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THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN CULTURAL
FACTORS 0N SIZE OF APPLES

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. S.

Glenn LcRoy Ricks
1933

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Thesis

t3 the ‘acnlty of tie ‘icnigun Ttate
ColLege of Agriculture and 4pplied
ence in partial ulfillnent of tne

or the (hares
of Easter of

Wei--
requirements

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THESIS

 

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rawhcvs 0.

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Introduptlon

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JR the size or

J.-. 1

As the apple industry hTS dGVCiOCt
factor

tae most impovtant sinmle

to he

ceon at q flroFitthe brine. A mnflerete

fruit has come
in 9‘6 11111}? ”the
to the

crop of 1“”?0 en: es brings better net returns

~wnwer than a large crop of small fruit. fission (34)

has Shown tast small size is the most conflon cause for

apples heig; missed in the cull evade in flinhfig“m. “e-

fhods 0P hwofiuciur lirpe QDCLSS nave been renorted on
c Gantry .

U

I°€3S<.3".1‘CI1 wor'lvzers tnrougrirmut ”fine
R179 01 “pvies

Hv verious

“we 7fierogmruuretixx;s for *slnveeFddu; the

involve a number 0? treatments. Tb ”es to eveluqte
m lfnwel ferflwwae. unfler'cnn: set of
erein re-

oP fnese
the studv he

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soil and climatic confiitioge, tndt

nowiefl was unfiertixen.

103437

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Liurneek (9) reports taut tdi‘iming will increfi se
13w; size, evade ermiChrllitv 0: fruit. I¥Jtreducini tne
number of flePective Specimens. it will also decrease
the Post of hqnflliug. ?Vstemfitic fruit fhinning will
refluee tne bPQ?V“I“ 0P limbs an” eweserve toe vjror of
q tree but it may not prevent biennial beariu,; 55 a
rule not more teen one Ooble oer sCuP should be left
and finesse {mould not. be closer $11111 4 to 8 inanes amwt.

Herrirfl: {10) concludec:1;vat toinnimc-(fi‘rw1ture
“inesoh trees pave tne flrst year. Vineeap resp0uds to
tainninc bv incweesed 9173 one better color even wnen
thinned as lone 18 July 20. mme oeet results were ob-
tained in ifliuuimé old 7dxmwxup trees by leaving tee 35w
ples 9 to 10 inanes apart.

Pillou (15) stqteo tnot 1A eve y nose +pe oercent-
are of "first ~rqae" fruit was meteriqllv increaseo by
thinn'ng. For example a well toiuned orenfihd of G?
frees Produced but 21 LOUMdS of aprles under 2 inches
in diameter, wnile C1 singr-le uz‘ltnirmer“. +r'ee of the sqme
age and varietv Proouced 26 nounos under 2 iLClGS. He
also relnzes inot nruain; out crowded crunches and tfiigs,
wnile melyful, will not prove a substitute for inorouga
tninmlng of the fruit (KlihnglvidUQl hvfircnes and lJfijim

tvlenter (12' sfnim;s that “mere arming trees are heir“-

ing 9 meoium to q neavy cwoo of fruit, tne removal of

part 0? foe fruit bv thinning is a verv rrofitsble erec-
tice. Un”er pertain eonfiiiinns, however, such as light

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may not C%*. In all cases Where trees had 3 :00d crop,

"eninnine does got influence subsefluent croes nor cause
trees, naturillv hiergiql in bearing herit, to heir a
crop e101 reir. Winter varieties should be tninnefl in
Vest Viriinid flTLflzhflh3 20th £0 Julv eta, th'flhe csse
0P “UTFUP or mrlyr autumn verieties it will prorobly pay
to delay tainr’n: until tne fruit is Fer e enou“h to nee,
and Tllerl several ti’lim‘dlr's 81101.11" be moxie as tne fruit
sizes no".

Reach (13) says test ”mere fniuniur is fiudiciouslv
carried out. it does not meterinlV redune yielfis. Tn
Foot, in the case of owe“ loeoed frees it often lnCPQQSGG
’rfnert-‘ielrq o? lorre werketaole Prni+4

Pqtmnrelor (ill) renrmiks. vwlnr oj‘itus so-cslfbwi hohii,
~” in apple treSS is directlv trsee-
the to tne f‘se’r. test the? overre'ir‘ose veer "no. recover
\v redrio’ “ Very lipnt crop tne Follow-
ing; 37013". 7 “117.7 broken limos in the OI’Cflfll‘Wl cOuld Fm lore.-
vented by proper tainning fine mucn iime and monev saved
in Propping the brqncnes.

‘lld'rion (0') founc newer h’lin'riilm ircag'e'nsed, in "Ill

cases, Lne size and color of tne fruit, as comyqred +0

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no thinning. Tn necrlv ell cases the thinned trees set
more blossoms the spring following tne thinning. than
unthirnefl trees. The res soonse to +hiunin¢ Wes erecter

on vicorous +rees. Cu nob-vi crows trees increased Pruit
bud formction did not occur.

Rollins (8) workinc With Walfiwin found that the per-
cer‘ltqc-e of fetal yield in Pounds in the 2%:- to 3 incn am?
over B-incn grours is oreetlv increased bv thinning. In
ihis core increasinc +he size WIS wccomnllynefl at the
cost of % rmtunar serious reCuct ion in vield per tree.
Tne 3Vor3(G thinned tree Produced 498 pounds While the
average unthinned tree produced 682 hounds of fruit.

3.!‘lein‘oerg.-._e1" (6) working?- ri npeq es ststes try-1t thin-
ning reduces the total volume of f1 uit 9nd the heavier the
thinninc the crester the reduction. Under quvlsnd condi-
tions it see ms that 30 to 40 lea es per fruit are desir-
able.

Heller (4) concludes that onqn+ica llv no diiference
in the size of the fruit occurrefl When no leaves were
nearer than 4% to lo feet from the fruit as compared with
fruit crown "itn the leaves adjacent. Apples are okle to
obtain foods as easily from leaves that are above, below,
or on separate brqncnes as from leaVes that are ccjacent.
mre size n? the fruit at the end or the season is corre-

lqted with the size of the fruit early in the season.

Cumminns, Jenkins qnfl T‘unning; (l4) found that small

sized fruit is one

placed in the

smwll Pr *nose tre

lv to re Sigond

one Quadrant T1”

goersely set in it

7 ircze

brirunués.

may be more

worth W iM to eli

is taken ofP.
wood seed than tne
for smell nprles i

1iZQLiOI1 Of

cull

well

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Where is very lit+

imoor ta n t

I; 1V9. 1” ii ‘o l}?

the blossoms.

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0? the cooron ciuses for a phles reinc

“redo Vorieties Which are naturally

es are lichle to overset. ere most 1K6-

to thinning. A tree heavilv loaded in

ead thinnine in inet rewioh)even thouyn

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t-I'b

s o r quadrants. ?“cn rrencn

S' “911:; a

c ender stiw" in

\

1t 0f cohditions exi

it}

mutuality or cross 1111

leif size 9nd ross iolv depth of color

than number 0?" leg ves. r“winninr- is

18

I

nL ete cu even thou n no wood fruit

the larger aprles contained more

shall fruit. hence a partial remedy

s to he Found in the more perfect Perti-
Six seeds ter anle i9 enou"d

+0 irsure d3 M31 out if no other fictors inhihit.

1Cisc ussin the relq tio“ of? r-rowtn on rid, ed and un-
ri: ed hrfircces. fineness, Uverlev cud luce (1), state tiif
on unringed hrenc es the 9ccumulstion of corhonydrq.te ms-
ter iil_s ‘WO'uld ins free txarnove curt oi‘iwue hrsrmn1'1nd le coh-
sidersole pert. centricute +o trunk and root rrowth, Where-
as, on rinjed crcrcnes it tended to be stored. at least in
hert, in the fruit. Thev uc+1=~ report, thit under Wasn-
inyton conditions From 40 +0 80 3e eives oer fruit are needed
with varieties suc1 08 re li cious, 'inesqo crd Rome Peautv
to ontain large size fruit end at the seme time ehsole the
trees to beer reculsrlv. ““0riv to RU leeves have Fruit

of wood comnerciel size, but tne extre leeves ere re-
Cuired to produce fruit buds for the nevt veer's croo.
Pllenwocd (7) concludes tn1t tninnin; materiellv in-
creesed tne “vrcentq“e of i“ruit 2‘ incnes in diemeter and
reduced tne total wei ht o? hwrvested Fruit. fie also
makes tne followinr statemerts. ”S’ze of leaves may verv
wreetlv under different conditionn and Reef eree is more
immortflut teen number of leeves. Tn spite of ohviOuS dis-
advantfices. distance of thinninv Prerehlv remains the most
eccurete bisis for reconneud1tious to fruit rrowers.9

“egnese (0) quS "It is true 0? course, td1t ”fiter

I...)

seortece ri_l result in'sm1ll size in fruit regirdlese 01D

leqf area. Wowever, with emele water surtly the leaf ereq

seems lEVEelv to limit the size and Qualitv Of the fruit.

Ti‘urr e¢yiT71 mess (F$)1metort turrt U16 soil.ruristure

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content of most or Tne root Vane of errle trees must

perceun1re (5.5 ter cent, On cry WClgnt

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'1htr'e 'tie iTlJ Lin “

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bqsi , me1oured bv erWiuw millet} if the leaves are to
function 31d tne fruit to rrow 1t tne maximum rate during
periods or warm, dry weather.' Cu tne irrigfited plots tue
highest moisture cOMtent W1s always found in the surface
s inCAes end 'ne same was true 010 the drv PTCts during

rain? rerirds. but durin: extreme droughts tre hiéuest

Iz‘xrristll‘r“: content on the (‘I‘Tv' “Globe "we Pmmd in the second

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foot I lqfl +He QUTFHRQ. Fruit harvested {POW YOWG t1

in tne drv blots Wis ehout two times lereer then th1t of

‘ ‘ . ‘ . _ _ _ ,_ 1 ‘
tne corresrouding 1rniv1ten plots

0
"Tori-21.11;, z'zitli pee.c11e :3, Fiendr1.c1;so;1 and \mizmnver ($55)

W1:7011t 1 40 [ST cent increase in size of fruit from the
”vet” Plot 15 com 1r3d to Lid ”dry” blot.
QteW1rt (3l)%workinm Vite ageles end studyiro tne 0f-

fect OP fertiliz rs u.

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depends “ “P‘“* 8““1 uron tne soil moisture conten+

Using 1 tar peter roof to PPIVCLL rein W1ter tron eu-
terit the "oil flskwm“ (30) ringed TQS qoyles, mgfifigflin
tr res -fou.11t 18 of a rusae 1, from the cove113 d hint end 100
epoles, meqfhrtul one bushel, From the checx blot. denoting
little difference in size. ‘0 edded tnet tne metmod use

flid'not give tne results hoped For rut Sh; ested ehmvwn
+¢re VeLyer lw1t'rier ,bernio<x3 of’111ir1, t uls };ernuittilis tire U.AIll
loss of W119” by evigorfitiot.

Icu~urir'e (cited r7 31rduer, Dradford and Looker)
(32), fitfites test 5 F3? cent throscoeic moisture and R *o
c Ler Cent free a1ter is iust lhOVG tie minimum soil mois-
+tune requiruxunxts for Effi‘xjs LTCKTJS‘CME CQPtfiiJ Exxun soils.

Pellou (15) infers tn1t no results of value woull occur
Iron orcw1 d f:rtilizetion experiments on “wrtile soil--

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SOil test elreodv “cuttins “ sutpioieut supflv, tne elements

ne(ress11tr to \fll,OTWN13 1190U7d1’7uC1Y7POlJJFlC f11uitilL o£"tne
inur1s. 11 his CVuyuvuwsu s 171 +‘V22s'recaiv1mr 11i'tro;enors
fertilizer "e“uired tuiuriuw unile unfertilized trees did

rot set oe1vv euou n to reouire +1inuiu

Stevmwmt (16) “tntwyi tact +4M3'Dllht TTMX37MLFlu9L03
UHOH truit aim: will qlwwvs he seconfl“wv to woiqture con-
scrvqtirwv°1vi‘WWooow tninwin .

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nitrOgcu increqsod tne qize of f°uit.

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3,.49uce toot QDTliCflthQS of nitWOgcn Fertili7crs
are lixely to rocult in come ochreqse in Q12? of fruit
h’lS "oven SL’Lhi'fliT/Lcci. "or: Chandler (18), (7110116 (20\. our? "0.-
ffir? (21)-

Foohew on” "W;"“uls (19) workiuf'?fitw1vwrwcnes fonnfl
that the numbcr o? truito no the troc influenced tne size
of Fruit more tfllu the fertilizers used.

cooccr (23) ctud ing the effects of Pertilizers on
the performance of acrle trees Obb$PVBd toot fertilizers
did rot incwcfiflg too 9-73 at tho Fruit. He finds tnqt

1 I

fruit Size Tb ;Ovcrncd h? tie number of fruitq on toe tree,

H

tne size decreas

by as humharg incvoqcoo.

Anowlixxl (85) °"flQPimuutim{§Tflfifll'fiiPtillZBPS reports

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that the limbs nu tne fertilizer c of to ;ree

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more of the nitro en tnnn 61d tne otncr unfcrtllizcd

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as «flown by tne len to of terminal r"r’owtn.
Anflwews (55) studyin; the various factors wnicn influ-
’ \
once SiZ: in a; les,found tact the fruitsoickefi From the

nitratcd sifie or the trees were low or n 8123 tunn those

4.

from ++fi21n1f0rjilizet E!

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N1tton (24))stufiring S;PIV injur7,did rot secure a

consistent difference in size or
“nd bordeevV mivtuve wees compered. Only two veers out
of fVWW“ did TINEeTOMQTHFIlflpPldb, fiwmi trees sgimffiwitvitn
lime sulpnur, averove larger than tne sooles from trees

serqvcd witn borueaux.

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new (536)71'r0‘r'kimr "ritn RIFIQQT. coer'r'ies )nozmlnderl
that so? slrwliue spray hid a tenoencv to reduce the size
of the fruit. It was sugéesteo that this influence was
Produced turoufo the action of +ne spray meteriol in fles-
troying tne Flood on tne fruit, therebv. increasing trans-
oirstioo.

flu "or and Coolnv (27) “eoortec tuit potato olquts
fiCFquu wito‘ooroeiux mixture trqostireo more wwter tnen
olents sunfuneo Vito ljnw: suipour CH’Ihlspriyed.

tells (28},WOPkinfi witn sour cxerries)found toot
straying Woteviils recuceo tie size of fruit. For evsmhle,
cuerries eicxed from trecwaspnaved witn oorfleeux mixture
averoreo lel fruits oer found soils those sprsved with ane
sulphur nverqoed 135 oer lJoni-1o. sulpnur oust 119 ter pound
and unsprsyeo 114 fruits per pouno.

Button (29) observed test by combining a small amount
of ferrous sulphate with lime sulpnur and lead arsenate,
foliage ioiurv was refiuced,wnicn resulted in briyoter color
and larger Size of stoles.

Anflrews (33l,studv1ug toe efrect of root pruuiu; on

Fruit SiZBDTblltGS toot tne apples were smaller on the root

\3.
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pruned side than on the opposite side (roots hot pruned)
of the same trees, except Where the tree trunk was twisteo.
"D‘lefil’w '1 hitI'Ogg'eh-C‘Tr.l"l"§,"ihg-fer'tilizer telldeo to of‘P-set
the ihjiurr cxused hv root pruning.

“herews (33) ricxed and sized series from trees, half
of whose roots were in sod and half in cultivation, and
his records SJOW thqt the ankles f‘rozm the cultivated side

svero-ed about 0.4 centimeter lerger in diameter.

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.ports that OVer a period of years seversl

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vsrieties ct aptles grown under sod mulcu Since setting,
have consistently produced lorwer apples than trees of the
same varieties and age grown under clean cultivation.
Partrdxthriod Vectxfii (38) svelte thet.irllooth Goo srwi
cultivoted orchqroS, the most cease root development is

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usually from six to eig ches below the surfice. Fruit
trees crowing on a coco losm soil oroouce on upper and
lower root system. The latter tsps a more oermsheht water
supply and supplies the tree with ester during oeriods of
drouyht. In some instances, the roots rescn q depth or 90

feet or more.

csfiwcm or THIS smUUY

-....-.._w— .o-..

 

The evoerimwhts herein reoorted were performed to iso-
late sows or the factors whicn influence the size of fruit
in app es and to determine the value of each centrihutih;
factor. 90ecific data to answer the following questions

were sought:

-19-

(1) WOW does quit thinninfi qifect the size Of tne

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(A) You ooes erevihg 91160t the Size of fruit?
(5) What is the affect on fruit 8433 if ““Pt ”r the

tree’s roots qre renoveor

753*:Ulné it ?T(*73f‘

Whe exoerihehts reported herein 1"ere cerried oh at
the orshsm {orticultursl awomrimeht gtetioo. loooteo near
e “ho Rapids, HUPlng the sensohs oP 1897 “11'q 3326. “he
sOil according to tre soil survey (40) is classified as
Isabelle loom. The trees useo were about ten veers old
and includefi the varieties, WedlthV. King “avid, Grimes

colfieo and'fitofimoo Vinesap All *rees were erowih; in sod

mulch exceot the Vine Vivid she hqrt of the itsvmih Wine-
sep itmliwere in s @(MVl stite Cfi"ripor it,ifiu3 time time ex-
LG“1"€HTES were ccu111.ted.

:b<ti treitgthlt iJMihioeo fhurn one tri Pour tenses. ’10

eliminate iooiviflucl tree variations as msnv treatments

as fiossihle were aorlied on the some tree.

At harvest time 9 steel caliber, howihr lonh libs.

Wessliserl to nmywsuvm* tee (trimetenc Oi‘éricw ermele film; the *myi-

suremehts were recorfled in centimeters. mne average weight

J J

Der apfile Wes ortciued hv Neiafllng the whole lot eho tneh
dividihr'tlrrt‘teight by The *utflmer of QLLle “ 'fire results

were recoroefl in grams in 1327 and in echoes in 132E.

Derifi,m'\m7 n or himi

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m"

Whihhino
mwo uniformly moderitelv to heuvilv loudeo ”eilthy
trees were selecteo for a thinning experiment. As the

:s were edificeht to ewci Other icy iriotiOh in soil was

(-2

tr
eliTiQitec. Che tree his thinned soon after the ”June

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at nervest time the

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droo to 31A ihcnes bet.

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were picked From eqcn tree were measured through

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tLie lir est oiime ter. The results 21e :resehted in tiole I.

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ul'G" )lILQ11+- Of ”ADD-.135 quJLLC UCL'KCHL) _e.-'_"Ll('. (3]?)

Whole Tree Thinned 847 6.71 94°5

rqnle mree Uhthinhed 948 5°35 5 '0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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It will he noted that thinning resu 'tefi in 9h0ut a
:16 rmn? Delhi incrnxise ii; difiumeter, kuit ill rei Ilt L»
the increase Wis about 34 per cent. Possiolv the most im-
“ort 3ht reason tku°sulmirih increase is ifl9+~ldmilbdtflinued
tree wis_overl0dded. 9y thinning, the load wos reouceo,
thus the smouht of l ‘3‘I fire3. moisture, and Other constit-

Ior eiCh

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lore-G ,S

U;

uehts Which go to make up the eagle v

renrxlhighg etgile.

-32...

In tkM?f“‘ll 0? 1927, etflfhes were Iflrflfihiflli random

from tnree moderately loqded Weqlthy trees to snow tne
size of Prui‘I. horne by spurs 1nd terrimql snootq. Apples
were nicked from sours bewring one Pruit, Prom +erminqls
snoots heqriufi one fruit, qua Prom terminalssnoots bear-

in" tWO Fruits. “he results ore qhown in fable 9.

Table 9 - Size of Fruit Porne hv $rrrs 1nd ”erminols
Oh00+lg O

 

-. v - - .__._.._o -w..—.—_- -

 

h fl,“ < - --, -- - J- _ o 3 . _. - — u- —. -y-— 3—-— _— — -.m
(lflfi‘FP Avervu e AveIVL e
A ‘ p

Wreatment of Apples Didmeter(om) geifht(-m)

One Agple oer Spur f’07 8.85 lOQ-5
Cne irrlo Lew Wermiwil quct 198 o.o5 97.A

”we titles oer “armin1l Sfioot 100 5.87 80.5

L.....__-..._-..-.....-.. -33..- ._-.._-_--_.-V.._.-. -- .. -J ...... .__ __..._-i(v-.-.-_-_....l

It will he observed teat alees borne by SPUPS were

 

 

 

 

 

"E

slip-hfly 315:? l'irgrfer +41%“; tuose borne my termian enooI

'1’)

.
When tee tfimmxumils snoots bore only one fWuLLh, tne size
wns about 10 per cent lqrger tn1n wnen two fruits were
borne. Tue be d1 ta su gest Ian-1t, in tililminf‘; only 0413 fruit
snould be allowe‘ to remain per sgur or terminal.

To elinnjrite verfifrtion i31<£iffeIWMIt tre<%3.11uifTum1
p1irs of branoaes Whicn r1nged in ni1meter from # to E ii-
ones were selected on a “ooltnv tree. One rrqnon of eeon

.A

o1ir Wes thimudfl coon qgter tne ”June awnn”. are tne 1LPles
were Syqfléd whout 6 innnes wowrt. Followiuo tne +qinnin“
about ore oqlf of toe rIirs of hrnnones (tninned and un-
tninheol were girdled by removing a 1/8 incn strio of bark.

Cfire Wis tekzu nOt to injure tne cemrium lever. mo ore-

Veni.c%“f1ng oui.(rf +h3 exrxrvmi afimtdiuu,inursezfimnxi'fi teue

qu pjnqqa OVQP tne fiirole. Tie results of these treat-
Ireuts are eqown is table a.

Tqble 5 - 7“°°o* on Wniuniux 1nd Cirfiliug on “ruit Ci"e
’ " ' ' 11;; """
'eiwnfi \"r)

mflimx-BF‘I - 7T!1f"'iI‘(‘1iV’?5 15‘ 1 (1.4 9. 0.33.2

, ‘W L ‘ “', .‘ ‘ _ .,’\ ,. .3 l' ..
dllflfifl - |_‘inr-1rr‘.(_‘-3»(L 54:1 0.9] 9.9.1.)

-‘ - H." '—J ' uifiALfltr '- “fire111;£3

”TV-ed 31119131: (“p A (7 (v 1‘), Q T\ :1" “1'3 13 Y' ( ”1(1)

. _-——. ...—..- ---- . o - .« - -._-.- . . _ _ - __ ’ _

 

 

 

mil ..-- -.-- .----. ..... ,4
IWirferwnice .35 .1.+

 

mhihneo - eirdleo 59 5.51 104.6
Untninreo - n-irr‘vled AA 6.34 94.5

 

“'“P rev e 2r 10.3
t,l.I_~el-‘iC... ‘_-/._,,,_- _ ---~-»-.(

.... ...— . -...-- ..- -- .-.

 

Vneir uxggierLBd, Inirraeri firui Hrfin1i1n1eCI'orQJlorras ejée furn-

.
:

mreri it Will. be observer? Ih‘lt T119 raffles ringer“ from tne
tuin‘nec. brine-es "11.70"“. e about A 1'29?" mam. 2.1eevier. The re“-

ROu for such o smell contr1e+ in qize is one in Ine Foot

toot the el1bor1ted oireonvoretes r-oulrq he *ronsperred from

(K
*J
H.
m

. O . ‘_ _ ...: .. -‘ >- —. , ‘
tne taluiirxq to ‘116 1_1;1+11__L.1115d bio-1111011530, 'j-Q C‘I‘QVBLITJ

r'?‘

tr1nsloo1fiicn of Pleat foods. certain C1irs of bfanfldb

a‘L

were Mirdloc. Trere thinning V18 rr1otioed 0m .irfilqm UPQJ-
ones tge iucrsnne in s10e W10 Grout l0 oer cent or twice as
wulcll 1.8 011 ILA '111o 19c: tuéiziczles3. lrl ruifiiiidggi 11r1 +116 +JllllflZLTt'

- _ ‘ , Q , ...- . . , __ _ _ 4 _ 7‘ O , . ‘fi
eXherineuts it 1e~e°ns Infib Wnewe one tree is ovxrlO1deo +Ie
fI‘UL’i. 1f. T719," be 17.377 -1- i it}. f‘. -L 2’3 0 2‘. 1’} ,1, ".1163“ ’9; if? 1‘ (1571?“ 11).- i 8 C1 '0er r1 _

tiOQl meiao‘ or rroeuoir: l1r.e 1n,les.

TO detérmiuo tne ufioot op CQil moioture 0m frvit size.

tlree uuiiorm ten-veor-old Viufl Fevi° ooLle trees were se-

leoted. mne epiles were tninued to qoout o irones 151rt.
mneee trees were loo1te” on 1 roll drained lOlfi soil, hqviné
:1 hertle slore. Lida tree W18 "wtereo 9+.1431*w1+e 0? Fun

eallons oer week. * flirt Pdtfilgsr ”18 001

I!)

trusted qrouro
tLe +Iwré just rrukfi~ the fear? of the turuqcies to Twwnflaxt euv
run-OPP. irouuo or adjOifliJ? tree o tir Lqrer roof “1s COU-
struoteo hoverinfi on ore1 r? 20 x 20 feet. mr1113 roof was
(11045 e tC’?kJ.LlQLQS ”move toe gifituwi. Forendinfi on tre ele-
vezjMI nI 3fifl3 grfiLJU". ”1114‘11rmi*1mw7 free (yjpculatgumj of
eir uafior tVe ”no? “no norms" ‘V”oorotgcn res not fir etlv fle-
igg h970iu inis roof te“e severei of
fie.iug “ iwenof iWO feet .69». On tne Rioe fiqioininfi tne
feet diep w1s flu; end the roofing
borer W1: exteucefl from tne too of the roof to the rottom oP
the erDOfl. mhe trencn V1s tutu refilled witn dirt 1nd Lenk-
ed firmlv. mro oreuinre in the Form of roves with Close fit-
ting removeole eor1rs. Were built io the roar ruder the orio
of the hrdrones. fine PUTrObG of tqe orenints was to termit
takiu' n1moles of tne soil for moisture fieterniuetions. 1
twire tree wrioo receiver the w1tur11 reiu11ll T13 used 18
chil LuoifiituiN; fLJJextJiufiftiCM.s Ive we rque '1I.1fiCuytu17I 111txn1-
'V1 lF\ 1.t OIDJ. tart». 1:23 iaIINJ’? fkge't rYerctrss +11 (
letiOMSUit retweeu soil moisture and fruit size. Wee soil
sqrr lees munme Ir1ker1'1rru1t I11e lu'FUlifl r1? (qutngrUiiflt 1 soi l

‘ ‘ . 1v . . .‘ -. - . . . .. ‘ ' N - ”"3 - . ’ . . "a _ 1
allief' “"13 LL90”q 70F CBCLLI'LLL: HUT) S?.:z!”.'-~‘:’$. £11 ("abfeuLLIGg 21‘1

(mytoreV1 Lt ””‘YTVBOBSSOJWJ to Lhfiéfi roudyniole cut. er Cuf the

soil 1
[117 Y“. (*1

[.5

+ .

”Iii-2

n 1'?

+,r~+

fl
l‘L

$31714“ ..L‘J "'

eoietrre

of

1I1'3D river:

I".
-\

C11“, :1.

. ‘ 1
if" .10 ‘3'.
.
713

seil

+, (3 '1‘ r? .3 11-3

the

or? blot

lifteo witn

f")

determined

1:111 rj

ture of low

- . ,‘ ,. - ,- ' ‘ ”z , ‘. , - . 1 . - , , .L ., »‘
“Anti rewe Ior 1 jenio": 0: vv hours. “A“ To: CUub wis e.-
- '. . - , ' -~~~ ' -. 4— % .‘ . "1* = -' ' ’
fresretxrx- WI; e1,»«s1«n».v'1ris. '“1k1e fl Iveeéonifi‘ Iqeee
r:q +lq .
- 1‘ 1' a . . ‘ ' _ a - _ V. ,‘ ... _ -— . l " _
m1rl1 ” - ~oll insture no .eu* 1nd Premiultetion
[ --- ...- , - - ----.1____._..- -- ,1-.- -----— - —~ — - - --7-—*--*-‘-'-"°vazzgiw1;
Q '- . , Q— - 1 ’ ,- ‘ \ A ._ _ _ ,'. I .
m.r‘e'1.1.;;1;.:111_, no TH’ fl . a V T1111!) .1 11__]_v 'x‘ll‘ o ‘1‘) 5‘ L; 0 CC T. o 0. e
4...": ,. - .. .. . u. - .qb-M .. — .. o- o .. H mflw—H” auww - -_....~Ah—-~—_' t.- >.-——-—o -— co ~: . ... h a. .— '«s—o mun—o

7"?"le
I!
H

(W1 (9}
H
H

p—_..-.-

”fid-

mete
H

 

.‘ Tr ' I
l\ ‘

irr

5.11 moi

the

A11

_- c—r -‘-’ —0-

.~ th-D

 

1 ""'-""" 1601‘ "0G
2 ---—- 1U.u 19-?
3 ---~- 14.7 15.6
if: 1 JQOU] .1.ch onO
9 10.95 13.2 37.0
'3 ----'- ont" 1()07
-.--_(_ _.- ..-.i,-,_.-.1,i--.

xhwppihitdinH(Ifl.}

 

1‘

 

——-.

'_J

t

N)

 

 

 

9.51

9.9?
10.30

--————~

4,45
12.10
10.10
17.50

 

- — - h - z
a - -—— —— 4 .- .. — o a L - — v .u ' o—-~--~-—< . o- .. -
' .1. ,. I“ . ; 1,3 _1_ 1' ". 7‘, ~ .
A; l DOC. ‘1' 7 Ln-) u 3-1 p.191“ -‘.17l"3". L1 0

seeson the

StUPe

qu fonné at

Fore

f

fiori+v of the feeoirg

OCT, 0

r11, 1 '

C)

01...
I; 0 i l

r1orrtexit,

lowest witn tne ahecx plot

tne

S

ooservefl

three

is qoworeutlv

finder tne

‘1 11'? +41" T,

tare; treniamnits tne hiwnestaver'iL

focfl: de11tu,

P111 P.

roots

1..-..- l

fellinw

 

e
if (1

airi

+0

were loadtefi

1

{-..-w“...

R.19
1H m

"L"

19.91

U070
11.15
10.92

0.3?
9.92
0.80

(‘7

d—\

---- .-.-1-...4

1A.1O
11.AO
9.90

11.41
1?.FQ

11.67

 

(3,

111e fVLoi; 111°‘t

'1 '11

 

 

 

 

4.10 14.50 15.56
7.55 10.55 17.56
7.20 15.95 L/Jflfl
L1,.-- ....M_ ---1
our in g the f r0":-
r1u the ri nest
'or the roof r1r
o°1“eeh. Under

moisture content

lowest

fire nv1-

the 911,111“ ne foot

1.11 +118 81,11”-

of @0114 ’“16 ”Pflclfindnf O: noisT UCW3IL1 Tau gurfihmfia fooT mi?

m?“ e c - TffDOT Of 9011 goisTure on Pru1T “i."e

__ ‘ ..- -, . - -. - . .. - - -.. .. .. . - _ - —-. .‘_._. A- - ...v - o - A W-
‘I‘izLIGI‘ f \V ‘5‘“ ’3 \xr‘§.m r ‘4

mr~TTW~n OP JHTFer T"Tr‘TfieTe)”(ma) ”eiPhT(1;T)

r .._..__—_..--— —a - -~ - v“ .- c- -- - - _..-- A <- - -- —< - o ’- a - > - ----- ~ - a . - - —~ - - - o —- .- - .—+

)1

O
C
C
O
, O
C)
O
1.1
(Q
{\3

“Play (covered hi1”. 1400.?)

q
.3

(D

O

k (received P9 Mi Hf 11) 601 Q,42 .QQO

 

Witered Rflg 0.55 .925

 

 

 

 

1.14;-- .. -..-..-.-- -....._. ..-_ . .....- -1- -.-. . _ -.4. . - -.- .. - _. . - . -11. ... - -.......-.-_._-,g

“fie quwubb ipylos were Ficxcd frog Tue Wfitéred Tree.
more 9PP15; Wérp Cinxefi from Tne waerad Trpe tnan from
eTTwer of Tue cans? TWO TWBTTneuTs. mne inhle: nahwium Tne

ckefl frowaiua check Tree

Ho

largest averdge CiameTer “ewe T

Unicn rec two4 The nfiTurql m1.12.11. “he principal fiiffer-
enna in 9178 was beTweou Tue pruiT. hwrvesimfl from The dry
Plot and The TWTerefi T10T. ‘TTWHT Thom The wmtered PloT
”11861 11;: he?" nenT more, Tin-u; T110319 P“0;.1 The dry ploT. AS
measrrwd b7 diamTTer The 0:160; 010T bore armlefl 3 her Caflh

1 w

lflJTHSP Turn} T10¢*3lflornd r37 3T3 rufix‘hFCT. ‘Wlese filta ilull-

che tfiflt The size of Tue iluiT fineg V“TW WTTa Thn mnTQTure
conTfi MT of 1118 $011.

'hiJr-T C1-01*illg The “11.1.1.1;5 from Tue we varlous *310Ts Tao,
wwlTer Obacrvec.Tifligiuua'basnoT COgLainiwfi 130 “Tb1es picl:ed
fwom Tue Cry Tree wei~ned 27? pounds, flfifi Tun same basket
noT QuiTe compleTe1y fillefi WTTn 120 qpbles from the querqd
Tree weighed ?7* finnndg. *fTer The qkove ooservqtion W°C

mafia 9“mp168 of T“:r’uiT from The waTered Tnfi cry blcTs Here

~17-

coliecfieo for moisture determinetiogs. rmwe method of
determining tne moisture content of +he fruit is We follows:
1 “queen sample of IQQ fruits was selectefi from e101 +redt-
ment anfi hfi mekino tvo radial logrizudipal out? 9 trifibanew
eiioe was secured from eéea a

. — \" r, v».— .L
hyia. “neee Filoes more PUm

ilmto five rfifienes, QIMS W;“Cfid cu;<n1 CilClCfiJlETEFOPe 911(3idc-

U‘.

trio fin for 00 hour . Poem tney were Placed in an oven at
a tGMPGPQLuPG or 80 derrees centiyrqde for So houvs. Wne
Per cent of moietuwe Wee etirescefi on the wet wei ht heel“:

Tna these dfitfi are soown in table 6.

T1%le 6 - Relation or Soil Yoieture to Size 2nd Vite" Con-
tent of‘]?fllit

Sci '1' info is tu‘r'e‘ vii 't'e r” 1%: 'frili‘t'“'é‘£2'e'o"+f ‘F‘r‘u' {T
mrefi+nmnflz For (Khltfi- Per cmnut five. 1Tb. Ibs.

b._'___..- ....-.W—‘mwvw ---- ——.—-<v—u —- .n—p — g — -... —- -- ._ - .-

_- .---o-—- ._ —_--—— .—~ ]

pry 10.b2 90.99 .792

Check 11.89 92.80 .?90

 

 

 

 

 

”e moisture content for growinw Ceweon to one deutn
e feet. Peeefl on “hole 4.

“me apples nicked froo tne wmtered plot contained the
hi nest oer nent of water, and the anples fhow the firv Plot.
fine lowest water centent. The Wu’:nt Per ayyle, moisture
COHtent of the fruit fine soil moisture nontent are m1? rosi-
tivelv norwequed. ”he fruit hlPVGSth frag the Omen? enfl
watered Plots averagofl about 2 P3“ nent hi her in wnfiew non-
tent than Fruit from the dry plot. Tneae dvfio somewnat ev-
plain an the fruit Fwom the watered olot wen sliwhtlv larger

by wei ht, Vet Slightlv emhiler hv diameter tnen Fruit frOm

the cheek hlot.

Cent flipteremce in

of‘ ire waterwvl'oltt.

Mitre eh Fertilizatior

tie

narrvihx 7
litTO

ll”? 1 v17

to a rether

on these trees. rive

of nitrate of soda (15m ritrOpen) on one

the other half of the

“Priuse

meisture

~
- m- --

dron

there

fl . _.

Spring of 13h4
”05erqte “”09 0? fruit hues.

Qn-Cfir““infl-99Ptilizer

in

' "JC1Q
fflVk)/

Of

sqme

.T 1-1;; (—3 ,

1'71,”? ‘15“

mes over one-ralf of One per
content of the fruit in ffivor

*--yo1r-old Stiy-

vrn'n (3 Q3 ..

evneriment. flue
ohly a 11 at erop wis borne
trees were given five ronnas
side 010 eeon tree,

TQMQinefi untreated. Wae fer-

tiliyer was applied under tne drir of the outer branches on

to ozie

». - r‘ .-
WWI .21 211C). 0
'

0P goflq.

At rervest time fruitv

countefi 0nd "eighed.

side of 336 tree RUyalied the 9
Fruits were HOE plcmed bV tne

recorded in taole 7.

Table 7 -

-~-.-- -*.-

1'4" 4.10 l 3

From

Fifect of KitrOLen—Ferti

 

[w- " -- --‘ w

Trequrnit

*a— - H-WC.”

1“ L1 I71 '3 G l”

of Trees

 

ht.

 

q
.‘

T tree Fertilized

% trefi Untreated
Fertilized

Vhole Tree

whole Tree Untreated

 

 

.. .-

5

5

.1... , ...
b.0013 L7. 8

9 "I f‘ I”.

.rples

exoerimehtor.

'Egrlied 13 hounds of nitro+e

O
WW0 trees "are untreated and were used as Cheeks.

tree tment were 151' mze r“: ,

question as to Which

nr‘ .3 -.\
‘r'Lq ."IJ_:'T

Witn soil nutrients such

Wae results are

lization on

 

 

 

- -.--J

 

Ifihtern' 'Kvéeeea' Averere "
.91.... 1. S T' £13“? £14-33 > _.;::i.:::;*--.<_}3?}
234 7.17' .329
182 7.72 .538
2 4 O 7 . ? 6 o :5 24
429 6.85 .?91

 

 

 

 

 

When One-nil“ o“ eeeh tree was tertilizefl with e ritro-
"en-nerrvihs-tertilizer +he Fruit fPOm thit belt W75 0?
wooller si7e. Tflu3<1ifferehce ProbihlV'vmrsrfira to the Pent
tnet the ritro eh fertiliser ereveuted ROfle of the fruits from

FPOCying at tie time of the ”June droh”: +hus, the fertilize.

‘4

side bore more epples then the unfertilized s-€e. Tith the
unfertilised side carrying a lighter load, more moisture was
available her entle than on the fertilized side. then a

whole tree wes fertilized, tne apples harvested from it were
larger then those picked from trees wuioh were not fertili7ed.
Whe only evhlqndtion of this lies in tree veriation. Tn {9n-
erql the trees were uniform, but rossihlv the Fertilivefl +ree
Oriwiheliv hefl more vieor end vitelitv then the untreqted
trees. In summerizine this ritrOyeh fertilizer exneriveht

it mirht he stated test the results are not nonsisteht, and

of course, are not conclusive.

QDWOVihe Veteriqls

...-...- —— ¢h -- n' v 7- n~ . ‘- ....v .o~-.

Qtehfierfl

-r-—‘*.—___ - ..

film __‘ .., j" 4., .
“1...!7’7" li;._ " pt)“ .1" 1. F ?

'.—-_..- . ..V. .- .--.. .—

 

Th the spring of 1997, 3d ten—veer-olfi hQQVlly loaded
Fealthy trees were selectefi for testing the effect of stan-
derd straying materials on fruit size. These trees were

+pinned to one atple about every 0 incues. Two trees were

'Jo

used n each olot. The followinr treatments were applied:

sulphur dust (BO-lO-iU); bordeaux mixture (8-8-100): lievid
lime eulonur (23-wellous per 100 gallons of spraying solu-

tion); one-helf of eqnh tree Shrevefl With lime sulrnur qt

the stove nnhoentration, and the optosite half dustefl:
one-melt of eiee tree sorevefl With lime sulehur and the

9” With bordeeux mixture: ore—halt of eeoh

other half sore»
tree was strsvei With boroseuv mixture, and the nonncite
helf dusten. ”W0 trees were lett Hostrqved end were used
as cheeks. Gee tire and number of ipplinetiooo were made
accoreih: +0 the Ziohi so ~R9eriment Stetioo CordVihu "el-
eneer meion is as follows: h519VGd Formeht, Pre-Fihk, Fink,
Penal-Fill, Two Heehb, find second Brood Aeolioitioh. the
sonmaxnateriolr“ were unawi in eexu1<ioolixr1ti0h. _q re~1ilir
orohard 50“?"Qr, having a three cylihoer pump, and 3 Be”
Calth tank was used in making the itrliootiors. A hand
homered ouster Wes used in applying the dust. mhe methofi
used to cover the various parts or the trees Wes es folloto:
a canvas 2U ft. Y 20 Pt. was pulled over the rortion of

‘

re treqtea then morev miteriel or dust wis eo-

(Ll
:r-
O

the tre ,

Elied to all the parts covered hv the nehves. floofl commer-
otil oohtrol n? fiiseases and ihseots res ohtiiheo with all
+ine nuttetrtil<111scwi. ”file Inasul ts GIN? titese.xvee ii: tolile c3.

thlevb - Street of thndwrd Soreviuy Jiteriils on Site of
-. h, _ - _r_
FTUlL-.d“ltflj 1887

Flrnoer F Wi-=

l‘]
’Vitoriel_ or ALJ‘lGS (on

mxree Lateriels Per Tree
{ " the hummu- """" 07 (5.79 i.
Sulohur Fret 77 0.72 ll
Fordeeuv 13‘ 6.50 lo

 

 

 

 

 

- .i_. . _ .. - - -.-. i _ - - .4 - o - - - v - . - ----.. --.—*qa—u—u-n . 0-— a——— o a - — L— _.——..—.—g ...... .... o .p ..

(”‘hle 8 - acatihued on mert C1 G)

 

 

 

 

 

 

r- - '-- .-...- "° '- ' r ‘ ’ H “*1": “0' " ‘ ' ’ “ *._-.'"'.- '.-° -’ ~*-‘--‘-'-
number Flameter “eivht
Haterial of ”holes (cm) («p)
WW0 T°teriqls Per Tree
"Lime Culbhur' ' -“M 671 6.51 105.:
Qu‘nhur T‘nst 990 6.4% 104 R
Dordeaux 991 6.52 112.4
M" .... . .- - - ~ .— ;--_.—._.v .‘ -.- p- -~———A—- . - .- p. .- --“... ... - —- o o- -- .. - -—~-_. ‘-4
One Veteriil Per eree
"'Time “ulh7ur"'”'q' 1437 3.88 101.9
Sulphur bust 1397 6.71 101.9
Doreequv 1539 $.30 91-0
Averere
' ' 'Tfi Yew: Cultiiur 237:? 6.7” 1.7.0.2
Qulruur T“‘ust ZQeA 6.03 105.0
Doreeinx 2/94 6.44 103.5
WMSEP”"O€ ll”? 6.12 85.1
L”--- ‘ a 0---—-a » o a..- ~--.-o~—~—a m nun-rc- - ‘- ...- -----.. J[--o-—' . o —v — a — L-———'-J-- .— oo—aa-saup-‘1
On the vmrietv ”eelthv ih.1927, with three miterisls

on the mine tree, the

lb

m3 SU..LT'=11U.1" Fijir‘fi. 7.76 (:1. q i;

j...l-*5‘S were the

lXPLQSt, Sthhur dust next, ehd bordenux mivture the smell-

est.

l
A.

then onlv two meteriils were saplied or each tree the

lergest aptles were nicked from the nortion soreved with

boroequx mivture, anfl the next in siVe from the 1ime

portion, and the smellent fruit from the Hosted Darts.

the vhole

tree was soraved with one miterial,

sulrhur
When

the largest

series were hwrvested fron the trees crreved with lime cul-

phur, find the next in

third From the

size from

borae'iuY tre

the firsted tr

7 srd by far the

the urcrv~"3’ trees. “he reason that the uns
1-11“) ""1011 91i1q.11‘3l" 13117111 "-711?! 01 This :7?.’..,f"?_'gre'§,(‘{ rw’ir'w.)
leer o“ them showefl anh spots, and were qu1

sums, slut the

carillesflz Trrtw
greyed angles

1:5 is because

:1; (3 {-3 f OPIHG d o

A780. the lefiveS on the un5 orqud +re s were fierppmna kw
iflre ecetw'hasiors. (uxisifieriihgr1ll tin: sprayigrj treatmunyts
in 1927, fifties eprqved wit2 live Gultaur were the lwrgest,

or the averere, Witfl dust revt, and horde ?U\ syrqved qooles

(“f") 4.1, .. ~_ .. w. »-. .. .. 2 “ . ,.;.,
:Dl Iraq LHLB @KpQLfiuuMEL On tGFWIU1i O“ Y 92y

. J
'4.
C)
(”I
:5 2
‘1
CI
'1)
1.
o

miteriils was repeatefl. Crimes Golden W18 tne v

.'\I

31,-] c) Lam J; W3 n m nu :.-».-§ 4) [31‘ mill?" ’7’ mOp‘H/a quv {"23 '1 On r3 (\P f‘l’lLIJ—L ’ q.lld (31(3
210t rn%m2i;e iLILJWiugn mhe nxataods 91u2 tjixa of °XV‘liC°+J1n2q
2w2re tgva SeELJ'“S in 1 T”). (szeiiereiira foldfiqma GPOIWEXi frowx
the trash sarfiied wizh lime euigiur qnfl horfleouv mivture.

r1222. 3 r7110 '(‘f‘i‘r'u -:2 who ”23,114” I." 21% Q M22 Car? by spray in jury . 1 o
toli2ge injury or firoyrin” We? obqorved on tne trees or Por-
tion o? the trees dusted. "whie 9 revenflq toe results of
this SQ?QVing evewfli”vnt.

mihie 39 - ifferfiu(3f Qtihflejvi SEUQ.
P“uit - Hr

 

—- .mM—O~a~>-.- o o .. -' ——~¢——.~--a——-‘-r :4‘: - ~1— O~ w ‘4 '-v- -- no - —-_r‘-'.—o —. -‘ .51.. 1 - o n .3 ... -' ' I- w v v H
Imus" [wiometen 29 {it
.| ’ J- . ‘ . I.‘
'“ 9'1“} oi Ayplss (cm) (103)
....- ——- - ' ‘- 0 - - - - - O - - J ‘ O - - - D - -- a - 0 - c o 4— o — — .—- l —-—-- 1
~ .1 - .1_ 1 _ ' L ‘ 2 _| .
’73P e .Q.-%°ivle Jrné ‘floe

21,1ur FUSt‘“ "‘ if @.93 .QQF
o " $22? :2- a .77 . 322/
1“222 Cuiwrm.“ #9 6.44 .259

a juaw

 

 

 

---'* a-r . - &~——'—‘—--v——- '1} --o-<.-‘—o~ -.-.—.——-- o -—-—- .. 4) --—-— - o- v —- "w v .- >--- -..—.- ' »-~ --——.- OD—o o b
«nu ‘ ,“ - "I ‘ m
rm, 0 1’3 fflzvnl r113 J\3_ 14(23‘0
. .- a 4 » 0-- c <- ———-
. C .1. 2.: ., r. a {2. ._-
o1..2w finch ERR 6.39 .501
( ‘0 ‘ ’7

fr“: ~3r‘.
(,‘o 1‘"

’58 5.55 ,gnn
n- ~' » . ~ r‘ 9" '- ‘—\ ‘
me °u1ynuc *1“ 5-90 .22h

“4 [j (I)?
H“ O

 

_ .----4 m- 0 < -- . v o—»——_..———.- .J .--. .- .-—.—.—--._.—.- P - o - . —- a . .

(“Tim 1 '1 tyfglw i1 1. T713- “ ”Fem-3r“
’"ISUI rUJr Thjst "

Flp'n (“nigh 11v

T1me%22lh1iur

)3

9

'fl 1-
. 1—1
G; 10 C)

C".

O

'13

O

\

'\,

-_; c n o v - ~ r - ~ ~ — - “- - - .. . : - - . ~ - ' ...-— . - - - - .. fin ' -—--'._—— u 0-.

.\ V"? 71") a

b—a‘u - 0“]

 

 

 

 

 

*\ ..L - “ -’
SL212:2uir '225L, iitJH (j,z¢; .9293
liar/«3111‘! f\‘/1 6.4g“ .QFSI‘L
T i m; CH l ‘fl 21171 25/20 ('21 hr"

When tnree straying materials, were apnlied 0n different
nortions of the same drim;s treee, the hordeenr oortion bore
the lerveet aptles, While werles from the.r‘metewq eerts were
eeoond in Size, ene lime Fulrnur the "melledt. Where two
meteriels were eptlieo on eech tree the larcest arelee were
pickefl from the iusted aree. ene the genome size from horeeeux
are the smallest from line sulnhur Rivieion. “hen onlv ore
enreving meteriel was applied 0n the tree. the angles duets
were the "or est, horeeeuv GGCOhd, one lime eulohur the Snell-

. making all the treatments as a whole on ”Wines, tne

a

C
Cfi
.—i—

eprles from the dustee eortione were the largest, witn hor-
eeervrsmeaond, erri lime snilphvi‘ the "FWlIU35t.

In sumnfirizinr these eeriyin; exrerimente with stqndnrd
snrnying materials it may be readily Seen tnet the results
are ruyt oonsis euta ziprles swwvxweo in 1927 Vfiiwl Erma eulyhur
were lqreep than any others. Th lQQO apgles Shreved with
lime sulphur were the Snellest of the three e+°n4~rd Sprevine
meteriels tested. protr‘elv the difference in give in 1923,
was Bertiellv aue to eerev iniurV. T“‘eor‘fr‘irnh o? the leevee

0“ the liwwl gUlnhUI'QJVl.hOTfl©°T”5 eirewrwi trees rnuhnfiwtedlv

influencee the size of fruit.

L

_~-¢ -. - .-- --q ...—.- 2 V..-—.-—. o1-4-c - . . -.—- r u .—.a a”. —-

Stfjrtirft‘Spreszln: axlterghlls Thule (”veeevv‘e ail} wolf~ch21325T¢

Tn iris exeerflmknyt stendezwi Shreverrg?nateriefih3 were wnmed
vdfiux tne efihiition (u? copperee erufi tnhqxuuv dust fkn~'tne hur-
poee of reducing errev iniUrV. If Spray infiurv is reduced,

theoretically the fruit Should show an increeee in Size.

Protessor “utton, 0f the Densrtnent n? VertiaultU?3y Vinni-
gen Stete College. ortlined the evneriment and renorded the'
sprev injurv, end the writer recoreee the cize 0? Fruit.

six rows, Which included the follow-

. . _- L o o“. . _-w . _- ‘J. v _ .. _._~ _ _.
ing vqpiehtes: Funness, QPJMGS, T—‘<<=lr.:wln, Steimln, northern
Orv, end P. I. Greening. The materials were used at tne

following eoneentretionez liiuia lime sulpnur, 9V “illons
her lOd hellons of enrsvinn solution: horfienuv mixture,

2_2_1UQ; tobacco dust, five rounds per loo eellons of sprsv~

ing solution; and Dooneras, 1% pounds new 2oo eqllouc. The

plots were given tne following treatments: nlot one, liiuie
lime sulphur was reed in all five sprlications: Plot two,
lime sulpnur nluc converse was used in eonlicwtions one, two,
tnree. ere four,witn hordefiuv mthure being substituted in
application number five; Plot three, hordequv riwture was
used in eppliaetiore one finfl Five, lime sulnhur Plus corneris
in eoelicetions two, three. “n6 emur; Plot four, lime sulphur
mes use” in in liaition One, lime sulnhur slus tobenoo dust
in eotlicetions two, tnreé. four, end five. @he scneoule
followed was the same es reOOmmeneee in the "ichigan ”veeri-
mont C'C'Tfm.’rlfl;_77 C’llenrhr, see “ewe ’30. ‘Tjgie spyaqwrer tall-11.7 vmq
elWivs thCTWir*2lz crewned before a EWJWannrtxuixture was usee.
Eton row or Plot was serevee as a unit; tnus tnere was no de-
Lav in waitdjn" For the Wine +£)(flTulf9 eirections. [KNVi non-

trol of insect pests, ene fUneus fliseqses His secured with

all errOVinc "eteriels. fit hirvest time a renresentfitive

sunpie of Fruit was oicfied

counted and wei nee, find tne

determinefi. (See table 10)

rTh‘hle 10 - Titect of Standard Etrwving Esterials plus
moosnco Tlust on

fws Qild

— w 'OO-u- .-.

'T‘r ea tme nt

5‘” -- p,-.- . -A-*m‘—~---.-—- - -

fl” 09.1

71v 3 13-1

.... — ... - 1. ——.~--—-. ‘-

¢—'~C———'-~' H

ea Cil

size or Fruit

 

(1'14 17.7710 g

-'~c—-. mfijwi-'t-o-'v- -w----m ”..- - o a a q

Conrer-

c-“r.'*'**m..n

 

'fib’tf“1verf*s
Antles ”efflnt(1b5}

 

— uO-*‘-

Ciulpnurr'
her JOQ All Opp}.

 

7.3. 2??— irl 10L) JCT; {7377‘}.
Otner appllCQthhR
L.S. + Tobicoo Dust 5

L—‘—._.'.-~ r . 4-.--

lb-lUO

 

r .—...'-—- .-..- - - .. . .. -

L---

 

mFees or the VAPiGtV

m. -' ‘
"'1." ..LJ'lU-Js Q

«hero—«4 u- ‘

31
o

{\3
C“.
C

T.Q. 3* in 100 Foeoerss

1% 7% - Ftn Ann. more. 9-?-1Uv 136 .960

let X Etn in». Dore. 2-2-100

1.%. COUQP7S in 9, 3 8 (tn Net. TQS .277
P...»-g-.—.-—-—»- ‘- --—-r- -a—--—- o -— ..—.. -—-—-—- —- ~——o—o< -—--- -o - ---v4r—— v or —-ur —-<o an». ~~mmno~u§<-‘ v4 -- »

.289

 

c ...—...... ... - .- JI—if-vfi. - —~.- .

__.-,. v

 

 

spraimyi with.]j4m3

T'CT‘?M‘ *\I“3537fe" '”
ibrjec ”airqt(er,

 

-.. ... -...- p 0-, ....._-».._d

189 9Q?

- ”.-.—......— .- - c ' ...—...... . ,, ..-'.4

 

 

 

. .-—..—-.-~~O

flus tobscoo Hugt nwoduced the lsvfiest apples. but on St”v-

man, hnrfieqnv mivture in tne first and fiftn applicetions,

lime sulbnur Dluq

in tne lqryest sonles. Wne

+rva r7(fiz We(v>iviinr OMJJI lifihi quJMUAr.
were picked from the plot receiving line

in all tne atplic1t10ns except tne

substituted. Tt is

tnus ere not to te censifiered

tnqt no severe foliqge

inc-materials used.

sunllest

observed tnat these data are
COnClusive.

injury was

nnbheris in the other annlioations

(‘vu -'- 2 :1
\TJ J—JAL‘J q

Wne

fifth.

”so v

qnv of

rmellest

”wen hordequ

“Osulted

I V
In”). van 1G1 (1 ”2) ’CDH‘
1 ..A . “fizz/d f1] 1-1

.C‘ + -’\ Yr‘t‘nn 1’1

sulrnur blus copierss

was

inconsistent;

It may be added

the sore?-

. ,
NO

 

* -———.—.\ -.—~— .--0

Tnese experiments were carried on in cooperation with
Professor Futtou, of the runetieulturel Veeertment, Mieni“2n

state Colleye, who outlined the ex 3r im nts and recorded

~10
D
0
‘w
L‘i
p
(D

the sprav injury, While the write“ veoorded the
fruit. .sirr nine-veqr-old trees of etch venietv, Grimes

qrvi Stefrt n. Twsre rufivrved rdxfii ee(fii of tins follxvving'rVVWer-
iils; co,ywn~ einoonqte, 3.}NNIQd Fe“ lxfil-JWllons rfi71=orqvinr-
sorution; norcnm-5¥l. nlus, l hOULfl rer'ltfil fiillons of sorqy-
in, SOlhtiQL: hordequv mixture. Z-Q-lQU? Tet “”*h 37910 Sul-
Ivr3te, 2 porrxfl33“?e led lewau3 mf sprefiinr‘sxihwtion: Pure
1ins-lo Sultnite, l tound oer loo =qllons of severing solution:
lieuid Lima Qulenur 2: “ellOns per 100 pa lens or c[Lu/"Winn”
solution, and four uns er1'w"ed §tevmen trees wei°e used es 1
onec :. All of teese exeerimentdl serfiVing miteridls eve con-
new tun ieioes and, at tne consentrstion used, were supposed
to hive t.ne same fun ioidel value. Tuese are not oommOn

sernvinp materisls, but were heinv testeo es fun Cir s. mie

refvlir serqvin~ schedule as recomweneed hv +ne ninnirqn

fl-

firmeriment stition was fellowea. see Days 20. “t nerves
time all the frr Lits PMOW eeeh Plot were nountee qhfl the Weirh
recorded in hounfis. PMhie 77 7&”“¥H;a* tne ”esultg ohtqiped,

Whole ll - ‘”“3ot oi «fiberimei 3.1 ”un Mi e.a on my'uit “ice

_ ,_____‘_ .- - . . - _ . . ,- V , -..—..."..- __ - - _. .- -_- -._._—.' ... .-_- -flp-.*-~.—- .— - n“m~~**

1. “ . l
4(3 1 4- ulL' ":th A , I ‘_'V"l I‘lrLO (N~~ (I. T,“ “‘lflff‘fl‘
‘_ ..".,I1OL.. 1.1-.. - o --..— - o -

7‘ .__._.. - - -- - . - - -. r. - .- . -..—1p... )7}...- -.........—.__... .. --- -....-.,....—-~;... -

:0 O AVOT”(6 W0 Of Avefi e l
Apnl3q (QiVQt(ih) Ahnles eight (lo)

_-,._.,-. -—o.——‘—o .. - o-- - - a-<¢—.o—o- —- .- - .-.. jn- ..‘t-‘h-o.”

 

 

\ O

Pnrv? I“NC-11.0 ClllEFFltG

&

l Found in 130 eel. 109 .264 215 .?73

 

 

 

 

.._,d_-__-a--i--_,..l.,».---in,..._._“-L-.3_,--_--_-u---,_i-.
( ”’mle fll - CKLILlhtMMJ 01.:ieXT.lVlgG)

 

Let Uown Ddein
Qulphate 2 lb in

b_--—- --———-—.. m~---~~.-o -

50? wins
ill 100 .11 o

Corona

1 lb
L_.-

Cfi“h.
in 1J0

er

(:0: \T‘\

1 1J3. ‘il_.

-- - *- ———.- -w—"~ ..N- C

—- O
.‘Ier

(‘—
5

UP
'qu o

11111.17f1
1UO

. .. .. -.-_--.—.-~-—---

,_.~—.- ~—.—-

..W ‘]J.‘<

2 /—-}‘\,|\J

 

 

n. .. o—o -- j,-
mwenfmvn+

_ ......m*—- —_....-—-o—— —_. ...4 .

 

110 0? ~X\f:,|1 1C
Amulee
- J J -, — ..4

» '—_...--—'.————- . ...

LC of

Ahllbg

. -—---—4

 

_—-—o

u v-ff rm 1 1‘}
.-- I
”OW'PT

11(lb)

' x
h’ 0 - - -

 

 

 

114 .le 199
Lv———- ---—-1>--- . - - o -—-— -- - 4
F‘V OQLU 'vls

 

 

”nehrayed

 

» ..4- — o -—-- v - - -o—-—- -—~———-—-«
All .237 118
p.- - ------- ...-4p. vvvvvvv
1e7 BAU 202

- -|-—-—-—-4-----' din—v a v w- ‘0 —v v '- - '4
211

 

 

.—— v' .o---- .-- ' v-M
n,
‘ I
0091
bO-_Ov'«-----fl
m70
.../4 (J
b-.- *J

 

.LQ

DJ

‘9

Lw-v-yu-O-r-fi O u» 0 1

1\'.‘/

39

 

 

 

Uwiflv~ trees serqyefi 1"it'n. Conger airbonqte bore tne
lfir~est ehtles of any of the treatme uts. The “ure hnrfin cul-

Emite Sprdved aorleb VWWWETWVFt in orde“ 0? large size 7“?

lime eulphur spraved blot broduned the ewdllekt qhtlee. 0n
Stfivfinri tn n”.rWWKWM3 +re 9 *wnna tne lmrwwflrt'3bglee ‘"3th
norone F0; Plum next in 0W5?“ of Cize. 33H the “u?“ begic

Gulmwrite rflot heqwflL1r ting t q4n~1eg, WMJt +iy§ bigg (y?

“ave fruit fW<m11u1<3 litter blcfi.1w1e onlv S11 1 t.br 311°.ller

tnqn the mflxles flowing Pro“ +ne Y3lot Fhrqved with lime Culbnur.

<3Veeri.m--t1].:Fuuv’ ei'des inqeu_11eed (n1 Gri1w3q

'1nfl St131¢wi trees Imasuitexiiha 11? er exwae b Then.¥nmn1 the
c1me varietie s 11 GP9 Fpfiqved with tne “tind1rd 1ifi9 eulhhur.
Tie diff .POLCQ ij1jfiflllt size is ‘roh hlw (hue b0 tne fact.+¢pz;

fne JJmua qulfinur pl0+nrnummwfi more f0¢ifi e jjllflff tnhu “nr

otncr C? tne 7“toms. filtnon~n a Skill amount of Foliq“9 in-

jury V."'-I.S present 3.“ ".ll of me 710+". “031,888 (1’1 t9. Lur'err

indicate 111‘,“ +. Li iT- "WW9 “00.0.??th to T”W'*"('\(:“LJ_’Tt’3, ”2.13116“ Finer-3.

5.4

frnm inrootg “hfi diqeqsec. Without ¢wquin”, iqév vould k9

lwrwer TJVUE’JH" Oj:_"+.""‘p unfi+fi‘rW“" "“rdwoa v41u1 s+°nfifiwfl

\r . .

crvwvrirp~ Wm taWif~1¢. "Tug fWfliit (3? i119 TUlSTW*IT3Ci PJtfit {LloTKBfi

tu'

béttfir color 7nd Pihiua tnxn iuy of tne sorqved fruit.

Root VruniL~

~iv VTWTFv‘m +Ju;h9, OWIHNIiwg 0 ‘“0iarqfix3 to 11 kw: crow,

ecfi; Of'léoof, hrtu11fi*'<V1 anlit

(
\—

.- - ‘ I "i .‘I J'- ‘> v“. 4‘ J- _‘ \ . p‘ 4- 1, " _ -‘ -
12-91"? LL81?! LU MC, L,:,T',;1_L,.;G ‘ 116 011

The roof: vvre pruned hy Clg”infl 9 nirculw“ firemen

lb 1A0fl99 d67r 940 fare? Feet from +ne trugx of the trees.
‘. -‘.» - w». ‘ — :— m ' -. "‘1‘ 1-; -' .4 .. ‘n J“. ’ -
’I‘Lie li‘GILCH .. .S lefb CT. 311 9.1.1. 8111:1131". in (”L3 _‘ '. 1 hr: F-l‘b‘LLCAI

"WIN? ”OOLLJ‘VUJ“5fl’ ‘Ia N1Wnn:te“ ‘VWNA 7/8 +1) 1/2 iiuml were
severed, Whlcn indinfinéc infin fne Pgflfixnv “Dots 0f the
Tqmy?s TWN“? Wrewtjbr vefihvysd hy'iyvis trenfirmwwt. ”“1) trees:
were used for eann of tne foWTowin: tPeitJéutS: (i) rootc
“FUUDR (V7 ORG TAX“? “9 +4N¥ 1???“ 91¢” £33 CNMNWnitO mifv>1me-

-7 ‘_ (my w. , . _,'- j I T j «I— ‘ A" . J 1 _' -.- 1 .L J“ ._ .‘.. s 1 ~ ,- 5
.LJ.!' mil-'3)”: "-. b9? ‘ “-- C (9.) T00 .53 :PU‘QL” “‘j'flu W {[3 (“ubljrve +11), m

... .. .. — A J. ~ n , . 4. - r ;. ,. K . _ - 1 ‘ ¢ ' 4_
r“ o "fluid '.;‘(73'7—\.“% ‘ "H" Um are”)- mad “and ._._r‘.'rm 7‘ $3 I (“1901. A. :_.
t, N _o _ _»_ V ,V , m -, ., A‘ .' . ‘ a, " . 3 .V _ _;_ ‘ ,‘ 5
r: *1 T‘Vb‘S +. t “19 f? 1] u») ’1. 1.71“] .‘e 1'36; we M; -1-_ 1190. QAC ”Cull .v-EBJ. . Lilo

vesvlus “WQ CHV70+”” “a *fibLQ 1?.

9

..
v
—r

. “ F ’W .0 , .1. :- h 1/- -‘ w .-. " ‘ -‘ ’7‘ ‘ .
Ch1\i9 ?;3 - «injech CM 700T, fin?) 1 Cu; ?Pd¢f. #179
‘ ' ~_ " ' ' ‘ ‘" - ' ~* ° ' ‘—' ' ‘h .-- — *- Fl .VO‘ Eff“- \ {7 {.3 T1 r- .r ".3 ”-N. 1.753?" "(A

“we fment {Frleg hiflfifi+qw(0fi\ flqiwht(}}

, -... --_.--.-.._.._._.——-- -— -.m- - -. -.. -_-—-.4.. -.- .4 -..—...-----_. ., . - .4p- — . . --~.-

', q
0
0
cf-
"7‘.
:I
'q
.3
‘1
J
.)
H
3
' "é
'rJo
\
_. 1
CO
(CI
0‘]
C.
O
-<
C
o
' I)
1'”,
C

“nhfq ”wunfifi “wcwnfi WTOIG trpt 196 6.3? .291

'1‘}_\\" 1., :1 7:760 2‘ [fr]. f‘T‘DQ" i—“A? I"; [.12 II H . 98 Q 99 1

 

 

 

 

__ o- o - - - - . - ————.a-- u .- - - — - .. .-- -— o - JL - — — o - - —‘--- -. - - v- r —-—-.. —- o C- - _—-—
"Wifirl ‘“AFV*G ‘"¢ *9 “Tulane” fir; Film SiJJQ of‘ file fruaes4. true
qflyles hic;éfl fr.“ #“wt fortion or ihé free“ nova onlv

~¢4wn+1v rmWHWgw +n1n IrOM rue CFVOSLtQ Ridq n? f“? fire 9,

. O ‘ , ., ‘ ‘ . vs
“J:fi 'hne S?U“Q T18 +IN10 T”Wyil ?cxjt9 I?§TW3 (Yuuiqr‘<irwwwh(t +¢h3 Tandla
._,‘, ..',. ,:_ n.\. _, 0 - j\,fi'_- __ A' .A_* ' _;.
LPBBE. r1-.. ~ uifi $1791.10: 1f". L-T’C}. 3. “ix 77041, S21 n.1, {‘10-‘41 b.

“ultiv~t;on v: C06

van”. nu . - c - - —

 

k -r -' ' 7- a - ' 7' A .. r —- "‘ N —,-- l V A .4— .- a « 5 ~ ‘ vy'u =V
"“-.")J.‘\]Z‘ 111m? 0mm FOG-3.0% wix 101(766 ‘.p'1‘f1.'12:1 *-'@"7" L'M‘Q

1..

urcd to CstJWLiUC ibe Qr1@nt CI cultiVthcP nnd vrfiflfi sod

.. ’~ I‘ ~ - n - ..» V. ‘ , -' . .- ,~ 7 ‘ ‘
on f 0' .LTJ flan 'J. r 'I' "'9 ‘0'" ’ -’ L’U‘w’lfli' '.;J. ’ 1" ‘ .‘3- ‘1 QC“) '31:.”
- .. .‘,. 4. 9. " v,” ‘1 ‘~ r . -..l ..’,v ,.., , ‘ v A‘ -\ .- \   —~ I . . “. .L. .
*4;‘; -t”‘F‘R L.J;”3 L‘L‘YL TML‘IQ‘“ '“J::”*' ”LIL Jlfif°.13,011. (11 119

01071117 CULTJYV’IV Plot '1 cover arms was 11'53‘779‘: sown in M18

a

r111 0” Tu: *3“Vu 'WyszWVeSL LlMs re qwxuhmvttlve SqWUWQR
I ‘ .. > . , . ‘ ,V ‘ ,, . , . __ 0 ‘ ‘ , 2 f: ‘ 4‘ .7 a
0? IPUlLS ware pngQd from eacn trad, «91:10P “u( ocuhbea,
l ‘ - N W 4' _, .- 1v 3 . - ,- “ r;
Tud.1vua 3101;11xfl1 flfihQ fit“? m=0hu lml'tikie Thu

.k -_ l— 'V

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‘ t ’ ‘. ~ . ' .. 7‘4... '1 ‘,~ .‘ . V q . A
(‘lveil by Tut/1‘3 £01101’114; 3 I'L‘C‘I’BSDOL‘ V. j. a“ fancy". "uh,

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the "gr-17111 .0 (3“ 'h f) t;

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“n3 Emotese'rs 3. 3 fi®e+ee “n8 T. ~eilsnn, wqo criti-

l)
0

01895 the menuecriet.

‘ I \ , . b“ v -: ’1“ 'vifi p. .' ,J - J- - _‘ _ v ’.‘- -~ V —‘. u

..L. '\I"‘{ it) .C‘. r’-1_-Ci;\3(; I I’OA.L .tlj. ‘111]V(1 21"‘7 CS ’1‘]qu 0(1 10 {er ”all It
lqymzew i4: Ainnmetezw'anfl cflwotflg 341153? (ygn+_}jeq,fiigw *fiT3n fuloee
PTOM unthinnefi tweee.

2. iumnq termiuq; bewrin; eaotts bore only One fruit, tne

-l-

,e tve7we

ei7e vwrs 1Q rxna cent inlqree then "Twu1 TWO fdnli

50014116 0

3. Whinning exeewiments on seall edjoinlnh brqnches re-

sultea in e fen“ her cent increase 0” fruit s’ze. TLinen tee

‘

qm-ne ext-raw irr‘ent vm g rowed ten or": "T “filed trenches, the in-

071.23.“ C".

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was 10 per cent, indicating tflfit carbonydratee are

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trqrxf1octhn?.
4. TFruit nwwveetefi Frog q glut nwvld tree WUiPJ had 300
fallen” of Peter tee Week in afidition tn tne DQtUT71 rqih-
rd]; were 74 New next heiVie“ teen fruit piczed from 9
tree wnicn F45 vet receive dny surface ”itew fiurin: the

hrowin~ reason. “he Fifference in Fruit site between the

, _ v ‘ _ w - . . p o _o _A J_ y r 0 TN .'
watewed tree 11c tne tjee TECleLnV tne natural Plluffill

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noisture everqied the lowest in the eurche foot and tne
hignest in the third foot below the SUPffiCQ.

o. The ther COntent of the fruits oioted from the "veter-
efi” find onecx” Fjots fits over tw‘ new pent tipner tnen
tflet of the ”firy” oiot.

‘2. ”me isi'luence 02." nitro:en-fertilizer on fruit size wes
found to be insifinifiCfint.

8. Tne results 01 different strevigg Futefllfils n fruit
size alwazhxeoasistentu 'Ul 7997, the 1drfles+.e;qfltes were
y‘icfi er? f2fi0¢1 trx.ees stxveWWe” ‘"it11 ljJne an Lohxrp FUJd iTl 1?M>8
tne essllest stoles were nihgee Prom trees soreved witn
lime Snifrhu‘”.

9. mme “flfliTiOn of copperfie or fooenno dust to lime sul-
phur (‘1'q rot “Onsistentlv *nnweeee the 91"0 o? quit.

10. “orles soweved with experiments] funriciees were not
WQtJWinlv Werner then fruit Shrevefl with standero funci-
Cir"?:)f§o

Emuits hervevted from trees or («fit trees hevig; tneir
roo‘s fvnummi vere cunt! sltjbflsr<ww1ller tman.ifintits from
uhfreqted trees. ROOL oruniue reduced vield.

12. Fruits borne by trees crowing in a June gress cne were

large? then tnose borne by trees pPOWluh in cleanly culti-

vated s011.

~$d~

“thTocz‘lficnuae 'VPCm. tfixa +1u3es atrrn'iw,f ‘11 sofi'werma 1112.3r
tnen tJMNva‘oicge” fTFgL+QWBOS 'h0u11g'rumku? elee11¢u11tlvetion.
Eossi7l§ tmere were two wensnns For tjis C.iffe TGhCG; (1)
trees frow1n~ in tne cu1t1veted "oil hove a beqvler rob and

(Q) tne trees “vowine i sod were

1 (7‘;

stimuletefl

to Pena toeiw

roots de3ue r in tne earlier ~te~es op tnefir lives: +nus. e
more hermeneut ”qter Suppl“ mes fiuicxer obtained.
:ZE1£:£}¥;-

(n‘ or tuese as?» Idmese Ted 1 1'm1is other whoule 1“e
eods' “ewe” “f1 cemet. 1V0, 13301nr61-h1ev “Tame obt11113d iu.cmfie,
3.1-5”? T 50753 (11:339. *.’..'0 "(3‘1)“.‘3. “1113:53- "°csL1_L‘i‘_,55 '(eréobqblv nine.
1101, of‘ r11314; O‘Coexfibfielltd]_ vs luea, VW1t t11€7r 01 '“e11'Pocw‘ fRDW
+l1o11*k\1.. ”14f: T11¢2 1111“OTWWe'tirml ‘ee113111 17e(zo1*fi13‘ 1n177 twe of“ \r1711e
Gs levee fow fu?LASfi Pet “won on we 111~i.oorten‘ "atient
of f"flui si7e.

mne mesnl+s ind1nete test tniuh1n, is e treatieel "eTnofl
of jINfl”?‘°lp fifiwe siVO (WT Fruit” ‘W1eee ”vvn1lts ewe snfl~Stdu-
tLdjmeN Per FUCVIINBS 611%}:1 WC 113315 0‘2: ”s‘WTWelrwe (11), !h1+0rwfi°

“Cmnal :52), T311101, (15)! Clad

amount of wwtxr “‘WICHVH”°1‘S enfl
reourtnee +0 oroduce d eiveu "i"06 e

rroouce d nertein “umher of QCDles 0P
70- if “ tree were oqothe

to * POW 10'!) 21311.1»3s

W '1 ‘

cooper (251.
other

.51?“ .1. C3 0

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N, "€W‘t1jflfi

(”)HSf'ITTW‘l'I‘L‘ ’7'”?

A 4-:{253 {3 (an n ON?“

6 vive\ sis“. e?-

’LJ

T10?"

enou~n food

n (3

diamtt 1 and

carrLefi Boo ethies, 1t is wtefiilr Unhe'stfiucetie any tne
Tnfil‘ves 'ter* frthyt .ai:rb, We rotxni111 t svv‘l;tfl?. 21? if: is (Wacixt3d

I x

advisable to tnin tne tyees, tne results senurefl witn
Weqltnv in 192?, es retorted is tnis ember, inflicete tuet
not more than one fruit snould he e11owefi to remqin P6P
terminal shoot or seur, Whine GDPOGSWith +h9 ”Qfiults ”Qfiort-
e¢§ Fer Ffilrxneeic ( 9 ). 17? cu1e <1? +1"o, xweewntxr s r*]1.1~rq1icru3e.

zwns ove1Jwi€efl err? tne rfifi1er ee*“Tie4 rwfih; Q 73-11t eroru

taese fifite “me-est tndt tne "esvin loeded trenea finale not

heefi to se tuineed 9s sevevelv es it eeea “rebcn eqrhied

9d efludllv “9T“? 101C, beefinse tee newbonvdwdtes m1“ be
' a _ v ‘ .- " Q j _ ' ‘ Q 3 ' ,1: A ..
+wv~w<a1vwr‘te<1 t1) “e_ti:mr3 Txle CilflTiféxlce ‘lN joer‘. 'U33Lfl3 ”Vite

d'ree Wits tne findlrfisop “dilew (d).

x O o

Den'n‘se fitt.les (M11t1511r1 n1{:1 Der= CGLH} o? vther, th is

not herd to uneerstend budt soil moistuve mi ht he a Vinit-

int Pectov oufier certain soil and clinntia conflitiOhs in

tne T‘1"'r*r‘1.*.r~’r.icn of large apgles. Tue data presented in this

nqoer incleete that thn trees nevainf q unifoem 101d, the
siee OP the Phfiit does very witn the moisture content o?
the soil. mhe finflirgs of Furr, and fiqoness (5) Venawfinb_
son, and veihmever (55) end Stewart (51‘ ere in ace rfl with

mae results ootfilneo “th e “1‘

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29? on fruit “123 are nestiivtiue. out r'o ere tne wesuLts
o; ot1ew simiiev ewtwwiments. Wne fist? Show tndt fruits

1:104ef :fl OH t1u3 un‘Im' iiifcm? one-ural;‘cx? the +w~ees vnrée

l

‘

3““ er +nln tne +1uit Flexefl feom tne 0w10s1t0 fertili7eo

1.11711" of tne 5:13.113 trees, "1114-011 “(flee "fist/r1 me results oht’fi-11eci

er (18) Crime (20) LoCue (21) end Cooner (25).

{-1

finen “ "mole iree W79 fertilize the iru'ILs hdrves+mfl i‘rozu
:L t "Y“PQ 1”,?" '_'~‘:‘ ’3 UPI; WIOQ") j“ I' 01.“. the '1 d 3' 05.11 3.11;; on
trees, union is in accord with tne work of Alderman (17)
Peimer (22) and Andrews (33).

Sgraying meterills flf?eot fruit size iroirectlv. Wne

effect is one 01 reduction, “no is in nronortion to the

decrease of nhotosvnthetic activiiit

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9 gr » r21 1v -
in; materidls. Wne results witn unsnrqvefi Stsvmsn trees
shown in fifiole ll irdicste thfit the above stfitement is true.
Wisedses “n4 insecfis ationx tne lei es and fruit of the ap—
gle tree'therefore' the frees must be sprayed. In an epi-
demic scab year, lixe 1927, tne loss 0n unsprqvefi trees,

as ressured n7 Iruit size on the variety wealtnv (9e: table
9), 7"“.0 f‘ir in 9‘706‘83 9,8 ne‘ersorefl to any of" tree stsnr‘aqrd
sirQVin; materials used. Consequentlv. fine selention of
soreving materifils must re based on tneir ability to non-
trol insects and diseases witn tne minimum injury of leaves
and fruit.

Wne effect 0? root nrunin~ on fruit size is a question
tnqt arises wnen a sod ornnard is plowed, and mqnv of the
roots are broken. “he as is. contained in this moer insig-
nqte inst root nruninc does refiuce fruit size, but onlv to

a small “wornT, The hrinainle ePVent reins s Henreqse in

vield.

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V3“ness T. 9-, OVQV]DV F. L., Aha TUOD: m- Q-J Del3iion
oi Fbjin:wa-to Kruit 0173 31M‘ «m3litv in Ahfiles 31M? M33r3.
Elfq girl. .3 ~~3’l’j‘. ”(Hr-n. 1;qu.0 Ell—L. 21,19. 1C-\7.r2\l.

ifi‘fHSDQ JR ‘3., Del3tjxwi or Te3i‘A1mrx to Qize 3rvi .ua
in inries. proe. Am. ?00. Uort. qoi. 95:280-12. 19

311“)”, .T. 3., 3n” V3s11€qq, .T. 37.. tWJl]_”in°Wr Deport on
Deletion of.» coil 7“7(".313‘J)'.U,’r"3. to C (333133 +31 Activity 3113 Fruit
(P0n+fl of QDLlGS. Proc. Am. Mon. Jorn. Dni. n 97? - 3950.
3.nd T‘iLree’LfLon
d Cemnosition

D3lier, H. H., Tne Relation of are Fis+3nc
of tne Druif from the Te3ves to the Fig 3 3

“5 (u

\.z 9—

of AWWFes. Pros. Am. Foo. Hort. 27-U5-195«.
”einfier er, I. T5., was “el3tion of Te3f Are3 to Qize 335
7u3litv Cf Tezcnes. Proo. Am. #00. ”Orb. Sci. D 19 - 1931.

A13ri03. 7. “.. “f eot of Fruit Thinninm UL on r"Drooworve
.Acoumuliidxni, Wor'm tic <H°'?ruit “nos an3 CmJ.tT" Dloom in
Artie Trees. Droc. Am. Doc. W3r+. eci. n F09. 1931.

Wllenwood, 0. ”., 9033 DesUOnses of Crimes 3n3 Jon3tn3n
t0 [whiflli 11..-. pT’Vfif‘. o \.l.o SOC. T—an‘to. f Ci 0 (.37 - 25)] - C") ()0.

Dolljns, Li. A., The Wilts“ of whtnnin: fining-vip Apples.
Droc. Am. Doc. fort. $01. 27 ’ '

?Arnneefl{, A. '?.. Ffiuiit ”Elinnijle 1T11fiis'wuflri. Agrti. 7bn3.
ST;°.0 P311. 2:32, 3372/0

Herrdmfl{,'9. 9.. (filinnin.9
Du‘. IFHJ, lQlLM

D3tc3elor. Teon D.. mninning— Ambles. U+3n “JP . Dre. Qt3.
Dir. ”o. 12, 1915. ‘

mvnnter, 3. Co. Dive Yeirs' Investig3tions in Apple Dhir-
iii-1...! ',.:‘ o '.4 o T37. o A 511" j. o 2",va a fit"). 0 TDu J. a ..l U? , 1E} 11" o
De331, H. 3.. Whinninv to ?roou39 r31itv ?”uit. In3i3n”

fort. €09 Vol. VT ”0. 6, June 1929.

”tumniigfis, ‘ . P. , Teijzinss i. I ., said TKPEWJJJ“. ’7. (3.. A!) 13
Wninnirv' §a<firim nfis. G3use Deletions of Sm3.ll Aorfles.
”’73 Tnorefises of TWrWe 3nd §umll Anvies. .u3rter flenturV

I
CIA-.1182? Of‘ f) 1'73 ”it? “By (\i'f" (7115‘ Y”?! . A7191" 0 April 0 TEE/(p. S 123.. E11]- ‘
:W‘))\ ‘- 13000

D3110u, F. 3., Tne D3fiuvin3tion of Crnn3rds. Onio Aeri.
‘plen. GAE-9.0 iLllo 2/35) " jQ]9,

7

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Rt3W3rt. J. r.. mhe FertiliZ3fion oi Abfile Chag3r38.
Pel'l‘fl. A ”141.-. 7:3pr Cut", 0 p111. 91" a; C" )Q o

.Aldewnmxl, T. n.. ’QJB P3r+JJJJfirtiou CU? ¥33nn

"'o ‘79. o A351". “EU“. 3TH. o “Lilo 1.9.1.50

Chariicr a. .. *PUL+ Dro'1u3 Dnvhhfion ‘inlin C
z\eVI‘Voru:. 1§w<o.

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3387‘. Cf}.

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T'Pd 09.

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OT“

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:;u3. :31}. .3 9
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”I*1;x39 ;. r. , -" ’3LL1.;1.43 1'3 D31°+_L3_LZ133' '~33 0.1 “
v ,_., v ,7 c 13,. gar" 3. ,
o .7!) o 5;}.10 ‘XWo «ta. {1.1.1.0 1.14"“ - 1$7?Ao

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Unfit.

;'1-,- .\ °
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Dartlllzcr
‘3 C l o 13') lb-

-0911“? 3 (20
Ava-0 FOC-

"V

IQWib C. To, 3- U. D3 mar, 333 a. C. Dr3“u. Port
for Orefion Orcn3rds. Ore. Agr. ?"F. “t3. Pal. 1

Cooper, J. 9., A Stufiv ,f the TfPect of Commercia
lizers on #13 P31f01m3nce of Ayrle mr333. Ark.
Ctflo Ful. d'/ - 19?. 8.

rutton, T. C., Qhr3v Injurv Ctuflies IT, Kicn. A:

.4. "-‘ h 'A -—\ 'i- r
99?. f113.. £19 9 1903.

‘71 j o 7""-

Prch3vfls.

0..

”eport
Arx.

pang.

D o

Tnowl.0n. 1. u., A Prelivin3vv “wh3riment 03 ”319 $333
Fertilization F100. Am. ”Prf. Qci. 1991.
Fishcr, 3. W-- ’frmnt 0P Alk3lin3 53r3vs on the Riz- of
Qw33t “HGPWLO Jour. Amer. A33 Hort. Doi. Cat. 3”? l.
Vugrflr, M. -.. 3n3 Cooley, I. §.. NVP3Ct of 9nw9333 Dilmr
3nciT1U“l% 03 fine R3t3 of 3T3nchir3+Jxr3. fin. -“0. D03.
”3WM . "-22 pp. 531-333 1914.
Yeliq 4 »'., fine Infflmww103 of (wwwrrhn pr3v 13 vw W378 on
+33 7123 Dwnfif in fn3 ‘onw ”howWV. Tnesis for JQ“PP*
;? . fl. .1c “71+3 00113.3. 1925.

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‘Nwfi+xmi, .1. ”a . A {BLDLMA oi‘ifadixnvihv 'tn3 T;Lme EmglrL1n7--

B333.Azum‘313te Srr3r'fx>{%wfi103 F0113_féihxfl1P¥ to
Prom. ”M”. 331. ‘Huwg. 3998.

Cs}:3mk, FOS'WH. - dCil situr3 3nd mFee ”rowfin
mi]. .80 2‘11qu £41,111. :§:O_1".. 161300 0 ATAGI‘. C100 0 110141.10 F‘Cio
Qtevwzvt, I. 3., 1?1ctcrs JXuflgencixl 1 1.30010r,
3nd trovtn in Afifliefl. @Ln Ava. D3P.91'oc Ame".

“oi. 1911.

tun Awhle.

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‘LJu—k

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Qon.

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eflflififl “1"” C" QVVlas. Phenis for “33 Do Pee 0P "aster
Of. “\nl'ixpr ’ - .1. (:1) 1’1 11 ‘C L‘lte (1):i\r ‘3 o 1 (1.9%}.
fifl- rwzarn , i}. f.. rnr l PWV' :th19 *5231 “L114 {‘ion. 3'“.
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fin- ~ riuf‘...’...C1‘.-SOLL, 3 . . . . ‘ -' ’ . t; . \184415614-1". . ”(T-.1.“ v "‘
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24in Wnn. V90. Dwnn. WWHP. fiCn. “fl"L. ~ci. 73°?
36- WOLF» . ““‘bmr.. Fultlv1iion wna CO” ”H70h ”0 fitmed in

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fnw 0””n9“”. HFOG. ~10“. Unfit. Q0“. 79a/.

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.3

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-C;1.L:.*.'.2.0 boDor/o‘Xo I“Oo LU ‘.-‘~‘JP-LUS “5-110.

30- Partrlfige, L. T.. find veatnu, I. 0., $36 Ruinzlow Venue‘a
\ _f - _‘ h - ‘ - T“ , _M r 4‘ -. ’ ‘ .0 .__ '. _V ‘
ROLl PPOPLLS and fiuon «ovein menu of WPd.L Crees. ?1ng.
- n' « -. ru' w 2 1 :70
3:9. Qty-9 0 11' n. Jul. ‘VTCio 1/1 " 1:0. ‘ W300 EU" 0

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