A SGCEOMETRIC AMLYSES 0F LENSING: EECEEGk‘Mr BUBBLE WELFARE ENST’E’FEU'EEONS 1.5mm {cw flu: Daqm 051%. U. D. MCHICAN STATE KNEYEKSETY Bmeid A. Caseizotti WM v _ '- L LII- .“ “- g”? I . “LIB ‘N 1t: . bio-ail Syd “imam” ABSTRACT A SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LANSING MICHIGAN'S HUMAN WELFARE INSTITUTIONS by David A. Casciotti The coordination and planning of various public concerns is a dominant theme in urban planning. However, the criticisms of contemporary urban programs such as urban renewal, low income housing, and traditional compre- hensive planning point to the need for broadening the scope of urban planning. The criticisms of these traditional programs and the introduction of the Model Cities Program and Policy Planning has forced planning to incorporate into the planning process possible solutions to social problems. Prior to the incorporation of the social policies in urban planning, a systematic analysis of the interactions among urban institutions would be needed. This would ensure a better base from which to plan future policy decisions. This thesis will use Sociometric Analysis as a means and Lansing, Rfichigan's Human Welfare Institutions as an example of measuring institu- tional interactions. Sociometry as first developed was modified to a great extent in the course of the study due to the measurement of referrals (on a scale as Opposed to actual figures) and the use of legally defined and structured institutions. Traditional sociometry used choice behavior and individuals as a base for assessing interaction patterns. Human Welfare Institutions were used to demonstrate how the interactions among the members of a group of urban institutions could be systematically measured and how the results could be incorporated into urban planning. It is assumed that the technique would actually not be limited to one group of institutions but may be applied to the total urban system. With the effectiveness of the sociometric analysis in measuring the interaction patterns of Human Welfare Institutions established,this type of analysis might be used, for example in policy planning, as a base for coordinating various other groups of urban institutions. The main use presented here is the possible improvement of welfare services to a model city neighborhood based on the interaction patterns produced by this analysis. A SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LANSING MICHIGAN'S HUMAN WELFARE INSTITUTIONS by David A; Casciotti A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN URBAN PLANNING School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture 1970 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to those who, in one way or another, assisted in the preparation of this thesis. Special appreciation is extended to Professor Sanford Farness who, by his in depth understanding of interacting urban subsystems, provided valuable comments and criticisms as my thesis advisor; to Dr. Robert Anderson and Frank Mulvihill who provided a basic understanding of the methodological technique used in this study; and to my wife Linda for her encouragement and assistance. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER I. THE STUDY RATIONALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 l. Criticisms of Urban Renewal 2. Criticism of Traditional Comprehensive Planning 3. The Need for Including More Comprehensive Social As Shown By: a. Model Cities b. Policy Planning c. Various Published Articles II. THE SOCIOMETRIC TECHNIQUE- EXPLAINED . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Features That May Appeal to Planners Requirements of the Sociometric Test Analysis and Representation of the Data Advantages of the Method . Reliability and Validity of the Method \nr‘me III. THE APPLICATION OF THE SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS TO HUMAN WELFARE INSTITUTIONS OF LANSING, MICHIGAN . . . . . . . . . 26 The Purpose of the Study Definitions Used in the Study Methodological Rationale for Choosing the Human Welfare Institutions The Universe Selection The Formulation and Administration of the Questionnaire Data Limitations Data Interpretation Limitations of the Study CD-Qm \J'I-t" WNP IV. THE APPLICATION OF THE ANALYZED SOCIOMETRIC DATA TO MODEL CITIES AND POLICY PLANNING , , , . , . . , 57 l. The Application of the Results to Model Cities Project Planning 2. The Application of the Results to Policy Planning V ‘ CONCLUSIONS 0 o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY , , , , iii LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure l - Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2 - Reciprocal Interaction Structures at the Frequently-Frequently or Higher Level for the Referral Given Question . . . . . . . . . . . . h8 Figure 3 - Reciprocal Interaction Structures at the Frequently-Frequently Level or Higher for the Planning Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h9 Figure A - Constellation Sets Formed on the Basis of Response to the Referral Given Question . . . . . . 51 Figure 5 - Constellation Sets Formed on the Basis of Response to the Planning Question . . . . . . . . . 52 Figure 6 - Existing Location of Lansing's Human Welfare Institutions Used in this Study . . . . . . . . . . 60 LIST OF TABLES Table l - The Ranked Received Sociometric Scores of the Referral Given Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . Al Table 2 - The Ranked Received Sociometric Scores of the Referral Received Question . . . . . . . . . . . AB Table 3 - The Ranked Received Sociometric Scores of the Planning Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS iv INTRODUCTION Urban planning has traditionally been called upon to plan and coordinate various activities in the community. Included in these responsibilities has been the coordination and planning for such areas of concern as schools, fire stations, parks, utilities, land uses, economic base, zoning and subdivision regulations, etc. The vehicle for planning and coordination has been comprehensive planning, and more recently it has been comprehensive planning with the influence of policy planning. If planners are to effectively coordinate the various activities in the city, then they should systematically measure, as Opposed to intuitively knowing, those institutional interactions he feels are relevent to the preparation and effectuation of a compre- hensive plan. An effective method for systematically measuring institutional - interactions is by sociometric analysis. While a sociometric analysis can be used to measure any desired interaction among any group of institutions, I chose to measure the working and planning interactions among a selected class of Human Welfare Institutions of Lansing,Michigan. The origins and specific human welfare needs of the institution's clients were not to be identified as part of this thesis. Human Welfare Institutions are those institutions which provide basic human services concerning: addiction, adoption, the aged, alcoholism, v camping, children and youth, coordination and planning, counseling, education, emergency services, employment and vocational guidance, financial assistance, the handicapped, health, hospitals-clinics, human relations, legal services, licensing, living arrangements for special purposes, mental retardation, veterans services,recreation and group work, service clubs, social-cultural services, transportation, un- married parents, and volunteers. The basis for selecting this group of institutions lies with the mounting criticisms of traditional comprehensive planning and urban renewal planning. The roots of this criticism seem to be based on the ommission of institutions which deal with human problems from tra- ditional comprehensive planning and urban renewal project planning. As an alternative to the omission of the human welfare insti— tutions, this thesis will investigate two ways of utilizing inter— action data, one in comprehensive planning and one in urban renewal planning. First, the interaction data derived from the Lansing Human Welfare Institutions will be used to spatially locate human welfare institutions in a Model Cities Area. Second, the interaction data may be used to incorporate human welfare institutions in the total interacting social system of an urban area by means of policy planning. CHAPTER I THE STUDY RATIONALE Over the last decade or so, urban renewal, low income housing and traditional comprehensive planning, have received mounting criticism of the manner in which they present simple physical solutions to complex physical and social problems. The inclusion of the total social system with the physical environment is being called for in order to produce a meaningful plan for urban growth. Whether inclusion can be accomplished by traditional methods such as comprehensive planning or urban renewal planning, or whether it requires new programs such as model cities or policy planning, the fact that it must be accomplished is becoming apparent. Herbert Gans has stated that "city planning has traditionally sought community betterment through so—called physical methods, such as the creation of efficient land-use and transportation schemes, the sorting of diverse types of land use, and the renewal of technologically obsolescent areas and buildings to achieve functional, as well as aesthetically desirable, arrangements of structures and spaces."1 Gans feels that, in general, contemporary planning, which was founded on "the elimination of urban deprivation (as being one) of the goals,"2 has been some what detoured and has concentrated on "physical" methods of problem solving. He now calls for a "new planning concept which places greater emphasis on economic and social methods of improving community life."3 Melvin Webber also seems skeptical when it comes to physically solving the urban problems existing today. This is exhited when he states: "For generations it had been generally understood that the physical environment was a major determinant of social behavior and a direct contributor to individuals' welfare. Having accepted profes- sional responsibility for physical environment, the city planner was thus accorded a key role as agent of human welfare: the clearly pre- scribed therapy for the various social pathologies was improvement of the physical setting. If only well-designed and well—built houses, play grounds, and community facilities could be substituted for the crowded and dilapitated housing and neighborhoods of the city's slums, then the incidence of crime, delinquency, narcotics addiction, alcoholism, broken homes, and mental illness would tumble."h Webber goes on to state that as a result of systematic research these concepts of the relations between social and physical aspects in a city which "were once stable pillars of understanding are melting down to folklore, heart felt wishes, and, more typically, partial truths embedded within complex networks of causes. The simple one-to-one cause-and-effect links that once tied houses and neighborhoods to behavior and welfare are coming to be seen as but strands in highly complex webs that, in turn, are woven by the intricate and subtle relations that mark social, psychic, economic, and political systems."5 While traditional comprehensive planning has come under fire for producing plans which often de-emphasize the role of human factors in solving urban problems, federal programs have also been criticized for this same shortcoming. Urban renewal as first conceived and implemented has received as much criticism as any urban program adOpted by the federal government. James Scheuer states that "Urban renewal is finally - after fifteen years of trial and error - transforming downtown 6 lunerica. But it is not solving the larger problems of our cities." He goes on to say that, "in many circles, 'urban renewal' is no better than a swearword."7 One wonders what urban renewal is transforming and why it is considered a swearword. Scheuer answers this question by stating, "In particular, is it any wonder that the public-private pro- gram called urban renewal - for all its promise and its valid physical accomplishments - has barely touched America's urban chaos? For the chaos far transcends the physical. If we are to succeed in renewing and reforming the American environment, we must concern ourselves with more than physical planning and aesthetics and economics."8 In summary here, one can easily understand what Norton Long means when he says, "At long last non physical considerations are receiving belated and still hopelessly inadequate attention in city planning. At the federal level the Model Cities Program represents at least a gesture toward alteration of the overwhelming physical preoccupation of urban renewal."9 With the advent of the Demonstration Cities Act of 1966, the federal government acknowledged the deficiencies of traditional urban renewal. "Model cities planning calls for a new program designed to demonstrate how the living environment and the general welfare of people living in slum and blighted neighborhoods can be substantially improved. . . It calls for a comprehensive attack on social, economic, and physical problems in selected slum and blighted areas through concentration and coordination of Federal, State, and local public and private efforts."10 The Federal law concerning the Model Cities Program states that "the local program should be designed to make marked progress in reducing social disadvantage and to provide social services necessary to serve the poor and disadvantaged in the area. The program should provide for various projects and activities which will make marked progress over five years and which, when their full impact is realized will result in . . . the provision of social and rehabilitation services which meet the expressed needs of the Model Neighborhood residents, and which are designed to improve, insofar as possible, the ability of the residents of all ages to function independently."ll Whereas the general program phiIOSOphy substantiates the conten- tion that planning on the federal level should begin to consider basic human problems, the act also indicates more specific means to achieve the program's goals. Specifically the act provides the option (where applicable) "to change the delivery systems of social and reha- bilitative services, the recruitment and training of rehabilitation and social service personnel, inter-program coordination mechanisms. . Other program concerns might include the need to increase organiza- tional skills and self help opportunities. . . Special efforts may be required to identify indigent, disabled, and dependent older persons in the neighborhood, to provide information, to make referrals, and to mobilize and coordinate the work of a wide range of community services to provide assistance to this group, . . to provide help for neglected and deprived children, unwed mothers, and handicapped persons, and to strengthen family life. The development and implementation of plans for a comprehensive social and rehabilitation program may involve the participation of a wide range of State and local governmental as well as voluntary agencies including schools and other training agencies, health agencies, public welfare, family service and child care organi- zations, day care centers, . ."12 As can be seen the Model City Program is making an attempt to integrate various factors into the renewal process in order to deal more effectively and realistically with the urban problem. While Model Cities is the federal government's attempt at a more sensitive urban program, the concept of policy planning may be traditional planning's method of dealing with the problem. Policy planning is an attempt to involve more diverse interests in the planning process. HOpefully policy planning will open up for debate those areas that are glossed over in traditional planning. By debating the issues confronting a city, a wider spectrum of interests may be identified and resolved. Henry Fagin best sums up the concept of policy planning as he visualizes it in his statement that "the term 'policies plan' describes a new instrument necessary for bringing physical, social, economic and political considerations into an adequate state of coherence."13 Policy planning seems to be an attempt to fuse all the aspects of government planning into a coher- ent statement of future action to be followed by the city. While Fagin's planning process is basically similar to more traditional methods, he goes a bit farther by involving more comprehensive factors. The deficiencies of traditional planning, which were discussed before, seem to be partially compensated for by the policy planning philosophy. Fagin visualizes five functions of planning which are necessary to produce a policy plan. First, "the gathering, analyzing, and reporting of facts. . . These facts include conditions, activities, trends, opinions, experiences, and other aspects of urban life. The facts describe the physical, social, economic, and political aspects of the urban environment."l" The second function is the formulation of goals, which involves the process of interaction among three groups: "(1) the public and its voluntary organizations, (2) the government as embodied in the elected representatives and their appointive administrative officials, and (3) the professional and technical aides and consultants who staff urban planning offices. General goals for governmental action are the result of decisions made throughout this system of interactions."15 The third function is the specific plan making func- tion performed by a planning staff. A plan expressing desired space relations is called a master plan, design plan etc., a plan expressing desirable fiscal relationships between projections of resources and of service requirements is called a financial plan or budget, and a plan proposing a coordinated set of activities is called a plan of action or more commonly a program. Fagin conceptualizes a plan which comprehends all three of these types of plans and moreover brings physical and social considerations into a common focus, and calls this a policies plan. The fourth function concerns the three ways a planning office effects coordination. "First, it induces coordina- tion by the way it organizes and reports its factual research. The figures published, the trends established, and the standards expressed all tend to be the common assumptions underlying what many other bodies do. Second, the work of a planning office facilitates coordina- tion by providing a center of liaison. Work on the policies plan requires a planning office to maintain many points of contact with other groups and organizations, and thus to enlist the voluntary cooperation of many individuals and groups in the coordination of matters on which a natural consensus is easily reached. And third, the primary work of a planning office on the policies plan of the governmental unit it serves has a strong coordinative impact on the goals, plans, and programs which comprise the policies plan."16 The coordinative function of planning is addressed to a number of distinct sets of inter-relations including "the relations between the given governmental planning office and those of quasi-governmental agencies, private enterprises, or voluntary organizations."17 A fifth function of planning necessary to produce a policy plan consists of furnishing assistance and advice "based on special knowledge, experience, and background of the planning personnel. Such assistance and advice may be extended 'downward' to line operatives and to subordinate or more local agencies. Conversely, they may be extended 'upward' to more central or embracive units of government. And they may be offered also to non-governmental enterprises and to private persons."18 In this concept Fagin tries to involve, with planning as a catalyst, as many of the institutions or classes of institutions which are willing to participate in the planning process. This process tries to integrate the physical and social factors, as he used them, into a workable program for responsive community action. In the strictest sense, he is integrating social factors with the natural setting or physical environment, for it is impossible to separate the political, economic, legal subsystems, etc., from the overall social system. Bernard Frieden best sums up the ideas in this chapter by challenging urban planning "to stay relevent to the changing needs of lO society."19 He feels that planning has been "historically attuned to social issues, is capable of responding, and is already debating its stance with respect to contemporary social problems, but is not yet certain of how to deal with them."20 Herein lies the crux of the problem. Planning, as it is being developed today, recognizes that urban problems are more than just the physical deterioration of a city. But, how are the real social problems to be dealt with in the tradi- tional master planning process? Frieden says that "much of city planning deals with social policy issues - who is to live where, how are public services to be distributed - but these issues are seldom the object of systematic analysis or planning."21 To meet the demands put forth by society in general and the federal government in particular, urban planning as Frieden sees it must "increase the social sensitivity of physical planning, a process which is already under way. A more controversial direction is the extension of urban planning beyond the physical environment."22 Frieden reinforces the criticism that the purely technical processes of planning which were involved in renewal planning created many errors. The technical process he makes reference to is the applica- tion of acceptable standards to a city, and the modification of these standards to fit a different social climate being considered poor planning practice. He felt that this insensitivity, as much as any- thing, (when used by urban renewal) "Provided the rationale for destroying old neighborhoods solely on the basis of their physical condition without regard for social values destroyed at the same time. . . Reactions to these two programs (the other being low income ll housing) have demonstrated that there is more to the neighborhood environment than physical layout."23 In response to this major problem encountered in urban renewal, the federal government conceived of the Model Cities Program, as mentioned before. Frieden contends that it is the new federal programs and some local policies which have chal- lenged planning to stay relevant to the changing needs of society. Frieden sees two possible solutions to this basic criticism of planning. First, planning should increase its social sensitivity, or second, planning must extend its scope of concern into the social sector. A component of the first solution might be to reduce the predominant use of technical processes presently attributed to planning. Frieden feels that "the narrowly technical style of planning is on the decline and there is a good deal of experimentation with ways to make environmental planning more sensitive to the different needs and values of the people who live in cities. Neighborhood planning today is moving toward a blend of technical and social approaches."2" Also planning, to become more sensitive, might show more concern with a greater emphasis on the redistribution of resources. That is, planners might actively attempt to plan for better access to employment for all the people in the city, to provide access to good homes for all the people in the city, to plan for a good natural environment for all. They might be able to ensure adequate access to human services for all members of the urban environment. Another method of increasing the sensitivity of planning would be to encourage and foster local participation of the citizens in the planning process whether it be in a federal program or in local planning concerns. Also, survey 12 research, by which the basic data for the planning process is gathered, should be made more sensitive in actually measuring social problems. The survey techniques should attempt to gather information which would shed light on all the problems facing the city, not just the obvious or simple ones. As Frieden states "the data used now to formulate environmental programs are still heavily biased toward physical condi- tions. Indicators of 'blight' need to be revised to provide greater insight into the social strengths and weaknesses of local neighborhoods."25 The push to get planners concerned with more than just the physi- cal environment is evident in model cities and policy planning, but it is not known how well planners are academically trained to deal with complex social problems. Due to the increasing complexity of the emer- ging social problems, planners will probably not have the expertise to provide the needed solutions. Comprehensive city planning may, in the future, coordinate those programs and agencies which are formed to deal with the various aspects of the urban problem. Frieden feels that "as environmental planning and social policy draw closer together, comprehensive planning agencies may develOp relationships with special- ized departments in the social field: welfare departments, man power training agencies, mental health organizations."26 Frieden supposes that comprehensive planning per se will not necessarily increase in the next fifty years but expects to see "a host of specialized planning agencies scattered across the governmental landscape."27 The increase of independent planning centers will create problems of coordination and management. And as Frieden sees it, the "traditional concept of master planning, with its image of a single program fitting together 13 all the separate pieces of public policy, will be even less applicable in the future than it is today. Planning agencies will be more concerned with devices for communication and interaction."28 In order for planning to become more sensitive or, more important, before it attempts to coordinate programs and interactions, it must know what these interactions truly are. The methodology presented here will provide a basic tool with which planning can generalize about the various interactions, whether on a small or large scale, whether for single or multi-functional inter- actions, or whether by individuals, institutions or classes of institutions. FOOTNOTES 1. Gans, Herbert,"Social and Physical Planning for the Elimination of Urban Poverty," Urban Planning and Social Policy, Bernard Frieden and Robert Morris, eds., Basic Book, Inc., New York 1968, p. 39. 2. Ibid., pg. 39. 3. Ibid., p. 39. h. Ibid., pp. 9-10. 5. Ibid., p. 10. 6. Scheuer, James H., "To Renew Cities, Renew their People," Planning 126%, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 196A, p. 21. 7. Ibid., p. 21 8. Ibid., p. 21. 9. Long, Norton E., "Planning for Social Change," Plannin 1268, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 1960, p. 67. 10. Improving the Quality 3: Urban Life - A_Guide £2_Model Neighborhoods ig_Demonstration Cities, U§_Department 2£_Housing and Urban Develop- ment, P G - AT, December 1967, p. l. 1A Op, Cit., pp. 10-11. Ibid., p. 11. Fagin, Henry,"Organizing and Carrying Out Planning Activities Within Urban Government," Journal 2£_the American Institute 2£_P1anners, August 1959, p. 109. Ibid,, p. 110. Ibid,, p. 110. Thig3, pp. 110—111. Ibid,, p. 111. Ibid}, p. 111. Frieden, Bernard J., "The Changing Prospects for Social Planning," Journal 9: the American Institute 2£_Planners, September, 1967, p. 311. 2o. 21. 22. 23. 2h. 25. 26. 27. Ibid., p. 312. Ibid,, p. 311. Ibid., p. 312. Ibid , p. 319. Ibid , p. 319. Ibid., p. 320. Ibid., p. 320. Ibid., p. 321. Ibid}, p. 321. CHAPTER II THE SOCIOMETRIC METHOD-EXPLAINED The basic tenets of sociometry and sociometric techniques advanced by J.L. Moreno, Gardner Lindzey, Eggar Borgatta, et. al., and the modifi— cations of these needed for application to the present study will serve as a basis for the research into the working and planning re1a~ tionships of the Human Welfare Institutions of Lansing, Michigan. Sociometric techniques are designed to effectively measure "the web of interpersonal relations, the attractions, repulsions,and indif— ferences that characterize individuals in daily interaction, the inform— al organization of groups, (and) the social status of individuals."1 But this is not immediately applicable to the measurement of inter- organizational relationships. Weiss and Jacobson partially over— came the lack of application of sociometry to inter-organizational analysis. They formulated a set of structured concepts and a method- ology which demonstrated the feasibility of using sociometric analysis in the study of complex government organizations.2 While Weiss and Jacob- son helped to develop and promote the use of the sociometric approach in the analysis of complex organizations, they failed to extend the use beyond the intra-organizational level. A study done by the Institute for Community Development and Services used a sociometric measurement which "indicated dependency ties among an identified universe of organizations, as perceived and recorded by responsible organization members empowered to speak for their respective organizations. The sociometric choices 'were made in terms of particular criteria (functional items), and the data obtained provided degree-of—dependency information relating l5 16 to three inter-organizational variables: 1) interaction structures, 2) influence patterns, and 3) status arrangements." 3 Moreno reserves the more general term, sociometric techniques, to refer to a cluster of devices, including the spontaneity test, the various types of role tests and the aquaintance test, in addition to the sociometric test. Lindzey and Borgatta focus their inerest upon a small number of closely related techniques that may be used to elicit responses from members of a given group concerning the positive, neutral, and negative relations existing within the group. This thesis will focus on the techniques that may be employed to gain responses form heads of various institutions concerning the de- gree of working and planning relationships existing among the universe of human welfare institutions located in Lansing,Michigan. What the sociometric test actually measures must be determined. " In simplest terms, a sociometric measure is a means of assessing the attractions within a given group. It usually involves each member of a group privately specifying a number of other persons in the group with whom he would like to engage in some particular activity and, further, a number of persons with whom he would not like to participate n h in the activity. Moreno feels that as basic requirements for the sociometric test, the limits of the universe should be indicated to the subjects, the subjects should be permitted unlimited choices, specific criteria should be used to choose individuals, results of the analysis should be used to restructure the group, choices should be made privately, the question should be easily understood by the subjects, there should be links in the group prior to the study. 1? Underlying these requirements is the assumption that the sub- jects must choose their desired interaction given the qualifying require- ments. However, the present study will deal with legally defined and structured institutions and quantitative interaction criteria. Further modification of Moreno's basic requirements consisted of: 1) the institutions' not being given the Opportunity to choose or reject other institutions but rather indicating the degree of working and plan— ning with the other institutions in the universe, and 2) the research- er telling the director Of the institution in the interview that the analyzed results ,showing the interaction patterns, would not be used to restructure the group. The last modification was made because it was determined that while it was possible to theoretically restructure the universe to demonstrate this method, in reality there were many other factors to contend with and other types of research was needed to deal with them. Sociometric measures possess many qualities that may make them of interest and usefulness to urban planners. "First, it is evident that the variables these measure represent are about as purely "social" as is possible. The fact that these variables describe the quality of interpersonal relationships within groups makes it clear that they deal with the basic data with which thesocial psychologist has been Inost interested, both conceptually and empirically." 5 "Second, the interdiciplinary popularity and appropraateness of these devices makes 'them of particular relevance to subdisciplines... Consequently, socio- Inetric devices seem ideally equipped to function in a field where 'there is much interest in cross disciplinary integration. Third, and 18 this is related to the interdisciplinary popularity of these techniques, is their capacity to represent individuals in interaction within a mini- ature social system... The sociometric measures provide a means of repre— senting an important part of the individual's social environment as it is perceived by the subject... Fourth, ease and speed of admini- stration and a related lack of expense are important qualities in an era where much investigation has become so expensive that only the wealthy or well endowed may hope to compete sucessfully. These are devices that the independent researcher can use effectively with- out large scale resources. Fifth, increasing emphasis upon action research, investigation where the findings have direct implications for the concrete events under study, gives further merit to socio- metric techniques, as they lend themselves to the introduction of social change in an efficient and compelling fashion withoud seri- ously adding to the labor of the investigator. Sixth, sociometric measures can be used in such a way as to provide a much higher degree of interest and motivation on the part of participant subjects than is typical of most phychological measuring techniques. The possibility that his environment may be manipulated so as to comply with his wishes encourages a high degree of interest and COOpera- tiveness on the part of the respondant." 6 Lindzey and Borgatta feel that the general increase in quantitative sophistication of social science investigators is nowhere better reflected than in the use of sociometric measures. During recent years they sensed a transition from descriptive, nonstatistical pro- cedures of analysis to a state where virtually all investigators concern l9 themselves with quantifying their data and make some attempt at statistical analysis. While sociometry may employ graphic methods, simple quantitative methods, and statistical methods to isolate relation— ships, this thesis will use the matrix manipulation method. With growing utilization of computer techniques in the social sciences, matrix analysis has become a useful tool for looking at the sociometric data. An early approach to manipulating the matrix on which sociometric data is summarized was developed by Forsyth and Katz. In their method, the N x N table is taken as the raw matrix with N being equal to the number of members in the study. The entry in the xth row and the yth column for example, represents the xth th institution. " The method institution's response regarding the y of manipulating the matrix consists of rearranging the rows and columns in a systematic manner to produce a new matrix which exhitits the group structure graphically in a standard form." 7 The order of columns must always remain identical to that of the rows. " The ordering (of rows and columns) is one of trial and error, in large part, with the main goal of forcing mutual responses to gravitate towards each other, or more specifically, to concentrate responses 1." 8 The procedure advanced by Forsyth and along the main diagona Katz9includes the building of subgroups. First, one selects any pair of institutions between which there exists a mutual positive response. The rows and columns corresponding to this pair are shifted so that the pair appears in the upper lefthand corner of the matrix. Any other institution in the group which has the same response both to and from the original pair will appear in the matrix to have a pair of asterisks 20 in the two rows running across the top of the matrix. If there is any such institution, it is added to the others by shifting its row and column to the third positions ( row and column) to make a subgroup of three. The case study being presented in this thesis used the above reciprocal response as the sole criteria for inclusion in a subgroup. The original matrix is " reduced by the deletion of N1 rows and columns corresponding to the N1 members of the first subgroup. Select again any two individuals making a mutual positive choice and proceed to build up a second subgroup of N2 members. This process continues as long as subgroups can be formed in this way."10 Forsyth and Katz feel that their method has the following advanta- ges: 11 first, the investigators will tend to produce the same or very similar matrices ( possibly reversed in order) from the same data; second, interpretation of the final matrix pattern is fairly simple; third, grouping together is indicated by the proncipal minors of the matrix,( i.e. "subgroup structures are evident in the concentrations along the main diagonal" 12 ); fourth, the study and the ensuing re— sults are only applicable to the number of individuals contained within the reduced matrix ( which results from dropping nonrespondants);and fifth, " the economy and speed with which sociometric measures can jprovide information concerning the personal ties and repulsions within relatively large groups have made them an efficient tool in the hands of’individuals concerned with studying and facilitating various com- Inunity functions. " 13 Thus the social worker, commumity leader, and :resettlement agent have all found these measures valuable. The one disadvantage of this method cited by Forsyth and Katz 21 is the cumbersome manipulation of rows and solumns. 1" This problem has been greatly minimized in this study by the use of computer analysis techniques. With any study involving the gathering and ahalyzing of raw data the question of reliability is an important point to consider. It is essential to make the distinction between the reliability of data interpretation and the reliability of the data gathered. Lindzey and Borgatta conclude that " interpretive reliability is a much simpler problem and ordinarily is assumed in studies of test reliability. We are interested here in the extent to which the description of data by a given investigator, once the data are on hand, can be repeated by other investigators given the same data... Interpretive reliability may be expected to vary with the particular technique chosen. Thus if the data is analyzed in terms of an index the reliability of the procedure is apt to be very high. It is true that when the data is analyzed in terms of scores or indices, the picture of the group that results may vary depending upon the particular quantitative choices the investigator makes. However, the problems are no different here than 'with any set Of quantitative data that permits expression in terms of more than one set of scores. If the data is summarized in terms of a Inatrix and arranged according to procedures such as those suggested by Forsyth and Katz, there should again be high agreement between two investigators treating the same data independently." 15 Lindzey and Borgatta next address the problem of test reliability, ‘which they feel is a more complex problem than interpretive reliability. They feel that " the particular problems encountered vary with the kind 22 of consistency in which the investigator is interested. Thus, if we are concerned with the repeat reliability of the test, its capacity to produce consistent results over a period of time, appraisal of the reliability of the instrument is made difficult on the one hand by the effect of memory of original responses and on the other by the changes that the group may reasonably be expected to undergo."16 In regard to the results of the study being presented in this thesis, one would not expect a group structure to be consistent over time because it is dif- ficult to separate the stability of measurement from the instability of interactions being measured. Thus while the techniques may accurately measure the interactions that exist, these interactions may change and be reflected by different patterns in the analysis. Lindzey and Borgatta address this problem by pointing out that " we are thus partially op- posing test reliability to test sensitivity. If we accept human groups as more or less constantly undergoing changes in their internal composition, only an insensitive test could give us a consistent measure from two administrations widely spaced in time. In such a circumstance changes in response may be evidence of the sensitivity of the test." 17 They go on further by saying that "in reporting sociometric reliabilities it is a matter of great importance to specify the nature of the sociometric question used, the group being studied, the period between administrations (if a test—retest method is used), the particular score or index used, the number of choices required, etc. " 18 And, "to talk of the reliability of sociometric measures in general is like talking of the reliability of projective tests, questionnaires, or rating scales without noticing that the range of 23 reliability coefficients within any one of these techniques (depending upon the particular variety examined, the group being studied, the variables used, etc.) is much greater than the difference between these techniques." 19 Lindzey and Borgatta make the observation that just as reliability was a difficult concept to apply to sociometric techniques, "so too the conception of validity as whether the test measures what it purports to measure is not readily applicable." 20 Traditional sociometric analysis relies heavily upon verbal choice type responses while the study reported herein relies on relative degrees (constantly, fre- quently, occasionally, or never) of interaction. Since traditional methods may attempt to measure such concepts as leadership or status and may require a technique (such as a questionnaire) which in fact may fail to measure the desired concept, questions of invalidity may arise. However, in my study the questionnaire was designed to measure only those institutions which planned and worked together as operation— ally defined by the study. While test validity is not a crucial problem in this study, the problem of data sensitivity does exist in any study of this type. Lindzey and Borgatta consider this problem by pointing out that first of all, there is the question of systematic biases on the part of the subject that may lead to deception in their resopnses. For reasons of dislike, resentment, or insecurity the subjects may be motivated to give untruthful pictures of the individuals they would actually like to interact with in particular activities. 21 In this case study, such problems of dislike or insecurity are less likely to exist or interfere 2A with validity because actual working and planning relationships are being measured rather than desired interactions. While the problem of bias is a possibility with traditional socio— metric analysis, it is very unlikely that it exists in this data due to the general concern felt for the study on the part of the majority of directors interviewed. A second possible problem area of data appropriateness suggested by Lindzey and Borgatta was that although the subject may not be motivated to deceive, he may be unmotivated to give careful responses. And finally they question whether the $0010— metric answers may be insensitive either because the subjects did not fully understand the nature of the question or because they were not willing to devote the time and effort necessary to provide a thought— ful answer. The applicability of these questions will be considered in the discussion of the actual case study of Lansing's Human Welfare Institutions. In conclusion, the concept of sociometry prOposed by Lindzey and Borgatta and the method of data analysis conceived by Forsyth and Katz forms the basis for looking, in a basic sense, at the working and plan— ning relationships among a group of human welfare institutions. The sociometric technique prOposed by Moreno, Lindzey and Borgatta was more rigorously applied in this study than in traditional sociometric measurements. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 2o. 21. FOOTNOTES Lindzey, Gardner, and Borgatta, Edgar 0., "Sociometric Measurement", in Gardner Lindzey (editor), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, Cambridge, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 195A, p.h05. Weiss, Robert S.,and Jacobson, Eugene, "A Method for the Analysis of the Structure of Complex Organizations", American Sociological_ Review, No. 20, August 1955, pp. 661—68. Anderson, Robert C., " A Sociometric Approach To the Analysis of Inter- Organizational Relationships," The Institute For Community Development and Services, East Lansing, Michigan, October, 1969, pp. 3-h. Lindzey and Borgatta, op. Cit., p. MOT. Ibid., p.h05. Ibid., pp. 405—6. Forsyth, Elaine, and Katz, John L.,"A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data: Preliminary Report", Sociometry, l9h6, p.3hl. Lindzey and Borgatta, Op. Cit., p. hl6. Forsyth and Katz, op. Cit., p.3h2. Ibid,, pp.3A2-A3. Ibid,, p. 3A6. Lindzey and Borgatta, Op. Cit., p.hl3. Ibid,, p. th. Forsyth and Katz, Op. Cit., p. 3A7. Lindzey and Borgatta, Op. Cit., pp. h20—2l. Ibid,, p.h2l. Ibid,,p.h2l. 2219:, p. A22. Ibid,, p. A2h. Ibid., p. A22. Ibid., p. A23. 25 CHAPTER III THE APPLICATION OF THE SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS TO HUMAN WELFARE INSTITUTIONS OF LANSING, MICHIGAN The purpose of this study on a selected group of human welfare institutions in Lansing, Michigan is to demonstrate the effectiveness of sociometric analysis in measuring patterns of institutional inter- action. The study will attempt to identify groups of institutions, which work or plan together in order to indicate a more definitive picture of the existing complex working and planning inter-relationships. The study should provide insights into the complex workings of the defined universe of human welfare institutions and should be more inform- ative and reliable than mere intuition on the part of the planner. Therefore, this study will attempt to demonstrate how a planner may measure the interactions in a social subsystem in order to gain insight into those relationships he may otherwise only partially understand. This technique, however, has the benefit of examining more than the ob- vious relationships for it can also provide the planner with a view of the subtle relationships which are difficult or impossible to know intuitively. Inherent in any study is the use of terminology which must be cxperationally defined prior to its use in the study. Having considered ‘the formal definition of a human welfare institution in the introduction, ‘we now define the following: §_referral - is a person or a family referred by a given institution to another institution in the study universe; the degree g£_interaction - is the discrete level that one institu- tion plans with or refers cases to another institution. The degrees of 26 27 interaction in this study are constantly, frequently, occasionally, or never; §_working or planning relationship - is a reciprocal referral or planning interaction at a particular degree of interaction; g_blggk_- is an extension of the definition of a working or planning relationship. It includes a number of institutions all of which recip- rocally work or plan with one another at a particular degree of interaction. Given these definitions, why then from a methodological point of view should human welfare institutions be the universe with which to demonstrate this technique? First, as a group, human welfare institutions, as opposed to housing development concerns, economic interests, etc., are for the most part, locally oriented and controlled by people within the Lansing city limits. This criterion is important because one of the eventual uses of the method in planning could be in making policy decisions concerning these institutions. If a portion of the universe were out of the political influence of the city of Lansing then a ques— tion would arise as to the impact these policy decisions would have on influencing this particular group of human welfare institutions. Also by using those institutions which are located within a city, a sense of community concern might increase the reliability of the data gathered. That is, people who reside and work in a city might be more inclined to give reliable responses than those who have interests both in and outside the city (eg. economic or real estate interests). In addition to the local nature of the institution's Operation, the fact that they were geographically located within the Lansing city limits was also an important factor. The relatively close proximity of the various 28 institutions made the sampling technique simpler. The closeness of the institutions made a one hundred percent sample possible, facilitating a more reliable measurement of the interactions. Finally, the antici- pated COOperation and concern of the human welfare institutions was an important consideration in their selection as opposed to other types of social institutions. Another important consideration was that the type of analysis planned would be less threatening with regard to human wel— fare institutions than with companies competing in the economic area. The amount of COOperation expected from institutions with nothing to fear from having their working relationships identified was judged to be greater than from companies which may be careful to keep these rela- tionships confidential. Also a recently completed survey to functionally classify the human welfare institutions in Lansing, Michigan demonstrated a genuine desire for cooperation on their part. Finally from conversa- tions with peOple involved in the activities of human welfare institutions, a feeling of the need for better understanding of the working relationship existing among themselves was articulated. Prior to the selection of the study universe, certain criteria were established to screen out institutions that were deemed extraneous to ‘the study. First the institution was required to be either a public or :private human welfare institution. Second, the institution had to cxperate within the City of Lansing or be that part of a larger institu- 'tion (serving both inside and outside the City of Lansing) which Operated twithin the city. Third, the institution had to make case referrals of :individuals or families to other institutions in the Lansing metropolitan area. 29 A list of those institutions meeting the definition of human welfare institutions described herein had already been formulated and distributed in the Lansing area by the Community Services Council,which is the plan- ning and coordinative arm of the United Fund. With the assistance of this group as well as the College of Social Work and Lansing Model Cities, a reduced list of those institutions which were primarily concerned with the Lansing metropolitan area and also made case referrals to other institutions was formulated. Each of these institutions in Lansing was judged according to the criteria listed above, and those that con- formed were considered a part of my universe of institutions. Those that did not qualify were not considered a part of the study universe. In addition to the name of the particular institution, its telephone number, director, and geographical location were noted to be used later on in the study. With the universe to be examined already chosen and the nature of the study outlined, the task of questionnaire formulation was considered the next step. The questions used in the study could be classified as a cross between "fact" questions and "perception" questions. That is, the director of a human welfare institution was asked to give his per- ception of the amount of referring and planning that existed between his institution and each of the other institutions in the study universe. The form of the questions can be considered "structured" as Opposed to "open ended" or "free response" questions, because each institution was asked to rate the degree of interaction that existed between its insti- 'tution and each Of the other institutions in the study universe. In addition, the number of possible degrees of interaction was limited to 30 four discrete levels for each question. This structured type of response was formulated for two basic reasons. First, one requirement of socio- metrics is that a subject should be permitted an unlimited number of choices from the study group and to each choice a rigid set of responses should be provided. Second, considering the anticipated wide range of referrals given and received by the members of the group, a scale of the degree of interaction was needed rather than a discrete set of numbers, since it was assumed that a large number of institutions did not have detailed information concerning the origins and destinations of the referred clients. If some did have the information and some did not, the question of the study's reliability might be questioned because of different sources of data. Also if the institution had data on the origins and destinations Of their clients, the time consuming task of tabulating would be overwhelming and the possibility of incomplete data would exist. In addition, the question of confidentialness would present a problem. Structured questions have the following practical advantages that make them applicable to larger studies. First, "structured questions are easy to administer in the field because they are pre—coded. And they are easy to work with in the analysis. "This means that a number is assigned to each alternative in advance, making it a relatively simple task for the key punch operator to pick the numbers off the questionnaire page and punch them as answer codes in machine data cards. . . Although this system forces people to decide how they stand in terms of the researcher's criteria, at least they are allowed to -classify themselves."l 31 The physical design of the questionnaire was conceived to adhere to the following basic Objectives: "a realistic number of questions, a logical sequence of items, ease on the part of the person filling out the questionnaire." The number of questions needed to ascertain the working and planning relationships was determined to be three: one to measure the referrals given from one institution to another, one to measure the referrals received by one institution from another, and one to measure planning. Due to the analysis techniques involved, the need for two questions to measure what seems to be the same information will be addressed further on in the chapter. The sequence of items on the questionnaire is an important consider- ation because the information should be presented in such a way that it will be easily understood by the person who completes the form. The purpose of the study should be the first item presented so as to give the person an idea of the nature of the study. It also should be indi- cated who is doing the study so the person who is giving the information knows the ultimate destination of the data. The purpose should give an indication of the broad benefit to the person who is about to fill out the form. Clear and simple instructions should be given next to ensure accurate completion of the questionnaire. (See Figure l) The instruc- tions should be short enough to get the technique of completing the questionnaire across but not too short to fully explain the procedure to be used. Due to the limited number and nature of the questions, they were placed together and a list of the institutions was placed after the FIGURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE The purpose Of this study is to measure the working and planning relationships that exist among the agencies on the following list. This study is being conducted by a graduate student in urban planning and your responses are very important for two reasons. the every day conditions with which you work. First, the results of the study may aid you in better understanding Second, the study will provide a method for urban planners to better understand the social institutions with which they work. INSTRUCTIONS: QUESTION (1): QUESTION (2): QUESTION (3): For every agency on the following list, circle the appropriate response to each question. Using the following scale: 1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Frequently 4. Constantly to what degree has your agency GIVEN case referrals TO the other agencies on the list in the last year? Using the following scale: 1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Frequently 4. Constantly to what degree has your agency RECEIVED case referrals FROM the other agencies on the list in the last year? Using the following scale: 1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Frequently 4. Constantly to what degree, with the agencies on the list, does your agency plan (formally and informally) in order to decide collectively the future scope of the activities performed by each member of the planning group? O\U1$~Cahaha O 32 AGENCY QUESTION (1) (2) (3) . .AFLwCIO Community Services Committee. . . . . . . . l 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 l 2 3 American Cancer Society. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 1.2 3 4 l 2 3 4 1 2 3 .American Red Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 l 2 3 4 l 2 3 Beekman Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 2 3 4 l 2 3 4 l 2 3 Big Brothers of Lansing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 2 3 4 l 2 3 4 l 2 3 Big Sisters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 2 3 4 l 2 3 4 l 2 3 D‘¢‘$‘$‘$~¢‘ 7. 8. ”'9, "10. ~-ll. 12. 13. ll 14. 15. 16. w1.17. 18. 19. 20. 21. -1- 22. —- 23. 24. 25. 26. ‘727. .28. 7.29. “\30. -31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 1 39. , 40. 5 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 1\53. 54. 33 AGENCY Boys Club of America. . . . . . . . . . . . Capitol Area Economic Opportunity Committee East Action center. 0 O O O O I O O O O O C North Action Center . . . . . . . . West Action Center. . . . . . . . . . . Catholic Social Service . . . . . . . . . . Children's Psychiatric Day Treatment Center Cristo Rey Community Center . . . . . . . . Community Nursery School. . . . . . . . . . Community Services Council - Christmas Clearing Bureau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community Services Council - Information Referral Dental Health Commission of Lansing . Easter Seal Society of Ingham County. Family Planning Clinic. . . . . . . . Family Service Agency . . . . . . . . Lansing Urban League. . . . . . . . . Ingham County Medical Hospital - Social Service Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Lawrence Hospital - Social Service Department St. Lawrence Community Mental Health Center . . . Sparrow Hospital - Social Service Department. . . Ingham County Council on Veteran Affairs. . . . . Ingham County Health Department . . . . . . . . . Ingham County Mental Health Center. . . . . . . . . Court of Ingham County. . . . . . . . . . . Court - Child Services - Juvenile Probate Probate Probate Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Lansing Court - Juvenile Home . . . Planning Department . . . . Human Relations Commission. Model Cities. . . . . . . . Recreation Department . . . East Drop-in Center . . . . North Drop-in Center. . . . West Drop-in Center . . . . . Relocation Office . . . . . . Senior Citizen Drop-in Center Council on Alcoholism . . . . School District - Adult Education School District - Continued Education School District - Special Education Legal Aid Bureau. . . . . . . . . . . MobileMeals............. Michigan Child Aid Society. . . . . . Michigan State Boys Training School . Lansing Michigan Department of Education - Lansing Parole Office . . . . . . . . and District Office. . . . . . . . . . . . School for the Blind. . . . . . . . . . . . Michigan State Employment Security Commission Mich St Emp Sec Comm - Causal and Farm Labor. Neglec O O O O O O t HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHP‘l-‘Hl-‘l-‘l-‘H l-‘r-‘t-‘r-‘l-‘l-‘l-‘I—‘H NNNNNNNNN wwuwwwuww I-‘I-‘t-‘l-‘I-‘l-‘H NNNNNNN wwwuwww I-‘I-‘l-‘H NNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN wwuwwwwwwwwwuwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 03090200 «P-l-‘J—‘J-‘J—‘J-‘P-l-‘D 4-‘4-‘4-‘4‘ bbbbpbkbbbbbbD-PDDJ-‘bbbb-l-‘J-‘J-‘J-‘J-‘P 4—‘4-‘4-‘4-‘4-‘1-‘9 QUESTION HI-‘l-‘I-‘I—‘l-‘I-‘I-‘H Hr-IHI—IHHn—I Ht-Ir-II—II-In-II-II-In-Ir-Il-Ir-In—HHHHHHHHr—Hn—IHHHH n—In-In-IH NNNNNNNNN wwwwwwwww NNNNNNN wwwwwww NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN wwwwwwwuwwwwuwwwwuwwwwuwwwwu NNNN wwww b-l-‘J-‘J-‘J-‘D-l—‘bb «l-‘b-l-‘J-‘J-‘J-‘D «Pl-‘J-‘b «l-‘J-‘J-‘PJ-‘J-‘bDbbbkbbbbbbbbpbbpbe-fi r-In—IHHHt-It-IHH I-‘l-‘I-‘I-‘I-‘I-‘H I-‘l-‘l-‘H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI-‘l-‘I-‘I—‘H bananabanananannhanan:nasanahahahanahanahananahanahanana NNNNNNNNN wwwwwwwww NNNNNNN wuwwwuw NNNN UWWU wuwwwwwwwwwwwuwwwwwwwuwwwwww k-D-l-‘J-‘J—‘J—‘J-‘D-D «PJ-‘bJ-‘J-‘D##DDDbDDDPDDbDbDbebb-P 4-‘4-‘4-‘4—‘4-‘4-‘9 4-‘4-‘4-‘9 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. ~70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. AGENCY 3A State Health Department - Children's Medical Service State Mbntal Health Consultation Center. . . . . . . State Social Service - Ingham County Unit. . . . Michigan State University - Volunteer Program. . Michigan State University - Psychological Clinic Michigan State University - College of Human Medicine. . . . . Michigan State University - Speech Clinic. . . . . . . Old Newsboys Association . . . Opportunities Inc. . Recovery Inc . . . . . . . . . Rehabilitation Industries Inc. Rehabilitation Medical Center. St. Vincent Home for Children. Salvation Army - Church Welfare. . Salvation Army - Mens Social Service Social Security Administration . . . and Soldiers and Sailors Relief Commission Tri-County Regional Planning Commission. Visiting Nurses Association Of Volunteers of America. . . . . YMCA Of Lansing. . . . . . YWCA of Lansing. . . . . . . Youth for Christ . . St. Vincent de Paul Society. Housing Director of Lansing. Listening Ear. . . . . . Lansing Hearing F‘F‘P‘F‘P‘ hahahanaha ozo>u>u>u> l-‘ N LA) F‘P‘F‘P‘P‘P‘F‘P‘F‘F‘P‘P‘F‘P‘P‘F’P‘F‘F‘F‘ NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN wwwwwwwwuwwwwwwwwwww Db-D-D-D D bD-P-Pb-P-PD-PDDD-Pb-L‘P-Pbbb QUESTION F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘ hahahahaha Oauauauaua J-‘J-‘J-‘J-‘D I'" N W P‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘P‘F‘F‘P‘P‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘P‘F‘F‘ NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN wwwwwwwwwwwwwuwwwwww :- bDbDDDPDbDb-fiD-Dbbbbb-P F‘F‘F‘P‘P‘ thJthJhJ onuauau>ua H N DJ F‘P‘F‘F‘F‘P‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘P‘F‘F‘F‘F‘ hahahahanahahahahanahahahahanahanahnhah) wwuwwwwwwwuuwwwwwwww b-L‘D-D-L‘ b DDbDDDDDDDDDDDDDbD-PD 35 three questions. This procedure had several advantages. First, the list of the institutions to which the rating scale was applied was quite long and repeating it three times would seem to make the question— naire longer than it actually was. Thus the risk of discouraging the potential interviewee was brought into consideration. Also the waste of paper could be considered a factor in a larger study. Second, with the three questions grouped as such, the option of applying all three questions to each agency at one time or the option Of applying one question at a time to all the institutions was left Open to the respon— dent. This advantage turned out to be important because some people preferred one way while others preferred the other, and the whole group seemed to be satisfied by this procedure. Third, ease of proces— sing and minimizing the chance of error made this format more suitable than any other type. The administration of the questionnaire was based on personal contact as Opposed to mailed contact, with one person making all the contacts rather than a team effort. Personal contact was critical because of the various problems that could arise concerning the comple- tion of the questionnaire. The amount of personal contact greatly reduced the fluctuation of interpretation which might have appeared had the questionnaires merely been mailed with an impersonal cover letter, for a cover letter cannot anticipate all the problems that are likely to arise and unsolved problems may be crucial to a study's reliability. The questionnaire was presented to the director of each of the human welfare institutions, and after an introduction and a brief description of the project, he was asked to fill out the form 36 in my presence. If however, the director could not fill out the form at that time, he was asked to complete and return it to me at his earliest convenience. If the director was either new at the position or didn't feel that he knew the referral system as well as someone else in the organization, I encouraged him to let another person fill it out or give it to a few of the staff members to complete collectively. The benefit of having one person conducting the interviewing was ensurance of a higher degree of consistency. It was felt that the advan- tage in time of having a team conduct the survey would not compensate for the reliability of one person doing the interviewing. The question of reliability arises when one considers the problem of two people's interpretation of the interview method. If a question of judgement arises and a person basically unfamiliar with the overall scope of the research is asked to make that judgement then a possible inconsis- tency may arise. If however the interviewer is one who knows the complexities of the study, then the problem of inconsistency is reduced to a minimum. The interviewer is then in a position to report where these problems arose and is able to judge which problems he feels are significant to the outcome of the study. Even the manner in which the introductory statements are made can influence the results. Therefore, by having only one person conducting the interviewing procedures, all these problems are minimized. With the questionnaire format designed in this manner, many problems created by transferring the data to IBM cards were eliminated. The number of institutions, along with their respective identification codes, resulted in the need for two data cards per question per institution. 37 On each card there was an identification field consisting of the insti- tution's number, the card number, and the question number. The card and question numbers were only important for data sorting and not essen- tial for the eventual data processing by the Control Data Corporation 3600 model computer. Therefore, the first ten columns on the data cards were for an identification field. On the first card, columns eleven through seventy were for responses, and on the second card, columns eleven through thirty were for the responses. Following the transfer of the raw data onto the data cards, they were put through a verifying process to check the coding for errors. This process ensures that the resulting data cards match the question- naire information exactly. The data recoding stage worked with the assumption that if blank data appeared on the questionnaire (which was transferred to the data cards) then the person interviewed was not familiar with that institu- tion (represented by a blank in the data) and therefore must not plan in the case of the planning question, or refer in the case of the referral questions. This assumption was made because several institu- tions interviewed had so many "one" or "never" responses that for the sake of time it was decided to leave them blank. Others who mailed the questionnaire made note on the form to that effect. The other reason for this assumption was that in several instances the form came back with only "two," "three," and "four" answers circled (occasionally, frequently, and constantly, respectively). Therefore it was assumed that the blanks were to be interpreted as "ones". Consequently, a computer program was written by which the verified data cards, with 38 the blanks in them, could be read in, and the blanks could be recoded as one responses. The high degree of response to my questionnaire was partly due to the large amount of follow up contacts with those institutions which failed to respond within a reasonable amount of time. At the time of initial contact the people were asked to fill out the questionnaire and if that time was not convenient, I told them they could mail it back in a few days. If I hadn't received the questionnaire within four or five days that institution was contacted to remind them to complete the form. Each time contact was made, the date was noted and also the date that I expected to receive the questionnaire. This frequent contact with those institutions which were delinquent, after two and a half weeks, resulted in the reporting of seventy out of eighty institutions. The remaining ten institutions did not report for several reasons. A few were part of a larger organization which did report, while others had some technical reason why they coudn't report, were simply too busy to report at this time, or the person who could speak for the organization was not available during this time period. Therefore, , given a three week time period, eighty-seven and one half percent of the universe replied to the questionnaire. The type of data analysis called for in Chapter 11 involved the Inatrix manipulation of large amounts of data and the required use of computer techniques. The computer programzis designed to arrange the data into a matrix which is identical to the way it is read into the computer. In other words, the data is taken from the two cards for each question for each institution and is listed in consecutive order 39 starting with the first institution and proceeding until all institutions are read in. The next step is to drop from analysis those institutions in the study which failed to respond to the questionnaire. These institutions were dropped prior to any type of manipulation of the data and are not included in any of the analysis. The data matrix was then manipulated in the identical manner des- cribed in the matrix manipulation section of Chapter II. For each question on the questionnaire, reduced matrices were developed. These included: Matrix l_- showing interactions within the study universe at the levels constantly-constantly, constantly-frequently, frequently-constantly, and frequently-frequently, each with a separate symbol; Matrix g_- showing interactions within the study universe at the levels constantly-frequently or higher with one symbol and at the levels frequently-frequently, frequently— occasionally, and occasionally-frequently, each with a separate symbol; Matrix §_- showing interactions within the study universe at the levels frequently-frequently or higher with one symbol and at the levels frequently-occasionally and occasionally- frequently, each with a separate symbol. The second important part of the data processing was to calculate indices of sociometric scores given and received for both referral and planning A0 and to rank them accordingly. (See Tables 1, 2, and 3.) The first step in this analysis was to read in the matrix of values as before. Each institution was listed in the order used before, and the seventy-nine values it gave to all other institutions on the list were then read in. The next matrix formed has the institutions listed in the same order as they were read into the computer but the raw scores have been changed into averages. For each institution there is a value for the average score given to all other institutions in the study universe, the average score received from all other institutions in the study universe, and an average combined (average score given and average score received) score. The next matrix presents the ranked ordering of the institutions by the value of average scores given to all the other institutions, while the following matrix presents the ranked ordering of the institu- tions by the value of average scores received from all other institutions. The next matrix presents a ranked ordering of the institutions based on the value of the combined score given and received by and from each of the institutions in the study universe. The same type of processing was carried out for the referral received and planning questions as for the referrals given question. Given the compilation and processing of the data both by the matrix manipulation method and the indexing method, what can be deter- mined from it? An examination of the compUter execution of the theo- retical concept of "building the subgroup" presented in Chapter II and a reordering of these subgroups according to size (the largest group was in the upper left corner of the matrix) results in the subgroups actually appearing in the matrix. By definition these subgroups Table 1 The ranked received sociometric scores of the referral given question. Rank Code 1 28 2 16 3 A6 A 25 5 53 6 21 7 17 8 12 9 29 10 1A 11 11 12 26 13 65 1A 2A 15 58 l6 73 17 35 18 8 19 79 20 10 21 23 22 9 23 A2 21+ 75 25 3 26 7A 27 A0 28 31 29 19 30 30 31 70 32 76 33 61 3h 56 35 20 36 A3 37 AS 38 A8 39 3h A0 22 A1 36 A2 66 A3 78 AA 5 A5 13 A6 AA A7 69 A8 51 A9 6 50 39 Name Ing CO Health Dept Comm.Serv Coun Chris C1 Bur Legal Aid Bureau St. Law Comm Ment Heal Cnt Mic St Emp Security Comm Family Service Agency Com Ser Coun Info Referral Catholic Social Service Ing Co Mental Heal Cntr Cristo Rey Comm Center West Action Center Sparrow Hosp Soc Serv Dept Rehab Industries Inc St Law Hosp Soc Serv Dept MSU Volunteer Program Visit Nurse Assoc Of Lan Lan Model Cities Cap Area Econ Oppr Comm Housing Director Lansing North Action Center Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dept East Action Center Lan Coun on Alcoholism YMCA of Lansing American Red Cross Volunteers of America Lansing Relocation Office Prob Court Child Serv Juv-Neg Easter Seal Society Ingh Co Probate Court of Ingh Co Social Security Admin YWCA of Lansing MSU Speech and Hearing Clinic State Ment Heal Cosultn Cntr Family Planning Clinic Lan School Dist- Adult Ed Lan School Dist- Special Ed Mich Children Aid Society Lansing Human Relations Comm Lansing Urban League Lansing Recreation Dpt Rehabilitation Med Center Saint Vin De Paul Society Big Brothers of Lansing Child Psy Day Treatment Cntr Lan School Dist- Cont Ed Salvation Army Men's Soc Serv Mich Dept of Ed Lan Dist Off Big Sisters Lan West DrOp-In Center Al Score 2.13 2.0A 2.0A 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.9A 1.87 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.7A 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.67 1.65 1.65 1.6A 1.62 1.62 1.61 1.61 oxox F’FJ rtrrrt‘rrmxnmxnmmmm 0 F‘F’F‘F‘F‘F’F‘F’F’F’F‘F‘F‘F‘F‘F’F‘F’F‘ \fl FJFJR)R)O\O\E)K)FJFJRJIrtrv1~10303 O Rank 51 52 53 5A 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 6A 65 66 67 68 69 70 Rank 52 67 Al 50 18 72 15 6A 5A 38 A9 60 33 80 77 63 Table 1 (cont.) Name Score School for The Blind 1.A1 St Vin Home for Children 1.A1 Mobile Meals 1.39 Boys Club Of America 1.36 Lan Senior Citizen DrOp-In Cn 1.36 Lansing Parole Office 1.35 Dental Health Comm Lansing 1.35 Tri CO Reg Plan Comm 1.35 American Cancer Society 1.33 Community Nursery School 1.33 Recovery Inc 1.33 Mich St Emp Sec Comm Cans-Farml.33 Lan North DrOp-In Center 1.33 Mich State Boys Training Schl 1.32 AFL-CIO Comm Serv Comm 1.29 MSU College of Human Med 1.29 Lansing Planning Dept 1.26 Listening Ear 1.20 Youth for Christ 1.12 Opprotunities Inc 1.12 A2 The ranked received sociometric scores of Rank \OmNO‘kfl-PUJNH Table 2 the referral received question Code 28 17 12 14 26 21 25 73 24 53 31 23 11 30 10 29 8 46 9 65 35 56 58 45 16 74 75 79 76 52 39 19 3 42 7O 49 4O 22 66 67 43 34 51 48 38 5 61 36 50 Name Ing CO Health Dept Comm Serv Coun Info Referral Catholic Social Service Cristo Rey Comm Center Sparrow Hosp Soc Serv Dept Family Service Agency St Law Comm Ment Health Cnt Visit Nurse Assoc Lansing St Law Hosp Soc Serv Dept Mich St Emp Security Comm Prob Ct Child Ser Juv & Negl Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dept West Action Center Probate Court of Ingh CO North Action Center Ing Co Mental Health Center Cap Area Econ Oppor Comm Legal Aid Bureau East Action Center Rehabilitation Indus Inc Lansing Model Cities St Ment Health Consul Cntr MSU Volunteer Program Lans Sch Dist Special Ed Comm Serv Coun Chr Clear Bur Volunteers of America YMCA of Lansing Housing Director Lansing YWCA Of Lansing School for the Blind lansing West Drop-In Center Easter Seal Society Ingh CO American Red Cross Lansing Coun on Alcoholism Social Security Administ Mich St Boys Training Sch Lansing Relocation Office Lansing Urban League Rehabilitation Med Center St Vin Home for Children Lans Sch Dist Adult Educat Lans Human Relat Comm Mich Dept Educ Lan Dist Off Mich Child Aid Society Lan North Drop-In Center Big Brothers of Lansing MSU Speech & Hearing Clinic Lansn Recreation Dept Lansing Parole Office A3 Score 2.10 1.97 1.91 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.59 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.46 1.46 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.35 Table 2 (cont.) Rank Code Name Score 50 69 Army Mens Social Serv 1.35 51 1 AFL-CIO Comm Serv Comm 1.33 52 78 St Vin De Paul Society 1.32 53 13 Child Pay Day Treat Cntr 1.30 54 44 Lans Sch Dist Contin Ed 1.30 55 20 Family Planning Clinic 1.29 56 72 Tri Co Regional Plan Comm 1.29 57 41 Lan Senior Citiz Drop-In Cnt 1.28 58 6 Big Sisters 1.26 59 .7 Boys Club of America 1.26 60 80 Listening Ear 1.26 61 54 Mich St Emp Sec Com Cans/Farm 1.25 62 47 Mobile Meals 1.23 63 33 Lansing Planning Dept 1.22 64 15 Comm Nursery School 1.20 65 64 Recovery Inc 1.20 66 60 MSU Coll of Human Med 1.20 67 18 Dental Health Comm Lansing 1.17 68 2 American Cancer Society 1.17 69 63 Opportunities Inc 1.16 70 77 Youth for Christ 1.07 AA IE Table 3 The Ranked Received Sociometric Scores of the Planning Question Code Name Score 1 35 Lansing Model Cities 2.07 2 17 Comm Serv Coun Info and Refer 2.03 3 1A Cristo Rey Comm Center 1.99 A 8 Cap Area Econ Oppr Comm 1.97 5 25 St Law Comm Ment Heal Cntr 1.87 6 21 Family Service Agency 1.87 7 28 Ingh Co Health Dept 1.8A 8 16 Comm Serv Coun Chris Clr Bur 1.80 9 58 MSU Volunteer Program 1.78 10 73 Visit Nurses Assoc Lansing 1.75 ll 12 Catholic Social Service 1.71 12 A5 Lan School Dist-Special Ed 1.71 13 2A St Law Hosp Soc Serv Dept 1.70 1A 11 West Action Center 1.70 15 9 East Action Center 1.70 16 29 Ing Co Mental Health Center 1.70 17 10 North Action Center 1.67 18 3 American Red Cross 1.63 19 72 Tri Co Reg Plan Comm 1.63 20 26 Sparrow Hosp Soc Serv Dept 1.63 21 75 YMCA of Lansing 1.63 22 76 YWCA of Lansing 1.63 23 65 Rehabilitation Industries 1.61 2A 36 Lansing Recreation Dept 1.59 25 79 Housing Director of Lansing 1.59 26 A0 Lansing Relocation Office 1.58 27 A6 Legal Aid Bureau 1.58 28 A2 Lansing Coun on Alcoholism 1.58 29 31 Prob Court Child Serv-Juv—Neg 1.55 30 33 Lansing Planning Dept 1.55 31 22 Lansing Urban League 1.55 32 56 St Ment Heal Consult Center 1.5A 33 23 Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dept 1.5A 3A 30 Probate Court of Ingh Co 1.52 35 53 Mich St Emp Security Comm 1.51 36 3A Lansing Human Relation Comm 1.51 37 AA Lan School Dist- Cont Ed 1.51 38 l AFL—CIO Comm Serv Comm 1.A9 39 5 Big Brothers of Lansing 1.A9 A0 A3 Lan School Dist- Adult Ed 1.A8 A1 66 Rehabilitation Med Center 1.A6 A2 60 MSU College of Human Med 1.A5 A3 61 MSU Speech and Hearing Clinic 1.A5 AA 20 Family Planning Clinic 1.A5 A5 39 Lan West Drop-In Center 1.A3 A6 A8 Mich Children Aid Society 1.A3 A7 7A Volunteers of America 1.A3 A8 51 Mich Dept of Ed Lan Dist Off 1.A3 A9 19 Easter Seal Society Ingh 1.A3 A5 13 52 38 A9 70 67 78 Al 15 80 69 63 6A 18 SO 77 Table 3(cont.) Name Child Psy Day Treat Center School for the Blind Big Sisters Lan North Drop-In Center Boys Club Of America Mich St Boys Train School Social Security Admin St Vin Home For Children St Vin De Paul Society Lan Senior Cit DrOp-In Center Comm Nursery School Mobile Meals Listening Ear Sal Army Mens Soc Serv Opprotunities Inc American Cancer Society Recovery Inc Dental Health Comm Lan Lansing Parole Office Mic St Emp Sec Comm Causal Fm Youth for Christ A6 Score 1.A3 1.A2 1.A2 1.A1 1.39 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.28, 1.26 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22- 1.22 1.1A A7 represent a group of institutions which reciprocally work with one another at a specific interaction level (i.e., constantly, frequently, occasionally, never). The computer selection of these subgroups con- sists of taking one pair of reciprocal choices and searching the matrix for a third institution which is the reciprocal choice of each of the first two. This searching is continued for a fourth, fifth, sixth etc., and the resulting grouping is put into temporary storage in the computer. After all subgroups based on the original pairs of institutions are listed, these subgroups are transferred to a permanent list. In this list, any block which is completely included in some other block is then eliminated. As indicated before these subgroups are ordered by size (by shifting rows and columns), with the largest subgroup in the upper left hand corner of the matrix. (See Figures 2 and 3.) The institu- tions in each succeeding subgroup which are not included in previous subgroups are placed in successive rows and columns. This produces matrices of reciprocal choices along the matrix diagonal. The clusters along the diagonal are referred to as constellations. "Constellations are a particular configuration of the original subgroups chosen in such a way as to display more lucidly the structure of the interaction. Constellations, thus, represent specified groupings of institutions, 3 It must be all of which are reciprocally chosen by one another." noted that in addition to the reciprocal choices shown by the subgroups, there are reciprocal choices that appear off the main diagonal on which the constellations are located. In order to illustrate the interactions of each institution in relation to the constellation thus formed, the idea of constellation FIGURE 2 Reciprocal Interaction Structures at the Frequently-Frequently or Higher Level for the Referral Given Question Institution North Action Center Legal Aid Bureau East Action Center West Action Center Family Planning Clinic ' Ingham Co Health Dept Lan Relocation Office Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dept Easter Seal Society Ingh St Lawr Hosp Soc Serv Dept Com Ser Coun Infor Ref PrOb Ct Child Ser Jquegl Rehab Industries Inc Cap Area Econ Oppor Comm Lan Schl Dist Contin Ed Housing Director Lansing Mich Child Aid Society. Probate Court of Ingh Co ‘ Sparrow HOSp Soc Ser Dep Visit Nurse Assoc Lan St Ment Hlth Consul Cntr Ing CO Mental Health Cntr School for the Blind Cristo Rey Comm Center St Vin De Paul Society Comm Nursery School Can Ser Coun ChrClearBur Lansing Urban League Lens Human Relat Comm Sal Army Mens Soc Serv Len North DrOp in Center American Red Cross Volunteers of America Dental Health Comm Lan Lens Schl Dist Special Ed Family Service Agency L'an West DrOp in Center Lane Schl Dist Adult Ed Mobile Meals Catholic Social Service Child Pay Day Treat Cntr Mich St Boys Train School Lansing Planning Dept Tri Co Reg Plan Comm Lansing Parole Office YMCA of Lansing Mic St Einp Security Comm Mic Dept Ed Lan Dist Off MSU Speech/Hearing Clinic Rehab Med Center 1A 122A212136 A7A32752517112363 71A23AA11A37575566 069108039A7158A98063692A8562A983A85193723932053116 4(- * * a“ it 46* * * * *- it * fl *- *9! {Hi- * * 06 if it it it 9(- * 96 * A8 FIGURE 3 Reciprocal Interaction Structures at the Frequently-Frequently or Higher Level for the Planning Question Institution West Action Center American Red Cross East Action Center North Action Center Cristo Rey Comm Center Family Service Agency St Law Comm Ment Hlth Cnt Ing Co Mental Hlth Cntr Lan Model Cities Mic St Emp Security Comm Family Planning Clinic St Lawr Hosp Soc Ser Dep Lan Schl Dist Adult Ed Catholic Social Service Child Psy Day Treat Cntr St Vin De Paul Society Com Ser Coun Chr Clear Bur Visit Nurse Assoc Lansing Probate Court of Ingh CO Com Ser Coun Info Referral Rehab Industries Inc Volunteers Of America Ing Med Hosp Soc Ser Dept Ing Co Health Dept Sparrow Hosp Soc Ser Dep MSU Coll of Human Med Cap Area Econ Oppor Comm Lansing Urban League Lan Schl Dist Contin Ed Mich Dept Ed Lan Dist Off Lan Recreation Dept Lansing Planning Dept Tri Co Reg Plan Comm Housing Director Lansing AFL-CIO Comm Serv Comm Dental Health Comm Lan Easter Seal Society Ingh Big Sisters Prob Ct Child Ser Juv Negl Lans Human Relat Comm Lansing Parole Office YMCA of Lansing Mobile Meals Lan North Drop in Center School for the Blind YWCA of Lansing Youth For Christ Lan Relocation Office LanSenior Cit Dropin Cnt MSU Volunteer Program 1 112223522All71731672226 2A53377 ll 3357A3577AA5 1390A159530A323863075A386082A1632918961A0578267018 '1- ** *_ 9(- * *9!- * *- ‘ *9”!- * 9(- ** 96* *- * * * 9(- * 4636* 3696* N- * 9(- * ***** {Ht-*- * * it *** * * * A9 50 sets is introduced. "A constellation set is a group of (institutions), some of which are reciprocally chosen by all members of the constellation or primary members; and others which are reciprocally chosen by some, but not all, members of the constellation or secondary members. (Insti- tutions) that intersect with members of more than one constellation set will be called liaisons. Primary liaisons are primary members of two or more constellations sets; secondary liaisons are secondary members of at least one set and primary or secondary members of one or more additional sets. Liaisons are regarded as actual or potential links between constellation sets."" These constellation sets and their memberships (both primary and secondary) are shown by Figures A and 5. These constellation sets are based on the frequently-frequently level of interaction. A study done by the Institute for Community Development and Ser- vices at Michigan State University provides a few illustrations of the nature of the information provided by this technique.5 1. Constellation Sets: The seventy human welfare institutions included in this case study form fifteen constellation sets for the referral- given data and fourteen constellation sets for the planning data. For example in the referral-given set Of data (Figure A) constellation B is the largest and is made up of four primary 'members and twenty-three secondary members. The primary members are human welfare institutions 9, ll, 20, 28, and secondary members are human welfare institutions 10, A6, A0, 23, 19, 2A, 17, 31, 8, 30, 26, 73, 56, 29, 52, 1A, 15, 3A, 69, 18, 21, 39, A3. FIGURE A Constellation Sets Formed on the Basis of Response to the Referral Given Question Institution AAEEEEEEIAEAMAQ .13. .S. 121 10 North Action Center P S S 1 2 3 A6 Legal Aid Bureau P S s S S l A 5 9 East Action Center P P S 2 l 3 11 West Action Center P P S S S 2 3 5 20 Family Planning Clinic S P S S S S S l 6 7 28 Ing Co Health Dept S P P S S S S S S 2 7 9 A0 Lan Relocation Office S S P - S 1 3 A 23 Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dep S S S P S S S 1 6 7 19 'Easter Seal Society Ingh S S S P P S S 2 5 7 2A St Lawr Hosp Soc Serv Dep S S S S P S 1 5 6 17 Com Ser Coun Info Ref S S S S P S S 1 6 7 31 Prob Ct Child Ser Fuv Negl S S S P 1 3 A 65 Rehab Industries Inc ‘ S s S S s 0 5 5 8 Cap Area Econ Oppor Comm 8 S S P l 3 A AA Len Schl Dist Contin Ed P S 1 l 2 79 Housing Director Lansing S S S P S S 1 5 6 A8‘ Mich Child Aid Society S S s P 1 3 A 30 Probate Court of Ingh CO S S S S S P 1 5 6 26 Sparrow Hosp Soc SerDept S S S S S 0 5 5 73_ Visit Nurse Assoc Lan S S S S S O 5 5 56 St Ment Hlth Consul Cntr S S P 1 2 3 29 Ing Co Mental Hlth Cntr S S S P ‘ 1 3 A 52 School for the Blind S S s S 0 A A 1A CriSto Rey Comm Center S S P l 2 3 78 St Vin de Paul Society S P l l 2 15 Comm.Nursery School S S O 2 2 l6 Com Ser Coun Chr Clear Bur S 0 1 l 22 Lansing Urban League S 0 l 1 3A s Human Relat Comm S S S 0 3 3 69 S, Army Mens Soc Serv S S O 2 2 38 Len North Drop in Center S O 1 l 3 American Red Cross . P 1 0 1 7A Volunteers of America P S 1 l 2 18 Dental Health Comm Lan S S 0 2 2 A5 Len Schl Dist Special Ed S S S 0 3 3 21 Family Service Agency S S S O 3 3 39 Len West Drop in Center S S O 2 2 A3 Lane Schl Dist Adult Ed S S o 2 2 A7 Mbbile Meals S S 0 2 2 12 Catholic Social Service S S S 0 3 3 13 Child Psy Day Treat Cntr S O 1 1 A9 Mich St Boys Train Schl S S 0 2 2 33 Lansing Planning Dept P l O l 72 Tri Co Reg Plan Comm P 1 O 1 50 Lansing Parole Office ' S P l l 2 75 YMCA of Lansing P l O l 53 .Mich St Emp Security Comm P l 0 l 51 Mich Dept Ed Len Dist Off P 1 0 ‘1 61 MSU Speech/Hear Clinic P l O I 66 RehabMedCenter ______________P_ __1_0___l_. ' Primary A'A'2222322222222 35 Total Secondary lA23l91312101110 5 A l l l 3 126 Total 182721151Al21Al2 7 6 3 2 3 3 5 161 51 FIGURE 5 Constellation Sets Formed on the Basis of Response to the Planning Question Institution West Action Center American Red Cross East Action Center North Action Center Cristo Rey Comm Center Family Service Agency St Law Com Ment Hlth Cnt. Ing Co Mental Hlth Cnt Lan Model Cities Much St Emp Security Comm Family Planning Clinic St Lawr Hosp Soc Serv Dep Lan Schl Dist Adult Ed Catholic Social Service Child Psy Day Treat Cntr St Vin De Paul Society Com Ser Coun Chr Clear Bur Visit Nurse Assoc Lan Probate Court of Ingh Co Com.Ser Coun Info Ref Rehab Industries Inc Volunteers of America Ing Med Hosp Soc Serv Dep Ing Co Health Dept Sparrow Hosp Soc Ser Dep MSU Coll of Human Med Cap Area Econ Oppor Comm Lansing Urban League Lan Schl Dist Contin Ed {Mich Dept Ed Lan Dist Off Lan Recreation Dept Lansing Planning Dept Tri Co Reg Plan Comm Housing Director Lansing .AFL-CIO Comm Serv Comm Dental Health Comm Lan Easter Seal Society Ingh Big Sisters Prob Ct Child Ser Juv Negl Lana Human Relat Comm Legal Aid Bureau Mbbile Meals Lan North Drop in Center School for the Blind YWCA of Lansing Youth for Christ Lan Relocation Office Lan Senior Cit Drop-in Cnt Lansing Parole Office ‘EMCA of Lansing Primary Secondary Total Total A B C D E F G H I J K L M N CDO) UJUJOJUJCDCDWWW'UUI CDUJ'Ti'TJ U) CDUJUJU) CD'U’UUJ UJUJCDCDUJUJCDCDU) S S S S CDC/J 101026101010 91 lA1A30121213111 52 "U'TJFU mmtoto "U‘UCD S S S S WON 2.9.12: 1 2 3 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 6 7 l A 5 1 5 6 S 1 1 2 S s S S 1 5 6 0 A A S O 5 5 0 A A 0 3 3 0 2 2 0 l 1 1 2 3 S 2 A 6 1 A 5 0 3 3 1 1 2 1 0 1 S 1 5 6 1 1 2 2 2 A 1 2 3 0 3 3 P S 1 A 5 P P 2 1 3 S P S 1 3 A S S 0 A A S P S l 3 A P P 2 l 3 S P 1 2 3 s S 0 A A 0 5 5 0 2 2 S 0 2 2 P 1 0 1 P 1 1 2 s 0 2 2 S 0 2 2 0 3 3 S 0 3 3 0 3 3 S 0 2 2 S 0 1 1 0 1 1 S . 0 l 1 P 1 1 2 P 1.9.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 35 7 A 8 3 2 l 120 9 6 O 5 A 3 155 53 Constellation Membership: This gives an indication of the range of the number of memberships each institution has in other constellation sets. For example by the referral—given data, (Figure A), the Family Planning Clinic is a primary member of constellation set B and a secondary member of constellation sets A, C, D, E, G, and I. The range of the membership frequencies is l to 9, considering the fifteen constellation sets. The total constel— lation membership frequency column shows the number of constel- lation sets in which each institution holds primary and secondary memberships. Linkages Between Constellation Sets: All the constellation sets are linked by liaison institu— tions. The data presented in Figure A indicates that fifty-two of the seventy institutions reporting for the referral-given question and fifty-two of the seventy institutions reporting for the planning question occupy a liaison position (i.e. the presence of a primary or secondary membership after its position in the matrix). For example, the Community Services Council Christmas Clearing Bureau, on the planning question, has primary liaisons with constellation sets D and E and secondary liaisons with B, C, F, and I. The total number of these liaisons are summarized in the right margin in order to give the relative importance of the various institutions in this regard. There is also the possibility of indirect linkages. For example, in the planning data Figure 5, the Volunteers of America link 5A constellation set A with constellation set F by being a secondary member of A and a primary member of F. Figures 2 and A or Figures 3 and 5 enable one to trace many combinations of constellation linkages through primary or secondary liaison relationships of members of individual constellation sets. While the first part of the data analysis attempted to show what were to be interaction patterns and inter—relationships, the next section of the analysis will show the degree of working and planning relationships between a specific institution and the study universe and the same relationship between the study universe and that particular institution. With the data in its original matrix form, sociometric scores were calculated for each institution, then ranked accordingly as described before. Tables I, 2, and 3 show the results of this particular computer analysis. For the purpose of this analysis, the data from both referral questions and the planning question will be used. Due to the fact that sociometric-scores-received data for each institution are derived from the remainder of the study universe(sixty— nine in this case) and sociometric—scores-given data are generated from only a single agency (itself), we shall consider the "received data" for each question. Therefore, when we consider referrals given we shall examine the received data of the referrals received question, when we consider referrals received we shall consider the received data of the referral given question, and finally, when we consider the planning question we shall consider its received data. Here we see the reason 55 for having two referral questions, one for given and one for received. Sociometric scores received (i.e. the "received data" for the referral given question) by a particular institution from all other institutions indicate the relative dependency of others on that insti- tution. This dependency is based on the fact that the score represents the frequency of referrals given to this institution by all other institutions in the universe. For example, (See Table 1), an institution such as the Ingham County Health Department with a score of 2.13 is the one that appears to receive referrals more frequently than any other institution in the study universe. And an institution such as Youth for Christ or Opportunities Inc. with a score of 1.12 appears to receive referrals less frequently than any other institution in the study universe. Sociometric scores given (i.e. the "received data" of the referrals received question) by each institution to all other institutions repre- sents the dependency of a particular institution on the study universe. This dependency is based on the fact that the score represents the frequency of referrals given to all members of the study universe by a particular institution. For example, (See Table 2), the Ingham County Health Department with a score of 2.10 is an institution which gives referrals to all other institutions more frequently than any other institution. And Youth for Christ with a score of 1.07 gives referrals to all other institutions less frequently than any other institution in the universe. Sociometric scores concerning the planning question indicate the degree of planning (as defined by this case study) carried out by the institutions. As before a score received by a particular institution 56 gives an indication of the frequency that particular institution engages in planning. For instance, (See Table 3), Lansing Model Cities Program with a received score of 2.07 shows that it engages in planning more frequently than any other institution in the study universe. On the other hand, Youth for Christ with a score of l.lA engages in planning less frequently than any other institution in the study universe. It must be reiterated that the data presented here, whether in matrix form or in sociometric score form, represents only the data reported by the seventy institutions. No type of generalization was made or will be made concerning interaction of the ten non-reporting institutions. While one is limited to talking about only those insti- tutions which contributed to the data one still may gain many insights into the reduced universe. The quality of the insights is determined by the nature of the questions asked and the type of analysis performed. FOOTNOTES 1. Backstrom, Charles H., Hursh, Gerald D., Survepresearch, North- western University Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1963, p. 75. 2. Frank X. Mulvihill developed the following computer program for the Matrix Manipulation used: RLBLTY - representing sociometric scores given and received BLOCKS - representing the first ordering of the Matrix of Values 3. Anderson, Robert C., op.cit. p. 13. A. Ibid., p. 15. 5. ;p_i_q., p. 15. MMHERIV THE APPLICATION OF THE ANALYZED SOCIOMETRIC DATA TO MODEL CITIES AND POLICY PLANNING The utilization of a new methodology in any discipline requires a demonstration of its need and its application with respect to that particular discipline. The Model Cities Application. The need and the application of the sociometric technique in plan- ning are closely linked, as in the case of Model Cities. The need for a restructuring of the delivery of social services is expressed in the Model Cities Program Description. In this chapter both a physical and policy use of the technique will be applied to this expressed need. The concept of policy planning expresses the need for a better under— standing, followed by utilization, of the various working relationships in a community as a precursor to a master plan. Therefore, given a need.which resulted from heavy criticism of traditional master plannig, ‘we have an application of the sociometric technique. Frieden again sums up these ideas by the statement that "planning agencies will be inore concerned with devices for communication and interaction." 1 How can.this technique be used to affect the delivery system of human 'welIEre institutions as called for in the Model Cities Program Descrip- 'tiorfl First of all the needs of a model neighborhood must be identi- :fied.prior to the consideration of this technique. The needs should iruilude all those problems identified by the various task force groups ynxrking in model cities and any other possible source. Once the needs same identified, a universe of relevant institutions may be isolated 57 58 and the process of applying the technique may begin. Whereas only one class of institutions were used to demonstrate the technique, it may be more meaningful in the case of model cities to use various classes of institutions in order to derive a more inclusive picture of the various working and planning inter-relationships. Once the universe is sampled and the data is analyzed, some immediate applications, in both the physical and social policy sectors, may be apparent. For example the spatial location application mentioned in the introduction. In most traditional discussions of spatial location factors, one is usually asked to consider the importance of accessibility to the particular activity. Dealing with the simple case of an industry with one market for its products and one source of raw materials, Alonso feels that the industry will tend to locate geographically at a point which minimizes the transportation costs associated with delivering the finished products. Since the transportation costs are the greatest costs encountered by an industry in producing a product, and they want to maximize profits, they must maximize accessibility to the market (i.e. minimize the transportation costs to the market). In commercial location the accessibility factor is equally important. This may be substantiated by the fact that " drugstore sites are based chiefly on accessibility to large numbers of people." 2 Also the fact that the value of land increases with better accessibility to potential customers is demonstrated by high real estate values for downtown locations and highway interchange sites. ‘ The need for better accessibility in human welfare institutions is expressed in many instances. Alfred Kahn considers accessibility 59 to services a major problem with human welfare institutions. He cites as an example that "there are mothers unable to use medical facilities or to apply for available help for lack of a place to leave their chil- H3 dren for a few hours or for lack of car fare. A primary example is found in the Lansing study reported herein. The great amount of spatial separation between the various institutions causes hardship to those peOple who find it imperative to use the human welfare services. The hardships in this case result from inefficient transportation to and from the various institutions combinations of which are literally at opposite ends of the city ( see Figure 6 ), the waste of time in making long trips to and from these institutions, and the uncertainty that the problem the person is attempting to solve will actually be solved at that institution or whether they will be referred to another further away ( which also results in loss of time due to the travel time involved). Therefore, if one Just uses the interaction structures pro- duced by this analysis one may be able to create a human welfare institution grouping that is tailored to the particular neighborhood in question. The advantage of this grouping, namely the efficiency of Operation on the part of both the client and the human welfare insti- tution and, tied directly to this, the better institution-client rela- tionships, address our attention to another problem cited by Alfred Kahn. He feels that"there is inadequate provision for case integration and case accountability." " He points out that this is a much documented problem and cites an example authored by Maurice Hunt which expresses a concern over the fragmented and specialized nature of services deal- ing with children. Hunt feels that the services are so fragmented 60 FIGURE 6 . Existing Location of Lansing's Human Welfare Institutions Used in this Study Whverly Rd 0 t d z p. O 3? fi 03 r- E to r”: 5 5 u '8 E 3' O E 0 (D g Q .~ 3 ‘3' 3 a! Q. ~ ngsn St ‘28 .0 w N O c' i r.- 5'" '0 I» V v. s.“ CedlrSI 5 ~. g . 3. S " a . B. a '- N «2 1‘ 0 ° 5 a Pen VIII 8 VB 0 2‘: y 5 .6; a .1 '3 s: S a: a? E 9 a. Aureluis Rd ~12 o t "at—— u :1 p. < 0 '1 0 .. w 1 .3 rtison Rd’ C011 EEK—L 1: 30.8. E .. o? 1" a 60 ‘50 61 that the total picture of the childs life is blurred by speciali- zation. Many related services are often needed at once, but with great spatial separation, it is not often possible to take advantage of the various services which are offered. Therefore, if the human welfare needs are accurately defined, if the institutional interaction structures are felt to be reliable and the various agency's functions are known, then an optimum spatial loca- tion of the institutions and the type of institution located may be based on the degree of interaction. The universe of institutions asso— ciated with a model neighborhood would produce an interaction pattern on one of the levels described herein ( e.g. constantly-constantly, frequently—frequently, etc.) . With this interaction structure in mind one may choose to locate in proximity those institutions which recipro- cally interact with each other in the matrix. This type of application has many advantages because it takes those institutions which profess to work together, and may enable the planner to place them in close proximity in order to increase acces- sibility, to increase the efficiency of operation on the part of the client and the human welfare institutions, and to improve the relation- ship between the institution and the client. To add another dimension to this analysis one must consider the needs of the community previously stated as being one ingredient in the solution of the problem, and the institution's function, the other ingredient. If one can ascertain the interaction patterns, the needs of a neighborhood, and the functions performed by a given institution, one is able to go beyond planning the physical locations of institu- tions with regard to the Model Cities Neighborhood. Once the interaction 62 pattern is identified, along with the functions performed by the insti- tutions within the structure, examination of interaction patterns in relation to the identified needs of the neighborhood may produce a mis- sing function and an institution which should be interacting in the matrix. This institution could be a vital element in the human welfare interaction framework of that particular geographic area, which to date had not been picked up by traditional health planning. While 1 previously, we merely considered the spatial location of those insti- ‘ tutions, which were included in the interaction structures, now we ~g may improve the total system by considering not only the spatial loca- tion of the reciprocally interacting institutions but also the in— clusion of new institutions. This facet of the technique's application may result in the formation of a recommendation based upon these three factors interaction, needs, and functions. It is believed that if the above tri-factor analysis is applied to a given geographical area, a better system of human welfare institutions may be formed, a system which tries to coordinate accessibility , efficiency, and responsiveness to the people who are using the services. At this point, it should be emphacized that the people who are the recipients of the various services provided should play a large part in deciding what their needs are. The Application 9£_the Sociometric Method tg_Policy Planning. The Model Cities application served to demonstrate an instance by which the results of the sociometric technique might be used to spa- tially locate human welfare institutions in a project area. Going further the technique was shown to serve as a policy implement (with the inclusion of human welfare needs and functions). With even more gener- 63 alization the technique may also serve on a broader scale as it is incorporated into policy planning for the total urban area. The need for the type of data and analysis concerning who interacts with whom on the urban human welfare scene is quite apparent. The question as to who works and plans with whom is inherent in the concept of policy planning. In addition, as Friedman puts it "there is also a need to plan for relationships between health facilities and other activi- ties, such as transportation lines, shopping centers, schools and other public facilities. " 5 Therefore, while this thesis considers only‘ human welfare institutions in relating this technique to policy planning, other avenues for the use of the technique may also be open. One such avenue may be the inclusion in planning of the institutionsl inter- actions on the super-neighborhood level. It follows that if the insti- tutional interactions are to be included in the planning process, then policy planning should be considered an effective vehicle. Fagin calls for the "gathering, analyzing, and reporting of facts... including such factors as conditions, activities... and other aspects of urban life," 6as the first step in policies planning. Physical and social characteristics of the city should be included in this research. It is at this stage that basic information, such as compiled in the Lansing study, should be gathered and processed into interaction pat- ‘terns. The data gathered may be on a small sector of the social system as was done in the Lansing study or, in a more ambitious study, it may 'be on several classes of institutions. The ultimate scope of the anal- ;ysis to be performed will greatly determine the nature and scope of the data to be gathered. This type of data gathering and analysis 6A seems to have a great deal of value in itself and even more value to the other functions of policy planning. For if one has a basic understanding of the working and planning inter-relationships, no matter what level one is concerned with, the planning process will at least be started with a basic foundation from which to begin mak- ing social policy decisions. If the city planning staff has a basic conception of the institutional interactions in their city (whether by using working or planning relationships or any other relevant factor as a cri— teria for measurement), then the general goal formulation stage of policy planning may be improved. If a goal is defined with a specific interacting group of institutions in mind then that goal has a greater chance of being relevant to that group's particular function. Fagin sees this function being assumed by the public, the government, and the professional planners. However it is not Just these three general groups who formulate policy, but a number of smaller sub- groups who make up the general groups. Take for instance a subgroup on institutions concerned with human welfare services. This group has representatives in it from the public, governmental,and planning sectors. They interact with each other on various planes, produce demands, and may set goals that are quite unique unto themselves. How- ever the group or members of the group will also interact with other groups or members of other groups and thus will have other sets of demands, needs, and goals. Therefore, an understanding of these various interaction patterns(which are based on different types of in- teraction criteria, e.g. planning or working) may ultimately lead the 65 planner to utilize the various combinations of interacting patterns when it comes to formulating policy planning goals. This technique gives the planner a more concrete understanding of the forces involved, when it comes to goal formulation, than mere intuition. This method may also produce a more responsive policy plan because of the conscious attempt to involve not only the interaction with- in a universe of human welfare institutions but also the inter- action among various other universes of institutions. The resulting goals may reflect a meshing of views and aspirations of the urban system into one urban policy statement incorporating both physical " a plan which compre— and social components. As Fagin has stated, hends all three of these systems and which, more over, brings physical, social, and economic considerations into a common focus is a special new type of plan... It is called a policies plan." 7 Knowing the results of the sociometric analysis presented here would seem to be a precursor to the coordination function of policy planning. If the planner knew with relative certainty various inter- action patterns which were operating within a city, then he might be " work able to better provide a center of liaison. Fagin states that on the policies plan requires a planning office to maintain many con- tact with other groups and organizations, and thus inable it to enlist the voluntary c00peration of many individuals and groups." 8 I sug- gest that the coordination of the various social institutions operat— ing in a city may be better achieved through a systematic sociometric analysis than through intuition about institutional interactions. For if the planner knows the intricate relationships between various urban 66 institutions or blocks on institutions, a better base for coordi— nation could be built. This type of base is important for coordination because the planner could visualize both the interaction patterns and the primary and secondary liaisons. The subtle secondary liaisons may be important links in some types of coordination. Fagin's fifth function of policy planning considers assistance and advice. It would seem, as in the case of the coordination function, that sociometric analysis would be an important tool when giving advice to the various urban institutions. For example, if a human welfare institution, or a group on institutions,approached a planning agency with their plans for a new building, the planners could consult the interaction patterns produced by a sociometric analysis to de— termine if the optimum spatial arrangement had been chosen, or if possible other institutions should also been included. On the basis of this, they could suggest alternatives to the human welfare insti- tutions in question for consideration. Therefore, the sociometric analysis may give the planner a means to present alternatives to various groups based on a systematic study of their interaction. Whither for spatial location or social policy planning, sociometric analysis may give planners a tool by which to gain basic background information on the dynamic interactions of the urban institutions at any level desirable. The technique is not an end in itself, but rather a foundation on which to add other factors in order to produce a more responsive community plan for future growth. FOOTNOTES Frieden, Bernard, op. cit., p. 321. .- Murphey, Raymond E., The American City-An Urban Geography, McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, 1966, p. 271. Kahn, Alfred J., Theory and Practice g§_Social Planning, 2 Vols., Russel Sage, New York, 1969, p. 2A8. Ibid,, p.2A8. Frieden, Bernard, op. cit., p. 322. Fagin, Henry, op. cit., p. 110. Ibid}, p. 110. Ibid., p.110. 67 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION One basic method that seems to be missing from the planning pro— cess is the systematic measurement of the interactions among urban institutions. This study attempted to present a method by which to assess the interactions among social institutions. Two possible 1 applications of the analyzed data were also presented. If this type of analysis was actually used to locate human wel-. fare institutions, then actual numbers of referrals would have to be used rather than the degrees of interaction used in this study. If institutions were encouraged to keep these types of records of refer- rals, there would be little difficulty in deriving accurate interaction patterns. Another factor, which was not considered to a great extent here, is the identification of human welfare needs in a particular area. This would seem to be a crucial factor to the reorganization of human welfare institutions. An alternative to the type of spatial locating presented here might be the location of human welfare institutions based on an origin- destination type of analysis. Along with the numbers of referrals moving between institutions, their origin might also be noted. The human welfare institutions might then be spatially located by consid- ering the predicted future needs for human welfare services in an area, the institutions that are likely to interact with each other in that area, and where the clients are originating from. The benefit of the sociometric method to policy planning lies primarily in the advantage it gives the planner when he considers goal 68 69 formulation, coordination of institutions, and assistance and advice to these institutions. As the quality and reliability of the data are increased, the benefit of the technique to policy planning increases. This occurs because the analyzed data would represent a truer picture of the actual institutional interactions. It seems that a general reliable understanding of institutional interactions is as much a prerequisite to the planning process as are background studies or preliminary land use surveys. Warm-g.- , .J BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: 1. Backstrom, Charles H., Hursh, Gerald D., Survey Research, North- western University Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1963. 2. Johnson, James H., Urban Geggraphy - An_1ntroductory Analysis, Pergamon Press Ltd., New York, 1967. ' 3. Kahn, Alfred J., Theory and Practice 9£_Socia1 Planning, Vol. 2, Russel Sage, New York, 1969. A. Murphy, Raymond E., The American City - An Urban Geography, McGraw—Hill Book Company, New York, 1966. Articles: 1. Fagin, Henry, "Organizing and Carrying Out Planning Activities Within Urban Government," Journal gf_the American Institute 2;. Planners, August 1959. 2. Forsyth, Elaine, and Katz, L., "A Matrix Approach to the Analysis of Sociometric Data: Preliminary Report," Sociometry, 19A6. 3. Frieden, Bernard J., "The Changing Prospects for Social Planning," Journal 9£_the American Institute 2£_Planners, September, 1967. A. Gans, Herbert, "Social and Physical Planning for the Elimination of Urban Poverty," Urban Planning and Social Policy, Bernard Frieden and Robert Morris, eds., Basic Book, Inc., New York, 1968. 5. Lindzey Gardner, and Borgatta, Edgar 0., "Sociometric Measurement", Handbook g£.Socia1 Psychology, Gardner Lindzey, ed., Vol. 1, Cambridge Mass: Addisox? Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 195A. 6. Long, Norton E., "Planning for Social Change," Planning 1268, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 1960. 7. Scheuer, James H., "To Renew Cities, Renew their Pe0p1e," Planning 126A, Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 196A. 8. Weiss, Robert S., and Jacobson, Eugene, "A Method for the Analysis of the Structure of Complex Organizations," American Sociological Review, 20, August, 1955. 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont'd) Pamphlets: 1. Anderson, Robert C., "A Sociometric Approach to the Analysis of Inter-Organizational Relationships," Institute for Community Development & Services, E. Lansing, Michigan, October, 1969. 2. "Improving the Quality of Urban Life - A Program Guide to Model Neighborhoods in Demonstration Cities," US Department of Housing and Urban Development, December 1967. 71 AUG 1 4 an "ITIAANAAAN