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HATER DISTRIBUTION, AVAILABILITY AND PROBLEMS
IN JEDDAH CITY, SAUDI ARABIA:

A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

By

Abdulaziz Sagr Al-Ghamdi

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfiliment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Geography

1979

ABSTRACT
WATER DISTRIBUTION, AVAILABILITY AND PROBLEMS

IN JEDDAH CITY, SAUDI ARABIA:
A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

By
Abdulaziz Sagr Al-Ghamdi

Jeddah is a rapidly growing major city in the Southwest and
Western Region of Saudi Arabia. The raoid growth is not accompanied
by comparable growth in essential public services such as an available
water supply. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions
of the residents regarding the water problems in the city. A survey
was conducted of 500 residents throughout the city. The interviews
were focused on five important factors: l) water accessibility by
districts, 2) water accessibility by type of house, 3) income and type
of house by sources of water, 4) water uses by type of house, and
5) the reception of water from the network as influenced by construc-
tion work going on in the city.

The data were analyzed using chi-square, a series of analyses
to identify if there were significant differences in the sources, types
of uses, and types of housing. The results demonstrated that there
are water problems in the city; that old districts have greater access

1

Abdulaziz Sagr Al-Ghamdi

to water from the network than the new districts, that most high
income people living in villas and apartments received water from
the network while most people living in traditional houses and shacks
do not receive from network, that people living in villas have gar-
dens and use water from the network to irrigate the gardens whereas
those in traditional houses and shacks use water only for domestic
use, and that public constructions frequently impedes water recep-
tion from the network.

Water problems in the city can be attributed to three factors:
(l) insufficient water from the existing natural resources to meet
increasing demands, (2) lack of proper planning for the distribu-
tion of water, and (3) misuse of water for non-domestic purposes at
home and in the city. On the basis of these results a series of

recommendations are offered to resolve the problems identified.

DEDICATED

To my mother
Who is looking forward to seeing me in the

near future to live with her in the holy places.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to the
chairman of the Author's Committee and major advisor, Professor Stanley
D. Brunn, for his guidance, comments, and encouragement. The author is
indebted to Professor Ian M. Matley and Professor Jay R. Harman for their
comments and suggestions. The author would like to thank King Abdulaziz
University for their financial support. Also those in governmental
office who were contacted by the author. Finally, to those friends who

were behind the author in doing his research, his best wishes for them.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES ......................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................... viii
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION ...................... l
FOCUS OF THE STUDY ................. l
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............. 5
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............... 6
ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION .............. 6
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY .............. 9
II. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEDDAH CITY . . . . l0
SITE AND SITUATION ................. lO
ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ................. l4
INTERNAL LAND USES ................. l7
RECENT POPULATION GROWTH .............. 21
URBAN PROBLEMS ................... 26

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

Chapter Page
III. HATER SYSTEM IN JEDDAH CITY ............... 28
HISTORIC BACKGROUND ................. 28

CURRENT WATER RESOURCES ............... 30

Wadi Fatima ................... 32

Wadi Khlais ................... 34

The Deslainization Plant ............. 37

THE EXISTING AND PROPOSED WATER NETWORK ....... 39

THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER SYSTEM ............ 42

WATER USES AND PRICE ................. 45

IV. HYPOTHESES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS ............ 53
HYPOTHESES ...................... 53

METHODS OF ANALYSIS ................. 56

V. ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTION REGARDING WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS. . 61

WATER ACCESSIBILITY AND AGE OF DISTRICTS ....... 52
WATER SHORTAGE AND TYPE OF HOUSING .......... 68
INCOME, HOUSING, AND SOURCES OF WATER ........ 73
TYPE OF HOUSE AND WATER USE .......... ‘ . . . 77

WATER AVAILABILITY AND THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS ..................... 80

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

Chapter Page
VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............. 85
CONCLUSIONS ..................... 85
RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 87
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................ 9l
APPENDIX ............................. 96

vi

Table

10.

ll.

LIST OF TABLES

ASSOCIATION OF ATTITUDES TOWARD WATER SHORTAGE
AND TYPE OF DISTRICT ................

DISTRICTS WITH WATER SOURCES ..............

ASSOCIATION OF ATTITUDES TOWARD WATER
SHORTAGE BY TYPE OF HOUSE ..............

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOURCES OF WATER AND
TYPE OF HOUSE. . . . . . . . . . . .........

THE INCOME AND TYPE OF HOUSE ..............

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TYPES OF HOUSES AND
PRESENCE OF GARDENS .................

WATER USES AND TYPE OF HOUSE ..............

NETWORKS PROBLEMS AND PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE
WATER FROM THE NETWORK ...............

PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION WORKS AND PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE
WATER FROM THE NETWORK ...............

vii

63

66

69

71

74

78

80

82

83

LIST OF FIGURES

.EJ’SEEE
I. General geological map of Saudi Arabia .........
2. Saudi Arabia location map ................
3. Jeddah climatic condition 1966-l976 ...........
4. Jeddah influence in the western and southwestern
regions of Saudi Arabia ...............
5. The growth of Jeddah ..................
6. Population growth forecasts 197l-1991 ..........
7. POpUlation growth of Jeddah: l933-l978 .........
8. Jeddah water district ..................
9. Indicative water balance for Wadi Fatima ........
lO. Indicative water balance for Wadi Khlais ........
ll. Summary of current operations aNd projects up
to l983 for Jeddah city Desalinization Plant .....
l2. Jeddah water supply distribution net:
Main distribution net plan ..............
l3. Jeddah water supply distribution net:
Fourth stage layout plan ...............
14. Percentage of water consumption in 197l .........
l5. The population growth and urban water

demand 197l-l99l ...................

viii

Page

4
ll

13

IS
18
22
23
31
33

36

38

41

43

47

48

LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd)

E13123

T6. The daily water consumption l97l—l99l .........
17. Type of water sources .................
18. District boundaries ..................
19. Type of houses .....................
20. Perception of water problems in new

and Old districts ..................
21. Sources of water by district ..............
22. Perception of water shortages by

type of housing ...................
23. Sources of water by type of housing ..........
24. Income by type of housing ...............
25. Household income and sources of water .........
26. Types of housing with gardens .............
27. Uses of water for drinking and irrigation by

type of housing ...................

ix

Page
49

50
57

59

64

67

7O
72
75
76

79

81

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

FOCUS OF THE STUDY

 

The importance Of water resources to society and
to government is not diminished today. Our complex,
metrOpOlitan civilization and advanced technologies
have generated new demands for water.'I
Water is a fundamental need for human survival. The growth of
urbanization world wide presupposes there is sufficient amount of water
to meet the needs for development. Unfortunately there is often not
enough water at the right places at the right time. The lack of an
adequate water supply for any area can cause severe problems for the
many and varied agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses, and for
the public services sector as well. As the urban population of a
country increases in numbers and area, and the industrial sectors as

well, the need for a number of natural resources correspondingly

increases with the greatest increase being water.2 The existence of

 

1Henry M. Jackson, "Foreward," in H. G. Deming, Water, the
Foundation of Opportunity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975),

p. v.

 

 

2Lawrence M. Sommers, "Man-Water Relationship Research and the
Application of the Geographic Approach, "Harold A. Winters and Marjorie
Winters, eds., Applications of Geographic Research (East Lansing, MI:
Michigan State University, 1977), p. 89.

l

water is one of the main factors in the city's existence. The quality
and quantity Of water available are both important in the social politi-
cal and economic life of urban areas.3

In 1963 a survey on the water conditions in seventy-five devel-
Oping countries, with a tota1 population of about 1.3 billion, was

conducted by the World Health Organization. It established that

only one-third of the city dwellers and less than one-
tenth Of the rural population had water faucets and
pipes. Two-fifths of the urbanites and almost three-
fourths Of the entire pOpulation were without regular
water supply.4

Another survey also conducted by World Health Organization in 1975
looked at community drinking water supplies in developing countries.
It included about 90 percent of the total pOpulation of developing
world; China was not included. The survey indicated that about 144
million people or about 23 percent Of the urban population in these
developing countries and about 1.1 billion people or 78 percent of
the rural population did not have the reasonable access to water

supplies as of 1975.5

 

3Melvin G. Marcus and Thomas R. Detwyler, eds., Urbanization

and Environment: The Physical Geography of the City (Belmont, CA:
Duxbury Press, 19727, p. 17.

 

4Georg Borgstrom, Too Mapy, An Ecological Overview of Earth's
Limitations (New York: Collier Books, 19711} p. 181. For further
discussion see World Hea1th Organization, Urban Water Supply Condi-
tions and Needs in Seventy-Five Developipg_Countries, Geneva, 1963.

5United Nations Water Conference, "Meeting Domestic Water
Requirements of Developing Countries,“ Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1977,
p. 3.

 

Saudi Arabia is one of the developing countries facing these
water problems. It occupies an area covering about 2.2 million square
kilometers.6 While it is one of the largest arid nations in the Middle
East.7 It is also one of the largest countries in the world without a
river. The mean precipitation for the entire country is only about
50 mm per year.8 Because the rainfall is insufficient to meet the
demand for water for residential, agricultural, commercial, and indus-
trial uses,

the ground water resources of Saudi Arabia are of great

importance for agriculture. Two-thirds of the country

is underlain by sedimentary formations mostly of sand-

stones, 1imestones, shales, marls, and alluvium; and

these are the main resources of ground water.9
The geologic structure of the country is depicted on Figure 1. Rapid
population growth due to both extensive rural-urban migration and a
high rate Of natural increase has made the water crisis a critical
problem in urban areas of the country. At the same time, water demands

in urban areas are increasing due to constant improvements in the liv-

ing standards, economic status, level of education, and social life of

 

6Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Seven Green
Spikes, prepared by Abdul Basset El-Khateb, (Beirut: Dar al-Qalam
Press Co., 1974), p. 3.

7Peter Beatumont, "Water and Development in Saudi Arabia,"
Geographical Journal, Vol. 143, March 1977, p. 1.

811311., p. 2.

9Seven Green Spikes, op. cit., p. 6.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

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the residents. Jeddah, one of the largest cities in Saudi Arabia, faces
the urban problems just described. The city is growing rapidly in popu-
lation and the concentration of industries and commercial activities.

Consequently, Jeddah has a water shortage.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

One of the important essentials in the growth of urban areas is
sufficient water supply. Urban areas require growing amounts of water
to meet domestic, industrial, irrigation, and municipality needs. At
present many cities all over the world are facing a shortage of water to
adequately supply their rapid growth in population and the commercial
and industrial sectors of the economy. Such is the case for Jeddah.

Jeddah is the main airport, trade center, and commercial node
in the Southwest and Western regions of Saudi Arabia. A major problem
the city is experiencing is that its population and economic growth
are not coinciding with growth in the public services. Water is one
such service not keeping pace with population growth. The result is
that a number of water-related problems seem to appear.

In order to determine to what extent there are water-related
problems within Jeddah city, a geographer wishing to study them asks
the following questions: How does the pOpulation perceive these
problems? DO perceptions vary among residents in different parts of

the city? Why are there problems? How is planning water use and

availability done within the city? In studying the perception of
water related problems among residents, geographers also want to examine
if there are variations in the amounts and uses of water among residents

living in different types of housing.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The basic objective of this study is to examine the variation
of people's perception about the water problems in Jeddah city in Saudi

Arabia.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION

A number of studies that have been investigated by geographers
on how humans perceive their environment. These studies are identified
as dealing with environmental perception. Urban and environmental
problems are among those that are receiving public and scholarly atten-
tion. Specific studies include dissatisfaction with the environment,
which is characteristic of the modern human condition, and an awareness

of physical and social problems the city faces.10

 

10James Schmid, "The Environmental Impact on Urbanization," in
Marvin M. Mikesell and Ian Manners, eds., Perspectives on Environment
(Washington, D.C.: Commission on College Geography, Association of
American Geographers, Publication NO. 13, 1974), p. 213.

The major problem in studying people's perception
is that Of measurement, since peOple often have dif-
ficulty articulating the conscious or unconscious
feelings, attitudes, or ideas associated with percep—
tion.

Geographic studies have dealt with how people perceive the environ-

ment. Baumann and Kates define environment perception, as it

relates to hazards, as follows:12

A person's perception of the hazard is an important
factor related to the value of a warning system.
People adjust to their environment, and the process
of adjustment is influenced by individual personal-
ity, culture, and physical environment. Once ideas
or perceptions are established, a person tends to
maintain his personal set of ideas or cognitions
about a particular phenomenon. Thus, a person's
perception of environment accommodates both reality
and his personal needs and dispositions.

Saarinen states that environmental decisions and behavior are
based on individual or group perceptions of the real world. He con-
cludes that people presumably base their decisions not so much on the
world as it is, but rather on the world as they perceive it.13 Many

of the concepts and methodologies used to study how peOple perceive

 

1lThomas F. Saarinen, Perception of Environment (Washington,
D.C.: Commission on College Geography, Association of American Geog-
raphers, Resource Paper No. 5, 1959), p. 5.

12Duane D. Baumann and Robert W. Kates, "Risk from Nature in
the City", in Melvin G. Marcus and Thomas R. Detweyler, eds., Urbani-
zation and Environment: The Physical Gepgraphy of the City(Belmont,
CA: Duxbury Press, 1972), p. 181.

13Saarinen, op. cit., p. 252.

their environments have come from other disciplines, especially
psychology. Taaffe has stated that

studies in environmental perception are concerned

with efforts to understand how men structure in

their own minds the world around them. Some studies

give explicit attention to the ways in which men

perceive elements of their natural environment and

how they apprehend resources or national hazards

such as floods and droughts. Other studies treat

man‘s views of landscapes, especially in urban

areas, and his perceptions of differing spatial

organizations and attitudes toward places, as Shown

in "mental maps."14

A geographer with his interests and training in the social and

physical sciences is in a good position to confront the environmental
problems facing urban areas and understand how peOple perceive a prob-
lem such as a water shortage. Once it is known how and why peOple
perceive environmental problems as they do, meaningful contributions
can be made to solving Specific problems, possibly by offering recom-
mendations to ameliorate the situation and presenting the severity
of the problem to the appropriate public officials. A study of peo-
ple's perception about water problems in Jeddah city could help to

explain and provide useful information about the water uses and prob-

lems facing different parts of the city.

 

14Edward Taaffe, ed., Geography (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, Inc., 1970), pp. 31-32.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

 

Chapter I has provided a brief introduction to the study.
Chapter II provides general information on the economic and social geog-
raphy of Jeddah city. The water system in the city is described in
Chapter III. The hypotheses, sampling strategy and methods of analysis
are outlined in Chapter IV. The analysis of resident's perceptions of
water supply problems is discussed in Chapter V. The last chapter
gives the conclusions and recommendations and some suggestions for fur-

ther study.

CHAPTER II
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY

OF JEDDAH CITY

In this chapter the general background of Jeddah City is dis-
cussed, specifically site and situation of the city in the Southwest
and Western regions of the country, its economic functions, land uses,
and the recent population growth. The City has grown rapidly since

1970 and continues to expand at a rapid rate.

SITE AND SITUATION

 

Jeddah is situated on a coastal plain East of Red Sea at
210 30' N and 39° 12' E (Figure 2).
The general area where Jeddah is located is free from
any significant topographic relief. Only gentle swells
occur, and coral rock shows up where erosional or man-
made cuts affect the topographic surface.1
The climate of Jeddah is affected by its location on the Red

Sea. It is very hot and humid in the summer and warm in the winter.

Based on the data for the period 1966-76, the highest mean maximum

 

1Angelo Pesce,'Jeddah,_Portrait of an Arabian City (London:
Falcon Press, 1974), p. 102.

10

 

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12

humidity was about 94 percent with the mean average relative humidity
about 70 percent monthly.2 The mean daily maximum temperature is

about 36°C in the summer and mean daily minimum temperature about 19°C.
The annual average temperature is about 27.5°C. The highest tempera-
tures and the relative humidities bother the inhabitants in the summer;
sometimes the summer winds carry dust which causes a great deal of
inconvenience. The temperature goes down in the night and there is
less relative humidity.

Rainfall is highly unpredictable. Most of the time there is
no rain for months; sometimes there is none for years. When rain
comes, it comes heavily and quickly bringing havoc and discomfort to
the people and to businesses.3 Most of the rain falls in November,
December, and January. There is practically no rain most of the sum-
mer months. The average rainfall is about 50 mm. The graphs
in Figure 3 for humidity, temperature, and rainfall provide a clear

picture of the climate in Jeddah.

 

2Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Defense, Meteorology Department.
Mean Monthlnglimate Data for Jeddah City 1966-1976, Jeddah Station,

p. 1.

3Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs,
Regional and Town Planning Department, Western Region Plan, Alter-
native Urban Strategies, Jeddah, 1972, p. 23.

13

JEDDAH CLIMATIC CONDITION

(FIGURE 3)

l966 - l976

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

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120

100

80

60

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Mean Monthly Relative Humidity

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Seine: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Mean Monthly Climatic Data For Judah City lOOO-IOTG

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Moon

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Minimum

Maximum

Minimum

14

ECONOMIC‘FUNCTIONS

In 1945 a study by Harris and Ullman Offered various explana-

tions for the nature of cities.4

The authors stated that cities per-
fOrm various functions for society. Three of the important functions
cities perform include providing comprehensive services, transporta-
tion, and Specialized services. Harris and Ullman categorized the first
group of cities as central places because they perform comprehensive
services to the surrounding areas. The second group of cities are
based on transportation. These transport cities perform break-of—bulk
and allied services along transport routes. The third group Of cities
perform specialized functions such as mining and manufacturing, or
services such as recreation for large areas including general tributary
areas of nearby cities.

Most cities, according to Harris and Ullman, represent a com-
bination of these three types of functions with the relative importance
of each factor varying from city to city. Such is the case of Jeddah
city as it provides comprehensive services as an important trade center
for Saudi Arabia. It also has the main international airport in the

Southwest and Western regions of the country and is the main industrial

and manufacturing center for these same regions (Figure 4).

 

‘4Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, "The Nature of Cities,"
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.
242 (November 1945), pp. 7-17.

 

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16

The strategic site of the city of Jeddah on the shore of the
Red Sea gives it prominence as an important situation in the country's
Southwest and Western regions, a situation that has been essential in
accounting for its growth.5 Jeddah city dominates the Southwest and
Western regions in the following four ways.6 First, it contains the
most varied concentration of economic services. With the main port
and airport it dominates the export and import trade; the city accounts
for about half of the country's total trade. Second, the comprehensive
services such as the commercial, financial, and wholesale are concen-
trated in Jeddah more than in any other city in these two regions.
Third, Jeddah has the largest concentration of the manufacturing
establishments and the largest Red Sea Port. Most of the capital invest-
ment and work force in manufacturing are located here. Fourth, Jeddah
is the gateway to the holy place of Mecca. Every year thousands of
devout muslim pilgrims from all over the world make their pilgrimage to
Mecca by land, sea, and air. During this period the streets and
shaps in Jeddah are crowded because it is the main transit point for
most of the pilgrims. Thus a combination of commercial, industrial,

and other service functions make Jeddah the most important city in the

 

5For further discussion of site and situation see Dean S. Rugg,
Spatial Foundations of Urbanism (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company,
1972), pp. 79-98.

6Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs, Regional
and Town Planning Department, Western Region Plan, Master Plan Report
for Jeddah, 1972, p. 13.

17

country's Southwest and Western Regions, and one of the most impor;

tant cities contributing to the country's total economic development.

INTERNAL LAND USES

 

Three theories have been developed concerning the internal
structure of cities.7 The concentric zone theory states that the
pattern of growth of the city takes place from its central area and
Spreads outwards in a concentric pattern. Five concentric zones have
been identified in this theory developed by Burgess. The second
theory, the sector theory, developed by Hoyt, states that the growth
takes place out from the core of the city along major routes of
transportation. The third theory used to explain urban growth is the
multiple nuclei theory developed by Harris and Ullman. It postulates
that the land use pattern in many cities is built not around a single
center but around many discrete nuclei.

Of these three theories, the sector theory appears to be the
most applicable in explaining the existing land uses and historic
growth of Jeddah city. The city stretches outward in two main direc-
tions, the north and east, where they are along the main transport
routes linking the city to Medina and Mecca (Figure 5). Before 1948

Jeddah was a small town surrounded by walls; it served as the port of

 

7Harris and Ullman, Op. cit.

J

18

THE GROWTH OF JEDDAH
(FIGURE 5)

L-E_GE.NQ
350 BC- 1950
1850 - 1946

P 1946 - 1952
1952 -1956
1956 - 1964
1964 - 1971

   

19

entry for the pilgrims who arrived by sea. Beginning in the 19605, the
town began to grow gradually with new dwellers residing in eastern and
southern sections outside the walls. More recently the built-up area
extended with the addition of the airport and larger harbor facilities
and with more streets being laid out.8 The city area has been expand-
ing very rapidly since 1970.

In terms of land uses, most of the city's commercial activities
are located in the central business district. The areas surrounding
the CBD provide most of the retail services such as food, construction
materials, domestic goods, banks, travel agencies and hotels. Pepple
in the medium income bracket live here.

The southern part of the city is where most of the low income
residents live. This quarter is growing relatively slowly economi-
cally because it is mainly a slum area that experiences high levels
of industrial pollution because of the petroleum refinery. It is also
spatially disorganized in terms of the planning of streets, the designs
of houses, the spacing between houses, and in providing public utili-
ties. Land values in this quarter are low compared to other districts.

Land uses in the eastern part of the city are oriented along
Mecca Road. The land values are high. Government and company offices,

car dealers, car services, supermarkets, departmental stores, some

 

8Master Plan Report for Jeddah, op. cit., p. 13.

20

industrial plants and mixed residential areas are fOund in this part of
the city. Economic and population growth in this quarter is rapid.

Urban expansion to the North is more rapid than elsewhere. The
existence of Medina Road is very critical to the rapid growth. This
sector is a mixture Of residential, conmercial, and industrial activi-
ties. Most Of the recent developments including high income residen-
tial villa, foreign embassies, company offices, and several industrial
plants have taken place in this sector since 1970. About twenty-five
miles along the Medina Road to the north of the central area, a new
airport is under construction. The new airport will be one Of the lar-
gest in the country and will relieve the heavy pressure on the old
airport during the months when thousands of pilgrims arrive from all
over the world. This northern sector has experienced better planning
for human services than the other sectors described.

Housing construction is expanding rapidly north and east of the
city, however, this has not been accompanied by good comprehensive plan-
ning that is designed to meet other needs facing the city. Successful
integrated city planning should attempt to provide the inhabitants with
essential utilities such as a water supply, electricity, a sewage system,
transportation, good public health, and recreation facilities. Currently
only some of these essential utilities are available within the city.
Where many of these services are available, there is often a lack in

proper organization and delivery to all districts and to the total

21

population. Ineffective administration could be tied to poor planning
in the past and to the lack of experience necessary to provide good

planning.

RECENT POPULATION GROWTH

 

Jeddah has experienced a high growth rate in population over
the last two decades. This trend is likely to continue from a base
population Of 381,000 in 1971 to an estimated population of between
800,000 and 1.65 million by 1991 (Figure 6). These projections are
included in a report on the master plan for the city prepared by the
Regional and Town Planning Department.9

There are not accurate available data about the city's pOpula-
tion. The lack of a census from a long time has meant that estimates
have to be used. In a history of Jeddah city, one author included some
data about the population in Jeddah that were collected from a variety
of sources.10 However, all data are just estimates (Figure 7). The
last two population estimates cited in government reports are 381,000 in

1971,11 and about 561,000 in 1974.12 Most of the government planning

 

91bid., p. 41.

10Abdul Gaddous Al-Ansari, History of Jeddah (Jeddah: Dar
Al-Asafehani, 1963), pp. 87-94.

1]Master Plan Report for Jeddah, Op. cit., p. 41.

12Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Education, Data Center, Some Indica-
tions of Saudi Arabia First Population Census 1974, Riyadh, 1976, p. 9.

20

22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mafia 969111 Ion em atianl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Population by 100,000'5
O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I97I7273747576777879808|82838485868788899091

POPULATION GROWTH FORECASTS l97l-l991

(FIGURE 6)

Sacco: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Mootor Plan Report - Juan
Iiaiatry at interior, Municipal Mtaira, l9?!

High Estimate

   

Loo Estimate

T--
Population 1971 f

23

 

 

 

 

 

aoo fla—
. 1'
750 7
I,
700 I
I
650 #
I
600 !

 

550

 

 

450

‘I

500 I
l
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IN THOUSANDS

400
d

350

300 /
250 /

200

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POPULATION

 

 

 

100 C

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50 .—-——r
/‘/r‘

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O
1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

POPULATION GROWTH OF JEDDAHI 1933 - 1978
(FIGURE 7)

Sana: I. Al-Anoarl, A. Notary of Jo“, 1003

2. Soot Arum, Ministry at lntorior, Wat
Alton, Mootor Plan Roan tor m, 1072

3. Saudi halo, Wyatt-notion, Data Cantor.
Sauna It Saudi Arabian trot oaoolatlon
onto-1o oroooroa in ma, Rina. 1m

4. From 1.73-1.70 in on ootinattan

24

agencies estimate the 1978 population for Jeddah to be 800,000. Recent
population growth can be explained by five major reasons.

First, there is increased immigration from the rural areas to
the city of Jeddah because of the greater Opportunities for employment
and better benefits than on the farm. In the city there are Oppor-
tunities for work and study, more money is also available than in the
rural areas. Most of the young people who migrated from the rural
areas return to their villages for summer.

Second, most of the largest national and international com-
panies and firms locate in Jeddah because it has the main airport,
harbor, and is the focus of commercial activity in the Southwest and
Western Regions. It is also the main city for commercial contacts
with North and East Africa and other Middle East countries.

Third, Jeddah is occupied by an increasing number of non-Saudis.
In 1961 about 35 percent of Jeddah population was non-Saudi.13 Accord-
ing to a survey undertaken by the Regional and Town Planning Department
in 1971-72, about 88 percent of families sampled were born outside
Jeddah and of these 29 percent came to Jeddah within the last five years
before the survey.M Of this 88 percent, about 60 percent were born
outside Saudi Arabia. About 58 percent of the 29 percent who arrived in

Jeddah within the last five years prior to the survey were living in

 

13Abdu1 Gaddous Al-Ansari, op. cit., p. 93.

14Alternative Urban Strategies, Op. cit., pp. 71 and 74.

25

foreign countries. About 42 percent of total sample did not report Saudi
citizenship. Finally, about 53 percent of Jeddah's population cOnsists
of non-Saudians. The estimate of non-Saudians at present is between
55-60 percent. Most come from the Arab countries of North Yemen, South
Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Palestine and from non-Arab countries
including Nigeria, India, Pakistan, South Korea, West Germany, Great
Britian, and United States. The concentration of these people is found
in Jeddah because of the availability Of employment, proximity to for-
eign agencies, and easy accessibility of other cities and villages in
the country to Jeddah. Most of the population from WeStern countries
live in villas and apartments along Medina Road. The Yemenis, Egyp-
tians, and Pakistanis live in traditional houses in the central area
and Nuzla districts. Other nationalities live throughout the city.
Most Of the black population from Africa live in shacks in south Nuzla
district.

The fourth reason for recent urban growth is attributed to the
current five year plan (1975-1980) which is associated with a high rate
of inflation. Land values have become more expensive. Obtaining a
government loan for hoUsing or an industrial project is possible for
those who can raise about 30 percent of the capital. Hundreds of villas
and apartments have been built; also many industrial plants have been
established according to this plan. This has increased the demand on

the labor force from outside Jeddah, within Saudi Arabia, and other

26

countries. Most people work in the construction industry, in various
offices and companies, and for the government.

A fifth and final reason that accounts for rapid growth in the
city is the flexible visa regulations which encourage non-Saudis to
enter the country. Many from neighboring Islamic countries have come
to Jeddah on the pretense of visiting the holy places only to remain
indefinitely. Some decide not to return to their native countries.

It is difficult to keep track of these people for lack of an effective
immigration checking system that provides accurate addressess.

These are among the main reasons for the tremendous pOpulation

increase in Jeddah; all contribute to a number of problems.

URBAN PROBLEMS

 

The current rapid population increase and anticipated growth
are the basis for a number of problems facing Jeddah. Many problems
are the result of insufficient planning and the absence Of comprehen-
sive coordinated planning schemes. Among the problems are increasing
air pollution, a noisy airport, too many traffic accidents, poor health
care services, lack of recreation facilities, insufficient parking lots
and public facilities, and a sound water system.

One of the major environmental problems facing the city is lack

of a sufficient water supply. This has increased particularly within

the.1ast five years.

chapters.

27

It is examined in some detail in the following

CHAPTER III

WATER SYSTEM IN JEDDAH CITY

In this chapter six tOpics related to the city's water system
are discussed: (1) an historic background to the city's water prob-
lems, (2) the three currently available water resources, (3) the
existing and prOposed water network, (4) the management of water

supply, and (5) water uses and prices.

HISTORIC BACKGROUND

Most of the early travelers described Jeddah as the "thirsty
city." They described the water crisis and how residents used cisterns
and pits to collect rain water.1 All of the regimes which have gov-
erned the city through its history have tried to solve the problem of
insufficient water by transporting water from any district where there
was a surplus.

In 1517 the Ottoman state governed the Hijaz, the district

where Jeddah is located.2 The Ottoman Sultan supplied the city with

 

1Saudi Arabia, Saline Water Conversion Corporation Projects,
Water Unlimited (Napoli, Italy: Falcon Press, n. d.), p. l.

2Abdul Gaddous Al-Ansari, History of Aziziah Water Supply in
Jeddah (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, n. p.), 1972, p. 43.

28

 

29

water from the springs of Waziriyah, a site about 6.8 miles east of
Jeddah in the direction of Mecca.3 These springs depended on rainfall
which when it came provided sufficient water. However, when there was
no rainfall, there was a water shortage. As described earlier, rains
in and around Jeddah are irregular and these springs failed to meet the
growing demands of water that the city needed. TO meet the deficit in
water resources, in 1907 the Ottoman government decided to import dis-
tillation machines from EurOpe.4 Though the distillation machine was
performing commensurate with the city's water demands, the machine
itself performed irregularly.

During the 1924-25 Saudi Hashemite War, the coal supply, used
to operate the distillation machines, was cut off.5 This resulted in
wood being used as a substitute to distill the water. But wood damaged
the distillation machines. After this war the Saudi government tried
in vain to repair the machines so that they could resume the increasing
water supply demand by the city, especially for the large number of
pilgrims arriving during the pilgrimage season. However, the damage
proved irreparable. Finally in 1927 the government imported two new

machines from Europe to distill water and meet the needs of the city.6

 

Ibid., p. 44.

30

In 1942 the Saudi government invited a technical mission from
the United States to study the water situation with the aim of improv-
ing the water supply.7 The mission reported there was a possibility
to supply Jeddah with water from Wadi Fatima located about 34 miles
east of the city. The government started the Operation and by 1947
the project was successfully completed. Later, in 1967, another new
resource called Wadi Khlais, about 70 miles to the north Of Jeddah,
was also tapped to supply water to the city.8 In the early 19705 the
desalinization plants, which are discussed more fully below, provided

a good part of the city's water supply.

CURRENT WATER RESOURCES

Presently Jeddah receives its water supply from three different
sources (Figure 8). They are from Wadi Fatima located about 30 miles
east of Jeddah, (2) from Wadi Khlais located about 70 miles north, and
(3) a desalinization plant Site in the northwest part of the city of
Jeddah at Kubbat Asherah. Each of these sources needs to be discussed

further.

 

71bid., p. 53.

81bid., pp. 213-16.

31

JEDDAH
WATER DISTRICT

[FIGURE 81

Source: Saudi Arabia
Miniotry at interior, Municipal Aitoiro, 1972

 

0 5 101520

ocala kliomator

sun/- Wadl

E] Cultivation
Highland

32
Wadi Fatima

This wadi covers an area of about 4,500 square kilometers.9

Most of the storage areas are alluvial. There are actually two wadis
here, an upper and a lower one, with the upper wadi supplying water to
Mecca and the lower one to Jeddah. According to data released in
1971-72 (Figure 9), the exact amount of water storage in the upper wadi
is unknown, but it is insufficient to meet the needs Of Mecca (5.6 Mm3)
and for irrigation and rural population (2.3 Mm3).* However, the pic-
ture is not that encouraging in the lower wadi as the storage level is

3 in 1967-68 to 263 Mm3 in 1972).

gradually declining (315 Mm
Observations of the water table in the lower wadi reveal that
the average decline in the ground water is about 70 mm per month.
About 10 Mm3 of water available in the lower wadi goes to Jeddah and
another 17 Mm3 goes for irrigation and rural needs every year. The
declining water table poses a special problem for Jeddah. Currently
there are fifty wells and three springs that supply 16-20 million gal-

10

lons daily, the actual amount that arrives in Jeddah city is about 10

 

9Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs, Western
Region Plan, Immediate Action Studies Report, Vol. 3, Water, Jeddah,
February 1972, pp. 23-24.

1OInterview with Mr. Mohammed M. Al-Harbi, the Supervisor of the
Geologists in Jeddah, The Branch Office of Ministry of Agriculture and
Water in Jeddah, March 1978.

*
Mm3 = Million cubic meters per year.

 

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34

million gallons daily. The rest of the water is distributed to the vil-

lages via Ain (an aqueduct) between the wadi and Jeddah city.

Wadi Khlais

 

This wadi is located about 70 miles north of Jeddah. It is
extensive and covers about 5,200 square kilometers.11 It includes four
catchment areas: 1) Wadi Murwani, 2) Wadi Ghoran, 3) some small drain-
age basins, and 4) the Wadi Khlais alluvial basin itself. If there is
no rain, all four catchment areas run dry and understandably there is
no water supply. When there is heavy rain, the lack of dams account
for excess water runoff; high temperatures evaporate a great deal of
surface water. The Ghoran basin receives about 1.5 Mm3 annually from
the floods of the wadi and about 1.25 Mm3 from rainfall. An estimated
5.5 Mm3 are extracted annually from the wells; about 60 percent is
used for irrigation with about 2.2 Mm3 returned back to the soil.

These figures reflect the imbalance between the input and output.

Wadi Ghoran is taking an overdraft of 0.55 Mm3 per year. The Murwani
basin receives about 24 Mm3 from flood water and about 8.25 Mm3 from
the subsurface flow and the infiltration resulting from rainfall. The
output annually is about 16 Mm3 from the wells. There are 6 Mm3

returned back to the soil, 4 Mm3 outflow from the surface and 2 Mm3

 

1'lWater, op. cit., pp. 17-22.

35

from the subsurface outflow. The estimated extraction from the Murwani
basin for irrigation consumption is about 60 percent with about 40 per-
cent being lost through natural evapO-transpiration; this leaves nothing
for wadi outflow and basin exports. In 1966 a field analysis done by
Ital Consultant Company indicated that about 15-16 Mm3 of water per year
is consumed by phreatophytes. There is an insufficient amount of water
to face the future demand both for irrigation or urban uses (Figure 10).

There are about thirty-five wells and three springs in the Khlais
basin.12 While the average water supply to Jeddah is estimated between
8-10 million gallons daily, only about 7 million gallons actually arrives
to the city's reservoirs. The rest of the water is lost due to faulty
connections. There is a 70-mile long pipeline between Wadi Khlais and
Jeddah city. These pipeline connections are not regularly inspected
and maintained. When a leak Or break occurs, it may go unchecked for a
period of time resulting in water loss.

In summary, there is an insufficient amount of water in these
two wadis to meet the city's demands. Wadi Fatima is in an unsatisfac-
tory and uncertain state because Of a serious overdraft.13 Wadi Khlais

14

has entered a phase of virtually irreversible decline. It is estimated

 

12zMr. Al-Harbi, op. cit.

13Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs,
Western Region Plan, Regional Framework, Stage Two, Phase Two, June
1972, p. 108.

14Ibid., p. 108.

 

36

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37

that the water table in this wadi is declining at 85 mm per month.15

These water problems also have an impact on the agricultural sector.

Many people have migrated from rural areas to the cities because of the
lack of water (wasteful irrigation practices) and lowering water level

of wells. There has been a gradual decrease in fruit and vegetable yields
and little or no benefit gained by continuing to earn a living in the

agricultural sector.

The Desalinization Plant

 

The best way to meet the growing demand for fresh water in
Jeddah city is to look beyond the natural springs and other available
water supplies in the immediate area to sea water, specifically the
desalinization of water from the Red Sea. This source was first tapped
in l965 with an Operation at Kubbat Ashrah, northwest of Jeddah city.16
There are four different phases of the desalinization production pro-
cess; the twenty year plan will terminate in 1983.17 The estimates of

water derived from these plants during these phases are graphed in

Figure ll.

 

15Mr. M. Al-Harbi, op. cit.

16Water Unlimited, op. cit., p. 7.

171bid.. pp. 9-10.

38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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’L r At f 11 1 1‘
PHASE I PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4

 

SUMMARY OF CURRENT OPERATIONS AND
PROJECTS UP TO l983 FOR JEDDAH CITY
DESALINATION PLANT

(FIGURE ll)

Source: Saudi Arabia
Saline Voter Conversion Com, Vow Unlimited

39

Work on Phase 1 began in 1970 with production of 5 million gal-
lons daily and production of 50,000 megawatts of electricity. Phase 2
started in 1970 with production anticipated in 1977. However, the
expected actual production has been pushed back and was scheduled to
begin in summer l978. It is expected to yield about l0 million gal-
lons daily and 84,000 megawatts of electricity. Phase 3 started in
1976 and once completed in 1980 will yield 20 million gallons daily
and 200,000 megawatts of electricity. Phase 4 is scheduled to begin
in 1980. It will provide about 50 million gallons daily and 500,000
megawatts of electricity by l983.

Through the desalinization of sea water, Saudi Arabia hopes to
meet satisfactorily the demands of Jeddah city for fresh water and
electricity by eventually providing 85 million gallons of water daily
and 850,000 megawatts of electricity. It should be mentioned that at
present the desalinization plant does not provide the city with water

it is capable of yielding.

THE EXISTING AND PROPOSED WATER NETWORK

The old network of the city's water supply covered most of the
old districts like Central Area, Ruwais, and Nuzla. In l967 and again
in May.1969 VATTEN BYGGNADA BYRAN Company (VBB), a Swedish company,

submitted reports and proposals to the Ministry of Agriculture and

40

Water regarding the water system and the distribution network in the
city.18 There are five stages in the operation of the existing Network
that merit discussion.

The first and second stages include extended pumping stations
and reservoirs at Medina Road Kilo 8. At the same time they distribute
via the main network pipes water from the desalinization plants on the
Red Sea shore; also water is pumped to the Medina Road Kilo 8 reser-
voir. At this main reservoir these two waters are mixed and treated
and then pumped to the central areas of Jeddah city through the main
network. To raise the water pressure in the southeastern side of the
city there are booster stations at Mecca Road Kilo 5. These two stages
were completed in 1973.19

The third stage comprises the house connections for the devel-
Oped parts of the city like the Central area, the harbor, Ruwais and
some parts of Nuzla district. A water tower with an effective volume
of 13,500 cubic meters is to be erected at the Palace Gardens near Sea-

port Road. Work on the erection of this tower started in 1974 and is

almost completed. (Figure 12).20

 

18Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Jeddah Water
Supply, Further Extension, VBB, Jeddah, January 1973, p. 2.

191bid., p. 2.

20Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Jeddah Water
Tower, Jeddah, n. d., p. l.

 

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42

The fourth stage includes extensions of existing transmission
lines, reservoirs, water towers, pumping station and distribution nets.
Work on this fourth stage is expected to finish by 1980 (Figure 13). It
is designed to provide another 85 million gallons daily in the early
1980's from the new desalinization plants at Kubbat Ashrah and 50 million
gallons daily from the new desalinization plant in south Jeddah (to be
completed by 1985).21 The fifth stage does not exist yet, but plans call
for a more extensive network in the northern and southern parts of the

22 Plans are also underway to build six new reservoirs for the

city.
city, hopefully by 1981, at Medina Road Kilo 8. The old reservoirs at
Kilo 8 have a capacity of 10 million gallons. The total capacity of

the old and new reservoirs is projected for 30 million gallons.23

THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER SYSTEM

When the Saudi government started to supply Jeddah city with
water in l947, it called the project "Aziziah Water Supply", which was

an independent government agency with its own budget and facilities.24

 

2ISaudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Jeddah Water
Supply-Distribution Net--Fourth Stage, Jeddah, August 1975, p. 1.

22Saudi Arabia, OKAZ Daily Newspaper, Thursday, June 22, 1978,

231bid., p. 5.

24AbduI Gaddous Al-Ansari, op. cit., pp. 12-14.

 

 

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44

It took care of the water supply to the city and its own management
until about 1970. In 1965 the Ministry of Agriculture and Water started
the desalinization project in the city of Jeddah.25 This ministry
signed a contract with the Swedish company referred to above, VATTEN

BYGGNADA BYRAN (VBB), some time after 1965.26

V88 is responsible for
the water distribution network system, pumping stations, reservoirs
and have connections.27 Another company, Saudi Arabian BLOKAT, also
takes care of the operation and maintenance of Jeddah water works.28
Both VBB and BLOKAT are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Water, which has its branch office in Jeddah. The
branch office has supervising authority over these two companies and
represents the Ministry in the Western Region.

In 1971 the total amount of water delivered by the two wadis
and the desalinization plant to the city of Jeddah was estimated to be

20 Mm3 gallons a year (Table l).29 In the same year the consumption of

the 20 Mm3 gallons can be divided into four categories: 1) essential

 

25Water Unlimited, op. cit., p. 7.

 

26Seven Green Spikes, op, cit., pp. l97-207.

27Ibid.

ZBSaudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Saudi Arabian
BLOKAT, Operation and Maintenance of Jeddah Water Works, Jeddah, January,
1978, p. 1.

29Master Plan Report for Jeddah, op. cit., p. 160.

45

or domestic urban, 2) municipal, industrial, harbor, etc., 3) garden-
ing, and 4) network losses (Table 2).30 The amount of water consumed
in Jeddah city in 1971 for the population of 38l,000 for various uses
is shown in Figure 14. Based on current water usage the Ministry of
Interior, Municipal Affairs Division, projected both the low and high
population growths and low and high water supply needs to l99l (Figure
15). Figure l6 shows the consumption per day in l97l and estimates
the demands to 1991.

Residents in the city of Jeddah obtain water from five different
sources: (1) their home is connected directly via pipelines to the
water work, (2) they purchase water from long water trucks (tanks),

(3) small donkey pulled water carts, and (4) water peddlers who carry
water in large buckets and tins, or (5) they carry their own water from
the public standpipes. The scenes depicted in Figure 17 are common in

Jeddah.

WATER USES AND PRICE

Water uses can be divided into three categories: domestic,
commercial, and irrigation uses. Domestic uses cover cooking, washing
clothes, and cleaning the houses. People who live in villas wash the

floors of the houses and stairs about once a week. In the summer season '

 

 

46

TABLE I

WATER RESOURCES IN 197I

 

 

 

 

Water Resource Quantity (in gallons)
1. Wadi Fatima 7 MmB/yr
2. Wadi Khlais 7 Mm3/yr
3. Desalinization Plant 6 Mm3/yr
TOTAL 20 Mm /yr
TABLE 2

CATEGORIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION IN l97l

 

 

 

 

% of Daily per

 

Category of Consumption MmB/yr Total Capita Rate
1. Essential urban ll 55 80
2. Municipal, Industrial, etc. 2 10 14
3. Gardening 5 25 36
4. Network Losses 2 l0 l4
TOTAE --------------- 80- - - - - - T00 ..... 1A4- - -

 

Note: Mid-l97l Papulation about 381,000.

Source: Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs, Master Plan Report For
Jeddah, 1972, pp. 160-l61.

47

«8. .332 .2228: .18.... t :83:
2930.. I .800: not .288
03.3 C...» 3 is... Solon

 

       
      

...:es. 0..

0030-. 2.0502

 

 

Fake... 0

05:00.00 ,

 

 

25...... ~_

.20 0000.0:
.0330... 400.3002

 

 

rakes. :—

0005 .22300

 

2v. mmamfiv
Km. 2_ ZO_._.Q§DmZOU mug-SS “.0 MOE-zwumma

48
:WW

HBLVM

o
9
ON
Om
oc
on
ow
on
Go

00.0. 5.3: 2.0.2.5: :25... t 52...:
‘03.... I .30.: so... 3...!
.203 .33 .0 £82.... n22.2.0

Km. 2. 20.0.4425... IIIIII
025200 002; 30.. ........ AD. MKDOEV
......wzflfip fin ............. am. - .5 023.00 0022. 2.2000 0...»

02¢. I._.>>Omo ZOE-4430.00. MI...

29.2 Anton :9:

02000..
.0 00 00 00 ..0 00 00 00 no 00 .0 00 2. 0.. R 0.. 0.. 2. m» 0.. .3.
0

oo.
OON
00m
00v
com
000
00h
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00m
0..
...

 

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N.
n._
Q.-
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9.
s...

won-um

 

49

 

340

 

320

 

300

280 #
"O‘P’

9‘“
I
1"

260 3»

w"
4
240 ’%'
l’ '

 

 

 

 

 

Y
to
to
o

 

 

’V
I
3 ,0'
I
3200 f
n. I/
a J"
g I80 ’7’
3 ’4’
I
l60 ’

 

O;

 

I40

 

|20

 

I00
I97I 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 8| 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 9|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION l97l-l99l
(FIGURE l6)

Source: Kingdom 0' some Arabic
loom Pm Rayon - mun
Ibis", 00 Interior, flunIproI amm, I972

50
Figure 17: WATER SOURCES

 

51

most people in Jeddah city consume almost twice the amount of water they
do the rest of the year mainly because of the very high temperature and
humidity. Commercial use applies to municipal, industrial, harbors and
businesses. Since there are pipelines in these places, peOple use

fresh water for various purposes when they could actually use some

other sources of water. Irrigating gardens is done in most of the
villas. Fresh water is used to water these gardens. About 25 per-

cent of the total water supply (l97l) was used for such purposes.

The price of water from the network is very cheap compared to
that of truck prices. The water supply administration in Jeddah has
set the legal price of the water carried in a 4,000 gallon truck at
about $45.3] PeOple can also purchase water from truckers for much
less, but these truckers do not bring the water from the sources which
are legal. Obtaining water from illegal sources and private truckers
poses many health hazards. A World Bank Report on village water sup-

plies states:32

Lack of safe water for drinking and washing is also an
important factor in the spread of other diarrheal
diseases, which form possibly the most important single
disease group throughout the developing world. . . .
Numerous other diseases are also linked to poor water
supply or sanitary conditions.

 

31Saudi Arabia, OKAZ Daily Newspaper, Thursday, June 22, l978.
p. 5. One Dollar = 3.50 Saudi Riyal.

32
p. 54.

World Bank, Village Water Supply, (Washington, D.C., l976),

 

52

Residents often do not know whether the water purchased is from
legal or illegal sources; truckers as well do not realize the diseases
carried in water taken from illegal wells. Sometimes the price of
illegal water increases to $80 or more per tank in the summer.

How residents perceive the existence and seriousness of the

water problems facing Jeddah city is the focus of the two chapters.

CHAPTER IV

HYPOTHESES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Chapter 111 provided a brief description of the water system and
the accompanying problems in Jeddah city. In this chapter five hypoth-
eses regarding the residents' perceptions of water problems and their
water uses are postulated. Also, the field methods used to collect the
household survey data are discussed as are additional data sources that

aid in examining the city's water use.

HYPOTHESES

 

The research hypotheses are based on an understanding of both
socioeconomic differences within the city and knowledge of the city's

water system. They are:

Hypothesis 1: That residents in the old districts such as Nuzla,

 

Harbour, Central Area and Ruwais receive water more from the
city's network than new districts like those along Mecca Road

and Medina Road.

53

54

'3533199glg; The growth in the new district is very rapid. Not
adequate attention is given to this rapidly developing new

district to construct water network system.

Hypothesis 11: That villa residents have greater access to water

 

from the network than people who live in traditional houses or

shacks.1

Rationale: It is assumed that villa dwellers have high income,
and they can afford to manipulate or influence the agency
responsible for water supply to construct the pipeline to
their residences, whereas those who dwell in traditional
homes and shacks receive low income and do not have such
influence to enjoy the privileges of a pipeline from the

network.

Hypothesis 111: That people who have higher monthly and annual incomes

 

live in better houses and receive more water from the network than

those living in shacks.

 

1A villa is considered to be of excellent design constructed in
concrete. A small garden usually surrounds the villa and a wall sur-
rounds the whole villa. A traditional hog§g_is considered to be con-
structed with inadequate engineering design. The ceiling usually is
made from wood and no yard surrounds this type of house. A shack is
considered to be constructed from wood and old tin, usually consisting
of two or three very small rooms without facilities, and very close to
each other.

55

“Rationale: A person's income is an important factor in determin-
ing one's social status. The rich people can afford the
luxuries of a comfortable life, whereas the poor peOple have

their limitations in this regard.

Hypothesis IV: That water from the network is used to irrigate gar-

dens of villa residents.

Rationale: Gardens that are watered regularly are mainly found
among those living in villas. Using fresh water from the net-
work for the beautification of a garden is considered wasteful
when those in other types of housing do not have a chance to
obtain sufficient water from the network. Also there are

other sources of water available to water the gardens.

Hypothesis V: That residents perceive ongoing public construction work

as impeding water reception from the network.

Rationale: Lack of cooperative planning among various public con-
struction agencies adversely affects the quality and quantity

of water received.

56
muons'or ANALYSIS

Researchers conducting household interviews or surveys in Saudi
Arabia are confronted with a variety of problems. These problems are
related to the selection of a representative sample, the actual collec-
tion of field data, the lack of readily available published census
materials and maps, and the difficulty in obtaining unpublished reports
and documents from government offices.

The collection of field data in a city like Jeddah is very
difficult mainly because the city is organized in districts that often
cannot be easily delimited and houses and streets that are difficult
to locate for sampling purposes. Generally speaking, only the main
streets have names. The small streets have neither names nor numbers.
Moreover, there is no numbering on the houses at all, all which makes
it difficult to identify residential locations for a sample.

A cross-section of residential areas and housing types was
considered necessary in order to assess spatial variations in per-
ceptions the residents had of the city's water problems and of the
variations in water use. In order to obtain that cross-section of
households in different parts of the city, a variation of the method
adapted by the Ministry of Interior in 197l for surveying and planning
was used to divide the city into six districts: Nuzla, Harbour,

Central Area, Ruwais, Mecca Road, and Medina Road (Figure l8).

 

57

 

 

 

E 2... .382 3.33.. .83.... t :33:

050n9nm.o .38-.8.o¢8...!83..

w

3333:. 39:55 am... . . . . . ..

$05.55 So v.63 . . .. n .. .

 

‘ ozmou... . .. .. .

              

1m m. . .......... . ...... ..........m.....n.............

o I
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mmE<ozaom 5.0;.me

232 .38 .o 18...... .838

 

 

58

Administering the questionnaire was difficult because of the problem
in discerning the type of housing and the social and economic status
for those households. An attempt was made to sample within every dis-
trict, and take a representative sample for all kinds of houses:
villas, apartments, traditional houses and shacks (Figure l9). In
the Central Area district, there were no villas or shacks, so no samp-
ling was carried out. On a street map of the city provided by the
Municipality Office of Jeddah individual residential buildings were
shown. On this map each of the six districts was identified and the
streets were given numbers. A random selection was made regarding
which streets to sample. Likewise, on each street selected for samp-
ling the beginning and ending of the street were identified and all
the houses facing the streets were given numbers. Subsequently, a
random sample of individual houses on each street was selected using
the table of random numbers.2 A total of 500 questionnaires were
administered in the city. Ten students from King Abdulaziz University,
Department of Geography, helped in conducting the household interviews.
The field survey was carried out from January through March 1978.
Additional sources of data on general water problems, water net-
works and water use for the city were collected through meetings with

some officials from the government agricultural and water ministry, the

 

2Herbert Blalock, Social Statistics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, l972), p. 5l0.

 

59
Figure 19: TYPES OF DWELLINGS

‘Apartm

”v ‘ ‘\.<.§.
-‘- ‘

v

 

60

public services department, the Jeddah municipality, the city's desalini-
zation plant, the planning department of western region, Saudi Arabian
BLOKAT Company, VATTEN BYGGNADA BYRAN (VBB) Company and other agencies.
These interviews were useful in providing a general overview of Jeddah's
water system. However, it was difficult to obtain maps, census data, or
current reports. Officials in the government and other agencies con-
tacted apparently had much of the information desired on the city's
water situation, but they were reluctant to share it.

Now that the specific hypotheses have been formulated, and the
methods of analysis used to collect the household data are outlined,
the next step is to analyze the results. These are presented and

analyzed in the following chapter.

CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTIONS REGARDING

WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS

The main objective of this study as stated in Chapter I is to
examine the perceptions of residents in Jeddah city regarding the
problems they face in getting sufficient amounts of water. The dis-
cussion below is focused upon five different sections, all of which
are integrated into the hypotheses stated in the previous chapter.
The five sections are (a) water accessibility by districts, (b) water
accessibility and type of house, (c) income and type of house by
water sources, (d) water uses and type of house, and (e) water recep-
tion from the network versus ongoing construction work.

In order to analyze these relationships and answer questions
raised concerning water use and the perception of water problems, the
five hundred households randomly selected were asked to respond to a
questionnaire that included a variety of items dealing with water use
and accessibility. The major items related to the type of houses,
sources of water, problems involved in obtaining water, income of the
household, and major uses of water. See Appendix for detailed c0py
of questionnaire.

61

62

Many of data obtained from this survey were analyzed using a
series of Chi-Square tests with a 0.005 significance level used to
accept or reject the hypothesized relationships.1 Other hypotheses
were accepted or rejected on the basis of the level of responses (that

is, the percentages) to specific questions.

WATER ACCESSIBILITY AND
AGE OF DISTRICT

 

In the first hypothesis it is postulated that residents living
in old districts like Nuzla, Harbour, Central Area and Ruwais receive
more water than the new districts on Mecca Road and Medina Road. That
is, those residing in the old districts would be expected to experience
fewer water shortages. The survey results of this question are given
in Table 3. A Chi-Square test of the relationships between the type of
district and degree water shortages exist is significant at the 0.005
level. That is, there is a significant relationship between the water
shortage and age of the district. A further verification of this
hypothesis is shown graphically in Figure 20; it shows that residents
in new districts experience and perceive more water shortages than
those in the old districts. The percentage of respondents who face

extreme difficulty in the new districts is 37 percent while only 20

 

1Herbert Blalock, Social Statistjgs (New York: McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1972), p. 275.

.mmwucmacmcw uwaumgxm mew mommcpcmgmg cw mgwaszz

 

 

m
moo.o a «.mm u Nx
mme .mm mm Am. Fm. mpwpo»
em. A. oe mm mm
...m. .o.m. .m.... .o.m_. moo..pm.o zmz
m.m mm mm mm. mm
a. .~.m.. .m.... .m.m~. m.m.~.. mpuw.pmwo v.0
6
mpwuoh Empnoga Ewpnoga smpnoca Empnoca
oz m.»p.. meow msmepx.

 

mw<hmozm mmh<3

 

 

Hummbmmo mo ma>b oz<
mw<chzm mmp<3 om<3oh mmoshmhh< no onh<Hoomm<

m m4m<H

64
I00

 

90

 

8O

 

7O

 

 

60

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[.-
2
In
L) 50
a:
w
o.
40 T
\\
\‘
\
20- k
\ \ \l
. S s 5
SOME LITTLE NO
PROBLEM PROBLEM PROBLEM

 

 

N OLD onsrmcrs
- new answers

 

 

PERCEPTION OF WATER PROBLEMS IN NEW
AND OLD DISTRICTS

(FIGURE 20)

 

 

65

percent in the old districts. On the other hand only 9 percent of the
respondents in the new districts and 2l percent of those in the old
districts have no problem getting water.

The results confirm the first hypothesis that residents in the
old districts experience fewer problems than those in the new districts.
This outcome could be explained by the lack of network system that pro-
vides sufficient amounts of water in some newer parts of the city
especially. As we observed in Chapter III, the network existing
covers almost all of the old districts and only a small portion of the
newer ones. Although Medina Road is one of the two new districts with
much recent development and good planning, it is not fully served by
the water network. The water pressure in areas along Mecca Road,
including King Abdulaziz University campus and the surrounding areas,
is very weak. This can be attributed in part to the small degree of
slope in the network.

A closer examination of the relationship between the sources
of water and specific districts shows that three of the four old dis-
tricts, Harbour, Central Area, and Ruwais, obtain a high percentage of
their water supply from the network (Table 4 and Figure 2l). Only
Nuzla district, which has most of the slum areas in Jeddah city,
receives very little water from the network. 0f the two new districts
(along Mecca Road and Medina Road) only 48 percent and 65 percent of

respondents respectively receive water from the network. These low

66

 

 

 

 

- - m.m m - I m m m.m m <.m~ m_ empcuma
m.m_ PF m.m m m m 5., p P.. _ mm m_ acme
¢.mF «F m.~¢ we m m m.m N N.m m m.mp m xcmp
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.mmm mpcmu .mmm mucmu .mmm mucmu .mmm macaw .mmm mucmc .mmm mpcmv
we a -coammm mo & -coammm we a -coammm we a -coammm we & -coammm mo a -coammm

mmogaom
Loam:
umom mcwumz emom mood: mvmzam mmg< pmgucmu czoncm: m_~=z
mpuwcumwa 3oz muuwgumwo u—o

 

 

mmumsom mmh<3 :HHZ whonpmHo

e m4m<h

67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I00
3
90 4
2
|
I
80
70
6
60
[.—
Z
8 50
a: 5
Lu
0.
40
I\
30
i ‘i\
av
\ ‘K
IO
\ \+>S;:
"Tina." \ .
O I f
NETWORK TANK CART PEDDLER
L 1 1 4b 5
WATER SOURCES
LEGEND
. —— I. NUZLA DISTRICT
---------- 2.
O HARBOUR DISTRICT OLD DSTRICTS
O ------- 3. CENTRAL AREA DISTRICT
3 -——-—-— 4. RuvIAIS DISTRICT

E] —+—+— 5. MECCA ROAD DISTRICT

[:1 -—x—x— 6. MEDINA ROAD DISTRICT :I‘MEW D'STR'CTS

SOURCES OF WATER BY DISTRICT
(FIGURE 2|)

68

figures reveal a need for planning water networks for these districts
in the fUture. While it will take time to plan and to expand the net-
work into these new districts, they are expected to continue growing

which will likely pose more serious problems in the future.

WATER SHORTAGE AND TYPE OF HOUSING

 

It is hypothesized that people who live in villas experience
fewer problems and have greater access to water from the network than
people who live in traditional houses or shacks. The survey results,
summarized in Table 5, show that those living in villas and apartments
experience the fewest shortages. While only about ll percent of
villa dwellers and IQ percent Of apartment dwellers face extreme
problems with water shortage, about 35 percent of those in traditional
houses and 63 percent Of those in shacks face extreme problems in
Obtaining water. The Chi-Square results show the relationship between
type of housing and perception of the water shortage to be significant
at the 0.005 level. This result supports the second hypothesis. The
acceptance of this hypothesis also verified the fact that the high
income population living in villas has less difficulty in obtaining
water than the low income people living in traditional houses and
shacks (Figure 22) The degree of difficulty may be translated into

the degree of accessibility to water.

69

TABLE 5
ASSOCIATION OF ATTITUDES TOWARD

WATER SHORTAGE BY TYPE OF HOUSE

 

 

 

 

Extreme Some Little No
Problem Problem Problem Problem Totals
Villa (1.6)al (5.2) (4.4) (3.4)
8 26 22 17 73
Apartment (3.2) (14.4) (7.8) (6.4)
16 72 39 32 159
Traditional
House (15.0) (14.8) (6.8) (6.6)
75 74 34 33 216
Shack (6.4) (3.0) (0.6) (0.2)
32 15 3 1 51
Totals 131 187 98 83 499
2
X = 80.8 p 0.005
a

Numbers in parentheses are expected frequencies.

There also is a significant relationship between the type of

house and the water sources (Table 6). Both Table 6 and Figure 23

7O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100
90
80
7O
4‘
so i.
l- ‘,
E “
\
g 50 i
LU \ 9‘
a \\ I \
x .’ \
4° \ T '\
\ \\
I
3""“"7'¥)‘ “~-:\
I \ ‘5‘
30 I I \ \ \ ‘
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II \ \\
\
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IO "I x
2 ‘\
‘r
0 f
EXTREME SOME LITTLE NO
PROBLEM PROBLEM PROBLEM PROBLEM
L ’1‘ 1 4‘ 4‘
WATER SHORTAGE
LEGEND

LINE I DENOTES VILLAS

LINE 2 DENOTES APARTMENTS

LINE 3 DENOTES TRADITIONAL HOUSES
LINE 4 DENOTES SHACKS

PERCEPTION OF WATER SHORTAGES BY TYPE
OF HOUSING
(FIGURE 22)

 

7I

show that more;than 90 percent of those Iiving in viIIas and apart-

ments receive water from the network.

This figure is contrasted whiIe

onIy 58 percent of those who Iive in traditionaI houses and onTy 16

percent of those Iiving in shacks receive water from the network; most

TABLE 6
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOURCES OF WATER

AND TYPE OF HOUSE

 

 

 

 

Network Tank Cart PeddIer TotaIs
viiia (13.9)a (0.8) (0.0) (0.0)
69 4 O O 73
Aoartment (29.8) (2.2) (0.2) (0.0)
I46 II I 0 I58
TraditionaI
House (25.I) (13.5) (3.0) (I.8)
I25 67 I5 9 2I6
Shack (i 6) (0 0) (3.6) (4 8)
8 0 I8 24 50
TotaIs 348 82 34 33 497
2
x = 316.8 p 0.005

a . " .
Numbers in parentheses are expected frequenc1es.

72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I00
90
l
2
80
70 ‘
60
F- 3
:2
DJ
0 so
tr \
“J
0.
4O \ /
30 \ /
20
4 \ A
IO
NETWORK TANK CART PEDDL ER
L 4‘ ’1‘ 4‘
meER SOURCES
LEGEND

LINE l DENOTES VILLAS

LINE 2 DENOTES APARTMENTS

LINE 3 DENOTES TRADITIONAL HOUSES
LINE 4 DENOTES SHACKS

SOURCES OF WATER BY TYPE OF HOUSING
(FIGURE 23)

73

of the residents in shacks have very low incomes. The two most common
ways fbr the Tow income residents to obtain water are to buy it from
the carts or peddlers or peddle their own water. Almost half procure
water through peddling. The survey results summarized in Table 6
reflect the unfair treatment the low income population suffer in regard
to obtaining water through the local administration. Obtaining water
from carts and peddlers, as stated above, is not sanitary as often the

water is exposed to contamination by dust and germs.

INCOME, HOUSING, AND
SOURCES OF WATER

 

 

Following the results obtained by verifying the second hypoth-
esis, it is hypothesized that those residents with higher incomes live
in better quality houses and receive water from the city's network.
Table 7 shows a classification of monthly income according to types of
housing.

The survey results, summarized in Table 7, reveal that those
people with the highest monthly income live in villas and apartments
while those with the low incomes generally live in traditional houses
and shacks. The relationship between the monthly income and the type
of house is also shown in Figure 24. Half of those interviewed who
live in villas have incomes of $l,000 or more per month per head of

household. 0n the other hand only about 7 percent of those living in

 

74

TABLE 7

THE INCOME AND TYPE OF HOUSE

 

Income

Type of House

 

Traditional

 

 

 

Villa Apartment Shack
per House
Household

Respon- % of Respon- % of Respon- % of Respon- % of

dents Res. dents Res. dents Res. dents Res.
Less than
$200 0 0 0 0 4 l 9 3 6 l
$200-399 l 1.6 4 26 9 4.3 6 l2.2
$400-599 0 0 7 4.6 32 15.4 19 38.8
$600-799 4 6.3 5l 33.6 74 35.6 15 30.6
$800-999 27 42.2 59 38.8 75 36.l 6 12.2
$1000 +
more 32 50.0 31 20.4 l4 6.7 0 0

 

traditional houses have incomes in this category; no heads of households

living in shacks had incomes in this category. The survey further

revealed that most households living in apartments and traditional houses

earned between 5600-999 per month while those in shacks earned less than

$600 per month. There is also a strong positive relationship between

monthly income and a household's connection to the city's water network

(Figure 25). Eighty percent of those households in the highest income

category receive water from the network; none obtain it from peddlers.

 

IOO

90

70

 

60
g.
2
In
0 so
a:
m
a.
4O
3O
20
(O
o
VILLA APARTMENT TRADITIONAL SfiACK
HOUSE
LEGEND
LESS THAN $2oo 4._..
IIIIIIIIIIIII $200 - $399
E2) 40o - s99
:aoo - :799 L«THE HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER MONTH
E $80O - $999
- slooo AND OVER <——

 

INCOME MEASURED IN u.s. DOLLAR - $l=3.5 SAUDI'S RIYAL

INCOME BY TYPE OF HOUSING
(FIGURE 24)

 

«38“.: g AWN mmDmv—n:

“u...” M $23 Lo 8858 024 2282. 301mg?

xmoiemz I
onzImomJ 33$. «.623 n.» u.» - "3.38 .m: 2. 8:83: mzooz:

IP20: mun. NJOUZ. OJOImeOI

 

« «
$50 92 08.» 83 .. coo» m2.» . com» 83 u 8e» 83 . com“ com o 5:: $3
o
o.
om
on m
m m
ow 3 a
N a
I. 3
o
on m ...
s M
oo M ..v.
H 3
3 a
2. G
om
om

 

00.

77

Those with the lowest incomes Obtain over 40 percent of their water
through peddling; a small percentage receive water from the network.
Tanks and carts are additional sources for those with low incomes.
These results thus support the hypothesis that there is a relationship
between income, type of house and sources of water. The high income
peOple, it might be concluded, especially in regards to water, have

access to the comfortable life and the poor to the uncomfortable life.

TYPE OF HOUSE AND WATER USE

 

Since it has been demonstrated that high income people live in
villas and obtain water via the municipal network, it is hypothesized
that they use water from that network to irrigate their gardens.

Before examining this hypothesis, a word about gardens and
watering them is in order. Gardens are considered fashionable in
Jeddah, especially for those living in villas; most residents have
gardens within their compound. The Chi-Square results, significant at
the 0.005 level, show a strong relationship between the presence of
the gardens and type of house. The survey results revealed that 73
percent of those in villas while 3 and 4 percent of those living in
apartments and traditional houses respectively have gardens (Table 8).
Households with the lowest incomes do not have gardens (Figure 26).

The relationship between the type of house and uses of water

was examined next. The results reveal there is a strong relationship

78

TABLE 8
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TYPES OF HOUSES

AND PRESENCE OF GARDENS

 

 

 

Traditional

Villa Apartment House Shack Totals
Garden (10.7)a (1.0) (1.7) (0.0)

53 5 8 0 66
No Garden (4.I) (3I.O) (40.7) (I0.3)

20 150 197 50 4l7
Totals 73 155 205 50 483
2
X = 25l.7 P 0.005

a . .
Numbers 1n parentheses are expected frequenc1es.

between the type of house and water uses (Table 9). Almost 66 percent
of those who live in villas use water for both household purposes and
irrigating gardens; only 3.2 percent of apartment dwellers and tradi-
tional house dwellers use water for the same purposes. Those living
in shacks use water only for domestic purposes. As indicated in Table
6, about 95 percent of those living in villas receive water from the
network only; almost 66 percent of villa dwellers use water both for

drinking and irrigating gardens (Table 9). These dwellers have much

79
TYPES OF HOUSING WITH GARDENS
(FIGURE 26)

 

2. APARTMENT I. VILLA

4. SHACK 3. TRADITIONAL HOUSE

LEGEND

 

- PEOPLE WHO HAVE GARDENS

E PEOPLE WHO DO NOT HAVE GARDENS

8O

differént uses of water than those in other types of housing (Fig-

 

 

 

 

 

 

ure 27).
TABLE 9
WATER USES AND TYPE OF HOUSE
Type of House
Villa Apartment Traditional Shack
Water Uses House
Respon- % of Respon- % of Respon- % of Respon- % of
dents Res. dents Res. dents Res. dents Res.
Drinking 25 34.2 153 96.8 209 96.8 48 l00
Drinking
and 48 65.8 5 3.2 7 3.2 0 0
Irrigating

 

WATER AVAILABILITY AND THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

 

Another problem that exists within Jeddah city involves the
effect extensive and ongoing public construction in various parts of
the city has on the availability of water. Ongoing construction work
includes building structures, paving streets, laying telephone and
electricity extensions, and drilling for and laying of sewer pipes.

It is hypothesized that residents perceive construction and repair of

 

USES OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND IRRIGATION
BY TYPE OF HOUSING
(FIGURE 27)

 

2. APARTMENT

4. SHACK 3. TRADITIONAL HOUSE

LEGEND

- DRINKING AND IRRIGATION

D DRINKING

82

various projects as obstacles to their receiving water. The 348
respondents who received water from the network were asked whether

they face any major problems receiving water regularly from the network.
While 161 respondents (46 percent) stated that they do not face major
problems receiving water regularly, 183 respondents (53 percent) stated
otherwise. Four heads of households (1 percent) did not respond to
this question (Table 10). The fact that over half of the households
receiving water from the network experienced problems on obtaining

water suggests the issue was worth examining in some detail.

TABLE I0
NETWORKS PROBLEMS AND PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE

WATER FROM THE NETWORK

 

 

Network Problems People who Receive Water from the Network

 

 

Respondents % of Respondents
Satisfactory 161 46.26
Unsatisfactory 183 52.59
Missing Cases 4 1.15
TOTAL 348 100

 

Even though 151 respondents (43 percent) claimed that they have no prob-

lem getting water from the network regularly in spite of construction

83

work, 194 respondents (56 percent) claimed that their water supply is
often temporarily cut off because of various construction projects

(Table 11). An analysis of the survey results summarized in Tables

TABLE II
PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION WORKS AND PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE

WATER FROM THE NETWORK

C

 

 

 

 

 

4—

Public People who Receive Water from the Network

 

 

 

 

Construction

Works Respondents % of Respondents
Yes, they have problems 194 55.74

No, they do not have

problems 151 43.40
Missing Cases 3 .86

TOTAL 348 100

 

10 and 11 reveals there is a slight discrepancy in the pattern of
response to these two questions. About ten respondents to the first
general question indicated they do not face any problems receiving
water from the network, however, they did indicate in response to the
next question at times their reception is impeded. This minor dis-
crepancy could be attributed either to the lack of proper understanding

of the first question or to the specificity of the second question.

84

Of those 194 respondents who face irregularity in the water they
obtain from the network, about 60 percent of them attributed it to the
drilling for and laying of sewage pipes, 30 percent to the laying of
electricity extensions, and the remaining 10 percent to the building
and paving of streets. An illustration of these problems was reported
in the city's major newspaper, Al-Medina, on July 30, 1978. It related
an account that people in some parts of the Central Area complained
that their drinking water smelled and tasted of sewage. In the same
report it also stated that people in some parts of Ruwais district com-
plained of the same problem from a month ago, but the authorities had
not done anything about it as of the time. This problem of bad taste
and smell of drinking water could be attributed to the faulty connec-
tions between water pipes and sewage pipes, and directly hence to poor
planning of the city's water and sewage systems.

These results lead to the acceptance of the fifty hypothesis
which states that public construction work impedes water reception of

those residents obtaining it from the network.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Jeddah city faces shortage of various public utilities, one of
which is water. In spite of the four ways people obtain water, that
is, via the network, tank, carting, and peddling, the water supply and
water network do not keep pace with the growth of the city. In order
to adequately ascertain residents perceptions regarding the shortage
of water supply in the city of Jeddah, a survey was conducted with
five hundred heads of households randomly selected from four different
type of living units, villas, apartments, traditional houses, and

shacks.

CONCLUSIONS

 

The raw data identified water problems and attributed them to
three major factors: 1) a shortage of water supply from the main
resources, 2) a lack of prOper planning for the distribution of water,
and 3) the use of water for non-domestic purposes such as irrigating
gardens.

In regards to the first point, there are three main resources

of water supply. These are Wadi Fatima, Wadi Khlais, and the

85

 

86

desalinization plant. The inadequate supply of water for the city from
these three resources is caused by insufficient amount to balance the
increasing extraction. At Wadi Fatima there is a gradual decline in
the ground water table of 70 mm per month. Rainfall is irregular and
only 50-100 mm per year. The water obtained from the desalinization
plant does not meet present needs. Moreover, the plant functions on

an irregular basis throughout the year.

There is an apparent lack of planning in the distribution of
water to residents throughout the city. Two points can be made regard-
ing this point. Firstly, the old districts are better served by the
water network than the new districts. Yet it is the new districts that
are growing and developing rapidly. There is currently a lack of plan-
ning to supply water to the new districts. Secondly, most of the rich
people dwelling in villas and apartments in the old and new districts
receive water through the network. Most of the people living in tra-
ditional houses and shacks throughout the city do not enjoy this
privilege.

Access to water from the network and its use are directly
related to the wealth of the household and the type of housing. High
income people live in villas and apartments while low income peOple
live in traditional homes and shacks. Those with very highest incomes,
as the survey reveals, misuse water while those with the very lowest

incomes do not have water available even for important domestic pur-

 

87

poses.' Those living in villas frequently have a garden which is irri-

gated by water from the network. Low income residents do not enjoy

such a luxury; they usually lack an extension of the network into their

homes even to use water for cooking and drinking purposes. Water from

the network is used in construction projects, to wash cars, and for

various public uses, all of which take water which could be used for ‘

domestic uses.

RECOMMENDATIONS

 

On the basis of knowledge of the city's water system and resi-
dents perceptions of water problems and their uses of water, the fol-
lowing recommendations are offered as possible solutions to the water

problems the city faces.

1. It is not possible to cut down the extraction of water from
Wadi Fatima and Khlais, but the desalinization plant can be
operated at a higher capacity and on a more regular basis
and thereby increase the water output. Sea water is likely
to be the only resource to supply the city with more water

in the future.

2. The traditional houses and shacks have been in the city for

decades. These dwellings as homes of permanent residents

88

should not be treated as temporary housing, but given fair
treatment and provided with water from the municipal network.
Municipal government agencies should endeavor to supply water
to all residents in all districts whether the residents live
in their own or rent their houses, whether they are rich or

poor, or whether they live close or far from the city center.

Planning the future construction of any type of house in any
district in the city should include water pipelines con-
nected to the entire network. Water should be made avail-

able to the residents upon moving into their new home.

While many peOple living in the traditional houses and shacks
lack sufficient water for domestic purposes, the villa dwellers
are using the water from the network to irrigate gardens. This
is a critical problem. The government should stOp such misuse
of water. This can be done through periodic and careful

inspection of the house connections and water meters.

Regularly, various public construction works impede the water
supply from the network to the residents. Such practices
indicate a lack of communication and coordinated planning
among the different government agencies. This situation

results in problems the people face and areas undergoing con-

89

struction. Steps should be taken to encourage more communi-
' cation and comprehensive planning between these agencies, so
that such construction works do not impede continued water

supply from the networks to the homes.

Additional recommendations that are not directly related to the
study but will certainly help alleviate the water shortage problem in

Jeddah city are presented next. These are:

l. The traditional practice of transporting water by tanks, carts,
or peddlers should be discouraged because such practices expose
water to dust and contaminate it. This in turn causes various

diseases.

2. Many private water truck owners transport water from illegal
sources to sell to the residents. The government should

investigate these operations and put a stop to such practices.

3. The government should stop excess immigration from the rural
areas to the city of Jeddah. Likewise it should also impose

strong visa regulations for non-Saudians entering the country.

4. Much water from the network is used for irrigating gardens,
for public work, washing cars and other non-domestic purposes.

To avoid such wastage, the government should make immediate

90

plans to install plants to treat sewage water for such non-
domestic uses. Water from these treatment plants could be
transported by trucks to the various districts for the non-

domestic uses.

5. The government should make good use of mass media such as
radio, television, newspapers, magazines, schools, billboards,
and public posters to educate the people about the regulations

of using water and the need for water conservation.

6. The government should stOp drilling more wells in Wadi Fatima
and Wadi Khlais to save the agricultural sector and to stop
the immigration from these rural areas to the cities. The

agricultural sector is very important for Saudi life.

This study has considered the water uses, water quality, and the
distribution of the network and perception of water problems within
Jeddah city. However, for a more detailed study, a geographer needs to
conduct further surveys regarding environmental perceptions of the
city's residents. Through such studies it is hOped the city's water

problems can be better understood and resolved.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Al-Ansari, Abdul Gaddous. History of Jeddah. Jeddah: Dar Al-Asafehani,
1963.

 

History of Aziziah Water Supply in Jeddah.
Jeddah: Printed at the expense of the Administration of Aziziah
Water Supply in Jeddah-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1972.

 

 

Arabian American Oil Company. Aramco Handbook: Oil and the Middle East.
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: Printed in Netherlands by Joh Enschede en
Zonen Haarlem, 1968.

Baumann, Duane D. and Robert W. Kates. "Risk from Nature in the City", in
Urbanization and Environment: The Physical Geography of the City,
eds. Thomas R. Detwyler and Melvin G. Marcus and others.

Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press, 1972, pp. 169-194.

Berry, Brian J. L. and Frank E. Horton. Geographic Perspectives on Urban
System. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970.

Bindagji, Hussein. Atlas of Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1978.

 

Blalock, Herbert M., Jr. Social Statistics. New York: McGraw Hill Book
Company, 1972.

Borgstrom, Georg. Too Many: 'An Ecological Overview of the Earth's
Limitation. New York: Collier Books, 1971.

 

Carter, Harold. The Study of Urban Geography. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, 1975.

Chapin, F. Stuart, Jr. Urban Land Use Planning. Urbana, ILL: Univer-
sity of Illinois Press, 1965.

91

92

Deming, H. G. Water: The Fountain of Opportunity. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1975.

 

Dietterich, B. and J. Henderson. Urban Water Supply Conditions and
Needs in Seventy-Five Develpping_Countries. Geneva: World
Health Organization, Public Health Papers No. 23, 1963.

 

 

Herbert, David. Urban Geography: A Social Perspective. New York:
Praeger Publishers, 1973.

 

Jakle, John and others. Human Spatial Behavior: A Social Geography.
North Sciluate, Massachusetts: Duxbury Press, 1976.

 

Johnson, James H. Urban Geography: An Introductory Analypis. Oxford
Pergamon Press, 1972.

 

Makky, Ghazy A. Mecca: The Pilgrimmage City. London: Biddles Ltd.,
Guildford-Surrey, 1978.

 

Manners, Ian and Marvin Mikesell, eds. Perspectives on Environment.
Washington, D.C.: Association of American Geographers, 1974.

Marcus, Melvin G. and Thomas R. Detwyler, eds., Urbanization and
Environment: The Physical Geography of the Cipy. Belmont,
CA: Duxbury Press, 1972.

 

Nyrop, Richard F. and others. Area Handbook for Saudi Arabia.
Washington, D.C.: American University, Foreign Area Studies,
3rd ed., 1977.

 

Pesce, Anglo. Jeddah: A Portrait of an Arabian City. London, Falcon
Press, 1974.

Rugg, Dean S. Spatial Foundations of Urbanism. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C.
Brown Co. Publishers, 1972.

 

Saarinen, Thomas F. Perception of the Environment. Washington, D.C.:
Commission on College Geography, Association of American Geog-
raphers, Publication No. 13, 1974.

. Environmental Planning: Percgption and Behavior.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.

 

93

Schmid, James. "The Environmental Impact on Urbanization", in Marvin W.
Mikesell and Ian Manners, eds., PErSpectives on EnVironment.
Washington, D.C.: Commission on College Geography, Association
of American Geographers, Publication No. 13, 1974, pp. 213-251.

 

Sommers, Lawrence. "Man-Water Relationship Research and Application
of the Geographic Approach", in Harold A. Winters and Marjorie
Winters, eds.,_App1ication of Geographic Research, East Lansing,
MI: Michigan State University, Department of Geography, 1977,
pp. 89-96.

 

Taaffe, Edward J., ed., Geography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1970.

World Bank. Village Water Supply. Washington, D.C., March 1976.

 

Articles

Al-Faisal, Mohammed. Desalinization Program for Saudi Arabia in Water
for Peace, Vol. 2, Water SUpply Technology, Washington, D.C.,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967, pp. 37-42.

 

 

Beaumont, Peter. "1976 Desalinization Projects in Saudi Arabia", London,
Financial Times Survey, January 12, 1976.

 

; "Water and Development in Saudi Arabia". Geographical
Journal. Vol. 143, March 1977, pp. 42-60.

 

 

Harris, Chauncy and Edward Ullman. "The Nature of Cities". Annals of
American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 242,
November 1945, pp. 7-17.

 

Mishari, Hassan H. "Toward Full Water Utilization in Saudi Arabia". In
Water for Peace, Vol. 2, Water Supply Technolpgy, Washington,
D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967, pp. 832-841.

 

 

 

94
Government Reports and Documents

Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Agriculture and Water. 'SeVen Green Spikes,
prepared by Abdul Basset El-Khateb. Beirut: Dar al-Qalam Press
Co., 1974.

. Water Supply Survey
for Jeddah, Mecca, Taif Area, Final Report, Riyadh, 1969.

 

Jeddah Water Tower.
Jeddah, n.d.

Jeddah Water Supply,
Future Extention, Jeddah, January 1973.

 

Jeddah Water Supply
Distribution Net - Fourth Stage. Jeddah, August 1975.

 

. Saudi Arabian BLOKAT,
Operation and Maintenance of Jeddah Water Works. Jeddah,
January 1978.

 

Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Defense, Meteorology Department, Mean Monthly
Climate Data for Jeddah city 1966-1976, Jeddah Station.

Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Education, Data Center, Some Indications of
Saudi Arabian's First Population Census 1974, Riyadh, 1976.

Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs. Regional and
Town Planning Department, Western Region Plan. Immediate Action
Studies Report, Vol. 3, Water, Jeddah, February 1972.

Alternative
Urban Strategies, Jeddah 1972.

 

Master Plan

 

Report for Jeddah, Jeddah 1972.

Regional Frame-
work, Stage Two, Phase Two. June 1972.

Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Planning, Second Development Plan, 1975-1980,
n.d.

95

Saudi Arabia, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Water Unlimited.
Napoli, Italy: Falcon Press, n.d.

 

United Nations Water Conference, "Meeting Domestic Water Requirements
of Developing Countries", Mar del Plata, Argentina, 1977.

Newspeper Articles

 

Al-Medina Daily Newspaper. Jeddah, Thursday, March 23, 1978, p. 1.

 

Sunday, July 30, 1978, p. 16.

 

OKAZ Daily Newspaper. Jeddah, Thursday, June 22, 1978, p. 5.

Thursday, August 22, 1978, p. 3.

 

Saturday, September 23, 1978, p. 3.

 

Thursday, September 28, 1978, p. 3.

 

Saturday, September 30, 1978, p. 3.

 

Saturday, October 7, 1978, p. 7.

 

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

The Questionnaires

 

Age
Name of district
Marrital status

1 - Yes
2 - No

How many people live in this house regularly?
What is your occupation?

Work in government
Businessman
Laborer

Student

Nothing

U'I-bWN-J
I

Do you own your house or are you renting it?

1 - Own
2 - Rent

What is the type of house you live in?

Villa

Apartment
Traditional house
Shack

th—l
l I

DO you have a garden in your house?

1 - Yes
2 - No

96

10.

II.

12.

13.

14.

15.

97

What is the source of water in your house?

1 - Network
2 - Tank
3 - Cart
4 - Peddler

Do you have general problems receiving water from the network?

Extreme problem
Some problem
Little problem
No problem

th—l
I I

If you receive your water from the network, do you have problems
in having the amount of water you need?

1 - Yes
2 - No

If you have problems when do you have them?

During the whole year
During the summer
During the winter
During the Hajj period

th—I
I I

If you have it how many days during the week do you not receive
water?

How much do you pay monthly for receiving water from the network?

1 - 3 0-19
2 - $20-29
3 - $30-39
4 - $40-49

5 - $50 or more

If you consume water by tanks, how many tanks do you consume each
month?

16.

I7.

18.

19.

20.

21.

98

If you get water by the tank, how much do you pay monthly?

I - $ 0 - 99
2 - $100 -149
3 - $150-199

4 - $200 or more

Of the total water you consume during the year, what is the per-
centage you receive through the tank system?

- 25%
- 50%
- 75%
- 100%

boom—a

Suppose you do not receive your water from the network, how long
does it take you to get water from another source?

100-199 meter
200-299 meter
300-399 meter
400-499 meter
500 meter or more

mth—a
I

If you rent the apartment, did you rent it including water?

1 - Yes
2 - No

If yes, how much do you pay monthly to the owner for water?

1 - $ 0-19
2 - $20-29
3 - $30-39
4 - $40-49

5 - $ 50 or more

If no, how much do you pay monthly for that?

I - $ 0-19
2 - $20-29
3 - $30-39
4 - $40-49

5 - $50 or more

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

99

Do you have problems with the owner about water?

1 - Yes
2 - No

Do you use water for

Drinking only

Drinking and garden irrigation
Business

Other

wa—l
II I

What types of water do you receive through the network?

1 - Fresh water
2 - Salty
3 - Fixed (fresh water and salty)

What types of water do you get through the tanks?
1 - Fresh water

2 - Salty
3 — Fixed (fresh water and salty)

From your experience, which districts of the city do you think
receive water more than others?

(JON-d

Why do you think they receive much water?

Because the system and the distribution of the network are very
well planned.

1

2 - Because the water agencies paid more attention to it than
others.

3 - Because it is close to the reservoirs.

4 - Other reasons.

If there is any construction in the streets, does that affect
receiving water from the network?

1 - Yes
2 - No

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

100

If yes, which one have more problems than others?

The electric extensions

The phone extensions

The building and paving of streets

The drilling and laying of sewage pipes

hMN—4
I I

Do you have problems from the rainfall?

l - Yes
2 - No

During the last five years, do you feel the water supply was:
- Better than today

- Same as today
- Worse than today

(JON—l

How do you evaluate the water supply in your district?

- Very difficult

- Average

- Somewhat no difficulty
- Not difficult at all

hum—-

Suppose the water supply increased in your house, do you think your
consumption will:

1 - Increase
2 - Stay the same
3 - Decrease

What kind of suggestions do you give to improve the water supply in
your area? (check one only)

1 - Change the network
2 - Build many reservoirs
3 - Change the management

What is your estimated monthly income (head of household)?
1 - Less than $200 4 - $600-799

2 - $200-399 5 - $800-999
3 - $400-599 6 - $1000 or more

"’IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII