES AS AFFECTED BY
DIETARY FIBER TYPE WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL FAT

By

Holly Sue Spooner

A DISSERTATION
Submitted to the
Michigan State University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Animal Science

2008

ABSTRACT

HYDRATION STATUS OF ENDURANCE HORSES AS AFFECTED BY
DIETARY FIBER TYPE WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL FAT

By
Holly Sue Spooner

Water and electrolyte loss from prolonged endurance exercise may result
in physiological disturbances in the horse. The large intestine has been
suggested to serve as a water reservoir and may help attenuate dehydration.
Dietary constituents may affect the amount of water held within the intestine and
available for use by the horse. Our initial study examined the hydration status of
horses fed three dietary fiber types and subjected to a 60-km exercise test. After
an initial training period and preliminary exercise test, horses were assigned to a
replicated 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment. Diets were grass hay (G), 50:50 grass
hay: alfalfa hay (GA), and 50:50 grass hay: proprietary chopped fiber mix (GM).
Total body water (TBW) tended to be higher (p < 0.08) in horses consuming GA
and GM than G (65.8 :t 0.8, 65.4 3: 0.8, and 63.9 :t 0.8%, respectively). Body
mass (BM) due to diet was not different at the start of the exercise test, but when
corrected for fecal loss and water intake showed a trend for diet difference during
exercise (p = 0.08), decreasing more in GM than G (5.1 :t 0.4% vs. 3.4 :l: 0.4%;
GA 4.2 :l: 0.4%). Heart rate was not different except at the end of bout one when
the heart rate of GM was lower than G or GA (p < 0.01). Core body temperature,
although not different at the start of the exercise test bout, was lower (p < 0.05) at
the canter in horses consuming GM. Results suggest higher TBW in the GM diet

at the initiation of exercise may have provided the horses with a greater “pool” of

available water for increased thermoregulation via sweating, allowing
maintenance of a lower core body temperature during exercise but at the
expense of increased BM loss. However, because the GM diet was higher in fat
content, the increase in fat intake may have been responsible for the difference
observed, thus meriting further investigation.

Our second study was designed to examine the effect of dietary fiber type
on hydration status, with and without fat supplementation. In a split-plot design,
six two-year-old Arabian horses were randomly assigned to diets containing
either chopped grass hay (G) or a chopped grass hay: soluble fiber mix (GM) and
either fat supplementation (Ft) or no fat supplementation (NFt). All horses
consumed each diet for a period of at least 21 d before completing a 60-km
exercise test. Total body water, as determined using 020, was 66.1% of body
mass and did not differ due to treatment. Horses consuming GM had greater (p
< 0.05) body mass at the start of exercise than those consuming G. Water
consumption during the exercise test was greater in G than GM (p < 0.01; 13.3 i:
1.3 L, 10.9 :I: 1.3 L), as were PCV (p < 0.01; G 36.8 :I: 1.2, GM 35.11: 1.2) and
plasma aldosterone across all times (p < 0.001; GM 28.4 i 3.8 pg/ml, G 53.3 1:
3.8 pg/ml). The results suggest that fiber type plays a greater role in hydration
status than does fat supplementation. However, in comparison to a previous
study, a higher TBW and lower core body temperature during exercise in this
study may suggest that the chopped nature of the fiber may benefit the animal

and thus may merit further investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, thank you to my husband, Scott, for all that you do.
This would not have been possible without your assistance, encouragement, and
dedication. I am forever grateful for your multitude of talents, from helping with
research to being my emotional “rock”. Thank you for all that you have sacrificed
to make certain that l accomplished my goals and ambitions! I love you with all
my heart and soul.

To my parents and extended family, I truly appreciate all your help and
support. Thank you for encouraging me to make a career of what makes me
happy. I’m sure you thought I’d grow out of horses; instead I’ve grown with them.
And yes, I love school so much that I just couldn’t work anywhere else!

Thank you to my graduate committee for helping me get to this day
relatively unscathed. Dr. Brian Nielsen, thank you for your guidance, motivation,
and support. Following Potter you had big shoes to fill, and while I know you
couldn’t do it literally, you succeeded figuratively! Your enthusiasm for our
industry is remarkable! Dr. Hal Schott, thank you for the opportunity to have a
glimpse into the world of veterinary medicine and for encouraging me to accept
my “fiber girl” status. Dr. Allen, thank you for helping me to embrace the
importance of fiber, be it in dairy cows or horses. Dr. Yokoyama, I appreciate
your support and for always reminding me that there’s more to life than graduate
school. Dr. Herdt, thank you for adding one more thing to your incredibly busy

schedule and making the time to be a valuable member of my guidance team.

My sincerest gratitude to Dr. Pat Harris and Waltham Equine Nutrition for
your generous support of this project. Dr. Harris, I am amazed at your
tremendous knowledge of equine nutrition and your support for graduate
education. The commitment you and Waltham make to equine research is
second to none.

To my fellow graduate students, thank you for the camaraderie and
support. Amy, keep persevering...there is an end. Thank you for sharing your
equine passion...even if it is for long-ears! Adrienne, thanks for showing me the
ropes and being a great first office-mate; thanks also for letting me keep up my
E-team coaching skills occasionally. Cara, you are a patient teacher. And in the
end, I learned to pipette and even run some assays! Thank you for all your
assistance. Tara, you were a great “fresh face” this year, thanks to you and Amy
for allowing me to take over the office with my messy nature. The friends made
are certainly a highlight of my time at MSU.

My research crew: without you I couldn’t have done this! Ryan, thank you
for being right-hand man and my favorite future vet. I might have wanted to
shoot you a few times (a day), but I’m glad I didn’t. I appreciate everything
you’ve taught me and all the great times we’ve had. Kyle, thanks for being my
practice grad student and the comedic relief. I am certain there are great things
in store for you and appreciate the opportunity to have been a part of your
foundation! Jenny, thanks for all your dedication and commitment. Your bright
outlook is contagious and inspires me. I’m glad you took the opportunity to go to

Texas and have that experience. You’ll succeed in whatever you choose. Sue,

thank you for all your assistance, making sure that we didn’t die trying to train
silly two-year-olds on the treadmill, keeping the NOVA operational, and of course
keeping track of Dr. Schott. I don’t envy your job.

To the rest of the Animal Science faculty, staff, and students, thank you for
all your support and encouragement. I am grateful for all the relationships made
her and will remember my time at MSU fondly. Thanks in particular to Karen
Waite for encouraging my involvement with judging, extension, and AQHA. I
wouldn’t be where I am today without your help and support.

Last, but certainly not least, it wouldn’t be right to leave out my four-legged
friends. Without the horses, I would be stuck in a lab and we all know I’m not any
good at that! Thanks to my 12 Arabian research “ponies”. Fortunately, there
were no casualties along the way (human or horse!) and you all have a place in
my heart. May you never get poked and prodded again. And of course, thanks
to my own horses for being my break from reality, I still think you’re cheaper than

conventional therapy.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... X
LIST OF FIGURES ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, X "
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

 

3
Thermoregulation during Endurance Exercise ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3
Body Fluids in the Horse ____________________________ .. 6

7
9

 

 

Fluid Shifts during Exercise ..............................................................................
Sweat Properties and Composition ................................................................

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fluid Loss during Endurance Exercise __________________________________________________________ 12

Electrolyte Loss during Endurance Exercise ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

Effects of Dehydration on Physiologic Parameters ____________________________________ 15

Water Volume Regulation _____________________________________________________ 17

Antidiuretic hormone _________________________________________________ 17

Renin and Anglotensin _______ __ 18

Aldosterone__ ___________________________________ 1 9

Techniques for Measuring Body Water and Fluid

Shifts in the Horse ____________________________________ 21

Gastrointestinal Tract’s Role as a Reservoir.“ 23

The Effect of Diet on Water and Electrolytes 25

Correlation of water intake to dietary components ______________________ 25

Water holding capacity ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 6
Relationship of soluble fiber to water content and

fennentability .............................................................................. 28

Effect of diet on electrolytes in the GI tract ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 8

Forage feeding in endurance athletes ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30

Fat supplementation for the endurance athlete ___________________________________________ 34

CHAPTER III

HYDRATION STATUS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER PROLONGED
ENDURANCE EXERCISE IN HORSES FED THREE SOURCES OF

 

 

DIETARY FIBER ............................................................ 38
Summary .............................................................................................................. 38
Introduction __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 39
Materials and Methods ______________________________________________________________ 41

Horses and Preliminary Training _____________________________________________________ 4 1
Diets and housing _______________________________________________________________________________ 4 1
Exercise test ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 3

vii

Sample collection 46

 

 

 

 

Sample analyses ____________________________________________________ 48
Statistics ___________________________________________________________________ 48
Results ................................................................................................................. 49
Feed intake ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 9
Day 0 and Day 7 __________________________________________________________________________________ 4 9
Body Fluids ........................................................................................... 50
Body Mass ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 52
Water intake .......................................................................................... 52
Body Temperature _______________________________________________________________________________ 55
Heart Rate _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55
Blood parameters ................................................................................ 55
Hormones ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 57
NEFA and TG .................................................................. 57
Discussion ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 59
CHAPTER IV

EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF DIETARY FIBER TYPE, NOT FAT
SUPPLEMENTATION, ON THE HYDRATION STATUS OF ENDURANCE

 

 

 

 

HORSES ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 64
Summary _______________________________________________________________________________________ 64
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 65
Materials and Methods ______________________________________________________ 67

Horses and Preliminary Training ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 7

Diets ........................................................................................................ 6 8

Exercise test ________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 0

Sample collection ................................................................................ 7 1

Sample analyses _________________________________________________________________________________ 73

Statistics ................................................................................................ 7 3

Results __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 74

Feed intake ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 74

Day 0, 7, and 14 __________________________________________________________________________________ 7 6

Body Mass and Total Body Water __________________________________________________ 7 6

Water intake .......................................................................................... 7 7

Heart Rate and Core Body Temperature _______________________________________ 77

Blood parameters ________________________________________________________________________________ 7 9

Hormones .............................................................................................. 81

NEFA and TG _______________________________________________________________________________________ 81

Discussion ............................................................................................................ 83
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 89

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

viii

APPENDICES

 

Appendix A- _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 94

Appendix B- ....................................................................................................... 136

Appendix C- ........................................................................................................ 192
VITA ......................................................................................................... 2 00
LITERATURE CITED 201

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Na“, K”, Cl' composition (mmol/L) in equine sweat
collected from exercising horses.

 

 

 

Table 2. Analysis of diets fed to two-year—old Arabian horses
to investigate the role of dietary fiber type on hydration status

during prolonged endurance exercise (on a DM basis). ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Table 3. Total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume
(ECF), and intracellular fluid volume (ICF) in six horses fed
diets consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa hay (GA);

or grass and a soluble fiber mix (GM). ________________________________________________

Table 4. Insulin (plU/ml) in horses completing a 60-km
exercise test.

Table 5. Cortisol (pg/dl) and TG (mg/dl) in horses completing
a 60-km exercise test.

44

____________________ 51

 

 

Table 6. NEFA (mEq/l) in horses completing a 60-km exercise
test.

Table 7. Analysis of diets (on percent DM basis) fed to horses
to investigate the effects of dietary fiber type and fat
supplementation on hydration status and physiological

parameters. ................................................................................................

Table 8. Feed intake as a percentage of body weight in
two-year-old Arabian horses consuming chopped grass hay

(G) and a chopped grass hay: soluble fiber mix (GM). ____________________

Table 9. Average heart rate (SEM) in horses during the canter
portion of a 60-km exercise test in horses consuming diets

containing grass hay (G) or a grass hay soluble fiber mix (GM)
either with (Ft) or without (NFT) supplemental fat.

 

Table 10. Blood pH and blood glucose in horses at the start
of a 60-km exercise bout.

Table 11. Blood glucose (SEM) during the canter portions of
a 60-km exercise test in horses consuming diets containing
grass hay (G) or a grass hay soluble fiber mix (GM) either with
(Ft) or without (NFt) supplemental fat. ,,,,,,,,,,

 

69

.................... 75

Table 12. Aldosterone (pg/ml) in horses completing a 60-km
exercise test. 82

 

Table 13. Cortisol (pg/d!) in horses completing a 60-km exercise test. ___________ 82

Table 14. Plasma triglyceride concentration after a 60-km endurance
exercise test in horses consuming diets containing grass hay (G)

or a grass hay soluble fiber mix (GM) either with (Ft) or without (NFt)
supplemental fat. __________ , ___82

 

 

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Exercise test design for 60-km stimulated endurance ride.
Each of the four 15-km test bouts is identical and last 54 minutes.
There is a 20-min break after Bout 1 and Bout 3.

45

 

Figure 2. Total body water as a percentage of body weight in six
horses fed diets consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa hay

(GA); or grass and a soluble fiber mix (GM). ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Figure 3. Percentage of body weight lost during a 60-km exercise
test in horses fed diets consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa
hay (GA); or grass and a soluble fiber mix (GM) when corrected for
fecal and urine loss and water intake.

__"53

54

 

Figure 4. Core body temperature during the canter portion of a 60-km
exercise test, split into four test bouts, in horses consuming diets
consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa hay (GA); or grass and
a soluble fiber mix (GM). .........................................................

 

xii

CHAPTER I
Introduction

Throughout the last century, the role of the horse in American society has
shifted from a beast of burden or means of transportation to recreational partner
or companion. The popularity of equestrian sports as a recreational activity
continues to rise. Endurance riding is one such equestrian event that has gained
in popularity both in North America and abroad. Globally, endurance riding is
one of only seven sports recognized by the Federation Equestre Internationale
(FEI), the world governing body for equestrian sports. Designated by FEl as a
national discipline club, the American Endurance Ride Conference (AERC)
sponsors more than 700 rides annually in the United States and Canada
(Anonymous, 2006). The AERC sanctions both endurance rides (greater than
128 km) and limited distance rides (40-56 km). Horses compete to finish the ride
in the fastest time, but also for a coveted best conditioned award, selected in part
by ride veterinarians. All sanctioned events feature mandatory rest stops and
veterinary examinations during the course of the ride at which the horse must be
deemed “fit to continue” in order to remain in the competition. Horses may be
eliminated at these checkpoints due to lameness, metabolic disturbance, or other
conditions as determined by the ride veterinarian(s).

While not often reported as a cause of elimination, dehydration is a
common result of prolonged exercise. Maintenance of body water requires
balancing intake with sweat, fecal, urinary, and respiratory losses. In endurance

horses in particular, sweat losses tend to be much greater than water intake even

as the horses are commonly offered fluid and electrolytes during rest stops. Yet
given the length (both time and distance) of such endurance activities and the
relatively small surface area to mass ratio of the horse, such intense sweating
and respiratory fluid loss are not surprising as the horse works to rid itself of
excess heat produced during the exercise bout.

Initial research examining dehydration in endurance horses focused on
quantifying sweat losses. Research then examined strategies for replacing fluid
and electrolyte loss after exercise. More recently, research has examined the
role of dietary interventions in attenuating dehydration in endurance horses. The
use of dietary interventions would be well received by endurance riders, being
both easy to administer as well as being a pro-active response.

As the equine large intestine has been suggested to serve as a reservoir
for water and electrolytes, research has focused on the role of dietary fibers in
binding and releasing water within the hind gut. Initial research suggested more
soluble fiber types may possess greater water holding and releasing capacity.
Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary
fiber type on the hydration status of horses subjected to prolonged endurance
exercise. The results, then, could aid in the development of feeding

recommendations for the expanding endurance horse industry.

CHAPTER II

Literature Review

Thermoregulation during Enduralrce Exercise

Increased muscle metabolism as a result of exercise is inefficient and
results in excess body heat that must be dissipated. When an animal expends
energy approximately 80% of that energy is lost as heat. In an endurance horse
exercising at a mean speed of 8 mls, the metabolic heat produced is
approximately 0.6 mJ/min. If no heat were dissipated, this would result in an
increase in core body temperature of 21° C per hour (Guthrie and Lund, 1998).
Such a temperature increase is not compatible with vital life functions.
Fortunately, in the horse, around 90% of heat produced during exercise is quickly
dissipated (Kingston et al., 1997a).

Heat dissipation can occur through four mechanisms: radiation,
convection, conduction, and evaporation. Conduction, convection, and radiation
are of little importance to the horse (particularly at high ambient temperatures),
but evaporation of sweat and water from the respiratory tract are of vital
importance (McConaghy, 1994). Conduction can best be described as the direct
transfer of heat between surfaces or between the animal and the environment
(Cena and Monteith, 1975b). In the exercising horse, this transfer would be into
the air which has low thermal conductivity and thus heat transfer by conduction is
minimal. Convection, then, is the transfer of heat between two surfaces at

different temperatures. Convection is increased as the difference in temperature

between the two surfaces increases, as well as when the animal encounters
moving air (Guthrie and Lund, 1998). Heat transfer through radiation involves
the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation. The most common form
of radiation for the horse is the absorption of sunlight. When animals are
exposed to bright sunlight, the heat load from sunlight can be as much as 15% of
the maximal metabolic heat production (Cena and Monteith, 1975a).

Evaporation of sweat is the primary means through which heat is lost in both
horses and humans (McConaghy, 1994). Evaporation of 1 L of water can
dissipate approximately 575 kcal of heat, or an amount equivalent to heat
produced from about 6 minutes of endurance exercise (Guthrie and Lund, 1998).
Evaporation of water from the respiratory tract can also be a means for heat
dissipation. Some estimates suggest loss through respiratory evaporation may
be as high as 15 to 25% of total heat loss, or about 1.15 kcal/min at rest and
12.18 kcal/min at the trot (3.5 m/s), although this is dependent upon humidity and
ventilation rate (Heilemann et al., 1990).

As the main route of evaporative cooling in the equine is sweating
(Carlson, 1983), sweat rates in the horse may exceed 40 ml/mzlmin or more than
12 Uh for an average sized horse (Hodgson et al., 1993). This sweating rate
may be the highest in the animal kingdom (Marlin et al., 1999). Sweat rate,
however, is dependent upon exercise intensity, and endurance exercise
(approximately 40% VOzmax) has been reported to illicit lower sweating rates of

approximately 6.5 L/h (Hodgson et al., 1993). However, the prolonged duration

of such endurance exercise results in much greater sweat loss over the course of
the exercise bout compared with short, high intensity exercise.

Sweat rate may be affected by heat acclimatization in exercise trained
horses. After 21 d of heat acclimatization, McCutcheon et al. (1999) found the
onset of sweating to occur at a lower pulmonary artery temperature. This was in
agreement to Marlin et al. (1999). At the same time, however, McCutcheon et al.
(1999) found a reduction in fluid loss over the course of the exercise test,
attributable to a rapid decline in sweat rate during recovery. Geor et al. (2000)
observed a similar decrease in mean sweating rate in exercised pre-trained
horses in hot dry and hot humid environments.

Although the sweat rate in the horse is high, the horse's ability to
thermoregulate may remain limited. First, evaporation of sweat is dependent
upon environmental factors. As expected, increased ambient temperature has
been shown to increase sweating rate (McCutcheon et al., 19953) while reducing
convective heat loss. As relative humidity increases, the rate of evaporation of
sweat is lower and thus the effectiveness of evaporative cooling is lessened.
When sweat production is greater than the rate at which sweat evaporation can
occur, sweat can drip from the skin, losing the benefit of evaporative heat loss.
Combining high humidity with high ambient temperatures may then greatly impair
heat dissipation. McCutcheon et al. (1995a) demonstrated that while sweating
rate was unchanged by high humidity, horses reached a critical core temperature
(41 .5° C) during exercise twice as quickly in hot, humid conditions than hot, dry

conditions, thus demonstrating a reduced capacity to transfer body heat.

Secondly, the reduced surface area to body mass ratio of the horse compared
with other species limits the efficiency of sweating. Combined with increased
muscle mass, and increased utilization of muscle mass, this means the horse
may still accumulate much greater heat load when compared to its human
counterpart, even with a higher sweat rate (Lindinger, 1999).

Still, it is important to point out that not all heat accumulation is
detrimental. The onset of exercise brings a rapid accumulation of heat before
dissipation mechanisms are activated. Core body temperature, therefore, rises
before reaching a plateau. This elevation in temperature may improve muscle
performance through changes in enzyme kinetics, facilitate the release of oxygen
from red blood cells, and increase maximum heart rate (Guthrie and Lund, 1998).
Yet, excessive heat accumulation as the result of an imbalance between heat
production and dissipation during prolonged endurance exercise may have
detrimental and even life threatening consequences for the horse and must be

considered.

MLFluids in the Horse

Essential for all life functions, water is the most abundant molecule in the
body representing about 98% of the molar composition (Johnson, 1988). Total
body water (TBW) refers to the sum of all water within the animal. Despite
variations in water intake and water loss, total body water remains relatively

constant and is generally 65-70% of total body weight (Carlson, 1983). Total

body water may vary within this range as a result of age, sex, nutritional state,
environmental factors, and water intake.

An animal’s total body water is divided into two major compartments,
intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). The ICF represents all water
within the cells. The ECF is not a discrete space, and instead represents all fluid
outside of the cells, including plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, and gastrointestinal
fluid and secretions (Carlson et al., 1979). The ICF contains approximately two
thirds of the TBW (or 200 L in a 500 kg horse), while the ECF contains 1/3 (or
100 L in a 500 kg horse). Plasma volume, then, represents 20-25% of ECF or
about 50 ml/kg of body weight (Rose, 1994).

As the movement of water between compartments is primarily through
osmosis, the ICF and ECF remain in osmotic equilibrium, although the ionic
composition is quite different. The ICF is composed of a high concentration of K
and phosphate, with lower concentrations of Na, Cl, and Ca. Conversely, the
ECF is composed primarily of Na and Cl, with low concentrations of bicarbonate,

K, organic phosphate, Ca, and Mg (Johnson, 1988).

Fluid Shifts duringfiercise

The onset of exercise may result in drastic fluid shifts. The production of
osmotically active metabolites such as inorganic phosphate, creatine, and lactate
in working muscle cells contributes to the flow of water from the vascular space

to muscular intracellular and interstitial space. Thus, plasma volume at the onset

of exercise may decrease as much as 15%, although this is exercise intensity
dependent (Carlson, 1983).

Fluid shifted into the interstitial space through the initiation of exercise is
then available for sweat production. As sweat production during endurance
exercise is initiated, because sweat in the horse is hypertonic to plasma, no
osmotic gradient exists between plasma and ICF. Thus, plasma must initially
bear the majority of the fluid loss (Carlson, 1983). While prolonged exercise in
other species then results in a shift of fluid back from ICF to ECF (Nose et al.,
1988), this may not be the case in the horse. As demonstrated by Lindinger et
al. (2004), loss of TBW in the horse during submaximal exercise was strictly the
result of ECF loss. In the study, loss of total body water, entirely borne by ECF,
decreased 4.2% as a result of horses trotting on the treadmill for 75-120 min.
The authors suggest reasons for the maintenance of ICF at the expense of ECF
may include: increased working muscle mass as a percentage of total body
mass, increased intracellular osmotic forces preventing fluid shifts from cells, and
a sweat rate and composition that minimizes exercise-induced increases in
extracellular osmolality.

Kronfeld (2001 b) suggests that osmolality of fluid lost is responsible for the
direction of fluids shifts in the endurance horse. If the animal were to lose
isotonic fluid, rapid equilibrium would occur between fluid compartments. Loss of
hypotonic fluid (such as human sweat or respiratory water) results in hypertonic
plasma, which can be beneficial in drawing water out of cells or the gut to replace

plasma volume loss. However, because horse sweat is often hypertonic to

plasma, he suggests such loss leads to hypotonic plasma and interstitial fluid,
which further exacerbates any fluid loss by driving fluid into cells and perhaps the

gut and also inhibiting thirst.

Sweat Properties anflomposition

The equine sweat gland is a tubular exocrine skin gland consisting of a
highly coiled secretory portion, known as the fundus, and a serpentine duct.
Each gland is associated with a hair follicle (McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006).
The average number of glands per square centimeter of skin ranged from 535-
1128 (Watanabe et al., 1993). In contrast to other species, the equine sweat
gland has a rich blood supply capable of rapidly modifying blood flow toward and
away from the skin surface (McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006).

Unlike humans, where high variability has been reported, individual
differences in sweat properties and composition do not seem as great in the
horse and thus are generally presented as means across breeds and individuals.
The pH of horse sweat has been reported to be strongly alkaline, generally in the
region of 8-9 (McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006). Sweat osmolality is generally
considered to be isotonic or hypertonic to plasma and has been reported to vary
from 300-339 mOsm (Kingston et al., 1997a; McCutcheon et al., 1995a).

The electrolyte composition of equine sweat is primarily Na“, K“, and Cl‘.
Reported concentrations of these electrolytes in horse sweat are shown in Table
1. Electrolyte composition has been positively correlated with sweat rate

(Kingston et al., 1997a) and may be a function of collection method. At the same

time, epinephrine has been shown to cause more dilute sweat production
(Carlson and Ocen, 1979; Kerr and Snow, 1983), which may result in more dilute
sweat produced in response to high-intensity exercise as a result of epinephrine
activity. Kerr and Snow (1983) reported Na, K, and Cl concentrations of 194, 24,
and 207 mmol/L, respectively, in horses exposed to prolonged epinephrine
infusion.

Like the electrolytes, Ca and Mg concentrations in equine sweat may be
highly variable; however, concentration of these minerals appears to vary with
sampling time. Both Ca and Mg have been shown to decrease over the course
of an exercise bout but averaged 4.8 and 3.3 mmol/ L, respectively
(McCutcheon et al., 1995b).

Equine sweat also contains high levels of protein. Protein content has
been reported to range from 5-10 g/L (McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006). Like Ca
and Mg, protein concentration may decrease with prolonged exercise. Kerr et al.
(1980) reported protein concentrations of 10 g/L decreasing to 1.3 g/ L after 4 h.
The major protein present in equine sweat has been named latherin for its
proposed role in helping to move sweat to the end of the hair follicle thus aiding
in heat dissipation and leading to the presence of lather often observed in the

sweating horse (McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006).

10

Table 1. Na”, K“, Cl‘ composition (mmol/L) in equine sweat collected from

exercising horses.

 

 

Reference Conditions Na+ K+ Cl-

(McConaghy et al., 1995b) 159 39.6 194
(Carlson and Ocen, 1979) 132 53.1 174
(McConaghy et al., 1995a) 144 37.5 182
(Snow et al., 1982) 159 32 165

(Geor and McCutcheon, 1996) Cool dry 139 28 154

Hot dry 167 33 181

(Jansson et al., 1995) 165 45
(Kingston et al., 1997a) 110 30-36 140
(Rose et al., 1980) 249 48 301

(Kerr and Snow, 1983) 170 49 200

 

11

Other more minor sweat constituents have been reported. Equine sweat
is reported to contain few lipids, while carbohydrates tend to be limited to those
bound to protein. The presence of bicarbonate (HCOa') has been noted and has
been correlated to the level of alkalosis developed during prolonged exercise
(McEwan Jenkinson et al., 2006). Finally, certain other plasma constituents
when present in high levels may be excreted in sweat. These include glucose,
urea, and some pharmaceutical agents such as phenylbutazone (McEwan

Jenkinson et al., 2006).

Fluid Loss during Endurance Exercise

As previously described, the high sweating rate in the horse combined
with the prolonged duration of endurance exercise may result in net body fluid
loss. As total body fluid loss is often difficult to quantitatively measure,
particularly in a field setting, body weight loss is commonly used as a method of
estimating fluid loss in the exercising horse, with approximately 90% being the
result of sweat losses (Kingston et al., 1997b). Snow et al. (1982) found average
body weight losses to be 32.6 kg, or approximately 7%, with a single horse losing
nearly 9% of body weight during an 80-km exercise test. Schott et al. (1997)
reported body weight losses of 3-4% in horses competing over 80 and 160-km
distances, even at moderate ambient temperatures. High speed endurance rides
of 160-km, which are increasingly popular internationally, have been shown to
illicit body weight loss of 5-7% even in highly trained animals, with individual
animals loosing as much as 11.5% (Schott et al., 2006). Body weight loss during

endurance exercise has also been observed in a laboratory setting in horses

12

provided frequent access to water, as horses completing 60-km of treadmill
exercise were observed to have losses around 3% (Dusterdieck et al., 1999).

Unlike in humans where sweating rate and resulting fluid loss may
decrease with hypohydration, controversy exists over whether the horse
possesses such a mechanism. A study by Kingston et al. (1997a) demonstrated
that even with body weight losses of nearly 9%, horses continued to sweat with
continued exercise, suggesting the horse’s prioritization of thermoregulation over
water balance. However, results of a study by Geor and McCutcheon (1998)
suggest dehydrated horses may have reduced localized sweat rates and whole
body fluid loss after prolonged exercise at high ambient temperatures.

Along with body weight changes for estimating total fluid loss, changes in
total plasma protein concentration (TP) have also been utilized to examine
changes in blood volume. A decrease in plasma volume would be represented
by an apparent increase in total plasma protein concentration. Lucke and Hall
(1980) observed a 20% increase in TP during a 42-km ride, while Rose et al.
(1980) detected an 18.1% increase following a 100-km ride. In an 80-km
exercise test at speeds of 16—1 8 km/hr, Snow et al. (1982) observed TP

concentrations of 6.8 g/dl prior to exercise increasing to 8.6 g/dl at completion.

Electrolfle Loss dfurigq Endurance Exercise
Because equine sweat is hypertonic to plasma, prolonged endurance
exercise may result in tremendous electrolyte losses. McCutcheon and Geor

(1996) reported ion losses for horses competing in a simulated three-day event in

13

hot conditions to be 62 9 Na, 27 9 K, 110 9 Cl, and 2 9 Ca in about 19 L of sweat.
These losses were almost twice that of the same test when performed in cool
conditions. Kingston et al. (1999) reported ion losses from sweat composition
and body weight loss in horses completing 45 km of treadmill exercise. With 28
L of sweat loss, horses lost an average of 72 9 Na, 33 9 K, and 133 9 Cl.

Unfortunately, measurement of plasma electrolyte concentration gives
little information regarding electrolyte loss in sweat, as sweat is hypertonic to
plasma, and many electrolytes have replacement pools within the body. For
example, Schott et al. (1997) report no change in plasma Na over the course of
80 and 160-km endurance rides. Yet, up to 8.4% of the total plasma sodium
content may have been depleted (Lucke and Hall, 1980). Only in extreme cases,
such as high speed 160—km rides, has hyponatremia been reported with 3 of 13
horses in that study having Na concentration decreases of 10 mmol/L or more
(Schott et al., 2006).

Of the electrolytes, Cl loss can be best reflected by plasma concentrations
as CI tends to be much greater in sweat than plasma, thus more quickly reducing
the Cl pool. Plasma Cl has been reported to decrease as much as 15% over the
course of an 80-km ride (Rose et al., 1980), although Schott et al. (1997)
reported less than a 5% decline in a similar distance ride. The difference in the
two studies, however, may be related to the possible administration of electrolyte
pastes, as this was not controlled in the second study.

Plasma K values likely represent the flow of potassium into and out of

muscle cells over the course of exercise and recovery, as well as sweat losses.

14

At the same time, plasma K is maintained at the expense of intracellular K
(Flaminio and Rush, 1998). Thus, plasma K is not a valid measure of sweat K
loss. Also, because dehydration increases Na absorption at the expense of K at
the renal level, additional hypokalemia may occur throughout the exercise bout,
independent of sweat losses. However, Kronfeld (2001c) suggests that in horses
competing at speeds greater than 4 m/s, hyperkalemia, instead of hypokalemia,
may actually be present during the exercise bout. He cites the work of Rose et
al. (1977), Jansson et al. (1999), and Kingston et al. (1999) in providing evidence
of increased potassium concentration during the course of exercise. However, it
may be that these apparent increased concentrations are the result of fluid loss

or fluid shifts from plasma.

Effects of Dehtfirgtion on Physiologic Parameters

Even as dehydration is apparent in horses exercised over long distances,
it is important to examine the effect, if any, of such dehydration on physiological
parameters. First, the effective decrease in plasma volume will likely affect
additional heat dissipation in the animal. A linear relationship has been
determined between water loss (as a percent decrease in body weight) and
elevation in core temperature during exercise in humans (Sawka et al., 1985),
while similar results have been obtained in the horse (Naylor et al., 1993). While
some increase in core body temperature may be beneficial, fatigue has been

identified in horses at core body temperatures approaching 42.5° C while muscle

15

temperatures greater than 45° C may result in enzyme denaturing and protein
catabolism (Guthrie and Lund, 1998).

Changes in plasma volume also affect cardiac output. Understandably,
hypovolemia reduces stroke volume requiring a compensatory increase in heart
rate to maintain cardiac output. At the same time, the circulatory and
therrnoregulatory systems are competing for blood flow. With a reduction in
blood volume, the circulatory system vasoconstricts in an attempt to increase
effective volume. To thermoregulate, however, the animal may also be
attempting to vasodilate to allow additional blood flow to reach nearer the surface
for heat dissipation. Such conflict may decrease time to fatigue and negatively
influence exercise performance if blood flow to working muscle is compromised.
At the same time, reduced plasma volume has also been implicated in pulmonary
edema, peripheral edema, laminitis, and initiation of the blood clotting cascade
(Foreman, 1998).

Metabolic alkalosis has been reported as an effect of prolonged
endurance exercise. This is likely the result of depletion of K and Ca during
exercise combined with the renal absorption of bicarbonate due to
hypochloremia. Hypocalcemia may result in a lowering of the depolarization
threshold, while hypokalemia may cause nerve hyper-excitability. Synchronous
diaphragmatic flutter, or thumps as it is commonly referred, is the result of
phrenic nerve hypersensitivity and results in contraction of the diaphragm in
conjunction with atrial depolarization (Flaminio and Rush, 1998). Other

associated conditions signaling an electrolyte disturbance and affecting

l6

performance may include paralysis of skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal
hypomotility, and rhabdomyolosis or “tying up”, and even atrial fibrillation.
Development of a combination of symptoms as a result of dehydration and
exhaustion from prolonged endurance exercise has been dubbed the Exhausted
Horse Syndrome (EHS) (Foreman, 1998). Signs of EHS include elevated
temperature, pulse, and respiration; depression; dehydration; and unwillingness
to continue exercise. Panting, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter, atrial
fibrillation, colic, laminitis, and shock may also be present. While affected horses
diagnosed and treated early generally recover, extreme cases may result in

death.

V_V§ter VoLume Regulation

Fluid volume in the horse is regulated through many overlapping systems,
although the extent of such regulation may not be fully understood. First, stretch
and pressure receptors are located through the vasculature, in the carotid sinus,
and in the heart to detect hypo- and hypervolemia (hypertension). These
receptors may be responsible for initiated hormonal signaling cascades. At the
same time, change in osmolality is detected by osmoreceptors. The majority of

osmoreceptors have been identified in the hypothalamus (Kronfeld, 2001b).

Antidiuretic hormone
Interaction of osmoreceptors and baroreceptors signaling hyperosmolality

and hypovolemia, respectively, may result in the release of antidiuretic hormone

17

(ADH, also called vasopressin or arginine vasopressin). ADH is stored in the
posterior pituitary gland and, when released, acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor
aiding in the control of blood pressure during exercise. Elevations in ADH may
also be responsible for initiating the thirst reflex, decreasing free water clearance
from the liver, and influencing the uptake of water and electrolytes from the
digestive tract (Kronfeld, 2001 b).

McKeever and Hinchcliff (1995) report a curvilinear relationship between
ADH concentration and exercise intensity. They suggest plasma ADH may
increase from 0-4 pg/ml at rest to nearly 100 pg/ml with exercise speeds of 10
m/s. Submaximally exercised horses in the study showed a delayed response in
ADH concentration, however, with increases occurring only after 20-40 minutes
of exercise. The authors suggest ADH release may have been suppressed by
other neural pathways or by increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),

responsible for vasodilation at the initiation of exercise.

Renin and Angiotensin

Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney in
response to hypotension, hyperkalemia, increased plasma catecholamines, or
increased sympathetic activity via renal nerves (Kronfeld, 2001b). Renin may
have some slight direct effect on renal function, and is responsible for the
conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which is then converted in the

lung to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then acts as a vasoconstrictor increasing

blood pressure.

18

Like ANP, there is a correlation between exercise intensity and
renin/angiotensin activity. McKeever et al. (1992) found angiotensin
concentration (used as a measure of renin activity) to increase from 1.9 ng/ml/h
at rest to 5.2 ng/ml/h at 9 mls. Because renin activity paralleled heart rate, the
authors proposed the increase was the result of increased sympathetic nervous
system activity. During steady state exercise, then, angiotensin increased with
the onset of exercise, but a later increase was attributed to decreased plasma Cl
concentration as a result of sweat losses.

Renin and angiotensin may also increase post-prandially. Research by
Clarke et al. (1988) indicates renin activity increases as much as three-fold after
meal consumption in the horse. The authors suggest this may be the result of a
hypovolemia as the result of salivary and pancreatic secretion, but likely benefits

the animal by encouraging drinking behavior.

Aldosterone

Often grouped with renin and angiotensin, then collectively referred to as
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), aldosterone is also a key
player in fluid volume regulation. Aldosterone secretion can be stimulated by
angiotensin II, but also by decreased plasma Na concentration, decreased blood
pH, increased plasma K, or increased corticotrophin (McKeever, 1998).
Aldosterone works primarily at the renal level, helping to regulate sodium
reabsorption and thus helping to defend plasma volume through associated

water reabsorption. At the same time aldosterone may help enhance absorption

19

of water, sodium, and chloride absorption from the gut. Clarke et al. (1992)
found horses subjected to short term exposure of aldosterone showed increased
Na absorption in all regions of the colon.

Aldosterone has been shown to increase linearly with exercise intensity
and parallel renin activity, increasing from around 50 pg/ml at rest to 190 pg/ml at
10 m/s (McKeever and Hinchcliff, 1995). With submaximal exercise, aldosterone
concentration increases at a greater rate than that of renin/angiotensin. The
authors suggest the increase in plasma K concentration often observed with
endurance exercise may have been the trigger. Endurance exercised horses
have also been shown to have prolonged elevation of aldosterone, often lasting
hours after the completion of exercise. This likely serves as a benefit to help the
animals in recouping total body water lost as a result of the exercise bout.

Aldosterone concentration may also be affected by meal consumption as
well. Research indicates an increase in aldosterone in the horse with single and
multiple meal feeding practices (Clarke et al., 1988). This may be the result of
increased renin-angiotensin activity post-prandially or may be the result of high
K+ intake in the typical equine diet. Such a post-prandial increase in
aldosterone, however, may benefit the dehydrated animal as water absorption

would likely be increased along with Na in the colon, helping to restore body

volume.

20

Technigges for Measuring Body Water and Fluid Shifts in the Horse

As previously mentioned, perhaps the simplest and most often employed
method of measuring fluid loss in the horse is the measurement of body weight
loss. Kingston et al. (1997b) suggest true fluid loss to be near 90% of body
weight loss. Still, others have questioned the accuracy of such measurements,
and care must be taken in reporting findings with regard to body weight loss from
urine and/or feces. Furthermore, such measurement gives no indication as to
where the fluid losses are originating be it intercellular or extracellular stores, and
no insight into the resulting fluid shifts.

Other researchers have chosen to focus on the changes in total plasma
protein concentration that accompany fluid loss in the horse (Nyman et al., 2002).
In this method, change in plasma volume is simply estimated by the change in
TP over time. As this method also provides little insight into fluid shifts, Nyman et
al. (2002) also chose to examine plasma sodium concentration and plasma
osmolarity to provide insight into such changes.

Other researches have chosen to employ indicator dilution techniques to
measure plasma volume (Danielsen et al., 1995; Warren et al., 1999). The use
of indocyanine green, a popular indicator of plasma volume for use in the horse,
is described in detail by Parry et al. (1989). Others have chosen Evan’s blue
which has high affinity for serum albumin for similar dilution (Forro et al., 2000).

Still, drawbacks to this method include the invasiveness of the technique and the

21

need for sequential measurements to follow a time course of change in body
water compartmentalization (Forro et al., 2000).

In addition to those used to measure plasma volume, other dilution
techniques are available for use in the horse. According to Forro et al. (2000),
the “gold standard” of these is tritiated water for determination of TBW. The
major drawback to this technique, however, is the radioactivity associated with
tritium. Perhaps, closest to this technique in terms of accuracy, however, is the
use of deuterium oxide (D20) dilution to measure TBW. First reported in the
horse by Andrews et al. (1997), D20 may be administered orally or infused into
the jugular vein.

Finally, sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) and sodium bromide (NaBr) have
also been used via dilution to measure ECF volume (Carlson et al., 1979;
Fielding et al., 2003). Unfortunately, NaSCN has been shown to bind rapidly to
plasma proteins as well as enter cells, thus resulting in an overestimation of ECF.
Sodium bromide, while having lower binding, requires equilibration time of up to 5
h, hindering its usefulness in some situations (Fielding et al., 2003). Utilizing
techniques for determination of both TBW and ECF in tandem, however, allow for
the estimation of intracellular fluid volume (ICF) by difference.

Perhaps most recently, researchers have investigated the use of a small,
portable, noninvasive technique known as bioelectrical impedance analysis
(BIA). Like many techniques in equine research, BIA was first used in human
analyses. The basic principle is based on the idea that the electrical conductivity

of the body will change depending on the amount of water and electrolytes

22

present in the various body fluid compartments. Comparing BIA in the horse to
other methods of body water measurement, Forro et al. (2000) determined BIA to
be fairly consistent with other measurements in mature euhydrated horses. They
suggest BIA may be helpful in accessing the magnitude of changes in total body

water and extracellular fluid volume that occur as a result of exercise.

Gastrointestinal Tract’s Role as a Reservoir

Water intake in the horse reflects the demands of secretion into the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT), transport of dry matter through the GIT, dissolution of
absorbed nutrients and transport to tissues, dissolution of substances for renal
elimination, maintenance of body water compartments, and the export of heat via
sweat and expiration (Coenen, 2005). At the same time, the water intake
required to meet these needs is dependent upon several elements including
composition of the diet and environmental factors. Total body water in the horse
at rest is estimated to be around 662 mg/kg BW (Johnson, 1988). During
dehydration, however, both total body water and distribution of water may vary.

As early as the 1970’s, Argenzio et al. (1974) examined digesta passage
and water exchange in the equine large intestine. Results of their study indicated
that the large intestine could both store and (re)absorb large quantities of water,
with the daily absorption being approximately equal to the animal’s ECF space.
At all times, fluid volume in the large intestine was 75% of total tract fluid volume.
Eight hours after a meal, this fluid volume was approximately one-third of the

total ECF.

23

Later, Meyer (1987) suggested the horse may be able to utilize water and
electrolytes located in the digestive tract to attenuate dehydration. Given that the
amount of fluid in the large intestine may be as high as 40 L depending on diet
(Argenzio et al., 1974; Coenen, 2005), such a reservoir could potentially be quite
useful.

Others, including Lucke and Hall (1978), question the horse’s ability to
draw on such a reserve given the possible distribution of blood flow away from
the gut during exercise and in the period immediately following. This is further
support by research into the blood flow distributions of ponies, where blood flow
to the cecum was essentially half of resting when the ponies were subjected to
25 minutes of submaximal exercise (Duren, 1990). Yet, when ponies were fed
prior to exercise, blood flow to the hind gut was greater with no reduction in blood
flow to muscles of locomotion or respiration. No similar studies have attempted
to examine blood flow during low-intensity, longduration exercise in the horse.
In humans, however, low-intensity exercise may actually improve gastric
emptying (Marzio et al., 1991).

Still others question the efficiency of such a reservoir. Kronfeld (2001a)
suggests that any benefit of additional water in the gut is outweighed by the
additional water required metabolically to deal with the increased weight of such
gut fill and additional resulting heat dissipation. He cites a study (Danielsen et
al., 1995) in which horses consumed 5.32 kg of additional water when being fed
a high hay diet. Plasma volumes in the horses were unchanged, however, and

calculations by Kronfeld indicate the gain in water should be compared with the

24

disadvantages of the water in terms of bowel ballast, which would further
increase heat load. In the end, Kronfeld concludes a negative effect of the
additional water consumed in response to the diet when looking at overall water
balance. This concept can be further supported by the work of Nyman et al.
(2002) who observed higher plasma lactate concentrations, indicative of
decreased time to fatigue, in horses hyperhydrated with 12 L water prior to

exercise.

The Effect of Diet on Water and Electrolytes
Correlation of water intake to dietary components

The effect of diet on water balance in the horse was examined as early as
the 1940’s when Leitch and Thomson (1944) associated water intake with dry
matter (DM) intake. This was examined further by Fonnesbeck (1968) who found
horses consuming 8.44 kg DM consumed 31.4 kg of water, while horses
receiving similar diets containing only 7.64 kg of DM showed reduced water
intake of 26.8 kg. In the same study, Fonnesbeck found no differences in water
intake with varying protein concentrations as had been suggested previously.
Perhaps surprisingly, the greatest correlation to water intake revealed by the
Fonnesbeck study was that between ash content of the feed and water intake per
unit of dry matter (P< 0.01, R2=0.65).

Meyer (1995) also compared water content of the GI tact in ponies fed
varying diets. After necropsy, he determined that in hay-fed and concentrate-fed

ponies, 81% and 74% of total gut fill, respectively, was located in the large

25

intestine. Continuing, Meyer determined this to be the result of water content,
which was correlated again to DM intake. The correlation lines between DM
intake and water consumption, however, were found to have different slopes for
ponies fed hay and concentrate, indicating that an increase in the amount of hay
fed would result a greater amount of water in the hind gut than a comparable
amount of concentrate. Meyer attributed such a difference to a higher water

holding capacity (WHC) of hay components.

Water holding capacity

Water holding capacity is the limit of a material’s ability to take up and hold
water. Investigations into differences in WHC of dietary fiber sources have been
conducted by several researchers. For those feedstuffs commonly fed to horses,
Bhatti and Firkins (1995) found alfalfa hay to have a greater WHC than orchard
grass hay with 1.428 vs. 1.005 g H20/g insoluble dry matter. Similarly, Wattiaux
(1991) found the WHC of alfalfa to be greater than that of bromegrass, at 1.90
vs. 1.16 g/g insoluble fiber. In both the Bhatti and Firskins study and work
conducted by Ramanzin et al. (1994), beet pulp ranked highest of common
equine feedstuffs, at more than 6 g H20/g insoluble dry matter.

Other researchers have attempted to identify the characteristics or
compositions of forages which may be related to their WHC. Singh and Narang
(1991) found WHC to be significantly correlated with NDF (P < 0.01), ADF (P <
0.01), hemicellulose (P < 0.05) and cellulose (P < 0.01) content, but not to Iignin.

Hyslop et al. (2003) reported a quadratic relationship to NDF was the greatest

26

predictor of WHC (r2= 0.81, P < 0.001) in common equine feeds. The predictive

equation developed was:

WHC (ml/g DM) = 2.259 + (0.00261 X NDF) + 0.00001316 X NDF2

Still others have correlated WHC to pectin concentration (McBurney et al.,
1985). Lending support to this is the fact that pectin, a cell wall carbohydrate, is
found in high amounts in beet pulp, and is higher in alfalfa than in grasses (Van
Soest et al., 1991a). McBurney et al. (1985) further determined that WHC
capacity was also linked to fermentability when a human fecal inoculum was
utilized, and pectin, then, is highly fermentable. The authors suggest that such
fermentability would allow the bound water to be available for absorption by the
animal. This may suggest, then, that highly fermentable feeds may increase the
availability of water to aid in attenuating dehydration in the endurance horse.

While Robertson and Eastwood (1981) agree that WHC is an important
part of the affect of fiber type on diet and stool, they suggest that the amount of
water held by a feedstuff may not be as important as how the water is held in
determining the effects of fiber in the diet. They suggest water can be associated
with fiber in one of three ways. First, water can be bound by the hydrophilic
polysaccharides in the fiber. This water is unavailable and is dependent upon
chemical composition of the fiber. Secondly, it can be bound within the structural
matrix. Finally, the water can be trapped within the cell wall lumen. This trapped

water is the most freely available. Thus, water holding capacity likely has more

27

to do with fiber structure than chemical composition. This concept agrees with

the relationship to fermentability observed by McBurney (1985).

Relationship of soluble fiber to water content and fermentability

When fiber is characterized not by crude fiber (CF) or neutral detergent
fiber (NDF), but instead by the total dietary fiber (TDF) system (Van Soest,
1991), it can be divided into soluble (SDF) and insoluble (IDF) fractions. The
soluble fraction, then, includes pectins, B-glucans, gums, mucilages, and some
storage polysaccharides (polymers of arabonose, galactose, and mannose).
Soluble fiber is both highly fermentable and has a greater WHC (Bhatti and
Firkins, 1995; Ramanzin et al., 1994). Thus, as suggested by Danielsen (1995),
the addition of increased amounts of soluble fiber in the feed would likely
increase water content of the gut and perhaps be of benefit to horses subjected
to prolonged exercise and resulting dehydration. As an added benefit, additional
fermentation of soluble fibers should result in increased VFA production, which

may also be of benefrt to the animal as an energy source.

Effect of diet on electrolytes in the GI tract

At the same time, diet may influence electrolyte content of the GI tract.
Meyer and Coenen (1989) observed the quantity of sodium in the large intestine
of hay-fed ponies was more than twice that of their grain-fed counterparts (323
mg/ kg BW vs. 139 mg/kg BW). Potassium was also greater (201 mg/kg BW vs.

137 mg/kg BW) as was Cl (115 mg/kg BW vs. 47 mg/kg BW). It is important to

28

recognize, however, that because water content of the large intestine was also
greater, no differences in electrolytes were observed on a concentration basis. It
may also be that the increase in electrolytes was the result of salivary,
pancreatic, and other digestive secretions and thus may not represent a net gain
in electrolytes even if absorbed. Still, a greater level of electrolytes in hay-fed
animals may provide additional ions for absorption and replacement of those lost
during exercise.

Oral electrolyte supplementation for endurance horses is common,
however. Because electrolytes consumed over the animal’s requirement are
quickly excreted by the kidney, there appears to be no benefit to daily electrolyte
loading over requirements (Schott and Hinchcliff, 1998). While administration
prior to or during exercise may increase water intake (Nyman et al., 1996), the
usefulness of such administration has been challenged. Whereas consumption
of a hypotonic solution, such as plain water may increase hypotonic dehydration,
ingestion of a hypertonic solution or hypertonic electrolyte paste may aid in the
maintenance of plasma volume and help attenuate electrolyte deficiencies if
consumed with adequate amounts of water. Or, it may be that administration of
a hypertonic solution or an electrolyte paste, will result in flux of fluid into the gut,
potentially further reducing plasma volume. Additionally, no performance
advantage has been observed due to electrolyte administration, although a
reduction in body weight loss has been observed (Dusterdieck et al., 1999).
Perhaps most importantly, however, the sheer magnitude of electrolyte losses

observed during prolonged endurance exercise would prove difficult to administer

29

orally during the course of an exercise bout. Utilizing commercially available
electrolyte mixes, for instance, would require the horse to consume more than
450 L to replace the ions lost during 3 hours of exercise (Schott and Hinchcliff,

1993)

Forage feegiflg in engurance athletes

Several researchers have utilized concepts of water holding capacity and
fiber composition to investigate means of feeding fiber to horses for increased
performance in endurance activities. The ideas were generally based on the gut
reservoir concept suggested by Meyer (1987). Meyer and Coenen (1989) then
tested their hypothesis on exercised ponies. Whereas water content was 183
mllkg BW in non-exercised ponies, water content of the large intestine in ponies
after exercise (1 hr at 3.3 m/s on a treadmill) was 138 mng BW. After
correcting for differences in intake, this suggests absorption of approximately 5 L
over the course of the exercise bout. Extrapolating this to a 450-kg horse would
suggest absorption of approximately 15 L (Schott and Hinchcliff, 1998). Na, CI,
and K contents were also reduced by this low-intensity exercise suggesting
electrolyte absorption from the large intestine during exercise as well (Meyer and
Coenen, 1989).

The concept of feeding endurance horses largely fiber-based diets can
also be supported by the research of Clarke et al. (1990) who reported a 15%

loss of plasma volume within 1 hour of feeding a grain meal as a result of salivary

30

and pancreatic secretion. While such post-prandial changes in fluid balance may
also occur in hay feeding, the response is attenuated.

As previous studies had examined the effect of grain feeding alone on
plasma variables and exercise performance, Pagan and Harris (1999) attempted
to determine the affect of forage feeding alone and with grain on such variables.
In one experiment, horses were fasted, received 2.27 kg grass hay, had ad
libitium access to grass hay, or were allowed free-choice grazing prior to a
standard exercise test designed to approximate the speed and endurance test of
a three-day event. Total protein in horses fed hay the morning of test was higher
before and during exercise while HR was higher in horses that had ad Iibitum
access to hay during the gallop portion of the standard exercise test (SET), which
the authors attribute to movement of water from plasma to the gut. At the same
time though, horses grazing prior to exercise, although heavier, did not suffer
from lower plasma volume or increased HR, a fact the authors attribute to the
grazing horses ability to better equilibrate fluid as pasture contains less cell wall,
and would presumably have a lower water holding capacity.

Because of increased interest by both owners and feed companies in
incorporating highly fermentable fibers into the diet of performance horses, a
study by Crandell et al. (1999) compared one such fiber (sugar beet pulp) to both
a traditional high grain diet and a fat-supplemented diet. Both the beet pulp and
the soybean oil were substituted for a portion of the control grain so that the diets
remained isocaloric on a DE basis. Horses were acclimated to each diet for 5

weeks before completing a SET. Results of this study indicated no differences

31

in the ability of the horses to perform the SET as a result of the diets. HR was
not different among treatments, nor was lactate, total protein, or packed cell
volume. Interestingly, however, horses consuming the fat-supplemented diet
tended to consume more water post-exercise (7.0 :I: 0.8 L vs. 4.8 :I: 1.1 L control
or 4.7 :l: 0.8 L high-fiber; P < 0.10). While the authors attributed this to the ability
of the control and high-fiber feedstuffs to maintain a hindgut water reserve, this
was not supported by a difference in total protein which would be expected if
water balance differed among treatments.

Hypothesizing that more soluble fiber in the diet of performance horses
would increase water in the gastrointestinal tract and that more water could in
turn be absorbed during dehydration increasing plasma volume, Danielsen
conducted several experiments at the University of Kentucky (Danielsen, 1995).
Initially, horses were offered either a high-hay (6.1 :I: 0.6 kg) or limited-hay (2.1 :I:
0.2 kg) diet prior to a SET. While body weights of the horses were not different
due to diet and horses lost an average of 4% body weight due to the SET,
plasma total protein concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses consuming
the limited-hay diet suggesting greater dehydration in these horses compared to
those consuming the high-hay diet. Again, this was attributed to the water-
holding capacity of feedstuffs in the large intestine.

Following up on that experiment, Danielsen (1995) attempted to evaluate
the effect of fiber type on water-availability from the hindgut. Four diets were fed,
including a low fiber, high concentrate control and three high fiber diets. The

high fiber diets were balanced for total dietary fiber, but varied in the amount of

32

soluble fiber. The diet highest in soluble fiber contained 4.5 kg beet pulp, while
the medium and low soluble fiber groups were developed with alfalfa and timothy
hay. Frusemide was used to stimulate dehydration. Frusemide has been shown
to decrease plasma volume to similar levels of dehydration as that of prolonged
endurance exercise (Forro and Lindinger, 2006). Results of the Danielsen study
show a trend (P = 0.06) for lower TP, indicating greater plasma volume, in the
high soluble fiber diet 1-5 h post administration, with no difference during 0-1 h
and 5—8 h. Plasma Na and Cl were not different due to diet.

Finally, Danielsen utilized both frusemide and exercise-induced
dehydration in an attempt to further evaluate the effect of soluble fiber
concentration. Two diets were utilized: a high-soluble fiber and low-soluble fiber.
The high diet contained 7.8 kg alfalfa hay and 4.5 kg beet pulp, while the low diet
contained 8.7 kg timothy hay, 2.4 kg oats, and 1.2 kg soybean meal. Diets were
balanced for dry matter, DE, and total dietary fiber. Horses consumed each diet
for 12 d before receiving frusemide and completing an SET. Prior to
administration of frusemide, body weights were higher when horses consumed
the high soluble fiber diets, perhaps as a result of higher water in the hindgut.
Again, body weight loss was not different due to diet, but TP concentration was
lower (P < 0.01) for the high soluble fiber diet. No differences were observed in
Na, Cl, or K between diets, indicating that if water was being absorbed from the
hindgut it was isotonic to plasma. In terms of performance, horses consuming
the high soluble fiber showed a tendency for lower heart rates (P < 0.10),

although rectal temperature tended to be higher when horses received the high

33

soluble fiber diet (P < 0.10), although numerically the average difference was a
mere 015° C.

Further expanding on the work of Danielsen, Warren et al. (1999)
conducted a study utilizing three diets varying in total dietary fiber (TDF) or
soluble fiber (SDF). The diets were highzhigh (high TDF, high SDF), highzlow
(high TDF, low SDF) and low:low (low TDF, low SDF). The highzhigh diet
consisted mainly of beet pulp and alfalfa hay; highzlow consisted of orchardgrass
hay and an alfalfa-grass mixed hay; lowzlow was represented by orchardgrass
and timothy hay along with cats. Dehydration was simulated by the use of
frusemide. Horses were adapted to each diet for 10 days prior to furosemide
administration. Contrary to the Danielsen studies (1995), horses consuming the
highzhigh diet exhibited a greater loss of BW, although initial BW was higher.
Plasma volume, as measured with indocyanine green, was not different due to
dietary treatment. Total plasma protein was also unaffected by diet. The authors
speculate that while the highzhigh diet may bind water more efficiently, such

water may be unavailable as it may be difficult to “unbind”.

_F_at sugplementation for the end_urance athlete

The addition of dietary fat to the equine diet is a popular means for
increasing caloric density while minimizing starch intake. Excessive starch intake
has been implicated in numerous digestive and metabolic disorders in the horse
including colic, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. At the same time,

several researchers have suggested performance benefits as a result of feeding

34

diets high in fat. Shifts in substrate utilization from carbohydrate to fat during
Iow- intensity exercise may prolong time to fatigue as well as preserve glycogen
stores (Potter et al., 1992). This can be supported by research identifying an
increase in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) supply to exercising muscle in horses
subjected to low-intensity exercise (Orme et al., 1995). Correspondingly, a
decrease in triacylglycerols and increase in lipoprotein lipase and total lipase
activity has been identified (Orme et al., 1997).

Fat supplementation has been reported to increase resting glycogen
stores in several studies (Meyers et al., 1987; Oldham et al., 1990; Scott et al.,
1992), but this finding has not been substantiated by others (Hodgson et al.,
1995; Orrne et al., 1997; Pagan et al., 1987). Those showing an increase in
resting stores also reported increased glycogen utilization during high-intensity
exercise (Oldham et al., 1990; Scott et al., 1992).

Additionally, fat supplementation may increase oxidative capacity of
muscle. Horses fed a diet containing 20% of DE from soybean oil for a 10-week
period exhibited an increase in muscle citrate synthase and B-hydroxyl CoA
dehydrogenase (Orme et al., 1997). This may result in lower heart rates and
lower lactate concentrations observed by some researchers (Meyers et al.,
1987)

As fat feeding in ruminants has been shown to reduce fiber digestibility,
there is some concern that fat-supplemented diets may reduce fiber utilization in
the horse as well (Jansen et al., 2000). Some researchers have reported that fat

supplementation increased or did not affect fiber digestibility (Bush et al., 2001;

35

Davison et al., 1987; McCann et al., 1987). Others have reported a decrease in
NDF digestibility (Rich et al., 1981; Worth et al., 1987). When dietary fat
replaced an isoenergetic amount of carbohydrate in the diet of 6 mature horses,
Jansen et al. (2000) reported a reduction in crude fiber, NDF, and ADF
digestibility by 8%, 6.2%, and 8.3%, respectively.

Few studies have investigated the effect of fat supplementation on fluid
and electrolyte status. Hoyt et al. (1995) supplemented Thoroughbred horses
with 10% dietary fat and found no difference in fluid or electrolyte balance.
Sweat production and composition was also unchanged during a SET. A similar
study also showed no change in electrolyte balance or aldosterone response to
fat supplemented horses exposed to exercise in a hot environment (Hower et al.,
1995)

Although fat supplementation may benefit the endurance athlete in terms
of substrate utilization, increased glycogen storage/availability, and increased
oxidative capacity, potential downsides exist. If dietary fat does in fact reduce
fiber digestibility, the fermentation of soluble fiber types and consequent release
of water may be negatively impacted. At the same time, the caloric density of a
fat supplemented diet may reduce the amount of forage consumed by the horse,
which could reduce associated water and electrolyte availability within the
reservoir of the hind-gut.

Given the differences in the results of studies examining the effect of
dietary fiber and fat supplementation on water balance and resulting performance

in the endurance horse, it is easy to see the only answer is that there remains no

36

solid conclusion. It seems feasible that increasing the volume of fluid and
electrolytes available to the horse in the hindgut may help maintain hydration in
the face of prolonged endurance exercise. At the same time, combining soluble
dietary fiber types with supplemental dietary fat may provide unique advantages
to the equine endurance athlete in terms of both welfare and performance.
Further research, then, is necessary to determine the physiological effects of
various fiber types, with and without supplemental dietary fat, on the horse during
long-distance exercise. With additional evidence, dietary recommendations can

then be made which may help attenuate dehydration.

37

Chapter III
Hydration Status Before, During, and After Prolonged Endurance Exercise in
Horses Fed Three Sources of Dietary Fiber

Summary

Water and electrolyte loss from prolonged endurance exercise may result
in physiological disturbances in the horse. The large intestine has been
suggested to serve as a water reservoir and may help attenuate dehydration.
Dietary constituents may affect the amount of water held within the intestine and
available for use by the horse. This study examined the hydration status of
horses fed three dietary fiber types and subjected to a 60-km exercise test. After
an initial training period and preliminary exercise test, horses were assigned to a
replicated 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment. Diets were grass hay (G), 50:50 grass
hay: alfalfa hay (GA), and 50:50 grass hay: proprietary chopped fiber mix (GM).
Total body water (TBW) tended to be higher (p < 0.08) in horses consuming GA
and GM than G (65.8 :I: 0.8, 65.4 :t 0.8, and 63.9 :t 0.8%, respectively). Body
mass (BM) due to diet was not different at the start of the exercise test, but when
corrected for fecal loss and water intake showed a trend for diet difference during
exercise (p = 0.08), decreasing more in GM than G (5.1 :I: 0.4% vs. 3.4 :I: 0.4%;
GA 4.2 :I: 0.4%). Heart rate was not different except at the end of bout one when
the heart rate of GM was lower than G or GA (p < 0.01). Core body temperature,
although not different at the start of the exercise test bout, was lower (p < 0.05) at
the canter in horses consuming GM. Results suggest higher TBW in the GM diet

at the initiation of exercise may have provided the horses with a greater “pool” of

38

available water for increased thermoregulation via sweating, allowing
maintenance of a lower core body temperature during exercise but at the
expense of increased BM loss. However, because the GM diet was higher in fat
content, the increase in fat intake may have been responsible for the difference
observed, thus further research is needed to distinguish between the effects of

fat and fiber type.

lntrod_uction

Maintenance of total body water during exercise requires balancing water
intake with water loss. In the equine athlete, however, such balance rarely exists
and dehydration is a common outcome of prolonged exercise as a result of sweat
losses. In endurance horses in particular, sweat losses tend to be much greater
than water intake even as the animals are commonly offered fluid and
electrolytes during rest stops.

The equine large intestine has long been suggested to serve as a water
reservoir and, as such, has been implicated in helping to attenuate dehydration.
As early as 1974, Argenzio et al. examined digesta passage and water exchange
in the large intestine. Results indicated that the large intestine could both store
and (re)absorb large quantities of water, with the latter being approximately equal
to the animals ECF space. Given that the amount of fluid in the large intestine
may be as high as 40 L depending on diet (Coenen, 2005), such a reservoir

could potentially be quite useful.

39

Others question the horse’s ability to draw on such a reserve given the
distribution of blood flow away from the gut during exercise and in the period
immediately following (Duren et al., 1999; Lucke and Hall, 1980). Still others
question the efficiency of such a reservoir. Kronfeld (2001a) suggests that any
benefit of additional water in the gut is outweighed by the additional water
required metabolically to deal with the increased weight of such gut fill and
additional resulting heat dissipation.

More recent research has suggested that different dietary fiber types may
possess different water holding capacities and thus may differ in their ability to
release water within the hindgut. Research conducted by Danielsen et al. (1995)
suggested that diets high in soluble fiber may result in less plasma volume loss
during dehydration as evidenced by lower total plasma protein concentrations
(TP). Contrary to the Danielsen study, a study by Warren et al. (1999) found
horses consuming a diet high in soluble fiber exhibited a greater loss of BW,
although initial BW was higher. Plasma volume was not different due to dietary
treatment. Total plasma protein was also unaffected by diet. The authors
speculated that while the diet may bind water more efficiently, such water may be
unavailable as it may be difficult to “unbind”.

This study was designed to determine the effects of three dietary fiber
types on hydration during prolonged exercise and subsequent recovery. It was
hypothesized that diets differing in fiber type would affect total body water (T BW)

at rest and BM loss during exercise.

40

Materials and Methods
Horses and Preliminary Training

All experiments were approved prior to initiation by the Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee at Michigan State University. Six two-year-old Arabian
geldings were obtained from the Michigan State University Horse Teaching and
Research Center. After being adapted to handling, horses were conditioned to
treadmill exercise for a twelve-week period. Training consisted of walking (1.6
mls), trotting (4 mls), and cantering (8 m/s) on the treadmill at increasing
distances thrice weekly until the target of 60 km of endurance exercise per
training bout could be met. More specifically, in weeks 1 and 2, horses were
acclimated to the treadmill and walked and trotted for 5 km each session. During
weeks 3 and 4, horses completed 10—km training bouts thrice weekly (consisting
of walking, trotting, and cantering). Horses were then worked 15 km thrice
weekly during weeks 5 and 6. During weeks 7 and 8, each horse completed one
30-km bout and four 15-km bouts. During weeks 9 and 10, horses completed
one 45-km bout and four 15-km bouts. During weeks 11 and 12, horses were
worked 15 km thrice weekly. At no time were horses worked at speeds greater

than 8 mls.

Diets and housing
During the initial training period, all animals had ad libitum access to a

spring mixed-grass pasture. No supplemental feeds or minerals (including NaCl)

were provided at any time during the study.

41

All horses then completed a preliminary exercise test (pasture diet, P)
before beginning a replicated 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment, where each horse
consumed each treatment diet for at least 14 d before completing a 60-km
exercise test. During the Latin Square experiment horses were housed in groups
of two in 9 x 14 m dry lots except during feeding. The treatment diets consisted
of an all grass hay diet (G), a 50:50 grass hay: alfalfa hay (GA), and 50:50 grass
hay: proprietary chopped fiber mix (GM) (Table 2). The proprietary fiber mix was
formulated by Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition (Leics, UK) to contain various
fiber types known to be highly soluble and highly fermentable. Horses were
initially offered 2.5% body weight daily, with amount offered reduced gradually to
be just above voluntary intake from the previous feeding so as to reduce sorting
and ensure a near 50:50 ratio in GA and GM diets. Feed was offered twice daily
for a 4h period. For diet analyses, core samples of hays were taken from at least
fifteen randomly selected bales and combined into a representative aliquot. Grab
samples of fiber mix were obtained from 10 bags opened at random. Feed
analyses were performed by Equi-Analytical (Ithaca, NY) using standard wet
chemistry methods.

In-house analysis of particle size distribution (PSD) was performed on the
chopped fiber mix portion of the GM diet. PSD was measured with a series of
seven selected sieves (19 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 pm,
300 um) and a pan, fitted into a sieve shaker (Model RX-86, W.S. Tyler Inc.,
Gastonia, NC). The sieve method was according to the ASAE Standards (2008).

The analysis was performed in triplicate. The mass frequency (%) for material on

42

each sieve was calculated and plotted against each particle size category.
Geometric mean diameter (dgw) and geometric standard deviation (89,.) were
calculated for each sieving replicate based on the formula described in the ASAE
Standards (2008). Geometric mean diameter was 1.589 mm, while SQW was

1.549.

Exercise test

The 60-km exercise test used in this study and previously reported
(Dusterdieck et al., 1999) was designed to replicate a competitive endurance
ride. The test was divided into four 15-km bouts, each lasting 54 minutes and

consisting of alternating walk (1.6 mls), trot (4 mls), and canter (8 mls) (Figure 1).

43

Table 2. Analysis of diets fed to two-year-old Arabian horses to investigate the

role of dietary fiber type on hydration status during prolonged endurance exercise
(on a DM basis).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grass Hay GrasszAlfalfa Grasstiber Mix
(G) (GA) (GM)
Dry Matter (%) 92.5 91.8 92.0
rude Protein (%) 14.6 18.1 12.8
Lignin (%) 6.0 6.9 7.6
DF (%) 34.5 33.0 37.1
NDF (%) 49.9 44.5 '50.4
NFC (%) 24.0 26.6 22.3
rude Fat (%) 2.9 2.9 7.7
sh (%) 9.1 10.2 7.2
a (%) 0.77 1.12 0.76
P (%) 030 0.28 0.22
g (%) 0.21 0.23 0.21
K (%) 2.31 272 1.77
Na (%) 0.03029 0.03 0.03
Estimated DE
|(mcallk 1 2.29 2.43 2.59

 

44

 

Figure 1. Exercise test design for 60-km stimulated endurance ride. Each of the
four 15-km test bouts was identical and lasted 54 minutes. There was a 20-min
break after Bout 1 and Bout 3.

 

2h Pre
Instrumentation

 

 

BoutI

Bout2 1“ Bout3 Bout4 50 mi“
Break Post

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l J l

 

Speed (mls)
O N -h 03 co

 
   
 

10

 

 

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time(min)

45

 

Horses were allowed a two-minute rest period and offered water half-way
through each bout. After completing the first and third bouts, horses were given
a 20-min rest and water break; with a 1-h break with access to water and any

remaining morning feed following bout 2.

Sample collection

On (I 0, 7, and 14 of each treatment period, horses were weighed and
blood was collected via jugular venipuncture in a 10-ml non-heparinized
vacutainer, two 7-ml vacutainers with EDTA, and a 10-ml heparinized syringe.
Tubes with EDTA were immediately centrifuged (1,340 x g for 10 min), while non-
heparinized tubes were allowed to coagulate at 20° C prior to centrifugation.
Plasma and serum samples were frozen at -20° C for later analysis.

Two hours prior to each exercise test, baseline blood samples were
obtained, including an additional 10-ml vacutainer with lithium heparin additive,
and horses were injected via left jugular catheter with deuterium oxide (D20) and
sodium bromide (NaBr) for determination of TBW and ECF, respectively. 250 g
NaBr (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 1 L D2O (Sigma-Aldrich,
St. Louis, MO). The amount administered was determined by weighing the
syringe before and after administration and averaged 63 g. The jugular catheter
was then flushed with 20 cc heparinized saline before being removed. Blood
was handled as previously described with the additional tube immediately

centrifuged and resulting plasma frozen.

46

Horses were instrumented during each exercise test with telemetric
electrocardiography and a Swan-Ganz catheter aseptically passed into the
pulmonary artery to measure core body temperature and allow collection of
mixed venous blood samples. Instrumentation occurred during the 2-h
equilibrium time after D20/NaBr administration and the test was initiated after the
2-h blood samples were obtained, with an additional 10-ml lithium heparin tube
for D20 analyses. Body mass and core body temperature were measured and
heart rate was recorded at the initiation and completion of each exercise bout,
while mixed venous blood was obtained as previously described from the Swan-
Ganz catheter. Heart rate and core body temperature were also recorded at
consistent times during the trot and canter of the second half of each exercise
bout

Water intake during the test was recorded. When present, fecal and urine
samples were weighed following each bout and representative samples collected
for later analyses. Body mass loss was reported two ways. Uncorrected body
mass loss was determined as the difference between the starting and ending
weight divided by the start value. Body mass loss was also corrected for fecal
and urine loss and water intake during the test and reported as corrected loss.
This corrected loss would be equivalent to total fluid loss by the animal during the
exercise bout through respiratory and sweat losses, independent of replacement.

Following completion of each exercise test, horses remained on the

treatment diet for at least three days during which body weight and abdominal

47

circumference were recorded and venous blood was sampled via jugular

venipuncture daily.

Sample analyses

Serum was analyzed for packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids using
microhaematocrit and refractrometry methods, respectively. The10-ml
heparinized sample was used for determination of pH, blood gases, lactate,
glucose, and electrolytes with an automated whole blood analyzer (Stat Profile
M, Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). Aldosterone and cortisol were analyzed
using the DSL-8600 Aldosterone Coated-Tube Radioimmunoassay kit and DSL-
2100 Cortisol Coated-Tube Radioimmunoassay kit, respectively, obtained from
Diagnostic Systems Laboratories (Webster, TX). Insulin was assayed using the
Coat-A—Count Insulin radioimmunoassay kit by Siemens Medical Solutions
Diagnostics (Los Angeles, CA). Non-esterified fatty acids and TG were analyzed
colorimetrically using the HR Series NEFA-HR (2) kit and L-type TG H kit,
respectively, obtained from Wako Diagnostics (Richmond, VA). All assays were
performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Deuterium oxide and NaBr analyses for determination of TBW and ECF,
respectively, were performed by Metabolic Solutions, Inc. (Nashua, NH) using an
isotope ratio mass spectrometer and the method described by Scrimgeour et al.

(1993).

Statistics

48

Baseline (pasture) results are provided for information only and are not
included in statistical analyses. All data are presented as mean :t standard error.
For the replicated Latin Square experiment, changes over time were assessed by
two-way ANOVA, with repeated measures when appropriate. Diet and period
differences were further separated using Tukey’s mean separation test.
Significance was defined as p < 0.05, while trends were considered when p <

0.10.

Ms
Feed intake

Feed intake as a percent of body weight increased over the course of the
study (p < 0.001). Intake averaged 1.58 i 0.07%, 2.14 1: 0.07%, and 2.44 :l:
0.07%, in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Intake was also different by diet (p <
0.01); GA (2.25 :I: 0.07%) was greater than both G (1.91 :I: 0.07%) and GM (2.01
i 0.07%).

Day 0 and Day 7

No differences in body weight, blood pH, PCV, TS, K, CI, Ca, blood
glucose, or blood lactate were observed between diets or periods on d 0. Period
differences were observed for Na, Mg, BUN, and OSM. Na was greater (p <
0.05) in period 3 (139.2 :I: 0.5 mmol/l) than 1 or 2 (137.0 :I: 0.5, 137.0 :I: 0.5,
respectively). M9 was greater (p < 0.01) at the start of period 1 (1.20 1 0.03

mg/dl) than 2 (1.10 1: 0.03 mg/dl) or 3 (1.03 :I: 0.03 mg/dl). BUN (p < 0.05) was

49

also greater at the start of period 1 at 22.7 :I: 1.4 mgldl compared to 15.8 t 1.4
and 16.6 :I: 1.4 in periods 2 and 3, respectively. OSM was greater (p < 0.05)
during period 3 (279 :I: 1 mOsm/kg) than period 2 (275 :I: 1 mOsm/kg) and not
different from either value in period 1 (278 :I: 1 moSm/kg).

After seven days (d 7), Na remained greater (p < 0.05) in period 3 than 1
or 2 (139.3 :I: 0.6, 137.0 :t 0.6, and 136.4 1 0.6 mmol/l, respectively). Total
ionized Ca was greater in period 1 than 2 or 3 (p < 0.05; 6.4 :I: 0.1, 6.1 1 0.1, 5.9
:I: 0.1 mgldl). Blood glucose exhibited a diet difference (p < 0.01) being greater
for GM (109.1 :I: 1.5 mgldl) than G (103.9 :l:1.5 mg/dL) or GA (101.4 :I:1.5
mg/dL), as well as a period difference (p < 0.05) being greater in period 1 than 2
or 3 (110.8, 101.8, and 101.9 :I: 1.5 mgldl, respectively). BUN also exhibited a
diet effect (p < 0.001) being lower in GM (13.8 :I: 0.5 mg/dL) compared to G (17.6
:I: 0.5 mgldl) or GA (18.0 :I: 0.5 mg/dL) and a period effect (p < 0.01) with all
periods being different at 17.6, 15.2, and 16.6 3: 0.5 mgldl for period 1, 2, and 3,
respectively. OSM displayed the same period effect (p < 0.05) as d 0, with
period 3 (280 1: 1 mOsm/kg) being greater than period 2 (274 :I: 1 mOsm/kg)

while period 1 (276 i 1 moSM/kg) was not different from either value.

Body Fluids

Total body water for horses consuming pasture was 62.2 :I: 0.8%. In the
Latin Square experiment, total body water as a percentage of BM at rest tended
toward significance for a diet difference (p = 0.08, Table 3). Both GA and GM

were greater than G at 65.8 i 0.1%, 65.4 :I: 0.1%, and 63.9 :I: 0.1%, respectively.

50

Table 3. Total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECF), and
intracellular fluid volume (ICF) in six horses fed diets consisting of grass hay (G);
grass and alfalfa hay (GA); or grass and a soluble fiber mix (GM).

 

 

G GA GM SEM

TBW/ BM 0.6393 0653" 0655b 0.009
ECF / BM 0.233 0.251 0.240 0.018
ECF / TBW 0.363 0.390 0.365 0.025
ICF / BM 0.407 0.394 0.416 0.013
ICF I TBW 0.637 0.612 0.636 0.025

 

ab Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p = 0.08)

51

Figure 2 shows TBW as a percentage of BM for individual animals. ECF as a
percentage of BM or as a percentage of TBW was not different by diet (p = 0.88,
p = 0.74, respectively) at 24.1 :I: 1.8% of BM and 37.2 :I: 2.5% of TBW. ICF,

calculated by difference, was also not different by diet or period.

Body Mass

Uncorrected body mass loss during the pasture exercise test averaged 3.9
:t 1.1%. Differences in body mass due to diet were not present at the start of the
exercise bout. Uncorrected body mass loss was 2.7 i 0.5% and was not
different by diet (p = 0.25) or period (p = 0.74). When corrected for fecal and
urine losses and water intake, BM loss (as a representation of sweat loss)
showed a trend for diet difference during exercise (p = 0.08), decreasing more in

GM than G (5.1 :I: 0.4% vs. 3.4 :I: 0.4%; GA 4.2 i 0.4%; Figure 3).

Water intake

Water intake during the course of the exercise test was not different by
diet (p = 0.8), but was greater during the second half of the test than the first (7.8
1: 0.7 l, 4.2 :I: 0.7 l, respectively). Water intake during the duration of the exercise

test averaged 11.4 :I: 1.5 l.

52

Figure 2. Total body water as a percentage of body mass in six horses fed diets
consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa hay (GA); or grass and a soluble
fiber mix (GM).

 

 

 

 

 

 

__ _--2_----------2-U --_----_fl-7

69% WW W W W W ,- , W. I

368%WWW _ k X I- |

“5 67% W-W WWXW W W WW W-W AW W—WW-WW—W-WWW W-W W‘ IoHorse 111

g; 66% -- W -—'W W—W WW W—W W---——WW——WWWW——— —;— W l I Horse 2!

65% —» ~ ~ ~— W W ~ . W ~ ~ X I AHOI'SB3

g 64% .___ ~-~- a, 2...,, # ~ .--- 2.2.-- ‘ —;— - -_i xHorse4.

63°/ WWW W WW W W WWW’W-WWWW WW WW WW I Horse5

1 .° 3 l ’K 1

62/o , -,_ ,-- oHorse6l

E 61% WW—WWWW “and WW WW WW W W WW “I T I
O

G GA GM |

Diet |

53

Figure 3. Percentage of body weight lost during a 60-km exercise test in horses
fed diets consisting of grass hay (G); grass and alfalfa hay (GA); or grass and a
soluble fiber mix (GM) when corrected for fecal and urine loss and water intake.
P = 0.08; GM > G.

 

6

5

4
EIG
IGA
IGM

 

Percentage of Body Weight Lost
0)

 

 

 

54

Body Temperature

Core body temperature across all times displayed a diet*period
interaction. In periods 1 and 2, no difference by diet was observed; however,
during period 3, GM (37.1 :I: 0.3° C) was lower (p < 0.001) than G or GA (39.3 1:
0.3, 39.4 :I: 0.3° C, respectively).

Comparing core body temperature at the start of the exercise tests, there
were no differences by diet (p = 0.59) or period (p = 0.86). Examining the canter
portion of each exercise test, a diet difference was present across all exercise

test bouts (Figure 4).

Heart Rate

Heart rate exhibited a diet*time interaction (p < 0.05), although further
analysis indicated a difference between diets only at the end of exercise bout 1
(p < 0.001) when GM (69.7 :I: 3.3 bpm) was less than G (87.9 :I: 2.8 bpm) or GA
(88.5 d: 3.3 bpm).

Blood parameters

Total solids were different by diet (p < 0.01), where GA (6.73 :I: 0.06 g/dl)
was greater than GM (6.58 :t 0.05 g/dI) which was greater than G (6.45 :I: 0.05
gldl). PCV was not different by diet but was greater (p<0.05) in period 1 (34.9 :I:
0.4%) than period 2 (33.4 1: 0.4%) or 3 (32.4 i 0.5%). Blood glucose

concentration was higher (p < 0.01) across all times with GM (134 :I: 4 mgldl),

55

Figure 4. Core body temperature during the canter portion of a 60—km exercise
test, split into four test bouts, in horses consuming diets consisting of grass hay
(G); grass and alfalfa hay (GA); or grass and a soluble fiber mix (GM). (p < 0.05,
GM < G).

 

 

8

38.0 —
,_ 37.5 -

em perature (C

dy
on
\r
o

39.0 ~ .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 3
Exercise Bout

 

56

 

 

 

 

 

aGA

 

 

 

 

 

EIG

IIIGM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

than with G (123 i 4 mgldl) or GA (123 :I: 4 mgldl). PO2, PCO2, pH, Na, K, Cl, Ca,
and Mg were not different due to diet during the exercise test. Blood lactate
concentration increased over the course of the exercise test (p< 0.01), but did not

exhibit a diet effect.

Hormones

Insulin exhibited only a time effect (p < 0.05; Table 4). Aldosterone was
not different by diet or period but exhibited a time difference. Aldosterone was
higher (p < 0.01) at the end of the exercise test (72.4 d: 7.9 pg/ml) than at the
start (40.0 :I: 7.2 pg/ml) or 1 d post (22.8 :I: 7.9 pg/ml). Cortisol was different by
period (p < 0.05), with period 1 (2.52 :t 0.16 ug/dl) being lower than period 2
(3.02 :I: 0.16 ug/dl) or period 3 (3.00 1 0.16 ug/dl). Cortisol also demonstrated a

time difference (Table 5).

NEFA and TG

NEFA were not different due to diet, but exhibited a period*time interaction
(Table 6). TG exhibited a diet difference (p < 0.001), being lower in GM than G
or GA (32.4 :I: 3.1, 49.6 :I: 2.5, and 51.1 $3.1 mgldl, respectively). TG also

exhibited a time effect (Table 5).

57

Table 4. Insulin (ulU/ml) in horses completing a 60-km exercise test.

 

2 h Pre Start B1 Start B3 60 min Post 1 d Post SEM

 

25° 34° 32° 5.3°° 3.1°° 1.4

 

abc Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

Table 5. Cortisol (pg/dl) and TG (mgldl) in horses completing a 60-km exercise
test.

 

Start B1 End B2 Start B3 End B4 1 d Post SEM

 

Cortisol 264° 433° 269° 3.70c 033° 0.22

 

TG 540° 456° 479° 42.2°° 320“ 4.2

abc Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

Table 6. NEFA (mEq/l) in horses completing a 60-km exercise test.

 

Period Start B1 End B2 Start B3 End B4 1 d Post SEM

 

1 0.6703°° 1.0707° 0.5263a 0.9776° 0.36573 0.099
2 0.3252° 0.3412° 0.56308 1.2165° 0.43548 0.099
3 0.21936‘ 0.7131° 0.3413° 1.1963° 0.3073a - 0.113

 

3'” Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

58

Discussion
Total body water was similar to that reported by Andrews et al. (1997)

using deuterium oxide dilution. As hypothesized, TBW as a percentage of BM
tended to be greater in GA and GM, possibly as a result of different fiber types.
For example, Danielsen et al. (1995) suggested diets higher in soluble fiber
content may result in less plasma volume loss during dehydration. The
differences observed in TBW may be related to the water holding capacity of the
different fiber types. For those feedstuffs commonly fed to horses, Bhatti and
Firkins (1995) found alfalfa hay to have a greater WHC than orchard grass hay
with 1.428 vs. 1.005 g H20Ig insoluble dry matter. Other researchers have
attempted to identify the characteristics or compositions of forages which may be
related to their WHC. Singh and Narang (1991) found WHC to be significantly
correlated with NDF (p < 0.01), ADF (p < 0.01), hemicellulose (p < 0.05) and
cellulose (p < 0.01) content, but not to Iignin. Still others have correlated WHC to
pectin concentration (McBurney et al., 1985). Lending support to this is the fact
that pectin, a cell wall carbohydrate, is found in high amounts in beet pulp, and is
higher in alfalfa than in grasses (van Soest et al., 1991b). McBurney et al. (1985)
also determined that WHC capacity was also linked to fermentability when a
human fecal inoculum was utilized. The authors suggest that such fermentability
would allow the bound water to be available for absorption in the animal. In this
experiment, then, we could expect both GA and GM to have both increased
pectin concentration and greater fermentability which may have resulted in the

greater TBW observed.

59

Interestingly, TBW was numerically greater in all hay diets than in the
same horses when allowed free-choice access to pasture. This may have been
the result of a training effect, as all horses consumed the pasture diet and
completed the pasture exercise test prior to completing the Latin Square
experiment and training induced hypervolemia has been reported in the horse
(McKeever et al., 1987). As water intake was not measured during the diet
consumption period, it may have also been that pasture horses drank less.

ECF and ICF were within normally reported ranges (Lindinger et al.,
2004). The lack of a difference observed in ECFV due to diet may be the result
of greater subject variability in the NaBr dilution technique. Fielding et al. (2003)
have suggested NaBr use in the horse may require an equilibration period of up
to 5h whereas we allowed only 2h; thus greater equilibration may have resulted
in less variable results. Alternatively, it may be that greater TBW may not
correlate to an increase in ECFV and may instead represent greater intracellular
stores.

Unlike our hypothesis, we observed a trend for BM loss to be greatest in
GM. Warren et al. (1999) also observed a greater loss of bodyweight in horses
consuming a diet high in both total and soluble fiber when compared to lower
fiber diets. Comparing the hay diets to pasture, overall body mass loss was
reduced when horses consumed all hay diets, however, again this may be a
training effect.

Water intake during the exercise test was highly variable among horses,

but did not differ by diet, although water intake during the diet adaptation period

60

prior to the test was not measured. Increased water intake has been observed in
horses consuming increased total dietary fiber (Warren et al., 1999) as well as
increased DM (Fonnesbeck, 1968).

The diet*period interaction observed for core body temperature across all
times, with lower temperatures in GM, may be related to increased feed intake in
the third period. Digestion of diets G and GA may have resulted in increased
heat of fermentation when compared to GM; but, had this occurred, we would
have expected a difference in core body temperature at the start of the exercise
test. Instead, core body temperature during the start of the exercise bout was
not different by diet.

Core body temperature during the canter portion of the exercise tests,
however, was lower in GM though all periods. While the difference averaged one
degree Celsius, this may be physiologically significant when considering the
prolonged duration of endurance exercise. One explanation of this diet
difference may be that the increased fat content of the GM diet was responsible
for differences in body temperature. Fat-supplementation has been reported to
reduce thermal load likely by reducing fermentation within the digestive system
(Scott et al., 1992).

Increased fat content in GM may also be responsible for increased blood
glucose concentration over the course of the exercise test. Blood glucose was
increased in horses consuming GM as early as 7 days after starting the diet,

perhaps indicating a metabolic shift towards fat-utilization. Complete fat

61

adaptation in the horse, however, has been reported to take as long as 21 d
(Potter et al., 1992).

Decreased TG in horses consuming GM may also contribute to a potential
effect of additional dietary fat. A decrease in TG has been reported in other
studies investigating fat feeding in horses and is generally considered to be
indicative of increased fat utilization during exercise (Geelen et al., 1999; Orme
et al., 1997). We did not, however, see an increase in NEFA during the course of
the exercise bout, in contrast to previous reports (Orme et al., 1995).

Given the relatively short diet adaptation period and that total fat content in
GM, while greater than G or GA, remained less than 8%, differences observed in
TG may have also been related to fiber type. Feeding highly fermentable,
soluble fibers to hamsters has been shown to lower TG concentrations (T erpstra
et al., 1998). Horses fed beet pulp, known to be high in pectin, at 25% of the diet
showed lowered TG in the fasting state, as well as increased NEFA (Hallebeek
and Beynen, 2003). Thus, the decrease in TG in this study may not be
attributable, or entirely attributable, to dietary fat supplementation and may
instead be an effect of dietary fiber type.

Little difference in HR over the course of the exercise test was observed
as a result of diet. At the end of exercise test bout 1 only, GM was substantially
lower (> 17 bpm, taken at the walk) than G or GA. As horses were generally
excitable and reactive on the treadmill during the first exercise test bout, this may

be the result of less excitability in horses consuming GM. Horses consuming fat-

62

supplemented diets have been reported to be less reactive to external stimulus
(Holland et al., 1996).

It is also important to point out that the fiber mix portion of the GM diet was
a chopped mix. Thus, differences observed in regard to this diet may be related
to fiber length. Chopped fiber would be expected to have greater surface area
and therefore be more readily fermented by the horse than longer—stemmed
roughage.

While additional fat provided by the GM diet or the chopped nature of the
fiber mix may have been responsible for some differences observed, we suggest
dietary fiber type may have been responsible for others. Specifically, it may be
that higher TBW in the GM diet at the initiation of exercise may have provided the
horses with a greater “pool” of available water that could be utilized for increased
thermoregulation via sweating, allowing maintenance of a lower core body
temperature as observed during the canter phase of the exercise test. The horse
exhibits a priority for thermoregulation over water balance, as evidenced by
heavy sweating rates in horses at the expense of fluid, electrolyte, and body
mass loss. This idea of increased water availability for thermoregulation could
also be supported by Warren et al. (1999) who found horses on a high soluble
fiber diet exhibited a greater loss of body mass yet were able to maintain plasma
volume, when dehydrated with frusemide.

Further research into the effect of dietary fiber type, without the potentially
confounding effect of fat supplementation and fiber length, should provide

additional insight into water balance in the exercising horse.

63

CHAPTER IV
Evidence for a role of dietary fiber type, not fat supplementation, on the hydration

status of endurance horses

Summam

The equine large intestine has been suggested to serve as a water
reservoir during prolonged endurance exercise; the extent or effectiveness of
which may be influenced by dietary fiber type. At the same time, fat
supplementation may result in performance and possibly hydration advantages to
the endurance athlete. This study, then, was designed to examine the effect of
dietary fiber type on hydration status, with and without fat supplementation. In a
randomized incomplete block design, six two-year-old Arabian horses were
randomly assigned to diets containing either chopped grass hay (G) or a
chopped grass hay: soluble fiber mix (GM) and either fat supplementation (Ft) or
no fat supplementation (NFt). All horses consumed each diet for a period of at
least 21 d before completing a 60-km exercise test. Total body water, as
determined using D20, was 66.1% of body mass and did not differ due to
treatment. Horses consuming GM had greater (p < 0.05) body mass at the start
of exercise than those consuming G. Water consumption during the exercise
test was greater in G than GM (p < 0.01; 13.3 :I: 1.3 L, 10.9 1: 1.3 L), as were PCV
(p < 0.01; G 36.8 :I: 1.2, GM 35.1: 1.2) and plasma aldosterone across all times
(p < 0.001; GM 28.4 :I: 3.8 pg/mI, G 53.3 :I: 3.8 pglml). The results suggest that

fiber type plays a greater role in hydration status than does fat supplementation.

64

However, in comparison to a previous study, a higher TBW and lower core body
temperature during exercise in this study may suggest that the chopped nature of

the fiber may benefit the animal and thus may merit further investigation.

Introduction

Dehydration is a common result of prolonged endurance exercise in the
horse despite frequent access to feed and water during the course of the
exercise bout. Fluid and electrolyte losses equating to as much as 7 to 9% of
body weight can be expected to result in adverse physiological effects in the
horse, including death in extreme cases (Snow et al., 1982). While initial
research focused on the quantity of fluid and electrolyte loss and means of
replacement, more recent research has suggested dietary interventions may help
attenuate such exercise-induced dehydration in endurance horses. More
specifically, the large intestine may serve as a water and electrolyte reservoir
capable of holding more than 40 L of fluid, depending upon diet (Coenen, 2005).

While different dietary fiber types are known to possess different water
holding and releasing capacities, only a few studies have investigated the effect
of dietary fiber type on hydration status in horses. Danielsen et al. (1995)
examined changes in body weight and plasma volume in horses fed varying
levels of soluble fiber. While body weight loss was not different between diets,
the authors suggested reduced TP concentration was indicative of greater

plasma volume in horses fed the high soluble fiber diet. Other research indicated

65

greater body weight loss, albeit with maintenance of plasma volume, in horses
fed diets high in soluble fiber (Warren et al., 1999).

We have previously demonstrated differences in hydration status and
physiological parameters in horses fed three dietary fiber types (Spooner,
Chapter III Dissertation). Horses consuming a grass hay: chopped soluble fiber
mix diet or grass hay: alfalfa hay diet had greater TBW at rest than horses
consuming only grass hay. Horses consuming the grass hay: chopped soluble
fiber mix diet, while showing a tendency for greater body mass loss, also
maintained a lower core body temperature at the canter. Thus, we have
suggested that diets containing chopped soluble fibers may provide the animal
with a greater “pool” of available water for increased thermoregulation via
sweating, allowing maintenance of a lower core body temperature during
exercise but at the expense of increased BM loss. However, in our study,
differences in fiber type were confounded with greater fat content of the diet
containing the chopped soluble fiber mix as well as fiber length (chopped vs.
long-stemmed).

Thus, this study has been designed to examine the effect of dietary fiber
type, fat supplementation, and any interaction between the two on hydration
status in endurance horses. We hypothesize that dietary fiber type, but not fat
supplementation, will result in differences in total body water at rest and body
mass loss during exercise. Further, it is expected that differences in fuel
utilization during exercise, as examined by blood glucose, NEFA, and TG will be

attributable to fat supplementation.

66

Materials and Methods
Horses and Preliminary Training

All experiments were approved prior to initiation by the Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee at Michigan State University. Six two-year-old
Arabians, three geldings and three fillies, were obtained from the Michigan State
University Horse Teaching and Research Center. After being adapted to
handling, horses were conditioned to exercise on a high-speed treadmill and
free-flow mechanical exerciser for a twelve-week period. Training consisted of
walking (1.6 mls), trotting (4 mls), and cantering (8 m/s) at increasing distances
thrice weekly until the target of 60 km of endurance exercise in a single day could
be completed. More specifically, in weeks 1 and 2, horses were acclimated to
the treadmill and walked and trotted for 5 km each session. During weeks 3 and
4, horses completed 10-km treadmill training bouts thrice weekly (consisting of
walking, trotting, and cantering). Horses were then worked 15 km thrice weekly
during weeks 5 and 6. During weeks 7 and 8, each horse completed one 30-km
bout on the treadmill and four 15-km bouts on the free-flow mechanical exerciser.
During weeks 9 and 10, horses completed one 45-km treadmill bout and four 15-
km exerciser bouts. During weeks 11 and 12, horses were worked 15 km thrice

weekly. At no time were horses worked at speeds greater than 8 mls.

67

Diets

During the initial training period, all animals had ad libitum access to a
spring mixed-grass pasture. No supplemental feeds or minerals (including NaCl)
were provided at any time during the study.

At the conclusion of the training period, horses were removed from
pasture and randomly assigned to the first of four treatment diets. Each horse
would complete a 60-km exercise test after consuming each diet for at least 21 d.
The treatment diets consisted of two factors, fiber type and fat supplementation.
The fiber types were either a grass hay (G) or a 50:50 ratio of grass hay to
soluble fiber mix (GM). Fat was either supplemented (Ft) or not (NFt) for a total
of four treatments (Table 7). Because of the fat supplementation two proprietary
soluble fiber mixes were formulated by Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition (Leics,
UK). The fiber mixes were identical in terms of dietary fiber type, with slight
differences in formulation to account for fat-supplementation in order to keep the
diets more nearly isocaloric. Both the grass hay and the fiber mixes were
prepared as chopped fibers to avoid any effect of fiber length. For the hay diet
with supplemental fat (Gth), soybean oil was weighed separately, added
immediately prior to feeding at a rate of 0.04% of hay feed, and mixed thoroughly
with the ration. Horses were initially offered 2.5% body weight daily, split into two
equal feedings, with amount offered adjusted as necessary to be just above
voluntary intake from the previous feeding so as to reduce sorting. Diets were
individually offered in stalls for 4 h for each feeding, and horses were group-

housed during the remaining hours in a 14 x 27 m dry lot.

68

Table 7. Analysis of diets (on percent DM basis) fed to horses to investigate the
effects of dietary fiber type and fat supplementation on hydration status and
physiological parameters. G = grass hay; GM = grass hay: soluble fiber mix; NFt
= no supplemental fat; Ft= supplemental fat.

GzNFt G:Ft GMzNFt GMth

 

DE, mcal/kg 1.83 2.20 2.22 2.24
Crude Protein 10.8 10.8 13.3 12.8
Lignin 9.0 9.0 7.8 7.5
ADF 48.1 48.1 35.2 35.5
NDF 68.3 68.3 54.3 53.6
ESC (Simple Sugars) 5.2 5.2 6.8 5.3
Starch 0.4 0.4 8.9 7.8
Non Fiber 11.4 11.4 24.3 25.6
Carbohydrates (NFC)

Crude Fat 1.7 5.7 3.2 5.8
Ash 7.8 7.8 7.4 7.2
Ca 0.40 0.40 0.63 0.58
P 0.22 0.22 0.37 0.37
Mg 0.14 0.14 0.21 0.20
K 2.76 2.76 2.01 1.96
Na 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.07
CI 0.89 0.89 0.64 0.64

 

69

Feed intake was recorded as feed offered minus feed refused for each meal, but
was analyzed by day. Individual water intake was recorded on d 17 of each
period by confining horses to stalls for a period of 24 h and measuring intake
from a graduated 12 L bucket.

For diet analyses, core samples of hays were taken from at least fifteen
randomly selected bales prior to chopping and combined into a representative
aliquot. Grab samples of the fiber mixes were obtained from 10 bags of each
opened at random. Feed analyses were performed by Equi-Analytical (Ithaca,
NY) using standard wet chemistry methods.

ln-house analysis of particle size distribution (PSD) was performed on the
chopped fiber mix portion of the GM diet. PSD was measured with a series of
seven selected sieves (19 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 pm,
300 um) and a pan, fitted into a sieve shaker (Model RX-86, W.S. Tyler lnc.,
Gastonia, NC). The sieve method was according to the ASAE Standards (2008).
The analysis was performed in triplicate. The mass frequency (%) for material on
each sieve was calculated and plotted against each particle size category.
Geometric mean diameter (dgw) and geometric standard deviation (Sgw) were
calculated for each sieving replicate based on the formula described in the ASAE

Standards (2008).

Exercise test
The 60-km exercise test used in this study and previously reported

(Dusterdieck et al., 1999) was designed to replicate a competitive endurance

7O

ride. The test was divided into four 15-km bouts, each lasting 54 minutes and
consisting of alternating walk (1.6 mls), trot (4 mls), and canter (8 mls) (Figure 1).
Horses were allowed a two—minute rest period and offered water half-way
through each bout. After completing the first and third bouts, horses were given
a 20-min rest and water break; with a 1-h break with access to water and any

remaining morning feed following bout 2.

Sample collection

On d 0, 7, and 14 of each treatment period, horses were weighed and
blood was collected via jugular venipuncture in a 10-ml non-heparinized
vacutainer, two 7-ml vacutainers with EDTA, and a 10-ml heparinized syringe.
Tubes with EDTA were immediately centrifuged (1,340 x g for 10 min), while non-
heparinized tubes were allowed to coagulate at 20° C prior to centrifugation.
Plasma and serum samples were frozen at -20° C for later analysis.

Two hours prior to each exercise test, baseline blood samples were
obtained, including an additional 10-ml vacutainer with lithium heparin additive,
and horses were injected via left jugular catheter with deuterium oxide (D20) for
determination of TBW. The amount administered was determined by weighing
the syringe before and after administration and averaged 60 g. The jugular
catheter was then flushed with 20 cc heparinized saline before being removed.
Blood was handled as previously described with the additional tube immediately

centrifuged and resulting plasma frozen.

71

Horses were instrumented during each exercise test with telemetric
electrocardiography and a Swan-Ganz catheter aseptically passed into the
pulmonary artery to measure core body temperature and allow collection of
mixed venous blood samples. Instrumentation occurred during the 2-h
equilibrium time after D20 administration and the test was initiated after the 2-h
blood samples were obtained, with an additional 10-ml lithium heparin tube for
D2O analyses. Body mass and core body temperature were measured and heart
rate was recorded at the initiation and completion of each exercise bout, while
mixed venous blood was obtained as previously described from the Swan-Ganz
catheter. Heart rate and core body temperature were also recorded at consistent
times during the trot and center of the second half of each exercise bout, while
an additional mixed venous blood sample was obtained during the final canter of
each exercise bout.

Water intake during the test was recorded. When present, fecal and urine
samples were weighed following each bout and representative samples collected
for later analyses. Body mass loss was reported two ways. Uncorrected body
mass loss was determined as the difference between the starting and ending
weight divided by the start value. Body mass loss was also corrected for fecal
and urine loss and water intake during the test and reported as corrected loss.
This corrected loss would be equivalent to total fluid loss by the animal during the
exercise bout through respiratory and sweat losses, independent of replacement.

Following completion of each exercise test, horses remained on the

treatment diet for at least three days during which body weight and abdominal

72

circumference were recorded and venous blood was sampled via jugular

venipuncture daily.

Sample analyses

Blood was analyzed for packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS)
using microhaematocrit and refractrometry methods, respectively. The 10-ml
heparinized sample was used for determination of pH, blood gases, lactate,
glucose, and electrolytes with an automated whole blood analyzer (Stat Profile
M, Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). Aldosterone and cortisol were analyzed
using the DSL-8600 Aldosterone Coated-Tube Radioimmunoassay kit and DSL-
2100 Cortisol Coated-Tube Radioimmunoassay kit, respectively, obtained from
Diagnostic Systems Laboratories (Webster, TX). Insulin was assayed using the
Coat-A-Count Insulin radioimmunoassay kit by Siemens Medical Solutions
Diagnostics (Los Angeles, CA). Non-esterified fatty acids and TG were analyzed
colorimetrically using the HR Series NEFA-HR (2) kit and L-type TG H kit,
respectively, obtained from Wako Diagnostics (Richmond, VA). All assays were
performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Deuterium oxide analysis for determination of TBW was performed by
Metabolic Solutions, Inc. (Nashua, NH) using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer

and the method described by Scrimgeour et al. (1993).

Statistics

73

All data are presented as mean :I: standard error. The statistical model
included fiber, fat, period, and all interactions. Time was included in the model
as a repeated measure when appropriate. Data were assessed by ANOVA in
the proc GLM program of SAS 9.0. When present, time and period differences
were further separated using Tukey’s mean separation test. Significance was

defined as p < 0.05, while trends were considered when p < 0.10.

R_<-‘:s_u_|t§
Particle size distribution

Sieve analysis for PSD gave an average standard deviation of 0.52 g for
the method, indicating that although such sieve analysis is based on an

assumption of spherical particles, sieve analysis in this study is rather
repeatable. For the grass hay portion of the diet (G), dgW was 2.82 mm and SS,w
was 2.41 mm. For the non-fat supplemented fiber mix (Mft), analyzed separately
from the grass hay fraction, dgW was 2.56 mm and S9W was 2.34 mm. The fat-
supplemented fiber mix had a (lgW of 2.49 mm and S9W of 2.29 mm. There was

no statistical difference among the dietary treatments in terms of particle size.

Feed intake
Feed intake as a percentage of BW demonstrated both a period*fiber
interaction (p < 0.05, Table 8) and a fat effect (p = 0.04), whereas Ft (1.81 :t

0.04%) was less than NFt (1.92 :I: 0.04%).

74

Table 8. Feed intake as a percentage of body weight in two-year-old Arabian
horses consuming chopped grass hay (G) and a chopped grass hay: soluble
fiber mix (GM).

 

 

Period G GM SEM
1 1.39° 1.47° 0.06
2 151° 208° 0.06
3 186° 212° 0.06
4 192° 257° 0.06

 

abc Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

75

Day 0, 7, and 14

On d 0, there was no difference in BM, PCV, TS, pH, K, Cl, Ca, Mg,
glucose, lactate, BUN, or OSM due to fiber, fat, or period. Na exhibited a period
difference (p < 0.05) at 136.6, 138.6, 138.3, and 137.1 1 0.4 mmol/l in periods 1-
4, respectively. Glucose was not analyzed for d 0 and 7 due to a problem with
the analyzer in period 4.

On d 7, the only difference observed was that of a period difference in K (p
< 0.05). Period 2 (3.90 1 0.09 mmol/I) was greater than period 4 (3.37 :I: 0.09
mmol/l); periods 1 and 3 were intermediate (3.80, 3.67 1 0.09 mmol/l,
respectively).

On d 14, BM exhibited a diet difference, being greater (p = 0.048) in GM
than G (373, 362 1 8 kg, respectively). Blood pH exhibited both a fat*period and
fiber*period interaction, with Ft (7.45 1 0.004) being greater (p = 0.03) than NFt
(7.42 1: 0.004) and GM (7.45 1: 0.004) greater (p = 0.03) than G (7.42 1: 0.004) in
period 2 only. Cl exhibited a fiber*period interaction (p < 0.01), with G greater
than GM in period 1 only (105.4, 101.8 1 0.6 mmol/L). No other blood

parameters were different due to fat, fiber, or period.

Body Mass and Total Body Water
Body mass at the start of the exercise bout was greater (p = 0.04) in
horses consuming GM than G (375 1 7, 366 1 7 kg, respectively). Uncorrected

BM loss over the course of the exercise bout was not different due to fiber (p =

76

0.22), fat (p = 0.67), or period (p = 0.66) at 2.2 1 0.1%. When corrected for fecal
and urine losses and water intake, corrected BM loss was 4.1 1 0.2% and did not
differ due to fiber, fat, or period.

TBW as a percentage of BM averaged 66.1 1 0.9 % of BM and was not

different due to period, fat, fiber, or any interaction.

Water intake

Water intake on d 17 was highly variable by horse and not different due to
fiber, fat, or period (data not reported). Water intake during the exercise test
exhibited both a period and a fiber difference. Water intake was greater (p <
0.001) in period 4 (14.3 1 1.4 L) than periods 1-3 (11.7, 11.5, 10.8 11.4 L,
respectively). Water intake was also greater (p = 0.01) in G (13.3 1 1.3 L) than
GM (10.9 11.3 L).

Heart Rate and Core Body Temperature

HR was not different due to fiber, fat, or period at the start of the exercise
test, at the trot, or at the end of the test. At the canter, a fat*fiber*period
interaction was present (Table 9), but showed no consistent pattern.

Core body temperature was not different by fiber, fat, or period at the start
of the exercise test, trot, canter, or end. Mean core body temperature during the

trot was 37.1 1 03° C and at the center was 37.6 1 03° C.

77

Table 9. Average heart rate (SEM) in horses during the canter portion of a 60-
km exercise test in horses consuming diets containing grass hay (G) or a grass
hay soluble fiber mix (GM) either with (Ft) or without (NFt) supplemental fat. (NS=

non-significant)

 

 

Fat p-value for row

Period Fiber Ft NFt difference
1 G 144 (4) 137 (30 NS

GM 139 (3) 148(5) NS
p-value for a column difference NS NS
2 G 135 (3) 152 (5) p < 0.05

GM 146( 4) 139 (3) NS
p-value for a column difference NS NS
3 G 134 (3) 134(4) NS

GM 136 (6) 135(4) NS
p-value for a column difference NS NS
4 G 148 (5) 128 (4) p < 0.05

GM 139 (4) 143(3) NS
p-value for a column difference NS p < 0.05

 

78

Blood parameters

No differences were observed due to fat, fiber, period, or any interaction at
the start of the exercise bout in PCV, TS, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, lactate, or OSM.
Blood pH at the start of exercise was different by period (p < 0.05, Table 10) and
fiber (p = 0.02), being lower in horses G (7.446 1 0.003) than GM (7.457 1
0.003). Blood glucose at start was different by period (p < 0.01, Table 10) and by
fat (p = 0.04), with Ft (110.9 1 3.2 mgldl) greater than NFt (104.7 1 3.2 mgldl). A
fiber difference (p < 0.05) was also observed for start BUN, with G (15.0 1 0.8
mgldl) less than GM (16.4 1 0.8 mgldl).

During the final canter of each exercise bout there was no time effect on
blood parameters, thus canter blood samples were combined for statistical
analysis. PCV was greater (p =0.02) in G (36.8 1 1.2) than GM (35.11 1.2). TS
showed a trend for a fiber effect (p = 0.06), being greater in GM (6.4 1 0.1) than
G (6.2 1 0.1), as well as a period effect (p < 0.05) being greater in period,1 (6.5 1
0.1) than period 4 (6.2 1 0.1). Blood pH exhibited a fat*period interaction, being
greater (p < 0.05) in Ft (7.51 1 0.01) than NFt (7.45 1 0.01) in period 2 only.
Blood pH also exhibited a fiber*period interaction, being greater (p< 0.05) in G
(7.50 1 0.01) than GM (7.45 1 0.01) in period 3. Blood glucose exhibited a
fat*fiber*period interaction (Table 11). Lactate was greater (p = 0.01) in horses
consuming G (1.7 1 0.2 mmol/l) than GM (1.2 1 0.2 mmol/l), and was greater (p <
0.05) in Ft (1.5 1 0.2 mmoI/I) than NFt (1.3 1 0.2 mmol/l). Na, K, Cl, Mg, BUN,

and OSM were not different due to fat, fiber, or period at the canter.

79

Table 10. Blood pH and blood glucose in horses at the start of a 60-km exercise

 

 

bout

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 SEM
pH 7.445° 7.464° 7.442° 7.456” 0004
Glucose (mg/dL) 116.5c 109.8° 105.3°'° 994° 3.4

 

a” Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

Table 11. Blood glucose (SEM) during the canter portions of a 60-km exercise
test in horses consuming diets containing grass hay (G) or a grass hay soluble

fiber mix (GM) either with (Ft) or without (NFt) supplemental fat.

 

 

Fat p-value for row
Period Fiber Ft NFt difference
1 G 126.1 (4.4) 116.6 (3.3) p < 0.05
GM 123.9 (3.5) 98.3 (5.3) p < 0.01
p-value for a column difference NS p < 0.05
2 G 120.0 (3.4) 137.4 (5.3) p < 0.05
GM 107.0 (4.4) 112.1 (3.4) NS
p-value for a column difference p < 0.10 p < 0.05
3 G 116.9 (3.3) 103.5 (3.3) p < 0.05
GM 114.5 (5.3) 105.7 (4.6) p < 0.10
p-value for a column difference NS NS
4 G 113.3 (5.3) 96.6 (4.6) p < 0.05
GM 105.2 (3.4) 100.78 (3.4) p < 0.10
p—value for a column difference NS NS

 

80

At the end of the exercise test, lactate showed a trend (p = 0.06) to be
higher in G (1.4 1 0.2 mmol/l) than GM (0.9 1 0.2 mmol/l). BUN was less (p <
0.05) in G (17.1 1 0.9 mgldl) than GM (18.8 1 0.9 mgldl). No other blood

variables were different at the end of exercise.

Hormones

Insulin exhibited a fiber effect at the start of the exercise bout, where GM
(12.0 1 1.3 plU/ml) was greater (p = 0.0001) than G (4.3 1 1.3 uIU/ml). Insulin
was also greater (p = 0.04) in GM than G after the exercise test (8.6, 4.9 11.2
uIU/ml, respectively). Aldosterone was different by time (p < 0.0001, Table 12)
and fiber. The mean across all times was lower (p = 0.001) in GM (28.4 1 3.8
pg/ml) than G (53.3 1 3.8 pglml). Cortisol also exhibited a time (p < 0.0001,
Table 13) and fiber difference, being lower (p = 0.01) in G than GM (1.82 1 0.13,

2.40 1 0.13 ug/dl, respectively).

NEFA and TG

At the start of the exercise test, NEFA exhibited a fiber effect, being
greater (p < 0.006) in G (0.69 1 0.06 mEq/l) than GM (0.33 1 0.06 mEq/I). At the
conclusion of the exercise test, G (1.71 1 0.07 mEq/I) remained greater (p < 0.05)
than GM (1.32 1 0.07 mEq/l). Like NEFA, TG were greater (p = 0.01) at the start
of exercise in G (68.1 1 8.6 mgldl) than GM (30.3 1 8.6 mgldl). At the conclusion

of exercise, TG demonstrated a fat*fiber interaction (p < 0.05, Table 14).

81

Table 12. Aldosterone (pg/ml) in horses completing a 60-km exercise test.

 

Start B1 End B4 1 (‘1 Post SEM

 

36 7a 608° 255° 4.3

 

3” Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

Table 13. Cortisol (pg/d!) in horses completing a 60-km exercise test.

 

Start B1 End 32 Start B3 End B4 1 d Post SEM

 

198° 308° 171° 3.13c 0.64° 0.18

3'” Values within a row lacking common superscripts differ (p < 0.05)

Table 14. Plasma triglyceride concentration (mgldl) after a 60-km endurance
exercise test in horses consuming diets containing grass hay (G) or a grass hay
soluble fiber mix (GM) either with (Ft) or without (NFt) supplemental fat.

 

 

Fat p-value for row
Fiber Ft NFt difference
G 295.4 (25.9) 132.4 (25.9) p < 0.01
GM 32.0 (25.9) 35.5 (25.9) NS
p-value for column p < 0.01 p < 0.05

difference

82

Discussion

Horses consuming diets containing a soluble fiber mix (GM) showed
greater body mass than those consuming grass hay alone (G) after 14 and 21 d
on the respective fiber type. Feed intake, however, was greater in GM after the
first period. Differences in feed intake would equate to about 0.4 kg/d. Over the
course of 14 d, this would be equivalent to 5.6 kg, but differences in BM were
approximately 11 kg. While we observed no differences in water intake on d 17,
variability among horses was great with one horse showing no water intake when
stalled regardless of diet. Warren et al. (1999) previously demonstrated
increased body mass in horses consuming a diet high in soluble fiber, as a result
of increased water intake. Thus, the difference in BM we observed due to fiber
type may have been attributable to both increased feed intake and increased
water intake. Greater body mass as a result of greater water within the large
intestine may then have provided the animals with a reservoir for use during the
exercise bout. This could be further supported by the fact that horses consuming
GM consumed less water during the course of the exercise test than those
consuming G, as well as had lower PCV during the canter portions of the
exercise test.

Unlike our previous study where horses consuming a fat supplemented
soluble fiber diet showed greater body mass loss during exercise (Spooner,
Chapter III Dissertation), body mass loss in this study was not different due to
fiber, fat, or period. Corrected and uncorrected body mass loss (2.2 and 4.1%)

were similar to those we previously reported (2.7 and 4.2%) and similar to that

83

reported by Dusterdieck et al. (1999) using the same exercise test protocol.
Body mass loss in the controlled laboratory setting was, as expected, less than
that reported from field studies (Schott et al., 1997).

Total body water was also not different due to treatment at 66.1 1 0.1%
BM. The TBW observed here is greater than that previously reported by
Andrews et al. (1997) and in our previous study. In our previous study, we
reported increased TBW in horses consuming a grass hay and chopped soluble
fiber mix or grass hay and alfalfa hay as opposed to grass hay alone. We
suggested differences in that study may have been related to increased soluble
fiber content in the latter two diets. However, in this study, we saw no difference
according to fiber.

During the course of the exercise test, we observed no difference in core
body temperature or heart rate at the start, end, or trot. Investigation of a
fiber*fat*period interaction present during heart rate at the canter revealed no
clear pattern and is likely experimental artifact as opposed to a reproducible
effect. Interestingly, core body temperature at the canter in all diets in this study
was similar to the core body temperature in horses consuming the fat-
supplemented soluble fiber mix in our previous study, and more than 1° C less
than those horses consuming grass hay or grass hay and alfalfa hay in the
previous study.

Looking at blood variables, we can attribute differences observed in BUN
to slight differences in protein content between G and GM. Differences in blood

pH were inconsistent in regard to fiber, with GM greater than G at the start of

84

exercise, but G was greater than GM during the canter in period 4. These
differences, less than 0.02 at the start, while statistically significant were likely of
little physiological significance.

Blood glucose concentration, as hypothesized, was greater in horses
consuming the fat supplemented diets (Ft) over those not supplemented (NFt) at
the start of exercise. With the exception of period 2, horses consuming Ft
showed greater blood glucose concentration during the canter as well. Similar
results have been previously reported and are generally attributed to a glycogen
sparing effect of the fat-supplemented diet during low intensity exercise (Meyers
etaL,1987)

Such differences in blood glucose were accompanied by greater blood
lactate post— exercise in horses receiving fat supplementation. Meyers et al.
(1987) reported lower lactate concentrations in fat -supplemented horses. Lower
lactate concentrations may be expected as a result of increased muscle oxidative
capacity often resulting from fat supplementation through increased enzymatic
activity (Orme et al., 1997). Research by Ferrante et al. (1994) also showed
increased lactate in fat-supplemented horses and the authors suggested it may
be the result of reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. It is important to
recognize, however, that the lactate concentrations reached in our 60-km
exercise bout remained less than 2 mmol/l, perhaps suggesting little
physiological significance.

Insulin exhibited only a fiber effect and was greater in GM than G at both

the start and end of exercise. This can likely be attributed to greater simple

85

sugar concentration and NFC in the GM diets. Or, as reported by Hallebeek and
Beynen (2003), horses consuming diets high in pectin, such as beet pulp, may
experience increased glucose and insulin levels post-prandially as a result of
attenuated starch digestion and increased propionic acid production. Greater
insulin concentration could also be responsible for increased cortisol levels in GM
compared to G.

Differences in aldosterone concentration over time were similar to those
observed in our previous study (Spooner, Chapter III Dissertation). However, in
the current study, a fiber effect was identified, with horses consuming GM having
47% lower aldosterone concentration across all times. Aldosterone content is
often correlated to K content of the diet (Clarke et al., 1988), and in this study K
was slightly higher in G than GM. More likely, however, reduced aldosterone
could be associated with a reservoir of available water in the hindgut of horses
consuming GM.

Plasma TG were lower in GM than G both before and after exercise. At
the conclusion of exercise, TG were more than 75% lower in horses consuming
the soluble fiber mix. At the conclusion of exercise, in horses consuming G, fat
supplementation (Ft) also resulted in greater TG than did no supplementation
(NFt). We previously observed reduced plasma TG in horses consuming a fat
supplement soluble fiber mix (Spooner, Chapter III dissertation). It appears that
the majority of that difference, then, was likely due to fiber type as opposed to fat
supplementation. An effect of fiber type on TG has been previously reported in

hamsters, where feeding highly fermentable soluble fibers resulted in reduced

86

TG (T erpstra et al., 1998), and in horses. Horses fed beet pulp, known to be
high in pectin, at 25% of the diet showed lowered TG in the fasting state.
(Hallebeek and Beynen, 2003).

Greater plasma NEFA in horses consuming G than GM reported is
perplexing. Hallebeek and Beynen reported increased NEFA in horses
consuming a 25% beet pulp diet. We previously observed no difference in NEFA
due to diet (Spooner, Chapter III Dissertation). However, two studies in humans
suggest suppression of NEFA levels following high fiber meals (Raben et al.,
1994; Wolever et al., 1995).

In all, results from this study suggest that dietary fiber type plays a larger
role than fat supplementation in the hydration status of endurance horses. While
no effect of fiber type on TBW was observed, differences in body weight may
suggest a greater water reservoir within the large intestine in horses consuming a
soluble fiber diet. This is further supported by less water consumption during the
exercise bout, lower PCV at the canter, and lower aldosterone concentration
throughout the course of the endurance exercise test. Thus, this research adds
to the increasing body of evidence (Danielsen et al., 1995; Warren et al., 1999) to
suggest that the feeding of soluble fibers may increase water reservoir present in
the equine large intestine.

It is important to remember, however, that all diets in the present study
were prepared as chopped mixes. In our initial study (Spooner, Chapter III
Dissertation), only the chopped soluble fiber mix diet was prepared as a chopped

fiber. Thus, the lack of a difference in TBW and core body temperature observed

87

in this study may indicate a role of fiber length. In fact, TBW and core body
temperature for all diets in this study were more similar to the grass hay:
chopped soluble fiber mix diet from the initial study. While microbial fermentation
likely has little effect on particle length, it has been shown to reduce particle size
in the ruminant by weakening particles (Jung and Allen, 1995), likely releasing
water. Providing horses with chopped fiber sources, as in the current study, and
as opposed to long stemmed roughage, could then increase fermentability of the
fiber simply as a result of decreasing particle size or increasing surface area.
Ferrnentability, in turn has been linked to water holding and subsequent releasing
capacity (McBurney et al., 1985).

While short-chopped feed has been provided to horses in several studies,
none have investigated the effect on cecal fermentation or hydration status.
Digestibility and retention time, however have been reported to be similar
between long-stemmed hay and short-chopped feed (Morrow et al., 1999). Thus,
concern over rate of passage decreasing digestibility as observed in ruminants
fed chopped feedstuffs may not be applicable to the horse. It is reasonable,
then, to suggest that additional studies are needed to determine the effect of fiber

length and/or processing on the hydration status of endurance horses.

88

CHAPTER V

Summary and Conclusions

Fluid and electrolyte loss in the equine endurance athlete has both
performance and animal welfare implications. As a result, diet manipulations
resulting in a greater fluid reservoir within the equine large intestine would be well
received by the ever-growing competitive endurance riding sector. Previous
work suggested diets containing more soluble fiber may bind and release water
more efficiently within the equine large intestine (Danielsen et al., 1995). Other
researchers observed differences in initial body mass and body weight loss
through pharmacological dehydration in horses consuming diets high in soluble
fiber compared with those consuming diets low in fiber (Warren et al., 1999).
The question of whether dehydration resulting from endurance exercise would
elicit similar differences as a result of dietary fiber type remained unanswered.

Our initial research, then, sought to investigate the effect of dietary fiber
type on hydration status. We observed greater TBW in horses consuming either
diets containing 50% grass hay and either 50% alfalfa hay or 50% chopped,
soluble fiber mix, compared to grass hay alone. Further, horses consuming the
chopped, soluble fiber mix lost more body weight during the course of the
exercise bout, but maintained a lower core body temperature at the canter.
While we suggested that greater total body water may have resulted in a greater

pool of available water for use in thermoregulation, differences in fat-content of

89

the diet as well as differences in fiber length between diets made conclusive
establishment of causality impossible.

Our second study sought to further examine the effect of dietary fiber type,
both with and without dietary fat supplementation. Fat supplementation has been
previously reported to be beneficial to horses (and humans) exercising
aerobically, by providing an additional fuel-source and sparing muscle glycogen
(Meyers et al., 1987; Potter et al., 1992; Scott et al., 1992). At the same time, we
provided all treatment diets as chopped fiber to avoid any differences as a result
of fiber length.

Results from this experiment indicated differences in body mass as a
result of fiber type, with horses consuming the soluble fiber mix showing greater
body mass at the start of exercise. While these horses consumed more feed, the
difference in feed intake was not enough to completely bring about the difference
in body weight. While we did not observe a difference in water intake, measured
on a single day, we speculate that increased water consumption was responsible
for the remaining body mass difference. A similar increase in body mass as a
result of increased water intake was previously reported for horses consuming
diets high in soluble fiber (Warren et al., 1999). Thus, horses consuming the
soluble fiber mix diet likely had a greater water reservoir at the initiation of
exercise. This is further supported by reduced water intake in GM, although
body mass loss was similar between fiber types. PCV remained greater

throughout the canter portion of the exercise test as well.

90

This study also suggested that differences observed in TG in our first
project were likely attributed to fiber type, instead of fat supplementation as we
initially suggested. Only fiber type, not fat supplementation, resulted in
differences in plasma TG or NEFA before exercise. After exercise, fat
supplementation resulted in small differences, but the majority of difference was
attributable to fiber type. Consumption of diets containing soluble fibers caused
marked reduction in TG. This has been previously reported in horses consuming
diets containing 25% beet pulp as a result of increased lipoprotein lipase activity
(Hallebeek and Beynen, 2003). Fiber type also resulted in differences in plasma
insulin, although we observed differences in glucose only as a result of fat
supplementation.

Interestingly, we observed no differences in our second experiment in
regard to TBW, core body temperature, or heart rate during exercise as a result
of fiber type or fat supplementation. Yet, comparing the values obtained, TBW
was more similar in our second study to those horses consuming the more
soluble fiber types in the first experiment. At the same time, core body
temperature was lower during exercise than previously observed, utilizing the
same testing protocol. And corrected body weight loss was 0.5% lower over the
course of the same exercise test. While the two studies cannot be directly
compared, as the horses used were different as were environmental factors, this
may suggest a role for diet processing, as all diets were provided as chopped

mixes in the second study.

91

Short-chopped feeds have been provided to horses and are more
common abroad than in the United States, particularly in countries with limited
hay production. One concern with feeding chopped fiber, often noted here in the
US, may be related to intake behavior. Even if retention time is unaffected by
chopping, intake time may be reduced as a result of decreased mastication.
Reduced feed intake time, generally as a result of reduced fiber intake, has been
shown to increase oral stereotypies such as wood-chewing and crib-biting
(McGreevy et al., 1995). Whether or not incidence of stereotypic behavior is
affected by feed processing has not been reported. Furthermore, decreased
feed intake time may result in longer periods of fasting between meals, which has
been associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) (Murray and
Shusser, 1989).

In the ruminant, fiber length is of great concern in diet formulation as
smaller particles may pass through the rumen too quickly resulting in reduced
fermentation and digestibility. Particle size has also been correlated to rumen pH
through salivation and mastication (Allen, 1997). The idea of a necessary fiber
length has received wide attention and has been coined “effective fiber” (van
Soest, 1994). Comparing horses to ruminants, horses have greater rate of
passage for most feedstuffs and reduced fiber digestibility (Hintz et al., 1978). It
is not surprising then that the horse may not have an effective fiber requirement.
Previous research indicates no difference in digestibility or retention time when
horses were fed short chaff as opposed to long-stemmed fibers (Morrow et al.,

1999).

92

Conversely, in the equine, reducing particle size such as by providing a
chopped fiber may allow for increased fermentation within a given retention
period as a result of increased surface area. Increased fermentability then may
result in more water released within the hind-gut. Fermentability has previously
been correlated to water holding and releasing capacity (McBurney et al., 1985).
Thus, it may be that diets consisting of chopped fibers, as opposed to soluble
fibers, are better able to provide the horse with a reservoir of water within the
hind—gut for use in attenuating dehydration during endurance exercise.

Unfortunately no studies have investigated the role of fiber size or
processing on hydration status. Yet, all studies, investigating the role of soluble
fibers on hydration status have confounded type and processing as a result of
utilizing chopped beet pulp (Danielsen et al., 1995; Warren et al., 1999) or a
chopped soluble fiber source. Thus, current evidence makes it difficult to
determine if it is fiber type or fiber length that may be responsible for differences
observed in the hydration status of horses. Additional research, both in vitro and
in vivo, should investigate the role of fiber length or size in water holding and

releasing capacity within the equine large intestine.

93

APPENDIX A

Raw Data- Project Year One

 

 

Intake as

Horse Period Diet Hay Fiber Mix Total Ratio BM %BM

Amici 2 GM 3.86 2.38 6.24 1.62 387 1.61%
Amici 3 G 8.03 8.03 388 2.07%
Amici 4 GA 10.24 10.24 394.5 2.60%
Avanti 2 GA 6.99 6.99 385 1.82%
Avanti 3 GM 4.24 3.12 7.36 1.36 390 1.89%
Avanti 4 G 9.35 9.35 385 2.43%
RePlay 2 GM 3.62 2.07 5.69 1.75 398 1.43%
RePlay 3 G 7.25 7.25 397 1.83%
RePlay 4 GA 9.58 9.58 399 2.40%
Showtime 2 G 6.17 6.17 436 1.41%
Showtime 3 GA 9.54 9.54 420 2.27%
Showtime 4 GM 5.10 4.60 9.70 1.11 426 2.28%
Sully 2 GA 7.98 7.98 427 1.87%
Sully 3 GM 4.91 4.64 9.56 1.06 434.5 2.20%
Sully 4 G 9.99 9.99 433 2.31%
Vivo 2 G 5.10 5.10 368 1.39%
Vivo 3 GA 9.90 9.90 384.5 2.57%
Vivo 4 GM 5.52 4.71 10.23 1.17 388 2.64%

 

94

 

 

TBW as ICF as ICF as ECF as ECF as

Horse Period Diet %BW %BW %TBW %BW %BW

Showtime 1 G 0.605 0.456 0.753 0.150 0.247
Sully 1 GA 0.679 0.410 0.677 0.196 0.323
RePlay 1 GM 0.657 0.447 0.681 0.209 0.319
Vrvo 1 G 0.671 0.405 0.604 0.266 0.396
Avanti 1 GA 0.640 0.360 0.563 0.280 0.437
Amici 1 GM 0.656 0.466 0.71 1 0.190 0.289
Showtime 2 GA 0.633 0.394 0.623 0.238 0.377
Sully 2 GM 0.649 0.399 0.615 0.250 0.385
RePlay 2 G 0.629 0.368 0.584 0.261 0.416
\frvo 2 GA 0.676 0.405 0.599 0.271 0.401
Avanti 2 GM 0.651 0.410 0.630 0.241 0.370
Amici 2 G 0.654 0.408 0.623 0.246 0.377
Showtime 3 GM 0.635 0.384 0.604 0.251 0.396
Sully 3 G 0.655 0.380 0.580 0.275 0.420
RePlay 3 GA 0.672 0.454 0.676 0.217 0.324
Vrvo 3 GM 0.681 0.390 0.573 0.291 0.427
Avanti 3 G 0.625 0.423 0.676 0.202 0.324
Amici 3 GA 0.645 0.343 0.531 0.302 0.469

 

95

 

 

Start End Uncorrected Corrected
Horse Diet Period Waight Weight BM Loss Water Feces Urine BM Loss
Showtime G 2 420 416.5 0.83% 16.25 2.5 0 0.24%
Showtime GA 3 420 409 2.62% 12.5 2.5 0.5 1.90%
Showtime GM 4 428.5 412.5 3.73% 9 3.5 0 2.92%
Sully GA 2 421.5 411.5 2.37% 9.5 3 0 1.66%
Sully GM 3 437 416.5 4.69% 9 4 0 3.78%
Sully G 4 432.5 419.5 3.01% 14.5 5 0 1.85%
RePlay GM 2 391.5 381.5 2.55% 10.75 3 1.5 1.40%
RePlay G 3 390 384.5 1.41% 12 3 2 0.13%
RePlay GA 4 393.5 383.5 2.54% 16.5 4 2 1.02%
Vivo G 2 370.5 357 3.64% 7.5 2 0 3.10%
Vivo GA 3 376.5 371.5 1.33% 13 3 0 0.53%
\frvo GM 4 392 381 2.81% 12 4 0 1.79%
Avanti GA 2 380 367.5 3.29% 7.5 2 0 2.76%
Avanti GM 3 380 370.5 2.50% 10.75 3 1 1.45%
Avanti G 4 384.5 375.5 2.34% 12.5 2.5 2 1.17%
Amici GM 2 390.5 371 4.99% 4 2.5 2 3.84%

 

96

 

 

Ab 1- Ab 2- Ab 3- PCV TS-
Horse Diet Day Period BMig cm cm cm (%) g/dl
Amici GM 0 1 402 180 190.5 171 34 6.45
Amici GM 7 1 387 173 184 168 33.5 6.4
Amici G 0 2 383 180 188 165 34.5 6
Amici G 7 2 388 179 188 168 36 6.4
Amici GA 0 3 393 180 188 168 32.5 6.25
Amici GA 7 3 394.5 182 190 169 34 6
Avanti GA 0 1 403 184 182 169 31 .5 6.4
Avanti GA 7 1 385 179 178 157.5 38 6.7
Avanti GM 0 2 384 181.5 182 162.5 40 6.2
Avanti GM 7 2 390 182 181 162 38 6.15
Avanti G 0 3 382 181 181 161 37.5 6.4
Avanti G 7 3 385 181 179 163 40.5 6.4
RePlay GM 0 1 424 183 185.4 165
RePlay GM 7 1 398 178 180 161 34.5 6.5
RePlay G 0 2 396 182 186 168 34 6.4
RePlay G 7 2 397 186 189 171 35.5 6.15
RePlay GA 0 3 394.5 181 184 165 34 6.4
RePlay GA 7 3 399 182 183 167 31 .5 6
Showtime G 0 1 439 190.5 195.5 178
Showtime G 7 1 436 190.5 195.5 175 36.5 6.35
Showtime GA 0 2 35 6.55
Showtime GA 7 2 420 189 192 174 35 6
Showtime GM 0 3 424 187 189 173 35 6.2
Showtime GM 7 3 426 191 195 177 31.5 6
Sully GA 0 1 429 184 193 173
Sully GA 7 1 427 179 192 170 28 6.3
Sully GM 0 2 32.5 6.5
Sully GM 7 2 434.5 185 197 171 38 6.5
Sully G 0 3 433 185 192 166 30 6.4
Sully G 7 3 433 185 195 171 36.5 6.3
Vrvo G 0 1 390 180 183 168 40 6.5
\fivo G 7 1 368 175 1 78 163 35 6.5
Vrvo GA 0 2 375 177 181 165 44 6.45
Vivo GA 7 2 384.5 181 182 164 38 6.05
Vrvo GM 0 3 383 180 179.5 167 38 6.35
Wvo GM 7 3 388 181 184 164 37.5 6.35

 

97

 

pCOZ- p02- Na- K- CI-

 

Horse Diet Day Period pH mm Hg mmHg mmol/L mmollL mmol/L

Amici GM 0 1 7.47 45.3 46.85 137.35 4.18 101.00
Amici GM 7 1 7.42 47.2 44.4 137.95 3.72 99.65
Amici G 0 2 7.43 49.15 43.05 138.95 3.57 100.95
Amici G 7 2 7.45 50.4 43.2 134.95 3.96 103.35
Amici GA 0 3 7.45 49.75 43.05 138.45 4.31 100.75
Amici GA 7 3 7.43 51.9 38.6 137.60 3.62 98.05
Avanti GA 0 1 7.44 46.6 39.35 135.65 4.50 101.35
Avanti GA 7 1 7.45 48.5 35.9 137.85 5.03 99.05
Avanti GM 0 2 7.45 47.55 38.5 139.50 3.41 101.40
Avanti GM 7 2 7.48 48.1 35.95 135.75 3.96 105.90
Avanti G 0 3 7.46 47.65 41.4 139.55 4.17 101.50
Avanti G 7 3 7.44 50.55 35.3 138.85 4.35 98.70
RePlay GM 0 1 7.48 46.4 39.2 138.35 3.51 98.10
RePlay GM 7 1 7.42 48.85 34 138.25 4.55 104.90
RePlay G 0 2 7.45 48.6 36.7 136.65 4.28 102.10
RePlay G 7 2 7.44 51.3 37.95 138.15 3.31 101.15
RePlay GA 0 3 7.45 48.55 38.95 140.00 3.07 99.60
RePlay GA 7 3 7.46 48.8 36.4 139.85 3.89 102.70
Showtime G 0 1 7.47 43.3 35.65 138.70 3.84 98.75
Showtime G 7 1 7.45 47.55 31.5 137.25 3.95 103.70
Showtime GA 0 2 7.45 47.55 34.9 134.60 3.97 102.65
Showtime GA 7 2 7.44 47.05 39.85 136.10 3.26 102.40
Showtime GM 0 3 7.45 47.85 41.55 139.75 3.33 100.15
Showtime GM 7 3 7.46 48.05 36.05 140.00 3.60 104.90
Sully GA 0 1 7.45 52.25 36 134.20 3.40 101.25
Sully GA 7 1 7.41 49.5 36.5 135.40 3.93 569.60
Sully GM 0 2 7.44 45.35 39.65 136.30 3.88 101.50
Sully GM 7 2 7.43 53.05 38.9 138.80 4.18 99.40
Sully G 0 3 7.43 49.2 44 139.30 3.94 99.05
Sully G 7 3 7.46 50.5 36.35 139.30 3.61 101.90
Vrvo G 0 1 7.48 40.4 36.7 137.70 4.36 101.25
Vrvo G 7 1 7.45 46.25 34.9 135.25 4.36 100.65
Vrvo GA 0 2 7.45 49.35 35.5 136.00 3.96 101.70
Vivo GA 7 2 7.50 46.7 34.8 134.90 3.72 104.80
\frvo GM 0 3 7.47 46.3 31.8 138.25 4.39 102.20
Vlvo GM 7 3 7.46 48.7 37.6 140.25 4.35 98.05

 

98

 

 

Ca- Mg- glucose- lactate- BUN- BE-B—

Horse Diet Day Period mg/dL mg/dL mg/dL mmol/L mg/dL mmol/L

Amici GM 0 1 6.47 1.17 108.5 1 25 8.60
Amici GM 7 1 6.47 1.05 112 0.65 17 6.35
Amici G 0 2 5.90 1.04 99.5 0.35 13 8.30
Amici G 7 2 6.26 1.10 100 0.5 18 10.15
Amici GA 0 3 6.39 1.09 102.5 0.15 21.5 10.00
Amici GA 7 3 5.88 1.17 99.5 0.8 20 9.85
Avanti GA 0 1 6.68 1.25 114.5 0.85 23.5 7.60
Avanti GA 7 1 6.12 1.02 110.5 0.8 18 9.00
Avanti GM 0 2 6.09 1.07 106.5 0.7 19 8.80
Avanti GM 7 2 5.88 0.99 106 0.4 12 11.90
Avanti G 0 3 6.05 0.98 111.5 0 14 9.90
Avanti G 7 3 5.89 1.19 103 0.95 18 10.40
RePlay GM 0 1 6.20 1.20 108 0.15 21 10.95
RePlay GM 7 1 6.73 1.23 118 0.9 17 6.60
RePlay G 0 2 6.57 1.14 104.5 0.4 14 9.00
RePlay G 7 2 6.34 1.09 97 0.65 17 10.00
RePlay GA 0 3 6.32 1.05 110 0.65 15 8.85
RePlay GA 7 3 6.06 0.91 96.5 0 19 10.50
Showtime G 0 1 6.56 1.28 115.5 0.1 19 7.60
Showtime G 7 1 6.51 1.14 113 17 8.35
Showtime GA 0 2 6.39 1.06 105 0.65 15 9.05
Showtime GA 7 2 6.49 1.20 104.5 0.8 16.5 7.70
Showtime GM 0 3 6.24 1.07 113 0.6 16 9.05
Showtime GM 7 3 6.07 0.95 109 0 12 10.10
Sully GA 0 1 5.99 1.17 97 0.15 21 11.55
Sully GA 7 1 6.37 1.10 101.5 0.9 17.5 6.50
Sully GM 0 2 6.47 1.16 100 0.4 16 6.55
Sully GM 7 2 6.37 1.32 107 0.55 10 9.95
Sully G 0 3 6.16 1.04 103 0.3 10 7.90
Sully G 7 3 6.06 0.99 100.5 0 15.5 11.95
Vrvo G 0 1 6.22 1.13 107.5 0.9 26.5 6.40
VIVO G 7 1 6.35 1.00 110 0.8 19 7.85
Vivo GA 0 2 6.12 1.16 94 1.1 18 9.90
Vivo GA 7 2 5.80 0.91 96 0.5 17.5 12.60
\fivo GM 0 3 6.11 0.94 102.5 0 23.5 9.65
Vrvo GM 7 3 6.02 1.22 103 1.4 15 10.40

 

99

 

 

HCO3— nCa- nMg- An gap- osmolality-
Horse Diet Day Period mmoI/L mg/dL MdL mmol/L mOsm/kg_
Amici GM 0 1 32.80 6.70 1.20 7.7 279.5
Amici GM 7 1 30.95 6.55 1.06 11.05 278
Amici G 0 2 33.05 6.01 1.05 8.5 277.5
Amici G 7 2 35.00 6.43 1.11 136.7 272
Amici GA 0 3 34.75 6.57 1.11 7.25 280
Amici GA 7 3 34.90 5.99 1.18 8.3 277.5
Avanti GA 0 1 32.05 6.84 1 .26 6.75 276
Avanti GA 7 1 33.75 6.28 1.04 10.15 278
Avanti GM 0 2 33.45 6.26 1.09 8.05 281
Avanti GM 7 2 36.20 6.14 1.01 9.5 272
Avanti G 0 3 34.40 6.27 1.00 7.85 280
Avanti G 7 3 34.75 6.02 1.20 9.7 279.5
RePlay GM 0 1 34.90 6.48 1 .23 8.95 280
RePlay GM 7 1 31.55 6.79 1.24 6.4 278.5
RePlay G 0 2 33.65 6.73 1.16 5.25 274
RePlay G 7 2 35.05 6.48 1.11 5.3 277.5
RePlay GA 0 3 33.55 6.48 1 .07 9.9 281
RePlay GA 7 3 35.00 6.26 0.93 6.05 281
Showtime G 0 1 31.40 6.80 1.31 12.4 280.5
Showtime G 7 1 32.90 6.68 1.15 4.6 276.5
Showtime GA 0 2 33.55 6.58 1 .08 8.7 270.5
Showtime GA 7 2 32.20 6.64 1.22 4.75 274
Showtime GM 0 3 33.55 6.41 1.08 9.35 280.5
Showtime GM 7 3 34.45 6.29 0.97 4.2 280
Sully GA 0 1 36.35 6.14 1.18 2.3 271.5
Sully GA 7 1 31.45 6.40 1.10 6.9 273
Sully GM 0 2 30.90 6.61 1.17 7.85 274
Sully GM 7 2 35.30 6.47 1.33 8.3 277
Sully G 0 3 32.90 6.27 1.05 11.3 277
Sully G 7 3 36.15 6.26 1.01 4.8 279
Vrvo G 0 1 29.90 6.48 1.16 10.9 281
\fivo G 7 1 32.15 6.52 1.01 6.8 273.5
Vrvo GA 0 2 34.85 6.32 1.17 3.4 273.5
Vrvo GA 7 2 36.75 6.13 0.94 8.6 271.5
Vrvo GM 0 3 33.70 6.35 0.96 6.75 280.5
Vrvo GM 7 3 35.05 6.23 1.25 11.55 281

 

100

 

 

pCOZ- p02-

Horse Diet Period Time PCV- % TSfi/dl pH mmHL mmHg__
Amici GM 1 Start 81 37 6.35 7.4485 52.15 36
Amici GM 1 End 81 36 6.4 7.4505 51.4 36.3
Amici GM 1 Start B2 39 6.5 7.445 49.95 34.55
Amici GM 1 End 82 36 6.5 7.45 52.6 34.2
Amici GM 1 Start B3 36 6.7 7.4255 52.75 35.8
Amici GM 1 End 83 39 6.75 7.412 53.7 33.8
Amici GM 1 Start B4 37 6.75 7.4425 48.25 35.8
Amici GM 1 End B4 23 6.9 7.4515 52 34.3
Amici GM 1 60 Post 37.5 6.95 7.4215 52.05 35.05
Amici GM 1 1d Post 33 6.3 7.446 50.7 38.2
Amici GM 1 2d Post 35.25 6.35 7.4265 50.9 43.85
Amici GM 1 3d Post 34.5 6 7.433 49.15 43.05
Amici G 2 Start 81 33 6.1 7.438 49.8 35
Amici G 2 End 81 35.5 6 7.4595 47.75 40.55
Amici G 2 Start B2 34 6 7.463 48.3 33.9
Amici G 2 End 82 34 6.3 7.461 47.25 34.6
Amici G 2 Start B3 36 6 7.446 49.9 33.55
Amici G 2 End B3 35 6.2 7.449 50.6 32.05
Amici G 2 Start B4

Amici G 2 End B4

Amici G 2 60 Post 35 6.45 7.446 47.6 34.2
Amici G 2 1d Post 34.5 6.3 7.476 46.15 38.3
Amici G 2 2d Post 33.5 6.4 7.451 45.5 39.4
Amici G 2 3d Post 32.5 6.25 7.4495 49.75 43.05
Avanti GA 1 Start 81 33.5 6.3 7.465 45.7 35.4
Avanti GA 1 End 81 35.5 6.5 7.46 45.3 32.75
Avanti GA 1 Start 82 36.5 6.5 7.488 40.4 33.1
Avanti GA 1 End B2 36.5 6.95 7.452 44.85 33.75
Avanti GA 1 Start B3 41 7 7.4365 43.3 35.7
Avanti GA 1 End 83 36.5 7 7.4505 45.75 36.65
Avanti GA 1 Start 84 35.5 6.95 7.4505 45.9 33.8
Avanti GA 1 End 84 36.5 7 7.4475 44.4 35.5
Avanti GA 1 60 Post 38 7.2 7.4275 46.7 36.3
Avanti GA 1 1d Post 36 6.55 7.478 46 38.25
Avanti GA 1 2d Post 34.5 6.4 7.4355 49.2 39.35
Avanti GA 1 3d Post 40 6.55 7.4445 49.4 40.8
Avanti GM 2 Start 81 34 6.5 7.4315 48.7 34.35
Avanti GM 2 End 81 37 6.5 7.4325 48.75 39.05
Avanti GM 2 Start 82 37 6.55 7.432 46.75 35.45
Avanti GM 2 End 82 36 6.5 7.448 48.35 36.6
Avanti GM 2 Start 83 33 6.6 7.4325 47.95 34.6
Avanti GM 2 End 83 33.5 6.4 7.4465 48 34
Avanti GM 2 Start 84 34.5 6.4 7.4475 45.25 35.2
Avanti GM 2 End 84 34.5 6.6 7.4615 46.65 35.7
Avanti GM 2 60 Post 27 6.4 7.4335 49.2 32.25
Avanti GM 2 1d Post 38.5 6.6 7.4715 43.55 43.1
Avanti GM 2 2d Post 38 6.5 7.461 41.9 43.5

 

101

 

 

pCOZ- p02-

Horse Diet Period Time PCV— % TS- g/dl pH mmHL mmHg__
Avanti GM 2 3d Post 39 6.3 7.466 48.7 42.8
Avanti G 3 Start 81 33 6.2 7.462 49.4 36.05
Avanti G 3 End 81 33.5 6.25 7.4465 52 35.9
Avanti G 3 Start 82 28.5 6.25 7.449 50.45 35.25
Avanti G 3 End 82 33 6.2 7.4595 50.55 36.55
Avanti G 3 Start 83 31.5 6.4 7.449 50.1 34.05
Avanti G 3 End 83 31.5 6.2 7.4515 50.05 32.5
Avanti G 3 Start 84 30 6.25 7.4415 49.05 33.4
Avanti G 3 End 84 34.5 6.4 7.449 49.45 32.4
Avanti G 3 60 Post 33 6.4 7.4335 51.5 32.8
Avanti G 3 1d Post 32.5 6.4 7.481 43.7 40.25
Avanti G 3 2d Post 35 6.4 7.4625 43.25 48.45
Avanti G 3 3d Post

RePlay GM 1 Start 81 34.5 6.15 7.4575 46.5 36
RePlay GM 1 End 81 34.5 6.4 7.4855 45 32.1
RePlay GM 1 Start 82 37 6.4 7.5835 29.15 106.25
RePlay GM 1 End 82 34 6.45 7.4735 43 35.55
RePlay GM 1 Start 83 32.5 6.5 7.452 43.05 36.25
RePlay GM 1 End 83 32.5 6.5 7.463 47.65 33.75
RePlay GM 1 Start 84 32 6.55 7.4385 45.35 35.1
RePlay GM 1 End 84 33 6.55 7.463 46.95 35.3
RePlay GM 1 60 Post 30.5 6.4 7.434 46.7 36.4
RePlay GM 1 1d Post 32 6.05 7.443 42.65 38.5
RePlay GM 1 2d Post 34 6.35 7.443 47.35 38.95
RePlay GM 1 3d Post 34 6.4 7.445 48.6 36.7
RePlay G 2 Start 81 35 6.45 7.419 51.5 34.5
RePlay G 2 End 81 36 6.6 7.427 46.9 34.6
RePlay G 2 Start 82 34 6.55 7.406 47.45 35.8
RePlay G 2 End 82 35 6.6 7.4065 49.65 34.7
RePlay G 2 Start 83 29.5 6.45 7.409 49.8 35.1
RePlay G 2 End 83 32.5 6.5 7.445 48.05 33.95
RePlay G 2 Start 84 34 6.4 7.4365 46.9 32.8
RePlay G 2 End 84 33.5 6.4 7.4595 48.5 33.45
RePlay G 2 60 Post 30 6.4 7.4355 48.6 33
RePlay G 2 1d Post 35 6.3 7.4405 48.95 36.35
RePlay G 2 2d Post 31 6.4 7.44 49.5 36.95
RePlay G 2 3d Post 34 6.4 7.445 48.55 38.95
RePlay GA 3 Start 81 35 6.6 7.4185 50.1 35.5
RePlay GA 3 End 81 34 6.6 7.4285 49.45 35.15
RePlay GA 3 Start 82 29.5 6.55 7.417 48.05 34.35
RePlay GA 3 End 82 32 6.75 7.4285 48.65 34.05
RePlay GA 3 Start 83 32 6.6 7.4095 52.7 34.6
RePlay GA 3 End 83 32.5 6.65 7.4365 47.45 35.2
RePlay GA 3 Start 84 32 6.7 7.41 48.45 35.5
RePlay GA 3 End 84 33.5 6.5 7.4475 48 32.45
RePlay GA 3 60 Post 29.5 6.5 7.4275 50.15 33.85
RePlay GA 3 1d Post 35 6.4 7.4385 48.4 38.15
RePlay GA 3 2d Post 34 6.5 7.442 51.25 34.6

 

102

 

 

pCOZ- pO2-

Horse Diet Period Time PCV- % TS- g/dl pH mmHg mmHg_
RePlay GA 3 3d Post 33 6.4 7.434 48.5 36.05
Showtime G 1 Start 81 33.5 6.5 7.425 46.85 35.7
Showtime G 1 End 81 35 6.6 7.412 44.55 36.25
Showtime G 1 Start 82 34 6.6 7.396 43.95 37.05
Showtime G 1 End 82 34 6.7 7.419 46.95 34.1
Showtime G 1 Start 83 25.5 7 7.403 44.85 34.15
Showtime G 1 End 83 32.5 6.55 7.4225 46.65 35.5
Showtime G 1 Start 84 33.5 6.6 7.4195 44.95 37.25
Showtime G 1 End 84 34.5 6.75 7.436 43.95 33.1
Showtime G 1 60 Post 33.5 6.85 7.4545 44.25 35.4
Showtime G 1 1d Post 38 6.5 7.483 41.95 40.05
Showtime G 1 2d Post 35 6.45 7.4455 43.8 34.95
Showtime G 1 3d Post 32 6.5 7.4445 44.15 38.1
Showtime GA 2 Start 81 32.5 6.4 7.449 48.6 36.5
Showtime GA 2 End 81 37.5 6.8 7.4505 49.65 34.1
Showtime GA 2 Start 82 31.5 6.85 7.409 49.4 35.1
Showtime GA 2 End 82 34 6.95 7.4295 49.7 35.95
Showtime GA 2 Start 83 31 6.85 7.444 49.45 36.95
Showtime GA 2 End 83 34 6.9 7.4485 49.15 36.75
Showtime GA 2 Start 84 31 6.9 7.4375 49.2 34.15
Showtime GA 2 End 84 33.5 6.7 7.4555 46.6 34.65
Showtime GA 2 60 Post 30 6.9 7.4555 47.5 35.15
Showtime GA 2 1d Post 32.5 6.35 7.4605 50.5 39.9
Showtime GA 2 2d Post 38 6.4 7.4485 47.95 36.25
Showtime GA 2 3d Post 35 6.4

Showtime GM 3 Start 81 28 6.4 7.4315 51.6 36.1
Showtime GM 3 End 81 30.5 6.35 7.44 47.4 33.65
Showtime GM 3 Start 82 30 6.1 7.4215 47.95 35.95
Showtime GM 3 End 82 34 6.5 7.44 47.25 36.95
Showtime GM 3 Start 83 31.5 6.5 7.4525 45.4 36.25
Showtime GM 3 End 83 33 6.45 7.432 47.5 34.15
Showtime GM 3 Start 84 29.5 6.5 7.4115 47.75 32.7
Showtime GM 3 End 84 32 6.5 7.4545 47.4 34
Showtime GM 3 60 Post 24.5 6.6 7.4375 47.15 32.7
Showtime GM 3 1d Post 36.5 6.5 7.4755 46.75 39.4
Showtime GM 3 2d Post 34 6.5 7.451 48.15 38.7
Showtime GM 3 3d Post 30.5 6.1 7.4435 47.65 37.75
Sully GA 1 Start 81 36.5 6.6 7.437 47.05 37.4
Sully GA 1 End 81 34 6.5 7.437 49.7 39.1
Sully GA 1 Start 82 33 6.65 7.409 49.7 37.1
Sully GA 1 End 82 34 6.95 7.4355 46.9 38.75
Sully GA 1 Start 83 36.5 7 7.423 48.35 33.9
Sully GA 1 End 83 39 7 7.418 49.05 35.3
Sully GA 1 Start 84 36 7 7.4085 49.4 36.55
Sully GA 1 End 84 37 7.1 7.4545 46.1 35.85
Sully GA 1 60 Post 35 7 7.4535 45.7 33.4

 

103

 

 

pCOZ- p02-
Horse Diet Period Time PCV- % TS- g/dI pH mmHg mmHg__
Sully GA 1 1d Post 32.5 6.75 7.461 46.7 36.45
Sully GA 1 2d Post 33 6.05 7.44 51.6 37.5
Sully GA 1 3d Post 33 6.25 7.4485 47.5 31.9
Sully GM 2 Start 81 33 6.45 7.431 54.05 32.3
Sully GM 2 End 81 32.5 6.55 7.438 52.25 39.85
Sully GM 2 Start 82 34 6.8 7.427 52.05 36.3
Sully GM 2 End 82 34.5 7 7.4385 50.35 36
Sully GM 2 Start 83 17 7 7.4295 53.65 35
Sully GM 2 End 83 34.5 6.85 7.4425 51.15 35.3
Sully GM 2 Start 84 32 6.75 7.4155 52.25 33.6
Sully GM 2 End 84 35 6.85 7.4765 49.1 34.35
Sully GM 2 60 Post 30 6.8 7.4755 50.7 32.1
Sully GM 2 1d Post 32.5 6.4
Sully GM 2 2d Post 34 6.5 7.4155 53.15 38.75
Sully GM 2 3d Post 36 6.5 7.415 51.6 41.7
Sully G 3 Start 81 28.5 6.3 7.4055 56.2 31.6
Sully G 3 End 81 36.5 6.6 7.4195 48.2 34.25
Sully G 3 Start 82 34 6.5 7.3985 49.55 31.9
Sully G 3 End 82 35 6.5 7.4325 49.95 34.1
Sully G 3 Start 83 34 6.4 7.4185 51.65 32.9
Sully G 3 End 83 34 6.4 7.4435 50 34.25
Sully G 3 Start 84 33.5 6.4 7.4435 47.9 31.15
Sully G 3 End 84 34.5 6.5 7.4455 49.4 34.55
Sully G 3 60 Post 32.5 6.5 7.4335 52.2 31.95
Sully G 3 1d Post 30 6.4 7.445 49.9 40.6
Sully G 3 2d Post 30.5 6.4 7.4475 49.5 34.85
Sully G 3 3d Post 37 6.8 7.443 46.95 38.75
Vrvo G 1 Start 81 36 6.55 7.5475 30.1 110.15
Vivo G 1 End 81 36 6.55 7.439 45.55 35.95
Wvo G 1 Start 82 35 6.5 7.4335 44.35 37.85
Vrvo G 1 End 82 37 6.6 7.448 41.35 38.3
Vivo G 1 Start 83 35 6.7 7.438 42.2 37.85
\fivo G 1 End 83 36 6.8 7.44 44.45 32.9
Vrvo G 1 Start 84 34.5 6.75 7.427 41 34.3
Vivo G 1 End 84 31.5 6.8 7.445 42 36.4
\frvo G 1 60 Post 32 6.6 7.4365 42.7 33.15
Wvo G 1 1d Post 29.5 6.45 7.4835 41.75 37.45
VIVO G 1 2d Post 45 6.5 7.4625 44.7 39.05
VIVO G 1 3d Post
Vivo GA 2 Start 81 34.5 6.5 7.424 48.65 38.25
Vrvo GA 2 End 81 33.5 6.6 7.4105 48.85 37.4
Vivo GA 2 Start 82 34 6.65 7.3925 49.05 37.75
Vrvo GA 2 End 82 32 6.85 7.4105 50.05 32.55
\frvo GA 2 Start 83 35.5 6.95 7.417 48.3 36.25
Vrvo GA 2 End 83 31.5 7 7.432 51.3 32.7

 

104

 

 

pCO2- p02-
Horse Diet Period Time PCV- % TS- g/dl pH mmHL mmHg_
Vrvo GA 2 Start 84 30 6.65 7.419 48.5 33.45
\fivo GA 2 End 84 33 6.5 7.4435 46.45 35.05
Vivo GA 2 60 Post 29.5 6.4 7.418 48 33.9
Vivo GA 2 1d Post 39 6.4 7.494 46.4 33.2
Vrvo GA 2 2d Post 36.5 6.5 7.5025 43.55 74.5
Vrvo GA 2 3d Post 34.5 6.2 7.4715 45.65 34.6
Vrvo GM 3 Start 81 33 6.5 7.418 50.1 35.4
Vrvo GM 3 End 81 30 6.6 7.4105 50.1 37
Vrvo GM 3 Start 82 33 7.05 7.407 49.1 37.15
Vrvo GM 3 End 82 34.5 6.95 7.424 51.15 35.05
Vrvo GM 3 Start 83 35 7 7.438 47.35 38.75
\flvo GM 3 End 83 32.5 6.6 7.4445 49.35 40.75
Vivo GM 3 Start 84 29.5 6.6 7.4415 47.2 34.8
\fivo GM 3 End 84 32.5 6.6 7.449 48.55 37.3
Vrvo GM 3 60 Post 30.5 6.9 7.441 50.35 32.5
Wvo GM 3 1d Post 33 6.6 7.4775 46.85 40.25
Vrvo GM 3 2d Post 34 6.6 7.46 44 38.05
Vrvo GM 3 3d Post 34 6.6 7.4615 45.15 38.85

 

105

 

 

Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-

Horse Diet Period Time mmollL mmol/L mmol/L ML mg/dL
Amici GM 1 Start 81 136.00 4.15 102.05 6.73 1.35
Amici GM 1 End 81 136.65 3.51 101.60 6.37 1.30
Amici GM 1 Start 82 139.60 3.37 98.50 6.63 1.25
Amici GM 1 End 82 137.75 3.32 101.70 6.42 1.21
Amici GM 1 Start 83 143.10 3.48 99.00 7.38 1.32
Amici GM 1 End 83 139.75 3.71 101.90 6.72 1.28
Amici GM 1 Start 84 139.80 3.62 102.20 6.83 1.30
Amici GM 1 End 84 137.90 3.29 105.95 5.81 1.20
Amici GM 1 60 Post 140.50 3.58 105.50 6.66 1.27
Amici GM 1 1d Post 137.80 3.26 101.95 6.31 1.39
Amici GM 1 2d Post 132.60 4.36 104.35 6.54 1.30
Amici GM 1 3d Post 138.95 3.57 100.95 5.90 1.04
Amici G 2 Start 81 140.20 3.28 101.90 5.76 0.96
Amici G 2 End 81 140.95 3.39 102.55 5.64 0.92
Amici G 2 Start 82 141.10 3.15 101.00 5.99 0.99
Amici G 2 End 82 142.80 3.02 101.05 5.66 0.82
Amici G 2 Start 83 143.75 3.04 101.85 6.52 0.99
Amici G 2 End 83 144.20 3.37 101.90 5.86 0.90
Amici G 2 Start 84

Amici G 2 End 84

Amici G 2 60 Post 143.90 3.33 102.65 6.47 0.96
Amici G 2 1d Post 141.05 4.03 5.83 0.85
Amici G 2 2d Post 138.95 3.70 103.00 6.17 0.97
Amici G 2 3d Post 138.45 4.31 100.75 6.39 1.09
Avanti GA 1 Start 81 134.90 3.47 103.60 6.43 1.05
Avanti GA 1 End 81 136.10 3.35 103.40 6.23 1.02
Avanti GA 1 Start 82 138.25 3.41 101.40 6.47 1.09
Avanti GA 1 End 82 137.65 3.37 103.50 6.44 1.00
Avanti GA 1 Start 83 140.40 3.67 104.30 6.91 1.16
Avanti GA 1 End 83 140.30 3.79 102.15 6.75 1.08
Avanti GA 1 Start 84 139.85 3.64 103.70 6.85 1 .10
Avanti GA 1 End 84 138.45 3.63 103.80 6.42 1.06
Avanti GA 1 60 Post 142.20 3.55 99.40 7.14 1.15
Avanti GA 1 1d Post 137.70 3.85 99.95 6.47 1.04
Avanti GA 1 2d Post 138.15 3.99 103.05 6.22 1.20
Avanti GA 1 3d Post 138.35 4.00 102.30 6.63 1.50
Avanti GM 2 Start 81 141.10 3.66 104.15 6.13 0.99
Avanti GM 2 End 81 140.50 3.46 102.00 6.27 0.98
Avanti GM 2 Start 82 139.60 3.48 102.35 6.37 0.96
Avanti GM 2 End 82 140.45 3.49 101.05 6.01 0.93
Avanti GM 2 Start 83 141.25 3.22 102.65 6.37 0.99
Avanti GM 2 End 83 140.00 3.42 101.40 6.09 0.87
Avanti GM 2 Start 84 138.20 3.15 101.60 6.11 0.92
Avanti GM 2 End 84 140.05 3.28 101.30 5.45 0.78
Avanti GM 2 60 Post 142.25 2.63 102.90 5.58 0.75
Avanti GM 2 1d Post 139.40 3.74 101.70 5.91 0.80

 

106

 

 

Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-
Horse Diet Period Time mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L rm/dL nLg/dL
Avanti GM 2 2d Post 139.20 103.20 6.11 0.97
Avanti GM 2 3d Post 138.85 3.95 6.36 1.10
Avanti G 3 Start 81 140.15 3.60 103.65 6.13 1.15
Avanti G 3 End 81 138.55 3.58 100.40 6.24 1.11
Avanti G 3 Start 82 138.05 3.43 100.55 6.26 1.11
Avanti G 3 End 82 138.90 3.22 99.95 6.06 1.07
Avanti G 3 Start 83 139.85 3.17 102.75 6.34 1.09
Avanti G 3 End 83 139.20 3.44 101.65 6.19 1.07
Avanti G 3 Start 84 138.30 3.39 101.90 6.31 1.09
Avanti G 3 End 84 138.00 3.23 100.90 5.92 1.06
Avanti G 3 60 Post 140.10 2.99 102.15 6.42 1.09
Avanti G 3 1d Post 139.00 3.46 102.00 6.14 1.09
Avanti G 3 2d Post 138.65 3.66 104.25 5.88 0.97
Avanti G 3 3d Post
RePlay GM 1 Start 81 139.25 3.67 101.05 6.56 1.05
RePlay GM 1 End 81 136.00 3.63 103.95 5.96 1.03
RePlay GM 1 Start 82 137.65 3.42 104.40 6.12 1.04
RePlay GM 1 End 82 138.25 3.17 104.30 5.81 0.94
RePlay GM 1 Start 83 140.55 3.25 104.25 6.39 1.08
RePlay GM 1 End 83 139.30 3.54 104.90 6.17 1.03
RePlay GM 1 Start 84 141.65 3.23 103.35 6.48 1.02
RePlay GM 1 End 84 139.50 3.32 104.85 6.11 1.02
RePlay GM 1 60 Post 141.20 3.38 103.85 6.84 1.10
RePlay GM 1 1d Post 138.70 3.65 105.05 6.53 1.02
RePlay GM 1 2d Post 136.70 4.12 101.50 6.59 1.13
RePlay GM 1 3d Post 136.65 4.28 102.10 6.57 1.14
RePlay G 2 Start 81 141.80 4.57 102.15 6.64
RePlay G 2 End 81 140.80 3.99 101.75 6.23 1.07
RePlay G 2 Start 82 139.35 3.91 102.35 6.78 1.14
RePlay G 2 End 82 141.05 3.45 102.10 6.41 1.08
RePlay G 2 Start 83 141.70 3.67 102.65 6.58 1.13
RePlay G 2 End 83 141.00 3.50 101.50 6.12 1.05
RePlay G 2 Start 84 139.95 3.40 101.45 6.53 1.07
RePlay G 2 End 84 141.55 3.38 100.80 6.10 1.06
RePlay G 2 60 Post 144.80 3.20 100.40 6.53 1.05
RePlay G 2 1d Post 139.20 3.80 101.20 6.35 1.04
RePlay G 2 2d Post 140.55 3.17 100.00 6.22 1.01
RePlay G 2 3d Post 140.00 3.07 99.60 6.32 1.05
RePlay GA 3 Start 81 142.00 4.10 102.65 6.63 1.45
RePlay GA 3 End 81 141.45 3.69 102.90 6.33 1.33
RePlay GA 3 Start 82 140.40 3.60 103.55 6.77 1.36
RePlay GA 3 End 82 141.40 3.49 103.95 6.22 1.25
RePlay GA 3 Start 83 142.30 3.80 104.00 6.63 1.43
RePlay GA 3 End 83 142.20 3.59 103.20 6.10 1.23
RePlay GA 3 Start 84 140.50 3.48 104.10 6.62 1.36

 

107

 

 

Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-
Horse Diet Period Time mmollL mmol/L mmollL mg/dL mg/dL
RePlay GA 3 End 84 142.40 3.41 101.45 6.25 1.25
RePlay GA 3 60 Post 143.45 3.58 103.65 6.68 1.42
RePlay GA 3 1d Post 141.60 3.69 101.90 6.25 1.18
RePlay GA 3 2d Post 138.85 4.11 100.85 6.34 1.28
RePlay GA 3 3d Post 140.85 3.81 100.75 5.83 1.05
Showtime G 1 Start 81 142.75 3.86 103.70 7.49 1.04
Showtime G 1 End 81 141.10 3.66 103.60 6.58 1.06
Showtime G 1 Start 82 139.00 3.51 105.20 6.47 1.06
Showtime G 1 End 82 138.40 3.36 105.85 6.03 0.97
Showtime G 1 Start 83 141.80 3.74 108.05 6.63 1.13
Showtime G 1 End 83 137.30 3.56 103.15 6.17 1.03
Showtime G 1 Start 84 137.45 3.55 103.20 6.61 1.09
Showtime G 1 End 84 139.05 3.54 102.60 6.13 1.00
Showtime G 1 60 Post 141.40 2.54 105.00 6.35 0.98
Showtime G 1 1d Post 138.10 3.51 103.60 6.04 0.93
Showtime G 1 2d Post 138.85 3.85 102.20 6.42 1.06
Showtime G 1 3d Post 136.90 3.28 104.45 6.14 1.02
Showtime GA 2 Start 81 136.80 3.50 118.70 6.16 1.03
Showtime GA 2 End 81 136.55 3.01 108.65 5.97 1.02
Showtime GA 2 Start 82 141.50 2.97 102.45 6.78 1.07
Showtime GA 2 End 82 138.35 2.87 102.90 6.51 1.10
Showtime GA 2 Start 83 136.80 2.64 107.85 6.23 1.06
Showtime GA 2 End 83 138.40 3.12 101.85 6.71 1.10
Showtime GA 2 Start 84 133.25 2.92 108.15 6.37 1.13
Showtime GA 2 End 84 140.65 2.89 98.20 6.13 1.00
Showtime GA 2 60 Post 140.00 2.64 102.70 6.48 1.01
Showtime GA 2 1d Post 138.90 4.88 99.10 6.22 1.00
Showtime GA 2 2d Post 138.65 4.65 103.85 6.94 1.32
Showtime GA 2 3d Post
Showtime GM 3 Start 81 140.40 3.38 100.20 6.32 1.31
Showtime GM 3 End 81 140.50 2.97 101.60 5.83 1.21
Showtime GM 3 Start 82 141.25 2.96 102.10 6.33 1.26
Showtime GM 3 End 82 142.45 2.99 101.55 5.89 1.23
Showtime GM 3 Start 83 144.95 3.17 104.50 6.29 1.23
Showtime GM 3 End 83 142.95 3.10 101.45 6.21 1.22
Showtime GM 3 Start 84 141.95 3.00 102.30 6.51 1.24
Showtime GM 3 End 84 141.40 2.89 101.15 5.77 1.17
Showtime GM 3 60 Post 143.45 3.00 102.45 6.39 1.28
Showtime GM 3 1d Post 140.25 3.66 99.20 6.34 1.32
Showtime GM 3 2d Post 141.40 3.37 100.25 1.23
Showtime GM 3 3d Post 139.90 3.58 102.00 6.20 1.23
Sully GA 1 Start 81 135.60 3.96 102.95 6.28 1.17
Sully GA 1 End 81 138.65 3.65 101.65 6.05 1.14
Sully GA 1 Start 82 138.95 3.48 98.45 6.90 1.22
Sully GA 1 End 82 138.00 3.56 101.25 6.23 1.13
Sully GA 1 Start 83 140.05 3.70 103.25 7.13 1.22
Sully GA 1 End 83 138.05 3.54 102.70 6.82 1.19

 

108

 

 

Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-

Horse Diet Period Time mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L mg/dL afldL
Sully GA 1 Start 84 138.95 3.51 101.60 6.98 1.21
Sully GA 1 End 84 138.65 3.42 102.15 5.97 1.08
Sully GA 1 60 Post 140.05 3.65 103.70 6.66 1.15
Sully GA 1 1d Post 139.40 2.42 97.05 6.30 1.05
Sully GA 1 2d Post 135.00 3.65 99.10 6.18 1.00
Sully GA 1 3d Post 135.65 3.89 102.00 6.39 1.04
Sully GM 2 Start 81 139.65 3.69 99.10 6.74 1.21
Sully GM 2 End 81 141.40 3.23 100.95 5.79 1.11
Sully GM 2 Start 82 141.75 2.97 98.20 6.36 1.10
Sully GM 2 End 82 146.00 2.91 96.00 5.88 0.97
Sully GM 2 Start 83 143.10 2.98 101.65 6.60 1.11
Sully GM 2 End 83 143.95 3.02 99.05 6.16 1.12
Sully GM 2 Start 84 148.20 2.92 93.70 6.79 1.14
Sully GM 2 End 84 139.15 2.94 102.15 5.25 1.00
Sully GM 2 60 Post 143.35 2.77 97.90 6.16 1.17
Sully GM 2 1d Post

Sully GM 2 2d Post 140.25 4.14 96.10 6.45 1.13
Sully GM 2 3d Post 138.50 4.14 100.25 6.30 1.13
Sully G 3 Start 81 142.15 3.29 101.15 6.02 1.18
Sully G 3 End 81 141.05 3.39 101.30 6.19 1.19
Sully G 3 Start 82 140.10 3.29 102.10 6.64 1.26
Sully G 3 End 82 141.30 3.18 100.80 5.69 1.13
Sully G 3 Start 83 142.20 3.28 101.55 6.16 1.16
Sully G 3 End 83 141.75 3.12 101.60 5.77 1.08
Sully G 3 Start 84 141.50 2.83 102.40 5.88 1.08
Sully G 3 End 84 141.40 2.99 101.25 5.52 1.05
Sully G 3 60 Post 142.50 3.09 101.40 6.22 1.16
Sully G 3 1d Post 138.60 3.48 100.05 6.04 1.19
Sully G 3 2d Post 138.95 3.87 101.15 6.07 1.15
Sully G 3 3d Post 140.95 3.73 104.25 6.23 1.17
Vivo G 1 Start 81 137.35 4.26 104.05 6.61 1.06
Vivo G 1 End 81 138.95 3.61 102.50 6.41 1.03
Vivo G 1 Start 82 139.10 3.53 103.50 6.43 0.99
Vivo G 1 End 82 138.00 3.74 103.85 6.25 0.96
Vivo G 1 Start 83 138.20 3.81 104.60 6.37 1.02
Vivo G 1 End 83 138.15 3.77 104.10 6.28 1.02
Vivo G 1 Start 84 138.20 3.42 103.20 6.67 1.11
Vivo G 1 End 84 138.00 3.50 102.55 6.22 0.98
Vivo G 1 60 Post 138.80 3.36 102.65 6.81 1.07
Vrvo G 1 1d Post 134.35 3.60 103.10 6.26 0.87
Vivo G 1 2d Post 137.50 4.26 104.20 6.34 1.06
Vivo G 1 3d Post

Vrvo GA 2 Start 81 141.15 3.97 102.15 6.37 1.08
Vivo GA 2 End 81 141.15 3.72 102.45 6.36 1.02
Vivo GA 2 Start 82 140.20 3.56 102.70 6.73 1.10
Vivo GA 2 End 82 141.40 3.50 101.95 6.12 0.98
Vivo GA 2 Start 83 141.70 3.84 103.20 6.57 1.12
Vivo GA 2 End 83 140.35 3.90 101.15 6.22 1.02

 

109

 

 

Na- K- CI- Ca- Mg-

Horse Diet Period Time mmollL mmollL mmol/L mg/dL mgldL

Vivo GA 2 Start 84 137.95 3.60 102.15 6.59 1.08
Vivo GA 2 End 84 139.00 3.55 100.75 6.01 0.99
Vivo GA 2 60 Post 141.25 3.60 102.00 6.46 0.98
Vivo GA 2 1d Post 137.65 3.77 97.55 6.25 0.93
Vivo GA 2 2d Post 138.20 4.36 98.70 6.14 1.28
Vivo GA 2 3d Post 137.50 3.97 99.55 5.85 0.91
Vivo GM 3 Start 81 139.90 4.03 102.85 6.55 1.27
Vivo GM 3 End 81 140.85 3.60 100.85 6.34 1.26
Vivo GM 3 Start 82 141.15 3.39 100.40 6.66 1.30
Vivo GM 3 End 82 141.40 3.70 103.15 6.30 1.23
Vivo GM 3 Start 83 143.25 3.72 104.80 6.56 1.25
Vivo GM 3 End 83 141.65 3.74 101.80 6.25 1.23
Vivo GM 3 Start 84 140.15 3.52 103.50 6.49 1.18
Vivo GM 3 End 84 140.40 3.55 102.30 6.21 1.23
Vivo GM 3 60 Post 141.70 3.13 102.15 6.57 1.18
Vivo GM 3 1d Post 138.00 3.47 100.35 6.25 1.13
Vivo GM 3 2d Post 138.45 3.70 103.20 6.37 1.15
Vivo GM 3 3d Post 138.20 3.82 102.15 6.40 1.12

 

110

 

 

glucose- lactate- BUN- BE-B- HCO3-

Horse Diet Period Time mg/d_L mmollL mg[d_L mmollL mmol/L
Amici GM 1 Start 81 132.5 0.65 13 11.35 36.30
Amici GM 1 End 81 125 1.35 13.5 11.00 35.95
Amici GM 1 Start 82 128.5 1.50 13.5 10.20 34.50
Amici GM 1 End 82 131.5 1.15 15 11.85 36.75
Amici GM 1 Start 83 138.5 1.65 15.5 9.55 34.90
Amici GM 1 End 83 133.5 1.05 16 8.85 34.40
Amici GM 1 Start 84 130 1.45 16 8.50 33.15
Amici GM 1 End 84 131 1.55 16.5 11.35 36.45
Amici GM 1 60 Post 127.5 2.00 17 8.80 34.10
Amici GM 1 1d Post 107.5 0.90 14 10.30 35.15
Amici GM 1 2d Post 108 0.70 13.5 8.60 33.70
Amici GM 1 3d Post 99.5 0.35 13 8.30 33.05
Amici G 2 Start 81 112 0.00 16 9.05 33.85
Amici G 2 End 81 127.5 0.00 16 9.65 34.10
Amici G 2 Start 82 124 0.20 17 10.20 34.80
Amici G 2 End 82 112 0.60 16.5 9.45 33.85
Amici G 2 Start 83 138.5 1.20 17.5 10.00 34.55
Amici G 2 End 83 132 0.75 17.5 10.35 35.25
Amici G 2 Start 84

Amici G 2 End 84

Amici G 2 60 Post 136 1.25 18 8.40 32.95
Amici G 2 1d Post 114.5 0.20 13 10.00 34.20
Amici G 2 2d Post 103 0.25 20.5 7.70 31.85
Amici G 2 3d Post 102.5 0.15 21.5 10.00 34.75
Avanti GA 1 Start 81 132 7.70 20 8.95 33.05
Avanti GA 1 End 81 113 0.80 21 8.30 32.40
Avanti GA 1 Start 82 119 1.30 20.5 7.50 30.85
Avanti GA 1 End 82 123 1.10 21.5 7.30 31.50
Avanti GA 1 Start 83 159.5 2.90 23 5.15 29.30
Avanti GA 1 End 83 122 0.50 23.5 7.70 32.05
Avanti GA 1 Start 84 123.5 1.00 23.5 7.75 32.10
Avanti GA 1 End 84 120 0.90 23.5 6.70 30.90
Avanti GA 1 60 Post 157.5 1.70 26 6.35 30.95
Avanti GA 1 1d Post 115 0.90 18 10.15 34.35
Avanti GA 1 2d Post 114 1.10 18.5 8.40 33.30
Avanti GA 1 3d Post 112.5 0.80 17 9.20 34.15
Avanti GM 2 Start 81 162.5 0.30 13 7.90 32.65
Avanti GM 2 End 81 139 0.60 13.5 7.90 32.70
Avanti GM 2 Start 82 150 0.90 13.5 6.80 31.35
Avanti GM 2 End 82 137.5 0.30 14.5 9.00 33.65
Avanti GM 2 Start 83 149.5 0.75 16 7.50 32.15
Avanti GM 2 End 83 128.5 0.05 15.5 8.70 33.30
Avanti GM 2 Start 84 136 0.10 15 7.20 31.45
Avanti GM 2 End 84 137.5 0.80 15.5 9.20 33.50
Avanti GM 2 60 Post 138.5 0.15 17 8.45 33.15
Avanti GM 2 1d Post 127 0.70 12.5 8.10 32.00
Avanti GM 2 2d Post 120 0.75 12 6.25 30.00

 

111

 

 

glucose- lactate- BUN- BE-B- HCO3-

Horse Diet Period Time mgldL mmol/L mg/dL mmollL mmollL
Avanti GM 2 3d Post 108 1.85 17 10.80 35.30
Avanti G 3 Start 81 131 0.35 17.5 10.90 35.45
Avanti G 3 End 81 116.5 0.40 17.5 11.20 36.10
Avanti G 3 Start 82 119.5 0.55 17 10.40 35.15
Avanti G 3 End 82 119 0.30 17.5 11.40 36.15
Avanti G 3 Start 83 134.5 1.20 18 10.25 34.90
Avanti G 3 End 83 115.5 0.35 18.5 10.50 35.20
Avanti G 3 Start 84 124 0.70 19 9.00 33.60
Avanti G 3 End 84 124.5 0.70 18 9.75 34.50
Avanti G 3 60 Post 135 1.25 19 9.75 34.70
Avanti G 3 1d Post 123.5 2.05 12.5 9.00 32.80
Avanti G 3 2d Post 112.5 0.50 14 7.25 31.15
Avanti G 3 3d Post

RePlay GM 1 Start 81 127 0.60 14 8.75 33.10
RePlay GM 1 End 81 117.5 0.60 14.5 10.25 34.15
RePlay GM 1 Start 82 127 0.60 14 6.80 27.70
RePlay GM 1 End 82 133.5 0.70 15 8.00 31.70
RePlay GM 1 Start 83 156.5 1.60 16 6.35 30.30
RePlay GM 1 End 83 121.5 0.50 16 10.05 34.30
RePlay GM 1 Start 84 126 0.85 16 6.65 30.90
RePlay GM 1 End 84 123 0.60 16 9.55 33.80
RePlay GM 1 60 Post 155.5 1.60 17 7.05 31.45
RePlay GM 1 1d Post 112.5 0.70 12 5.40 29.35
RePlay GM 1 2d Post 106.5 0.65 14 8.05 32.55
RePlay GM 1 3d Post 104.5 0.40 14 9.00 33.65
RePlay G 2 Start 81 135 0.50 15.5 8.35 33.50
RePlay G 2 End 81 132.5 0.70 16 6.50 31.05
RePlay G 2 Start 82 138.5 1.10 16 5.15 30.00
RePlay G 2 End 82 105.5 1.60 17 6.40 31.35
RePlay G 2 Start 83 143.5 2.00 17 6.70 31.60
RePlay G 2 End 83 120.5 0.10 17 8.70 33.20
RePlay G 2 Start 84 123.5 0.55 17.5 7.30 31.75
RePlay G 2 End 84 128.5 0.45 17.5 10.10 34.65
RePlay G 2 60 Post 148 1.35 18 8.20 32.85
RePlay G 2 1d Post 104 1.05 14 8.70 33.45
RePlay G 2 2d Post 100.5 0.40 16.5 9.00 33.80
RePlay G 2 3d Post 110 0.65 15 8.85 33.55
RePlay GA 3 Start 81 130.5 0.70 22 7.60 32.60
RePlay GA 3 End 81 114.5 0.50 22 8.10 32.90
RePlay GA 3 Start 82 126.5 1.20 22 6.30 31.10
RePlay GA 3 End 82 116.5 0.70 21.5 7.80 32.40
RePlay GA 3 Start 83 146.5 1.60 23.5 8.40 33.55
RePlay GA 3 End 83 110.5 0.55 22 7.55 32.15
RePlay GA 3 Start 84 119 1.05 23 6.10 30.90
RePlay GA 3 End 84 121.5 1.05 24.5 8.90 33.40
RePlay GA 3 60 Post 133.5 1.95 23.5 8.45 33.30
RePlay GA 3 1d Post 103 1.00 18 8.30 33.00
RePIaL GA 3 2d Post 98.5 0.50 20.5 10.45 35.15

 

112

 

 

glucose- Iactate- BUN- BE-B- H003-

Horse Diet Period Time mQIdL mmollL mg/dL mmollL mmollL
RePlay GA 3 3d Post 97.5 0.50 18.5 7.85 32.70
Showtime G 1 Start 81 127 0.80 15 6.30 30.95
Showtime G 1 End 81 118.5 1.10 15 4.10 28.55
Showtime G 1 Start 82 125 1.60 14 2.60 27.15
Showtime G 1 End 82 132 0.70 15 5.95 30.55
Showtime G 1 Start 83 152 1.65 16 3.55 28.15
Showtime G 1 End 83 121.5 0.70 15 6.00 30.65
Showtime G 1 Start 84 130 1.30 15 4.85 29.25
Showtime G 1 End 84 136 1.50 16 5.55 29.75
Showtime G 1 60 Post 147 2.35 17 7.15 31.20
Showtime G 1 1d Post 119.5 1.75 14 8.05 31.70
Showtime G 1 2d Post 121.5 2.45 14 6.20 30.30
Showtime G 1 3d Post 116.5 0.55 14 6.40 30.45
Showtime GA 2 Start 81 139.5 1.55 16.5 9.35 33.90
Showtime GA 2 End 81 136.5 1.40 18 10.10 34.75
Showtime GA 2 Start 82 138 2.00 19 6.45 31.40
Showtime GA 2 End 82 137 1.70 18.5 8.20 33.15
Showtime GA 2 Start 83 142.5 2.35 19 9.50 34.10
Showtime GA 2 End 83 142 1.40 20 9.55 34.25
Showtime GA 2 Start 84 145 2.30 19 8.80 33.40
Showtime GA 2 End 84 148.5 1.20 20 8.70 33.00
Showtime GA 2 60 Post 142 1.60 20.5 9.35 33.65
Showtime GA 2 1d Post 115.5 2.40 16 11.45 36.15
Showtime GA 2 2d Post 125 1.35 17 8.85 33.40
Showtime GA 2 3d Post

Showtime GM 3 Start 81 162 1.40 11 9.75 34.55
Showtime GM 3 End 81 156 1.30 11 8.05 32.40
Showtime GM 3 Start 82 154.5 1.80 12 6.75 31.40
Showtime GM 3 End 82 131 1.20 12 7.75 32.30
Showtime GM 3 Start 83 147.5 2.00 13 7.80 31.95
Showtime GM 3 End 83 149 1.30 13.5 7.25 31.85
Showtime GM 3 Start 84 147.5 2.20 15 5.85 30.55
Showtime GM 3 End 84 147 2.35 14 9.10 33.50
Showtime GM 3 60 Post 145.5 3.00 15.5 7.80 32.05
Showtime GM 3 1d Post 119.5 1.65 12 10.55 34.65
Showtime GM 3 2d Post 110.5 1.20 13 9.15 33.70
Showtime GM 3 3d Post 109 0.70 12 8.45 32.80
Sully GA 1 Start 81 130 0.65 17 7.35 31 .95
Sully GA 1 End 81 105.5 0.70 17 8.80 33.70
Sully GA 1 Start 82 110.5 1.00 18 6.60 31.65
Sully GA 1 End 82 110 0.75 18 6.80 31.35
Sully GA 1 Start 83 123 1.65 18.5 6.95 31 .75
Sully GA 1 End 83 103.5 0.85 19 6.90 31.85
Sully GA 1 Start 84 104 0.95 19 6.30 31.35
Sully GA 1 End 84 98.5 0.70 18.5 8.15 32.50
Sully GA 1 60 Post 110 1.60 18.5 7.95 32.20
Sully GA 1 1d Post 109 0.90 17 9.20 33.50
Sully GA 1 2d Post 100.5 0.55 16 10.30 35.25

 

113

 

 

glucose- Iactate- BUN- BE-B- HCO3-

Horse Diet Period Time mg/dL mmoI/L mg/dL mmollL mmol/L
Sully GA 1 3d Post 102.5 0.20 14 8.70 33.10
Sully GM 2 Start 81 146 0.40 10 10.85 36.15
Sully GM 2 End 81 128.5 0.30 10.5 10.40 35.50
Sully GM 2 Start 82 137.5 0.70 11 9.50 34.55
Sully GM 2 End 82 118 0.60 11.5 9.30 34.25
Sully GM 2 Start 83 135.5 1.15 12 10.50 35.75
Sully GM 2 End 83 123 0.65 12 10.45 35.15
Sully GM 2 Start 84 122.5 1.40 13 8.40 33.70
Sully GM 2 End 84 125 0.80 13 11.90 36.50
Sully GM 2 60 Post 136 1.55 14 13.00 37.60
Sully GM 2 1d Post

Sully GM 2 2d Post 111 0.70 11.5 9.00 34.30
Sully GM 2 3d Post 102 0.75 10 7.85 33.30
Sully G 3 Start 81 114.5 0.60 16 9.75 35.50
Sully G 3 End 81 113.5 0.85 16.5 6.65 31.45
Sully G 3 Start 82 116.5 1.05 16.5 5.70 30.75
Sully G 3 End 82 113 0.85 16.5 8.60 33.55
Sully G 3 Start 83 127 1.55 16 8.45 32.60
Sully G 3 End 83 115 0.75 16 9.60 34.40
Sully G 3 Start 84 112.5 1.00 16 8.50 33.00
Sully G 3 End 84 120 1.90 16 9.35 34.10
Sully G 3 60 Post 139 2.15 16 10.05 35.10
Sully G 3 1d Post 115 1.85 12.5 9.80 34.45
Sully G 3 2d Post 101.5 0.80 14 9.75 34.40
Sully G 3 3d Post 140 0.60 14 7.85 32.35
Vivo G 1 Start 81 123 0.85 20.5 4.90 26.35
Vivo G 1 End 81 103 1.00 21 6.80 31.05
Vivo G 1 Start 82 101.5 1.00 21 5.60 29.85
Vrvo G 1 End 82 110.5 1.00 21.5 5.00 28.80
Vrvo G 1 Start 83 129 1.50 22.5 4.70 28.75
Vrvo G 1 End 83 112.5 0.60 24 6.15 30.40
Vrvo G 1 Start 84 113.5 0.80 24 3.20 27.15
Vrvo G 1 End 84 129 0.60 24.5 5.10 29.05
Vivo G 1 60 Post 133 1.00 26 4.90 28.90
Vivo G 1 1d Post 106 1.20 21 8.00 31.55
Vivo G 1 2d Post 106.5 0.90 19 7.95 32.20
Vivo G 1 3d Post

Vivo GA 2 Start 81 122 0.75 22.5 7.25 32.05
Vivo GA 2 End 81 113 0.50 23.5 6.20 31.15
Vivo GA 2 Start 82 115.5 1.30 23.5 4.95 30.05
Vivo GA 2 End 82 118 0.60 23.5 6.90 32.00
Vivo GA 2 Start 83 132.5 1.70 25 6.45 31.30
Vivo GA 2 End 83 113 0.30 25.5 9.35 34.35
Vivo GA 2 Start 84 120 1.20 25 6.80 31.55
Vivo GA 2 End 84 110 0.50 25 7.60 31.95
Vivo GA 2 60 Post 128.5 1.95 26.5 6.50 31.15
Vivo GA 2 1d Post 108.5 1.30 21.5 11.75 35.85
Vrvo GA 2 2d Post 104.5 0.20 22 10.75 34.35

 

114

 

 

glucose- lactate— BUN- BE-B- HC03-
Horse Diet Period Time mg/dL mmol/L mldL mmollL mmol/L
Vivo GA 2 3d Post 97 0.00 22 9.35 33.50
Vivo GM 3 Start 81 123.5 0.85 17 7.60 32.50
Vrvo GM 3 End 81 116.5 0.30 18 6.90 31.95
Vivo GM 3 Start 82 118.5 0.60 18 6.05 31.10
Vivo GM 3 End 82 120.5 0.55 19 8.70 33.70
Vivo GM 3 Start 83 133.5 1.75 18.5 7.65 32.25
Vivo GM 3 End 83 115.5 0.30 19 9.40 34.05
Vivo GM 3 Start 84 113 1.00 18.5 7.95 32.35
Vivo GM 3 End 84 122.5 0.75 20 9.35 33.85
Vivo GM 3 60 Post 118 1.75 20.5 9.75 34.45
Vrvo GM 3 1d Post 107.5 1.15 17.5 10.80 34.95
Vivo GM 3 2d Post 114.5 0.95 18.5 7.50 31 .50
Vivo GM 3 3d Post 110 0.55 18 8.45 32.45

 

115

 

 

nCa- nMg- An gap. osmolality- m. osm-

Horse Diet Period Time me mgldL mmol/L mOsm/kg mOsmfl
Amici GM 1 Start 81 6.91 1.37 7.10 274 269
Amici GM 1 End 81 6.55 1.32 7.70 275 271
Amici GM 1 Start 82 6.79 1.27 9.90 281 271
Amici GM 1 End 82 6.60 1.23 11.40 278 276
Amici GM 1 Start 83 7.49 1.33 12.70 289 274
Amici GM 1 End 83 6.77 1.29 7.15 282 280
Amici GM 1 Start 84 7.00 1.31 8.05 282 281
Amici GM 1 End 84 5.97 1.22 6.80 279 276
Amici GM 1 60 Post 6.74 1.28 11.70 284 281
Amici GM 1 1d Post 6.40 1.15 4.70 275 269
Amici GM 1 2d Post 6.64 1.31 6.20 266 271
Amici GM 1 3d Post 6.01 1.05 8.50 278 268
Amici G 2 Start 81 5.88 0.97 7.75 282 268
Amici G 2 End 81 5.83 0.93 7.70 284 271
Amici G 2 Start 82 6.20 1.01 8.50 284 271
Amici G 2 End 82 5.85 0.84 10.95 287 274
Amici G 2 Start 83 6.69 1.01 10.40 290 281
Amici G 2 End 83 6.02 0.91 10.45 291 278
Amici G 2 Start 84

Amici G 2 End 84

Amici G 2 60 Post 6.63 0.97 11.60 291 274
Amici G 2 1d Post 6.07 0.87 283 267
Amici G 2 2d Post 6.35 0.98 7.75 281 267
Amici G 2 3d Post 6.57 1.11 7.25 280 270
Avanti GA 1 Start 81 6.67 1.07 5.10 275 274
Avanti GA 1 End 81 6.43 1.04 8.80 276 274
Avanti GA 1 Start 82 6.79 1.12 9.40 280 275
Avanti GA 1 End 82 6.63 1.01 6.05 280 275
Avanti GA 1 Start 83 7.05 1.17 10.40 287 284
Avanti GA 1 End 83 6.94 1.10 9.90 285 277
Avanti GA 1 Start 84 7.04 1.12 7.70 284 282
Avanti GA 1 End 84 6.58 1.07 7.35 282 285
Avanti GA 1 60 Post 7.25 1.16 15.40 292 287
Avanti GA 1 1d Post 6.75 1.06 7.25 278 271
Avanti GA 1 2d Post 6.35 1.22 5.85 279 275
Avanti GA 1 3d Post 6.70 1.28 6.00 279 275
Avanti GM 2 Start 81 6.24 1.00 8.00 286 271
Avanti GM 2 End 81 6.38 0.99 9.25 283 272
Avanti GM 2 Start 82 6.48 0.97 9.35 282 269
Avanti GM 2 End 82 6.18 0.94 9.25 283 270
Avanti GM 2 Start 83 6.48 1.00 9.65 286 275
Avanti GM 2 End 83 6.25 0.88 8.75 282 271
Avanti GM 2 Start 84 6.27 0.93 8.25 280 268
Avanti GM 2 End 84 5.64 0.80 8.50 283 274
Avanti GM 2 60 Post 5.68 0.76 8.90 288 271
Avanti GM 2 1d Post 6.15 0.82 9.50 280 269
Avanti GM 2 2d Post 6.32 0.99 11.10 279 267

 

116

 

 

nCa- nMg- An gap- osmolality- m. osm-

Horse Diet Period Time mQ/dL mgldL mmol/L mOsm/kg mOsm/kg_
Avanti GM 2 3d Post 6.59 1.12 279 0
Avanti G 3 Start 81 6.34 1.18 4.70 283 274
Avanti G 3 End 81 6.41 1.12 5.70 280 276
Avanti G 3 Start 82 6.43 1.12 5.75 279 271
Avanti G 3 End 82 6.26 1.09 6.00 281 273
Avanti G 3 Start 83 6.52 1.10 5.30 283 273
Avanti G 3 End 83 6.37 1.08 5.80 281 271
Avanti G 3 Start 84 6.45 1.10 6.20 280 269
Avanti G 3 End 84 6.08 1.08 5.85 279 272
Avanti G 3 60 Post 6.54 1.10 6.25 284 276
Avanti G 3 1d Post 6.36 1.12 7.65 279 270
Avanti G 3 2d Post 6.09 0.98 6.90 278 269
Avanti G 3 3d Post

RePlay GM 1 Start 81 6.77 1.07 8.75 280 272
RePlay GM 1 End 81 6.25 1.05 1.55 274 273
RePlay GM 1 Start 82 6.78 1.10 8.90 277 273
RePlay GM 1 End 82 6.05 0.96 5.35 279 274
RePlay GM 1 Start 83 6.58 1.09 9.25 285 275
RePlay GM 1 End 83 6.39 1.05 8.90 281 276
RePlay GM 1 Start 84 6.62 1.03 10.60 286 274
RePlay GM 1 End 84 6.32 1.04 9.80 281 277
RePlay GM 1 60 Post 6.96 1.11 9.25 286 276
RePlay GM 1 1d Post 6.69 1.03 8.05 278 268
RePlay GM 1 2d Post 6.75 1.14 6.80 275 268
RePlay GM 1 3d Post 6.73 1.16 5.25 274 270
RePlay G 2 Start 81 6.71 1.17 10.65 286 275
RePlay G 2 End 81 6.32 1.08 12.00 284 275
RePlay G 2 Start 82 6.81 1.14 10.95 282 276
RePlay G 2 End 82 6.43 1.08 11.05 283 275
RePlay G 2 Start 83 6.61 1.13 11.10 287 276
RePlay G 2 End 83 6.28 1.06 9.80 284 275
RePlay G 2 Start 84 6.66 1.08 10.15 283 273
RePlay G 2 End 84 6.30 1.08 9.50 286 275
RePlay G 2 60 Post 6.66 1.06 14.75 293 276
RePlay G 2 1d Post 6.49 1.05 8.25 279 265
RePlay G 2 2d Post 6.36 1.03 9.95 282 268
RePlay G 2 3d Post 6.48 1.07 9.90 281 268
RePlay GA 3 Start 81 6.70 1.46 10.85 289 275
RePlay GA 3 End 81 6.43 1.34 9.30 287 274
RePlay GA 3 Start 82 6.84 1.36 9.30 285 274
RePlay GA 3 End 82 6.32 1.26 8.50 287 275
RePlay GA 3 Start 83 6.66 1.44 8.50 290 277
RePlay GA 3 End B3 6.22 1.24 10.45 288 279
RePlay GA 3 Start 84 6.65 1.36 9.00 285 276
RePlay GA 3 End 84 6.42 1.26 10.90 290 274
RePlay GA 3 60 Post 6.78 1.43 10.10 292 279
RePlay GA 3 1d Post 6.39 1.19 10.45 285 272
RePlay GA 3 2d Post 6.49 1.30 6.95 280 272

 

117

 

 

nCa- nMg- An gap- osmolality- m. osm-
Horse Diet Period Time m/dL mflL mmollL mOsm/kg mOsm/kl
RePlay GA 3 3d Post 5.94 1.06 11.25 283 268
Showtime G 1 Start 81 7.59 1.05 12.00 287 276
Showtime G 1 End 81 6.63 1.07 12.55 283 276
Showtime G 1 Start 82 6.46 1.06 10.20 280 274
Showtime G 1 End 82 6.09 0.98 5.35 279 275
Showtime G 1 Start 83 6.64 1.13 9.35 287 280
Showtime G 1 End 83 6.25 1.03 7.00 277 271
Showtime G 1 Start 84 6.68 1.09 8.55 278 272
Showtime G 1 End 84 6.26 1.01 10.25 281 274
Showtime G 1 60 Post 6.54 1.00 7.70 286 280
Showtime G 1 1d Post 6.32 0.95 6.30 278 274
Showtime G 1 2d Post 6.59 1.08 10.20 279 270
Showtime G 1 3d Post 6.30 1.04 5.30 275 272
Showtime GA 2 Start 81 6.32 1.04 7.20 278 276
Showtime GA 2 End 81 6.14 1.04 277 273
Showtime GA 2 Start 82 6.81 1.07 10.65 287 276
Showtime GA 2 End 82 6.61 1.11 11.80 281 273
Showtime GA 2 Start 83 6.39 1.08 2.60 279 274
Showtime GA 2 End 83 6.89 1.12 14.50 281 275
Showtime GA 2 Start 84 6.51 1.15 272 273
Showtime GA 2 End 84 6.31 1.02 12.35 286 271
Showtime GA 2 60 Post 6.68 1.03 13.60 285 276
Showtime GA 2 1d Post 6.43 1.02 8.50 280 269
Showtime GA 2 2d Post 7.12 1.34 6.05 280 271
Showtime GA 2 3d Post 270
Showtime GM 3 Start 81 6.43 1.32 9.05 283 273
Showtime GM 3 End 81 5.96 1.22 9.45 283 273
Showtime GM 3 Start 82 6.41 1.27 10.65 284 269
Showtime GM 3 End 82 6.02 1.25 11.65 286 272
Showtime GM 3 Start 83 6.48 1.25 11.70 292 279
Showtime GM 3 End 83 6.32 1.24 12.70 288 274
Showtime GM 3 Start 84 6.56 1.25 12.10 287 276
Showtime GM 3 End 84 5.94 1.19 9.70 285 267
Showtime GM 3 60 Post 6.52 1.29 11.95 290 279
Showtime GM 3 1d Post 6.61 1.36 10.00 281 269
Showtime GM 3 2d Post 6.36 1.25 10.85 283 268
Showtime GM 3 3d Post 6.34 1.25 8.65 280 269
Sully GA 1 Start 81 6.41 1.19 11.20 275 276
Sully GA 1 End 81 6.18 1.15 6.90 279 275
Sully GA 1 Start 82 6.94 1.22 12.35 280 271
Sully GA 1 End 82 6.34 1.14 8.95 278 275
Sully GA 1 Start 83 7.22 1.23 8.80 283 279
Sully GA 1 End 83 6.89 1.20 7.05 278 275
Sully GA 1 Start 84 7.02 1.21 9.50 280 274
Sully GA 1 End 84 6.15 1.10 7.40 279 274
Sully GA 1 60 Post 6.86 1.17 7.75 282 279
Sully GA 1 1d Post 6.52 1.07 11.30 281 270
Sully GA 1 2d Post 6.32 1.02 9.90 272 268

 

118

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time nCa- nMg- An gap— osmolality- m. osm-
mgldL mg/dL mmol/L mOsm/kg mOsm/kg_
Sully GA 1 3d Post 6.56 1.05 4.45 272 268
Sully GM 2 Start 81 6.86 1.22 8.05 281 269
Sully GM 2 End 81 5.91 1.12 8.20 283 272
Sully GM 2 Start 82 6.46 1.11 12.00 284 276
Sully GM 2 End 82 6.01 0.98 18.65 292 275
Sully GM 2 Start 83 6.71 1.11 8.65 287 285
Sully GM 2 End 83 6.30 1.13 12.75 288 275
Sully GM 2 Start 84 6.85 1.15 23.70 296 276
Sully GM 2 End 84 5.48 1.02 3.50 280 275
Sully GM 2 60 Post 6.42 1.20 10.60 288 273
Sully GM 2 1d Post 267
Sully GM 2 2d Post 6.50 1.13 13.95 280 266
Sully GM 2 3d Post 6.36 1.14 9.00 276 0
Sully G 3 Start 81 6.04 1.18 8.85 286 274
Sully G 3 End 81 6.26 1.20 11.65 284 272
Sully G 3 Start 82 6.64 1.26 10.55 282 273
Sully G 3 End 82 5.80 1.14 10.15 284 273
Sully G 3 Start 83 6.22 1.17 10.30 286 274
Sully G 3 End 83 5.91 1.09 8.85 285 275
Sully G 3 Start 84 6.03 1.10 8.90 284 271
Sully G 3 End 84 5.67 1.06 8.95 284 270
Sully G 3 60 Post 6.34 1.17 9.15 288 275
Sully G 3 1d Post 6.20 1.20 7.55 278 266
Sully G 3 2d Post 6.24 1.17 7.20 278 266
Sully G 3 3d Post 6.38 1.18 8.15 284 275
Vivo G 1 Start 81 7.16 1.11 11.25 279 273
Vrvo G 1 End 81 6.55 1.04 9.05 281 274
Vrvo G 1 Start 82 6.55 1.00 9.30 281 272
Vrvo G 1 End 82 6.43 0.97 9.05 280 273
Vivo G 1 Start 83 6.51 1.03 8.75 282 276
Vivo G 1 End 83 6.42 1.03 7.55 281 275
Vivo G 1 Start 84 6.77 1.12 11.20 281 277
Vivo G 1 End 84 6.38 0.99 9.95 282 273
Vivo G 1 60 Post 6.95 1.08 10.60 284 278
Vivo G 1 1d Post 6.55 0.89 7.20 272 273
Vrvo G 1 2d Post 6.56 1.08 5.45 278 279
Vivo G 1 3d Post
Vivo GA 2 Start 81 6.45 1.08 10.95 286 275
Vivo GA 2 End 81 6.40 1.02 11.20 286 276
Vivo GA 2 Start 82 6.71 1.10 11.00 285 272
Vivo GA 2 End 82 6.16 0.98 10.95 287 280
Vivo GA 2 Start 83 6.63 1.12 11.00 289 282
Vivo GA 2 End 83 6.34 1.03 8.70 286 278
Vivo GA 2 Start 84 6.65 1.09 7.85 281 275
\fivo GA 2 End 84 6.15 1.00 9.85 283 273
Vivo GA 2 60 Post 6.53 0.98 11.70 288 277
Vivo GA 2 1d Post 6.57 0.96 7.95 279 267
Wvo GA 2 2d Post 6.46 1.17 8.80 280

 

119

 

Horse Diet Period Time nCa- nMg- An gap— osmolality- m. osm-
mg/dL me mmollL mOsm/k5; mOsm/kg_

 

Vivo GA 2 3d Post 6.08 0.92 8.40 278

Vivo GM 3 Start B1 6.61 1.27 8.60 282 279
Vivo GM 3 End B1 6.38 1.27 11.65 284 276
Vivo GM 3 Start B2 6.68 1.30 13.05 285 275
Vivo GM 3 End B2 6.38 1.24 8.20 285 277
Vivo GM 3 Start B3 6.69 1.26 10.00 289 284
Vivo GM 3 End B3 6.41 1.25 9.55 286 279
Vivo GM 3 Start B4 6.64 1.20 7.85 283 280
Vivo GM 3 End B4 6.38 1.24 7.70 284 276
Vivo GM 3 60 Post 6.72 1.20 8.20 287 276
Vivo GM 3 1d Post 6.53 1.16 6.20 278 274
Vivo GM 3 2d Post 6.59 1.17 7.45 280 272
Vivo GM 3 3d Post 6.62 1.14 7.40 279 267

 

120

 

 

HR- Temp-
Horse Diet Period Time bpm °F
Amici C 2 start 1 48.4 36.9
Amici C 2 B1 trot 5 108 37.1
Amici C 2 B1 center 4 140.7 37.8
Amici C 2 stop 1 67.98 36.7
Amici C 2 start 2 51.06 36.5
Amici C 2 82 trot 5 105.96 36.9
Amici C 2 B2 canter 4 143.4 37.6
Amici C 2 stop 2 84 37.2
Amici C 2 start 3 45.18 36.7
Amici C 2 83 trot 5 108 37.1
Amici C 2 83 center 4 141 37.6
Amici C 2 stop 3 52.8 37.1
Amici C 2 start 4 46.6 36.8
Amici C 2 B4 trot 5 101.6 37.1
Amici C 2 84 canter 4 145.8 37.9
Amici C 2 stop 4 71.04 36.9
Amici A 3 start 1 42.3 36.6
Amici A 3 B1 trot 5 109.5 37.5
Amici A 3 B1 canter 4 147 38.2
Amici A 3 stop 1 90 37.2
Amici A 3 start 2 46.8 36.8
Amici A 3 82 trot 5 109.7 37.2
Amici A 3 B2 canter 4 140.7 37.9
Amici A 3 stop 2 78 37
Amici A 3 start 3 54.4 36.7
Amici A 3 B3 trot 5 109.7 37.3
Amici A 3 B3 canter 4 143.4 40
Amici A 3 stop 3 88.1 36.9
Amici A 3 start 4
Amici A 3 B4 trot 5
Amici A 3 84 center 4
Amici A 3 stop 4
Avanti B 2 start 1 46.9 36.8
Avanti 8 2 B1 trot 5 113.5 36.8
Avanti B 2 81 canter 4 143.4 37.5
Avanti B 2 stop 1 87.33 36.9
Avanti B 2 start 2 59.47 36.8
Avanti B 2 82 trot 5 108.46 36.9
Avanti B 2 82 canter 4 144.6 37.6
Avanti B 2 stop 2 77.05 37
Avanti B 2 start 3 59.74 36.8
Avanti B 2 83 trot 5 1 12.15 36.8
Avanti B 2 83 canter 4 150 37.7
Avanti 8 2 stop 3 85.05 36.9
Avanti 8 2 start 4 53.7
Avanti 8 2 84 trot 5 105.4
Avanti B 2 84 canter 4 143.5

 

121

 

 

HR- Temp-
Horse Diet Period Time bpm °F
Avanti B 2 stop 4
Avanti C 3 start 1 48.8 37.3
Avanti C 3 B1 trot 5 127.7 37.3
Avanti C 3 B1 canter 4 160.2 37.9
Avanti C 3 stop 1 60.6 37.8
Avanti C 3 start 2 54.2 36.8
Avanti C 3 82 trot 5 126.8 37.1
Avanti C 3 82 canter 4 134.3 37.4
Avanti C 3 stop 2 77.1 37
Avanti C 3 start 3 44.5 36.7
Avanti C 3 83 trot 5 112.6 37
Avanti C 3 83 canter 4 145.2 37
Avanti C 3 stop 3 84 37
Avanti C 3 start 4 49.5
Avanti C 3 B4 trot 5 123.5 37
Avanti C 3 B4 center 4 140.6 37
Avanti C 3 stop 4 90.3 36.8
Avanti A 4 start 1 63.9 36.6
Avanti A 4 81 trot 5 121.5 37.1
Avanti A 4 B1 canter 4 151.8 37.7
Avanti A 4 stop 1 88.3 36.9
Avanti A 4 start 2 48 36.9
Avanti A 4 82 trot 5 116.1 37.2
Avanti A 4 82 center 4 147 37.8
Avanti A 4 stop 2 87.9 36.9
Avanti A 4 start 3 54 38.4
Avanti A 4 B3 trot 5 97.7 39.2
Avanti A 4 B3 canter 4 40.5
Avanti A 4 stop 3 39.2
Avanti A 4 start 4 55.5 38.1
Avanti A 4 B4 trot 5 39.5
Avanti A 4 stop 4 39
Avanti A 4 B4 center 5 , 40.7
RePlay C 2 start 1 42.5
RePlay C 2 81 trot 5 108
RePlay C 2 B1 canter 4 144
RePlay C 2 stop 1 37
RePlay C 2 start 2 56.7 37.1
RePlay C 2 82 trot 5 107.1 37.5
RePlay C 2 82 canter 4 140.7 38.1
RePlay C 2 stop 2 87 37.4
RePlay C 2 start 3 45.6 37.03
RePlay C 2 B3 trot 5 111.2 37.5
RePlay C 2 83 canter 4 142.9 38
RePlay C 2 stop 3 68.4 37.1
RePlay C 2 start 4 50.35 37.02
RePlay C 2 84 trot 5 107 37.4
RePlay C 2 84 canter 4 138 37.9

 

122

 

 

HR- Temp-

Horse Diet Period Time bpm

RePlay C 2 stop 4 76.4 37.05
RePlay A 3 start 1 37.5 36.6
RePlay A 3 B1 trot 5 118.9 37.5
RePlay A 3 B1 canter4 161.3 38.2
RePlay A 3 stop 1 90.8 37.5
RePlay A 3 start 2 47.8 36.7
RePlay A 3 82 trot 5 114 37.4
RePlay A 3 B2 canter 4 157.2 37.9
RePlay A 3 stop 2 80.4 37.4
RePlay A 3 start 3 45.4 36.7
RePlay A 3 B3 trot 5 112.6 37.2
RePlay A 3 B3 canter 4 148.8 37.8
RePlay A 3 stop 3 90.8 37.2
RePlay A 3 start 4 48.5 37.2
RePlay A 3 B4 trot 5 108 37.6
RePlay A 3 stop 4 91.6 37.6
RePlay A 3 B4 canter 6 145.6 37.9
RePlay B 4 start 1 49.5 36.9
RePlay B 4 B1 trot 5 115.8 37.4
RePlay B 4 81 canter 4 150 38
RePlay B 4 stop 1 97.8 39.2
RePlay B 4 start 2 49.2 39.1
RePlay B 4 82 trot 5 120 39.7
RePlay B 4 82 canter 4 157.2 41
RePlay B 4 stop 2 84.9 40
RePlay B 4 start 3 39.6 39.2
RePlay B 4 B3 canter 4 41.1
RePlay B 4 stop 3 81.5 40.5
RePlay B 4 start 4 51.4 39.2
RePlay B 4 B4 canter 4 41.4
RePlay B 4 stop 4 83.6 40.5
Showtime A 2 start 1 47.03 36.1
Showtime A 2 B1 trot 5 102.4 36.7
Showtime A 2 B1 canter 4 142.8 37.5
Showtime A 2 stop 1 75.9 36.9
Showtime A 2 start 2 54.2 36.7
Showtime A 2 82 trot 5 1 1 1.4 36.99
Showtime A 2 82 canter 4 142.2 37.42
Showtime A 2 stop 2 78.8 37.2
Showtime A 2 start 3 47.6 36.5
Showtime A 2 B3 trot 5 112.2 36.85
Showtime A 2 B3 center 4 147 37.47
Showtime A 2 stop 3 78.2 37.2
Showtime A 2 start 4 42.5 36.7
Showtime A 2 B4 trot 5 122.3 36.9
Showtime A 2 stop 4 79.26 37.3
Showtime A 2 B4 center 7 139.8 37.4
Showtime 8 3 start 1 60 36.3

 

123

 

 

HR- Temp-

Horse Diet Period Time bpm °F

Showtime 8 3 B1 trot 5 114.9 36.8
Showtime 8 3 B1 canter 4 140.4 37.5
Showtime B 3 stop 1 71.2 37
Showtime B 3 start 2 47.4 36.6
Showtime 8 3 82 trot 5 114 36.7
Showtime B 3 82 canter 4 140.4 37.4
Showtime B 3 stop 2 78 36.9
Showtime 8 3 start 3 59.3 36.6
Showtime B 3 83 trot 5 109.2 37
Showtime B 3 B3 canter 4 144 37.5
Showtime B 3 stop 3 78.5 37.4
Showtime B 3 start 4 42.2 36.7
Showtime B 3 B4 trot 5 104.8 37.2
Showtime 8 3 B4 canter 4 37.5
Showtime B 3 stop 4 72 36.9
Showtime C 4 start 1 43.7 36.5
Showtime C 4 81 trot 5 112.2 37.2
Showtime C 4 B1 canter 4 145.8 37.8
Showtime C 4 stop 1 77 37.2
Showtime C 4 start 2 51.5 36.9
Showtime C 4 82 trot 5 121 37.1
Showtime C 4 B2 canter 4 153 37.9
Showtime C 4 stop 2 77.2 37.5
Showtime C 4 start 3 52.4 36.9
Showtime C 4 B3 trot 5 126 37.3
Showtime C 4 B3 canter 4 37.8
Showtime C 4 stop 3 69.1 37.2
Showtime C 4 start 4 50.4 36.5
Showtime C 4 B4 trot 5 37.1
Showtime C 4 B4 canter 4 37.8
Showtime C 4 stop 4 97.8 37.5
Sully B 2 start 1 49.8 37
Sully B 2 B1 trot 5 104.5 37.02
Sully B 2 81 canter 4 139.8 37.8
Sully B 2 stop 1 94.3 37.35
Sully B 2 start 2 54 36.3
Sully B 2 82 trot 5 106.6 37.05
Sully B 2 82 canter 4 141 37.93
Sully B 2 stop 2 85.4 36.79
Sully B 2 start 3 47.6 36.8
Sully B 2 83 trot 5 101.1 37.4
Sully 8 2 B3 canter 4 142.3 37.9
Sully 8 2 stop 3 59.7 36.8
Sully B 2 start 4 52.7 36.9
Sully B 2 B4 trot 5 105.8 37.1
Sully B 2 B4 canter 4 147.2 37.8
Sully B 2 stop 4 79.5 37
Sully C 3 start 1 36.8

 

124

 

 

HR- Temp-

Horse D Time bpm

Sully C 3 B1 trot 5 109.7 37.5
Sully C 3 B1 canter 4 147 37.9
Sully C 3 stop 1 58.8 36.9
Sully C 3 start 2 52.2 36.9
Sully C 3 82 trot 5 114 37.8
Sully C 3 82 canter 4 145.8 38.1
Sully C 3 stop 2 66 36.9
Sully C 3 start 3 47.6 36.9
Sully C 3 83 trot 5 112.1 37.3
Sully C 3 B3 canter 4 149.4 38.1
Sully C 3 stop 3 98.4 37.3
Sully C 3 start 4 49.2 36.8
Sully C 3 84 trot 5 109.7 37.8
Sully C 3 B4 canter 4 138.6 38
Sully C 3 stop 4 79.6 36.9
Sully A 4 start 1 39 39.8
Sully A 4 B1 trot 5 114 42.9
Sully A 4 B1 center 4 164.6 44.1
Sully A 4 stop 1 90 40.6
Sully A 4 start 2 49.2 40.3
Sully A 4 82 trot 5 108 40.8
Sully A 4 82 canter 4 154.8 41.1
Sully A 4 stop 2 86.4 40.8
Sully A 4 start 3 39.9 39.2
Sully A 4 83 trot 5 106.8 39.9
Sully A 4 B3 canter 4 147 41
Sully A 4 stop 3 84 40.1
Sully A 4 start 4 51 39.5
Sully A 4 B4 trot 5 111 40.4
Sully A 4 stop 4 92.8 39.7
Sully A 4 B4 canter 8 145.2 41.6
Vivo A 2 start 1 41.5 36.3
Vrvo A 2 81 trot 5 105.4 36.8
Vivo A 2 B1 canter 4 136.8 37.3
Vivo A 2 stop 1 92.25 36.7
Vrvo A 2 start 2 47 36.5
Vivo A 2 82 trot 5 104.1 36.8
Vivo A 2 B2 canter 4 137 37.4
Vivo A 2 stop 2 85 36.3
Vivo A 2 start 3 52 36.4
Vrvo A 2 B3 trot 5 97.9 36.9
Vivo A 2 B3 canter 4 138.6 37.4
Vivo A 2 stop 3 94.2 36.9
Vivo A 2 start 4 46.5 36.4
Vivo A 2 B4 trot 5 103.2 37
Vivo A 2 stop 4 79.8 36.6
Vivo A 2 84 canter 9 138.6 37.5
Vivo B 3 start 1 47.6 36.4

 

125

 

 

HR- Temp-
Horse Diet Period Time bpm °F
Vivo B 3 B1 trot 5 102 36.4
Vivo B 3 B1 canter 4 147 37
Vivo B 3 stop 1 83.25 36.8
Vrvo B 3 start 2 45.8 36.4
Vivo B 3 82 trot 5 100.5 36.6
Vivo 8 3 82 canter 4 150 37.2
Vivo B 3 stop 2 78 36.5
Vrvo B 3 start 3 51 36.6
Vrvo 8 3 83 trot 5 103.9 36.7
Vivo B 3 B3 canter 4 125.9 37.2
Vivo B 3 stop 3 57 36.7
Vrvo B 3 start 4 48.6 36.5
. Vivo B 3 B4 trot 5 100.5 37
Vrvo B 3 B4 canter 4 118.2 37.4
Vivo B 3 stop 4 75 37
Vrvo C 4 start 1 51.9 36.5
Vivo C 4 81 trot 5 109.7 36.9
Vivo C 4 B1 canter 4 144 37.3
Vivo C 4 stop 1 85.1 36.6
Vivo C 4 start 2 60.3 36.5
Vivo C 4 82 trot 5 105.96 36.9
Vrvo C 4 82 canter 4 147 37.4
Vivo C 4 stop 2 86.6 36.7
Vivo C 4 start 3 67.5 36.7
Vivo C 4 B3 trot 5 11 1.9 36.9
Vivo C 4 B3 center 4 136.8 37.4
Vivo C 4 stop 3 90 37
Vivo C 4 start 4 65.4 36.8
Vivo C 4 B4 trot 5 111.6 37
Wvo C 4 B4 canter 4 37.5
Vivo C 4 stop 4 93.27 36.9

 

126

 

Insufin-

 

Horse D Period Time plU/ml
Amici A 3 Pre 0.92
Amici A 3 Start 81 1.53
Amici A 3 Start 83 4.75
Amici A 3 60 min Post 6.37
Amici A 3 10 Post 1.78
Amici B 4 Pre 1.33
Ammi B 4 smnB1 117
Ammi B 4 Smnes

Amici B 4 60 min Post

Amici B 4 10 Post

Amici C 2 Pre 1.89
Amici C 2 Start 81 6.82
Ammi C 2 smnea 628
Amici C 2 60 min Post 3.85
Amici C 2 1D Post 1.35
Avanti A 4 Pre 1.95
Avanti A 4 Start 81 16.29
Avanti A 4 Start 83 11.92
Avanti A 4 60 min Post 6.34
Avanti A 4 1 D Post 15.97
Avanti B 2 Pre 1.00
Avanti B 2 Start 81 9.62
Avanti B 2 Start 83 10.25
Avanti B 2 60 min Post 7.69
Avanti B 2 10 Post 2.56
Avanti C 3 Pre 2.55
Avanti C 3 Start 81 26.49
Avanti C 3 Start 83 8.58
Avanti C 3 60 min Post 1.61
Avanti C 3 10 Post 3.24
RePlay A 3 Pre 1.36
RePlay A 3 Start 81 4.68
RePlay A 3 Start 83 7.10
RePlay A 3 60 min Post 5.00
RePlay A 3 1D Post 1.45
RePlay B 4 Pre 1.24
RePlay 8 4 Start 81 7.63
RePlay B 4 Start 83 7.91
RePlay B 4 60 min Post 5.52
RePlay 8 4 10 Post 1.43
RePlay C 2 Pre 0.96
RePlay C 2 Start 81 2.99
RePlay C 2 Start 83 7.37
RePlay C 2 60 min Post 3.10
RePlay C 2 10 Post 0.83
Showtime A 2 Pre 1 1.88
Showtime A 2 Start 81 7.28

127

 

Insufin-

 

Horse Diet Period Time le/ml
Showtime A 2 Start 83 14.77
Showtime A 2 60 min Post 16.93
Showtime A 2 10 Post 7.41
Showtime 8 3 Pre 4.87
Showtime B 3 Start 81 20.15
Showtime B 3 Start 83 8.81
Showtime B 3 60 min Post 11.82
Showtime B 3 10 Post 4.77
Showtime C 4 Pre 3.19
Showtime C 4 Start 81 11.43
Showtime C 4 Start 83 7.69
Showtime C 4 60 min Post 7.84
Showtime C 4 10 Post 5.28
Sully A 4 Pre 1.27
Sully A 4 Start 81 2.72
Sully A 4 Start 83 4.35
Sully A 4 60 min Post 3.21
Sully A 4 10 Post 1.52
Sully B 2 Pre 2.06
Sully B 2 Start 81 5.96
Sully B 2 Start 83 5.49
Sully 8 2 60 min Post 2.84
Sully B 2 10 Post 1.95
Sully C 3 Pre 2.80
Sully C 3 Start 81 4.66
Sully C 3 Start 83 5.26
Sully C ' 3 60 min Post 4.76
Sully C 3 10 Post 1.89
Vivo A 2 Pre 3.03
Vivo A 2 Start 81 6.64
Vivo A 2 Start 83 6.15
Vivo A 2 60 min Post 3.10
Vivo A 2 10 Post 1.09
Vivo B 3 Pre 0.88
Vrvo B 3 Start 81 5.04
Vivo 8 3 Start 83 10.18
Vivo B 3 60 min Post 6.51
Vivo B 3 10 Post 1.58
Vivo C 4 Pre 2.35
Vivo C 4 Start 81 9.39
Vivo C 4 Start 83 12.50
Vivo C 4 60 min Post 2.73
Vivo C 4 10 Post 2.19

 

128

 

Cortisol-

 

Horse Diet Period Time _pg/dl
Amici A 3 Start 81 1.61
Amici A 3 End 82 3.98
Amici A 3 Start 83 2.87
Amici A 3 End 84

Amici A 3 60 Min Post 0.75
Amici B 4 Start 81 1.47
Amici 8 4 End 82

Amici B 4 Start 83

Amici B 4 End 84

Amici B 4 60 Min Post

Amici C 2 Start 81 1.55
Amici C 2 End 82 3.17
Amici C 2 Start 83 1.94
Amici C 2 End 84 3.59
Amici C 2 60 Min Post 1.12
Avanti A 4 Start 81 2.85
Avanti A 4 End 82 3.39
Avanti A 4 Start 83 2.00
Avanti A 4 End 84 2.62
Avanti A 4 60 Min Post 0.85
Avanti B 2 Start 81 1.76
Avanti B 2 End 82 3.58
Avanti 8 2 Start 83 2.37
Avanti B 2 End 84 3.52
Avanti B 2 60 Min Post 0.79
Avanti C 3 Start 81 3.28
Avanti C 3 End 82 3.89
Avanti C 3 Start 83 3.05
Avanti C 3 End 84 3.76
Avanti C 3 60 Min Post 0.41
RePlay A 3 Start 81 3.25
RePlay A 3 End 82 5.85
RePlay A 3 Start 83 2.83
RePlay A 3 End 84 4.35
RePlay A 3 60 Min Post 0.66
RePlay B 4 Start 81 2.43
RePlay B 4 End 82 5.53
RePlay B 4 Start 83 3.26
RePlay B 4 End 84 4.79
RePlay B 4 60 Min Post 0.42
RePlay C 2 Start 81 2.47
RePlay C 2 End 82 4.54
RePlay C 2 Start 83 2.87
RePlay C 2 End 84 2.93
RePlay C 2 60 Min Post 0.61
Showtime A 2 Start 81 2.42
Showtime A 2 End 82 4.07

129

 

Cortisol-

 

Horse Diet Period Time pg/dl

Showtime A 2 Start 83 2.18
Showtime A 2 End 84 2.19
Showtime A 2 60 Min Post 2.07
Showtime 8 3 Start 81 2.84
Showtime B 3 End 82 6.91
Showtime 8 3 Start 83 2.93
Showtime B 3 End 84 3.58
Showtime B 3 60 Min Post 0.77
Showtime C 4 Start 81 1.43
Showtime C 4 End 82 3.26
Showtime C 4 Start 83 4.05
Showtime C 4 End 84 5.02
Showtime C 4 60 Min Post 1.06
Sully A 4 Start 81 4.01
Sully A 4 End 82 5.24
Sully A 4 Start 83 4.24
Sully A 4 End 84 4.10
Sully A 4 60 Min Post 1.35
Sully B 2 Start 81 2.77
Sully B 2 End 82 3.16
Sully B 2 Start 83 1.89
Sully B 2 End 84 3.41
Sully B 2 60 Min Post 1.10
Sully C 3 Start 81 2.42
Sully C 3 End 82 3.72
Sully C 3 Start 83 2.04
Sully C 3 End 84 3.50
Sully C 3 60 Min Post 1.02
Vivo A 2 Start 81 2.21
Vrvo A 2 End 82 3.85
Vivo A 2 Start 83 2.45
Vivo A 2 End 84 4.02
Vivo A 2 60 Min Post 1.12
Vivo B 3 Start 81 4.38
Vivo B 3 End 82 4.81
Vivo 8 3 Start 83 2.51
Vivo B 3 End 84 3.51
Vivo B 3 60 Min Post 1 .04
Vivo C 4 Start 81 4.31
Vivo C 4 End 82 3.68
Vivo C 4 Start 83 1.93
Vivo C 4 End 84 2.89
Vrvo C 4 60 Min Post 0.50

 

130

 

 

Nefa- TG-

Horse Period Diet Time mEq/l mw

Amici 1 G 1 Day Post 0.923 19.136
Amici 1 G End 82 0.979 28.281
Amici 1 G End 84 1.328 42.986
Amici 1 G Start 81 0.566 39.3805
Amici 1 G Start 83 0.77 30.348
Amici 2 C 1 Day Post 0.004 18.1
Amici 2 C End 82 0.876 23.756
Amici 2 C End 84 0.995 20.362
Amici 2 C Start 81 0.236 37.811
Amici 2 C Start 83 0.377 45.249
Amici 3 A 1 Day Post 0.5 32.1425
Amici 3 A End 82 0.885 27.149
Amici 3 A Start 81 0.609 41.542
Amici 3 A Start 83 0.649 31.674
Amici 4 8 Start 81 0.222 86.7675
Avanti 1 G 1 Day Post 0.339 32.836
Avanti 1 G End 82 1.014 32.805
Avanti 1 G End 84 1.333 86.318
Avanti 1 G Start 81 0.9275 41.6425
Avanti 1 G Start 83 1.07 31.674
Avanti 2 B 1 Day Post 0.623 39.3805
Avanti 2 8 End 82 1.288 40.5115
Avanti 2 8 End 84 1.3 53.167
Avanti 2 8 Start 81 0.545 48.643
Avanti 2 8 Start 83 0.698 95.023
Avanti 3 C 1 Day Post 0.848 21.642
Avanti 3 C End 82 0.517 39.593
Avanti 3 C End 84 1.426 21.642
Avanti 3 C Start 81 0.256 51.493
Avanti 3 C Start 83 0.665 47.761
Avanti 4 A 1 Day Post 0.351 26.617
Avanti 4 A End 82 0.937 34.08
Avanti 4 A End 84 1.166 41.855
Avanti 4 A Start 81 0.381 78.5115
Avanti 4 A Start 83 0.592 36.567
Replay 1 G 1 Day Post 0.283 39.981
Replay 1 G End 82 0.82 19.553
Replay 1 G End 84 1.378 53.113
Replay 1 G Start 81 0.809 31.226
Replay 1 G Start 83 0.462 47.3935
Replay 2 C 1 Day Post 0.471 23.93
Replay 2 C End 82 1.02 27.149
Replay 2 C End 84 1.292 35.603
Replay 2 C Start 81 0.817 34.144
Replay 2 C Start 83 0.417 63.348
Replay 3 A 1 Day Post 0.5065 61.868
Replay 3 A End 82 0.995 79.377

 

131

 

 

Nefa- TG-

Horse Period Diet Time mEq/I mgldl

Replay 3 A End 84 1.351 75
Replay 3 A Start 81 0.362 85.214
Replay 3 A Start 83 0.388 42.899
Replay 4 B 1 Day Post 0.329 38.521
Replay 4 8 End 82 0.551 59.155
Replay 4 8 End 84 1.36 43.31
Replay 4 8 Start 81 0.111 51.374
Replay 4 8 Start 83 0.293 68.398
Showtime 1 G 1 Day Post 0.332 29.135
Showtime 1 G End 82 0.8605 24.6125
Showtime 1 G End 84 1.1395 42.792
Showtime 1 G Start 81 0.77 8.979
Showtime 1 G Start 83 0.632 34.825
Showtime 2 A 1 Day Post 0.464 46.206
Showtime 2 A End 82 0.977 64.416
Showtime 2 A End 84 0.9485 45.068
Showtime 2 A Start 81 0.531 53.035
Showtime 2 A Start 83 0.83 19.542
Showtime 3 8 1 Day Post 0.379 32.549
Showtime 3 8 End 82 0.772 42.792
Showtime 3 8 End 84 1.059 26.144
Showtime 3 8 Start 81 0.357 50.759
Showtime 3 8 Start 83 0.767 19.542
Showtime 4 C 1 Day Post 0.225 28.785
Showtime 4 C End 82 0.488 29.135
Showtime 4 C End 84 0.731 34.825
Showtime 4 C Start 81 0.281 34.446
Showtime 4 C Start 83 0.386 31.426
Sully 1 G 1 Day Post 0.435 38.439
Sully 1 G End 82 0.723 38.24
Sully 1 G End 84 1.343 46.206
Sully 1 G Start 81 0.845 88.316
Sully 1 G Start 83 0.975 25.403
Sully 2 B 1 Day Post 0.281 41.654
Sully 2 8 End 82 1.128 86.039
Sully 2 8 End 84 0.385 70.106
Sully 2 8 Start 81 1.266 54.173
Sully 2 8 Start 83 0.433 54.173
Sully 3 C 1 Day Post 0.192 23.2145
Sully 3 C End 82 0.598 12.097
Sully 3 C End 84 1.0475 27.997
Sully 3 C Start 81 0.118 46.6915
Sully 3 C Start 83 0.209 42.792
Sully 4 A 1 Day Post 0.321 29.048
Sully 4 A End 82 0.749 72.517
Sully 4 A End 84 1.251 58.725
Sully 4 A Start 81 0.176 65.4025
Sully 4 A Start 83 0.281 45.968

 

132

 

 

Nefa- TG-

Horse Diet Time mEq/l mgldl

Vivo 1 G 1 Day Post 0.206 34.144
Vivo 1 G End 82 1.351 25.403
Vivo 1 G End 84 1.518 32.661
Vivo 1 G Start 81 1.016 32.685
Vivo 1 G Start 83 0.762 42.339
Vivo 2 A 1 Day Post 0.351 19.553
Vivo 2 A End 82 1.135 67.704
Vivo 2 A End 84 0.945 53.113
Vivo 2 A Start 81 0.63 48.634
Vivo 2 A Start 83 0.406 74.503
Vivo 3 B 1 Day Post 0.487 38.792
Vivo 3 8 End 82 1.28 37.062
Vivo 3 8 End 84 1.124 29.767
Vrvo 3 8 Start 81 0.249 31 .226
Vivo 3 8 Start 83 0.7 45.817
Vivo 4 C 1 Day Post 0.348 17.498
Vivo 4 C End 82 1.092 21.012
Vivo 4 C End 84 1.369 7.879
Vrvo 4 C Start 81 0.145 71.916
Vivo 4 C Start 83 0.265 31.226

 

133

 

Aldosterone-

 

Horse Diet Period Time Lg/ml

Amici G 2 Start 81 4.63
Amici G 2 1 D Post 6.67
Amici GA 3 Start 81 31.37
Amici GM 1 Start 81 40.18
Amici GM 1 End 84 108.79
Amici GM 1 1 D Post 6.19
Avanti G 3 Start 81 15.83
Avanti G 3 End 84 36.41
Avanti G 3 1 D Post 29.16
Avanti GA 1 Start 81 15.56
Avanti GA 1 End 84 104.57
Avanti GA 1 1 D Post 30.90
Avanti GM 2 Start 81 44.17
Avanti GM 2 End 84 53.15
Avanti GM 2 1 D Post 0.50
RePlay G 2 Start 81 39.40
RePlay G 2 End 84 65.26
RePlay G 2 1 D Post 5.75
RePlay GA 3 Start 81 26.18
RePlay GA 3 End 84 81.48
RePlay GA 3 1 D Post 10.02
RePlay GM 1 Start 81 35.91
RePlay GM 1 End 84 10.61
RePlay GM 1 1 D Post 0.63
Showtime G 1 Start 81 34.88
Showtime G 1 End 84 124.68
Showtime G 1 1 D Post 42.11
Showtime GA 2 Start 81 45.86
Showtime GA 2 End 84 109.07
Showtime GA 2 1 D Post 11.25
Showtime GM 3 Start 81 16.64
Showtime GM 3 End 84 71.23
Showtime GM 3 1 D Post 14.29
Sully G 3 Start 81 61.30
Sully G 3 End 84 47.87
Sully G 3 1 D Post 11.92
Sully GA 1 Start 81 65.31
Sully GA 1 End 84 118.50
Sully GA 1 1 D Post 20.47
Sully GM 2 Start 81 45.79
Sully GM 2 End 84 38.94
Sully GM 2 1 D Post 12.62
Vivo G 1 Start 81 33.65
Vivo G 1 End 84 16.24
Vivo G 1 1 D Post 143.47
Vivo GA 2 Start 81 46.76
Vivo GA 2 End 84 90.84

 

134

 

Aldosterone-

 

Horse Diet Period Time gliml

Vivo GA 2 1 D Post 41.40
Vivo GM 3 Start 81 116.26
Vivo GM 3 End 84 89.10
Vivo GM 3 1 D Post 17.65

 

135

APPENDIX B

Raw Data- Project Year 2

 

 

Intake TBW TBW as Intake as

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period (kg/d) 8M (kg) (kg) %BM %BM

Goliath M N C 1 6.63 408.0 262.6 64.36% 1.63%
Goliath G N A 2 5.83 393.0 257.1 65.42% 1 .48%
Goliath M Y D 3 7.79 397.0 261.8 65.94% 1.96%
Goliath G Y B 4 7.06 389.0 262 67.35% 1 .82%
Sassy G N A 1 5.50 348.5 230.5 66.14% 1.58%
Sassy M Y D 2 7.78 346.0 242 69.94% 2.25%
Sassy G Y 8 3 6.81 341.5 234.8 68.76% 1.99%
Sassy M N C 4 9.69 355.5 239.6 67.40% 2.73%
Smagic M Y D 1 4.57 353.5 224.9 63.62% 1.29%
Smagic G Y B 2 4.97 348.0 234.8 67.47% 1.43%
Smagic G N A 3 6.15 342.5 233.2 68.09% 1.80%
Smagic M N C 4 9.25 365.5 242.5 66.35% 2.53%
Starlet G N A 1 5.10 358.0 227.3 63.49% 1.42%
Starlet M N C 2 7.66 367.0 242.2 65.99% 2.09%
Starlet G Y B 3 6.63 364.0 236.3 64.92% 1.82%
Starlet M Y D 4 9.73 378.0 253.8 67.14% 2.57%
Stimpy M Y D 1 4.42 351.5 228.3 64.95% 1.26%
Stimpy G Y B 2 5.45 351.5 236.5 67.28% 1.55%
Stimpy M N C 3 8.18 360.5 242 67.13% 2.27%
Stimpy G N A 4 7.23 360.0 248.7 69.08% 2.01%
Tank G Y B 1 4.84 378.0 235.9 62.41% 1.28%
Tank M N C 2 7.56 386.0 228.8 59.27% 1.96%
Tank G N A 3 7.05 382.5 247.4 64.68% 1.84%
Tank M Y D 4 9.78 397.5 259 65.16% 2.46%

 

136

 

 

BM- 8M-
Start End Feces Urine Water Uncorr. Corr.

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Per. 1kg) (kg) (kg) (L) LLL Loss Loss

Goliath M N C 1 408 397.5 3 2.5 12.5 2.57% 4.29%
Goliath G N A 2 393 389 4.25 0 15 1.02% 3.75%
Goliath M Y D 3 397 387 2.5 0 12 2.52% 4.91%
Goliath G Y B 4 389 385 4.5 0 20.5 1.03% 5.14%
Sassy G N A 1 338. 5 333 3.5 1 14 1.62% 4.43%
Sassy M Y D 2 346 340 4.25 1 1 1 1.73% 3.40%
Sassy G Y B 3 341.5 342 4.5 0 15.5 -0.15% 3.07%
Sassy M N C 4 355. 5 350 2.5 0 15 1.55% 5.06%
Smagic M Y D 1 353.5 346.5 3.75 1.25 12 1.98% 3.96%
Smagic G Y B 2 348 340.5 4.5 2 13 2.16% 4.02%
Smagic G N A 3 342.5 337 4.5 0 11 1.61% 3.50%
Smagic M N C 4 355.5 346.5 5 0 10.5 2.53% 4.08%
Starlet G N A 1 358 353 2.5 2 12.5 1.40% 3.63%
Starlet M N C 2 367 356 3.5 1.5 12.5 3.00% 5.04%
Starlet G Y B 3 364 355.5 4 1 1 1 2.34% 3.98%
Starlet M Y D 4 378 367 3.25 3 13.5 2.91% 4.83%
Stimpy M Y D 1 351.5 346 3.5 1.25 11.5 1.56% 3.49%
Stimpy G Y B 2 351.5 346.5 3 0 12.5 1.42% 4.13%
Stimpy M N C 3 360.5 353.5 4 0 8.5 1.94% 3.19%
Stimpy G N A 4 360 348 5 2 13 3.33% 5.00%
Tank G Y 8 1 378.5 368 3.25 0 7 2.77% 3.76%
Tank M N C 2 386 375 4 0 6.5 2.85% 3.50%
Tank G N A 3 382.5 371 3.25 0 7 3.01% 3.99%
Tank M Y D 4 397.5 380.5 3.5 2.5 7.5 4.28% 4.65%

 

137

 

 

PCV TS p002 p02

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period (%) (mgldl) pH (mmHg) (mmHg)_
Goliath M N C 0 1 30 6.8 7.40 43.3 52.45
Goliath M N C 7 1 33 6.05 7.44 52.85 49.95
Goliath M N C 14 1 28 6.1 7.43 49.9 56.9
Goliath G N A 0 2 32.5 6.3 7.41 53.35 45.75
Goliath G N A 7 2 31 6.1 7.44 49.65 40.05
Goliath G N A 14 2 29 6 7.41 50.15 45.7
Goliath M Y D 0 3 32 6 7.43 47.85 37.3
Goliath M Y D 7 3 29 6 7.44 52.75 44
Goliath M Y D 14 3 30 5.55 7.44 47.55 36.95
Goliath G Y B 0 4 30 6 7.43 53.75 44
Goliath G Y B 7 4 30 6 7.50 48.4 48.55
Goliath G Y 8 14 4 31 5.9 7.44 50.85 40.9
Sassy G N A 0 1 40 6.5 7.45 46 53.2
Sassy G N A 7 1 33 6 7.43 45.75 54
Sassy G N A 14 1 38.25 6.15 7.43 48.65 49.95
Sassy M Y D 0 2 34 5.9 7.43 45.75 48.95
Sassy M Y D 7 2 33.5 5.9 7.43 50 50.85
Sassy M Y D 14 2 32 6.4 7.47 47.55 42.4
Sassy G Y B 0 3 41 6 7.46 51.6 40.7
Sassy G Y B 7 3 35 6.05 7.41 46.35 39.2
Sassy G Y 8 14 3 39 6.1 7.42 49.4 38.85
Sassy M N C 0 4 35.5 6 7.48 48.3 48.1
Sassy M N C 7 4 33 5.5 7.44 52.2 47.5
Sassy M N C 14 4 33.5 6 7.46 53.1 42.45
Smagic M Y D 0 1 33 6.9 7.41 41.95 49.3
Smagic M Y D 7 1 37 6.4 7.43 53.4 47.25
Smagic M Y D 14 1 36 6.7 7.44 49.65 40.35
Smagic G Y B 0 2 37.5 6.25 7.42 52.45 40.5
Smagic G Y 8 7 2 35.5 6.2 7.43 49.2 39.65
Smagic G Y B 14 2 37 6.3 7.42 49.65 39.65
Smagic G N A 0 3 36 6 7.43 49.1 39.5
Smagic G N A 7 3 42 6.25 7.44 54.2 38.35
Smagic G N A 14 3 32.5 5.9 7.41 49.85 38.3
Smagic M N C 0 4 30

Smagic M N C 7 4 30 5.75 7.52 46.9 41.85
Smagic M N C 14 4 32 5.6 7.44 56.55 42.35
Starlet G N A 0 1 30 6.45 7.40 43.2 45
Starlet G N A 7 1 34 6.9 7.42 50.75 45.45
Starlet G N A 14 1 32 6.85 7.44 46.25 50.65
Starlet M N C 0 2 30.5 6.1 7.42 50.15 42.7
Starlet M N C 7 2 31 6.2 7.44 49.8 41.9
Starlet M N C 14 2 30 6.2 7.42 53.25 43.95
Starlet G Y B 0 3 30 6.8 7.44 50.65 40.65
Starlet G Y 8 7 3 35.5 6.75 7.42 53.9 39.1
Starlet G Y B 14 3 31 6.25 7.43 47.7 37.9
Starlet M Y D 0 4 28 6.4 7.41 52.1 40.1
Starlet M Y D 7 4 28 6.35 7.50 49.9 42.2

 

138

 

 

PCV TS p002 p02
Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period (%) midi) pH (mml-ljl (mmHg)_
Starlet M Y D 14 4 30 6.4 7.42 51.4 40.25
Stimpy M Y D 0 1 37 6.9 7.44 49.15 43.3
Stimpy M Y D 7 1 34.5 6.7 7.47 44.7 47.7
Stimpy M Y D 14 1 35.75 6.8 7.45 49.85 37.4
Stimpy G Y B 0 2 32.25 6.4 7.45 48.45 40.8
Stimpy G Y B 7 2 31 6.4 7.41 52.3 38.25
Stimpy G Y B 14 2 34 5.9 7.43 50.05 39.4
Stimpy M N C 0 3 30 6.45 7.43 52.6 36.9
Stimpy M N C 7 3 34 6.25 7.44 50 37.95
Stimpy M N C 14 3 31.5 6 7.43 2543 40.55
Stimpy G N A 0 4 27 5.8 7.50 49.9 38.65
Stimpy G N A 7 4 31 6.1 7.43 51.95 39.55
Stimpy G N A 14 4 38 6.4 7.44 54.25 33.45
Tank G Y B 0 1 35 6.3 7.44 51.3 48.5
Tank G Y B 7 1 32 6.1 7.41 50.25 47.95
Tank G Y B 14 1 32.5 5.95 7.43 45.8 45.1
Tank M N C 0 2 26 6.1 7.41 51.65 37.65
Tank M N C 7 2 25 6 7.41 49.8 44
Tank M N C 14 2 38 6.2 7.44 52.1 39.9
Tank G N A 0 3 26.5 5.65 7.44 54.1 41.5
Tank G N A 7 3 31.5 5.5 7.42 49.9 40
Tank G N A 14 3 31 5.7 7.40 53.15 39.3
Tank M Y D 0 4 27 5.55 7.48 50.35 46.3
Tank M Y D 7 4 30 5.6 7.41 53.4 44.9
Tank M Y D 14 4 29.5 5.85 7.43 53.1 38.8

 

139

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period Na K CI Ca Mg
(mmollL) (mmollL) (mmoI/L) (mgldl) (NIL/d0
Goliath M N C 0 1 135.55 3.87 102.65 5.76 1.055
Goliath M N C 7 1 136 3.7 97 6.2 0.485
Goliath M N C 14 1 136.5 3.3 102.5 6.085 1.05
Goliath G N A 0 2 138 3.5 55 6.525 1.195
Goliath G N A 7 2 140 3.9 101.5 6.24 0.895
Goliath G N A 14 2 137 3.7 100.5 5.86 0.765
Goliath M Y D 0 3 137 3.6 101.5 5.67 0.7
Goliath M Y D 7 3 137.5 3.6 98 6.265 1.03
Goliath M Y D 14 3 138 3.2 102' 5.585 0.955
Goliath G Y 8 0 4 138.5 3.65 100.5 6.645 1.205
Goliath G Y B 7 4 137.5 3.3 103 5.45 0.805
Goliath G Y 8 14 4 136 3.5 100.5 6.245 1.1
Sassy G N A 0 1 138 4.3 101 6.385 0.485
Sassy G N A 7 1 136.5 4 106 6.06 0.95
Sassy G N A 14 1 137.5 4.3 103.5 6.09 0.995
Sassy M Y D 0 2 139 4.25 103.5 5.91 0.795
Sassy M Y D 7 2 139.5 4 102.5 5.86 0.92
Sassy M Y D 14 2 139.5 4.05 100 6.39 1.025
Sassy G Y B 0 3 139 4 99.5 5.88 0.8
Sassy G Y B 7 3 139.5 3.6 102.5 5.83 0.97
Sassy G Y B 14 3 139 4.2 101.5 6.385 1.015
Sassy M N C 0 4 137 3.8 103 5.855 0.985
Sassy M N C 7 4 138 3.5 101.5 5.85 1.06
Sassy M N C 14 4 135.5 3.55 99.5 6.565 0.99
Smagic M Y D 0 1 136.8 3.735 103.5 5.845 1.07
Smagic M Y D 7 1 136 3.8 98 6.255 0.49
Smagic M Y D 14 1 140.5 3.15 100.5 5.68 0.91
Smagic G Y B 0 2 139 3.7 100 6.205 1.035
Smagic G Y B 7 2 140 3.7 102 6.01 0.81
Smagic G Y B 14 2 140 3.7 100.5 6.245 0.885
Smagic G N A 0 3 139 3.5 101 5.51 0.69
Smagic G N A 7 3 139.5 3.75 97 6.475 0.975
Smagic G N A 14 3 138.5 3.65 100 5.865 0.985
Smagic M N C 0 4
Smagic M N C 7 4 137.5 3.5 103 5.09 0.86
Smagic M N C 14 4 138 3.3 99 5.855 1.07
Starlet G N A 0 1 137.2 3.855 104.9 6.03 1.185
Starlet G N A 7 1 137.5 4.2 100.5 6.535 0.505
Starlet G N A 14 1 140 3.7 106 6.315 1.04
Starlet M N C 0 2 140 3.9 104.5 5.99 0.85
Starlet M N C 7 2 140 3.9 103.5 6.33 0.995
Starlet M N C 14 2 138.5 3.7 102.5 6.195 0.87
Starlet G Y B 0 3 139 3.65 103.5 5.845 0.735
Starlet G Y B 7 3 138.5 4.3 100.5 6.57 1.03
Starlet G Y B 14 3 137.5 3.3 102 6.025 1.03
Starlet M Y D 0 4 136.5 4.3 103 6.69 1.075
Starlet M Y D 7 4 140 3.4 105 5.92 0.95

 

140

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period Na K Cl Ca Mg
jmmol/Q (mmol/L) (mmollLL (mgldl) (mgldl)

Starlet M Y D 14 4 139.5 3.65 104 6.35 1.135
Stimpy M Y D 0 1 137.5 4 99 6.305 0.495
Stimpy M Y D 7 1 139.5 3.6 103 6.05 0.99
Stimpy M Y D 14 1 140.5 3.7 101 5.995 0.965
Stimpy G Y B 0 2 138.5 3.4 102.5 5.92 0.86
Stimpy G Y 8 7 2 138.5 3.9 100 6.455 1.015
Stimpy G Y B 14 2 139 3.6 101 6.39 1.05
Stimpy M N C 0 3 139 3.65 100 6.235 0.965
Stimpy M N C 7 3 139.5 3.5 101.5 4.715 1.06
Stimpy M N C 14 3 139.5 3.4 102.5 6.015 1.025
Stimpy G N A 0 4 137 3.2 103 5.385 0.95
Stimpy G N A 7 4 138 3.3 102 6.07 1.02
Stimpy G N A 14 4 137.5 3.4 100 6.3 0.975
Tank G Y B 0 1 135.5 4 99 6.545 0.52
Tank G Y B 7 1 137.5 3.7 101 6.125 1.06
Tank G Y 8 14 1 133.5 4.2 106 5.99 0.93
Tank M N C 0 2 138 4.2 101.5 6.55 1.13
Tank M N C 7 2 138 3.8 100.5 6.315 1.06
Tank M N C 14 2 137 3.65 100.5 6.46 1.04
Tank G N A 0 3 137.5 3.4 97 6.705 1.155
Tank G N A 7 3 137 3.5 100 5.98 1.03
Tank G N A 14 3 135.5 3.7 100 6.425 1.105
Tank M Y D 0 4 135.5 3.55 103 5.72 0.99
Tank M Y D 7 4 137 3.4 102 6.355 1.355
Tank M Y D 14 4 136 3.55 101 6.58 1.155

 

141

 

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B HCO3

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Per. ("fl/d1) (mmolll) m/dl) (mmolll) (mmolll)
Goliath M N C 0 1 103.5 0.5 19 2.05 26.8
Goliath M N C 7 1 0.6 15.5 11.05 36.1
Goliath M N C 14 1 109 0.45 15 9.1 33.55
Goliath G N A 0 2 109 0 15.5 8.85 34.25
Goliath G N A 7 2 1 1 1 0 14 9.05 33.75
Goliath G N A 14 2 100.5 15.5 6.6 31 .55
Goliath M Y D 0 3 101 0.9 14 7.3 31 .85
Goliath M Y D 7 3 108.5 0.5 18 11.3 36.3
Goliath M Y D 14 3 0.3 16 7.9 32.35
Goliath G Y B 0 4 0.2 16.5 10.4 35.65
Goliath G Y 8 7 4 0.2 15 14.25 38.25
Goliath G Y B 14 4 0.1 15 9.95 34.65
Sassy G N A 0 1 0.6 20 8 32.45
Sassy G N A 7 1 105 0.55 15.5 5.95 30.35
Sassy G N A 14 1 102 0.5 17 7.4 32.2
Sassy M Y D 0 2 97 18.5 5.95 30.4
Sassy M Y D 7 2 99 17.5 8.2 33.15
Sassy M Y D 14 2 100 18 10.35 34.8
Sassy G Y 8 0 3 99.5 0.3 20 11.5 36.75
Sassy G Y B 7 3 1 21 4.9 29.6
Sassy G Y B 14 3 0.55 21.5 7.2 32.3
Sassy M N C 0 4 0.4 18 11.8 36.05
Sassy M N C 7 4 0.15 18 10.2 35.25
Sassy M N C 14 4 0 19.5 12.5 37.5
Smagic M Y D 0 1 104 0.6 18 2.55 27
Smagic M Y D 7 1 0.8 12 10.15 35.6
Smagic M Y D 14 1 114 0.8 10 8.75 33.65
Smagic G Y B 0 2 108 0.35 12 8.5 34
Smagic G Y B 7 2 108.5 0.15 12 7.65 32.55
Smagic G Y B 14 2 97 0.17 13 7.5 32.6
Smagic G N A 0 3 98.5 1 13.5 7.7 32.55
Smagic G N A 7 3 96.5 0.9 17.5 10.8 36.6
Smagic G N A 14 3 0.8 17.5 6.35 31.5
Smagic M N C 0 4

Smagic M N C 7 4 0 13 14.5 38.15
Smagic M N C 14 4 0.1 14 13.25 38.75
Starlet G N A 0 1 101 0.7 16 2.35 27
Starlet G N A 7 1 1.25 13 8.2 33.25
Starlet G N A 14 1 111.5 1 11 7.15 31.3
Starlet M N C 0 2 96.5 0.6 14 7.5 32.3
Starlet M N C 7 2 99.5 0 15 9.15 33.85
Starlet M N C 14 2 97 15.5 9.8 34.95
Starlet G Y B 0 3 96.5 0.4 15.5 9.55 34.35
Starlet G Y B 7 3 101.5 0.45 19 9.65 35.05
Starlet G Y B 14 3 0.45 15.5 7.65 32.05
Starlet M Y D 0 4 0.6 16 7.8 33.1
Starlet M Y D 7 4 0 13.5 14.9 38.95

 

142

 

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B HCO3
Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Per. (mm (mmolll) (mgldl) (mmolll) (mmon)
Starlet M Y D 14 4 17.5 8.45 33.45
Stimpy M Y D 0 1 0.6 15.5 8.55 33.55
Stimpy M Y D 7 1 116.5 0.75 10 8.45 32.35
Stimpy M Y D 14 1 104 0.85 15 9.7 34.5
Stimpy G Y B 0 2 95.5 0 15.5 54.05 33.6
Stimpy G Y B 7 2 100.5 0.1 16.5 8.15 33.5
Stimpy G Y B 14 2 100.5 0.1 14 8.35 33.2
Stimpy M N C 0 3 95.5 10.85 15 9.85 35.25
Stimpy M N C 7 3 0.2 15 8.95 33.85
Stimpy M N C 14 3 0.35 18 8.4 33.4
Stimpy G N A 0 4 0.1 15 15.25 39.15
Stimpy G N A 7 4 0.4 15.5 10.05 35.05
Stimpy G N A 14 4 0 16.5 11.75 37.25
Tank G Y B 0 1 0.5 16 9.7 34.8
Tank G Y B 7 1 125.5 0.6 12.5 7.05 32.05
Tank G Y B 14 1 110.5 0.75 14 6.45 30.8
Tank M N C 0 2 121.5 1.1 11.5 8.1 33.2
Tank M N C 7 2 109.5 12 6.6 31.7
Tank M N C 14 2 104.5 15.5 10.85 35.85
Tank G N A 0 3 114 0.5 15.5 12.1 37.15
Tank G N A 7 3 0.8 16 7.55 32.4
Tank G N A 14 3 0.6 16.5 8.2 33.45
Tank M Y D 0 4 103 0.65 14 13 37.25
Tank M Y D 7 4 0.1 14 8.5 33.7
Tank M Y D 14 4 0 15 10.1 35.1

 

143

 

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality
Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period (mg/dl) (fig/d!) (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)_
Goliath M N C 0 1 5.7 1.05
Goliath M N C 7 1 6.345 0.485 6.05
Goliath M N C 14 1 6.195 1.06 4.2 275
Goliath G N A 0 2 6.575 1.2 6.85 277
Goliath G N A 7 2 6.37 0.905 8.6 280
Goliath G N A 14 2 5.875 0.765 8.7 275
Goliath M Y D 0 3 5.76 0.705 6.95 274
Goliath M Y D 7 3 6.42 1.045 6.65 276.5
Goliath M Y D 14 3 5.705 0.97 7.1
Goliath G Y 8 0 4 6.745 1.215 5.55
Goliath G Y B 7 4 5.765 0.835
Goliath G Y 8 14 4 6.38 1.12 3.95
Sassy G N A 0 1 6.575 0.495 8.45
Sassy G N A 7 1 6.155 0.96 4.2 274.5
Sassy G N A 14 1 6.18 1 6.1 277
Sassy M Y D 0 2 6 0.8 9.2 279.5
Sassy M Y D 7 2 5.955 0.925 7.35 280
Sassy M Y D 14 2 6.64 1.05 8.35 280
Sassy G Y 8 0 3 6.075 0.81 6.25 280
Sassy G Y B 7 3 5.86 0.975 10.55
Sassy G Y B 14 3 6.455 1.025 9.45
Sassy M N C 0 4 6.1 1 1.005 1.45
Sassy M N C 7 4 5.965 1 .07 4.45
Sassy M N C 14 4 6.77 1.01 1.6
Smagic M Y D 0 1 5.85 1 .1
Smagic M Y D 7 1 6.36 0.49 6.2
Smagic M Y D 14 1 5.8 0.92 9.45 280.5
Smagic G Y B 0 2 6.27 1.025 8.75 278
Smagic G Y 8 7 2 6.09 0.815 9.5 280
Smagic G Y B 14 2 6.32 0.885 10.75 279
Smagic G N A 0 3 5.595 0.7 8.55 277.5
Smagic G N A 7 3 6.6 0.985 9.75 280
Smagic G N A 14 3 5.89 50.98 10.75
Smagic M N C 0 4
Smagic M N C 7 4 5.425 0.89
Smagic M N C 14 4 5.99 1.08 3.7
Starlet G N A 0 1 6 1 .2
Starlet G N A 7 1 6.615 0.51 8.05
Starlet G N A 14 1 6.44 1.055 6.85 280
Starlet M N C 0 2 6.045 0.86 6.95 279.5
Starlet M N C 7 2 6.47 1.005 6.55 279. 5
Starlet M N C 14 2 6.275 0.88 5 278
Starlet G Y B 0 3 5.965 0.745 4.9 278.5
Starlet G Y B 7 3 6.64 1.035 7.9 279.5
Starlet G Y 8 14 3 6.135 1.04 6.65
Starlet M Y D 0 4 6.725 1.075 4.9
Starlet M Y D 7 4 6.25 0.97

 

144

 

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality
Horse Fiber Fat Diet Day Period (mgldl) (mgldl (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)_
Starlet M Y D 14 4 6.42 1.145 5.55
Stimpy M Y D 0 1 6.44 0.5 8.7
Stimpy M Y D 7 1 6.28 1.01 7.4 278
Stimpy M Y D 14 1 6.145 0.975 8.7 281.5
Stimpy G Y B 0 2 6.075 0.87 5.85 277.5
Stimpy G Y B 7 2 6.5 1.015 8.95 278.5
Stimpy G Y B 14 2 6.49 1.055 8.9 278.5
Stimpy M N C 0 3 6.34 0.975 7.65 279
Stimpy M N C 7 3 6.08 1.07 7.75
Stimpy M N C 14 3 6.1 1.035 7.2
Stimpy G N A 0 4 5.695 0.98
Stimpy G N A 7 4 6.19 1.03 4.65
Stimpy G N A 14 4 6.45 0.985 3.8
Tank G Y 8 0 1 6.68 0.525 5.75
Tank G Y B 7 1 6.165 1.065 7.85 276
Tank G Y B 14 1 6.1 0.94 2.9
Tank M N C 0 2 6.595 1.135 7.5 277
Tank M N C 7 2 6.35 1.065 9.15 275.5
Tank M N C 14 2 6.61 1.055 3.9 275
Tank G N A 0 3 6.865 1.17 6.75 276.5
Tank G N A 7 3 6.04 1.035 8.1
Tank G N A 14 3 6.42 1.11 5.85
Tank M Y D 0 4 5.965 1.015 272
Tank M Y D 7 4 6.385 1.36 4.3
Tank M Y D 14 4 6.675 1.16 3.5

 

145

 

 

PCV p002 p02

Horse Fiber Fat D Per. Time (rm/dl) pH (mrrfig) (mmHgL
Goliath M N C 1 Canter1 35 6.3 7.45 49.95 17.4
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 2 36.5 6.55 7.46 49.1 19.25
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 3 36.5 6.5 7.46 48.35 18.4
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 4 20.5 6.5 7.47 45.15 18.35
Goliath M N C 1 End 1 33 6.1 7.43 48 40.25
Goliath M N C 1 End 2 32.5 6.5 7.44 48.05 36.35
Goliath M N C 1 End 3 30 6 7.43 45.05 35.9
Goliath M N C 1 End 4 34 6.15 7.43 45.85 215.35
Goliath M N C 1 Start 1 29 5.95 7.42 49.35 36.95
Goliath M N C 1 Start 2 27 6.1 7.44 45 37.05
Goliath M N C 1 Start 3 29.5 6.5 7.45 46.55 36.95
Goliath M N C 1 Start 4 41 6.15 7.44 43.35 37.65
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 1 34.5 6.15 7.46 50.85 17.55
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 2 36.5 6.2 7.46 48.7 17.2
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 3 39.5 6.75 7.46 51.1 16.85
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 4 37 6.25 7.46 51.6 17.5
Goliath G N A 2 End 1 33.5 6 7.45 49.55 34.9
Goliath G N A 2 End 2 33.5 6.3 7.46 46.3 38.2
Goliath G N A 2 End 3 38 6.6 7.46 46.1 38.2
Goliath G N A 2 End 4 32 6.25 7.46 48.1 35.6
Goliath G N A 2 Start 1 32 6.2 7.43 50.5 32.75
Goliath G N A 2 Start 2 30.5 5.9 7.43 49.1 36.3
Goliath G N A 2 Start 3 31.5 6.35 7.43 48.45 36.85
Goliath G N A 2 Start 4 34 6.25 7.44 47.55 33.6
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 1 35 6.35 7.44 53.85 18.6
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 2 35 6.5 7.45 50.55 17.05
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 3 34 6.25 7.47 47.95 17.4
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 4 33 6.45 7.46 49.1 17.4
Goliath M Y D 3 End 1 32 6 7.43 51.5 38
Goliath M Y D 3 End 2 33 6.1 7.42 28.65 36.85
Goliath M Y D 3 End 3 25 6.3 7.42 49.4 34.45
Goliath M Y D 3 End 4 29 6.1 7.42 49.4 35.55
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 1 30 5.9 7.43 49.3 35.6
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 2 31 6 7.43 50.95 36.3
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 3 30.5 6.5 7.43 49.2 39.3
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 4 30.5 6.5 7.42 48.35 33.4
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 1 35.5 6.45 7.47 51.85 17.7
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 2 34 3.65 7.48 52.3 16.45
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 3 34.5 6.4 7.49 49.9 17.75
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 4 33 6.45 7.50 48.2 17.5
Goliath G Y B 4 End 1 31.5 6.35 7.46 50.35 38.25
Goliath G Y B 4 End 2 33 6.4 7.47 50.25 207.3
Goliath G Y B 4 End 3 32.5 6.25 7.46 49.7 37.15
Goliath G Y B 4 End 4 27.5 6.4

Goliath G Y B 4 Start 1 28.5 6.45 7.46 51.6 35
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 2 29.5 6.25 7.45 50.1 36.15
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 3 31 6.35 7.45 51.05 34.55
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 4 30.5 6.05 7.45 48.5 35
Sassy G N A 1 Canter1 38.5 5.85 7.49 42.35 20

 

146

 

 

Peri PCV TS pC02 p02

Horse Fiber Fat Diet od Time (%) (my!) pH (mmHg) (mmHg)_
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 2 0 6 7.48 41.95 19.85
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 3 41.5 6.15 7.48 42.05 20.05
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 4 42 6.4 7.47 42.9 20.7
Sassy G N A 1 End 1 37.5 5.8 7.45 43.5 38.2
Sassy G N A 1 End 2 37 5.95 7.44 40.9 38
Sassy G N A 1 End 3 38.5 6.1 7.43 43.55 39.05
Sassy G N A 1 End 4 38 6.35 7.43 43.75 50.45
Sassy G N A 1 Start1 38.5 6.1 7.43 42.85 40.1
Sassy G N A 1 Start 2 37 5.6 7.44 42.9 38.25
Sassy G N A 1 Start 3 36.5 6.2 7.43 40.8 40.85
Sassy G N A 1 Start 4 35 6.1 7.42 42.05 35.6
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 1 37.5 5.95 7.48 47.25 19.45
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 2 37.25 6.3 7.50 45.65 20.25
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 3 37 6.2 7.50 46.25 20.1
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 4 38 6.15 7.50 46.15 19.6
Sassy M Y D 2 End 1 32.25 5.65 7.46 45.8 39.9
Sassy M Y D 2 End 2 34.25 6.15 7.46 47.1 38.9
Sassy M Y D 2 End 3 34.75 5.95 7.46 47.15 36.1
Sassy M Y D 2 End 4 31.5 6.1 7.47 45.75 36.9
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 1 37.5 5.65 7.44 48.05 36.35
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 2 36.75 5.5 7.44 47 37.35
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 3 35.5 6.25 7.43 48.4 38.3
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 4 32.5 5.85 7.45 46.75 36.3
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 1 39 6 7.47 47.55 19.1
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 2 39 6 7.47 44.7 18.85
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 3 38.5 6.1 7.46 46 19.2
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 4 38 6 7.46 46.65 19.7
Sassy G Y 8 3 End 1 35 5.6 7.44 47.5 40.45
Sassy G Y B 3 End 2 34 5.85 7.44 45 39.75
Sassy G Y B 3 End 3 35 6 7.43 46.3 41.5
Sassy G Y B 3 End 4 34 5.6 7.44 45.5 39.6
Sassy G Y 8 3 Start 1 34.5 6.05 7.44 47.6 37.5
Sassy G Y 8 3 Start 2 31.5 5.5 7.44 47.2 35.55
Sassy G Y 8 3 Start 3 35 6.55 7.41 49.75 34.55
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 4 31 6 7.43 46.1 34.75
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 1 37 6.4 7.43 50.45 19.1
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 2 35 6.5 7.47 49.2 19.6
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 3

Sassy M N C 4 Canter 4 35.5 6.1 7.46 46.85 20.05
Sassy M N C 4 End 1 32.5 6.05 7.44 49 37.2
Sassy M N C 4 End 2 32 6.05 7.43 50.9 33.65
Sassy M N C 4 End 3 31 6.1 7.43 50.75 37.25
Sassy M N C 4 End 4 31.5 6.05 7.43 47 35.55
Sassy M N C 4 Start 1 30 6.15 7.54 33.25 106.55
Sassy M N C 4 Start 2 30.5 5.95 7.45 46.5 39.65
Sassy M N C 4 Start 3 33.5 6.55 7.41 49.25 38.05
Sassy M N C 4 Start 4 30 5.85 7.56

Smagic M Y D 1 Canter1 40.5 6.5 7.48 47.5 21.25
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 2 39 6.45 7.50 43.75 20.1
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 3 40.5 6.7 7.49 44.45 24.4

 

147

 

Peri PCV TS p002 p02

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet od Time (%) (mgldl) pH (mmHg) (mmHgL
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter4 40.5 6.7 7.45 52.15 22.95
Smagic M Y D 1 End 1 38 5.95 7.46 42.85 34.65
Smagic M Y D 1 End 2 37 6.4 7.45 45.55 34.55
Smagic M Y D 1 End 3 39 6.45 7.45 46.6 35.8
Smagic M Y D 1 End 4 35 6.15 7.44 46.6 32.6
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 1 41.5 5.9 7.49 43.85 38.4
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 2 33 6.1 7.45 43.65 37.35
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 3 35.5 6.55 7.45 48.4 41.7
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 4 37 6.45 7.43 48.6 35.45
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 1 36.5 6.35 7.73 47.9 18.9
Smagic G Y 8 2 Canter 2 40 6.5 7.49 44.55 20.6
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 3 41 6.8 7.48 47.45 19.7
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 4 40.5 6.35 7.46 48.55 19.95
Smagic G Y B 2 End 1 37 6.3 7.44 47.45 38.65
Smagic G Y 8 2 End 2 36.5 6.35 7.44 46.15 36.6
Smagic G Y 8 2 End 3 38.5 6.6 7.43 51.65 34.4
Smagic G Y 8 2 End 4 38 6.3 7.44 50.4 36.55
Smagic G Y 8 2 Start 1 35 6.1 7.44 49.4 34.05
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 2 35 6.3 7.42 47.5 38.85
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 3 41.5 6.6 7.46 44.75 46.25
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 4 36 6.4 7.43 49.55 33.3
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 1 38.5 6 7.48 46.45 20.7
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 2 38.5 6.35 7.47 47.05 19
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 3 38 6.35 7.48 47.1 19.2
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 4 38 6.05 7.47 47.4 20.3
Smagic G N A 3 End 1 33.5 5.95 7.42 49.55 37.65
Smagic G N A 3 End 2 36 6.6 7.44 48.65 37.3
Smagic G N A 3 End 3 34.5 6.05 7.43 49.4 35.85
Smagic G N A 3 End 4 34 6 7.44 46.6 35.55
Smagic G N A 3 Start 1 37.5 6.05 7.43 50.05 35.5
Smagic G N A 3 Start 2 36.5 6 7.43 48.05 37
Smagic G N A 3 Start 3 37 6.45 7.42 48.55 38.75
Smagic G N A 3 Start 4 35 6.15 7.43 48.6 35.95
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 1 35 6.2 7.44 52.3 20.35
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 2 36.5 6.4 7.44 53.25 20.75
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 3 34 6.05 7.45 50.2 20.7
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 4 35.5 6.15 7.45 49.35 19.95
Smagic M N C 4 End 1 34 6.05 7.41 52.3 36
Smagic M N C 4 End 2 34 6.6 7.43 50.7 40.15
Smagic M N C 4 End 3 35.5 6.3 7.42 51.1 207.65
Smagic M N C 4 End 4 34.5 6.2 7.41 50.5 36.9
Smagic M N C 4 Start 1 28.5 5.95 7.42 51 35.05
Smagic M N C 4 Start 2 34 6.1 7.41 51.6 36.55
Smagic M N C 4 Start 3 36.5 6.55 7.41 48.75 37.3
Smagic M N C 4 Start 4 33.5 6.2 7.44 49.55 27.15
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 1 37.75 6.65 7.49 45.7 26.2
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 2 37 6.8 7.50 45.9 20.25
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 3 37 6.85 7.47 45.55 20
Starlet G N A 1 Canter4 19 6.5 7.48 43.1 19.8
Starlet G N A 1 End 1 32 6.4 7.46 46.05 50.2

 

148

 

 

Peri PCV p002 p02

Horse Fiber Fat D od Time (%) (mgldl) pH (mmHngmHgL
Starlet G N A 1 End 2 33 6.55 7.45 47.05 37.45
Starlet G N A 1 End 3 34 6.8 7.45 47.1 37.3
Starlet G N A 1 End 4 30 6 7.45 41.05 40.65
Startet G N A 1 Start 1 35.25 6.75 7.44 46.6 37.2
Starlet G N A 1 Start 2 31.5 6.4 7.44 47.9 34.45
Starlet G N A 1 Start 3 33 7.05 7.43 46.45 34.45
Starlet G N A 1 Start 4 31 6.35 7.44 44.25 34.6
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 1 35.5 6.5 7.44 52.65 21.35
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 2 36 6.85 7.44 52.15 23.4
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 3 35 6.8 7.45 51.9 24.05
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 4 34 6.6 7.47 47.7 18.8
Starlet M N C 2 End 1 31.5 6.4 7.43 49.5 41.1
Starlet M N C 2 End 2 32.5 6.55 7.44 50.15 38.85
Starlet M N C 2 End 3 33.5 6.5 7.43 49.9 36.55
Starlet M N C 2 End 4 32 6.5 7.45 46.45 40.45
Starlet M N C 2 Start 1 31.5 6.35 7.42 52.75 36.65
Starlet M N C 2 Start 2 33 6.5 7.42 49.15 40.6
Starlet M N C 2 Start 3 32.5 6.7 7.42 50 36.05
Starlet M N C 2 Start 4 32.5 6.3 7.42 48.3 35.1
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 1 34 6.45 7.46 46.65 25.15
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 2 35 6.9 7.47 49.75 18.65
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 3 36 7 7.47 49.6 19.1
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 4 35 6.55 7.48 47.35 17.45
Starlet G Y B 3 End 1 31 6.4 7.44 48.4 38.6
Starlet G Y B 3 End 2 31 6.4 7.46 47.75 39.05
Starlet G Y B 3 End 3 33 6.75 7.45 47.25 39.2
Starlet G Y 8 3 End 4 33 6.55 7.45 46.75 37.5
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 1 31 6.3 7.42 51 35.4
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 2 29.5 6.3 7.43 48.05 32.85
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 3 30 6.9 7.41 50.6 33.3
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 4 31 6.6 7.45 46.7 34.9
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 1 33 6.65 7.45 52.8 20.75
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 2 32 6.6 7.46 51.4 19.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 3 33.5 6.9 7.46 49.55 20.6
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 4 35 6.7 7.44 50.1 20.35
Starlet M Y D 4 End 1 32.5 6.5 7.44 50.9 37.65
Starlet M Y D 4 End 2 31 6.6 7.43 51.7 35.35
Starlet M Y D 4 End 3 28.5 6.3 7.42 48.5 35.2
Starlet M Y D 4 End 4 32.5 6.75 7.42 49.15 39.75
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 1 29.5 6.4 7.41 52.55 37.1
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 2 29 6.45 7.43 51.35 35.4
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 3 31.5 6.65 7.41 50.65 33.9
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 4 29 6.45 7.42 46.75 40
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter1 35 6.9 7.51 39.2 19.75
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter2 32 6.8 7.72

Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 3 35 6.75 7.50 42.4 18.1
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter4 36.5 6.6 7.49 41.3 18.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 1 31 6.8 7.50 35.65 44.05
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 2 31 6.45 7.53

Stimpy M Y D 1 End 3 33 6.45 7.47 41.25 31.05

 

149

 

 

Peri PCV TS pC02 p02

Horse Fiber Fat Diet od Time (%) (midi) gH mmHg) (mmHgL
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 4 31.5 6.5 7.46 40.9 32.7
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 1 31.75 6.5 7.44 46.8 39
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 2 34.5 6.8 7.42 44.42 35.95
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 3 34 6.65 7.44 45.45 34.95
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 4 32.5 6.5 7.43 45.25 32.8
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 1 34 6.5 7.51 43.95 18.75
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Canter 2 33 6.4 7.49 40.5 32.7
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Canter 3 35 6.6 7.50 43.3 17.75
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Canter 4 33.5 6.6 7.54 38.65 17.95
Stimpy G Y 8 2 End 1 31.5 6.45 7.48 41.65 34.45
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 2 33 6.4 7.57 32.75 22.95
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 3 32.5 6.4 7.48 42.4 32.4
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 4 31 6.15 7.48 39.45 30
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 1 33 6.4 7.47 46.05 35.75
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Start 2 31 6.1 7.45 44.25 35.75
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 3 29.5 6.2 7.45 43.95 35.05
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Start 4 31 6.3 7.46 43 30.3
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 1 32 6.4 7.48 44.5 19.15
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 2 36 6.7 7.49 46.35 18.2
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 3 33.5 6.1 7.49 45.35 18.6
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 4 32 6.15 7.48 44.55 17.8
Stimpy M N C 3 End 1 30 6.4 7.44 48.2 31.1
Stimpy M N C 3 End 2 34.5 6.5 7.46 44.15 33.6
Stimpy M N C 3 End 3 28 5.85 7.44 47.4 32.25
Stimpy M N C 3 End 4 28.5 6.1 7.45 45.95 33.25
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 1 33 6.3 7.43 51 .15 37.4
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 2 30.5 6.05 7.42 49 32.1
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 3 32.5 6.5 7.43 47.05 34.95
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 4 30 5.75 7.43 271.45 33.65
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 1 33.5 6.05 7.52 41.7 18.9
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 2 34.5 6.25 7.51 40.25 18.25
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 3 35 6.4 7.55 36.65 18
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 4 35.5 6.2 7.50 42.2 17.5
Stimpy G N A 4 End 1 30 5.9 7.45 42.55 33.65
Stimpy G N A 4 End 2 34 6 7.46 44.5 36.5
Stimpy G N A 4 End 3 33 6 7.48 41.25 31.15
Stimpy G N A 4 End 4 34 6.05 7.46 43.7 32.35
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 1 32 6.1 7.45 46.35 36.4
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 2 30.5 5.85 7.44 43.55 36.65
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 3 29.5 6.1 7.56

Stimpy G N A 4 Start 4 32 6.1 7.53

Tank G Y B 1 Canter1 39 6 7.44 48.45 20.2
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 2 40 6.4 7.45 49.15 23.6
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 3 39.5 6.45 7.45 47.75 18.5
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 4 39 6.4 7.45 48.15 21.1
Tank G Y B 1 End 1 33.5 5.9 7.42 47.35 39.3
Tank G Y B 1 End 2 35 6.2 7.43 49.1 35.95
Tank G Y B 1 End 3 35.5 6 7.43 47.55 37.95
Tank G Y 8 1 End 4 34.5 6 7.42 45.65 38
Tank G Y B 1 Start1 32 5.9 7.40 51.8 36.85

 

150

 

 

Peri PCV TS pC02 p02

Horse Fiber Fat Diet od Time (%) (nLg/dl) pH (mmHg) @mHgL
Tank G Y 8 1 Start 2 33 5.9 7.40 48.2 36.05
Tank G Y B 1 Start 3 32 6.25 7.40 50.85 18.45
Tank G Y B 1 Start 4 33 6 7.40 47.05 37.55
Tank M N C 2 Canter 1 37.5 6 7.38 59.85 16.6
Tank M N C 2 Canter 2 36.5 5.85 7.45 50.85 18.3
Tank M N C 2 Canter 3 37.5 6.15 7.47 50.8 18.75
Tank M N C 2 Canter 4 38 6.05 7.49 47.5 18.95
Tank M N C 2 End 1 33.5 5.7 7.41 52.9 37.9
Tank M N C 2 End 2 33 5.95 7.44 50.25 38.15
Tank M N C 2 End 3 35 5.8 7.43 51.3 36
Tank M N C 2 End 4 35 6.1 7.45 48.9 39.3
Tank M N C 2 Start 1 31 6 7.41 51.4 36.2
Tank M N C 2 Start 2 31 5.75 7.39 55.85 36.55
Tank M N C 2 Start 3 31 5.9 7.41 53 33.3
Tank M N C 2 Start 4 32 5.95 7.43 51.15 33.4
Tank G N A 3 Canter 1 36 5.6 7.48 48.6 17.85
Tank G N A 3 Canter 2 35.5 5.85 7.47 50.7 16.55
Tank G N A 3 Canter 3 38 5.7 7.49 46.8 18.05
Tank G N A 3 Canter 4 37.5 5.8 7.50 45.95 17.4
Tank G N A 3 End 1 35 5.45 7.52 37.05 42.75
Tank G N A 3 End 2 32.5 5.55 7.45 50.45 36.85
Tank G N A 3 End 3 35.5 5.65 7.45 47.95 33.2
Tank G N A 3 End 4 33.5 5.6 7.45 48.3 36.55
Tank G N A 3 Start 1 35 5.6 7.45 43.95 43.25
Tank G N A 3 Start 2 34 5.9 7.45 48.1 38.6
Tank G N A 3 Start 3 32 5.8 7.42 51.2 32.55
Tank G N A 3 Start 4 32.5 5.5 7.43 48.05 33
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 1 35 6 7.45 53.3 16.95
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 2 34.5 6.1 7.45 51.05 16.1
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 3 36.5 6.25 7.47 49 17.3
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 4 37 6.2 7.47 49.35 17.65
Tank M Y D 4 End 1 30 5.6 7.55

Tank M Y D 4 End 2 29.5 5.85 7.43 51.8 34.45
Tank M Y D 4 End 3 34 6.05 7.43 50.8 37.65
Tank M Y D 4 End 4 34 6.1 7.43 51.1 37.75
Tank M Y D 4 Start 1 28.5 5.7 7.51

Tank M Y D 4 Start 2 29.5 5.95 7.43 53.1 34.9
Tank M Y D 4 Start 3 28.5 5.95 7.40 53.25 34.55
Tank M Y D 4 Start 4 31 6 7.41 49.1 37.45

 

151

 

Na

Ca

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mgldl)
Goliath M N C 1 Canter1 140 4.15 103.5 5.39 0.8
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 2 143 4 104.5 5.29 0.8
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 3 141.5 4.3 102.5 6.06 0.945
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 4 141 3.9 103 5.38 0.875
Goliath M N C 1 End 1 141 3.05 103.5 5.245 0.75
Goliath M N C 1 End 2 140 3.1 102 6.245 1.005
Goliath M N C 1 End 3 137.5 3.1 102.5 5.55 0.825
Goliath M N C 1 End 4 138 3.05 102 4.98 0.785
Goliath M N C 1 Start 1 137.5 3.2 101 5.91 0.92
Goliath M N C 1 Start 2 140 2.8 104.5 5.39 0.755
Goliath M N C 1 Start 3 140.5 3 104 5.87 0.86
Goliath M N C 1 Start 4 139 15.95 104.5 5.665 0.85
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 1 140.5 4.7 102.5 5.835 0.74
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 2 140 4.55 100.5 5.775 0.785
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 3 140 5 97.5 6.445 1
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 4 140 4.55 98.5 5.95 0.82
Goliath G N A 2 End 1 137 3.5 100.5 6.2 0.825
Goliath G N A 2 End 2 136.5 3.25 101 5.73 0.74
Goliath G N A 2 End 3 137 3.3 99.5 5.8 0.755
Goliath G N A 2 End 4 137 17.6 98 5.805 0.75
Goliath G N A 2 Start 1 138 3.7 101.5 6.425 0.875
Goliath G N A 2 Start 2 136 3.4 100 6.45 0.865
Goliath G N A 2 Start 3 136.5 3.7 101 6.345 0.895
Goliath G N A 2 Start 4 135.5 3.3 99.5 6.035 0.74
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 1 139 4.6 102 6.235 1.04
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 2 140.5 4.5 101.5 6.13 1.075
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 3 141 4.35 52.5 5.66 0.905
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 4 141 4.45 102.5 6.215 1.105
Goliath M Y D 3 End 1 138 3.3 101 5.865 0.965
Goliath M Y D 3 End 2 137 3.2 99.5 6.09 1.07
Goliath M Y D 3 End 3 138.5 3.5 99.5 6.08 1.075
Goliath M Y D 3 End 4 137.5 3.25 102 5.77 0.96
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 1 138.5 3.5 104 5.675 0.905
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 2 136.5 3.2 100 6.395 1.085
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 3 138 3.5 53 6.625 1.145
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 4 137 3.25 100.5 6.585 1.115
Goliath G Y 8 4 Canter 1 138.5 4.75 101.5 6 0.865
Goliath G Y 8 4 Canter 2 136.5 4.8 101 6.215 0.965
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 3 137.5 4.8 101.5 6.055 0.87
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 4 136.5 4.5 100.5 5.905 0.9
Goliath G Y B 4 End 1 135.5 3.5 102 5.91 0.84
Goliath G Y 8 4 End 2 134.5 3.7 98.5 6.42 1.045
Goliath G Y 8 4 End 3 134.5 3.7 99.5 6.185 0.91
Goliath G Y B 4 End 4

Goliath G Y 8 4 Start 1 137.5 4.1 102 6.345 1.015
Goliath G Y 8 4 Start 2 134.5 3.55 100.5 6.405 0.9
Goliath G Y 8 4 Start 3 135 3.75 102 6.405 0.95
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 4 133 3.4 99 6.475 1.005
Sassy G N A 1 Canter1 142 4.8 106.5 5.815 0.83

 

152

 

 

Na K Cl Ca Mg

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmolll) (mgldl) flg/dl)
Sassy G N A 1 Canter2 140.5 4.55 103.5 6.135 0.95
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 3 142.5 4.9 104.5 5.995 0.905
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 4 140.5 4.75 101.5 6.23 1.105
Sassy G N A 1 End 1 140 4 104.5 6.195 0.915
Sassy G N A 1 End 2 138.5 3.5 105 5.8 0.905
Sassy G N A 1 End 3 140.5 3.75 104.5 5.875 0.88
Sassy G N A 1 End 4 139.5 3.45 104.5 5.495 0.875
Sassy G N A 1 Start 1 140 4.4 106 6.43 1.03
Sassy G N A 1 Start 2 140 6.7 104.5 5.71 0.87
Sassy G N A 1 Start 3 138.5 3.9 107.5 6.165 0.96
Sassy G N A 1 Start 4 138.5 3.6 105 6.025 0.865
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 1 139 4.5 103 6.14 0.845
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 2 139 4.45 101 6.37 0.975
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 3 140 4.7 104 6.275 0.84
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 4 140 4.35 102 6.275 0.835
Sassy M Y D 2 End 1 139 3.25 101.5 6.035 0.81
Sassy M Y D 2 End 2 137.5 3.3 102 6.24 0.935
Sassy M Y D 2 End 3 138.5 3.5 102.5 6.185 0.82
Sassy M Y D 2 End 4 139 3.4 101.5 6.185 0.77
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 1 137 3.5 103.5 6.025 0.84
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 2 136.5 3.3 101 6.56 0.96
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 3 140 3.6 103.5 6.815 0.985
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 4 139 3.4 101.5 6.6 0.845
Sassy G Y 8 3 Canter 1 141 4.85 105 6.315 0.99
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 2 139 4.6 104 6.13 1.015
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 3 140 4.9 105.5 6.25 0.945
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 4 139 4.75 103.5 6.145 1
Sassy G Y 8 3 End 1 138 3.7 106 6.025 0.905
Sassy G Y B 3 End 2 137.5 3.4 103.5 5.88 0.92
Sassy G Y 8 3 End 3 138 4 105.5 6.135 0.925
Sassy G Y 8 3 End 4 137 3.55 105.5 5.545 0.83
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 1 139.5 4.3 106.5 6.365 1.005
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 2 136.5 3.7 104.5 6.435 1
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 3 139 4.35 106 7.125 1.225
Sassy G Y 8 3 Start 4 137 3.8 104 6.315 0.965
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 1 142.5 4.85 106 6.26 1.04
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 2 140.5 4.65 103.5 6.585 1.16
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 3

Sassy M N C 4 Canter 4 143 4.25 103 6.235 1.035
Sassy M N C 4 End 1 138 3.75 105 6.285 1.195
Sassy M N C 4 End 2 137.5 3.4 105 6.325 1.07
Sassy M N C 4 End 3 140 3.8 105 6.475 0.99
Sassy M N C 4 End 4 140 3.35 105 5.86 0.815
Sassy M N C 4 Start 1 141 4.05 110 6.245 1.105
Sassy M N C 4 Start 2 137 3.55 106 6.4 1.145
Sassy M N C 4 Start 3 140.5 3.75 106 6.78 1.115
Sassy M N C 4 Start 4 136.5 3.45 108 6.38 1.015
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 1 140 4.45 102 6.09 0.92
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 2 141.5 4.1 103 5.495 0.815
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 3 141 4.8 102 6.575 1.095

 

153

 

 

Na Ca 9

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmol/l) (rgg/dl) (mgldl)

Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 4 140 4.45 101.5 6.295 1.06
Smagic M Y D 1 End 1 140 2.95 106 4.74 0.595
Smagic M Y D 1 End 2 140 3.2 101.5 5.825 0.885
Smagic M Y D 1 End 3 140 3.65 102 6.3 0.555
Smagic M Y D 1 End 4 139.5 3.45 103.5 5.67 0.83
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 1 139.5 3.25 103.5 5.46 0.68
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 2 140 3.1 105.5 5.34 0.72
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 3 140.5 3.7 103.5 6.505 1.0575
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 4 139.5 3.55 103 6.495 1.09
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 1 141 4.4 103.5 5.59 0.655
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 2 139 4.35 101.5 5.77 0.83
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 3 141 4.75 101 6.335 0.96
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 4 143 4.4 102 5.755 0.84
Smagic G Y B 2 End 1 138.5 3.85 101.5 6.31 0.865
Smagic G Y B 2 End 2 138 3.6 101 6.015 0.885
Smagic G Y 8 2 End 3 138.5 4 102.5 6.35 0.965
Smagic G Y 8 2 End 4 139 3.7 102 6.025 0.865
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 1 140 3.65 102.5 5.955 0.74
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 2 138 3.75 100.5 6.445 0.915
Smagic G Y 8 2 Start 3 140 3.95 103.5 6.22 0.92
Smagic G Y 8 2 Start 4 139.5 3.7 102.5 6.38 0.92
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 1 139.5 4.6 105 5.725 0.875
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 2 142 4.4 104 5.525 0.88
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 3 140 4.9 103 6.17 0.97
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 4 140 4.35 104 5.68 0.875
Smagic G N A 3 End 1 138.5 3.8 102.5 309.53 0.92
Smagic G N A 3 End 2 139 3.55 103 5.715 0.89
Smagic G N A 3 End 3 138.5 3.9 104 5.94 0.91
Smagic G N A 3 End 4 139.5 3.4 103.5 5.465 0.76
Smagic G N A 3 Start 1 140.5 4.1 105 5.855 0.87
Smagic G N A 3 Start 2 138 3.75 102 6.36 1
Smagic G N A 3 Start 3 140 3.7 103.5 6.215 0.945
Smagic G N A 3 Start 4 139 3.7 103.5 6.13 0.95
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 1 145 4.35 106.5 5.83 0.89
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 2 143.5 4.5 102.5 6.555 1.27
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 3 147 4.3 106 6.4 1.035
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 4 143 4.4 105 6 1.015
Smagic M N C 4 End 1 141 3.4 105.5 5.855 0.915
Smagic M N C 4 End 2 142.5 3.35 106 5.88 0.95
Smagic M N C 4 End 3 142.5 3.4 105.5 6.085 0.925
Smagic M N C 4 End 4 141 3.4 106.5 5.955 0.9
Smagic M N C 4 Start 1 142 3.7 107.5 6.01 0.87
Smagic M N C 4 Start 2 141 3.4 106 6.28 1.015
Smagic M N C 4 Start 3 144 3.45 106.5 6.48 1.1
Smagic M N C 4 Start 4 142.5 3.95 105 6.08 0.965
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 1 141.5 23.15 105 5.93 0.935
Starlet G N A 1 Canter2 142.5 4.45 101.5 5.86 0.935
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 3 143 4.95 105.5 6.05 0.925
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 4 141 4.5 104 5.385 0.81
Starlet G N A 1 End 1 141.5 3.9 57 32.4 0.845

 

154

 

Na

Ca

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmolll) (mgll) (rrLg/dl)

Starlet G N A 1 End 2 142 3.35 101 5.655 0.865
Starlet G N A 1 End 3 140 4.1 104.5 6.18 0.94
Starlet G N A 1 End 4 141 3.1 107.5 4.24 0.52
Starlet G N A 1 Start 1 140 4.05 106 6.32 1.01
Starlet G N A 1 Start 2 139.5 3.7 103.5 6.55 0.505
Starlet G N A 1 Start 3 140 3.9 100 6.1 0.915
Starlet G N A 1 Start 4 139.5 3.65 105.5 5.445 0.7
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 1 141.5 4.6 103 6.43 0.98
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 2 142.5 4.6 101 6.48 1.005
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 3 143.5 4.85 103 6.45 0.97
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 4 142 4.5 102.5 6.165 0.89
Starlet M N C 2 End 1 140 3.6 102.5 6.48 0.97
Starlet M N C 2 End 2 140 3.5 102 6.355 1.055
Starlet M N C 2 End 3 141 3.8 103 6.375 0.94
Starlet M N C 2 End 4 140 3.5 102.5 6.175 0.895
Starlet M N C 2 Start 1 138.5 3.7 104 6.71 1.06
Starlet M N C 2 Start 2 139 3.5 102.5 6.99 1.085
Starlet M N C 2 Start 3 141.5 3.65 104.5 6.73 1.06
Starlet M N C 2 Start 4 138.5 3.4 103.5 6.69 0.96
Starlet G Y 8 3 Canter 1 141.5 4.2 104 5.72 0.915
Starlet G Y 8 3 Canter 2 143 4.7 103 5.82 1.015
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 3 144 4.95 104 6.015 1.045
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 4 142 4.75 103 6.02 1.025
Starlet G Y 8 3 End 1 139 3.65 104.5 6.005 0.985
Starlet G Y B 3 End 2 140.5 3.4 102.5 5.495 0.925
Starlet G Y 8 3 End 3 141.5 3.75 104.5 5.85 0.96
Starlet G Y B 3 End 4 139.5 3.6 102.5 5.91 1.005
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 1 140.5 4 105.5 6.27 1.035
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 2 139 3.6 103 6.4 1.065
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 3 142 3.7 104 6.655 1.215
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 4 139 3.55 104 6.23 1.045
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 1 144 4.7 105.5 5.925 0.87
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 2 144 4.4 104.5 6.11 0.975
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 3 144 4.6 107 6.085 1.045
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 4 143.5 4.4 105.5 6.175 1.085
Starlet M Y D 4 End 1 142 3.5 104 3.005 0.885
Starlet M Y D 4 End 2 141 18.15 104 6.17 0.985
Starlet M Y D 4 End 3 140.5 3.3 108 6 0.83
Starlet M Y D 4 End 4 142.5 3.45 105.5 6.08 0.9
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 1 139.5 3.7 104 6.265 1.105
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 2 142 3.35 105 6.28 0.89
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 3 143.5 19.85 108 6.415 1.115
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 4 142.5 3.2 109 5.855 0.755
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 1 141 4.3 105 5.86 0.905
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 2 140 4 109 5.24 0.77
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 3 143 4.25 105 5.685 0.86
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter4 142.5 4.15 103.5 5.48 0.805
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 1 138 3.3 103 6.18 0.97
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 2 140 2.85 105.5 5.525 0.8
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 3 142 3.05 105 5.2 0.735

 

155

 

 

Na K CI Ca Mg

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmolll) (fig/d0 (mgldl)

Stimpy M Y D 1 End 4 140.5 3 103.5 5.415 0.795
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start1 141 3.65 106.5 5.69 0.82
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 2 140 3.3 102 6.45 0.995
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 3 142 3.5 104.5 6.255 0.91
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 4 141.5 3 103 6.07 0.855
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 1 142 4.35 105.5 5.72 0.71
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 2 141 3.2 107 5.56 0.72
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 3 142.5 4.5 103.5 6.17 0.985
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 4 141 4.3 104 5.605 0.85
Stimpy G Y 8 2 End 1 141 3.3 105.5 5.52 0.655
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 2 141 3.55 109.5 5.19 0.675
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 3 140 3.3 104.5 5.935 0.86
Stimpy G Y 8 2 End 4 140 3 105 5.03 0.65
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Start 1 141.5 3.65 106.5 5.955 0.395
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Start 2 138.5 3.4 105 6.175 0.775
Stimpy G Y 8 2 Start 3 141 3.6 106.5 5.65 0.825
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 4 139 3.3 104.5 5.825 0.8
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 1 140.5 4.15 104 5.63 0.78
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 2 138.5 4.35 103 6.38 1.09
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 3 142 4.3 105.5 5.735 0.855
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 4 142.5 4 106.5 5.53 0.855
Stimpy M N C 3 End 1 138 3.3 102 6.125 0.925
Stimpy M N C 3 End 2 139 2.95 106 5.17 0.69
Stimpy M N C 3 End 3 140 3.3 105 5.605 0.83
Stimpy M N C 3 End 4 140 3.2 105 5.88 0.95
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 1 139 3.5 104.5 5.855 0.885
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 2 138.5 3.2 101 6.385 0.96
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 3 141.5 3.4 106 6.13 0.91
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 4 138 3.25 105 5.825 0.845
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 1 141 4.6 105 5.675 0.93
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 2 141 4.15 104.5 5.735 0.97
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 3 139 4.4 100 5.765 1.015
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 4 141 3.95 100.5 5.315 0.955
Stimpy G N A 4 End 1 139 3.55 106 5.7 0.805
Stimpy G N A 4 End 2 138 3.4 102 5.815 0.935
Stimpy G N A 4 End 3 138 3.2 100.5 5.325 0.86
Stimpy G N A 4 End 4 138.5 2.9 100.5 5.205 0.89
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 1 140.5 4.25 107 5.895 0.975
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 2 139 3.55 105 6.12 0.98
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 3 137 3.6 105.5 5.87 0.93
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 4 135 3.15 101.5 5.94 0.965
Tank G Y B 1 Canter1 143 4.4 105 5.445 0.875
Tank G Y 8 1 Canter2 141.5 4 102.5 5.94 5.875
Tank G Y 8 1 Canter 3 144 4.4 105.5 5.33 0.91
Tank G Y 8 1 Canter 4 143.5 4.25 104.5 5.415 0.905
Tank G Y 8 1 End 1 141 3.4 104 5.725 0.88
Tank G Y 8 1 End 2 140.5 3.3 102 5.855 0.995
Tank G Y B 1 End 3 143.5 3.45 105 5.51 0.97
Tank G Y B 1 End 4 142 3.1 104.5 5.18 0.805
Tank G Y B 1 Start1 140 4.1 104.5 6.205 0.975

 

156

 

Na

Ca

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mmolll) (mmolll) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mgldl)

Tank G Y B 1 Start 2 139.5 3.3 104.5 6.105 0.91
Tank G Y B 1 Start 3 141 3.9 104.5 3.405 1.04
Tank G Y B 1 Start 4 140.5 3.25 105 5.785 0.885
Tank M N C 2 Canter 1 141 4.6 102 6.045 0.93
Tank M N C 2 Canter 2 142 4.15 102.5 5.615 0.785
Tank M N C 2 Canter 3 142.5 4.55 102.5 6.08 0.87
Tank M N C 2 Canter 4 143 4.2 102.5 5.455 0.78
Tank M N C 2 End 1 139 3.15 103.5 5.615 0.87
Tank M N C 2 End 2 139.5 3.1 102 5.625 0.77
Tank M N C 2 End 3 140 3.35 100 6.015 0.87
Tank M N C 2 End 4 140 3.2 102 5.6 0.845
Tank M N C 2 Start 1 137.5 3.6 103 6.225 0.92
Tank M N C 2 Start 2 138.5 3.1 101 6.37 1.01
Tank M N C 2 Start 3 140.5 3.3 104 6.405 0.91
Tank M N C 2 Start 4 139 3.2 100 6.43 0.915
Tank G N A 3 Canter 1 139.5 4.65 104.5 5.545 0.8
Tank G N A 3 Canter 2 140 4.4 102 5.88 0.905
Tank G N A 3 Canter 3 138.5 4.6 104 5.755 0.9
Tank G N A 3 Canter 4 140.5 4.1 104.5 5.07 0.78
Tank G N A 3 End 1 137.5 3.5 105 5.465 0.81
Tank G N A 3 End 2 138 3.35 101 5.96 0.915
Tank G N A 3 End 3 137.5 3.5 102 5.88 0.905
Tank G N A 3 End 4 138.5 3.05 102.5 5.23 0.795
Tank G N A 3 Start 1 138 3.9 107 5.495 0.755
Tank G N A 3 Start 2 136 3.7 102 6.305 1.025
Tank G N A 3 Start 3 136.5 3.65 103.5 6.56 1
Tank G N A 3 Start 4 136.5 3.35 101 6.085 0.89
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 1 139.5 4.65 100.5 6.145 1.19
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 2 141.5 4 100 6.23 1.155
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 3 140 4.25 103 6.165 1.12
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 4 141 4.15 51.05 6.125 1.13
Tank M Y D 4 End 1 137 3.25 102 5.745 1.105
Tank M Y D 4 End 2 137 2.9 99 6.32 1.245
Tank M Y D 4 End 3 137 3.4 100 6.51 1.465
Tank M Y D 4 End 4 138 3.1 100.5 6.25 1.175
Tank M Y D 4 Start 1 137 3.6 104.5 6.235 1.16
Tank M Y D 4 Start 2 136 3.2 100 6.47 1.26
Tank M Y D 4 Start 3 138.5 3.25 102.5 6.715 1.215
Tank M Y D 4 Start 4 136.5 3 101.5 6.78 0.735

 

157

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B

HCO3

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mmolll) (mmolll)
Goliath M N C 1 Canter1 90.5 1.1 16.5 10.45 35.2
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 2 96.5 1.65 16 10.2 34.8
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 3 105 0.9 18 9.9 34.45
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 4 101.5 1.6 17 8.65 32.75
Goliath M N C 1 End 1 97 0.6 16 7.65 32.25
Goliath M N C 1 End 2 120 0.95 17 8 32.6
Goliath M N C 1 End 3 57 0.55 17.5 6.1 30.25
Goliath M N C 1 End 4 112.5 1.15 17.5 6.35 30.75
Goliath M N C 1 Start 1 188.5 0.5 17 7.45 17.25
Goliath M N C 1 Start 2 111.5 0.7 16 6.7 30.85
Goliath M N C 1 Start 3 131.5 1 18 7.9 32.15
Goliath M N C 1 Start 4 105 0.55 17.5 5.6 29.5
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 1 135 2.55 15 11.8 36.55
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 2 139 3.15 15.5 10.6 35.15
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 3 146.5 2.45 17 11.25 36.3
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 4 129 3.4 16 11.7 36.75
Goliath G N A 2 End 1 137 1.8 15 9.8 34.5
Goliath G N A 2 End 2 140 2 15 8.45 32.7
Goliath G N A 2 End 3 143 1.65 16 8.3 32.55
Goliath G N A 2 End 4 133.5 2.3 16 9.7 34.15
Goliath G N A 2 Start 1 140 1.65 ' 16 9.25 34.05
Goliath G N A 2 Start 2 140.5 1.85 15.5 4.4 33.05
Goliath G N A 2 Start 3 161.5 1.65 16.5 7.8 32.45
Goliath G N A 2 Start 4 133.5 1.7 16 8.05 32.55
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 1 112 1.85 16.5 11.4 36.65
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 2 122 1.95 16.5 10.6 35.45
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 3 113 1.3 17.5 10.25 34.65
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 4 111 1.4 18.5 10.55 35.15
Goliath M Y D 3 End 1 113 0.5 16 8.95 33.95
Goliath M Y D 3 End 2 132.5 1.1 16.5 8.85 33.95
Goliath M Y D 3 End 3 121.5 0.8 17.5 7.25 32.4
Goliath M Y D 3 End 4 114 1.05 17.5 7.4 32.3
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 1 140 0.35 16.5 8.4 33.05
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 2 127 0.9 16.5 9.1 33.6
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 3 131 1.25 18 8.3 33.05
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 4 126.5 1.1 18 6.9 31.65
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 1 109 2.35 17 13.15 37.95
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 2 122 1.95 18 14.5 39.3
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 3 113.5 1.2 18.5 13.55 38
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 4 109 1.35 18 13.2 37.4
Goliath G Y B 4 End 1 109 0.1 18 11.85 36.3
Goliath G Y B 4 End 2 119 0.55 18 11.7 36.35
Goliath G Y B 4 End 3 118.5 0 18.5 11 35.6
Goliath G Y B 4 End 4

Goliath G Y B 4 Start 1 124.5 0.15 18 11.85 36.7
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 2 111.5 0.4 17.5 10.6 35.2
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 3 124.5 0.95 19 10.25 36.25
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 4 117.5 0.7 19 9.45 33.95
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 1 113.5 0.65 20.5 8.85 32.45

 

158

 

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B HC03

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) Midi) (mmolll) (mmolll)
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 2 106.5 1.2 21 7.5 31.15
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 3 117 0.55 21.5 7.5 31.2
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 4 134.5 1.5 22 7.1 31
Sassy G N A 1 End 1 129 0.4 20.5 6.6 30.6
Sassy G N A 1 End 2 108 0.8 19.5 4.4 28.2
Sassy G N A 1 End 3 123 0.3 21 5 29.25
Sassy G N A 1 End 4 130 1.05 20 4.65 29
Sassy G N A 1 Start1 129 0.6 20.5 4.7 28.85
Sassy G N A 1 Start 2 127.5 0.6 21 5.45 29
Sassy G N A 1 Start 3 132.5 0.5 18.5 3.35 27.3
Sassy G N A 1 Start 4 119.5 0.4 20 3.3 27.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 1 108 1.3 23 11.4 35.65
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 2 110 1.15 22 11.85 35.75
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 3 101.5 0.95 23 12 36.15
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 4 109 1.9 22.5 12.3 36.35
Sassy M Y D 2 End 1 109.5 0.65 23 8.2 32.45
Sassy M Y D 2 End 2 118 0.65 22.5 9.7 33.95
Sassy M Y D 2 End 3 113.5 0.75 22.5 9.7 34
Sassy M Y D 2 End 4 123 1.45 22.5 9.4 184.3
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 1 168 0.5 22.5 8.4 32.95
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 2 125.5 0.9 23.5 7.7 32.15
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 3 146 1 24.5 7.8 32.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 4 117.5 1.1 22.5 8.65 32.95
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 1 103.5 1.05 18.5 10.2 34.6
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 2 112 1.55 19 8.95 32.95
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 3 139 0.7 19.5 8.75 33.05
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 4 111.5 1.6 19.5 9.25 33.55
Sassy G Y B 3 End 1 105.5 0.5 18 7.85 32.4
Sassy G Y B 3 End 2 118 0.8 18.5 6.85 31.05
Sassy G Y B 3 End 3 111.5 0.5 19.5 6.4 30.85
Sassy G Y B 3 End 4 116 1.2 19 6.55 31.6
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 1 117.5 0.3 19 7.55 32.15
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 2 110 0.7 18.5 7.65 32.05
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 3 139 1.25 21 6.95 32
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 4 110.5 0.9 20 6.05 30.5
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 1 94 21.5 9.05 34
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 2 108.5 22.5 11 35.55
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 3

Sassy M N C 4 Canter 4 98.5 23 8.9 33.25
Sassy M N C 4 End 1 105.5 21 8.4 33.1
Sassy M N C 4 End 2 112.5 21 8.75 33.65
Sassy M N C 4 End 3 109 23 8.6 33.5
Sassy M N C 4 End 4 104 0 23.5 6.65 31.2
Sassy M N C 4 Start 1 142 21.5 5.75 28.25
Sassy M N C 4 Start 2 111 20 8.1 32.35
Sassy M N C 4 Start 3 129.5 23.5 6.75 31.6
Sassy M N C 4 Start 4 108.5 22 4.8 26.35
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 1 129 1.1 13 11.45 34.8
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 2 129 1.05 13 10.15 33.85
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 3 127 0.95 14 10.5 34.45

 

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B

H003

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mmolll) (mmolll)

Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 4 126.5 0.8 14.5 10.95 36.2
Smagic M Y D 1 End 1 123 1.05 12 6.8 30.5
Smagic M Y D 1 End 2 137.5 1.05 13 7.8 32.1
Smagic M Y D 1 End 3 128 1.05 14.5 8.1 32.55
Smagic M Y D 1 End 4 123.5 0.6 14 7.65 32.1
Smagic M Y D 1 Start1 123 0.6 13 10.3 34.5
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 2 134.5 1.4 12 6.55 30.65
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 3 152.5 1.2 14.5 9.55 33.6
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 4 133.5 1.45 14.5 7.4 32.25
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 1 114 1.5 14 10.25 34.65
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 2 123.5 1.9 14 9.95 33.9
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 3 124.5 1.1 15 11.25 35.6
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 4 121.5 1.25 15.5 10.3 34.9
Smagic G Y B 2 End 1 123.5 1.6 14 7.5 32.1
Smagic G Y B 2 End 2 133 1.9 14.5 7.3 31.65
Smagic G Y B 2 End 3 130 1 16 9.65 34.8
Smagic G Y B 2 End 4 127.5 1.1 15.5 9.15 34.05
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 1 118.5 1.35 14.5 8.95 33.7
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 2 126.5 1.7 14 6.55 31.25
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 3 134 1.7 15 7.95 175.7
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 4 130.5 1.2 15 8.2 33.1
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 1 98.5 0.75 14 10.2 34.4
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 2 101 1.1 15.5 10.05 34.5
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 3 108 0.3 16 11 36.8
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 4 109.5 0.5 16 10.05 188.8
Smagic G N A 3 End 1 105.5 1 15 7.55 32.45
Smagic G N A 3 End 2 110 0.85 15 8.25 33
Smagic G N A 3 End 3 112 0.4 16 8.1 33
Smagic G N A 3 End 4 111.5 0.55 16.5 6.95 31.45
Smagic G N A 3 Start 1 113 0.75 14 8.35 33.35
Smagic G N A 3 Start 2 111 1.05 15 7.15 31.9
Smagic G N A 3 Start 3 114.5 1.15 16 6.95 31.85
Smagic G N A 3 Start 4 115.5 0.9 16 7.95 32.65
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 1 94.5 17 10.25 35.4
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 2 105.5 17 11.05 36.35
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 3 104.5 0 17.5 9.6 34.65
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 4 107 0 18 9.95 34.65
Smagic M N C 4 End 1 98.5 16 8.35 33.55
Smagic M N C 4 End 2 103.5 0 17 8.45 33.5
Smagic M N C 4 End 3 110 0 17.5 8.4 33.45
Smagic M N C 4 End 4 117 0 18 7.35 32.45
Smagic M N C 4 Start 1 122 16 7.95 33
Smagic M N C 4 Start 2 109 17 7.85 33
Smagic M N C 4 Start 3 125 0 18 8.55 187.55
Smagic M N C 4 Start 4 110.5 0 18 8.8 33.6
Starlet G N A 1 Canter1 107.5 1.2 12.5 10.7 34.7
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 2 117 1.25 13.5 11.7 35.75
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 3 110 1.1 13.5 9.45 33.55
Starlet G N A 1 Canter4 111 1.55 13 8.15 31.9
Starlet G N A 1 End 1 109 1 13 8.95 33.05

 

160

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B

H003

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mmolll) (mmolll)

Starlet G N A 1 End 2 116 6.05 14.5 8.8 33.15
Starlet G N A 1 End 3 116.5 0.9 14.5 8.35 34.1
Starlet G N A 1 End 4 108 1.2 13 4.6 28.4
Starlet G N A 1 Start 1 136.5 0.95 13 7.7 32.1
Starlet G N A 1 Start 2 113 1.1 14 8.5 33
Starlet G N A 1 Start 3 138 1 13 6.3 30.85
Starlet G N A 1 Start 4 112 0.85 13 5.7 29.9
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 1 98 1.7 17 10.55 35.75
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 2 112.5 1.85 17 11.5 35.4
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 3 103.5 1 18 11 36.05
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 4 112 1.2 17.5 10.6 34.95
Starlet M N C 2 End 1 109 0 17 8.45 33.2
Starlet M N C 2 End 2 113.5 0 17 9.85 34.6
Starlet M N C 2 End 3 111.5 0 18 9 33.8
Starlet M N C 2 End 4 120 0.5 18.5 8.3 32.6
Starlet M N C 2 Start 1 151.5 0 18 9.65 34.75
Starlet M N C 2 Start 2 126.5 0.25 17.5 7.4 32.25
Starlet M N C 2 Start 3 156.5 0.25 18.5 8.05 32.95
Starlet M N C 2 Start 4 121 0.9 18.5 6.8 31 .45
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 1 108.5 2.7 15 8.85 33.2
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 2 118 3.55 17 11.95 36.65
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 3 112.5 1.95 16.5 11.3 35.95
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 4 114 1.95 17 10.75 35.05
Starlet G Y B 3 End 1 107 1.75 15.5 8.45 32.95
Starlet G Y B 3 End 2 116.5 2.1 15 9.4 33.8
Starlet G Y B 3 End 3 114.5 1.2 16 8.5 33.1
Starlet G Y B 3 End 4 117 1.4 16 8.6 32.9
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 1 119 1 16 8.15 33.1
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 2 109.5 1.8 16 7.75 177.65
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 3 135 2 18 7.15 32.2
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 4 114.5 1.6 16.5 8.5 33.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 1 98 1.75 19 11.55 36.65
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 2 107.5 1.9 18.5 11.65 36.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 3 99 0.65 19 10.7 35.3
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 4 96.5 1.7 19.5 9.35 34.2
Starlet M Y D 4 End 1 103.5 0.85 19 9.65 34.5
Starlet M Y D 4 End 2 113.5 0.5 19 9.75 34.7
Starlet M Y D 4 End 3 109 0.75 19 6.65 31.35
Starlet M Y D 4 End 4 115 19.5 7.45 32.2
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 1 119.5 0.55 19 8.4 33.55
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 2 109.5 1 19 9.5 34.35
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 3 132.5 1 20 7.35 32.2
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 4 102.5 1.1 19 5.55 30.15
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 1 114 1.7 16.5 8.05 31.05
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 2 116.5 1.7 17 1.75 18.4
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 3 134.5 0.6 18.5 9.7 33.15
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 4 112 1.05 18 8.45 31.9
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 1 129 1.6 16 4.95 27.6
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 2 127 10.55 16.5 3.7 25.25
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 3 119 0.65 17 6.55 30.1

 

161

 

glucose lactate BUN BE—B

HCO3

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) (rm/d!) (mmolll) (mmolll)

Stimpy M Y D 1 End 4 122.5 2.05 18 5.5 29.15
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 1 117.5 0 15.5 7.9 32.25
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 2 138 1.5 17 4.6 29
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 3 134.5 0.35 18 7 31.25
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 4 127.5 0.9 16.5 6 30.3
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 1 113.5 3 16 10.9 34.2
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 2 124.5 2.25 16.5 7.9 31.2
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 3 118 1.65 19 10.2 33.8
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 4 118.5 2.05 18.5 10.55 33.15
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 1 118.5 3.1 15 7.75 31.2
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 2 122 2.1 16.5 8.25 29.85
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 3 119.5 1.9 19 8.05 31.65
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 4 123 2.45 17.5 6.55 29.75
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 1 111 0.95 16 9.15 33.25
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 2 122 3 15 6.75 30.8
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 3 126.5 2.1 17 6.95 30.9
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 4 119 2 17.5 6.8 30.65
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 1 99 1.45 16.5 9.4 33.35
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 2 117.5 1.25 19 11.9 35.75
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 3 96 0.7 19 10.7 34.55
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 4 101.5 0.95 21 9.65 33.5
Stimpy M N C 3 End 1 115 1.1 17.5 8.2 32.8
Stimpy M N C 3 End 2 115 0.75 17.5 7.7 31.6
Stimpy M N C 3 End 3 102.5 0.6 19 7.55 32
Stimpy M N C 3 End 4 119 1.3 21.5 7.6 31.85
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 1 103.5 0 17 9.4 34.35
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 2 117.5 1.1 18 7.4 32.2
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 3 132 1.05 19.5 7 31.55
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 4 108 1 18.5 6.75 31.2
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 1 88 1.6 16.5 10.95 34.15
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 2 90.5 1.15 17 9.6 32.65
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 3 100.5 1.3 19 10 176.65
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 4 98.5 2.25 20 9.85 33.25
Stimpy G N A 4 End 1 98 1.15 16 5.8 29.65
Stimpy G N A 4 End 2 95.5 1.05 17.5 8.1 32.15
Stimpy G N A 4 End 3 104 1.1 18 7.3 168.5
Stimpy G N A 4 End 4 107.5 2.55 19.5 7.55 31.45
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 1 107 0.3 16 7.9 32.1
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 2 107 1.2 17 5.9 29.9
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 3 104 1.45 17 3.95 25.15
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 4 107.5 1.55 18.5 4.15 26.1
Tank G Y B 1 Canter1 123 1.95 13 8.4 33.1
Tank G Y B 1 Canter2 139.5 2.05 13.5 9.25 34.05
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 3 128 1.35 13 9.05 33.6
Tank G Y B 1 Canter4 132 2.05 14 8.8 33.5
Tank G Y B 1 End 1 132.5 1.15 14 5.95 30
Tank G Y B 1 End 2 148 1.2 14 7.5 32.35
Tank G Y B 1 End 3 134 0.75 13.5 7.45 32.05
Tank G Y B 1 End 4 140 1.2 14 5.6 30.05
Tank G Y B 1 Start1 135.5 1.15 14.5 6.9 32.15

 

162

 

glucose lactate BUN BE-B

H003

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgldl) (mmolll) (mgldl) (mmol/l) (mmolll)

Tank G Y B 1 Start 2 139.5 1.1 14 5.45 30.35
Tank G Y B 1 Start 3 153.5 1.15 14.5 6.75 31.85
Tank G Y B 1 Start 4 133 0.8 14 4.65 29.45
Tank M N C 2 Canter 1 125 4.35 16.5 9.4 35.8
Tank M N C 2 Canter 2 120.5 1.25 15.5 11.05 35.9
Tank M N C 2 Canter 3 109 1.25 16.5 12.5 37.25
Tank M N C 2 Canter 4 118 1.4 16.5 12 36.2
Tank M N C 2 End 1 126 1.65 16 8.3 33.65
Tank M N C 2 End 2 126 0.65 15.5 9.15 33.95
Tank M N C 2 End 3 120 0.9 17 9.45 34.45
Tank M N C 2 End 4 133 1.2 17 9.4 34.05
Tank M N C 2 Start 1 155 0.55 15 8.1 33.1
Tank M N C 2 Start 2 131 1.35 17 8.15 33.8
Tank M N C 2 Start 3 158.5 1.6 17 9.05 33.6
Tank M N C 2 Start 4 121 1.25 17 9.05 34.05
Tank G N A 3 Canter 1 102.5 1.35 16.5 11.8 36.15
Tank G N A 3 Canter 2 110 1.8 17 12.4 37.2
Tank G N A 3 Canter 3 110.5 1.15 17 11.45 35.55
Tank G N A 3 Canter 4 112.5 1.3 18 12.15 36.75
Tank G N A 3 End 1 102.5 0.75 14.5 8.05 30.6
Tank G N A 3 End 2 114 0.85 17 10.1 34.95
Tank G N A 3 End 3 116 0.8 17.5 8.9 33.4
Tank G N A 3 End 4 118 0.95 17.5 9.05 33.6
Tank G N A 3 Start 1 120 0.3 15 6.95 30.95
Tank G N A 3 Start 2 113 0.65 16.5 9.3 33.75
Tank G N A 3 Start 3 120 1.3 18.5 8.6 33.6
Tank G N A 3 Start 4 113.5 1 17.5 7.7 32.25
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 1 107.5 1.75 16.5 12.45 37.6
Tank M Y D 4 Canter2 118 1.3 17 11.15 36
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 3 112 1.15 17 10.95 35.55
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 4 105 1 18 1 1.15 35.8
Tank M Y D 4 End 1 115.5 0.5 16 9.45 31.7
Tank M Y D 4 End 2 127.5 0.6 17 9.4 34.45
Tank M Y D 4 End 3 127 0.6 17.5 8.65 33.7
Tank M Y D 4 End 4 115.5 0.8 18 9.1 34.1
Tank M Y D 4 Start 1 123.5 0.25 16.5 6.5 29.05
Tank M Y D 4 Start 2 118.5 0.4 16.5 10.7 35.65
Tank M Y D 4 Start 3 130.5 1.2 18.5 8.25 33.45
Tank M Y D 4 Start 4 116 1.5 18 6.3 31.2

 

163

 

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgldl) (mgldl) (mmon) (mOsm/kg)_
Goliath M N C 1 Canter1 5.555 0.815 8.1 285.5
Goliath M N C 1 Canter2 5.455 0.815 7.4 285.5
Goliath M N C 1 Canter 3 6.26 0.96 9.15 285
Goliath M N C 1 Canter4 5.58 0.89 9.05 283.5
Goliath M N C 1 End 1 5.345 0.75 8.2 282.5
Goliath M N C 1 End 2 6.375 1.015 8 281
Goliath M N C 1 End 3 5.65 0.835 8.15 278
Goliath M N C 1 End 4 5.065 0.795 8.2 278.5
Goliath M N C 1 Start1 5.975 0.91 7.35 281.5
Goliath M N C 1 Start 2 5.515 0.765 7.95 282
Goliath M N C 1 Start 3 6.015 0.87 7.6 284.5
Goliath M N C 1 Start 4 5.785 0.86 7.75 279
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 1 6.04 0.755 6.15 283
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 2 5.985 0.795 8.6 282
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 3 6.65 1.015 11.45 283.5
Goliath G N A 2 Canter 4 6.145 0.835 9.65 282.5
Goliath G N A 2 End 1 6.37 0.835 5.4 276.5
Goliath G N A 2 End 2 5.91 0.75 6 275
Goliath G N A 2 End 3 5.975 0.77 8.6 278
Goliath G N A 2 End 4 5.99 0.76 7.7 277
Goliath G N A 2 Start 1 6.55 0.885 6.2 279.5
Goliath G N A 2 Start 2 6.575 0.875 272.2 275.5
Goliath G N A 2 Start 3 6.455 0.9 6.3 277
Goliath G N A 2 Start 4 6.175 0.75 6.95 274.5
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 1 6.185 1.05 5.45 280
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 2 6.305 1.095 8.05 283
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 3 5.86 0.925 8 284
Goliath M Y D 3 Canter 4 6.43 1.125 7.35 284
Goliath M Y D 3 End 1 5.945 0.975 6.35 277
Goliath M Y D 3 End 2 6.17 1.075 7 277
Goliath M Y D 3 End 3 6.155 1.085 10.2 280
Goliath M Y D 3 End 4 5.845 0.97 6.4 277.5
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 1 5.78 0.915 4.95 280
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 2 6.5 1.095 6.05 276
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 3 6.75 1.16 5.35 279
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 4 6.665 1.12 8.3 277.5
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 1 6.24 0.88 3.95 279
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 2 6.51 0.99 1.25 276
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 3 6.355 0.895 3.15 277.5
Goliath G Y B 4 Canter 4 6.225 0.92 2.7 275
Goliath G Y B 4 End 1 6.12 0.855 2.4 273
Goliath G Y B 4 End 2 6.65 1.065 3.55 272
Goliath G Y B 4 End 3 6.4 0.92 3.05 272
Goliath G Y B 4 End 4

Goliath G Y B 4 Start 1 6.55 1.035 2.45 277.5
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 2 6.59 0.915 2.45 271.5
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 3 6.58 0.965 1.45 273.5
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 4 6.655 1.02 3.35 269.5
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 1 6.115 0.86 8.25 287

 

164

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time ng/dl) (mg/_dl) (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)_
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 2 6.4 0.97 10.5 284
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 3 6.255 0.925 11.85 288
Sassy G N A 1 Canter 4 6.47 1.14 13 286
Sassy G N A 1 End 1 6.38 0.93 9.45 284.5
Sassy G N A 1 End 2 5.94 0.915 9.1 279.5
Sassy G N A 1 End 3 5.985 0.885 10.9 285.5
Sassy G N A 1 End 4 5.575 0.88 9.75 283
Sassy G N A 1 Start 1 6.555 1.04 9.65 284
Sassy G N A 1 Start 2 6.36 0.885 9.75 284
Sassy G N A 1 Start 3 6.275 0.97 7.75 280.5
Sassy G N A 1 Start 4 6.09 0.87 9.7 280.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 1 6.425 0.87 5.1 282
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 2 6.73 1.005 6.65 281.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 3 6.62 0.86 5.2 284
Sassy M Y D 2 Canter 4 6.65 0.855 6.3 283.5
Sassy M Y D 2 End 1 6.225 0.82 7.55 281
Sassy M Y D 2 End 2 6.465 0.945 4.35 278.5
Sassy M Y D 2 End 3 6.41 0.835 5.65 281
Sassy M Y D 2 End 4 6.435 0.785 7.35 282.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 1 6.17 0.855 4.3 282
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 2 6.71 0.97 6.65 278.5
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 3 6.94 0.995 7.5 286
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 4 3.8 0.86 7.85 282
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 1 6.555 1.01 5.85 283.5
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 2 6.39 1.04 6.55 280.5
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 3 6.465 0.965 6.55 282.5
Sassy G Y B 3 Canter 4 6.365 1.02 6.65 281
Sassy G Y B 3 End 1 6.17 0.915 3.3 278
Sassy G Y B 3 End 2 6.02 0.94 5.95 278
Sassy G Y B 3 End 3 6.235 0.93 5.85 279
Sassy G Y B 3 End 4 5.665 0.84 4.5 278
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 1 6.495 1.015 5.35 282.5
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 2 6.575 1.01 3.75 276
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 3 7.185 1.23 5.15 282
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 4 6.41 0.97 6.55 277.5
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 1 6.38 1.055 7.05 287
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 2 6.825 1.19 5.95 284.5
Sassy M N C 4 Canter 3

Sassy M N C 4 Canter 4 6.43 1.055 11 288.5
Sassy M N C 4 End 1 6.41 1.205 3.6 278.5
Sassy M N C 4 End 2 6.415 1.075 2.65 279
Sassy M N C 4 End 3 6.57 1 5.8 284.5
Sassy M N C 4 End 4 5.95 0.82 7.2 283.5
Sassy M N C 4 Start 1 6.73 1.14 6.65 286.5
Sassy M N C 4 Start 2 6.575 1.16 2.05 277
Sassy M N C 4 Start 3 6.835 1.12 6.75 286
Sassy M N C 4 Start 4 6.96 1.075 5.7 277
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter1 6.38 0.94 6.9 281.5
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 2 5.79 0.845 8.5 284
Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 3 6.925 1.13 9.05 283

 

 

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgldl) (rqu/dl) (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)

Smagic M Y D 1 Canter 4 6.46 1.08 6.75 282
Smagic M Y D 1 End 1 4.895 0.6 6.5 280.5
Smagic M Y D 1 End 2 6.005 0.895 9.75 281.5
Smagic M Y D 1 End 3 6.475 1.07 9.1 282
Smagic M Y D 1 End 4 5.81 0.845 7.6 280.5
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 1 5.84 0.74 5.2 280
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 2 5.49 0.73 7.15 281.5
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 3 6.75 1.075 6.95 284
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 4 6.59 1.1 7.3 280.5
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 1 5.805 0.665 7.1 282
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 2 6.05 0.85 8.15 280
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 3 6.625 0.99 9.1 283.5
Smagic G Y B 2 Canter 4 5.96 0.855 10.25 286.5
Smagic G Y B 2 End 1 6.435 0.875 8.7 278.5
Smagic G Y B 2 End 2 6.16 0.895 9.1 278.5
Smagic G Y B 2 End 3 6.475 0.975 4.9 279.5
Smagic G Y B 2 End 4 6.15 0.87 6.6 281
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 1 6.09 0.75 6.85 281
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 2 5.03 0.92 10.25 277.5
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 3 6.435 0.935 8.25 283
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 4 6.49 0.93 7.25 280.5
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 1 5.97 0.895 4.85 279.5
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 2 5.74 0.9 7.55 284
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 3 6.45 1 6.6 281
Smagic G N A 3 Canter 4 5.895 0.895 6 281.5
Smagic G N A 3 End 1 6.17 0.925 6.9 277.5
Smagic G N A 3 End 2 5.835 0.895 6.2 279
Smagic G N A 3 End 3 6.035 0.915 5.25 279
Smagic G N A 3 End 4 5.575 0.77 8.75 281.5
Smagic G N A 3 Start 1 5.955 0.88 6.3 281.5
Smagic G N A 3 Start 2 6.46 1.005 8.1 277.5
Smagic G N A 3 Start 3 6.295 0.95 8.55 281
Smagic G N A 3 Start 4 6.24 0.955 6.85 280
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 1 5.95 0.905 7.45 290
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 2 6.7 1.29 9.1 287.5
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 3 6.56 1.055 10.75 294.5
Smagic M N C 4 Canter 4 6.18 1.035 7.4 287
Smagic M N C 4 End 1 5.9 0.92 5.6 283
Smagic M N C 4 End 2 5.965 0.95 6.65 286
Smagic M N C 4 End 3 6.175 0.935 6.75 286
Smagic M N C 4 End 4 6 0.905 6.15 285
Smagic M N C 4 Start 1 6.075 0.88 5.15 285.5
Smagic M N C 4 Start 2 6.32 1.02 5.75 283
Smagic M N C 4 Start 3 6.51 1.105 6.75 290
Smagic M N C 4 Start 4 6.21 0.975 7.55 286.5
Starlet G N A 1 Canter1 6.225 0.96 5.8 283
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 2 6.175 0.965 9.95 285.5
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 3 6.295 0.945 9 286
Starlet G N A 1 Canter 4 5.61 0.83 9.75 282.5
Starlet G N A 1 End 1 6.095 0.86 5 282

 

166

 

nCa

nMg

An gap osmolality

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgldl) (mgldl) (mmon) (m0sm/kg)_
Starlet G N A 1 End 2 5.825 0.88 10.95 284
Starlet G N A 1 End 3 6.34 0.96 6.4 280.5
Starlet G N A 1 End 4 4.345 0.52 8.5 282
Starlet G N A 1 Start 1 6.475 1.025 5.75 280.5
Starlet G N A 1 Start 2 6.715 1.02 6.5 279.5
Starlet G N A 1 Start 3 6.185 0.925 5.8 284
Starlet G N A 1 Start 4 5.56 0.71 7.8 279.5
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 1 6.565 0.99 7.95 284.5
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 2 6.64 1.02 10.1 286.5
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 3 6.62 0.985 9.4 288.5
Starlet M N C 2 Canter 4 6.41 0.91 9.35 286
Starlet M N C 2 End 1 6.6 0.98 8.3 282
Starlet M N C 2 End 2 6.505 1.065 6.95 282
Starlet M N C 2 End 3 6.5 0.95 8 284
Starlet M N C 2 End 4 6.35 0.91 8 282
Starlet M N C 2 Start 1 6.805 1.1 3.9 281.5
Starlet M N C 2 Start 2 7.075 1.095 7.7 281
Starlet M N C 2 Start 3 6.82 1.07 7.1 287
Starlet M N C 2 Start 4 6.765 0.97 7.2 280
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 1 5.91 0.935 8.1 282.5
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 2 6.06 1.035 8.25 288
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 3 6.235 1.075 8.85 289
Starlet G Y B 3 Canter 4 6.275 1.045 8.6 285.5
Starlet G Y B 3 End 1 6.135 0.995 5.45 279.5
Starlet G Y B 3 End 2 5.665 0.945 7.5 282.5
Starlet G Y B 3 End 3 6.015 0.97 7.75 284
Starlet G Y B 3 End 4 6.085 1.015 7.1 280
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 1 6.33 1.04 5.7 283
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 2 6.52 1.075 6.95 278.5
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 3 6.69 1.215 9.15 287.5
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 4 6.415 1.06 5.95 279
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 1 6.075 0.88 6.15 288.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 2 6.31 0.99 6.9 289
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 3 6.29 1.065 6.1 289
Starlet M Y D 4 Canter 4 6.305 1.095 8.2 288
Starlet M Y D 4 End 1 6.145 0.895 6.8 285.5
Starlet M Y D 4 End 2 6.28 0.995 6.15 284.5
Starlet M Y D 4 End 3 6.055 0.835 5.05 283
Starlet M Y D 4 End 4 6.155 0.91 7.95 287.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 1 6.3 1.105 6.05 282.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 2 6.39 0.895 5.7 286.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 3 6.445 1.12 6.7 290.5
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 4 5.905 0.765 6.85 286.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 1 6.215 0.935 9.45 283.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 2 6.215 0.85 16.45 281
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 3 6 0.88 9.5 288
Stimpy M Y D 1 Canter 4 5.77 0.835 11.1 286.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 1 6.51 1 10.8 279
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 2 5.945 0.835 12.1 282.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 3 5.405 0.745 10.1 286

 

167

 

 

nCa nMg An gap osmolality

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgfl (rgg/dl) (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)

Stimpy M Y D 1 End 4 5.59 0.815 10.75 283
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start1 5.83 0.83 6.2 283.5
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 2 6.525 1 11.75 283
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 3 6.41 0.92 9.95 287
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 4 6.175 0.865 9.15 281.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 1 6.085 0.74 7.05 285.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 2 5.85 0.74 5.8 283.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 3 6.52 1.015 9.85 287
Stimpy G Y B 2 Canter 4 6.05 0.885 7.75 284
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 1 5.77 0.665 7.6 283
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 2 5.685 0.705 4.95 284
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 3 6.195 0.88 7.2 282.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 4 5.27 0.665 8.35 282.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 1 6.17 0.405 5.6 284
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 2 6.345 0.785 6.1 278.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 3 5.82 0.845 7.25 284.5
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 4 6.015 0.815 7.05 280
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 1 5.89 0.8 7.3 282
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 2 6.72 1.125 4 280
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 3 6.02 0.88 6.8 286
Stimpy M N C 3 Canter 4 5.78 0.875 6.65 287
Stimpy M N C 3 End 1 6.25 0.94 6.6 279
Stimpy M N C 3 End 2 5.35 0.7 4.05 279
Stimpy M N C 3 End 3 5.72 0.84 6.7 282.5
Stimpy M N C 3 End 4 6.03 0.965 6.85 284
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 1 5.96 0.895 3.7 279.5
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 2 6.47 0.97 8.2 279.5
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 3 6.245 0.92 7.05 285.5
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 4 5.935 0.85 5.65 279
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 1 6.055 0.965 6.4 282
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 2 6.11 1.01 8.15 283
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 3 6.27 1.06 11.35 279.5
Stimpy G N A 4 Canter 4 5.625 0.985 11 284
Stimpy G N A 4 End 1 5.855 0.815 6.4 278
Stimpy G N A 4 End 2 6.02 0.955 7.05 277
Stimpy G N A 4 End 3 5.565 0.88 9.5 277
Stimpy G N A 4 End 4 5.39 0.905 9.55 279.5
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 1 6.05 0.985 5.3 281.5
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 2 6.265 0.99 7.05 279
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 3 6.41 0.975 10.4 276.5
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 4 6.37 1 10.3 273
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 1 5.57 0.885 9.4 287
Tank G Y B 1 Canter2 6.09 1.07 8.75 285
Tank G Y B 1 Canter 3 5.49 0.92 9 288
Tank G Y B 1 Canter4 5.56 0.92 9.8 288.5
Tank G Y B 1 End 1 5.78 0.885 9.7 283.5
Tank G Y B 1 End 2 5.93 1.005 9 283.5
Tank G Y B 1 End 3 5.62 0.98 8.25 285
Tank G Y B 1 End 4 5.25 0.815 10.65 286
Tank G Y B 1 Start1 6.195 0.975 7.6 282.5

 

168

 

nCa

An gap osmolality

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (mgldl) Midi) (mmolll) (mOsm/kg)_
Tank G Y B 1 Start 2 6.12 0.91 8.45 282
Tank G Y B 1 Start 3 6.42 1.045 8.3 285
Tank G Y B 1 Start 4 5.795 0.885 9.05 282
Tank M N C 2 Canter 1 5.99 0.925 8.25 285
Tank M N C 2 Canter 2 5.79 0.8 8.05 285.5
Tank M N C 2 Canter 3 6.325 0.89 7.45 286
Tank M N C 2 Canter 4 5.725 0.8 8.35 287
Tank M N C 2 End 1 5.645 0.785 4.7 280
Tank M N C 2 End 2 5.74 0.775 6.8 281.5
Tank M N C 2 End 3 6.13 0.875 9.1 282.5
Tank M N C 2 End 4 5.75 0.855 7.35 283
Tank M N C 2 Start 1 6.265 0.925 4.9 279
Tank M N C 2 Start 2 6.325 1.01 6.6 279.5
Tank M N C 2 Start 3 6.435 0.915 6 284.5
Tank M N C 2 Start 4 6.53 0.925 8.6 281
Tank G N A 3 Canter 1 5.795 0.82 3.2 279.5
Tank G N A 3 Canter 2 6.12 0.925 5 281.5
Tank G N A 3 Canter 3 6.035 0.925 3.4 279
Tank G N A 3 Canter 4 5.355 0.805 4.15 283
Tank G N A 3 End 1 5.85 0.84 5.7 276
Tank G N A 3 End 2 6.115 0.925 5.4 277.5
Tank G N A 3 End 3 6.04 0.915 5.65 277
Tank G N A 3 End 4 5.375 0.805 5.7 280
Tank G N A 3 Start 1 5.66 0.77 3.8 278
Tank G N A 3 Start 2 6.495 1.035 4.2 274.5
Tank G N A 3 Start 3 6.64 1.005 3.45 276.5
Tank G N A 3 Start 4 6.195 0.9 6.6 275.5
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 1 6.325 1.215 6 280.5
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 2 6.415 1.175 9.2 284
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 3 6.4 1.145 6.3 282
Tank M Y D 4 Canter 4 6.35 1.15 8.1 283
Tank M Y D 4 End 1 6.225 1.155 6.4 276
Tank M Y D 4 End 2 6.425 1.26 6.8 277
Tank M Y D 4 End 3 6.605 1.475 6.45 277
Tank M Y D 4 End 4 6.355 1.185 6.45 278.5
Tank M Y D 4 Start 1 6.64 1.2 6.65 276
Tank M Y D 4 Start 2 6.59 1.27 3.6 274.5
Tank M Y D 4 Start 3 6.73 1.215 5.75 280
Tank M Y D 4 Start 4 6.815 0.74 7 276

 

169

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Starlet A 1 start 1 43.4 36.54
Starlet A 1 81 T2 106.3 36.94
Starlet A 1 B1 C2 142.4 37.46
Starlet A 1 81 T5 102.4 37.02
Starlet A 1 B1 C4 138.5 37.55
Starlet A 1 End 81 44.1 36.55
Starlet A 1 Start 2 43.1 36.73
Starlet A 1 82 T2 108.8 37.04
Starlet A 1 82 C2 140.2 37.49
Starlet A 1 82 T5 90 37.33
Starlet A 1 82 C4 134.5 37.55
Starlet A 1 End 82 76.5 36.95
Starlet A 1 Start 83 42.7 36.64
Starlet A 1 83 T2 109.7 37.52
Starlet A 1 B3 C2 144 37.9
Starlet A 1 83 T5 108 37.44
Starlet A 1 B3 C4 141.3 37.98
Starlet A 1 End 83 81.4 37.16
Starlet A 1 Start 84 44.9 36.55
Starlet A 1 84 T2 106.3 37.35
Starlet A 1 B4 C2 128.4 37.82
Starlet A 1 84 T5 102.4 37.36
Starlet A 1 B4 C4 132 37.8
Starlet A 1 End 84 78 37.27
Starlet C 2 start 1 46.7 36.6
Starlet C 2 81 T2 100.4 37.12
Starlet C 2 B1 02 134.2 37.39
Starlet C 2 81 T5 100 36.87
Starlet C 2 B1 C4 136.4 37.44
Starlet C 2 End 81 53.2 36.75
Starlet C 2 Start 2 42.7 37.12
Starlet C 2 82 T2 102 37.55
Starlet C 2 B2 C2 138 38.11
Starlet C 2 82 T5 105.4 37.61
Starlet C 2 82 C4 145.2 38.3
Starlet C 2 End 82 81.3 37.39
Starlet C 2 Start 83 45.4 36.7
Starlet C 2 83 T2 108 37.38
Starlet C 2 B3 02 142.2 37.95
Starlet C 2 83 T5 108 37.45
Starlet C 2 B3 C4 139.2 37.98
Startet C 2 End 83
Starlet C 2 Start 84 49.4 36.82
Starlet C 2 84 T2 108.9 37.48
Starlet C 2 B4 C2 138 38
Starlet C 2 84 T5 108 37.4
Starlet C 2 B4 C4 136.8 37.94

 

170

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C

Starlet C 2 End 84 80.2 37.96
Starlet B 3 start 1 40.2 36.56
Starlet B 3 81 T2 96.8 36.87
Starlet B 3 B1 02 126.6 37.53
Starlet B 3 81 T5 102.9 37.01
Starlet B 3 B1 C4 135.8 37.6
Starlet B 3 End 81 78 36.79
Starlet B 3 Start 2 92.2 36.7
Starlet B 3 82 T2 102 37.18
Starlet B 3 B2 C2 139.2 37.75
Starlet B 3 82 T5 108 37.21
Starlet B 3 B2 C4 135.8 37.83
Starlet B 3 End 82 66.9 36.88
Starlet B 3 Start 83 37.02 36.6
Starlet B 3 83 T2 105.2 37.08
Starlet B 3 B3 C2 37.97
Starlet B 3 83 T5 106.3 37.44
Starlet B 3 B3 C4 134.7 38.11
Starlet B 3 End 83 69.1 37.2
Starlet B 3 Start 84 46.4 36.5
Starlet B 3 84 T2 108.9 37.31
Starlet B 3 B4 C2 136.4 37.94
Starlet B 3 84 T5 103.6 37.38
Starlet B 3 B4 C4 132 38.03
Starlet B 3 End 84 80.7 37.3
Starlet D 4 start 1 47.6 36.5
Starlet D 4 81 T2 106.7 36.94
Starlet D 4 B1 C2 144.6 37.49
Starlet D 4 81 T5 106.7 36.85
Starlet D 4 B1 C4 142.8 37.37
Starlet D 4 End 81 83.1 36.64
Starlet D 4 Start 2 56.3 36.46
Starlet D 4 82 T2 104.6 36.94
Starlet D 4 B2 C2 144.6 37.57
Starlet D 4 82 T5 108.9 37.08
Starlet D 4 B2 C4 142.8 37.72
Starlet D 4 End 82 80.3 36.79
Starlet D 4 Start 83 39.1 36.58
Starlet D 4 83 T2 114 37.09
Starlet D 4 B3 C2 132 37.75
Starlet D 4 83 T5 96 37.24
Starlet D 4 B3 C4 37.86
Starlet D 4 End 83 80.3 37.1
Starlet D 4 Start 84 59.1 36.86
Starlet D 4 84 T2 108.4 37.3
Starlet D 4 B4 C2 141.6 37.9
Starlet D 4 84 T5 104.1 37.46
Starlet D 4 B4 C4 132 37.99

 

171

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Starlet D 4 End 84 85.9 37.2
Goliath C 1 start 1 40.3 36.35
Goliath C 1 81 T2 115.8 36.87
Goliath C 1 B1 C2 153 37.72
Goliath C 1 81 T5 90 37.04
Goliath C 1 B1 C4 157.8 37.84
Goliath C 1 End 81 66.5 36.81
Goliath C 1 Start 2 46.6 36.75
Goliath C 1 82 T2 116.3 36.87
Goliath C 1 B2 C2 148.8 37.69
Goliath C 1 82 T5 117 36.99
Goliath C 1 82 C4 150 37.79
Goliath C 1 End 82 83.6 36.82
Goliath C 1 Start 83 47.25 36.76
Goliath C 1 83 T2 114 37
Goliath C 1 B3 C2 147.6 37.83
Goliath C 1 83 T5 1 19 37.02
Goliath C 1 B3 C4 151.2 37.82
Goliath C 1 End 83 95.3 37.3
Goliath C 1 Start 84 48 36.69
Goliath C 1 84 T2 110.3 37.07
Goliath C 1 B4 02 140.4 37.8
Goliath C 1 84 T5 97.6 37.18
Goliath C 1 B4 C4 134 37.97
Goliath C 1 End 84 96.3 37.15
Goliath A 2 start 1 44.7 36.65
Goliath A 2 81 T2 102 36.79
Goliath A 2 B1 C2 147.8 37.54
Goliath A 2 81 T5 114 37.43
Goliath A 2 B1 C4 152.5 38.07
Goliath A 2 End 81 85 37.18
Goliath A 2 Start 2 50.1 36.93
Goliath A 2 82 T2 117.5 36.74
Goliath A 2 82 C2 150 37.56
Goliath A 2 82 T5 123.5 37.27
Goliath A 2 B2 C4 156 37.93
Goliath A 2 End 82 79.4 36.6
Goliath A 2 Start 83 58.4 36.2
Goliath A 2 83 T2 120 37.04
Goliath A 2 B3 C2 157.8 38.04
Goliath A 2 83 T5 121.5 37.32
Goliath A 2 B3 C4 156.6 38.25
Goliath A 2 End 83 94.13 37.48
Goliath A 2 Start 84 55.3 37.02
Goliath A 2 84 T2 1 17.2 37.55
Goliath A 2 B4 02 144.6 38.25
Goliath A 2 84 T5 114 37.46
Goliath A 2 B4 C4 149.4 38.3

 

172

 

HR-bpm

 

Horse Diet Period Time Temp-
°C
Goliath A 2 End 84 97.98 37.23
Goliath D 3 start 1 51.4 36.54
Goliath D 3 81 T2 107.1 36.8
Goliath D 3 B1 02 146.4 37.55
Goliath D 3 81 T5 36.75
Goliath D 3 B1 C4 37.37
Goliath D 3 End 81 72 36.41
Goliath D 3 Start 2 51.3 36.66
Goliath D 3 82 T2 115.4 36.95
Goliath D 3 82 C2 141.6 37.9
Goliath D 3 82 T5 36.76
Goliath D 3 82 C4 37.63
Goliath D 3 End 82 80.8 36.84
Goliath D 3 Start 83 99.8 36.58
Goliath D 3 83 T2 117.7 37.12
Goliath D 3 B3 C2 147 37.84
Goliath D 3 83 T5 91.4 37.08
Goliath D 3 B3 C4 111.2
Goliath D 3 End 83 93.4 37.15
Goliath D 3 Start 84 58.7 37.05
Goliath D 3 84 T2 37.21
Goliath D 3 B4 C2 37.98
Goliath D 3 84 T5 112.7 37.04
Goliath D 3 B4 C4 37.51
Goliath D 3 End 84 57.5 37.3
Goliath B 4 start 1 39.2 36.48
Goliath B 4 81 T2 110.3 36.74
Goliath B 4 B1 C2 152.4 37.6
Goliath B 4 81 T5 36.72
Goliath B 4 B1 C4 37.67
Goliath B 4 End 81 86.8 36.62
Goliath B 4 Start 2 47.4 36.54
Goliath B 4 82 T2 114.5 36.82
Goliath B 4 B2 C2 154.2 37.66
Goliath B 4 82 T5 120 37.01
Goliath B 4 82 C4 148.8 37.98
Goliath B 4 End 82 46.5 37.01
Goliath B 4 Start 83 43.9 36.73
Goliath B 4 83 T2 116.3 37.14
Goliath B 4 B3 C2 147 38.02
Goliath B 4 83 T5 116.1 37.43
Goliath B 4 83 C4 148.8 38.09
Goliath B 4 End 83 95.6 37.32
Goliath B 4 Start 84 47.4 36.91
Goliath B 4 84 T2 114.9 37.33
Goliath B 4 B4 C2 142.9 38.33
Goliath B 4 84 T5 118.6 37.67
Goliath B 4 B4 C4 144 38.39

 

173

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Goliath B 4 End 84 92.6 37.52
Smagic D 1 start 1 43.78 36.31
Smagic D 1 81 T2 102.8 37.08
Smagic D 1 B1 C2 132 37.51
Smagic D 1 81 T5 99.3 36.97
Smagic D 1 B1 C4 132 37.44
Smagic D 1 End 81 75 36.87
Smagic D 1 Start 2 44.7 36.74
Smagic D 1 82 T2 93.1 37.11
Smagic D 1 82 C2 133 37.51
Smagic D 1 82 T5 99.1 36.9
Smagic D 1 B2 C4 130.9 37.4
Smagic D 1 End 82 72 37.1
Smagic D 1 Start 83 55.4 36.41
Smagic D 1 83 T2 96 36.87
Smagic D 1 B3 C2 133.1 37.33
Smagic D 1 83 T5 96
Smagic D 1 B3 C4 132
Smagic D 1 End 83 66.9
Smagic D 1 Start 84
Smagic D 1 84 T2 87.3
Smagic D 1 B4 C2 147
Smagic D 1 84 T5 95.2
Smagic D 1 B4 C4
Smagic D 1 End 84 54
Smagic B 2 start 1 60.8 36.7
Smagic B 2 81 T2 98.4 37.07
Smagic B 2 B1 C2 130.4 37.67
Smagic B 2 81 T5 101.25 37.08
Smagic B 2 B1 C4 137.4 37.65
Smagic B 2 End 81 36.78
Smagic B 2 Start 2 44.1 36.77
Smagic B 2 82 T2 100.9 37.1
Smagic B 2 B2 02 132 37.64
Smagic B 2 82 T5 102 37.23
Smagic B 2 82 C4 132 37.63
Smagic B 2 End 82 75.6 36.91
Smagic B 2 Start 83 60.3 36.33
Smagic B 2 83 T2 97.9 37.3
Smagic B 2 B3 C2 37.64
Smagic B 2 83 T5 99.9 37.27
Smagic B 2 B3 C4 129 37.68
Smagic B 2 End 83 73.1 36.97
Smagic B 2 Start 84 51 36.9
Smagic B 2 84 T2 96 37.22
Smagic B 2 B4 C2 126 37.57
Smagic B 2 84 T5 97.9 37.13
Smagic B 2 B4 C4 125.45 37.59

 

174

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Smagic 8 2 End 84 63.65 37.04
Smagic A 3 start 1 43.6 36.48
Smagic A 3 81 T2 100.5 37.02
Smagic A 3 B1 C2 150 38
Smagic A 3 81 T5 102 37.03
Smagic A 3 B1 C4 129.5
Smagic A 3 End 81 75.5 36.51
Smagic A 3 Start 2 71 36.52
Smagic A 3 82 T2 36.81
Smagic A 3 82 C2 37.6
Smagic A 3 82 T5 37.11
Smagic A 3 82 C4 37.49
Smagic A 3 End 82 73.2 36.98
Smagic A 3 Start 83 79.3 36.39
Smagic A 3 83 T2 36.97
Smagic A 3 B3 C2 37.53
Smagic A 3 83 T5 37.16
Smagic A 3 B3 C4 37.71
Smagic A 3 End 83 74.3 37.07
Smagic A 3 Start 84 96 37.06
Smagic A 3 84 T2 90.75 37.29
Smagic A 3 B4 C2 108 37.85
Smagic A 3 84 T5 100.3 37.37
Smagic A 3 B4 C4 125.5 37.84
Smagic A 3 End 84 75 37.64
Smagic C 4 start 1 46.9 37.5
Smagic C 4 81 T2 113.1 36.92
Smagic C 4 B1 C2 139.6 37.39
Smagic C 4 81 T5 91.9 36.58
Smagic C 4 B1 C4 146.4 37.18
Smagic C 4 End 81 93.4 36.73
Smagic C 4 Start 2 117.5 36.57
Smagic C 4 82 T2 91.1 36.79
Smagic C 4 B2 C2 147 37.18
Smagic C 4 82 T5 120 36.85
Smagic C 4 82 C4 145.2 37.25
Smagic C 4 End 82 68.6 36.71
Smagic C 4 Start 83 41.5 36.39
Smagic C 4 83 T2 92.2 37.22
Smagic C 4 83 C2 126 37.37
Smagic C 4 83 T5 98.8 37.19
Smagic C 4 83 C4 141 37.22
Smagic C 4 End 83 77 37.06
Smagic C 4 Start 84 68.2 36.74
Smagic C 4 84 T2 87.3 37.08
Smagic C 4 B4 C2 123 37.55
Smagic C 4 84 T5 117.9 37.29
Smagic C 4 B4 C4 147.6 37.51

 

175

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Smagic C 4 End 84 84 37
Tank 8 1 start 1 42 36.77
Tank 8 1 81 T2 106.2 37.01
Tank 8 1 B1 02 153 37.78
Tank 8 1 81 T5 118.9 37.16
Tank 8 1 B1 C4 157.2 37.86
Tank 8 1 End 81 89.6 36.7
Tank 8 1 Start 2 43.7 36.8
Tank 8 1 82 T2 110.7 37.24
Tank 8 1 82 C2 148.8 37.88
Tank 8 1 82 T5 144 37.17
Tank 8 1 82 C4 139.1 37.86
Tank 8 1 End 82 85.6 36.85
Tank 8 1 Start 83 48.56 36.53
Tank 8 1 83 T2 109.8 37.03
Tank 8 1 83 C2 153.6 37.65
Tank 8 1 83 T5 117.5 37.24
Tank 8 1 83 C4 144 37.92
Tank 8 1 End 83 87.3 37
Tank 8 1 Start 84 48.9 37.02
Tank 8 1 84 T2 113.5 37.17
Tank 8 1 B4 C2 144 38.15
Tank 8 1 84 T5 116.1
Tank 8 1 B4 C4 148.8 37.96
Tank 8 1 End 84 89.3 37.34
Tank C 2 start 1 44.2
Tank C 2 81 T2 114.9 37.09
Tank C 2 B1 02 147 37.74
Tank C 2 81 T5 103.9 37.04
Tank C 2 B1 C4 121.8 37.02
Tank 0 2 End 81 70 36.67
Tank C 2 Start 2 57.6 36.8
Tank 0 2 82 T2 114.9 37.18
Tank C 2 B2 C2 156 37.93
Tank C 2 82 T5 109.7 37.47
Tank C 2 82 C4 144 37.89
Tank C 2 End 82 67.36 37.17
Tank C 2 Start 83 49.07 36.82
Tank C 2 83 T2 37.15
Tank 0 2 83 C2 38.02
Tank C 2 83 T5 112.6 37.32
Tank C 2 83 C4 150 38.02
Tank C 2 End B3 90.7 37.26
Tank C 2 Start 84 61.68 37.23
Tank C 2 84 T2 114.9 37.47
Tank C 2 B4 02 144.6 37.98
Tank C 2 84 T5 118.6 37.31
Tank 0 2 B4 C4 145.8 38.02

 

176

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C

Tank C 2 End 84 90 36.81

Tank A 3 start 1 96.6 36.34

Tank A 3 81 T2 114 37.16

Tank A 3 B1 C2 147 37.72

Tank A 3 81 T5 91.2 37.14

Tank A 3 B1 04 37.7

Tank A 3 End 81 86.5 36.84

Tank A 3 Start 2 54 36.91

Tank A 3 82 T2 37.34

Tank A 3 82 C2 37.77

Tank A 3 82 T5 96 36.92

Tank A 3 82 C4 37.77

Tank A 3 End 82 36.79

Tank A 3 Start 83 44.7 36.67

Tank A 3 83 T2 92.1 37.03

Tank A 3 B3 02 37.97

Tank A 3 83 T5 114.9 37.34

Tank A 3 B3 C4 138.8 38.07

Tank A 3 End 83 36.84

Tank A 3 Start 84 52.2 37.06

Tank A 3 84 T2 37.27

Tank A 3 B4 C2 37.9

Tank A 3 84 T5 37.33

Tank A 3 B4 C4 38

Tank A 3 End 84 83 37.07

Tank D 4 start 1 44

Tank D 4 81 T2

Tank D 4 B1 C2 144

Tank D 4 81 T5 116

Tank D 4 81 C4 147

Tank D 4 End 81 91

Tank D 4 Start 2 57

Tank D 4 82 T2 115

Tank D 4 82 C2 142

Tank D 4 82 T5 119

Tank D 4 82 C4

Tank D 4 End 82 88

Tank D 4 Start 83 48

Tank D 4 83 T2

Tank D 4 B3 C2

Tank D 4 83 T5 110

Tank D 4 B3 C4 139

Tank D 4 End 83 85

Tank D 4 Start 84 54

Tank D 4 84 T2

Tank D 4 B4 02 140

Tank D 4 84 T5 11 1

Tank D 4 B4 C4 141

 

177

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C
Tank D 4 End 84 68
Sassy A 1 start 1 39.1 36.78
Sassy A 1 81 T2 102 37.69
Sassy A 1 B1 C2 135 38.32
Sassy A 1 81 T5 125 37.81
Sassy A 1 B1 C4 136.2 38
Sassy A 1 End 81 90.3 36.82
Sassy A 1 Start 2 52.9 36.87
Sassy A 1 82 T2 105.2 37.33
Sassy A 1 82 C2 136.2 37.97
Sassy A 1 82 T5 108 37.28
Sassy A 1 B2 C4 37.71
Sassy A 1 End 82 88.5 36.92
Sassy A 1 Start 83 57 36.73
Sassy A 1 83 T2 104.8 37.16
Sassy A 1 B3 C2 141 37.66
Sassy A 1 83 T5 99.6 37.13
Sassy A 1 B3 C4 136.8 37.64
Sassy A 1 End 83 81.9 36.8
Sassy A 1 Start 84 44.7 36.84
Sassy A 1 84 T2 94.9 37.1
Sassy A 1 B4 C2 118.8 37.61
Sassy A 1 84 T5 102 37.1
Sassy A 1 B4 C4 126 37.54
Sassy A 1 End 84 82.5 36.8
Sassy D 2 start 1 48 36.8
Sassy D 2 81 T2 112.28 37.15
Sassy D 2 B1 C2 130.9 37.72
Sassy D 2 81 T5 90 37
Sassy D 2 B1 C4 141.6 37.71
Sassy D 2 End 81 81 36.94
Sassy D 2 Start 2 50.79 37.16
Sassy D 2 82 T2 114 37.28
Sassy D 2 B2 C2 144 37.72
Sassy D 2 82 T5 120 37.27
Sassy D 2 82 C4 144 37.79
Sassy D 2 End 82 80.43 36.99
Sassy D 2 Start 83 48.99 36.93
Sassy D 2 83 T2 37.37
Sassy D 2 B3 C2 37.86
Sassy D 2 83 T5 37.69
Sassy D 2 83 C4 37.92
Sassy D 2 End 83 96.35 37.33
Sassy D 2 Start 84 37.28
Sassy D 2 84 T2 128 37.37
Sassy D 2 B4 C2 146.3 37.92
Sassy D 2 84 T5 124.2 37.42
Sassy D 2 B4 C4 150 37.9

 

178

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C

Sassy D 2 End 84 102 37.4
Sassy B 3 start 1 48 36.6
Sassy B 3 81 T2 109.3 37.26
Sassy B 3 B1 C2 130.5 37.44
Sassy B 3 81 T5 107.1 36.73
Sassy B 3 B1 C4 128.5 38.01
Sassy B 3 End 81 83.4 36.87
Sassy B 3 Start 2 49.2 36.37
Sassy B 3 82 T2 106.7 36.98
Sassy B 3 82 C2 128.2 37.35
Sassy B 3 82‘T5 1 19 37.21
Sassy B 3 B2 C4 123 37.29
Sassy B 3 End 82 72.9 36.75
Sassy B 3 Start 83 46.7 36.66
Sassy B 3 83 T2 107.6 37.11
Sassy B 3 B3 C2 132 37.51
Sassy B 3 83 T5 118.5 37.37
Sassy B 3 B3 C4 130.5 37.51
Sassy B 3 End 83 85.8 36.9
Sassy B 3 Start 84 46.5 36.71
Sassy B 3 84 T2 98 37.08
Sassy B 3 B4 C2 145.2 37.4
Sassy B 3 84 T5 104.6 36.95
Sassy B 3 B4 C4 124.2 37.37
Sassy B 3 End 84 79.3 36.93
Sassy C 4 start 1 46.9 36.83
Sassy C 4 81 T2 117.7 37.35
Sassy C 4 B1 C2 144 37.7
Sassy C 4 81 T5 134.2 37.31
Sassy C 4 B1 C4 146.4 37.75
Sassy C 4 End 81 73.1 37.02
Sassy C 4 Start 2 55.6 36.58
Sassy C 4 82 T2 118.2 37.12
Sassy C 4 B2 C2 37.48
Sassy C 4 82 T5 119 36.98
Sassy C 4 B2 C4 137.5 37.41
Sassy C 4 End 82 85.8 36.81
Sassy C 4 Start 83 63.6 36.55
Sassy C 4 83 T2 110.6 36.94
Sassy C 4 B3 02 138.6 37.52
Sassy C 4 83 T5 120 37.15
Sassy C 4 B3 C4 134.2 37.46
Sassy C 4 End 83 54 37.06
Sassy C 4 Start 84 53.6 36.51
Sassy C 4 84 T2 117.7 37.07
Sassy C 4 B4 C2 137 37.49
Sassy C 4 84 T5 115.4 37.09
Sassy C 4 84 C4 133.6 37.51

 

179

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
°C

Sassy C 4 End 84 86.5 37.04
Stimpy D 1 start 1 47.6 36.75
Stimpy D 1 81 T2 119.1 37.75
Stimpy D 1 B1 C2 150.6 37.91
Stimpy D 1 81 T5 109.7 37.15
Stimpy D 1 B1 C4 138 37.79
Stimpy D 1 End 81 81 37.91
Stimpy D 1 Start 2 43.98 36.89
Stimpy D 1 82 T2 105.96 37.25
Stimpy D 1 B2 C2 144 37.88
Stimpy D 1 82 T5 104.4 37.15
Stimpy D 1 B2 C4 126.6 37.6
Stimpy D 1 End 82 73.4 36.84
Stimpy D 1 Start 83 42.3 36.57
Stimpy D 1 83 T2 109.2 37.2
Stimpy D 1 B3 C2 154.2 37.9
Stimpy D 1 83 T5 37.3
Stimpy D 1 83 C4 37.88
Stimpy D 1 End 83 90 37.14
Stimpy D 1 Start 84 41.6 36.94
Stimpy D 1 84 T2 109.2 37.1
Stimpy D 1 B4 C2 144 37.77
Stimpy D 1 84 T5 108 37.29
Stimpy D 1 B4 C4 37.71
Stimpy D 1 End 84 83.4 37.38
Stimpy B 2 start 1 65.5 36.58
Stimpy B 2 81 T2 110.14 37.25
Stimpy B 2 B1 C2 142.8 37.87
Stimpy B 2 81 T5 104.14 37.21
Stimpy B 2 B1 C4 144 37.84
Stimpy B 2 End 81 76.67 37.35
Stimpy B 2 Start 2 66 36.82
Stimpy B 2 82 T2 104.14 37.14
Stimpy B 2 B2 C2 139.2 37.79
Stimpy B 2 82 T5 102 37.06
Stimpy B 2 B2 C4 132 37.7
Stimpy B 2 End 82 37.15
Stimpy B 2 Start 83 39.75 36.69
Stimpy B 2 83 T2 105.6 37.2
Stimpy B 2 83 C2 145.8 38.04
Stimpy B 2 83 T5 103.6 37.18
Stimpy B 2 B3 C4 135.27 37.9
Stimpy B 2 End 83 58 37.19
Stimpy B 2 Start 84 36.16 36.98
Stimpy B 2 84 T2 106.28 37.25
Stimpy B 2 B4 C2 135.82 37.97
Stimpy B 2 84 T5 103.28 37.64
Stimpy B 2 B4 C4 141.6 38.02

 

180

 

 

Horse Diet Period Time HR-bpm Temp-
“C

Stimpy B 2 End 84 66.3 37.29
Stimpy C 3 start 1 49.4 36.62
Stimpy C 3 81 T2 106.3 37.04
Stimpy C 3 B1 C2 144 37.71
Stimpy C 3 81 T5 101.1 37.19
Stimpy C 3 B1 C4 132 37.8
Stimpy C 3 End 81 78 36.84
Stimpy C 3 Start 2 41.7 36.8
Stimpy C 3 82 T2 98.8 37.08
Stimpy C 3 82 C2 136.4 37.77
Stimpy C 3 82 T5 102 37.14
Stimpy C 3 B2 C4 135.2 37.88
Stimpy C 3 End 82 81.3 37.07
Stimpy C 3 Start 83 40.6 36.86
Stimpy C 3 83 T2 108.9 37.26
Stimpy C 3 83 C2 148.8 37.01
Stimpy C 3 83 T5 95.1 37.37
Stimpy C 3 B3 C4 151.8 37.77
Stimpy C 3 End 83 82.1 37.2
Stimpy C 3 Start 84 44.1 37.02
Stimpy C 3 84 T2 108.9 37.31
Stimpy C 3 B4 C2 137.4 37.84
Stimpy C 3 84 T5 104.8 37.29
Stimpy C 3 B4 C4 124.2 37.98
Stimpy C 3 End 84 85 37.16
Stimpy A 4 start 1 55 36.81
Stimpy A 4 81 T2 98.4 37.28
Stimpy A 4 B1 C2 138 37.87
Stimpy A 4 81 T5 103.3 37.74
Stimpy A 4 B1 C4 137.5 38.32
Stimpy A 4 End 81 81.36 37.62
Stimpy A 4 Start 2 45.6 36.99
Stimpy A 4 82 T2 103.3 37.36
Stimpy A 4 82 02 134.2 38.01
Stimpy A 4 82 T5 104 37.24
Stimpy A 4 82 C4 136.4 37.9
Stimpy A 4 End 82 82 36.98
Stimpy A 4 Start 83 37.1 36.89
Stimpy A 4 83 T2 37.26
Stimpy A 4 B3 02 128.7 37.63
Stimpy A 4 83 T5 37.41
Stimpy A 4 B3 C4 126 37.92
Stimpy A 4 End 83 77.1 37.26
Stimpy A 4 Start 84 40.7 36.95
Stimpy A 4 84 T2 37.15
Stimpy A 4 B4 02 37.7
Stimpy A 4 84 T5 37.23
Stimpy A 4 B4 C4 118.6 37.62
Stimpy A 4 End 84 77.1 37.11

 

181

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time Insulin (plU/ml)

Goliath M N C 1 60 min Post 3.85
Goliath M N C 1 Pre 2.29
Goliath M N C 1 Start 81 30.78
Goliath M N C 1 Start 83 8.08
Goliath G N A 2 60 min Post 3.48
Goliath G N A 2 Pre 1 .93
Goliath G N A 2 Start 81 3.23
Goliath G N A 2 Start 83 11.87
Goliath M Y D 3 60 min Post 5.10
Goliath M Y D 3 Pre 1.19
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 81 8.07
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 83 3.50
Goliath G Y B 4 60 min Post 1.03
Goliath G Y B 4 Pre 0.96
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 81 3.49
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 83 2.34
Sassy G N A 1 60 min Post 7.15
Sassy G N A 1 Pre 1.53
Sassy G N A 1 Start 81 6.49
Sassy G N A 1 Start 83 6.13
Sassy M Y D 2 60 min Post 7.86
Sassy M Y D 2 Pre 1.32
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 81 26.57
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 83 20.85
Sassy G Y B 3 60 min Post 3.89
Sassy G Y B 3 Pre 1.35
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 81 3.56
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 83 7.21
Sassy M N C 4 60 min Post 11.92
Sassy M N C 4 Pre 2.61
Sassy M N C 4 Start 81' 33.09
Sassy M N C 4 Start 83 16.71
Smagic M Y D 1 60 min Post 18.42
Smagic M Y D 1 Pre 5.42
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 81 10.43
Smagic M Y D 1 Start B3 24.21
Smagic G Y B 2 60 min Post 6.60
Smagic G Y B 2 Pre 1.56
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 81 4.17
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 83 11.05
Smagic G N A 3 60 min Post 11.14
Smagic G N A 3 Pre 2.43
Smagic G N A 3 Start 81 6.29
Smagic G N A 3 Start 83 5.43
Smagic M N C 4 60 min Post 14.60
Smagic M N C 4 Pre 2.64
Smagic M N C 4 Start 81 35.07
Smagic M N C 4 Start 83 19.65

 

182

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Time Insulin (ulU/ml)
Starlet G N A 1 60 min Post 4.70
Starlet G N A 1 Pre 1.78
Starlet G N A 1 Start 81 5.16
Starlet G N A 1 Start 83 8.22
Starlet M N C 2 60 min Post 12.76
Starlet M N C 2 Pre 0.91
Starlet M N C 2 Start 81 23.81
Starlet M N C 2 Start 83 40.79
Starlet G Y B 3 60 min‘ Post 5.21
Starlet G Y B 3 Pre 1.25
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 81 3.12
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 83 6.29
Starlet M Y D 4 60 min Post 9.04
Starlet M. Y D 4 Pre 0.84
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 81 17.27
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 83 22.06
Stimpy M Y D 1 60 min Post 11.96
Stimpy M Y D 1 Pre 1.74
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 81 10.36
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 83 20.34
Stimpy G Y B 2 60 min Post 4.45
Stimpy G Y B 2 Pre 1.17
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 81 2.50
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 83 10.87
Stimpy M N C 3 60 min Post 7.41
Stimpy M N C 3 Pre 0.82
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 81

Stimpy M N C 3 Start 83 26.38
Stimpy G N A 4 60 min Post 7.21
Stimpy G N A 4 Pre 0.76
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 81 8.62
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 83 3.75
Tank G Y B 1 60 min Post 1.90
Tank G Y B 1 Pre 1.27
Tank G Y B 1 Start 81 3.23
Tank G Y B 1 Start 83 4.41
Tank M N C 2 60 min Post 7.60
Tank M N C 2 Pre 1.58
Tank M N C 2 Start 81 11.05
Tank M N C 2 Start 83 16.20
Tank G N A 3 60 min Post 4.23
Tank G N A 3 Pre 0.81
Tank G N A 3 Start 81 5.36
Tank G N A 3 Start 83 3.28
Tank M Y D 4 60 min Post 3.66
Tank M Y D 4 Pre

Tank M Y D 4 Start 81 7.26
Tank M Y D 4 Start 83 12.80

 

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time Cortisol fl/ml)
Goliath M N C 1 Start 81 1.62
Goliath M N C 1 End 82 3.23
Goliath M N C 1 Start 83 1.59
Goliath M N C 1 End 84 3.46
Goliath M N C 1 60 Min Post 0.20
Goliath G N A 2 Start 81 2.09
Goliath G N A 2 End 82 2.55
Goliath G N A 2 Start 83 0.93
Goliath G N A 2 End 84 2.11
Goliath G N A 2 60 Min Post 0.20
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 81 2.35
Goliath M Y D 3 End 82 3.13
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 83 1.78
Goliath M Y D 3 End 84 3.75
Goliath M Y D 3 60 Min Post 1.37
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 81 1.37
Goliath G Y B 4 End 82 2.58
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 83 1.35
Goliath G Y B 4 End 84 3.34
Goliath G Y B 4 60 Min Post 0.20
Sassy G N A 1 Start 81 1.88
Sassy G N A 1 End 82 4.26
Sassy G N A 1 Start 83 2.17
Sassy G N A 1 End 84 2.39
Sassy G N A 1 60 Min Post 1.01
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 81 3.20
Sassy M Y D 2 End 82 3.35
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 83 1.69
Sassy M Y D 2 End 84 4.41
Sassy M Y D 2 60 Min Post 1.60
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 81 1.97
Sassy G Y B 3 End 82 2.67
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 83 1.56
Sassy G Y B 3 End 84 2.79
Sassy G Y B 3 60 Min Post 1.34
Sassy M N C 4 Start 81 2.52
Sassy M N C 4 End 82 3.23
Sassy M N C 4 Start 83 2.21
Sassy M N C 4 End 84 4.12
Sassy M N C 4 60 Min Post 0.42
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 81 1.53
Smagic M Y D 1 End 82 3.55
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 83 2.27
Smagic M Y D 1 End 84 3.92
Smagic M Y D 1 60 Min Post 0.32
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 81 2.32
Smagic G Y B 2 End 82 3.57
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 83 1.63

 

184

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time Cortisol (pg/ml)
Smagic G Y B 2 End 84 2.09
Smagic G Y B 2 60 Min Post 0.07
Smagic G N A 3 Start 81 1.29
Smagic G N A 3 End 82 2.60
Smagic G N A 3 Start 83 1.64
Smagic G N A 3 End 84 3.07
Smagic G N A 3 60 Min Post 0.20
Smagic M N C 4 Start 81 3.09
Smagic M N C 4 End 82 4.82
Smagic M N C 4 Start 83 2.79
Smagic M N C 4 End 84 4.51
Smagic M N C 4 60 Min Post 2.10
Starlet G N A 1 Start 81 1.79
Starlet G N A 1 End 82 3.40
Starlet G N A 1 Start 83 1.70
Starlet G N A 1 End 84 2.46
Starlet G N A 1 60 Min Post 0.09
Starlet M N C 2 Start 81 2.67
Starlet M N C 2 End 82 2.93
Starlet M N C 2 Start 83 1.33
Starlet M N C 2 End 84 3.38
Starlet M N C 2 60 Min Post 0.38
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 81 2.22
Starlet G Y B 3 End 82 2.96
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 83 2.07
Starlet G Y B 3 End 84 2.50
Starlet G Y B 3 60 Min Post 0.16
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 81 2.51
Starlet M Y D 4 End 82 4.04
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 83 2.57
Starlet M Y D 4 End 84 5.10
Starlet M Y D 4 60 Min Post 0.93
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 81 1.90
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 82 3.19
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 83 1.76
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 84 2.07
Stimpy M Y D 1 60 Min Post 0.68
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 81 1.69
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 82 2.24
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 83 1.50
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 84 2.69
Stimpy G Y B 2 60 Min Post 0.40
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 81 2.42
Stimpy M N C 3 End 82 3.46
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 83 2.15
Stimpy M N C 3 End 84 2.92
Stimpy M N C 3 60 Min Post 0.21
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 81 1.02
Stimpy G N A 4 End 82 3.70

 

185

 

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time Cortisol (pg/ml)
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 83 1 .91
Stimpy G N A 4 End 84 2.92
Stimpy G N A 4 60 Min Post 0.15
Tank G Y B 1 Start 81 1.49
Tank G Y B 1 End 82 3.19
Tank G Y B 1 Start 83 1.05
Tank G Y B 1 End 84 2.01
Tank G Y B 1 60 Min Post 0.20
Tank M N C 2 Start 81 2.00
Tank M N C 2 End 82 0.22
Tank M N C 2 Start 83 1.87
Tank M N C 2 End 84 3.25
Tank M N C 2 60 Min Post 3.35
Tank G N A 3 Start 81 0.89
Tank G N A 3 End 82 2.30
Tank G N A 3 Start 83 1.21
Tank G N A 3 End 84 2.66
Tank G N A 3 60 Min Post 0.36
Tank M Y D 4 Start 81 1.68
Tank M Y D 4 End 82 1.91
Tank M Y D 4 Start 83 1.39
Tank M Y D 4 End 84 3.06
Tank M Y D 4 60 Min Post 0.20

 

186

 

 

NEFA TG

Horse Period Fiber Fat Diet Time (mEq/l) (mgldl)

Goliath 1 M N C 1 Day Post 0.69 22.53
Goliath 1 M N C End 82 1.84 39.75
Goliath 1 M N C End 84 1.68 67.87
Goliath 1 M N C Start 81 0.37 28.62
Goliath 1 M N C Start 83 0.71 52.99
Goliath 2 G N A 1 Day Post 0.95 79.19
Goliath 2 G N A End 82 1.57 312.72
Goliath 2 G N A End 84 2.26 312.22
Goliath 2 G N A Start 81 1.45 82.16
Goliath 2 G N A Start 83 0.70 371.03
Goliath 3 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.91 32.81
Goliath 3 M Y D End 82 1.16 42.03
Goliath 3 M Y D End 84 1.75 35.99
Goliath 3 M Y D Start 81 0.39 19.88
Goliath 3 M Y D Start 83 0.39 66.74
Goliath 4 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.47 71.31
Goliath 4 G Y 8 End 82 1.24 241.17
Goliath 4 G Y 8 End 84 1.99 428.93
Goliath 4 G Y 8 Start 81 0.21 111.31
Goliath 4 G Y 8 Start 83 0.52 302.12
Sas 1 G N A 1 Day Post 0.79 28.79
Sas 1 G N A End 82 1.69 48.59
Sas 1 G N A End 84 1.89 39.06
Sas 1 G N A Start 81 0.59 53.98
Sas 1 G N A Start 83 0.77 71.39
Sas 2 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.24 21.87
Sas 2 M Y D End 82 1.01 18.07
Sas 2 M Y D End 84 1.37 19.31
Sas 2 M Y D Start 81 0.27 29.10
Sas 2 M Y D Start 83 0.30 40.30
Sas 3 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.46 16.90
Sas 3 G Y 8 End 82 1.51 51.49
Sas 3 G Y 8 End 84 1.85 60.48
Sas 3 G Y 8 Start 81 0.89 11.62
Sas 3 G Y 8 Start 83 0.73 56.47
Sas 4 M N C 1 Day Post 0.32 19.31
Sas 4 M N C End 82 0.98 31.59
Sas 4 M N C End 84 1.04 15.42
Sas 4 M N 0 Start 81 0.06 31.59
Sas 4 M N C Start 83 0.16 32.75
Smagic 1 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.61 33.02
Smagic 1 M Y D End 82 1.17 29.12
Smagic 1 M Y D End 84 1.07 49.58
Smagic 1 M Y D Start 81 0.82 31.69
Smagic 1 M Y D Start 83 0.65 53.65
Smagic 2 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.77 18.80
Smagic 2 G Y 8 End 82 1.58 189.78

 

187

 

 

NEFA TG

Horse Period Fiber Fat D Time (mEq/l) (mgldl)

Smagic 2 G Y 8 End 84 1.76 240.05
Smagic 2 G Y 8 Start 81 0.99 79.78
Smagic 2 G Y 8 Start 83 0.62 204.36
Smagic 3 G N A 1 Day Post 0.50 29.12
Smagic 3 G N A End 82 1.31 72.23
Smagic 3 G N A End 84 1.17 99.92
Smagic 3 G N A Start 81 0.57 47.06
Smagic 3 G N A Start 83 0.62 80.28
Smagic 4 M N C 1 Day Post 0.31 48.49
Smagic 4 M N C End 82 1.00 23.15
Smagic 4 M N C End 84 0.97 11.83
Smagic 4 M N C Start 81 0.19 52.33
Smagic 4 M N 0 Start 83 0.23 40.77
Star 1 G N A 1 Day Post 0.55 32.28
Star 1 G N A End 82 1.55 122.54
Star 1 G N A End 84 1.79 112.63
Star 1 G N A Start 81 0.90 71.96
Star 1 G N A Start 83 1.08 158.19
Star 2 M N C 1 Day Post 0.52 21.77
Star 2 M N C End 82 0.97 19.54
Star 2 M N C End 84 1.10 14.58
Star 2 M N C Start 81 0.32 14.58
Star 2 M N C Start 83 0.27 37.10
Star 3 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.49 41.13
Star 3 G Y 8 End 82 1.37 161.66
Star 3 G Y 8 End 84 1.98 282.24
Star 3 G Y 8 Start 81 0.67 45.34
Star 3 G Y 8 Start 83 0.52 251.61
Star 4 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.20 25.29
Star 4 M Y D End 82 0.98 16.94
Star 4 M Y D End 84 1.38 19.36
Star 4 M Y D Start 81 0.25 9.28
Star 4 M Y D Start 83 0.22 50.81
Stimpy 1 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.78 15.57
Stimpy 1 M Y D End 82 1.25 39.92
Stimpy 1 M Y D End 84 1.31 49.60
Stimpy 1 M Y D Start 81 0.32 50.25
Stimpy 1 M Y D Start 83 0.57 104.98
Stimpy 2 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.55 22.94
Stimpy 2 G Y 8 End 82 1.20 159.70
Stimpy 2 G Y 8 End 84 1.20 189.55
Stimpy 2 G Y 8 Start 81 0.80 65.17
Stimpy 2 G Y 8 Start 83 0.57 175.40
Stimpy 3 M N C 1 Day Post 0.46 18.03
Stimpy 3 M N C End 82 1.08 32.84
Stimpy 3 M N C End 84 1.18 17.91
Stimpy 3 M N 0 Start 81 0.44 15.42
Stimpy 3 M N C Start 83 0.31 37.81

 

188

 

 

NEFA TG

Horse Period Fiber Fat Diet Time (mEq/I) (mgfll)

Stimpy 4 G N A 1 Day Post 0.38 37.66
Stimpy 4 G N A End 82 1.35 54.86
Stimpy 4 G N A End 84 1.44 41.54
Stimpy 4 G N A Start 81 0.56 41.54
Stimpy 4 G N A Start 83 0.52 62.69
Tank 1 G Y B 1 Day Post 0.59 35.99
Tank 1 G Y 8 End 82 2.65 160.60
Tank 1 G Y 8 End 84 1.34 370.47
Tank 1 G Y 8 Start 81 0.39 91.11
Tank 1 G Y 8 Start 83 1.35 262.25
Tank 2 M N C 1 Day Post 0.64 18.76
Tank 2 M N C End 82 1.05 35.16
Tank 2 M N C End 84 1.36 35.74
Tank 2 M N C Start 81 0.19 63.14
Tank 2 M N C Start 83 0.46 48.32
Tank 3 G N A 1 Day Post 0.58 35.08
Tank 3 G N A End 82 1.11 111.34
Tank 3 G N A End 84 1.73 93.62
Tank 3 G N A Start 81 0.30 86.07
Tank 3 G N A Start 83 0.68 98.66
Tank 4 M Y D 1 Day Post 0.75 19.97
Tank 4 M Y D End 82 0.75 32.31
Tank 4 M Y D End 84 0.99 26.93
Tank 4 M Y D Start 81 0.15 24.91
Tank 4 M Y D Start 83 0.53 49.59

 

189

 

Aldo

 

Horse Fiber Fat D Period Time (pl/ml)
Goliath M N C 1 Start 81 9.39
Goliath M N C 1 End 84 51.44
Goliath M N C 1 1 D Post 18.76
Goliath G N A 2 Start 81 33.80
Goliath G N A 2 End 84 66.73
Goliath G N A 2 1 D Post 50.08
Goliath M Y D 3 Start 81 35.89
Goliath M Y D 3 End 84 62.10
Goliath M Y D 3 1 D Post 38.18
Goliath G Y B 4 Start 81 19.89
Goliath G Y B 4 End 84 77.16
Goliath G Y B 4 1 D Post 9.70
Sassy G N A 1 Start 81 43.12
Sassy G N A 1 End 84 79.31
Sassy G N A 1 1 D Post 97.74
Sassy M Y D 2 Start 81 30.16
Sassy M Y D 2 End 84 37.66
Sassy M Y D 2 1 D Post 6.94
Sassy G Y B 3 Start 81 96.21
Sassy G Y B 3 End 84 68.77
Sassy G Y B 3 1 D Post 61.00
Sassy M N C 4 Start 81 28.74
Sassy M N C 4 End 84 43.77
Sassy M N C 4 1 D Post 17.89
Smagic M Y D 1 Start 81 7.17
Smagic M Y D 1 End 84 52.28
Smagic M Y D 1 1 D Post 4.42
Smagic G Y B 2 Start 81 19.24
Smagic G Y B 2 End 84 87.42
Smagic G Y B 2 1 D Post 55.89
Smagic G N A 3 Start 81 69.42
Smagic G N A 3 End 84 76.96
Smagic G N A 3 1 D Post 10.46
Smagic M N C 4 Start 81 45.16
Smagic M N C 4 End 84 37.85
Smagic M N C 4 1 D Post 11.71
Starlet G N A 1 Start 81 47.04
Starlet G N A 1 End 84 88.85
Starlet G N A 1 1 D Post 31.50
Starlet M N C 2 Start 81 29.46
Starlet M N C 2 End 84 48.52
Starlet M N C 2 1 D Post 5.32
Starlet G Y B 3 Start 81 52.12
Starlet G Y B 3 End 84 74.83
Starlet G Y B 3 1 D Post 25.25
Starlet M Y D 4 Start 81 23.43
Starlet M Y D 4 End 84 44.98

 

190

 

Aldo

 

Horse Fiber Fat Diet Period Time (pg/ml)
Starlet M Y D 4 1 D Post 41.32
Stimpy M Y D 1 Start 81 21.94
Stimpy M Y D 1 End 84 62.03
Stimpy M Y D 1 1 D Post 16.96
Stimpy G Y B 2 Start 81 39.81
Stimpy G Y B 2 End 84 99.42
Stimpy G Y B 2 1 D Post 14.43
Stimpy M N C 3 Start 81 19.80
Stimpy M N C 3 End 84 48.73
Stimpy M N C 3 1 D Post 4.39
Stimpy G N A 4 Start 81 107.80
Stimpy G N A 4 End 84 88.97
Stimpy G N A 4 1 D Post 13.45
Tank G Y B 1 Start 81 24.11
Tank G Y B 1 End 84 59.45
Tank G Y B 1 1 D Post 54.90
Tank M N C 2 Start 81 17.58
Tank M N C 2 End 84 17.85
Tank M N C 2 1 D Post 23.77
Tank G N A 3 Start 81 54.90
Tank G N A 3 End 84 52.34
Tank G N A 3 1 D Post 7.81
Tank M Y D 4 Start 81 22.08
Tank M Y D 4 End 84 29.03
Tank M Y D 4 1 D Post 0.50

 

191

APPENDIX 0

Raw Data- Sweat Composition

 

 

Horse Period Diet Bout pH Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-
mmoI/L mmollL mmol/L mfllL mg/dL

Amici 1 P 1 121.20 56.09 145.35 18.49 5.16
Amici 1 P 2 7.01 98.50 36.69 128.05 10.46 2.74
Amici 1 P 3 7.60 85.95 33.87 119.90 8.90 1.70
Amici 1 P 4 7.71 91.00 34.86 125.55 6.86 1.49
Amici 2 C 1 7.73 118.60 48.54 172.40 6.19 1.80
Amici 2 C 2 7.59 110.70 43.44 151.20 10.16 3.26
Amici 2 C 3 7.57 110.20 38.34 142.30 7.60 2.23
Amici 2 C 4

Amici 3 A 1 7.58 69.00 40.32 109.50 10.18 2.38
Amici 3 A 2 7.71 92.85 36.06 124.10 6.59 1.73
Amici 3 A 3 7.64 69.65 29.08 99.25 4.64 0.89
Avanti 1 P 1 80.45 46.57 134.30 10.07 3.89
Avanti 1 P 2 7.51 85.30 40.72 126.75 9.49 2.90
Avanti 1 P 3

Avanti 1 P 4 7.67 65.20 28.34 86.90 5.78 1.74
Avanti 2 B 1 7.77 92.15 49.27 136.70 13.25 3.10
Avanti 2 B 2 7.83 110.50 46.17 138.70 10.88 2.25
Avanti 2 B 3 7.77 108.10 44.72 140.50 8.85 2.04
Avanti 2 B 4 7.88 113.00 48.14 147.90 7.54 1.71
Avanti 3 C 1 7.73 75.60 41 .05 111.05 9.91 3.66
Avanti 3 C 2

Avanti 3 C 3 7.67 60.20 30.72 89.65 5.86 1.69
Avanti 3 C 4 7.77 65.75 35.81 98.50 5.54 1.59
Avanti 4 A 1 7.74 78.95 41.81 129.80 9.71 4.41
Avanti 4 A 2 7.78 100.85 45.75 145.25 7.60 2.84
Avanti 4 A 3 7.67 78.80 44.69 123.40 7.05 2.46
Avanti 4 A 4 7.83 81.85 44.66 121.00 5.77 1.80
RePlay 1 P 1 7.43 87.80 50.94 141.05 12.73 3.02
RePlay 1 P 2 7.55 82.40 49.68 130.30 12.48 2.65
RePlay 1 P 3 7.64 90.15 54.54 141.95 12.33 2.39
RePlay 1 P 4 7.67 92.35 53.83 140.80 10.91 2.13
RePlay 2 C 1 6.85 89.90 60.31 148.10 19.75 3.66
RePlay 2 C 2

RePlay 2 C 3

RePlay 2 C 4

RePlay 3 A 1 7.68 90.65 61.13 139.85 12.77 3.96
RePlay 3 A 2 7.70 74.45 37.31 107.55 8.11 1.95
RePlay 3 A 3 7.60 87.65 45.67 126.65 8.01 1.36
RePlay 3 A 4 7.70 92.00 46.70 129.50 7.44 1.22
RePlay 4 B 1 7.65 89.50 52.05 143.30 11.93 3.35
RePlay 4 B 2 7.56 95.75 54.82 147.60 9.54 2.67
RePlay 4 B 3 7.57 98.70 57.69 150.75 9.77 2.38
RePlay 4 B 4 7.68 110.00 56.20 158.05 8.00 2.05

 

192

 

 

Horse Period Diet Bout pH Na- K- CI- Ca- Mg-
mmoI/L mmol/L mmollL mgldL mgldL

Showtime 1 P 1 7.66 82.15 45.36 131.55 12.47 3.01
Showtime 1 P 2 7.58 87.60 47.84 132.55 12.25 3.00
Showtime 1 P 3 7.55 85.75 41.97 130.65 12.84 2.86
Showtime 1 P 4 7.67 87.60 46.30 135.70 12.35 2.51
Showtime 2 A 1 7.63 105.95 54.91 166.70 12.10 2.16
Showtime 2 A 2 7.66 105.00 45.73 150.60 9.22 1.83
Showtime 2 A 3

Showtime 2 A 4

Showtime 3 B 1 7.73 118.55 62.47 186.55 8.80 3.86
Showtime 3 B 2 7.72 120.40 40.43 149.60 6.77 1.93
Showtime 3 B 3 7.70 128.85 51.97 166.70 9.59 1.81
Showtime 3 B 4 7.74 115.80 44.32 144.55 8.04 1.31
Showtime 4 C 1 7.61 101.70 77.46 175.45 13.92 3.85
Showtime 4 C 2 7.65 127.55 50.84 174.40 8.46 2.21
Showtime 4 C 3 7.71 119.45 42.46 157.40 9.50 1.91
Showtime 4 C 4 7.75 143.80 52.10 190.60 7.11 1.72
Sully 1 P 1 7.66 71.55 40.15 120.75 9.93 3.52
Sully 1 P 2 7.77 82.35 42.88 128.55 11.03 2.59
Sully 1 P 3 7.76 83.55 41.01 120.50 11.19 2.72
Sully 1 P 4 7.70 112.80 31.69 139.10 6.27 1.54
Sully 2 B 1 7.72 102.40 51.72 149.10 5.23 1.62
Sully 2 B 2

Sully 2 B 3

Sully 2 B 4

Sully 3 C 1 7.79 110.90 56.13 155.15 8.98 3.18
Sully 3 C 2

Sully 3 C 3

Sully 3 C 4

Sully 4 A 1 7.58 74.85 76.43 141.85 14.37 5.74
Sully 4 A 2 7.68 84.45 49.87 126.25 9.05 2.69
Sully 4 A 3 7.63 47.60 27.81 72.10 5.10 1.35
Sully 4 A 4 7.78 82.35 36.74 112.20 4.26 1.04
Vivo 1 P 1 71.85 53.27 124.45 15.61 4.84
Vivo 1 P 2 7.39 64.70 43.64 102.30 12.61 2.64
Vivo 1 P 3 7.56 54.40 31.16 84.30 8.62 1.79
Vivo 1 P 4 7.60 55.45 27.76 77.25 6.14 1.41
Vivo 2 A 1 7.49 93.35 53.92 145.70 21.91 4.19
Vivo 2 A 2 7.72 99.80 45.34 138.45 14.76 2.87
Vrvo 2 A 3 7.72 85.15 58.22 135.30 15.70 2.73
Vivo 2 A 4 7.80 84.10 49.08 128.10 11.56 2.20
Vivo 3 B 1 7.55 82.05 40.49 118.55 11.64 2.87
Vivo 3 B 2 7.59 82.20 36.75 117.40 8.61 1.81
Vivo 3 B 3 7.63 85.85 40.35 122.60 6.81 1.38
Vivo 3 B 4 7.67 101.55 47.63 139.30 5.73 0.96
Vivo 4 C 1 7.78 86.60 59.02 154.10 18.38 3.10
Vivo 4 C 2 7.68 69.75 47.79 111.95 6.22 1.89
Vivo 4 C 3 7.65 79.05 50.80 121.90 8.99 2.53
Vivo 4 C 4

 

193

 

 

Horse Per. Diet Bout Gluc- BU N- HC03- nCa- nMg- Osmo-
rgg/dl mgldl mmol/I mgldl mgldl mOsm/kg__
Amici 1 P 1 8.50 37.00 352.00
Amici 1 P 2 2.00 16.50 1.10 8.61 2.54 271.00
Amici 1 P 3 4.00 15.50 5.35 9.94 1.80 242.00
Amici 1 P 4 2.50 15.50 7.00 8.10 1.64 251.00
Amici 2 C 1 1.00 13.00 6.20 7.40 1.99 234.00
Amici 2 C 2 4.00 0.00 3.00 11.27 3.45 215.00
Amici 2 C 3 4.00 0.00 3.10 8.34 2.35 214.00
Amici 2 C 4
Amici 3 A 1 2.50 8.50 6.75 11.22 2.51 226.00
Amici 3 A 2 3.00 9.00 7.10 7.79 1.89
Amici 3 A 3 3.00 8.00 5.45 5.31 0.95
Avanti 1 P 1 13.00 16.50 282.50
Avanti 1 P 2 10.00 15.50 6.25 10.08 3.00 251.00
Avanti 1 P 3
Avanti 1 P 4 14.50 5.00 6.30 6.69 1.89 190.50
Avanti 2 B 1 1.50 14.00 10.10 16.21 3.46 280.50
Avanti 2 B 2 5.00 19.00 13.00 13.70 2.56 299.50
Avanti 2 B 3 2.00 7.00 7.30 10.78 5.00
Avanti 2 B 4 8.00 19.00 12.70 9.68 1.97 303.50
Avanti 3 C 1 2.50 5.50 6.50 11.88 4.05 236.00
Avanti 3 C 2
Avanti 3 C 3 3.00 4.50 5.20 6.79 1.83 171.50
Avanti 3 C 4 1.50 5.00 4.75 6.72 1.78 189.50
Avanti 4 A 1 5.50 16.00 6.00 11.66 4.88 249.00
Avanti 4 A 2 5.00 16.50 5.60 9.30 3.18 288.00
Avanti 4 A 3 7.00 12.00 4.50 8.18 2.67 269.00
Avanti 4 A 4 3.00 9.00 3.90 7.20 2.05 241.00
RePlay 1 P 1 4.00 20.00 7.30 12.92 3.04 276.50
RePlay 1 P 2 12.50 18.50 8.20 13.55 2.77 252.00
RePlay 1 P 3 12.50 21.00 8.10 14.08 2.57 272.00
RePlay 1 P 4 17.00 26.00 8.80 12.67 2.31 278.00
RePlay 2 C 1 7.50 13.50 2.55 181.50
RePlay 2 C 2
RePlay 2 C 3
RePlay 2 C 4
RePlay 3 A 1 2.00 12.00 6.70 14.88 4.31 331.50
RePlay 3 A 2 1.50 6.50 5.85 9.54 2.13 230.50
RePlay 3 A 3 2.50 13.00 6.25 8.98 1.44 260.00
RePlay 3 A 4 4.00 12.50 6.65 8.75 1.34 266.50
RePlay 4 B 1 2.50 53.00 6.45 13.71 3.62 345.50
RePlay 4 B 2 2.00 33.00 6.35 10.44 2.80 294.00
RePlay 4 B 3 4.00 40.50 6.80 10.74 2.51 362.50
RePlay 4 B 4 3.50 34.00 6.60 9.30 2.23 330.50
Showtime 1 P 1 9.00 12.50 6.80 14.36 3.25 247.50
Showtime 1 P 2 8.50 12.00 5.95 13.51 3.17 254.50
Showtime 1 P 3 6.50 11.50 5.25 13.97 3.00 241.00
Showtime 1 P 4 9.00 14.00 6.95 14.34 2.72 247.00
Showtime 2 A 1 3.50 13.00 9.70 13.74 2.31 312.00

 

194

 

 

Horse Per. Diet Bout Gluc- BU N- HCO3- nCa- nMg- Osmo-
nLq/dl mg/dl mmol/l mgldl mgldl mOsm/kg_

Showtime 2 A 2 7.00 8.00 9.70 10.62 1.98 283.50
Showtime 2 A 3

Showtime 2 A 4

Showtime 3 B 1 2.00 15.00 8.45 10.53 4.26 351.50
Showtime 3 B 2 1.00 13.00 7.85 8.06 2.13 296.00
Showtime 3 B 3 1.00 19.00 8.45 11.28 1.98 392.50
Showtime 3 B 4 1.00 13.50 7.95 9.65 1.46 303.00
Showtime 4 C 1 0.50 21.50 6.00 15.66 4.10 370.00
Showtime 4 C 2 3.00 15.00 5.25 9.70 2.37 329.50
Showtime 4 C 3 4.00 15.00 6.15 11.26 2.10 329.00
Showtime 4 C 4 1.00 19.00 5.95 8.58 1.92 365.50
Sully 1 P 1 8.00 21.00 9.75 11.46 3.80 237.50
Sully 1 P 2 8.50 16.00 9.20 13.42 2.89 247.50
Sully 1 P 3 9.50 7.50 9.85 13.58 3.02 240.00
Sully 1 P 4 9.50 17.00 11.90 7.38 1.68 277.00
Sully 2 B 1 3.00 10.00 13.10 6.21 1.79 317.50
Sully 2 B 2

Sully 2 B 3

Sully 2 B 4

Sully 3 C 1 8.50 7.50 7.45 11.06 3.58 347.00
Sully 3 C 2

Sully 3 C 3

Sully 3 C 4

Sully 4 A 1 1.50 36.50 7.80 15.87 6.06 302.00
Sully 4 A 2 3.00 19.50 6.00 10.57 2.93 253.00
Sully 4 A 3 1.50 5.00 4.10 5.80 1.45 139.00
Sully 4 A 4 3.50 12.00 5.20 5.18 1.17 121.50
Vivo 1 P 1 7.50 19.00 258.50
Vrvo 1 P 2 8.50 12.00 3.30 12.52 2.63 211.00
Vivo 1 P 3 5.00 9.00 5.80 9.57 1.87 165.00
ViVO 1 P 4 3.50 8.50 6.55 6.85 1.50 150.50
Vrvo 2 A 1 6.00 18.00 8.90 22.99 4.30 292.00
Vivo 2 A 2 12.00 17.00 11.40 17.56 3.15 280.50
Vivo 2 A 3 9.50 16.50 10.50 18.70 3.00 284.50
Vivo 2 A 4 7.00 14.00 9.10 14.29 2.48

\fivo 3 B 1 5.00 18.00 10.25 12.65 3.01 316.50
Vivo 3 B 2 3.50 15.00 8.20 9.57 1.92 254.00
Vivo 3 B 3 3.50 18.00 6.20 7.73 1.48 249.00
Vrvo 3 B 4 5.50 26.50 6.45 6.65 1.05 288.00
Vivo 4 C 1 7.00 36.50 5.50 22.59 3.47 314.00
\fivo 4 C 2 5.00 6.50 3.50 7.23 2.06 261.50
Vivo 4 C 3 4.00 9.00 3.95 10.32 2.73 289.50
Vrvo 4 C 4

 

195

 

 

Na- K- CI- Ca- Mg-
Horse D Period Bout pH mmol/l mmolll mmolll mgldl mgldl
Starlet A 1 1 7.61 74 39.85 113.5 10.45 4.57
Starlet A 1 2 7.65 67 40.25 104.5 10.46 4.21
Starlet A 1 3 7.64
Starlet A 1 4 7.64
Starlet C 2 1 7.67 93 41 .25 125 12.02 2.68
Starlet C 2 2 7.78 94.5 38.95 125.5 10.47 1.84
Starlet C 2 3 7.87 87 36.6 114 8.74 1.54
Starlet C 2 4 7.90 95 68.45 122 7.40 1.19
Starlet B 3 1 7.72 70.5 36.35 112 11.04 3.68
Starlet B 3 2 7.70 79.5 41.15 121 10.60 3.10
Starlet B 3 3 7.70 65 40.35 105.5 10.15 2.53
Starlet B 3 4 7.70 64.5 45.15 109 8.97 2.06
Starlet D 4 1 7.53 88.5 45.25 139 13.34 2.43
Starlet D 4 2 7.69 82 35.55 117.5 9.18 1.36
Starlet D 4 3 7.56 62.5 34.25 96.5 7.87 1.50
Starlet D 4 4 7.64 75.5 40.05 113 7.35 1.36
Goliath C 1 1 7.68 102 41 .25 140.5 12.87 5.51
Goliath C 1 2 7.72 95 42.95 134.5 11.93 3.42
Goliath C 1 3 7.77 85 39.35 120.5 9.52 2.36
Goliath C 1 4 7.89 93 38.2 122.5 7.20 1.54
Goliath A 2 1 7.78 100.5 28 121.5 8.41 3.07
Goliath A 2 2 7.88 92.5 30.25 111.5 8.85 1.83
Goliath A 2 3 7.84 73.5 28.05 98 7.93 1.25
Goliath A 2 4 8.17 90 30.25 111 8.13 0.98
Goliath D 3 1 7.82 68.5 23.6 115 8.68 2.47
Goliath D 3 2 7.80 83.5 27.4 109.5 6.69 1.82
Goliath D 3 3 7.77 76 33.3 106 6.77 1.33
Goliath D 3 4 7.72 73 32.8 101.5 4.84 0.90
Goliath B 4 1 7.81 72 49.1 121 11.86 2.03
Goliath B 4 2 7.78 70.5 45.3 113.5 9.64 2.36
Goliath B 4 3 7.77 49.5 33.45 81 6.84 1.76
Goliath B 4 4 7.79 61.5 42.05 101 6.99 1.58
Smagic D 1 1 7.74 53.5 34.15 83 7.70 3.69
Smagic D 1 2 7.75 58 40.55 94 2.76
Smagic D 1 3 7.72 41.5 29.15 67.5 5.02 1.82
Smagic D 1 4 7.69 30.5 21.45 28 3.30 1.29
Smagic B 2 1 7.81 62.5 165.15 101.5 6.72 1.91
Smagic B 2 2 7.86 81 45.75 120 6.44 1.76
Smagic B 2 3 7.80 55.5 35.35 88 5.78 1.42
Smagic B 2 4 7.90 56 43.65 93 5.70 1.23
Smagic A 3 1 7.85 75.5 61.6 144 11.84 3.86
Smagic A 3 2 7.64 54.5 44.9 100 7.43 2.06
Smagic A 3 3
Smagic A 3 4
Smagic C 4 1 7.82 92 48.75 146 11.90 3.01
Smagic C 4 2 7.63 68.5 44.15 118.5 8.10 1.85
Smagic C 4 3
Smagic C 4 4 7.57 45.5 46.55 78 4.12 0.90

 

196

 

 

Na- K- Cl- Ca- Mg-

Horse D Period Bout pH mmolll mmolll mmolll m/dl m/dl
Tank 8 1 1 7.82 87 58.65 139.5 13.66 4.73
Tank 8 1 2 7.96 85 56.4 133 11.65 3.22
Tank 8 1 3 7.86 75 65 131.5 11.83 2.53
Tank 8 1 4 7.84 71.5 51.8 113.5 7.11 1.33
Tank C 2 1 7.84 97.5 48.5 134 9.17 2.07
Tank C 2 2 7.81 102 44.65 132.5 5.77 1.20
Tank C 2 3 7.83 92.5 46.6 129 4.41 0.84
Tank C 2 4 7.92 103.5 45.85 134.5 2.50 0.44
Tank A 3 1 7.73 76 50.55 127 12.56 2.23
Tank A 3 2 7.80 60 34.4 90.5 7.95 1.40
Tank A 3 3 7.75 49 29.2 77 4.82 0.87
Tank A 3 4 7.88 70.5 26.4 101.5 2.55 0.58
Tank D 4 1 7.83 104 44.55 143.5 9.36 2.51
Tank D 4 2 7.79 107 41.75 138.5 6.36 1.42
Tank D 4 3 7.82 107 41.9 138.5 6.06 1.10
Tank D 4 4 7.83 108 48.05 144.5 5.07 0.89
Sassy A 1 1 7.52 70 63.4 128 18.32 6.06
Sassy A 1 2 7.67 86.5 53.05 131.5 13.54 3.84
Sassy A 1 3 7.61 73.5 52.35 121.5 12.54 2.98
Sassy A 1 4 7.73 90 54.55 136.5 11.35 2.22
Sassy D 2 1 7.77 93.5 49.5 146.5 17.04 2.51
Sassy D 2 2 7.81 88 52.05 138 14.18 1.89
Sassy D 2 3 7.80 84.5 53.35 134.5 13.43 1.77
Sassy D 2 4 7.83 98.5 44.85 133 9.43 1.19
Sassy B 3 1 7.72 67 43.65 125 14.90 4.69
Sassy B 3 2 7.76 75.5 46.8 125 12.84 3.24
Sassy B 3 3 7.67 48 35.4 86 8.72 2.11
Sassy B 3 4 7.73 69.5 52.3 126 10.98 2.07
Sassy C 4 1 7.50 85.5 55.55 145.5 16.05 5.21
Sassy C 4 2 7.62 88.5 49.65 137.5 12.26 2.86
Sassy C 4 3 7.63 64 45.25 110 10.08 2.75
Sassy C 4 4 7.66 79.5 48.05 125 8.99 2.08
Stimpy D 1 1 7.64 72 42.5 112.5 11.17 4.05
Stimpy D 1 2 7.66 73 44.45 115.5 10.29 2.84
Stimpy D 1 3 7.63 50 34.75 85 7.67 2.10
Stimpy D 1 4 7.64 65.5 49.65 113 8.72 2.31
Stimpy B 2 1

Stimpy B 2 2

Stimpy B 2 3

Stimpy B 2 4

Stimpy C 3 1 7.75 78 40.95 132 12.09 3.49
Stimpy C 3 2 7.74 71 38.85 111.5 9.89 2.19
Stimpy C 3 3 7.66 57 36.55 94.5 8.36 1.76
Stimpy C 3 4 7.68 66.5 40.85 108.5 7.98 1.59
Stimpy A 4 1 7.64 57.5 41.25 120.5 10.56 5.10
Stimpy A 4 2 7.68 60.5 54.4 116 10.07 3.44
Stimpy A 4 3 7.68 65.5 56.1 120 10.07 2.85
Stimpy A 4 4 7.75 81 53.65 134.5 10.53 2.53

 

197

 

 

Horse Diet Per. Bout pH Gluc- BUN- HCO3- nCa- nMg- Osmo-
Lg/dl mgldl mmolll mggl mgldl mosm/l
Starlet A 1 1 7.61 0.5 4.5 7.5 11.76 4.87 148.5
Starlet A 1 2 7.65 0.5 2 6.05 12.00 4.53 134
Starlet A 1 3 7.64
Starlet A 1 4 7.64
Starlet C 2 1 7.67 19.5 15 10.75 13.97 2.91 188.5
Starlet C 2 2 7.78 0 11.5 8.55 12.86 2.06 188.5
Starlet C 2 3 7.87 2 10 7.15 11.18 1.78 174.5
Starlet C 2 4 7.90 1.5 11 7.3 9.61 1.38 189.5
Starlet B 3 1 7.72 1 18 6.95 13.12 4.05 146.5
Starlet B 3 2 7.70 4.5 16 7.7 12.48 3.39 162.5
Starlet B 3 3 7.70 0.5 9.5 5.4 11.96 2.77 133
Starlet B 3 4 7.70 0 9 5.15 10.54 2.25 131.5
Starlet D 4 1 7.53 1.5 25.5 9.05 14.35 2.53 182.5
Starlet D 4 2 7.69 2 11 5.7 10.75 1.48 166
Starlet D 4 3 7.56 2 5.5 6.1 8.59 4.58 126.5
Starlet D 4 4 7.64 4 7.5 6.3 8.37 1.45 153
Goliath C 1 1 7.68 0.5 11 8.25 15.02 6.00 203
Goliath C 1 2 7.72 0 8.5 7.15 14.21 3.76 188.5
Goliath C 1 3 7.77 0 8.5 5.35 11.60 2.63 170.5
Goliath C 1 4 7.89 0 9.5 5.6 9.26 1.78 185. 5
Goliath A 2 1 7.78 10 11.5 9.75 10.31 3.44 200. 5
Goliath A 2 2 7.88 12.5 10 8.3 11.38 2.11 185.5
Goliath A 2 3 7.84 11.5 8 7.6 9.97 1.42 150
Goliath A 2 4 8.17 10 10 8.2 180.5
Goliath D 3 1 7.82 0.5 19 6.2 10.83 2.80 173.5
Goliath D 3 2 7.80 0 11.5 6.75 8.27 2.06 168
Goliath D 3 3 7.77 0.5 9.5 5.4 8.23 1.48 154
Goliath D 3 4 7.72 0.5 8.5 5.3 5.74 0.99 148
Goliath B 4 1 7.81 4 8 6.35 14.80 2.30 146.5
Goliath B 4 2 7.78 3 5 5.9 11.79 2.64 142
Goliath B 4 3 7.77 2 2.5 5.1 8.31 1.96 101
Goliath B 4 4 7.79 2.5 3.5 5 8.59 1.77 125
Smagic D 1 1 7.74 0.5 1.5 5.6 9.23 4.08 108
Smagic D 1 2 7.75 0 1.5 4.75 9.06 3.10 118
Smagic D 1 3 7.72 0 1 4.1 5.96 2.00 86
Smagic D 1 4 7.69 0 0 3.35 3.85 1.41 65
Smagic B 2 1 7.81 3 12.5 6.45 8.34 2.16 129
Smagic B 2 2 7.86 3.5 10 6.7 8.19 2.03 163
Smagic B 2 3 7.80 6.5 6 6.65 7.14 1.60 114
Smagic B 2 4 7.90 6 4.5 6.15 7.35 1.43 115
Smagic A 3 1 7.85 0.5 29.5 7.45 15.05 4.42 159.5
Smagic A 3 2 7.64 0.5 9.5 5.65 8.50 2.22 113
Smagic A 3 3
Smagic A 3 4
Smagic C 4 1 7.82 1.5 19 7.1 14.92 3.41 187.5
Smagic C 4 2 7.63 2 7 5.25 9.20 1.98 138.5
Smagic C 4 3
Smagic C 4 4 7.57

 

198

 

 

Horse Diet Per. Bout pH Gluc- BUN- HC03- nCa- nMg- Osmo-
mg/dl mw mmolll mgldl mgldl mosm/l
Tank 8 1 1 7.82 0 7.5 7.4 17.16 5.37 173
Tank 8 1 2 7.96 0.5 6 5.75 15.67 3.81 169
Tank 8 1 3 7.86 0 3.5 4.9 15.14 2.91 149.5
Tank 8 1 4 7.84 0 2 4.95 8.94 1.52 142.5
Tank C 2 1 7.84 1 14.5 10.3 11.56 2.36 195.5
Tank C 2 2 7.81 1.5 11.5 9.3 7.13 1.36 203
Tank C 2 3 7.83 1 9.5 7.5 5.48 0.95 184.5
Tank 0 2 4 7.92 1.5 10 8.05 3.16 0.51 204.5
Tank A 3 1 7.73 4.5 12.5 8 14.99 2.46 155
Tank A 3 2 7.80 2.5 8 6.1 9.83 1.57 123
Tank A 3 3 7.75 0 6 4.8 5.85 0.97 102.5
Tank A 3 4 7.88 0.5 17.5 5.55 3.18 0.67 146.5
Tank D 4 1 7.83 6.5 14 7.25 11.79 2.86 207.5
Tank D 4 2 7.79 4.5 12 7.45 7.80 0.80 212.5
Tank D 4 3 7.82 3 13 7.25 7.54 1.25 213
Tank D 4 4 7.83 6.5 12 6.55 6.33 1.01 214.5
Sassy A 1 1 7.52 2 15 8.1 19.58 6.28 145
Sassy A 1 2 7.67 0 13 7.15 15.69 4.15 174
Sassy A 1 3 7.61 1 10 6.9 14.08 3.17 149.5
Sassy A 1 4 7.73 0 11 7.25 13.54 2.45 180
Sassy D 2 1 7.77 3 39 10.35 20.78 2.80 197.5
Sassy D 2 2 7.81 1.5 22.5 9 17.67 2.13 181.5
Sassy D 2 3 7.80 0 20.5 9.15 16.65 2.00 173.5
Sassy D 2 4 7.83 0.5 17.5 11.12 6.51 1.28 198
Sassy B 3 1 7.72 2 30 5.8 17.75 5.18 144.5
Sassy B 3 2 7.76 1 18 6.7 15.58 3.60 150.5
Sassy B 3 3 7.67 1 9 4.85 10.09 2.29 101.5
Sassy B 3 4 7.73 2.5 21 6.6 13.10 2.28 145.5
Sassy C 4 1 7.50 1 15.5 9.45 16.94 5.38 173
Sassy C 4 2 7.62 5 11 7.95 13.89 3.05 177.5
Sassy C 4 3 7.63 4.5 8 5.8 11.45 2.95 131.5
Sassy C 4 4 7.66 4 10 6.1 10.43 2.25 160
Stimpy D 1 1 7.64 0 13.5 5.95 12.76 4.35 147.5
Stimpy D 1 2 7.66 3.5 14 5.45 11.86 3.07 149
Stimpy D 1 3 7.63 0 8 3.9 8.68 2.25 105
Stimpy D 1 4 7.64 0 4.25 9.94 2.48
Stimpy B 2 1
Stimpy B 2 2
Stimpy B 2 3
Stimpy B 2 4
Stimpy C 3 1 7.75 3.5 28.5 5.75 14.62 3.88 164.5
Stimpy C 3 2 7.74 1.5 12.5 5.25 11.87 2.42 145.5
Stimpy C 3 3 7.66 0.5 9 4.95 9.64 1.90 118.5
Stimpy C 3 4 7.68 1 12.5 4.8 9.27 1.72 137.5
Stimpy A 4 1 7.64 4.5 19 4.7 12.08 5.48 123
Stimpy A 4 2 7.68 6 7 4.4 11.72 3.74 125
Stimpy A 4 3 7.68 7.5 7 4.55 11.71 3.10 134
Stimpy A 4 4 7.75 2.5 8.5 5.65 12.71 2.81 163

 

199

VITA

Holly Sue Spooner is the daughter of Charles and Kathy Kenimond and
was born on May 14, 1981 in Kokomo, IN. On August 21, 2004 she married
Scott Spooner.

Following graduation from Carroll Jr./Sr. High School in Flora, lN, Holly
attended Texas A&M University where she was a National Merit and Presidential
Endowed Scholar. In 2003 she completed her 88. in Agricultural Development,
graduating magna cum laude. Holly began graduate school at Texas A&M
University as a Regent’s fellow in August of 2003 and completed her MS. in
Animal Science (equine nutrition) in August, 2005. Holly initiated her doctoral
studies in Animal Science (equine nutrition and exercise physiology) as a
University Distinguished Fellow at Michigan State University in August, 2005.
Throughout her graduate career, she has been involved in research in equine
nutrition and equine exercise physiology, and her work has been published in the
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Journal of Comparative
Exercise Physiology, and the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. While at
Texas A&M and Michigan State, Holly served as a research and teaching
assistant.

Upon completion of her PhD, Holly has accepted a position as an
Assistant Professor and Extension Horse Specialist within the Davis College of
Agriculutre, Forestry, and Consumer Science at West Virginia University in
Morgantown, WV. Holly remains active in the horse industry, judging, exhibiting,
and instructing. Holly Sue Spooner’s permanent address is PO Box 415,

Arthurdale, WV, 26520.
200

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