III II

     
     
     
   

II II

III I

II

ma
\IOO
_\

THS

SOME NURSERY INVESTIGATIONS
WITH WHITE SPRUCE AND RED PINE

THESIS FUR THE DE BEE 0F III. 3.
Donald Iames Weddell
1932

    

Yong”

‘ (If-Ah not “w

 

 

Sfldfi NUhSEfY IEVESTIGATIONS LITH

>~

EHISE SPRUCE AND RED PINE

The author wishes to acknouledge his indebt-
edness to the late Professor A. K. Chittonden and
to Assistant Professor R. H. fiestVeld of the Forestry
Department of Hichignn State College of Agriculture

and Applied Science for suggestions and assistance.

SOME NURSLLY INVESTIGATION: RITH

RHITE SPRUCE AND RED PINE

Submitted to the Faculty of the
Michige State College in partial fulfill-
ment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of bcience in Forestry.

by

Donald Jenes Reddell
a.

1952

THEFTS

 

 

Table of Contents

Page

Introduction................................
Thinning....................................
Conclusions.............................
Root Pruning................................
I

Comparison between Thinning and Root Pruning
Storege.....................................
A New Control for the Strawberry root weevil
Conclusions........;....................

PhotoatréIPEISOOIOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO0......

Bibliography...o.....................o..o...

7U

SOME NULEIPI IEVPSTICATIOKS LIIH RHITE SPRUCL

AND RED PINE
Introduction

More then 100,000 acres are devoted to the pro-
duction of nursery stock in the United States. ‘hirty-
five of the states operate nurseries, some of the stetes
heving two to five separate units. Ten to twelve nurseries
are operated by the Federal governrent and private ones
ere scattered throughout the country.

Differences in soil, temperature, elevation, end
rainfall create distinct problems in nursery management.
Nursery pfbblens must be solved for each particular nursery
and for this reason tge nursery business is fast becoming
specialized.

For the purpose of working out some of the problems
of nursery practice applicable to the Michigan State College
nursery, several experiments were carried out during 193’
and 1951. This included work on thinning seed beds, root
pruning seedlings, storage methods, and the control of the
strawberry root weevil.

Red pine (Pinus r sinose) and white Spruce (Picea

‘o-

 

gleuce) seedlings were used in all the exgeriments. These
Species are distinct in habit of root deveIOpment and of

growth. In its initial stage the red pine is a shallow

Ho

rooted Specie and has an Open crown. The sh te spruce,

in its initial snare, is a deep rooted Specie end has a

N—

..'I_

fairly compact crown.

All the seedlings of each specie were the sane age at

Thinning; o
For economic reusons, most nusseryntn have a tendency
to son their seed beds too thicxly, with a resulting loss

in quality of trees. Accoréing to Toumey ene Korstien

I

(l7)1, "Too dense seeding cnus s the resulting seedlings to
be tell, slender, and weak." tshlenberg (19) says that it
is obvious that seedlings grown in dense stands can not
develop as well as those grown vithout crowding.

In a series of experiments carried on at the Savensc
nursery in nor hern Montana, twhlenberg (19) has clearly

1 0

demonstrated the value of gratin; the seen ir.s at the

proyer density. He carried on his experiments using western
yellow pine, western white pine and fngelmenn Spruce. His

2
conclusions are as follows: "(e) The stem diameter of 1—0'
seedlings decreased 0.1 pm. for each increase of about 44
trees per square foot. The height growth of 1-2 transplen,s
in the nursery decreased 0.1 inch for each increase or

about £4 seedlings Aer square foot of seed bed. The number

of rootlets on 3-0 stocx decreased by one for each increase

 

1. Numbers in parentheses refer to 'Litereture Citsd.‘

2. The figures 1-0, 2-0, 2-1 refer to the number of years
the sock has been in the different beds. The first nurler
refers to the number of *esrs in the seed bed and the second,
to the number of years in the transplant ted.

of about 14 seedlings per square foot.

(b) Two-year old western white pin: gro n in dense
stands were much smaller, more slender, and slightly teller
then those having more room.

(0) tith 3-0 lngelmrnn soruce, increases in density
were eccomdrnied by decreases in characteristics desirntle
for planting stock."

To determine the value of the proner density of
seed beds in the Michigan State College nursery 3 series

1

of plots, thinned to different densities wss llid ut

O

(‘3

during the full of 19:0. These plots were laid out in
beds of both the red pine end the white Spruce ted-year-
old seedlings.

One section of each bed was laid out into three plots,
sch four feet by four feet, senurated by a two feet by
four feet check plot. Thu three plots were thinned to 2Q-
43, 60 seedlings per sdusre foot reSJectively. The inter-
vening check plots remained unthinned. (See Pigs. 1,2,3.).

Before thinning, the white spruce befs had a density

(N

of 76 trees per square foot end the red pine beds had 133
trees per squere foot.
In thinnins the plots it was especially desireble that

L

the root 5 stems of the reneinin: trees be no; disturbed.
LOOSSDiHQ the soil or und the roots mi ht have affected the
subseguent develonment of the trees (nu pulling the trees

to be removed might have broxen off some of the roots of he

remaining trees and thus acted as a root pruning. To

CN

obviate tLese fectors the seedlings to be removed

were cut off at the ground line with scissors instead

of beirg pulled, thus leaving the roots of the remeinin;‘trees
undisturbed.

After growth ceased in the fell, 50 trees from each
910:, including the check plot, were dug. No attexpt at
selection was made; instead, the first 5* trees dug were
taken to be represen,e ive of the plot. In this way a
fairer comparison of the verious plots was made.

The tops and the roots were veighed separrtely, the
division being made at the ground line. The tree of
average weight was obtained by dividiny the total weight
by 50. The current height growth of the average tree, in
each plot, was also measured. The results for the different
plots are given in Eatle I.

Table I. The effect of thinning on the develonment

o? the top end roots of white spruce and red
pine seedlings.

 

 

 

 

Number of White Soruce Be: Fine
seedlirgs ___:op 4Foots Ratio Toe Roots Bet’o
.mer 81. ft. heiéjt in_gr ms T/R height in#;rrms TIE
Check* 1.2 .E8 .2 E.35 1.04 6.1
60 1.85 .85 :.2 6.78 1.18 5.7
40 2.38 1.2 2.0 8.59 1.64 5.5
20 4.33 2.00 2.2 8.11 2.12 4.0

GTOWB’, in inches, 0‘ average tree
. .5

Check ; 6
60 1.8 7
40 2.0 ”.1
2 2.8 0
%hhite spruce ~ 376 - Red Pine 130
According to hehlenberg (20) e lor top-root ratio
indicates a better type of planting stock then a high retio.

Korstian end baker (7) Say, "The best criterion of

stock suitable for field planting is the balance between
he too and the root, which is best expressed by weight.

g stocx is that which has a small

The best class of plantin
top and a large fibrous root system."

Show (15) elaborates on this as follows,".... the
most promising criteria were found to be the weight of too
and roots and the ratio between the two, or weight too .

weight roots
Other thinqs being equal the greater the surf ce area
t- ._. - , ..

 

(and weight) of the top, he greater the transpire ion;
and the greater the area (and weight) of the roots, the
greater the absorption of moisture from the soil. So, given
two plants with tons of the same weight, the one nith the
heaviest root system is able to absorb more moisture and hence
under field conditions has a hi her chance of survival. 0f
several groups of equal weight, that with the lowest ratio
of weight of tons to Weight of roots will have the hi hest
surviVel."

according to Table I, thinning the seed beds of both
soecies shows a beneficial result. The white spruce,
thinned from 376 seedlings per square foot to 80 per Square
foot, shows a decrease in ratio of 1.0. No apprecieble
idifference in the toproot ratio between the different densities
of tie white swruce can be noted, but the red pine results
show a decrease in ratio for each decrease in number of
seedlings per suuare foot. The irregulurities in these date

are probably due to the li ited sampling.

Table I also shows that thr red pine seedlings in the
denser plots grew taller than those in the thinned wlots. A
generel treni upmerd in height gro.th, iron the plots

thinned to 90 seeilin;s per s;unre foot to the unthinncd blots,

re noted. The trees in the thinned plots were deveioning

r‘r‘

Can
larger root systems while those in the unthinned plots were
being croudcd b; the surrouniing trees and hevin, to fight

for light and food.

The results from the white spruce plots, with the exceq—
tion of the wlot thinned to 10 seedlin s ocr s:uaru foot, show
the sane gencr l trend in 'FOWCM as do the red pine slots.
The plots thinned to :0 seedlings per Square foot seem to
be erratic sn1 do not follow the general trend.

before the seedlings were GUL, the plots were studied
to see the effect of the thinnings. In the plots of both the
red pine and the vhite soruce th~t were left unthinnei, the
olrnts apweurei taller and more spin lg, and also an e red
in a less thrifty condition than those in the thinned plots.
(See Figs. 4,5,8.) The folio e of the plints in the unthinned
plots was yellonish green as congered to the darK ~Jewell
color of the 91 n s'in tne thinnen plots. The yellowish
color was prob-Ll; due to a chloratic Condition resultinr

from s deficiency of Certuin miner l s lts (14). The

chlorosis was much more noticeatl« in the soruce beds ti'n

.40

,n the red pine beds.

3 a

The vhite saruCe plots showed a signinicmnt effect of

f

thinning. In the unthinned ulots aQJTOhlhagflj t o-thirss

~ r4.

of the trees were killed by the straxberrg root reevil

(Lrachyrhihczs_;vafi”s}, while in She thinned plots none of

 

the trees were attacked. (See Figs. 7 and 9). The
weevils seem to prefer the shade of the plants and do the
most damage where the seedlings are thickest. A discussion
of the control of this insect will be taKen up later in
this thesis.

To determine the proper density of seed bed, trees
from'various plots should be planted in the field and
yearly measurements made of the growth and survival of
the trees from each plot. In this manner the preper density

of seed bed for each syecie could be determined.

Conclusions
Thinning the seed beds of both Species proved beneficial,

the top«root ratio of the white spruce being lowered 1/5

.from a ratio of 3.2 to 2.2, from the unthinned to the thinned
plots, and the ratio a? the red pine seedlings being lowered

.7 hi

.0 '~ -. '\ .0 W - L. .....‘..-_ -,,. .‘-. -3: ,V- .‘v -
grow old} oi) 2...l, lrsm She Junuluixd o3 one ”I; v.?;_ .e-J 1);. .pc.

F.)
\
Cf!

Thiniing the plots also lessened the damage caused by
the strawberry root weevil, no seedlings being injured in
the thinned plots while approximately two-thirds of those

in the unthlnned plots were killed.

Root Pruning
To determine the Value of prunin; the roots of

before trensglenting, three lots of ten tress

U)
('3
(p
Q;
:—’
(—1.
w
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each, of red pine an; white Spruce vere root gruned to

different lengths and then transplanted in re uler

transglant beds. A fonrth log 0: ezch SJGClP, unprnnen:
L

was trinSQIantei at the same time, as a check.

The roots of the first‘lot were left unprunej to

03

ct as a cneck. One-third, one-half and two—thirds,
respectively, of the roots of the other lots were cut off.
(See Plates I uni II). After pruning, the trees were
planted in the transplant beds, the trees being SQtCGd
four inches avert in the r :3. The tr neglsnt rows were
six inches snert.

The followins fell all the trees were dug, the dirt
w shed off the roots, and the trees I ighei. (See Plates III
and IV).

l,.

The weights were obtained by severin; the roots from

he
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(7‘5
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the togs at the groan) line, and weighinf evch p;
The weight of the sverége tree in each lot was obtained by
dividing the total weight of all the trees by the number of
trees. The ratio betteen the weight of the top and the veight
of the roots was also derived.

The weight of the average tree, and the ratio between the
ton and the roots, for a h lot an. for each soecie, are
shown in Tables II and III.

In the discussion of thinning seed beds, a low top—root

ratio was nentionei L3 in icatin: a more oesirwbl— t;pe of

"H

planting stocfi thin a hi;h r Lio, SD! 1 ton-root rgtio es

thr brst criterion for th‘ coiysrison of nurewrv stocm.

(See sage 4.)

Table II. fhc effect 0; root iriniin on the ceVelogxnrt of

-

the to;)e4y; roots OU'IIHI nine.

Lmoun. of Top boots
LQPLCAIJLWOEI 1‘ ’— 1.2: t 1-- i3?- ms
Nonr-chccx 7-5 ‘;{
One—third :1
One—half 7.‘
Two-thirds E

 

:11 r--
0

>8

“*1
\\ fl

 

,\

edeJeJeq
O O I
«>uwa>

'able III. l"he effect of root pruning on the develo>mtnt of

the toys eni roots 0: ruitr sqruce.

Aiount of T0) Roots Ratio
roo. cut off. kn #*7LLJ I/h
None-check l.E
One-third 1.4
One-half 1.8
Tho-third 1.2

 

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m H 7' H;
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CD (0 g. ‘13

Uslnx the tog—root retio as a basis for comparison,

the thite enruce seedlin*s (Tntle III) with t o~thiris of

the root: out of? feve the Lest results. ho ever, the

J

l ' ’--. 1' I‘ " '. I rx'v‘ L '\ >‘ - ' ‘ ‘r\ t- I" .- J- L '-.
UT€QI in rmULQ seems U0 Le irot the CLLCA 10t so uf€ lot

with the heavier cut roots. The red pine results (Table II)
also iniicate L treni fron the trees pith the uncut roots

to thos~ tit: the he vier cut roots. Ehe results from

t‘e lot with one—half of the roots cut off seen to be

erretiC, due Urob «IV to in insufficient number of trees.

C“

There seefs to be e v ricnce of odinion between
different :ritcrs in re; r: to the v;lne of root Urunin“
stock which is t) be transglantea. Jun:ucn (6), working
with western yellow nine an» Jack pine eye "ioot

1

pruning nee not shown any advantage to werrvnt its

continuance. CuttinL off the prominent tap root of yellow

pine causes such a shoes to the seedling tint its ill

‘

ef1eCt is continued throu;hout tee ycsr in the transplant

..

bed and th< first year in the field." For (2), yritin; of

nursery greetices in Eelgium save, "Interesting tests

I

cf

were made in trixmini the roots of 10—;eHr—old seedlin s

before transplanting. Ihe thrifti st dlants mere octeined
" L M, 2 with c t Lu e f: wfl’cn . Ls * ‘e a
fIO" tress un u r00 , ct i see? to be t

Variance tit; the orccbice in sOne of the bermun nurseries."

According to Olson (11), "To neglect root prunin' mien the

trees are lifted is to defeat tre principal purpose of

trznsolsnting. Pro-er droning is important eni fortunutclv

single." Tillotson (16) says, "Root pruning f=cilitates
tr'nsplanting enw to some expend it promotes the formation
of e comosct, Well develooed root system."

The average grovth during the current yenr was also

measured. The measurements are shoun in Table IV.

1

.-_ J- P .. °
ne trough Oi white

0
.,

Table IV. The effect of root pruning on
soruce sno red pine.

Amount of thiie serene Red cine
GL1

root><rit OI; (Srormgu in ixnx;-s

None~cneck

O
\1
._
PD»

0 _ 1 ( (K
01"."th LLflQ p: . K;

1.5
1.7

One~hslf

Two-thirds

7"” (F! C-‘T A"
o

0
U7 0 ("i

The gronth of the red pine ShOMS a tendency to decrease
as the smount of roots cut oi: increases. The excejtion to

_'

this general treni is in the lot sizh on —hslf o; the roots

cut off. The results fron this lot see“ to be err;tic as they

were at n the top—root rctio was figured.

-13-

érowth nigh on increase in enount o: roots cut off.

a” ‘~ the V lne of tr’ns-

}‘
a
v
\I
\-
\

he gucstion is often r iseC
DIEUtiFE 598C1i3'5. hailerberfi (flu s; :, "results of exiegimenzs
with western gellow sire en; testzrh trite gine show tiat
.....trfinsolvnts are usually prefered to Seedlings..." lillotsvn
(16) Sans, "Ir nsolentli , like root prunln , has for its

otject the production of stocg which is most iutlf to succ ed

in the field plentin , particularly on inhosoit'tle sites.

Its effect is to check reigtt growth gnu :3 stigulwte

develop ent of the literal feeuir; roots." From Table IV

it can be seen :het the author obtained the sane results in

the retardation 07 height grout? in the red pine lots. The
author of bulletin £9 03 tFe Pennsylvania Deg rtnent of

Forests enfi asters (G) writes, "Trees suitemle for reforest-

t

ation purposes can be grown without transplanting.‘ Accord—

ing to Olson (ll), ..."Thr0u h timely widening 0? the
growing Space it (transolanting) produces not only strong
and sturdy, but also uniformly develOJed roots and crown
structure."

-By conpsring the results of the thinning exacriment
with that of the root pruning exp riment the value of trans-
planting seedlings 's shonn. These results show that more

then just the widening of the growink so ce is needed to give

\.J

the best results.
The comparison of the txo exoerinen

Table V. The effect of th
root rat7o 03 th

Treatment of seoclir_s Tgu_g§gy;l:;~

--..—._.- - "-—___. —... - -—--'--

 

Unthinned 6.1 3.2
Thinncd to 73 pir s;. ft. 5. 9.?
n u / (J n n n 5 . I; f .0
n n :J n n n 1. O o . Q

Transoleniei - non prunei 1.4 1.5
" gruned cor—third 1.8 1.4
" " one«helf 1.5 1.8
" " ‘3“0—thilfiiu 1.9 1.?

rout rgtio from the th'nnoo, iut not trtn pl ntcV seed—
lings, to the transpluntei socoliWLs. PTPVthLlJ (Pu,e

it has teen mentioned nhst the lower tie tO)-root ratio

better tTG planting stock.

(n
#0
U1

Usin, the top-root ratio as e L’

tr nsolentin; noes improve the stock for pluntir . In

ihis table shows s consiocrutie lo Grin; of the to:

J.

one

is is shovn in Tctle V.

a)

the

for conyrrison,

white sornce glots ; decrease in r;tio fror 4.3, tbit of

the plot thinned to Eu seedling: p r s usys foot, to 1.4,

the ratio of th{ transolented but not pruned plot, is

signaficsnt. The i proveucnt in the vkitr swruce is more

J-

o?2n in the red pine. :10 fee,

—. i— ' r 1-71
1’11; JlCCU L‘LP
a ‘.‘- ('_ a. 4". 1‘ . \*\ (“j . -’
C; -1 of. 0”. -Il 1;.) #11
1

the originCl seed Leos, one difiervnce in the rootlns

I "J' ‘ ~L'.‘ v,‘ “ ..
bully of th- Jig snec1es.

‘,

Terence: the difference in 4L6 densitf

Storage
gang tines it is neceeanrf to store nurorr; Ehock,
sitter over rlnter or for 9 short period in the snrlng.
There are severxl reeeore why it n": he reCQSLNZf to

store thr atocn over winter. The stocg may be tyrted

.for sinfxx; plonfiJu; befoxtc 1L czxa be CJL_ in :33: nuruqul, fie
stoc; may hove been do; for 5 fall order end :hv oruer
cancelled, or the planting SPSSOU nay come to en unerwecteo
early end in the lel with some of the stock left un)lanted.

Epr3n5 store 6 new be necessary to utilize some of the
are: in trees for new eeed taut, or the SLOCK 3:3 to tentefl
for late Spring planting, alter th- gro.th has SLLrteo in
the DUTS&P3.

J .

There eye SGVeral metnods in common use for the
storage of nursery stock: heelin4—in in the Open, healing—in
‘ 1‘. o o _ .. O ‘ I _ "
Lnoer cover, 1n 108 or SNOL plts, 1n cold stordLe.

To determine the best rethod of storing trees in cold

store 6, end also the best meterizl to use for pecktng,

V

«as starteo during the fall of 1930, u:_na

(L.
{'3
('3
RI]

"la
’3'
H
C)
H
p—
(I

tno—yeer old white spruce eni red pine plentin; stock.
The procedure, which was the save for both soecies,
was es follovs: On hovemher 11, 930, 310 tvo-yeer-old

seedlings were Jug. These were segurated into five lots

«L

plented a the Kellogg Farm

( f1

of 62 trees each. Lot A r:
near Auguste, Lichigan. The following day Lots 3 and C
were stored in the college root cellar, Lot b being packed

in moss ano Lot C packed in sand. Lots D end E were

r;
—l“-
l;

stored in tin; coll at Iigfi room of tLe‘txn"tic11tqrol

I

(I)

Luildini, Lot in mos and Lot L in Sand.

9 ~01

the col; storage rOom 1: auto—

\4

The‘ ‘50:“ . )erc-e tyre.

" L. (111" +pflll (Q rqar‘a .. 1 ( C' 1 ,+.. . '.'~".O‘[;I V A 0'1
EublCn -J CQnu-b -el ell I nc:u Jed eon it - LBJ :J :
“Ur". ‘\ .1' "lop V'l "‘ t} 2 re 1.‘ - N -‘v' . "' n1". - l . .3"r\.’ v- 0+ 'V‘ '1 ~ ' ,
4L .. 4.11%. l.\ 4. “n user ‘1'... pCa.CI‘-J-n:; .A-TJ, UEv& it, 3.1]. UV K'gl U JOA. L L 6
' '. ‘ ’ "‘ ‘ .' "‘4' . L o ‘r~ \ . ,: I 1 .. . -. u I I
plecea tee hego mOle, Watt} tELK: QCQGJ at 1TT9thcl
. '\ ’. ' ”‘ \' . I“ 'V" “l‘ "‘a‘ 'v ( La~
inteivels. In SLOTlEU tree; in and hut€_lal concu rt

, A w. , I- “. . .L ,. ,, , '1‘ ‘7. . . u . ,, ‘-.' \r .t ' , ,‘ t ..
water Uln3u be Kejt to CF 71x. t toe poCAllg Th L€T1.1 cone

1

not dry out, for if it once trogmea or;, tar roots of the

1

trees will also become dry, eni or; root: we‘n dead trees.
i record tee Kept of the tamperuture en» relative
humiYitj o? the root cellar during the time the trees
vere stored there. The temperature r nged from ElOF to
31°F. The relative humi it; varied from 08.3 percent to
84 percent. At no time did the relative tumiflity become

low enou4h to cause exceseive trtnspiretion.

On April 2, 19:1, 1&4 more seedéingx were cu; and

(0
pi)-
(A
Q
5-!
(-1.:

Segaratci into tvo lots of 62 trees each. Lot P we

to

in noes and stored in the root cellar, uni Lot 0 r“
packed in nose and stored in the coll celltr.

Sixty t;o trees (Lot H) were dug April 15, 195l.

These, Vith all the other lots, were plinted tie follorin;

The only mennvr in wrich the storeie «ethods and necking
meteriole could be compared was to plent the trees, let them
gro. for at least one growini season, en: than comntre the

rate of grovth, as well as the survival per cent of tbe

c. L‘ ‘ .‘ ‘.'-',,‘ V —.. ."‘
:23 SDEC U, 71"” uflolj 0.1. ELL” (1 ’2 L).;.. o I’L'_1 C 11k. C. LA‘V- I

The soil in union the trees vere pl:nted is cle£:iFLed

(‘1‘
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x I
r.
’71
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(73
f—b
0
9+
D
(-0
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(6
P.
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L:
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U
r

f

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A
H
\e
O
p
[- O
kt
In
C
r...)
C
J
L

to in“ r 12m r {is vell;r, mljmxl “1‘31 clue? on films sorfi“ or, 'Iin

C underlain Lv e horizon o? sen: xrrvel :ni cl V.
d 3.. ’ .

r4.
(

It is possible hurt file "a" horizon' on this area hes teen

.‘1 =,_ - ‘ ,1, * (, :,,_ ‘.- ,,‘ y‘\ ‘ ‘ m ~-.' _, ,7
cosolcoelf.ezwnn31, leev-nb onl; tflee'xfl’ran'RJ" holiuons.

U

to COll pie 3 e very iigortent ‘CTC in planting
coerations uni in mtny else; it determines tle success or
f ilure o; tge Operztion.

at tiv t;;e o? the Luring glantifig a cnrcx of the

planting done tie orevious fall figs 3 d”. at this tine

no roxirutcl? lC fier cent 5 thi tree: had to n herved out

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soils hr in; the greatest moisture content are tnosc inich
show thr greatest ‘EOUlt of ne've." Engels also sags that tie
‘reutest senate to seedlings, one to Eczvin,, is on a soil
classified Ls'stonf—clayey'. t? classif5l.q the soil of

L

.;e eyorrimnnt 1 area on the same nesis that Eessis used,

 

5. This is according to the Glinea clessiiicstion in
"The Great Soil Groufis of the Lorld", translated from he

.‘

German by marout. Edvard bros. Ann arbor, Lion. 19:4

-15-

U‘.

the bellefont ire s:rfly loam t.ull ;lso be clesciViel r

'StONE]-Clfi:¢”' soil.

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at exce3sivc 8;;
free is orob:bly due to thf ler"n Let r—holflin; quscit;

of the soil. In most cases, f:ll plantinw :rcul no; he

Ltt' 34(u on soils Lit“ COhv in .u L ultg.
Th' t 3 Eel“: ‘“ t tlc se.clL*_; .cie in 3‘P se~o

J

09 s, as tell as tfis f?‘? 97 f TC‘C *rorihg lr thr field
rere exceedingly dry. Ike Unitec Bgetes IECtifT bureau
meintcin; s co—opsritive observlr; stsbion a: the Kelloig
Farm :ni at tliL: st: .tion u monthl) lscord of the precipita-
tion is kept. The recorfl for 13 E, 1330,3nd lSEl is chrrted
on aage f5. From this CLLTt it is seen thgt 4L9 ves 9.5
inches below normal in r inf 11, 1930 was 3.71 inches

below normel, 1931, up to the tine of pla nti 1;, fits §.l

W

in tne lel was 9.6 incnes belov normal.
A“

éftc: 'TOIth ces .3 the iollowin, rall, ; count

to deteruLne the survivel of the Verious lots. This

D .
(D

'-—
a ‘.

O

[:1

count showed the loss in the thite spruce lows to 14
great tth thcy 'ere not car]: ids red further. The survival
oercenteges of the red Dine are shovn in t rulcr form
in Ichls VI and in Dr‘ghiC'l Form in Fig.q

The grovth o? erch survivinU tree, for th current yerr,
Wes ncasured, but due to the low survivcl of e;ch lot, no

conclusions based on grovth ocr he :ede.

The poor survival in all Ch? 10;: us; be due to the

-15-

'1 4-1

deficiency of rzinfc i, the GLDETififihta

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dry preceding :nd follozigg planting ti t only the RQSL
vigorous trees cwuld survive.

Tstle VI. "he effcct 0 different s
on the survivcl, in the fie elc, of fee

pine seedlings.

Survive l

 

Date 91:09 Brcrivg Dite Hunter fl of total
Lot lifts-o st re “ trrial bl nteu of trees ulsrted

 

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stored

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The trees th;t were dug in the sqrira en
in most t‘o reeks previous to )lentiwg show th: best
survival. These trees vere eble to atsorb consiclereble
moisture from the moss and in this say ingrove their
nhysic 1 condition. tith tie improvei Whysic l coniition
the trees vere better :ble to eithstanfi the hLTQShipt of the
drv plentirg site.

The trees tint were Que in the syring and giantee at
once vere vary dry thrn pl nteu, havinh been‘roviv; yurir*
'e rs of drought. P ented, is the? vere, on an ercetr-
ingly dry site end grovin; during a third dry yesr, their
chance for survivin; ves very shell.

The trees that \ere i g in the f;ll fni olwnted at
once vere also very dry Lhcn plrntew. furtL-r ore they :lso
VETS plented on e very dry site. The surviVul percentsge

‘

this lot was gal o lo WfI 3 0y the loss du e to.fios t he ving.

1

The tree~ th.y mere s ores all tinter L30? .lmOQt

(1

as good survivsl as the trees stored for tvo veees in the
Syring. The former trees also hsd a chance to ebsorb
considerable moisture from the packing neteri l and thus
were better able to vithst nd the dry conditions after
planting th;n those trees that vere ylunted as soon as
dug.

The trees peaked in moss show a slightly hicher
surviv l gercentege then those packed in send. The
moss tcs sble to sbsorb and hold more of the meter hen
res the send. The sand has a tendency to Cake end thus
Cans: the meter to run off instead of percolating

throu h to he roots of the trees.

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A Net Control for the Strawberry Foot Veevil

The strawberry root weevil (Er chjrincus [Dtiorhyncufl
ov:tus), long a serious nest in the s rewberry industry,
is attacking in great numbers, the coniferous nursery stock
of the fiichigzn St te College nursery. The root weevil,
also Kno n as the crozn gir<ler, first eggeereo in egifieaic
form in the nurserf durinb the sprin5 of 1959. Since thrt

01

time increesed in numbers and in eitent o;

1.4
P
[r

The str vberry root weevil, en introduced s>ecie,
prob-81v first cane from Luroor, thouph it hrs been reportefi
in both Iuroae an; northern Asia (1).

One of ,h9 first outbreaks in this country occured in
Massachusetts in 185fi. Since that tine it has been reported
from Pennsylv nis (1874), 1i01igsn (Detroit 187L),

H"mps hir e(lo 78), southern Lichi an (188 ), Illinois (1683),
Ohio (183 ), Indians (189i), nyomin; (1833), is ”'xico
(1994), innes otn (19 3: Sontsns (1:37), snl Washington
(1904). Nov: Ecotis (1882), J bec (1895, :nd Lritish
Columbia in the Lorain ion 0: aneds also heve resorted out-
breaks of the jest (L).

The adult weevil is Jerk bro n to black in color and
varies in length from three-sixteenths to five-eight: of an
inch. Ihen the seevil first emerges from tie fiuuea st re

it is nearly shite, soon becomes light bromn, c ~nges to

 

4. Permission ass granted by letter of Inc. Z, 1321,
from the 9:;Cue-e Uouncil, to us e this portion of the thesis
for Qualic-tion in the Journ:l of Forestr,.

Sl—

\

darker brorn end tirelly bCCONP? vewx ear: brorn. The
shell is ver: hard. uecsusc the elytr , or ring covrrs,
ere lusod together, the weevil is unplle to fly.

The egys s”e Very minute, ueasurin: about .25 in. lone.
?hen first 1: ii they ere milky 7hlt€ but soon ch n;3 to a
pale brown color.

‘he larvae are rhitz in color, tit; : brownish
colored herd. lhen first hrtched they are about .Enn.
long. The full Crovn l:rv:e are shout t: rec-e Chts of
The ls rves Chane to ougee in small, utlrIOu-ll- c:
cells in the ground. The Dude: are white in color and have
the various to>rnr C‘s and body )zrts of the adult weevil.

The weevil is knorn to fe:d on :neny of the cultiVeted

on various soecies of

Q1

plants as well as on the grasses an
trees. Downes (E) mentions the weevil feeding on strew—
berries, logenberries, sorrel, timothy, white clover,
snowberry, oek, hemlock, and balsam. Mote and Wilcox
(10) add to this list June grsss and quack grass.

In the nursery at Michigan State College the weevil
has been founi working in ueris of Norway sgruce, White
spruce, western white pine, red pine, northern white

pine, Jeok pins, Jen :ese lu r011, 1H9 ic 11 LLr oh, and

The 181i_e t) nursery stock results from the feeding
115 the lLTVEB (n1 tl1e be r; of fur: roots. In fxxr' cases the
roots are conjletely girdled.

7?

In L:El rom SJ )ercent to 15 iercent of the S-J and

—3 Li r suruce, 40 percent to 50 gercent of the horw y
a-ofj -.

r :1. - H‘- y 1
K TL. .1. 1.0-1.53

m

spruce and lesser percentiaes of the various pine

in the lichig n Etite College nursery were destroyed by the

a nursery grorin; 3,033,003 trees a re1r this loss

(“

weevil. In
of groving stocx becomes ingorosnt.

1"

The lervse seen to wreier the denser hens :n 6w sue ost

dameCe in the center 0? the beds. Iiis u_s “or: ole rlf sho:n

in a series of €Lg€”i. Ht: c rried on L~ the fathor iurin; 1930

Q

In these ex.eriflents a bed of 9—0 shite ‘)ruce res thinned

rn

fferenz uensities )er s uere foot. One ‘lot yes left

. 1_1 - .~ . j. ‘ w . _ -4. .._. 4.“ ° .' .'- (1'
L11'1ijfllnned 4.1”) {‘C b c: 1: 7.; C-lc .C [311, 1-6.. V ..;'. r 11:11.11.‘ M J 1/0 UJ
,

“‘r~ 'Q‘ . ." . ‘V “\-.\ D l‘" .‘m-« w-~‘ " F'- :‘- -' , -'
svca_LinC;..arr s -r../ 143ou, 1i.s neg-t to 4.1 serol,;C3 .-n~ lo»

‘ ' ‘1" -r - I". \ ' C t\ r r :r
last to ,J seedlin a. In tl~ in.ninne _lot, thLLC e7' sr<d --Cs

oer s1u¢re foot, s;.roxin;tvl‘ t o—tLirzs o? the seedliw s mere
Killed bf the root weevil, hile in the thinned filots none of

the seeii;n3p t;i€eig§jlrsd. In t:: plot,ifi;:t'r s ett shed,

J’i

onlg those threes in the cent:r oi the jlot mere killei, lesvirj
a border 0' live trees ornund thc outzr ed e.

Trrnsolant rows seemed to be immune from s+tzcr, prob Lly
beeruse t e Alrnts ere so 7%r spert.

Vrriois methods o“ control h ve been tried in orier b;

71. “3 -. .- i. x-.. .. ..:.°. 1“,. .-
U€o~71;._n(;. obi- L-(JS‘J in] 0:. ‘vOJlk'x olflC. tall”: slept.

the growers resortes to the use 0? tr; —bosr ;, L'nCLs-ioot,

reié oil, insectiCLucs, ind soil flgl at“: *ith v rice results.

Treherne (l ), :ritir. shout thr post in tritis’ Doll bi:,

Hr i -. '~- .1. -.. ‘-,- l 4.1,. 4. .A , ' ° --'~' 1, ,, ‘- :
.18) fit: t3.“ Q‘JLEC; Lt 1;;1 L1: 5.1' L». u; .1 £0 S',:].L¢_‘. 111C 1.131": i.C't_;OLL

(1 1’
LIL

’ \

o; arti?ici l
mccvil."

In Orbgo

watta also; .
4'“. __ Cfli' l ‘ ‘(_‘ ‘1
Lu; C L' J f ‘.M_-rl

also give 13¢
kill tie :Tul

. a u . r _,. K ~, L _ r.‘

In LenP5¢lv:n;-, Parr., ;; ‘or -htF'ng tor~kv<~ (1.),
33 lied a >in2 3? com grci l firife CC? t: fan E u:: fatb oi 896d
133 aft€r it 3&3 92-9 red for glznu'n9, thcn CvV»L€Q LL *9“ LCL
tzo or *.”ac th'cznessé: o" d '- burl v. 1?is urofirczri L59
bid; frv heavi; dy"7e for 3 g- “ or t‘o. Iteer he's v; e léi'
Pa: in zn 273$ from Rio? SLeTLLw E h: Quit L-Ffl rw-ove= W
“hicl 2 E vsrf tFicgly Ln rafiEf '1L‘ the weevilg.

Lt the an; estion sf 7158 ;uf:u;k -Cfiini l of iEr Iicli;<n
. ..
St f0 C0119 o Lnt0i010_g “8 fitment, 9 rs cuntrvl {si‘). r s
tric.zcxfi. in iNn-IJWW? Carin (13 1971. 7D is (5»vq'i Ehfi, “‘icF
T°E st rtcd or Ji‘P 16, seer: t“ :3»: Quav '9 SJ? 0: cicc as.

In an ;; qure ZEP rrev.l x : in:‘ 30 L» >r952r1, ; LC”
61;“: fEQT b, leT feet Y‘s laid ‘UL. iii; hr; ‘ & enclo~€l t;
a -Oir€.f"%,‘: set f3 3 ijvfluéa in t5. grourulsnmj egtcnuLfi a :6
inches above de ground.

The ton of to groun was loosrnu' u £11 Ht ? i? or er b; t
the golu ion so he »)'1104 ii Eb Denezr t ?9rv 6:551 . A solutigfi
of ei;hi7 g~llons o“ xtcr, cont inir Efiucc. of misciblo c.rbon

7- ‘ ‘ ‘.,, .— -.. - ‘ ,- ‘ 4 -A 7 °.. .‘-‘, x. y r- L' ' .
con;30L hp; “9 pcen kavk 0; 1- Jgu COfiuTOI 0; Dale
f- ~ " ~« . ,‘ ‘. . A < : I‘L . V. 4" ,.
n L “unw—m»_e hglt C‘DELbuLu; o- broung rujle
: L‘.‘ - . * ‘v P - ~' ~ - ‘Ir‘ ' ,'. ~ -. ‘ -\ v > "1 ‘ ‘1 ‘ : t5
#— 1’1‘ CyJ-Cl'x. A -miv‘L‘x -A\‘ J" ' ¥:‘ "L..I’V.A'I.‘L b .1. 4- V \JzJ—A .L ‘ LDu’L—Lt|. $.11-
" ' . '1 ,x.‘ . "a ". . V 1 ‘ ' 1 fi , 11": ‘ "
3;,, EL. 3 coWJ LC 1 v“) 1C9 Cyl;PA uO— up
I "" ' ' I T W .' u ‘ ‘ ~"‘ 'T- " —' I " . "' ' ' r ’ ' .' " J" .
Eon ‘lfi 990+ rtcmlbzo *hC‘v a Lt‘ ~fie #ng do

to the 110:. “The

- LU; the soil ta VXTvymlie

-
§

4J - {JOY CB co. Lo 1) ;ollone of LCCP
[)0 _ (go? 57 C. n n u u n
63° - 7g0F 49 cc. " H " " "

Ins 'b?!i b( mgr r:;tr3?e of) 'fije: 5:)7]. €379 '4 ¢' +7 e {2.35 hi. ea'fi
was 55 “te r s 68 F., 4503. of t1e earl»: Nieulyhifc vrs
mixrfl with eye? ten g llon; of * Bar. The eolution w;s
mixei in a tan llor giik c=n, the v tr; Lu'x; load to
Lhr c rbon J eulgbioe, rad poureo on 3hr Le at once.

Fort"-cr It Esurs l ter a co at veg M e to deterwiue
tke results of the exprLi op“. Light 5 ozr- foo; o: 5311
1‘s 1; u: an V'?” C'“€;ull* e'2 fined. L 1 3t ;CL of the
vcevil ”ro* t“e 1 rv'e to uhf £eul. beetle xcr: fju;n in
t1? €0.11. 0

A tot l o: 67 deifi :n' four Ii? ‘envil- T‘E faunT in

be smhll plot. all the l rv;e tr! _ D, a; ll 3 :11
a alt: @108 tin; those thht h;d reached the r r -ahéll‘;
at 56. The aolution dii not effec- Lhc 'hici g 4L" of the
June beetle (Phyllophaga so .) which also “are )rcsent in

the grounfi.

In or€cy to determine the solution on

‘fi‘~ .. 1" «4- ~A ° ‘.
t‘ ‘F “1.4.1 ‘9? u .155 15.: Ct

v

C

c on bed, tho feet by

U‘.

gTOWLT; trees,

out 1n of E—J rhite Spruce. Trent; g llon; o: 2:;

”J cc. of the miscible cerbrn oLsulpLije n-c ;ooeo to

mere ine_ected the followin_ fall xni no

c;uld be founi.

- «’ ‘. J'-
.4tJUUu

miscible cerbon disulphi.e,

accorQLuu

ib his

1‘

7.
L.

C 37 7-":

£0

7.1

.s

7‘.

:1

s..-.

'reatej elem the trey: :ro cor gut, jug; Lnfore

U)
L-f‘
(J;
g.
'r J
g a;
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tfie heme 59“ dl'ntrd or guet Liter tie trw&::<7W' “,f.
During the full of’lflfifll, con: :1 megu1fiee on e

lavge LC 10 vere Cirriru on. L c TLOh mi;al~;ifle e ulsion

wee use . Thin emulsion, ‘hici correcuon.g to tfie miscille

CiTLOU disu13hice in its ectlan, is .;ue from the 50110617;

N1 (‘1 TO H
C
V
O
.r'l
.0
“0'

1 u . —‘ r A J. :V I.” A ’ 1 ‘n {-3 r - ’ , - ~--~ . '1 5' " V" ~~ :
On an ;rbu ui .,.eO SuUAIS lext frou finicn .—o Mite

s>r1ce tau jutt L€€n remove: an; :hich ”I; he Vily

infested nith the weevil, c rlon cieulrliie e ulcion in Ipbir

me: aooc5. The eguleion 2;: eggliec at the following r Le,

. 9 - Su’r. 13.6 cc. oer 5 lion of meter
SUO — 6 \J‘OFO 1104‘ CC 0 n n n n
600 -’ 7:)OFO 90;; CC. H H H H

The solution was mixed in a ‘5; gallon ”Le n" eareyer.

\Q

One fillin; of the eprgyer covered CJ Sju T? fee: of ;ree,

‘ s.

the .ateri l bei : affilicj at gun r:te of t;o La 3 h"l
e"lo“? to ore C u<“e foot
L1“... .‘.\ L - - La‘ k~l .- O

A rectzngul r bOer; fr: :, e(vcn 79¢; ride u; e; Lt
feet, seven inchvs lon5 1nd ei ht inches dee), vne used
to hold the solution until it could 50;; into the ground.
The fr me tee built ”0 these dimenpione 3 Lb L it moulfi
enclose just 63 sgqub feet of urea :nu mole one t'n; 0

material. The outoide or the “rule v2; L;n3el zit; soil

4. , J- . :,‘ .- 1:1,, J.‘ a ‘- 'w‘, -l, , .L._ - r ,_ . ' ' .. ,, ' L."
b0 UTEVE‘T‘. .2 le- Jaucfi- o 4.. . MAE. LiLn: Lll' at Ill 1 q r. l lllr ‘ LL“).

veter, the solution mes l0\ red in the fr: 0 enou\h
to ncrnit the r4.ovel of the frame to tLt FGLL loo-bisn.

":llons o: e uleion an: 44 hours

L
c.

It reguired 18
(if hzurs ior t'o gen) to cover th: :hole ;re: Kith
the solution.
The cost of the Operation Ta: :3 follovs:
4r hour: at 50; *L2.UU
13 g'llon: of CLUlilqn
at 6;; 11.7)

"r“ w :\ r rv
.¢;.7u lor .,;40
s u r: feet or .014) Le: sgucre foot.

.40
cf
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to live lrrvee mere found in the tree treLtec,

checke helm: rsuu ever, fey feet.

Thou_h no uefiinite conclusions con Le ur, n tron
one s asons Hora tLe follovinq recon endetlons see:
tarrantcd.

In order to conbct bhe veevil successfull; it
till probabl; be necess:rfi to use a carbinetisn of
tro 0‘ TOT? control me sures.
<y ep'lyina tug ceroon cisul hi e b) ti

_,._- ‘ 1,, l .. A,“ ., .1.“ . . ,, ,,_ : f ,V‘ ' 43" 4.3. ‘ 1_ ..'-
;urts o: the nurseiv UHCu are xOFICu, at tub bl.€ taut

uejorit; of the lLrvve Kill be destroyed.

C1
)4
a
c+
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L

The next stem should {e to surround t::‘

the nursery on “Rich the e ulsion vzs .poliej, VitL

{'3
4

s.)
- ’ .-
0V

'oison bsits, in OFOPP to e699 out the edult

P

weevils. By making the belt attractive to the
weevils they will feed on it as they creel over
it.

Control measures must be carried on for
several years in order to reduce the number of
veevils to a point there the da.ege they do

till be negligible.

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omhohpmou con no
node I no.3 cognac:
s .mah

 

 

A3536 masochfiflaog 38.33023

3on €333 no E8: poem 53:23
no p083 maize 33 35.25 33.— uo 5;

-51..

 

Plate I

 

 

Red pine seedlings ready for transplanting

PLATE I

Ono—half of roots cut off
One—third of roots out off
Two-thirds of roots cut off

Check-none of roots cut.

-55-

 

PLATE II

 

PLATE II

White Spruce seedlings ready for transplanting.

Check - none of roots cut.
One-third of roots cut off.
One-half of roots cut off.

Two-thirds of roots cut off.

PLA’I'E III

 

 

 

-36-

PLATE III

Red pine transplants after
one seasons growth

A. One-thiro of roots cut off.
B. One-half of roots cut off.
C. Two-thirds of roots cut off.

D. None of roots cut — check.

 

PLA

"F. '—

Ll.

IV

 

 

PLATE IV

Lhite sgruce trrnsglents

v- ‘ ., rfi """" \
after one SEcSDNo bro tn

Check - none of roots cut.

One—third of roots cut off.

One—half of roots out ogf.

I

f.

Ft.

f

L

Tro-thirds of root‘ cat 0

-59-

(11:)

10.

ll.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

britton, .. D. - COTH. ngric. Et ”ion ”#9033

bgU-lJlU.

‘

'(cono Arno l ucoort of tre Lt be

(m

00016;, 1:. L11. ‘-

1ntomologiste, Lont'n! l ric. College
St tion pulletin 5a, 1904.

- r n , .i .- ornn:~
DouneS, ». - PLe sirleerr, rOot y9;vil. no illon of
CHILL—1'. , DC Vb. Oi" .5-_I‘3.C. Poiffilet E,
ne series, ievised 1321.

I: ,- " 7’ :1 e.- -' J- ‘E-‘ .'~ -.‘,-~" . . IT‘H‘k ~., . ‘l 7-n/?( .s
IO)~, t-o . o " *0; bit: burgh...) . c 29.45512, ..xCuliuxng if)

x P u "‘ v 7--
.fi

Hceis, J. ,. - Frost Hes ing 03 Testern Yellow Pine
Seedlirgs, Tcologg 4:A p. ate.
J nouci, I. L. - Effect of quClLL end Loo; Pruning
on the DEVGIOQHQRE oi IF-L5;liULL.
J. of forest? , Vol. L5, 13 7.

1.: ... m i C - A d . ¢3flr °
. Liv! D 'J? , I. to. — Yarns?» Ll,ntnh(_ in

the Intei contain feiion. U.C.P.£.
bulletin l (A, 1%55.

Fri

6
L1
rm
C.
B
..3

V
C)
0

'vberr; r00; tenvil as s

oniffizr Ilurseries. .'..ic’ 1-1.1: n
.u rt r13 Lulletin V01.l:, ho. E, 1330.

chcniel, Z. I. - The st

3
(I
g i
P.
:5
O *3

*I L ' ' C L, w u L n A. N-.. - L, a f.aL
mono “196 pt ,e iOibEU Irte hUlEt.J all.(c ue u. of
ests zno esters, 1390.

3 "1

. C. and iilcox, J. - The str:rberr roou tnrvil
:n‘ their Control in Oregon. Ore‘on
‘ vzc. Colle e in). itition Circolrr 79,

O
-3. .
(‘1
\0

Olson, K. C. - Groxin; 'rens for Forest Planting in
Montzra and logic. U.L.D.z. Cir. 1‘),
19:3.

.ETIITE, L. O. in, Tyson, J. — Coil iurv~1 of K lengzoo
Conn 3, wichi_.n. U.L.P.l. more 2 of
Soil:, 13:6.

,-.

PBTTJ u. 1. — Corresoono non, luEl.

Seber, O. — Princi)l(s of Plant Pnysiolow;, ”chill;n 00.,
Ne' IOTi, 1949.

-49—

1:3.

5-"

:1.

Tillotson,

Irchernc, R.

Toqmey, J. L. and

. .1;J.L.r1L/- _,_, O U 0

Eshlenbcrs, ..

Le ver, J. 3. Ln.

' I 1'1 ’- \‘“" J '0' “‘ 3 A}‘
U. 1‘ o "' 1311:. EC. v.’ I 1 :JC L:_’~-C€' U1].

(—2
o
I

1

...;1C: NA .
. \. 5| w.“ 1 l ..‘ ;
U.‘-’..~¥.‘£1. LUlLCLJIi;. ‘1

'J

'—
5
(.

Lrambcruy'zmxga‘»eevll. Tlma. of
Liv. op Lrtouolo,;, 831.6, 1914.

Koreti n, C. F. - Seeding :no
I _I a“ ’7 ‘ _ I“ 4 I P“ p t. ' ‘ ‘ ‘
Plantln; 1 tho Br.culct o- lorestrJ,

Q . A ‘ ' :- r . (3"“‘
..-.L1-'-.; ‘A r ‘ Von». , la.-.L.
— Rélation 0i Quintitr of ;;od 8
5n: Uensitg of _ 1
revelOOTFFC oni 1'
1)]‘5-{13‘1'11 £3ro11.

VOL. 0.81, -..'O. 4’

o e
northern booty Lou
lgrlc. Icae;
1928.

Clement, E. C. — Plvnt Ecology,

xcGrru-hlll boox Co., 1329.

.41-