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A‘A 'mia III III III IIII II IIIII II IIII II IIIII III IIIII II IIII II All 1’ £538 '\ University This is to certify that the thesis entitled Spontaneous Visual Imagery and Free Association in Relation to Drive Activation, Anxiety, Affects, and the S's Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements presented by Ron Pekala has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.A. —degreein Psychology act/K31; Major professq/ Date lo/S/Z 7“ 0-7639 OVERDUE FINES ARE 25c PER DA: 11‘ ER. ITEM Return to book drop to IC&OVt this checkout from your reccrc. SPONTANEOUS VISUAL IMAGERY AND FREE ASSOCIATION IN RELATION' TO DRIVE ACTIVATION, ANXIETY, AFFECTS AND THE S's CONJUGATE LATERAL EYE MOVEMENTS BY Ron Pekala A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1978 6 /CE 773/ -ABSTRACT -SPONTANEOUS VISUAL IMAGERY AND FREE ASSOCIATION IN RELATION -TO DRIVE ACTIVATION. ANXIETY. AFFECTS. AND THE ~S'8 CONJUGATE LATERAL EYE MOVEMENTS -Ron Pekala -Spontaneous visual imagery and free association were compared across subject types of right and left movers as determined by their conjugate lateral eye movements. The subjects responded to stimulus words of sexual. aggressive. affective and neutral content. As hypothesized. visual imagery produced greater anxiety than free association. but only for the neutral words. The unexpectedly low imagery content was hypothesized for the lack of significant results for the other word groups. For the neutral words. right movers were less anxious but verbal- ized greater sexual drive during free association. while left movers were less anxious but verbalized greater drive during visual imagery. This interaction and other results suggest that right and left movers do not differ in anxiety or drive but rather in how anxiety and drive are cognitively mediated. The results cogently demonstrate that instructions to image are not necessarily followed by imagery. Moreso. imagery production and content appear to be affected by the nature of the procedures. the experimenter. the subject type. and the material to be imaged. .To Debbie and Smuggles - my life. my hope. my love: -"Du grosses Gestirn! Was ware dein Gluck. wenn du nicht die hattest. welchen du leuchtest!" - Nietzsche 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘From this piece of research I have learned more about myself and life. not to mention the how's and why's of research that I ever imagined. I wish to thank all of the following for the guidance and help that they have Shown. 'Dr. Joseph Reyher - who taught me not only how to be an excellent researcher. but opened my eyes to myself and others. The growth I've obtained through you has been invaluable. Dr. Ralph Levine - who introduced me to computer data analysis. Tai Chi, and helped me see the light at the end of the tunnel. Dr. Larry Van.Egeren - who taught me the finer points of electrophysiology and first acquainted me with my megalo- mania. Dr. Lauren Harris - whose advice and helpful comments have broadened my hemispheres. Also thanks to Dave Whitman. Ron Winkler. Mark Ackley. Cheryl Rosenstein. Fenya Slatkin. and Lee Hill for running the Se, and to Robin Reed. Jan Baffler. Leslie Popkin. Tom Weston. Mike Hull. and Martin Solomon for the data analysis. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction .A. Spontaneous visual imagery B. Differences in the cerebral hemispheres C. Free imagery and free association D. Eye movements as indicators of hemispheric activation E. The present study II. “GthOd A. Subjects B. Experimenters C. Experimental setting. apparatus. and materials D. Procedure E. Scoring III. Results A. Stimulus words: manipulation check B. First session C. Second session: experimental session D. Summary of significant results IV. Discussion A. Imagoic representation B. Procedural differences C. Major findings D. Conclusions V. References VI. Appendix of Tables VII. Appendices A. Handedness questionnaire B. Eye movement questionnaire C. Semantic differential (Mood questionnaire) D. Questionnaire of imagery vividness E0 Word 11$t8 F. Tapes G. Drive activation scale H. Analogic-synthetic thought processes I. Imagoic scale J. Departmental research consent form K. Consent form L. Final (debriefing) questionnaire iv 127 128 130 138 139 140 1&6 150 151 152 153 .Table 1. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. -9. 10. 11. 12. 13. . LIST OF TABLES Comparison of the means of word lists A and B across the dependent variables of SNS activation, sexual and aggressive drives, analogical thought. and imagoic representation for F1 and FA Means per condition of definite imagoic repre- sentation across the four word groups Number of subjects having a given percentage of imagery (definite imagoic scale) for F1 and FA Mean percentage of episodes with approximate. definite. and combined imagery for each of the four word groups across FA and PI Comparison of the means for PA and PI for the SRR variables of frequency. duration, and ampli- tude for the four word groups using three Es Comparison of the means for RMs and LMs in FA and F1 for the SRR variables of frequency, dura- tion, and amplitude for the four word groups using three Es Mean sexual drive activation for the aggressive words for each experimenter for RMs and LMs Mean aggressive drive activation for the ag- gressive words for each experimenter for RMs and LMs Mean aggressive drive activation for the af- fective words for each experimenter for EMS and LMs Comparison of the means for PA and F1 for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four word groups for three Es Comparison of the means for RMs and LMs in FA and PI for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four word groups using three Es Comparison of the means for RMs and LMs in FA and PI for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four word groups using two Es Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs for the SRR variables of frequency. duration. and ampli- tude for the four word groups using three Es V . Page 33 36 38 40 42 “3 n7 47 4? #8 49 51 60 LIST OF TABLES (cont'd.) Table .Page 1#; ComparisOn of the means for EMS and LMs for the sexual and aggressive drives for the four word . groups for three Es 61 15. Comparison of the means for conditions (FA and F1) and also mover type (EMS and LMs) for syntonia and dystonia ‘ 65 16. Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs in FA and F1 for syntonia and dystonia 65 17. Comparison of the means for conditions (FA and PI) and also mover type (RMs and LMs) for ana- logical thought processes for the four word groups using three E8 68 18. Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs in FA and F1 for analogical thought processes for the four word groups using three Es 68 19. Summary of significant main effects 73 20. Summary of significant interactions 7h vi -LIST OF FIGURES Figure .1. 2. f}. h. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1a. 15. 16. Interaction between mover type and experimenter for the approximate imagoic scale Interaction between mover type and experimenter for the combined imagoic scale Interaction between conditions and mover type for SRR frequency for the neutral words using three Es Interaction between conditions and mover type for SRR frequency for the neutral words using two Es Interaction between conditions and mover type for sexual drive activation for the sexual words using three Es Interaction between conditions. mover type. and order for sexual drive activation for the neutral words using three Es Interaction between conditions and mover type for sexual drive activation for the neutral words using two Es Sexual drive activation for the four word groups Aggressive drive activation for the four word groups Interaction between conditions, mover type. and word type for sexual drive activation using three Es Interaction between conditions, mover type. and .Page 35 35 an 4“ 52 53 5h 55 55 57 word type for sexual drive activation using two Es 58 Interaction between mover type and word type for the SRR variable of duration Interaction between mover type and word type for the SRR variable of amplitude . Interaction between mover type and word type for the SRR variable of amplitude Interaction between conditions and order for syn- tonia Interaction between conditions and order for dys- tonia vii 62 62 6h 66 66 LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX .Table .Page .A. Analysis of variance F ratios comparing the means of word lists A and B for the dependent variables B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. of SNS activation. sexual and aggressive drives. analogical thought, and imagoic representation A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter (E) analysis of variance for imagoic representation A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for imagoic representation using three Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for imagoic representa- tion using two Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter (E) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables for the four word groups A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables for the four word groups using three Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for the skin reisitance response variables for the four word groups using two Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (W) analysis of variance of the skin resistance response variables A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter (E) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter analysis of variance for aggressive drive activation for the four word groups A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups using three Es viii 103 10h 105 106 10? 109 111 113 11“ 115 116 LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX (cont'd.) Table '1." M. N. 0. P. Q. R. S. T. U. A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) ~analysis of variance for aggressive drive activa tion for the four word groups using three Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups using two Es A A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for aggressive drive activa tion for the four word groups using two Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (V) analysis of variance for the sexual and aggressive drives using three Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (V) analysis of variance for the sexual and aggressive drives using two Es A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (W) analysis of variance for the skin reSis- tance response variables and drive comparing the sexual and aggressive words A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter (E) analysis of variance for syntonia and dystonia A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for syntonia and dystonia A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experi- menter (E) analysis of variance for analogic representation for the four word groups A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0). analysis of variance for analogic representa- tion for the four word groups ix Page 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 12“ 125 126 .INTRODUCTION The investigation of visual imagery has recently experienced a rebirth among academic psychological circles. returning from its ostracism following the days of Titchner and others (Holt. 1964). It is now coming under greater experimental purview in an attempt to understand its nature. function. and development (Richardson. 1969: Horowitz. 1970; Sheehan. 1972) as the very recent publica- tion of the Journal gg Mental Imagery (1977) gives testi- mony. . Many investigators have suggested that visual imagery is connected or correlated with the symbolic manifestation of unconscious conflicts and drive-related affective states (Jellinek. 19h9: Warren. 1961: Assagioli. 1965). In line with the greater exploration of imagery and its possible correlation with affect and drive. there has been a tremen- dous expansion of psychotherapeutic techniques utilizing imagery and fantasy with very little experimentation or theoretical explanation as to the reason for their effeca tiveness. if any (Singer. l97h). From psychosynthesis and Gendlin's "focusing." to systematic desensitization and Lazarus's emotive imagery. there are a variety of imagery approaches developed from the spectrum of psychology's "schools." Spontaneous Visual Imagery A technique for using spontaneous visual imagery (free imagery) has been developed by Reyher (1963. 1977b. In press) who has found it to have powerful uncovering properties in psychotherapy. It has also been investigated via experimentation (Reyher and Smeltzer. 1968; Stern. 197“; Morishige and Reyher. 1975; Burns and Reyher. 1976) and the phenomena produced point to the use of free imagery. now called emergent uncovering psychotherapy. as a very effective psychotherapeutic technique. In this procedure "the therapist asks the client to lean back in the chair. close his eyes. and report every- thing that crosses his mind. including images. feelings. and sensations” (Reyher. 1963. p.h5h). The psychothera- pist then focuses the client's attention on indicators of anxiety. objective resistances (such as opening the eyes). and security operations to protect self-esteem. If the client can continue despite these reactions. representations of repugnant. anxiety-producing strivings can be experienced through the visual imagery produced. Primary process is almost always conspicuous. Unlike many 6f the imagery techniques to date. the imagery sequence and structure is not imposed on the client by the therapist. but is a spon- taneous product of the client's unconscious strivings. It seems that imagery and its organization ”along . 3 gradients of physical. functional. and qualitative simi- larity" (Reyher. In press. p.2h) may be related to differ- ences in the processing of information between the cerebral hemispheres. especially if one of the cerebral hemispheres is better organized for the processing of imagery or visual percepts. Evidence is accumulating which suggests that the right cerebral hemisphere is functionally different from the left cerebral hemisphere and more likely to be involved in imagery formation. Differences $21222 Cerebral Hemispheres Functional differences between the hemispheres was first proposed by Dax in 1830 (Von Benin. 1962). Since then. some of the ”earliest evidence for cerebral special- ization (was) from analysis of the psychological deficits associated with lesions or injuries of the brain." (Harris. 19753. p.3) in which lesions of the left hemisphere in such areas as Broca's or Wernicke's area caused disruption of the ability to articulate or understand speech. whereas right hemipshere injury had "negligible effects on language skills but has been associated with impairment of various nonlanguage skills” (Harris. 1975a. p.3). The study of patients whose brains were severed at the corpus callosum (Sperry. 196h. 1967: Gazzaniga. 1967) demonstrated significant differences between the cerebral hemispheres. although generalization of such results to the functioning of unsevered hemispheres is somewhat suspect. a owing to the incongruity between an intact and a severed cerebrum. But the above. buttressed by analysis of the dichotic listening studies. anatomical. clinical. and electrophysiological activity studies. visual field effects. etc. suggest that there are two distinct modes of coding operation. each specific to a single hemisphere: the left hemi- sphere operating in a more logical. analytic (manner) . . . 3 the right hemisphere being primarily a synthesist. . . . and processing information in terms of gestalts or wholes" (Harris. In press. p.75). Bogen has interpreted the data as showing that the left hemisphere is involved in logic. sequential. or proposition- al thought. whereas the other hemisphere "specializes in a different mode of thought. which may be called appositional” (Bogen. 1968. p.119). Ornstein has posited that the left hemisphere is predominately involved with analytic. logical thinking whose mode of operation is primarily linear. while the right hemisphere ”seems specialized for holistic menta- tion." being more relational. and ”the more simultaneous in its mode of operation" (Ornstein. 1972. pp.52-53). Reyher (1977a) has proposed that two modes of informa- tion processing. a semantic-syntactic and an analogic- synthetic mode. govern mental events. The semantic- syntactic mode is used to understand written and spoken symbols and is mediated by the left cerebral hemisphere. It has independent receptive and expressive components. The receptive semantic-syntactic mode involves a digital-to- analog conversion of information and characterizes listening. 5 The expressive semantic-syntactic mode represents an analog- to-digital conversion and characterizes speech. 0n the other hand. the ”right cerebral hemisphere subjects different sources of sensory input to synthesizing Gestalt princi- ples . . . (and) is mediated by analogical functions along gradients of similarity" (Reyher. 1977a. p.69). It is called the analogic-synthetic mode of information processing and synthesizes percepts while under the influence of the neural records of past perceptions. Thus the right hemisphere seems to be involved in the synthesizing of per- cepts and is also implicated in the plastic representation of thoughts via imagoic vehicles (Reyher. In press). Plastic representation is one of the three mechanisms. including condensation and displacement. that according to Freud (1950) is necessary for the development of the dream work. It was Freud who regarded dreams as the royal road to the unconscious. Bakan (1976) has recently hypothesized that dreaming is a right hemispheric functions ”during the stage of sleep known as REM (rapid eye movements) sleep. the right hemisphere becomes more active. It is then that most dreams occur. indicating the right brain is the dreamer“ (p.66). Dreams are examples of primary process thought and as Freud demonstrated. use displacement and condensation as mechanisms of the dreamwork for the produc- tion of the manifest content from the latent thoughts (Freud. 1970). Displacement. according to Reyher (1976) is an example of the analogic; and condensation. an example of the 6 synthetic dimensions of cognitive functioning. which as previously noted. can be characterized as utilizing the analogic-synthetic mode mediated by the right cerebral hemisphere. Free imagery and the primary process thinking that is demonstrated with it. may also. like dreaming. be character- ized as a right hemispheric phenomena. mediated by the analogic-synthetic mode of information processing. Egg; Imagery gag.§ggg.Associations Different MggggIgg Information Processing In comparing the free imagery of emergent uncovering psychotherapy (Reyher. 1963. 1977a. In press) and the free association of traditional psychoanalysis (Freud. 1963. 1970) important differences emerge that can be interpreted along the theoretical dimensions previously discussed. Free imagery involves the use of iconic vehicles or visual images which unlike words ”are not symbols because they bear a palpable resemblance to the behavior required by the direct gratification of strivings“ (Reyher. 1977b. p.258). Free association. on the other hand. involves the verbalization of any and all thoughts which pass through the client's mind. and because such thoughts or words are usually conceptual and representational. they are symbols. standing for something other than themselves. As such. free association is basically an analogic-to-digital conversion involving the expressive semantic-syntactic mode. whereas 7 visual imagery involves the analogic-synthetic mode. A shift from a conceptual-verbal representation as semantic- syntactic to an iconic representation as analogic-synthetic can change the nature of the phenomena produced profoundly. In comparing free association (FA) and free imagery (FI) across words of sexual. aggressive. familial. and neu- tral content. Reyher and Smeltzer (1968) found free imagery produced greater galvanic skin responses. more blatant drive representation. and a greater need for defense. In both the above study and another by Morshige and Reyher (1975). spon- taneous visual imagery allowed for more direct expression of repressed material. producing more anxiety and psycho- pathology in the process. Stern (1974) attempted to duplicate the results of Reyher and Smeltzer (1968) by employing three conditions: eyes opened free association. eyes closed free association. and eyes closed free imagery. The results. although differ- ent from Smeltzer's study. did corroborate the findings reported by Reyher and Smeltzer. owing to differences in procedures between the two studies.’ The findings pointed to the use of security operations in order to maintain self- esteem (Sullivan. 1953) in the free association condition. It seems that during free association. criteria are unavail- able as to how well the subject thinks he is doing. This creates a lowering of self-esteem. the aversive psychic experience of dystonia. and the elicitation of offsetting security operations. e.g. asking questions. criticizing the procedures. etc. Such security operations prevent dystonia (painful and unpleasant affect generated by a lowering of self-esteem (Reyher. 1976)) and helps present a persona (Jung. 1966) to others that is syntonic to oneself. Such security operations are seldom depicted by Visual imagery because “a security operation is mediated by the expressive semantic-syntactic mode of information processing" (Reyher. In press. p.54). which is the type of information processing that can also be said to characterize linguistically mediated meaning. includ- ing free association. Thus free imagery and free association can be character- ized as employing two different modes of information pro- cessing that tend to be mediated by different cerebral hemispheres. Eyg Movements 33 Indicators 2; Hemispheric Activation 2; Different ggggg'gg Information Processing A very simple technique has evolved to investigate the presumed activation of the cerebral hemispheres (Day. 196“. 1968: Kinsbourne. 1972; Gur. 1973). "The technique pre- supposes that the direction of orientation of the eyes and head indicates innervation or activation of the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the direction of movement” (Cur. 1973. v.8). By recording the initial eye movements of an individual in response to verbal and spatial questions in which the 9 individual is sitting vis-a-vis the experimenter. one can determine whether he tends to presumably activate one hemi- sphere preferentially in response to most of the questions. Those 38 who respond with most of their initial eye.move- ments to the right are termed right movers (EMS). and those who respond with most of their initial eye movements to the left. left movers (LMs). Bakan (1969) found that left movers have clearer visual imagery. He also found that left movers are more hypnotiz- able and are more likely to be enrolled in a humanistic major such as philosophy or psychology as opposed to majors such as engineering or the natural sciences. Raquel Gur and Reyher (1973) discovered that LMs are more deeply hypno- tizable on an induction scale wherein the suggestions were phrased in an emotional style and called for the passive focusing of attention on internal experiences and subjective feelings. whereas right movers were more hypnotizable with a highly active and intellectual induction scale. Raquel Gur and Reyher (1973) also reported that left movers reported a higher proportion of psychosomatic com- plaints and a higher use of Reversal as a defense (immediate reaction of denial of reality and repression of emotions provoked by external stress). while also seeming to be more aware of subjective feelings. Right movers. in turn. scored significantly higher in the use of Projection and Turning against Object (dealing with conflict via attack on a real or presumed externally frustrating object) as defenses. 10 Right movers were characterized as externalizing the con- flict they experience and acting against the-environment insuch a way as to require additional cognitive or intel- lectual elaborations than LMs. This is consistent with Day's (1969. 1975) findings that whereas left movers localize anxiety internally. right movers tend to externalize than anxiety outwards. Thus. the empirical studies suggest that left- movers are more spontaneous and emotional and localize anxiety and conflicts internally. Right movers. on the other hand. seem to be more verbal and intellectual and see the source of their anxiety and conflicts outside themselves (Guru 19739 P010)- It was also suggested (Cur. 1973. pp.36-37) than LMs may tend to defend more against anger and aggression than sexual strivings. whereas RMs may tend to defend more against libidinal or sexual drives. The Present Investiggtion As mentioned. free imagery (spontaneous visual imagery) is associated with the analogic-synthetic mode of informa- tion processing and its involvement with imagery and per- cepts. It has been found (Reyher and Smeltzer. 1968) to demonstrate significantly more anxiety and drive than free assOciation. Free association. on the other hand. is associated with the semantic-syntactic mode involving linguistically-mediated meaning and symbols. Based on the previously discussed theorizing and empir- ical research. free imagery was hypothesized to evince greater imagoic representation. anxiety. level of drive 11 activation. affect. and analogic-synthetic process functions than free association. Concerning mover types. the aforementioned research found that left movers have clearer visual imagery. are more spontaneous and emotional. and tend to focus their attention on internal experiences and subjective feelings while internalizing anxiety more than right movers. On this basis. LMs were hypothesized to demonstrate greater anxiety. drive. affect. imagery vividness. and analogic- synthetic process functions than RMs. Furthermore. left movers were found to become more tdeeply hypnotized with a passive. emotional induction scale. use repression and denial as defense mechanisms. and may tend to defend more against anger and aggression than sex. 0n the other hand. right movers are more deeply hypnotizable with an active. intellectual scale. use projection and intellectualization in defense against drive. and may be more defensive against libidinal strivings. Interactions were thus posited between conditions (FI and FA) and mover type (LMs and EMS) for the dependent variables and also type of drive (sex or aggression). investigating the effects of these two differing conditions or psychotherapeutic techniques upon two purportedly differing subject types. METHOD Subjects The initial subject pool consisted of 51 males re- cruited according to the Human Subjects Pool Procedures from introductory psychology classes who were given credits towards their final grade for participation in a study on 'Handedness. imagery. and cognition.” During the first session they completed a handedness questionnaire and then their eye directionality was determined. Only those 88 who passed the handedness questionnaire and evinced 70% of their initial eye movements to the right or left in response to spatial and verbal questions were asked to return for an additional session about two weeks later. Thirty 83 passed the handedness and eye directionality test. All thirty 88 returned to take part in an additional session. Since two 88 were dropped from the statistical analysis due to incomplete data. 28 83 were used in the final analysis. Of these 28. fourteen were classified as EMS and fourteen. LMs. Experimenters (fig) For the first session a male E greeted the S as he arrived for the experiment and had the 8 complete the handed- ness questionnaire. In a small room. one of two female undergraduates. ages 19 and 20. who were blind to the exper- imental hypotheses. asked the S the questions to determine eye directionality while the author monitored the 8's eye 12 13 movements in another room. The female Es alternated on different days. For the second session. three male undergraduates. ages 19. 21. and 23. who were trained in the use of the polygraph and blind to the experimental hypotheses. ran the 83. The Es were randomly assigned to test the Ss. Experimental Setting..Apparatus. gag_Materia1s EAEEE session The room for the first session was approximately six by seven by eight feet and contained two chairs on either side of a small table. The E sat approximately one yard from the S. the S being seated at the table opposite the E. A yel- low curtain about six inches behind the E was parted three inches in the middle of the S's perceptual field. Through a one way mirror behind the curtain sat the author. A micro- phone in the room allowed the author on the other side of the mirror to monitor the conversation. The handedness questionnaire was a slightly modified version of the one developed by Briggs and Nebes (1976). (See Appendix A.) The test to determine direction of conjugate lateral eye movements consisted of thirty questions read to the S by the E. Fifteen were verbal proverbs and fifteen were spatial questions. They were partially adopted from Gur (1973). (See Appendix B.) The question types were arranged in fifteen pairs. the order of which type of question being first. being randomly determined. This test allowed only 14 83 who evinced 70% of their initial eye movements to the right or left to take part in the second session. Second session The room for the second session was soundproof and tile- covered. having only a door and no windows. It contained a Grass #5 polygraph. a reclining chair in which the S sat. a bed in storage. two tape recorders. a stool. and another chair. Anxiety (sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation) was measured by recording the skin resistance responses (SRRs) of the S by means of a Grass #5 polygraph (Yellow Springs Equipment Company). Two silver/silver chloride electrodes were attached to the 8's first phalange of the third and fourth fingers of his left hand. with a layer of electrode paste (made especially for skin resistance recording) be- tween the electrode and the skin. Impressed current was fifty milliamperes. with each electrode having an area of approximately h.h1 square centimeters. ‘Affective state was determined by the Mood Questionnaire. a semantic differential developed by the author. being patterned after that of Block (1957). (See Appendix C.) A modified version of the Betts QMI was used to deter- mine imagery vividness. (See Appendix D.) The words to which the subjects free associated and free imaged were from four categories. the words being par- tially adopted from Smeltzer (1966). The categories and the words were: 15 §g§_ Agggession Affect Neutrals prostitute fight joy T-V penis attack disgust table fag murder anger skiing orgasm torture grief travel nipples slaughter envy earth masturbate hurt hate ' flower genitals bloodbath shame temperature intercourse massacre love candy whore violence guilt potato vagina pillage fear lightbulb The forty words were randomly divided into two lists (List A and B) each consisting of five of the ten words per category. making two different lists of twenty words each. (See.Appendix E.) The words within each list were randomly arranged although the order of the different stimulus words was the same according to stimulus word category across both lists. Because each S was to free image to one word list and free associate to the other. four tapes were made by the author. Two tapes had the FA instructions and then the FI instructions. and the other two had the reverse. Within each pair of tapes having the same first condition. word list A was first for one. and word list B. first for the other. Thus the tapes were counterbalanced for order of instruc- tions (FA and PI) and order of word lists (A and B). (See Appendix F.) To eliminate experimenter biasing effects. the word lists were each taped once and this tape was rerecorded onto the four instructional tapes so that the word lists were exactly the same across all four tapes. Each instruc- tional tape consisted of instructions to free associate for 16 for five minutes and then instructions to free associate to twenty words (list A or B) presented #0 seconds apart. and also instructions to free image for five minutes and instructions to free image to twenty words presented 40 sec- onds apart. The instructions for the five minute free association period consisted of the followings Hello. This is an experiment in free association. I would like you to keep your eyes open. While your eyes remain open. I want you to report any thoughts that pass through your mind. no matter how faintfi or elusive the thoughts may be. Also. I want you to report any feelings and physical sensations that come to your attention. Be sure not to leave out a thing. Try to remain still so as not to affect the electrodes on your hand. Let me repeat that. While your eyes remain open. I want you to report any thoughts that pass through your mind. no matter how faint ‘or elusive the thoughts may be. Also. I want you to report any feelings and physical sensations that come to your attention. Be sure not to leave out a thing. Try to remain still so as not to affect the electrodes on your hand. Do you have any questions? 0.K. Now I would like you to begin describing everything that passes through your mind 0 r This was followed (after five minutes) by instructions to free associate to twenty words presented forty seconds apart. along with two neutral words to allow for habituation of the orienting response. and the twenty words. Instructions for this part of the tape were as follows: Stop please. Very good. Please keep your eyes open and try to remain still. Now I'm going to pronounce individual words. each spaced about 40 seconds apart. I will say each word once. After I say each word. I want you to describe whatever thoughts come into your mind. no matter how faint or elusive they may be. Also. please describe any 1? feelings and sensations that you notice. Be sure not to leave out a thing. I want you to do this for each word until I say the phrase “please stop." Then I will say the next word. with you describing everything that comes to mind. Let me repeat that. Please keep your eyes open and try to remain still. I'm going to pronounce indi- vidual words. each spaced about 40 seconds apart. I will say each word once. After I say each word. I want you to describe whatever thoughts come into your mind. no matter how faint or elusive they may be. Be sure not to leave out a thing. I want you to do this for each word until I say the phrase ”please stop.“ Then I will say the next word. with you describing everything that comes to mind. Do you have any questions? 0.x. Let's begin. The instructions for the five minute free imagery per- iod were as follows: Hello. This is an experiment in visual imagery. I would like you to close your eyes. While your eyes remain closed. I want you to report any images that you see in your mind's eye. no matter how faint or elusive the images may be. Also. I want you to report any feelings and physical sensa- tions that come to your attention. Be sure not to leave out a thing. Try to remain still so as not to affect the electrodes on your hand. Let me repeat that. While your eyes remain closed. I want you to report any images that you see in your mind's eye. no matter how faint or elusive the images may be. Also. I want you to report any feelings and physical sensations that come to your attention. Be sure not to leave out a thing. Try to remain still So as not to affect the electrodes on your hand. Do you have any questions? 0.x. Now I would like you to begin describing everything that you see in your mind's eye 0 This was followed (after five minutes) by instructions to free image to twenty words presented forty seconds apart. along with two neutral words to allow for habituation of the orienting response. and the twenty words. Instructions for this part of the tape were: 18 Stop please. Very good. Please keep your eyes closed and try to remain still. Now I'm going to pronounce individual words. each spaced about #0 seconds apart. I will say each word once. After I say each word. I want you to describe whatever images come into your mind's eye. no matter how faint or elusive they may be. .Also. please describe any feelings and sensations that you notice. Be sure not to leave out a thing. I want you to do this for each word until I say the phrase ”please stop.” Then I will say the next word. with you describing everything that you see in your mind's eye. Let me repeat that. Please keep your eyes closed and try to remain still. I'm going to pronounce individual words. each spaced about 40 seconds apart. I will say each word once. After I say each word. I want you to describe whatever images come into your mind's eye. no matter how fainttor elusive they may be. I want you to do this for each word until I say the phrase "please stop.” Then I will say the next word. with you describing everything that you see in your mind's eye. Do you have any questions? 0.K. Let's begin. A tape recorder was used to record the 8's verbaliza- tions to the stimulus words. The tapes were transcribed and the protocols content analyzed. To determine the degree of drive activation evident in the associations of the $8 for sexual and aggressive drives. the Drive Activation Scale (Reyher. l97h) was used. being slightly modified to accomodate verbal associations. (See Appendix G.) Two other sca1es were added for the data analysis. One scale. the Analogic-Synthetic Scale (Reyher. 1977) monitored the degree of analogic and synthetic component functions upon which visual imagery may vary. Developed for visual imagery. it was used as is in the scoring of the FI and FA sections of the protocols. (See Appendix H.) 19 The other scale. called the Imagoic Scale. and developed by the author. assessed the degree to which imagery was present in the S's protocols and consisted of three scales: an approximate imagoic. a definite imagoic. and a combined imagoic scale. (See Appendix I.) The approximate scale monitored the amount of imagery that was not self-evident from the protocols. but could reasonably be assumed to be taking place. The definite scale assessed the amount of imagery that the S was sure to be experiencing (because a word like ”see.” “image." etc. was in the protocol). and the combined scale was simply the sum of the approximate and definite scales. The combined scale assessed the probable total amount of imagery the S was experiencing. Procedure First session During the first session the S was greeted by a male experimenter and seated. He was given a consent form to sign (See Appendix J.) and then the handedness questionnaire to complete. He was told: I'd like you to read this consent form which is the department requirement for everyone participat- ing in research and if you agree to the conditions please sign it. Then complete this handedness questionnaire. If the S passed the handedness questionnaire. he was greeted by the female E and taken into a small room. After being seated he was told the following: 20 In this experiment we are studying how different people respond to certain questions. I'm going to be asking you a series of short questions. which I want you to answer. The microphone here is con- nected to a tape recorder in another room to re- cord what we say. (It allows the author in another room to hear the conversation.) I'm going to begin reading the questions one at a time. I would like you to concentrate on the questions and try to answer within fifteen seconds. Are you ready? 0.K. Let's begin. Thirty questions were presented to him by the E to determine eye directionality and his eye movements and answers were recorded. The person in the adjacent room also recorded the S's initial eye movements. At the end of the session the S was thanked for his participation and told he may be contacted and asked to participate in a second session. He was also told that he may contact the E at the end of the term for feedback as to the nature of the study and the results. The E's name and phone number were furnished. if wanted. Second session Only those 88 who evinced 70% of their initial eye movements to the right or left were called upon to partici- pate in the second experimental session which was held approximately two weeks later. After being greeted by the E. the S was seated in the recliner chair and was told the following: I'm interested in your responses to a set of instructions that are recorded on this tape re- corder. The polygraph there will record your skin responses by means of two electrodes I'll attach to your left hand. In a little while I'm going to turn on the tape recorder and I'd like 21 you to do what the person on the tape asks of you. This will involve reclining in the chair and talk- ing. You will also be asked to respond to some words on the tape. I will record what you say on another tape recorder and your responses will remain confidential. The S was given two consent forms to sign. (See Appendices J and K.) The E answered any questions and then said: Before we begin I have to attach two electrodes to your left hand. Because the electrodes are very sensitive to movement. I'd like you to try not to move your left hand while the tape is playing. Just rest it comfortably on the arm of the chair. The E attached the electrodes and had the S recline in the chair. He then handed the S the Mood questionnaire. form A to complete. After the S completed the questionnaire. the E took it and set it aside. Five minutes after electrode' attachment. the E calibrated the polygraph telling the S: I have to calibrate the polygraph now. It will only take a few minutes. (When the polygraph was ready. the E said:) In a minute I'm going to turn on the tape recorders and will sit behind you. I want you to pay attention to the tape and do what it asks of you. It will play for about 20 minutes. I will be monitoring the polygraph. Disregard any sounds you hear coming from me or the machine. Do you have any questions? 0.K. Let's begin. One of the four instructional tapes made by the author was randomly chosen and played. The E monitored the poly- graph. .After the completion of the first half of the tape (which would be either instructions to free associate for five minutes followed by instructions to free associate to twenty words and the stimulus words. or identical instruc- tions to free image) the tape recorders were turned off 22 and the 8 given the Mood questionnaire. form B to complete. He was then told to relax for about five minutes. After this time the tape recorders were turned on and the second half of the tape was played. If the S experienced free association first. he now experienced free imagery. or vice versa. After the tape was over. the polygraph and tape record- ers were turned off and the S completed the Mood question- naire. form C. an imagery questionnaire. and a final or debriefing questionnaire. (See Appendix L.) .He was then asked how he felt about the experiment and any questions were encouraged and answered. If the S or E felt that there were any untoward effects. these were brought up and talked over. The S was debriefed as to the general nature of the study and was told that he could contact the author at the end of the term for feedback as to the results. If at any time after the session the S felt he must talk about what had transpired. he was to be referred to the author or the study's supervisor. No Ss requested this. Scoring Handedness Questionnaire The handedness questionnaire was scored so that only right-handed males who were almost certain to have language lateralized in the left cerebral hemisphere could take part in the study. To "pass” the handedness test the S had to score "12' or above on the first twelve questions (receiving a two for ”always right" and a one for ”usually right") 23 and answered questions 13 and 1a (which made sure neither of the 8's parents were left handed nor had the 8 had any head injuries) “Nb.“ ' I§§;g.resistance responses (Sggg) The skin resistance response variable was scored by the author by determining the number of responses that were 500 ohms or greater. The number. duration. and amplitude of such responses were tabulated for each S in each condi- tion. This was done for each of the four word categories and across all the word categories. Thus if'two responses of 500 ohms or greater were given by the S in F1 to two of the five sexual words. and no reponses were recorded for the other three words. the total number of responses for frequency for the S in.FI was for the sexual words. four. The mean duration and the mean amplitude of such responses were also computed. Thus the three measures of physiological anxiety (SNS activation) were SRR frequency (number of responses of 500 ohms or greater). the average duration of the responses. and the average amplitude. This was computed for each 8 for each condition for each of the four word categories and across all four word categories. .mritaeelzeie The verbalized free association and imagery protocols of the 88 were transcribed from the tapes and broken into episodes: an episode being determined by a change in objects. 2h or setting or a pause in the 8's verbalizations. The content was then analyzed for imagoic content. drive pres- ence..and analogic-synthetic processes. Imagoic representation Imagoic content was assessed with the Imagoic Scale. which consisted of three subscales: a definite. approximate. and combined subscale. Three undergraduates. two males and one female. scored the protocols for imagery. Each scorer was randomly-assigned to score ten Ss with the author.doing a 10% random sample to determine reliability. As mentioned. the S's protocols were first broken into episodes. Each episode was scored for definite and approximate imagery. An episode was scored definite imagoic if the protocol contained evidence that the S was experiencing' imagery by saying so. Thus when the episode contained a verb or phrase that the S was explicitly experiencing imag- ery. by saying something such as: I see. visualize. image. get an image of. etc.. the episode was scored definite imagoic. Each episode that was judged definite imagoic was designated by putting a "2” in the appropriate column cf the scoring sheet. A definite imagoic score for each S for each condition was computed for each of the four word groups. and also across all four word groups. This was done as follows: The number of episodes per stimulus word were found and re- corded. If the 3 had three episodes to the stimulus word 25 "penis”. it was recorded as '3'. The number of these units that contained definite imagery as designated by a "2“ was also counted and recorded. If the 8 had three episodes in his associations to "penis". of which one was scored definite imagoic. the 8's score for that word was expressed as 1/3. The scores for all twenty words were found and grouped according to the four word categories. The numerators and denominators were each added for the four different word groups to give a fraction which expressed the number of episodes that contained definite imagery. Thus 1r the 3 had scores of 1/5.'0/5. 1/u, 0/3. and 0/7 for the five stimulus words of the sexual word category for F1. his total definite imagoic score for the sexual words in FI was 2/2h. or .083. This was the number used in the ANOVA analysis. The same was done for the other three word groups. In order to arrive at a definite imagoic score across all four word groups for a given S. the numerators and denominators of the fraction expressing the definite imagoic- .score for each word group were added. Thus if the S had definite imagoic scores for the sexual. aggressive. affec- tive. and neutral words of 2/2“. 0/16. 0/19. and h/ZO. respectively. his definite imagoic score across all four word groups was the sum of the numerators and denominators. i.e. in_this case. 6/79. or .076. The definite imagoic scores for each S for each condition thus expressed the fraction of the number of episodes that contained definite 26 imagery. In the above case. six out of the 8'8 79 epi- sodes contained definite reference by the S to imagery. By changing the fraction into a decimal and multi- plying by 100 one can also compute the percentage of epi- sodes that contain definite reference to imagery. i.e. in this case 7.6% of the 8's episodes across all the words contained definite imagery as judged by the scoring criteria. If an episode was not scored definite imagoic. it could still be scored approximate imagoic. although both a rating of definite imagoic and approximate imagoic for a given episode could not be done. (An episode that was not scored definite or approximate imagoic was scored a '0”. designating no indication of imagoic content.) If the episode was a phrase. clause. or sentence in which a scene. image. or visual representation was reasonably assumed to be taking place in the 8's mind's eye. the episode was‘ scored approximate imagoic and was designated by a '1'. Examples of episodes scored approximate'imagoic would be: he is laying on her in bed. a bright blue streak in the backround. now he's in the kitchen. men and women fighting and screaming. etc. Single words were not scored approxi- mate imagoic since there was not enough information to tell whether the episode was an image or a thought. ' ‘ An approximate imagoic score per S for each condition for each of the four word groups and across all four word groups was computed as was the scores for the definite imago- ic scale. The approximate'imagbic~score represented the 27 fraction of the episodes that contained approximate imagery. ideation which appeared to be imagoic but of which the scorer could not be sure. This was the score used in the data analysis. By changing the fraction into a decimal and multiplying by 100. one would also have the percentage of episodes that contained approximate imagery. The S's combined imagoic score was simply the sum of the definite and approximate scores for each of the four word categories and a score across all the word categories. Thus if the S had 50 episodes in response to all the sexual words in F1. five of which were judged approximate and five. definite. his combined imagoic score was 10/50. or .20. Igylyg activation ggggg The Drive Activation Scale was used to assess the presence of sexual and aggressive drive in the 8's proto- cols. Three undergraduates. two females and one male. who were trained in the use of the scale. scored the proto- cols. Each scorer was randomly assigned to score ten Ss. with the author doing a ten percent random sample to deter- mine reliability. Each episode was scored for sex and aggression. the degree to which it was represented in aware- ness. and whether the images or thoughts were kinetic and interactive. (See Appendix G.) The scores obtained for each of these dimensions were multiplied together to give a total score for sex and aggression for each episode in accordance with the instructions of the Drive Activation Scale. 28 A drive activation score for each 8 for each condition for each of the four word categories and across all four word categories was computed as follows: As mentioned. a drive activation score for sex and aggression was computed for each episode according to the instructions. The num- ber of episodes per stimulus word was recorded. The drive activation scores for each episode were summed to give a total drive activation score per stimulus word and was re- corded. The score per stimulus word was expressed as a fraction. ' For example. if there were two episodes for the S's associations to the word ”joy". and each unit received a sexual drive activation score of two. the sexual drive activation score was expressed as h/Z. The scores for all twenty words were found and grouped according to the four word categories. The numerators and denominators for the scores to the five words of each word category were summed (as with the imagoic scales) to give the total amount of drive activation scored divided by the total number of episodes for each word category for each condition. The fraction obtained gave the amount of drive activation per episode and was expressed as a decimal. A score was obtained for the sexual and aggressive drives for each 8 in each condition for each of the four word groups and across all the words. The score was the measure of the sexual and aggressive drive activation ver- balized by each 3 per episode and was used as the 8's 29 sexual and aggressive drive activation score in the data analy81s o Analogic gag synthetic functions The degree of analogic and synthetic process functions in the 8's protocols were scored with the Analogic- Synthetic Scale (ASS). Three undergraduates. two males and a female. who were trained in the use of the scale. scored the protocols. Each scorer was randomly assigned to score ten Ss. with the author doing a ten percent random sample. Each episode was scored for analogic or synthetic functions along the dimensions of intactness. functional deviations. clarity and plausibility: and intactness. functional and formal deviations. clarity and plausibility. respectively. (See Appendix H.) The scores obtained were then multiplied together to give a'sccre for each episode. The analogic and synthetic scores per 3 were then computed for each of the four word cate- gories according to the procedures used in computing the imagoic scbres. The score. expressed as a decimal. was the amount of analogic or synthetic thought processes per epi— sode. This analogic and synthetic score was computed for each 8 for each condition for each of the four word groups. Mood Questionnaire Activation of affect was determined by the Mood questionnaire. Although this questionnaire was to be used to tap several affects. when a small validation study was 30 done. only two affects. syntonia and dystonia. were found to be adequately tapped by the questionnaire. (See Appen- dix C.) ‘By counting the scores for the ten best descrip- tors for the affects of syntonia and dystonia. as rated by the S himself on the twenty different word pair dimensions. his score for syntonia and dystonia was found. By taking the differences of the scores between forms A and B. and forms B and C of the questionnaire for syntonia and dystonia. the change in affective state of the 8 after each condition "as found 0 RESULTS All analyses of variance and other data analyses done in this study utilized a two-tailed rejection region. This was done in order to be conservative. owing to the large number of dependent variables assessed. Stimulus 32395: Manipulation 95333 The stimulus words were randomly divided into two groups of twenty words each. each group containing five words of sexual. aggressive. affective. and neutral content. and were counterbalanced across conditions and Ss. Thus 14 of the 88 experienced FI first and an equal number experienced FA first. Likewise. 14 83 experienced list A first while an equal number experienced list B first. Seven LMs experienced FI first while an equal number exper- ienced FA first. The same held for RMs. 0f the 14 LMs. eight experienced FI with word list A while six had FI with list B: six LMs experienced FA with list A while eight had FA with list B. 0f the 14 RMs. six exper- ienced FI with list A. while eight had FI with list B: and eight BMs had PA with list A. while six had FA with list B. In addition. however. in order to determine if the two word lists (A and B) were equivalent. a single factorial analysis of variance was performed for FA and PI for the dependent variables of SNS activation. sexual and aggressive drive activation. analogical thought processes. and imagoic representation (Table A in Appendix). testing for : 31 32 significant differences between the means of the two word lists for F1 and PA for the dependent varisbles (Table 1). As can be seen from the table. no significant differences were found between the means in list A and B for SNS acti- vation. sexual and aggressive drive. analogical thought pro- cesses. and imagoic representation. 0f the over seventy post hoc comparisons made. only two dependent variables approached significance. p ‘ .10: these being analogical thought processes for FA for the sexual words and sexual drive activation for PI for the neutral words. and this could be expected from chance alone. It is thus concluded that the four word groups of the two word lists (A and B) were not found significantly different from each other. First Session Reliability was computed between the two female Es and the author for the 8's initial eye movements. Mean reliabil- ity was 92.4%. being computed by the number of agreements divided by agreements plus disagreements times one hundred (percentage agreement method). Second Session: Experimental Session Imagoic representation The imagoic scale was used to assess the amount of definite. approximate. and combined imagery evident in the 8's protocols. Reliability was computed between the three scorers and the author for the imagoic scale by the percentage method. Mean reliability was 86%. 33? -Table 1 -Comparison of the means of word lists A and B across the dependent variables of SNS activation. sexual and aggressive drives. analogical thought and ima- goic representation for PI and FA ~Dependent variables .Word groups .sexual .aggressive affective .neutral lists -1ist lists lists ri_i .A .B A .B .A B A B ~SNS activation ‘FI frequency 10e3 9.0 Bel 7e3 8e3 7e6 7e1 e2 duration 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.4 3.8 2.6 amplitude 1830 3720 1540 1210 1800 1500 2630 1540 FA frequency 9.5 10.8 6.9 8.1 7.9 8.0 6.u 8.6 duration 2.2 5.1 1.8 3.1 1.8 3.1 1.7 2.2 amplitude 1960 1930 i980 1260 1500 1760 1440 1190 Sexual drive activation FI 1.5 1.5 2.4 4.3 4.1 2.9 4.3 8.4 FA 1.? 1.8 . 8 .19 1.3 1.9 3.6 6.0 Aggressive drive activation F1 .29 .05 3.0 2.8 1.0 0.8 .04 .07 FA .27 .13 3.6 3.1 .72 .68 .16 .10 Analogical thought FI 5.2 4.9 5.2 4.4 5.9 5.3 7.6 4.5 FA I581 602 10.0 6e0 5e? 6e“ 503 506 Imagoic represen- tation FI (approximate e08 e13 e06 e13 006 e09 e1“ e1“ definite .11 .09 .12 .10 .11 .12 .14 .12 combined .20 .23 .18 .23 .17 .21 .24 .25 FA approximate .10 .07 .09 .06 .12 .06 .16 .07 definite e08 e07 003 e08 e05 e06 e07 e06 combined .17 013 e11 e14 017 e11 022 e1“ None of the means are significantly different at p l .05. df = 1/26 34 A three factorial. conditions by mover type by exper- imenter ANOVA was computed to assess for experimenter effects (Table B in Appendix). Unexpectedly. significantlmain effects were found for Es for the approximate imagoic. (an. i=.045. M2: §=.2u9, E#3: x.-—-.oz:3), Hz/zz) = 7.33. and the combined imagoic scale. (E#1: X=.133. E#2: 2=.425. E#3: X=.083). F(2/22) = 9.25, both significant at p x. .005. Significant interactions were also found between mover type and experimenter for the approximate. F(2/22) = 3.47 (Figure 1). and the combined scale. F(2/22) = 3.50 (Figure 2). which were just within significance. Because of the unusual means for the SI of E#2. a condi- tions by mover type by order ANOVA was computed with and with- out the Ss run by E#2 (Tables C and D in Appendix). testing for a significant main effect for conditions. Across all three Es. for the definite imagoic scale. FI (X=.125) was found to produce significantly more verbalized imagery than FA (1:.069). F(1/24) = 4.89. p l .05. pooling across all the words. Without E#2. FI (X=.115) was again found to produce significantly more imagery than FA (i=.066). F(l/l6) = 4.70. pit .05. pooling across all the words. F1 was found effective in producing more definite or verbalized imagery than FA. Paired t-tests were then computed between FI and FA for each of the four word categories for the definite imagoic scale (Table 2). As can be seen from the table. free imagery produced significantly more imagery for the neutral. aggressive. 35 'Figure 1 ‘Interaction between mover type and experimenter for the approximate imagoic scale experimenters ,Figure 2 Interaction between mover type and experimenter for the combined imagoic scale .62 .6 imagery .4 .2 .10 .11 ‘rx,o7 #1 #2 #3 experimenters 36 Table 2 IMeans per condition for definite imagoic representation across the four word groups 'Word group 'Conditions t df p 'FI 'FA -sexua1 .10 .07 '1.03 27 .3 .05 aggressive .11 .05 2.27 27 l .05 affective. .11 .05 2.23 27 4 .05 neutral .12 .06 2.60 27 i .05 37 and affective words. but not the sexual words. The means of table 2 multiplied by 100 expresses the percentage of episodes that contained definite reference to imagery. One sees that a small percentage of imagery. five to seven percent. was evident in FA and that order effects F(1/24) = 1.58. p l .3. were not responsible for this. The percentage of episodes that contained reference to imagery in F1. although approximately double FA. was still surprisingly low. ranging between ten and twelve percent. An examination of table 3 expresses the low definite imagery content for free imagery more lucidly. The figures represent the number of Se in F1 and FA that demonstrated a given percentage of definite imagery. Although 22 SS in FA had five Percent or less of the episodes that contained definite imagoic depiction. thirteen. or almost half of the Be in F1 verbalized five Percent or less definite imagery. A perusal of the Ss's actual transcribed protocols supports the above. During free imagery. three 83 did not verbalize anything and five 88 gave only single word associa- tions. An examination of the protocols for many of the other Ss reveals that verbalization to free imagery was very similar to verbalization to free association. However. since a S can experience imagery without verbalizing such words as see. image. etc.. the actual imagery experienced may have been much higher. In order to attempt to tap this dimension. the approximate imagoic scale was used. By tapping the imagery that seemed to be taking place but was not explicitly verbalized as such 38 Table 3 Number of subjects having a given percentage of imagery (definite imagoic scale) for F1 and FA Definite imagoic .Conditions percentage ‘FI FA ‘0 - 5% '13 22 6 - 10% 3 0 11 - 20% 7 2 21 - 50% 4 3 51 - 100% 1 1 N = 28 28 39 (the approximate scale) and adding this to the definite imagoic scale. one could arrive at an upper limit of the imagery probably contained in the protocols (the combined scale). Table 4 shows the mean percentage of imagery for the three scales for each of the four word groups across FA and F1. Paired t-tests wereccmputed comparing the total imagery score (the combined scale) for each of the four word groups for PI and FA. Only for the neutral words did the FI condi- tion (i=.27) produce significantly combined imagery than the FA condition (i=.18). t=2.28. df=27. p t .05. Also. use of the Newmann-Keuls test atc&=.01 found that the neutral words produced significantly more combined imagery in F1 than any of the other three word groups. Anxiety (SES (gympathetic nervous system) activation) A three way analysis of variance. conditions by mover type by experimenter. was performed for the skin resistance response (SRR) variables of frequency. duration. and ampli- tude for all the word groups to assess any experimenter effects (Table E in Appendix). No significant main effects for Es or significant interactions between Es and the other variables were found. However. because of the peculiar experimenter effects for imagoic representation. the data was evaluated first with all three Es (N=28) and then without E#2 (N=20). A three way analysis of variance. conditions by mover type by order (Table F in Appendix).*was performed for the SRR variables of frequency. duration and amplitude for all 40 ‘Table 4 Mean percentage of episodes with approximate. definite. and combined imagery for each of the four word groups across FA and F1 Approximate scale word conditions groups . FA FI sexual fl 8s3 ##1009 aggressive 9.8 '9.9 affective 8.9 7.? neutral 11.6 14.4 'Definite scale word conditions groups FA FI sexual 7.1 10.3 aggressive 5.8 11.2 * affective 5.h 10,9 * neutral 6.4 12.5'* m _‘—-—‘ “vvw Combined scale word conditions groups FA FI sexual 15.4 21.2- aggressive 15.2 21.1 affECtive lueB 18s? neutral 18.0 26.9 * * ‘3 p L '05' 41 word groups with all three Es. In comparing the means between FA and F1 (Table 5). significant differences between condi- tions was found for only the neutral words for the dependent. measures of amplitude (FA' i=l320. FI: i=2080). F(1/24)=4.88 and duration (FA: X=1.92. FI: i=3.2). F(1/24)=5.37. both significant at p 4 .05. Another three way analysis of variance. conditions by mover type by order (Table G in Appendix). was performed for the same SRR variables. but only using the Sc run by E#1 and E#3. Again. a significant difference between conditions was found for only the neutral words for the dependent measures of amplitude (FA: i=1095. FI: i=19110). F(1/16)=4.68. and duration (FA: i=1.78. FI: i=3.17). ‘F(1/16)=4.82. both signifi- cant at p 4 .05. F1 aroused greater alleged sympathetic nervous system activation than FA for the neutral words. but not the sexual. aggressive. or affective words. When analyzing the data with all three Es for signifi- cant interactions between conditions and mover type for the four word groups (Table 6). a very significant interaction (p 4 .005) between conditions and mover type was found for frequency for the neutral words. F(1/24)=9.77 (Figure 3). Analyzing the data without E#2 yielded the same: a significant interaction ( p 4 .02) between conditions and mover type for frequency for the neutral words. F(1/16)=6.64 (Figure~4) of the same spatial arrangement. Examination of the graphs shows that LMs demonstrated a greater number of SRR responses in FA while RMs demonstrated 42 Table 5 Comparison of the means for PA and PI for the SRR variables of frequency. duration. and amplitude for the four word groups using three Es SRR frequency (#) word conditions groups FA PI “sexual 10.3 9.7 aggressive 7.5 7.7 effective 8.0 8.1 neutral 7 7.5 6.7 SRR duration (sec.) word conditions groups ‘ FA ' FI sexual 3.6 2.8 aggressive 2.9 2.6 affective 2.5 2.4 neutral 1.9 3.2 * SRR amplitude (ohms) word ' conditions groups FA FI sexual 1940 2770 aggressive 1620 1380 affective 1630 1650 neutral 1300 2080 * * I: p‘ .05, at 3 1/2‘) -Comparison of the means for HMs and LMs in FA and PI for 43 ~Table 6 the SHR variables of frequency. duration. and ampli- tude for the four word groups using three Es -SRR frequency W word groups conditions -FA .FI .BMs LMs .RMs LMs sexual 10.3 10.0 10.4 8.9 aggressive 7.5 7.4 9.2 6.2 affective 8.4 7.5 9.0 7.1 neutral 6s9 8e]. Bel 5.2 SRR duration word groups conditions FA FI RMs LMs RMs LMs 892113]. 5.0 2e2 2e5 as]. aggressive ' 1.5 4.4 1.7 3.4 affective 2s6 2e3 2.0 2e? neutral 1.5 2.4 3.0 3.4 . _ SRR amplitude word groups conditions FA FI RMS LMS ' HMS LMs sexual 2160 1730 3810 1730 aggressive 1430 1810 1260 1500 affective 1500 1760 1220 2080 neutral 1060 1570 1340 2820 se a p 4 .005. df 8 1/24 1.1.. {Figure 3 .Interaction between conditions and mover type for SRR frequency for the neutral words using three Es 10 8 frequency 6 1 1. 2 8.14 8.14 6.92 ‘\ LMs F1 1’1 conditions Figurelt -Interaction between conditions and mover type for SRR frequency for the neutral words using two Es 10 8 frequency 6 4 2 HMs 8.13 ' aL.../8-30 5‘ 7.10 x \ LMs I“x 4.83 conditions 45 a greater number of such responses in FI. A 2 x 2 x 4 ANOVA was performed corresponding to conditions. mover type. and word type for the three SRR variables across all three Es looking for a main effect for word type (Table H in Appendix). A significant main effect for word type (p 4 .0005) was found only for frequency. F(3/78)=8.88. The Newmann-Keuls test was applied and the sexual words (i=9.91) were found to produce significantly more responses than the affective (i=8.01). aggressive (i=7.37). and neutral words (X=7.1): and the affective words signifi-‘ cantly more responses than the aggressive and neutral words. but the neutrals were not significantly different from the aggressive words at 0( =.01. This suggests that the neutral words. although innocuous. were anxiety arousing. or at least as anxiety-arousing as the aggressive words. gygyg activation Reliability was computed between the three undergraduates who scored the protocols for sexual and aggressive drive and the author by the percentage agreement method. Reliability for the three scorers was 80.4. 79.6. and 78.6% for a mean reliability of 80% which was deemed adequate. A three way analysis of variance. conditions by mover type by experimenter. was performed for sexual (Table I in Appendix) and aggressive (Table J in Appendix) drive activa- ‘tion for each of the four word groups. Surprisingly. a significant main effect was found for Es for sexual drive 46 activation for the neutral words (E#1: i=.58. E#2: i=.89. E#3: i=.27). F(2/22)=14.51. p 4 .0005. and a significant interaction between mover type and experimenter for the aggressive words. F(2/22)=3.82 (Table 7). Concerning the aggressive drive. there occurred significant interactions between mover type and experimenter for the aggressive words. F(2/22)=3.93 (Table 8). and for the affective words. F(2/22)=6.17 (Table 39*). p 4 .05. Because of these peculiar experimenter effects. especially with E#2. the following data analysis was performed with all three Es and than without E#2. A three way factorial. conditions by mover type by order ANOVA. was computed for each of the four word groups for the sexual (Table K in Appendix) and aggressive (Table L in Appendix) drives for all three Es. In comparing the means between FI and FA for the aggressive drive (Table 10). F1 was not significantly different from FA. With the sexual drive (Table 10) a main effect was found for only the aggres- sive words. (FI: i=.33. FI: i=.14). F(1/24)=4.47. p 4 .05. A three way factorial. conditions by mover type by order ANOVA. was then computed for each of the four word groups for the sexual (Table M in Appendix) and the aggressive (Table N in Appendix) drives for only the Ss of E#1 and E#3. Neither for the sexual of the aggressive drive was FI found to evince greater verbalized drive activation than FA. Interactions between conditions and mover type were not significant for the aggressive drive for all three Es (Table 11) 47 Table 7 Mean sexual drive activation for the aggressive words for each experimenter for EMS and LMs -Mover type - Experimenters -#1 ‘#2 '#3 'RM3 .96 .48 .2? LMs :33 .16 .08 Table 8 oMean aggressive drive activation for the aggressive words for each experimenter for RMs and LMs -Mover type ~ Experimenters ‘#1 #2 -#3 .RMS 3.46 3086 2.40 LMs 3.77 2.02 3.83 Table 9 Mean aggressive drive activation for the affective words for each experimenter for RMs and LMs -Mover type - Experimenters .#1 -#2 -#3 .RMS e95 101? 039 LMs 1.21 .31 1.04 48 -Table 110 .Comparison of the means for FA and F1 for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four word groups for three Es sexual drive activation word -conditions STOUP -FA 'FI .sexual 1.51 1.76 aggressive 0.33 0.14 affective 0.34 0-25 neutral 0.49 0.63 aggressive drive activation word Iconditions 'sroup FA ’FI sexual 0.20 Gel? aggressive 3.34 2.94‘ affective 0.70 0.91 nGUtral Oe13 0e06 . g p z .05, at = 1/24 49 -Table 11 -Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs in FA and PI for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four word groups using three Es 'sexual drive activation -word groups .conditions .FA FI RMs LMs HMs LMs sexual 1.40 2e10 1e58 leul * aggressive .17 .11 .38 .29 affective .20 .11 .29 .40 neutral e65 s32 s61 e67 -aggressive drive activation ~word groups .conditions FA -FI RMs LMs .RMs .LMs 'Sexual e2“ e19 e05 e29 aggressive 3.28 3.40 3.00 2.92 affective .61 .80 .94 .88 neutral s15 s11 e07 .04 em = p 4 .05. df = 1/2u 50 or without E#2 (Table 12). However. for the sexual drive. with three Es (Table 11) a significant interaction was found for the sexual words. F(1/24)=4.4l (Figure 5). and a double interaction of condi- tions by mover type by order was found for the neutral words. F(1/24)=4.84 (Figure 6). both significant at p 4 .05. Dropping the Ss of E#2 from the data analysis and looking for interactions between conditions and mover type for sexual drive (Table 12) yielded a significant interaction only for the neutral words. F(1/16)=7.662. p t .025. Thus the signifi- cant interaction for sexual drive for the sexual words using three Es disappeared when the 88 of E#2 were dropped. and the double interaction between conditions. mover type. and order using three Es. became a single interaction between conditions and mover type that was even more significant. In this interaction with the neutral words. LMs had higher sexual drive activation in FI. while RMs had higher drive activation in FA. (Figure 7). A 2 x 2 x 4 analysis of variance was performed with regard to conditions. mover type. and word type for the aggressive and sexual drives with all three Es (Table 0 in Appendix). assessing for a main effect for word type. As would be expected. there was a main effect for word type for the sexual drive; Fé3/78)=39286. p 4 .0005 (Figure 8). and the aggressive drive. F(3/78)=118.4. p 4 .0005 (Figure 9). Use of the Newmann-Keuls test found that the aggressive words (2:3.13) produced significantly larger aggressive drive 51 .Table 12 Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs in FA and PI for sexual and aggressive drive activation for the four swordlgroups using two Es -sexual drive activation .word groups conditions 'FA 'FI -BM8 LMs 'RMs LMs sexual 1.38‘ 2.26 1.52 1.57 aggressive .14 .07 .26 .30 affeCtive e16 013 e19 e52 neutral 8 .60 .34 .37 .61 aggressive drive activation word groups . conditions FA FI RMs LMs RMs LMs sexual e26 e20 .04 e17 aggressive 3.56 4.06 2.71 3.23 affective .65 .80 .85 1.03 neutral .06 .13 .05 .04 e = p L .05, st = 1/16 52 'Figure 5 ‘Interaction between conditions and mover type for sexual drive activation for the sexual words using three Es 2.5 J- 2.1 LMs 2.0 db x\ drive \~\\‘\\’ 1.58 1.5 «a A 1.1a “8 1.1+2 1.0 4. 0.5 - F1 F1 4 conditions 53 .Figure 6 ,Interaction between conditions, mover type. and order for sexual drive activation for the neutral words using three Es FA first 1.01. .8“ e69 RMs drive .60 01"9 0’44. --1 ms ‘.._. _- __ _.- —' .2“ J“ .37 Pk Fi conditions FI first 1 096 1.0. I: LMs .81 /’ .81 // drive 6 . ' x’ ' RMs / ~53 .h /, x .2 " 029 PTA r51 conditions 54 .Figure 7 .Interaction between conditions and mover type for sexual drive activation for the neutral words using two Es 1.0 - drive .60 '51 /" 1148 1’ X RMs / .37 .34 1;}; 1:1 conditions 55 - Figure 8 -Sexual drive activation for the four word groups 200 T 1.62 1.5 u drive 1.0 w .56 0.5 an. .25 .24 séi. agg. eff. neut. word groups Figure 9 Aggressive drive activation for the four word groups 4.0 . 3013 drive 3.0 .. 200 '1’ .81 1.0 (b .09 .19 Be‘x a aéga 8.fo o neat 0 word groups 56 activation than the affective (2:.81). sexual (2:.19), and the neutral words (2:.09) at d =.01. The affective words were also found to produce significantly greater aggressive drive activation than the sexual and neutral words. For sexual drive activation. the sexual words (i=1.62) were found to produce significantly greater sexual drive than the neutral (i=.56), the affective (i=.25). and the aggressive (2:.24) words at o( =.01. The neutral words were also found to demonstrate greater sexual drive activation than the affective and aggressive words, also significant ato(=.01. The neutral words were not significantly different from the sexual words with regard to aggressive drive. and most importantly. the neutral words demonstrated significantly more sexual drive than the affective and aggressive words. This suggests they possibly may have functioned as remote deriva- tives of sexual strivings. A conditions by mover type by word type analysis of variance for sexual drive activation with three Es (Table 0 in Appendix) or only two Es (Table P in Appendix) also un- covered a significant double interaction between these three variables found to be significant with three Es. F(3/78)=3.91, p £ .02 (Figure 10) or with only two Es. F(3/54)=3.4. p t .025 (Figure 11). In looking at figure 10 (three Es). in the FA condition. LMs had higher sexual drive activation for the sexual words than RMs, whereas RMs had higher scores.for the affective and neutral words than LMs. In the FI condition, this was exactly 57 -Figure 10 .Interaction between conditions, mover type, and word type for sexual drive activation using three Es drive drive 2.0 1.0 0.5 FA . §\2.11 LMs 1.41 HHS \ .65 ' .21 .17 /x ‘f I .11.... __ “-4.10, .32 sex. agg. aff. neut. word type FI sex. agg. aff. neut. word type 58 'Figure 11 Interaction between conditions. mover type. and word type ' for sexual drive activation using two Es FA .200 .y drive 1.5 1 1.0 u .60 0. . 5 ‘ .16 ____, ’xu ._———-—- -:‘r3' -3 aff. neut. word type 1’1 ‘r .2.0 .. drive 1.52 1.5 JL 1.0 u .64 \ .55 His .32 .- "" ”’x 0.5 '1“ l ‘x (" I 019 . .\ O 6 26 RMs 3 sex. agg. aff. neut. 59 reversed. the RMs now scoring higher on the sexual words than LMs, with the LMs scoring higher on the affective and neutral words for sexual drive activation. With only the 83 of E#1 and E#3 taken into account (Figure 11), the graph is about the same. except in FI. EMS and LMs have the same drive score for the sexual words. Mover type The main effects for mover type for the three SRR dependent variables of a conditions by mover type by order ANOVA were not significant whether including all three Es (Table F in Appendix) of only two Es (Table G in Appendix). LMs did not significantly differ from RMs on the three SRR variables for the four word groups (Table 13). The main effects for mover type for a conditions by mover type by order ANOVA for sexual drive with three (Table K in Appendix) or two Es (Table M in Appendix) and aggressive drive with three (Table L in Appendix) or two Es (Table N in Appendix) were not significant. LMs did not significantly differ from EMS for the sexual and aggressive drives for the four word groups (Table 14). 2122 g§,g;izgj g2; and aggression versus 5!; gnd_§gg A 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA was run: conditions by mover type by sexual versus aggressive words with all three Es (Table Q in Appendix), testing for a significant interaction between mover type and word type. Although there were no significant interactions. the interaction regarding SRR duration. F(1/26)= 3.47 (Figure 12). and SRR amplitude. F(1/26)=3.06 (Figure 13) 60 .Table 13 .Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs for the SRR variables of frequency. duration. and amplitude for the four word groups using three Es .SRR frequency (#) .word type mover type RMs Ins ,sexual 10.4 9.5 aggressive 8.4 6.8 affective 8.7 7.3 neutral 7.5 6.7 .SRR duration (sec.) .word type mover type RMs Ifls ,sexual 3.7 2-7 aggressive 1.6 3.9 affective 2.3 2.5 neutral 2.2 2.9 .SRR amplitude (ohms) ,word type -mover type RMs LMs ,sexual 2990 1730 aggressive 1340 1650 affective 1360 1920 neutral 1200 2190 None of the means are Significantly different at p‘ ~05 61 Table 14 -Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs for the sexual and aggressive drives for the four word groups for three Es -sexual drive activation -word mover type group RMs LMs 'sexual 1.50 1.76 aggressive .27 .20 affective .25 .25 neutral .63 .49 'aggressive drive activation 'word 'mover type group . RMs ‘LMs -sexua1 .13 .24 aggressive 3.12 3.16 affective .77 .84 neutral .11 .07 None of the means are significantly different at p ‘ .05 62 _Figure 12 .Interaction between mover type and word type for the SRR variable of duration duration 3 b in seconds A 4 _i I T sexual aggressive word type ,Figure 13 .Interaction between mover type and word type for the BBB variable of amplitude 3000“ 2800 RMs amplitude in 20004.. 1640 LMs 1000 a 152° 130° sexual aggressive word type 63 approached significance: p t .10 and p 6 .08. respectively. A very significant interaction between mover type and word type (p ‘ .005) for all four word groups in regards to SRR amplitude. F(3/78)=4.8 (Figure 14). as computed by a conditions by mover type by word type ANOVA with three Es (Table H in Appendix). supports such a conclusion. Examina- tion of the graph reveals RMs were greatly affected by the sexual words, with hardly any differences between the aggres- sive, affective. and neutral words: whereas LMs were more affected by the aggressive, affective. and neutrals than the sexual words. Affect A three factorial. conditions by mover type by experi- menter ANOVA was computed to determine if there were any experimenter effects or interactions for syntonia or dystonia (Table B in Appendix). No main effects or interactions were evident. A conditions by mover type by order ANOVA was then com- puted for syntonia and dystonia (Table S in Appendix). No significant main effects for conditions or mover type (Table 15) or interactions between conditions and mover type (Table 16) were found. However, significant interactions were found between conditions and order for both syntonia. F(1/23)=4.75. p 6 .05 (Figure 15) and dystonia. F(1/23)=24.94. p l .0005 (Figure 16). If Fvaas experienced first. both FA and F1 aroused only a slight decrease in syntonia. However. with FA first. F1 was 64 Figure 14 Interaction between mover type and word type for the SRR 3000 2 . amplitude 500 in ohms 2000 1500 1000 500 variable of amplitude 1. 2810 HMS 2190 18 ’w" " 1640 a?! ’ LMs ,....—-- " ‘I’ 4 1520 _— "‘\ 0 1300 1360 1240 9 sex. agg. aff. neut. ‘ 65 .Table 15 -Comparison of the means for conditions (FA and PI) and also mover type (RMs and LMs) for syntonia and dystonia .conditions 'mover type FA FI RMs LMs .syntonia -3.2 -2.1 -3.3 -1.9 'dystonia 1.4 -2.4 2.2 1.6 None of the means are significantly different at p 4 .05, df = 1/23 'Table 16 .Comparison of the means for Bus and LMs in FA and F1 for syntonia and dystonia conditions FA ' FI IBMs ' .LMs 'Rns ' .LMs .syntonia -3.4 -3.0 -3.4 -0.8 .dystonia 1.3 1.6 3.2 1.5 None of the interactions are significant at p ‘ .05, df = 1/23 66 .Figure 15 Interaction between conditions and order for syntonia 2.0 syntonia -2.0 -4.0 -6.0 il- 4- conditions Figure 16 Interaction between conditions and order for dystonia 10.2 1000 '4 x dystonia 7'7 4‘1 13" 500 d)- / 1’ 000 I!» / FA lat 5 0 "/ . "‘ -4.85 -5.46 F31 FI conditions 67 found to be somewhat pleasing. whereas FA was very dis- pleasurable. For dystonia. these findings are even more significant. there now being a vast difference between FI and FA when FI was experienced first: F1 was now also very dis- pleasurable. gggg 2: information processing Reliability between the three scorers who scored the Analogic-Synthetic Scale and the author averaged 81% by the percent agreement method. which was deemed adequate. Because of the sparsity of data for the synthetic scale. this scale was dropped from the data analysis and analysis was only performed on the analogic scale. A three way ANOVA. conditions by mover type by experi- menter. was computed for analogic thought processes to deter- mine if any experimenter main effects or interactions were evident (Table T in Appendix). No main effects or interactions were found. A three way ANOVA. conditions by mover type by order. was then computed for analogic thought processes (Table U in Appendix). No significant main effects for conditions or mover type (Table 17) or interactions between conditions and mover type (Table 18) were found. Imagery A t-test comparing the imagery vividness scores of RMs and LMs as measured by a modified version of the Bette QMI was not significant. t=.092. df=27. 68 ,Table 17 Comparison of the means for conditions (FA and F1) and also mover type (EMS and LMs) for analogical thought processes for the four word groups using three Es 'word groups conditions ~ mover type 'FA FI 'RMs nus -sexual 5.7 5.0 5.1 5.6 aggressive 8.0 4.8 7.4 5.4 affective 6.0 5.6 5.6 6.1 'neutral 5.4 6.0 4.8 6.7 None of the means are significantly different at p l .05. df = 1/24 .Table 18 Comparison of the means for EMS and LMs in FA and F1 for analogical thought processes for the four word groups using three Es word groups I conditions ‘ FA ‘ FI RMs LN: .RMs LMs sexual 5.5 5.8 I 4.7 ' 5.4 aggressive 10.5 5.6 4.3 5.2 affective 5.8 6.3 5.3 5.9 neutral 5.2 5.6 4.3 7.6 None of the interactionsare significant at " p L .05. df = 1/24 69 erriefing questionnaire The 88 were given a final questionnaire that com- pared their subjective experiences over the two conditions of FA and FI. Twenty-two of the 27 88 liked free imagery best (significant with the sign test at p l .008). nineteen out of 24 found it most interesting (p‘L .01). and seventeen out of 22 said they were most honest with FI (p l .02). Breaking the 88 into right and left movers yielded no significant differences for EMS on the above three questions. However. LMs preferred visual imagery overwhelming in the three subjective report measures: twelve out of thirteen LMs liked FI better (p.£ .001). eleven out of twelve found it more interesting (p k .001). and ten out of eleven said they were more honest with it (p t .002) than FA. These results suggest that the significant results across all 38 for the three subjective report questions were dm to the very signifi- cant results for left movers. Summarz'gg Significant Results (Tables 19 and 20 present the following graphically.) Imagoic representation FI produced significantly more definite or explicitly verbalized imagery than FA for the aggressive. affective. and neutral words. When using a less rigorous but more inclusive criterion (the combined imagoic scale). only the neutral words were found to produce significantly more imagery in F1 than FA, In both conditions the imagery was much lower than expected. averaging about eleven percent in F1 using the 7O definite criterion and about 21 percent in F1 when using the more inclusive criterion. Interestingly. imagery was also reported in the eyes- opened FA condition about six percent of the time when employ- ing the definite criterion. Anxiety (sympathetic nervous system activation) FI produced significantly greater skin resistance responses (amplitude and duration) than did FA. but only for the neutral words. AA very significant interaction between conditions (FI and FA) and mover type (RMs and LMs) was found for the neutral words for SRR frequency. RMs showed a greater number of SRRs to the neutral words in F1 than FA. while LMs demonstrated greater responsivity to the neutrals in FA than FI. An interaction between LMs and EMS and word type was also found for the SRR amplitude variable. LMs showed great- er amplitude responses to the neutral words and showed the smallest amplitude response to the sexual words. 0n the other hand. RMs showed the greatest amplitude response to the sexual words and were least responsive to the neutral words. The sexual words were found to be associated with signif- icantly more 8333 than the other word groups. and the affec- tive words were associated with significantly more responses . than the aggressive or neutral words. Qgiyg_activation For sexual drive activation. LMs produced greater, drive activation to the neutral words in F1 than FA. while 71 RMs showed greater sexual drive to the neutral words in FA than FI. A significant double interaction between conditions. mover type and word type was found for sexual drive activa- tion. In the FA condition LMs demonstrated greater drive than EMS to the sexual words. whereas RMs demonstrated great? er drive than LMs to the affective and neutral words. In the FI condition this was now reversed. The RMs evinced greater sexual drive than LMs to the sexual words. whereas LMs demon- strated greater drive than RMs to the affective and neutral words. I The sexual words were associated with significantly greater sexual drive than the neutral. affective. or aggrese sive words. and the neutral words were associated with signif- icantly greater sexual drive than the affective or aggres- sive words. Also. the aggressive words were associated with significantly more aggressive drive activation than the other word groups. and the affective words were associated with significantly more aggressive drive than the sexual or neutral words. 2122212112 Near significant interactions (p 4 .10) were found between mover type and the sexual and aggressive words for the SRR variables of duration and amplitude. RMs showed higher amplitude and longer duration responses to the sexual than the aggressive words. whereas LMs showed higher amplitude and longer duration responses to the aggressive than the sexual words. 72 Experimenters Several unexpected experimenter results were found. Significant main effects were found for the three Es for the approximate imagoic scale. the combined (or inclusive) ima- goic scale. and the neutral words for sexual drive activation. with E#2 having 83 who scored highest on all three dependent- variables. Significant interactions were also found between mover type and experimenter for the approximate and combined ima- goic scales. the aggressive and affective words for the aggressive drive. and the aggressive words for the sexual drive. Debriefing questionnaire All but one of the left movers said that they liked FI better than FA. found it more interesting. and said they were more honest in reporting what they saw in FI than FA. 'Summary of significant main effects 73 -Table 19 (Entries in the table are abbreviations for the independent variables of conditions (FI and FA). word type (S. Ag..Af. N). and experimenters (E#1. E#2. E#3) significant at p & .05 for the dependent variables of SNS activation. drive activa- tion. and imagoic representation.) Independent variables Dependent Conditions Word type Experimenters variables SNS activation frequency 3 5 Af .AsoN Af 3 Ag.N duration F1 3 FA“ amplitude F1 5 FA“ [Drive activation sexual drive 3 ‘ NnAfoAE E#2 3 E#1.E#3u N 8 Af.Ag aggressive Ag 3 Af.S.N drive Af 3 S.N Imagoic represen- tation approximate E2592 3 E#1 .E#3 definite F1 3 F1123” combined FI 2» FA“ N =- S.A8.Af E#2=b E#1.E#3 Footnotes 1only the sexual words 2only the aggressive words 3only the affective words “only the neutral words 74 .Table 20 .Summary of significant interactions .(Entries in the table are abbreviations for the independent variables of mover type (EMS and LMs). conditions (FA and FI). word type (3. Ag. Af. N). and experimenters (E#1.E#2. E#3) significant at p l .05 for the dependent variables of SNS activation. drive activation. and imagoic representation.) -Independent .variables .Dependent .Conditions . .Word type .Experimenters variables .SNS Activation frequency BMssFI 8 FA“ LMssFA 3 PI duration amplitude RMssS 3.Af.Ag.N LMsaN 3 Af.Ag.S Drive activation * sexual drive BMsaFA 8 PI“ RMsxFI 3 FA1 RMssE#2 3 M132 medal-) FA FA s F143 LMs.E#3 4 M1352 LMsaFA 3 F11 ' FI a F1143 aggressive RMssE#2 )‘E#1&3203 drive - LMsaE£2 l E#1&3 Imagoic represen- tation . approximate BMssE#2 5 E#1&3 LM83E#2“3 E#1&3 definite combined RMs:E#2 31E#1&3 LMssE#2 =’E#1&3 Footnotes lonly for sexual words 2only for aggressive words Zonly for affective words only for neutral words *double interaction DISCUSSION Because of the nature of the imagoic scale findings. these will be discussed first. along with the Procedures of this study as compared to that of Smeltzer (1966) and Stern (1974). since their investigations were similar in many respects. Then will begin a discussion of the specific results. Imagoic Representation: Manipulation Check By assessing the amount of imagery evident in the proto- cols via the three imagoic scales. it was thought to defin- itively determine if the experimental manipulations for the two conditions were effective. However. the conclusions to be drawn for the results of the three scales are not unam- biguous and the effectiveness of the FI condition at foster- ing imagery is questionable. With the definite scale F1 was effective at generating significantly more imagery across all the word groups. In ‘ breaking the words into word categories. FI produced signif- icantly more imagery than FA for the aggressive. affective. and neutral words. but not the sexual. Thus the experimen- tal manipulations were successful. but no completely so. However. the imagery content was surprisingly low. Only ten to twelve percent of all episodes contained definite reference to imagery and almost half of the 83 in F1 had little or no imagery present in their protocols (0 - 5%). Several 88 said nothing or little at all in the FI condition 75 76 and for many others the protocols read like free associa- tions. This suggests that the FI condition was not very effective at eliciting visual imagery from the Ss. It seems as if imagery either was not produced or if it was. it tended not to be verbalized. The nature of the instructions for PI were such that the S was asked to report any images. feelings. and sensa- tions that came to mind without omitting a thing. The in- structions were repeated twice. the 8 had five minutes to ”practice" free imagery before imaging to the stimulus words. and he was asked if he had any questions before the presen- tation of the stimulus words occurred. This suggests that he did know what to do or could ask questions if he did not. Although the instructions were such that the S‘could give feelings or sensations besides images. an examination of the protocols shows that feelings and sensations did not take up a large part of the S's verbalizations. The possibility exists that the 83 may not have had the ability to visualize imagery and hence it was not produced and verbalized in the FI condition.' However. in FA five to seven percent of the episodes were scored definite imagoic. which means the S had verbalized having imagery while his eyes were opened! This suggests that if imagery was able to be seen and verbalized with eyes opened. the Be had the abil- ity to engage in spontaneous visual imagery with eyes closed. The fact that the Ss imaged very little to the stimulus words or reported little of what they imaged suggests that 77 imagery to the stimulus words may have been aversive and hence resisted. or if the imagery was visualized. it was aversive to verbalize it. This low definite imagoic content in the FI condition. although unexpected. is not without an explanation or precedent. It is a common observation that clients undergoing emergent uncovering psychotherapy are many times unable to keep their eyes closed when first asked to close their eyes and report any imagery they see. They are also unable to 'revisualize hot images. key individuals. or emotionally ladened scenes from their lives” (Reyher. 1977. p.264). A recent study by Moses (1977) came up with similar findings. Forty 88 were tested with three types of stimulus narra- tives (low aggression. high aggression. and implausible ima- gery). High aggressive narratives produced a greater number of failures to image than low aggressive narratives and 92$ of the Ss indicated interference of some type with the abil- ity to visualize the required stimulus scene. He concluded by suggesting that the "experimental findings fully verify the clinical observations that the client's/subject's imagery is not a passive point-for-pdint reproduction of the therapist's/experimenter's stimulus narrative" (Moses. 1977. p.20). but is influenced by the nature of the material and the anxiety attendant with visual- izing such material. Thus the low definite imagoic content for the Be of this study may have been a function of the nature of the material and the anxiety attendant with its 78 visualization. As mentioned. only the definite scale gave an objective and certain evaluation of imagoic content. But the 8 may be experiencing imagery without specifically including a verb such as see. visualize. etc.. which is where the com- bined scale can be suggestive of imagoic content not speci- fically verbalized as such. As an example. the several 88 who did have imagery generally did not verbalize a word such as see or visualize to every episode. but would tend to verbalize such a word once and then would continue into the following episodes describing related imagery. In one clear- cut example. S#3's imagery to one of the stimulus words was: I picture the penis in the vagina/ and ah. there it's just a. similar to a picture in color that you would find in a biology book/ ah. it's very plain and lacking pubic hair. it's just a torso. Clearly. episodes two and three are imagoic but because they did not contain one of the criterion words. they were . scored approximate imagoic. The fact that significant results for several of the dependent variables were found mainly for the neutral words may relate in part to the significantly greater combined imagoic content elicited by them. Even with the neutrals however. the combined imagery content was low. amounting to a little more than a quarter of all the episodes. .What4then took up the vast majority of the S's protocols ' in.FI? (A glance at the 8's protocols suggests that a lot of the episodes appear to be verbal associations. in some of which security operations (Sullivan. 1953: Reyher. In press) 79 were not absent. As an example. S#11 "free imaged” to only one of the twenty stimulus words in F1 and this was his ”images”: Strangely enough I think of a prof teaching a psych class now. psychoanalytic theory/ and this guy's obviously Freudian and he must spend so much time talking about masturbation/ you might say that word about ten times an hour/ some of Freud's theories were ridiculous. His ”images" suggest the use of disparagement as a security operation to offset a decrease in self-esteem. especially since he said nothing to the other words. ”If spontaneous visual imagery is to be observed. the interpersonal situation must be structured in such a way as to prevent or offset security operations" (Reyher. In press. p.3). The low imagery content. the nature of the protocol material. and the above suggests that the interpersonal situation was not structured so as to best demonstrate visu- al imagery. The nonsignificant results for many of the de- pendent variables for the sexual. aggressive. and affective vwords may relate in part to the low imagery content of the FI condition. caused by the interpersonal situation in which the 3 found himself. Procedural Qifferences ipbppg Present §ppdy_gpdwppgp‘pf Smeltzer (1266) 313d _S_t_e_r9_ (1224) The results of the present study are in striking con- trast to the results of Smeltzer in which F1 was found to be more anxiety-provoking and generated greater drive expression‘ across all word groups. However. the interpersonal situation 80 between Smeltzer's study and the present one were vastly different. In Smeltzer's study the S.was in a face-to-face encoun- ter with the experimenter. Before each stimulus word. either the word "associate” or "image" was spoken. For ”associate” the S was to "sit with your eyes open and verbalize the first thought that comes into your mind." For ”image" he was told: "you will close your eyes . . . and describe any images. feelings. or sensations you may experience. The image may or may not be related to the word you hear” (Smeltzer. 1966. 13.5). In the present study all the main instructions were on tape and the S reclined in a chair and responded to the in- structions on tape while an experimenter in the backround monitored the polygraph and the tape recorders. Although the E was in the room. he did not interact with the S besides the initial instructions and procedural matters. such as attaching electrodes. starting and stopping tapes. etc. Thus the 3 did not have an ”interpersonal relationship” with the E as in Smeltzer's study. The S in the face-to-face encounter with the E in Smeltzer's study probably was able to discriminate much more easily as to what was expected of him than in the present study. Maintainence of self-esteem could be best insured by following instructions as best he could. especially since the maintainence of self-esteem and its use against feelings of dystonia are very important. The protection of such 81 self-esteem and the reduction of tension associated with such protection usually override all other concerns. In the words of Sullivan (1953): This tension and the activities required for its reduction and relief. which we call security oper- ations because they can be said to be addressed to maintaining a feeling of safety in the esteem reflected to one from the other person concerned. always interfere with whatever other tensions and energy transformations they happen to coincide with (p-373)- Most likely. Ss could best maintain self-esteem in Smeltzer's study by following instructions and providing the required association or image to the stimulus word. In the present study. on the other hand. the 8 had no experimenter or authority figure on which to rely. The 8 had then to rely on his own initiative. and if his self-esteem may have been threatened. security operations would be generated to offset the decrease in self-esteem while concomitantly reducing visual imagery. Thus some 83 said nothing or very little. single words. or engaged in operations such as that of S#11. However. because the security operations of the two conditions were not compared. it is not known to what extent these oper- ations were activated in F1 and hence how much self-esteem was threatened. in this study or in Smeltzer's. Stern's (1974) study was also similar to this one. He compared free association eyes opened. free association eyes closed. and free imagery eyes closed., The results indicated that “the two free association conditions were equally pathogenic (anxiety-producing). and surprisingly. both were significantly more pathogenic than free imagery" 82 (Reyher. In press. p.16). This was unexpected since the free imagery condition was hypothesized to be associated with a higher degree of primary process and drive. The results suggested that because the S in free imagery had a task demand to satisfy. i.e. see an image. his self-esteem was less threatened than in FA. in which the S lacked criter- ia for making an evaluation of his own performance. The procedures between Stern's study and the present one were different. Stern's study had no stimulus words. and no content analysis was done on the imagery of Stern's study. Hence it is not known to what extent imagery was demonstrated across conditions in Stern's study. The fact that so little imagery was produced in the present study suggests that if the S had a task demand to satisfy. i.e. image to the stimulus words. this was not adequately attain- ed. Although the S's self-esteem in the FA condition of the present study may have been more threatened than in FI. and the final questionnaire suggests that the Ss in FA were more defensive and ”on guard" than in FI. the procedures of the present study seem to have created enough anxiety or dyston- ia to allow only a small percentage of imagery to be produced in FI. with the possibility that imagery to the neutral words was less inhibited than with the other three word groups. If the dystonia associated with the maintainence of self-esteem was greater in FA than FI. this may have tended to equate the anxiety associated with maintainence of self- esteem in FA with the anxiety attendant with attempting to 83 visualize sexual. aggressive. and affective material. and so the differences between FI and FA were not significant. However. with the neutral words. self-esteem in FA should not be so threatened when associating to such innocuous words. and yet visualization to such words in FI would be more anxiety-provoking. especially if they functioned as sexual derivatives. Thus the lack of significant results for the sexual. aggressive and affective words for the dependent variables across conditions may have been due to the low imagoic con- tent in FI. caused in part by dystonia and the appearance of security operations and defenses. These were probably activated more with the sexual. aggressive. and affective words. tending to reduce and/or confound differences between conditions for all but the neutral words. Also. the three experimenters used in the present study in contrast to a single experimenter in Smeltzer's study may have added to the variance. decreasing significant differences. In conclusion. comparing the present study with that of Smeltzer (1966) and Stern (1974) suggests that the nature of the procedures and the interaction between the subject and experimenter have profound effects upon the nature of the results and future studies must carefully take into account the extent to which imagery and security operations are acti- vated. The fact that FI did not generate greater drive or anxiety than FA across all word groups as in Smeltzer's study. or that FA was not more pathogenic than FI as in Stern's 84 study. attests to the extent to which procedural variables and the interpersonal relationship between experimenter and subject can influence drive manifestation and anxiety. Major'Findings Anxiety: sympathetic nervous system activation The neutral words were found to produce significantly more sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation for PI than PA on two of the three dependent SRR variables. They were also found not to be significantly different from the other word groups for SRR duration or amplitude and were not sig- nificantly different from the aggressive words for SRR frequency. These results imply that the neutral words were not innocuous but somewhat anxiety-arousing, at least as much as the aggressive words. The interesting finding that the neutral words allowed for more sexual drive activation than the affective and aggressive words suggests that they may have functioned as remote sexual derivatives. If the neutral words were sexual derivatives. i.e. ”associatively connected ideas that are less objectionable to the conscious ego." (Fenichel. 1972. p.17) the greater SNS activation for the neutrals in PI is consistent with the fact that ”drive-related affect and impulses achieve more direct expression via imagoic derivatives than con- ceptual-verbal representation” (Reyher. In press. p.32). The greater SNS activation in PI is probably the result of the greater activation of impulses and affect associated with the neutral words and their possible derivative functions. 85 However. since the derivative function of the neutrals can only be inferred. an alternative explanation may be that the greater pombined imagoic representation of the neutrals aroused greater SNS activation in FI. a condition which would tend to foster the greater depiction of these words. and hence. possibly greater SNS activation. The fact that the sexual. aggressive. and affective words evinced significantly less pombined imagery does suggest. however. that imagery was inhibited for these other word groups. possibly because of anxiety. in which case the neutrals. via drive displace- ment (Reyher. In press) would be a likely candidate for derivatives. Since the stimulus words were not equated for imagery vividness. the extent of inhibition across word groups is uncertain. Future research should take this into account. The greater SNS activation in FI for the neutrals is further complicated by an interaction between mover type and conditions for SRR frequency. Right movers had the greater number of SRR responses in FI while left movers had almost double the number of SRR responses in FA than FI. This interaction is consistent with the previous work on right and left movers and their respective personality characteristics (Raquel Gur and Reyher. 19738 Bakan. 1969. 1971: Reyher. 1977a). LMs. who are more hypnotizable with a passive. emotional induction scale and tend to have clearer visual imagery were much less anxious (less SNS activation) in the free imagery condition. RMs. who tend to be more 86 hypnotizable with an active. intellectual scale and tend to use intellectualization and projection as defenses. were less anxious in FA. Speculating in terms of mode of information processing. left movers. who may be characterized as employing cognitive processes and ego defenses mediated by the analogic-synthetic mode. were less anxious in a condition also characteristic of that mode of information processing. Right movers. who may be characterized as employing processes and ego defenses mediated via the semantic-syntactic mode. were less anxious in a condition (FA) also characteristic of that mode of information processing. at least for words of ”neutral con- tents. Qpiyg,activation The results concerning drive activation are much harder to evaluate. owing to the peculiar main effects and interac- tions for Es. which was not the case for the SRR variables. Since it seemed E#2 was the experimenter who added perturba- tions to the data. the analyses performed without him are probably more indicative of the true nature of the phenomena although the N was smaller. These will be evaluated first. WithOut E#2. the only significant result concerning sexual and aggressive drive was a significant interaction between conditions and mover type for sexual drive for the neutral words. LMs had greater verbalized sexual drive acti- vation in FI. whereas RMs had greater drive activation in FA. This is exactly opposite the interaction between mover type 37 and conditions for SRR frequency for the neutral words. Incorporating the results of both SNS activation and sexual drive yields the following interpretation. RMs were _less anxious with the neutral words in the FA condition and the active. intellectual mode it entails. Being less anxious in FA than FI. they were able to verbalize greater sexual strivings than if they were more anxious and would have tended to inhibit such verbalization. The low sexual drive score (in comparison to that of the sexual words) suggests that the verbalizations were derivatives. Such derivatives would arouse less anxiety than more blatant material. and less anxiety was what was found with greater sexual verbalization for the neutral words in FA. The results with the LMs were exactly reversed for the neutral words. presumably for being less anxious in FI. Explaining the previous in a more theoretical and speculative framework. LMs were less anxious and so verbalized more sexual drive in FI. a condition characterized as em- ‘ploying the same mode of information processing by which LMs may be characterized. Alternatively. RMs were less anxious and so verbalized greater sexual drive to innocuous material in FA. the condition characteristic of the same informational mode presumably characteristic of HMS. In evaluating sexual drive activation with the Ss of all three Es. one finds a double interaction between condi- tions. mover type. and order for sexual drive for the neutral words. a single interaction between conditions and mover- 88 type for the sexual words. and a main effect for conditions for the aggressive words. Because these interactions and main effects disappeared without the 88 of E#2. the meaning of these results is questionable. It is reasonable to as- sume that the double interaction for the neutral words is better understood as a single interaction previously dis- cussed between mover type and conditions for the neutral words. Because of the nature of the interesting interaction between conditions and mover type for the sexual words with three Es. which disappeared when the eight 88 of E#2 were dropped. the meaning of such an interaction will be specula- tively entertained. In this interaction RMs had greater verbalized sexual drive in FI while LMs had greater sexual drive in FA. exactly opposite the interaction with the neu- tral words for sexual drive activation. It should also be remembered that FI did not produce significantly more definite imagery than FA for the sexual words. although F1 was greater than FA. If the neutral words represent remote sexual derivatives while the sexual words. blatant sexual strivings. and the data support such an hypothesis: then RMs verbalized sexual derivatives better with FA. a condition mediated by the in- formational mode presumably characteristic of themselves. yet inhibited blatant sexual verbalization in the same informa- tional mode. LMs. on the other hand. verbalized sexual derivatives better with FI than FA: FI being the condition 89 mediated by the informational mode presumably characteris- tic of themselves. yet inhibited blatant sexual verbaliza- tion in the same mode of information processing. The previous theorizing can be seen more definitively in the double interaction between conditions. mover type. and word type for sexual drive activation (Figures 10 and 11). Regardless of the number of Es. RMs verbalized lesser sexual drive for the sexual words in FA than FI. FA being the con- dition characteristic of the informational mode presumed to be characteristic of EMS. and yet RMs verbalized more sexual drive activation in FA than F1 to the neutral words. which were not blatantly sexual. 0n the other hand. again regard- less of the number of Es. LMs verbalized lesser sexual drive for the sexual words in FI than FA. FI being the condition characteristic of the informational mode presumed to be characteristic of LMs. and yet LMs verbalized more sexual drive in F1 than FA to the neutral words. The fact that the drive activation was much less for the neutral words than the sexual words. supports the hypothesis that the neutral words allowed for more remote or ”derivative” verbalization of sexual drive than the blatant sexual words. Although needing further experimental support. this suggests that blatant. unacceptable drive-related material is defended against. while more innocuous. remote derivatives are allowed expression through the informational mode characteristic of the subject type. Because the nature of defenses is to defend against blatant material and yet 90 allow derivatives of such material expression. as in the form of symptoms. dreams. parapraxes. etc.. the results are consistent with Freudian theory (Freud. 1970: Fenichel. 1972). Differential defenses by mover type has already been suggested by Gur (1973) and delineated by Reyher (1977. In press). However. the results also point to the possibility that the condition mediated by the mode of information pro- cessing characteristic of a given subject type is better at uncovering or verbalizing derivatives of such strivings. The work of Shapiro (1965) suggests that the defenses of a particular clinical type. i.e. hysterical as compared to obsessive-compulsive. are the expression of more funda- mental cognitive styles that underlie such defenses. The inhibition of blatant sexual material in the cognitive mode characteristic of a subject type and yet its expression in derivative form more easily with the same cognitive mode attests to differences in cognitive style across subject types that is consistent with Shapiro's investigations. The meaning of such results. if replicated. has impor- tant clinical implications. The particular cognitive style or informational mode of the subject may allow remote deriv- atives to be expressed and yet inhibit blatant material through the particular defenses of that informational mode. But the uncovering of remote derivatives. which may be more easily accompliched in one cognitive mode or another. should lead to the uncovering of less remote derivatives as the nature of these derivatives become understandable and 91 acceptable to the client. This in turn leads to the uncover- ing of less and less remote derivatives. until the repressed strivings and the resistances against such strivings are uncovered. This may be more easily accomplished by using the informational mode characteristic of a particular sub- ject type. the blatant strivings being uncovered by working through less and less remote derivatives. However. the interaction may be even more complicated. and it seems that the nature of the drive. whether sexual or aggressive. tends also to be mediated by a particular in- formational mode (c.f. Reyher. In press: gypg,2§.gp$yg. fol- lowing pages). Mover type No significant main effects were found for mover type for any of the dependent variables. This suggests that the differences between mover types may be very subtle or even non-existent. This goes against previous findings by Bakan (1969. 1971). Raquel Gur and Reyher (1973). and others. although it does agree with the recent findings of Berg (1978) and Olsen (1978) in which very little differences were found between mover types for several dependent varia- bles. According to Berg. “lateral eye movement is a frag- ile phenomenon and all the significant task. subject. and environmental variables may have not been identified and brought under control” (1978. p.18). Although this comment was directed more at the nature 92 _ of the eye movement phenomenon itself and not so much the relevant personality characteristics which accompany cer- tain eye movement types. it does highlight the fact of the subtleness of the phenomenon and suggests that much more research is needed to identify relevant variables and repli- cate previous findings of personality differences between right and left movers and the modes of information process- ing that are presumed to be characteristic of mover type. In this experiment three different Es tested the Ss. and the peculiar experimenter effects. especially for E#2. may have tended to reduce any significant differences for mover type. However. the interactions between conditions and mover types on SNS activation and drive do suggest differences between mover types that are not blatant but subtle. and have modulating influences. The nonsignificant main effects for anxiety. drive. and affect imply that right and left movers do not differ in amount of anxiety. drive. or affect. and yet the signifi- cant interactions suggest that RMs and LMs do differ in how the drive or anxiety is cognitively mediated. i.e. via a informational mode that is characteristically more analogic- synthetic or semantic-syntactic (Reyher. 1977b). This in turn agrees with Gur's findings that left movers do not “differ from right movers in strength of drives. emotions. or conflicts. but rather in the preferred modes of approach- ing or defending against them” (Gur. 1973. p.38). 93 me. 2.1: 2:222: new; and. .1313. _movers Interesting near significant findings were also demon- strated in which LMs displayed greater SNS activation with the aggressive words. while RMs displayed greater SNS activa- tion with the sexual words on two out of the three SRR variables. This tends to support the hypothesis suggested by Gur (1973. pp.36-37) that LMs tend to defend against anger and aggression. whereas RMs tend to defend against libidinal conflicts. This may also be related to differ- ential processing of information. In a recent paper (Reyher. In press) the sexual drive was hypothesized as an endopsychic drive specific to the right cerebral hemisphere and its mediation by the analogic- synthetic mode. while aggression was labeled an intrapsychic drive specific to the left cerebral hemisphere. If sex is an endopsychic drive specific to the right hemisphere and its mediation by the analogic-synthetic mode and LMs are characterized as employing that mode of informa- tion processing. one would expect them to be less anxious with a drive characteristic of the mode of information processing which also characterizes them. and this was found to be nearly significant. Likewise. with anger as an intrapsychic drive more characteristic of the semantic-syntactic mode mediated through the left hemisphere. one would expect RMs. who seem characterized by the semantic-syntactic mode. to be less anxious with the aggressive words and more anxious (having 94 greater SNS activation) with the sexual words and again. this is what was found to approach significance. Clearly repli- cation on a larger sample is required. Affect No significant main effects were found for syntonia or dystonia although a significant interaction between order and conditions suggests that the change from one mode of information processing to another can affect the self-esteem of the subject. The Mood Questionnaire. used to assess affect. was a novel questionnaire created by the author in an attempt to monitor affects that was seemingly valid for only two affects. syntonia and dystonia. Much more research and refinement is needed to make it a viable instrument for tapping affect. Imagepy LMs were not found to have more vivid imagery than RMs. The findings reported by Bakan (1969) were not supported. According to the final questionnaire. however. almost all of the left movers found FI more interesting. liked it better. and were more honest with it. This agrees with the theoriz- ing that LMs tend to be characterized by the use of the ana- logic-synthetic mode and so would be expected to prefer a mode that mediates visual and sensory imagery. LMs may not have more vivid imagery but rather attend to it better owing to being characterized by the mode of information processing that mediates such imagery. 95 Another interpretation may be that LMs do have more vivid imagery. but because the 88 were given the modified Betta QMI after the experience of both FI and FA. practice effects associated with the conditions may have masked significant differences. Mpdg 2; information processing No significant main effects or interactions were found for analogic-synthetic process functions. Because it was found that the scoring of the verbalizations according to the scale did not allow for adequate differentiation of in- tactness and completeness between FA and PI. the nonsignifi- cant results of this scale may be a function of how the data was scored rather than the nature of the thought processes involved. Alternatively. the conditions may have been.equivalent in this respect. just as it generally was for drive activa- tion. and may be related to the small differences in imagoic content between conditions or to the fact that PI and FA or RMs and LMs do not differ significantly in regards to ana- logic-synthetic process functions. 220232622132 Some very peculiar experimenter effects were demon- strated with the data for several dependent variables. Be- cause it was thought that experimenter effects would not be significant. especially with the little interaction they had had with the Ss. no assessment was done on them. Thus any 96 type of interpretation is post hoc and conjecture. 0f the three Es. E#2 seemed to be the most discrepant. He tended to be more aloof. quiet. and distant. and was simply not as sociable or friendly as E#1 and E#3. A very significant main effect was found for approxi- mate and combined imagery with the 83 of E#2 having much greater imagoic representation. Since there was not a signif- icant interaction between conditions and Es. it seems E#2 did not not follow instructions. such as making sure the 38 got imagery in FI. for imagery was much greater in both condi- tions. and besides that. a main effect was not found for the definite imagoic scale. The significant main effect for sexual drive activation for the neutral words with the 83 of E#2 scoring highest. is inexplicable. Possibly E#2 had Be who just tended to react that way. i.e. it was a chance phenomenon. However. the several significant interactions between Es and mover types for several of the dependent variables suggests that the Es may have interacted in subtle ways with the 88 that had differential effects upon the 88 depending whether they were left or right movers. The RMs of E#2 tended to score much higher on several variables than the LMs of E#2. Since E#2 ran four RMs and four LMs. an unequal number of 83 was not responsible in any way for the inter- action. The possibility exists that this study used instru- ments that were sensitive enough to pick up differences that might have been missed by other instruments. although this 97 does not explain the nature of the results, only the fact that they are there. In any event. the interactions imply that different Es may have different effects upon subject types. This in turn may have important implications for interactions in psychotherapy between therapist and client that may be re- lated to differences in mode of information processing. A final interesting finding was the fact that FA evinced from five to seven percent definite imagoic representation across the four word groups. This suggests that some imagery may be a natural concomitant of everyday cognitive function- ing. It also agrees with the findings of Paivio and Bugelski (1974) that imagery and imagoic vehicles are an important. albeit not necessarily an insignificant portion of mental functioning. Conclusions Much more research is needed to assess the relation- ship between free imagery (imagoic vehicles) and its media- tion by the analogic-synthetic mode. and free association (conceptual-verbal vehicles) and its mediation by the seman- tic-syntactic mode. The previous research and clinical find- ings attest to the use of imagoic vehicles as a better means for uncovering sexual material via derivatives. The present study gave support to that as Concerns the neutral words while also suggesting that the use of such imagery has differential effects for anxiety and drive upon subject types. at least for words of "neutral” content. 98 The finding of a relationship between subject type. conditions. and the nature of the material (blatant or remote) also speculatively suggests that the particular mode of information processing of a subject type may inhibit blatant strivings via defenses and yet allow expression of remote derivatives that has important implications for clinical technique. The results also imply that sex and aggression may be mediated by different informational modes indigenous to the different cerebral hemispheres. The interactions between conditions (FI and FA). mover type (RMs and LMs). the nature of the drive (sex or aggres- sion). and the expression or defense against drive (for derivative or blatant material) are intriguing findings that warrant further study and replication when controlling for imagoic representation and the interpersonal situation. The results also imply that the request to image some- thing or even to "free" image is not necessarily followed by the requisite image or any imagery for that matter. and is complicated and/or confounded by the nature of the proce- dures. the Person or experimenter who asks for the imagery. the nature of that which is to be imaged. and the person who is himself attempting to image. REFERENCES REFERENCES Assagioli. R. Ps chos nthesis: A Manual Lf Princi les and Techniques. New York: The Viking Press. Inc.. 1965. Bakan. P. Hypnotizability. laterality of eye movement. and functional brain asymmetry. 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APPENDIX OF TABLES 103 -Table A -Analysis of variance F ratios comparing the means of word~ lists A.and B for the dependent variables of SNS activation, sexual and aggressive drives. ana- logical thought. and imagoic representation Dependent variables Word groups sexual aggressive affective neutral SNS activation FI frequency .240 duration .028 amplitude 1.456 FA frequency .230 duration 1.461 amplitude .002 Sexual drive activation FI .000 FA .001 Aggressive drive activation PI 2.135 FA. .741 Analogical thought F1 .263 PA 3.701 Imagoic representation FI approximate .345 definite .130 combined .081 FA approximate .219 definite .008 combined .100 .095 .219 .406 1.001 .753 .799 .158 .181 0197 .96“ .056 .038 .135 .193 .061 2.761 .154 .361 .542 .392 .040 .635 1.223 .418 .006 .142 .642 .123 .2uu .143 1.231 1.669 .986 1.633 .366 .000 .042 1.509 .008 .639 None of the F ratios are p ‘ .05, or = 1/26 Table B A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experimenter (E) analysis of variance for imagoic representation Approximate scale ‘Source ' df SS F ratios C 1 .56E-4 .012 CT 1 .18E-2 .408 CE 2 .10E-1 1.108 CTE 2 .53E-2 .057 CS 22 .10 * T 1 .13 3.826 E 2 ~51 7-333** TE 2 .24 3.473* S 22 .77 TOTAL 55 .18E+1 T Definite scale Source df SS F ratios C 1 ' o SBE'I 5063’4‘* CT 1 .14E-2 .143 CE 2 .60E-2 .317 CTE 2 .30E-1 1.582 CS 22 .21 T 1 olZE-J. o 331 E 2 .17 2.500 TE 2 .42E-1 .610 S 22 .76 TOTAL 55 .13E+1 Combined scale Source df SS F ratios C 1 .57E-1 4.197 CT 1 .65E-4 .005 CE 2 .29E-1 - 1.089 CTE 2 .48E-1 1.754 CS 22 .30 T 1 .22 3.347 E 2 .12E+1 9.251*‘ TE 2 .47 3.504* S 22 .15E+1 TOTAL 55 .38E+1 * e p ‘ .05 ** = p e .005 104 105 ,Table C A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for imagoic representation using three Es ‘Approximate scale Source df SS F ratios C 1 039E-“ 0010 CT 1 .36E-2 .871 00 1 ouBE-Z 1 01?“ CTO 1 .16E-1 3.908 T 1 .95E-1 1.870 O 1 .18 3.547 S 24 .12E+1 TOTAL 55 .17E+1 'Definite scale Source df “SS F ratios C 1 OHBE-l be 894* CT 1 064E'3 0073 CO 1 .27E-1 2.987 CTO 1 .31E-2 .352 CS 24 .21 T 1 028E-2 0072 o 1 .61E-1 1.583 TO 1 oluE-B .004 S 24 .92 TOTAL 55 .13E+1 Combined scale Source -df ‘33 F ratios 0 1 .42E-1 3.079 CT 1 .13E-2 .094 CO 1 .54E-1 3.956 CTO 1 .51E-2 .381 CS 24 .32 T 1 .13 1.214 0 1 .45 4.153 T0 1 .55E-1 .511 TOTAL 55 .37E+1 * = p 2 .05 106 'Table D 'A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for imagoic representation using two Es ‘Approximate scale ’Source 'df ‘88 'F ratios C 1 038E-3 .099 CT 1 oéSE'B 0168 cs 16 .62E-1 T 1 .1OE-1 .569 O 1 017E-1 o :8?“ TO ‘g: .83E-2 .2439 s 1 .30 TOTAL 39' .42 'Definite scale Source ‘df ‘88 ‘F ratios C 1 .23E-1 4.701* CT 1 .38E-2 .764 CTO 1 .19E-1 3.891 cs 16 .80E-1 T 1 .16E-1 .544 O 1 .34E-1 1.127 T0 1 I 82E-3 c 027 s 16 . TOTAL 39 .67 Combined scale ' Source ' df '38 'F ratios C 1 o 18E-1 1 0696 CT 1 .78E-2 .731 CO 1 .50E-1 4.081 CTO k .21E-2 .200 cs 1 .17 T 1 o 52E-3 o 007 O 1 o 97E-1 1 o 365 TO 1 .14E-1 .197 S 16 .11E+1 TOTAL 39 .153+1 *.= p l. .05 107 'Table E :A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experimenter(E) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables for the four word groups Sexual words Aggressive words frequency frequency .Source .df .83 ,F ratios .Source .df .33 .F ratios C 1 .15E+1 .197 C 1 .15E+1 .097 CT 1 .95E+1 1.233 CT 1 .38E+2 2.425 CE 2 .30E+2 1.920 CE 2 .28E+2 .908 CTE 2 .82E+1 .530 CTE 2 .20E+2 .639 CS 22 .17E+3 CS 22 .34E+3 T 1 .11E+2 .101 T 1 .2 E+2 .393 E 2 .10E+2 .047 E 2 .5 E+2 .468 TE 2 .93E+2 .426 TE 2 .63E+2 .542 S 22 .24E+4 S 22 .13E+4 TOTAL 55 .27E+4 TOTAL 55 .19E+4 duration duration Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .49E+1 .193 C 1 .38 .014 CT 1 .27E+2 1.061 CT 1 .39E+1 .148 CE 2 .43E+2 .841 CE 2 .71E+2 1.342 CTE 2 .19E+2 .3381 CTE 2 .87E+2 1.648 CS 22 .56E+3 CS 22 .58E+3 T 1 .82E+1 .409 T 1 .73E+2 2.794 E 2 .26E+2 .646 E 2 .22E+2 .423 TE 2 .61E+2 1.519 TE 2 .19E+2 .370 S 22 .44E+3 S 22 .58E+3 TOTAL 55 .12E+4 TOTAL 55 .14E+4 amplitude amplitude Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios 0 1 .64E+7 .718 O 1 .46E+6 .240 CT 1 .74E+7 .837 CT 1 .32E+6 .168 CE 2 .21E+7 .118 CE 2 .46E+7 1.198 CTE 2 .10E+8 .565 CTE 2 .23E+7 .602 CS 22 .19E+9 CS 22 .43Ee7 T 1 .12E+8 1.172 T 1 .24E+7 .720 E 2 .34E+8 1.616 E 2 .61E+7 .880 TE 2 .27E+8 1.276 TE 2 .15E+7 .213 S 22 .23E+9 S 22 .76E+8 TOTAL 55 .53E+9 TOTAL 55 .14E+9 108 Table E (cont'd.) -Affective words .Neutral words frequency - frequency ~Souroe df SS F ratios -Source df SS F ratios C 1 .71 .059 C 1 .71E+1 1.243 CT 1 .46E+1 .377 CT 1 .66E+2 11.475** CE 2 .15E+2 .613 CE 2 .20E+2 1.717 CTE 2 .59E+1 .245 CTE 2 .17E+2 1.519 CS 22 .27E+3 CS 22 .13E+3 T 31 .26E+2 .348 T 1 .13E+2 .3167 E 2 .35E+2 .283 E 2 .89 .005 TE 2 .36E+2 .291 TE 2 .13E+3 .829 s 22 .14E+4 S 22 .17E+4 TOTAL 55 .17E+4 TOTAL 55 .21E+4 .duration .duration -Source df SS F ratios .Source df SS F ratios C 1 .28Eal .009 C 1 .23E+2 5.855* CT 1 .253+1 .762 CT 1 .69 .173 CE 2 .49E+1 .732 CE 2 .81E+1 1.017 CTE 2 .17E+2 2.330 CTE 2 .10E+2 1.365 CS 22 .73E+2 CS 22 .88E+2 , T 1 .42 .106 T 1 .48E+1 .768 E 2 .33E+1 .419 E 2 .78E+1 .522 TE 2 .26E+1 .322 TE 2 .24E+1 .191 S 22 .88E+2 S 22 .14E+3 TOTAL 55 .19E+3 TOTAL 55 .28E+3 amplitude .. amplitude -Source df SS F ratios .Source df SS F ratios C 1 .31E+6 .233 C 1 .82E+7 3.677 CT 1 .10E+7 .761 CT 1 5329E+7 1.300 CE 2 .82E+6 .310 CE 2.“.27E+6 .061 CTE 2 .11E+8 4.393 CTE 2 .20E+5 .005 CS 22 .29E+8 CS 22 .49E+8 T 1 .54E+7 1.151 .T 1 .13E+8 2.391 E 2 .38E+7 .403 E 2 .19E+7 .211 TE 2 .42E+7 .446 TE 2 .38E+7 .431 S. 22 .10E+9 S 22 .98E+8 TOTAL 55 .16E+9 TOTAL 55 .17E+9 *J= p ‘ .05 ** = p ‘ .005 109 'Table F :A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables for the four word groups using three Es "Sexual words 'Aggressive words 'frequency 'frequency Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .30E+1 .408 C 1 .88 .055 CT 1 .52E+1 .698 CT 1 .30E+2 1.892 CO 1 .64E+1 .872 CO 1 .14E+1 .091 CTO - 1 .24E+2 3.307 CTO 1 .94E+1 .595 CS 24 .18E+3 . CS 247 .38E+3 T 1 .11E+2 .111 T 1 .33E+2 .597 O 1 .90E+2 .894 O 1 .54E+2 .977 TO 1 .88 .009 TO 1 .13E+2 .235 S 24 .24E+4 S 24 .13E+4 TOTAL 55 .27E+4 TOTAL 55 .18E+4 'duration oduration Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .10E+2 .423 C 1 .20E+1 .068 CT 1 .42E+2 1.716 CT 1 .52E+1 .177 CO 1 .89E+1 .368 CO 1 .23E+2 .765 CTO 1 .41E+2 1.690 CTO i .14E+2 .462 CS 24 .58E+3 CS 24 .71E+3 T 1 .16E+2 .738 T 1 .77E+2 3.310 0 1 .87E+1 .395 0 1 .43E+2 1.836 TO 1 .11E+1 .051 TO 1 .25E+2 1.088 s 24 .53E+ s 24 .56E+3 TOTAL 55 .12E+ TOTAL 55 .15E+4 'amplitude -amplitude Source df 83 F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .96E+7 1.238 C 1 .82E+6 .408 CT 1 .96E+7 1.247 CT 1 .75E+5 .037 CO 1 .31E+7 .405 CO 1 .17E+7 .846 CTO 1 .20E+8 2.559 CTO 1 .14E+6 .069 CS 24 .19E+9 CS 24 .48E+8 T 1 .22E+8 1.943 T 1 .13E+7 .416 O 1 .ZZE+8 1.952 O 1 .14E+7 .433 T0 1 .75E+7 .661 T0 1 .37E+7 1.115 S 24 .27E+9 S 24 .79E+8 TOTAL 55 .55E+9 TOTAL 55 .14E+9 110 'Table F (cont'd.) ~Affective words _A‘ 'frequency Source df 83 F ratios C 1 .16 .014 . CT 1 .30E+1 .257 CO 1 .51E+1 .439 CTO 1 .12E-1 .002 CS 24 .28E+3 T 1 .27E+2 .461 O 1 .21E+1 .037 TO 1 .21E+2 .371 S 24 .14E+4 TOTAL 55 . 1 8E+4 -duration Source df SS F ratios C 1 .19 .055 CT 1 .34E+1 .990 CO 1 .12E+2 3.548 CTO 1 .31 .091 CS 24 .82E+2 T 1 .44 .127 0 1 .61E+1 1.784 TO 1 .51E+1 1.479 S 24 .83E+2 TOTAL 55 .19E+3 -amplitude Source df SS F ratios C 1 .34E+4 .002 CT 1 .13E+7 .792 CO 1 .32E+7 1.964 CS 24 .38E+8 T 1 .43E+7 1.035 0 1 .51E+7 1.213 T0 1 .74E+7 1.766 S 24 .10E+9 TOTAL 55 .16E+9 -Neutral words 1* =.p-4>;os ** = p t .005 -frequency Source df SS F ratios C 1 010E+2 1 0692 CT 1 .60E+2 9.884** CO 1 .71E+1 1.175 CTO 1 .86E+1 1.422 CS 24 .15E+3 T 1 .10E+2 .142 O 1 .69E+2 .944 S 24 .17E+4 TOTAL 55 .21E+4 'duration Source df SS ‘F ratios C 1 .22E+2 5.374* CT 1 .75 .187 CO 1 .62 .155 CTO 1 .80E+1 1.981 CS 24‘ .96E+2 T 1 .65E+1 1.100 O 1 .21E+1 .350 T0 1 .41E+1 .687 S 24 .14E+3 TOTAL 55 .28E+3 -amplitude Source df’ SS F ratios C 1 .82E+7 4.879* CT 1 .33E+? 1-953 CO 1 .51E+7 3.061 CTO 1 .41E+7 2.453 CS 24 .40E+8 T 1 .14E+8 3.292 0 1 .15E+7 .351 TO 1 .19E+7 .469 S 24 . 99E+8 TOTAL 55 .18E+9 111 Table G A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables for the four word groups using two Es 'Sexual words Aggressive words frequency frequency Source df -88 -F ratios Source df 88 F ratios C 1 .74 .09 C 1 .14E+2 .735 CT 1 .22E+1 .28 CT 1 .16E+2 .840 C0 1 067E+1 0857 CO 1 078E+1 .400 cro 1 .32E+1 .416 era 1 .36 .019 CS 16 .12E+3 CS 16 .31E+3 T 1 .34E+2 .255 T 1 .25E+2 .337 O 1 .58E+2 .427 O 1 .62E+2 .813 TO 1 .30 .002 TO 1 .15E+2 .191 S 16 .22E+4 S 16 .12E+4 TOTAL 39 .24E+4 TOTAL 39 .17E+4 duration duration Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .11E+2 .344 C 1 .29E+2 .862 CT 1 .41E+2 1.294 CT 1 .38E+2 1.134 CO 1 .26E+2 .814 CO 1 .68E+2 2.061 CTO 1 .71E+2 2.223 CTO 1 .60E+2 1.823 cs 16 .513+3 cs 16 .53E+3 T 1 .23E+2 .770 T 1 .67E+2 2.181 O 1 .26E+2 .865 O 1 .37E+2 1.184 TO 1 .14E+1 .045 TO 1 .20E+2 .637 S 16 .48E+3 S 16 .49E+3 TOTAL 39 .113+4 TOTAL 39 .13E+4 amplitude amplitude Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .19E+8 1.872 C 1 .23E+6 .203 CT 1 .85E+7 .842 CT 1 .45E+6 .399 CO 1 .10E+8 1.067 CO 1 .76E+6 .677 CTO 1 .21E+8 2.062 CTO 1 .26E+5 .023 cs 16 .16E+9 cs 16 .18E+8 T 1 .21E+8 1.421 T 1 .21E+7 1.260 0 1 .13E+8 .895 O 1 .70E+5 .043 TO 1 .86E+7 .545 TO 1 .60E+6 .367 S 16 .23E+9 S 16 .26E+8 TOTAL 39 .50E+9 TOTAL 39 .48E+8 112 Table G (cont'd.) Affective words Neutral words frequency frequency Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .18E+2 1.842 c 1 .10E+2 1.440 CT 1 .10E+2 1.053 CT 1 .49E+2 6.641** CO 1 .22E+2 2.170 CO 1 .66E+1 .887 CTO 1 .46E+1 .461 CTO 1 .59E+1 .799 OS 16 .16E+3 cs 16 .12E+3 T 1 .17E+2 .209 T 1 .15E+2 .155 0 1 .37E+2 .471 O 1 .11E+3 1.164 TO 1 .24E+2 .297 TO 1 .29E-1 .000 S 16 .13E+4 S 16 .15E+4 TOTAL 39 .16E+4 TOTAL 39 .18E+4 duration duration Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .30E+1 1.135 C 1 .19E+2 4.818* CT 1 .26E+1 .952 CT 1 .33E+1 .846 CO 1 .15E+2 5.599 C0 1 .46E+1 1.183 CTO 1 .69E+1 2.549 CTO 1 .73E+1 1.872 cs 16 .43E+2 cs 16 .63E+2 T 1 .27 .070 T 1 .88 .113 0 1 .12E+2 3.217 O 1 .61E+1 .778 TO 1 .84 .217 TO 1 .22E+1 .281 S 16 .62E+2 S 16 .12E+3 TOTAL 39 .15E+3 TOTAL 39 .23E+3 amplitude amplitude Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .11E+6 .077 C 1 .70E+7 4.681* CT 1 .97E+5 .067 CT 1 .27E+7 1.776 CO 1 .16E+7 1.098 CO 1 .14E+7 .908 CTO 1 .67E+6 .463 CTO 1 .94E+6 .629 CS 16 .23E+8 CS 16 .24E+8 T 1 .67E+5 .034 T 1 .23E+7 .711 O 1 .79E+4 .00“ 0~ 1 O67E+5 .021 TO 1 .59E+6 .303 TO 1 .10E+6 .032 S 16 .31E+8 S 16 .52E+8 TOTAL 39 .582+8 TOTAL 39 .91E+8 1' = p ‘ 005 ** = p ‘ .02 113 °Table H -A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (W) analysis of variance of the skin resistance response variables ‘frequency duration Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios ‘ C 1 O68E+1 025“ ' C 1 O69E+1 1.238 CT 1 .79E+2 2.958 CT 1. .56E+1 .996 CS 26 .69E+3 CS 26‘ .15E+3 T 1 081E+2 .331 T 1 .12E+2 1011; S 26 .64E+4 . S 26 .28E+3 W 3 .27E+3 8.882*** w 3 .11E+2 1.650 TN 3 O67E+1 .221 TN 3 .14E+2 2.123“ vs 78 .79E+3 WS 78 .17E+3 . CW 3 .71E+1 .530 CW 3 .13E+2 1.419 CT" 3 .25E+2 10895 CT“ 3 c77E+1 2.855 CWS 78 .35E+3 CWS 78 .2§E+3 TOTAL223 .87E+4 TOTAL223 .91E+3 'amplitude Source 'df '88 'F ratios C 1 .47E+7 1.406 CT 1 .22E+6 .006 CS 26 .87E+8 T 1 .89E+6 .065 S» 26 .36E+9 w 3 .15£+8 1.778 TW 3 ou0E+8 “0801*. WS 78 .22E+9 CW 3 .85E+7 .834 CTW 3 .17E+8 1.659 CWS 78 .27E+9 TOTAL 223 .1OE+10 1. = p l. 1005 *u = p 1. .0005 114 Table I 'A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experimenter (E) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups sexual words Source df C CT CE CTE CS 2 T E TE S 22 TOTAL 55 NNHNNNHH SS .77 .283+1 .33. O 2 .14E+2 .81 .30E+1 .89E+1 .45E+2 .76E+2 F ratios 1.181 4.261% . 29 .344 .392 .728 2.155 affective words aggressive words Source df S 22 TOTAL 55 88 ~53 .12E-1 .13 .11 .28E+1 .91E-1 .23 .88 .25E+1 O 73E+1 F ratios 4.213 ..O94 :21? .791 1.01 3.82 * neutral words Source df SS F ratios Source df 85 F ratios C 1 .42 3.026 C 1 .32 1.143 CE 2 .38 1.346 CE 2 .39 .676 CTE 2 .25 .911 CTE 2 .37E-1 .065 CS 22 .31E+1 CS 22 .63E+1 T 1 OllE‘l 0065 T 1 061 0117 E 2 .66 1.916 E 2 .35E+1 1 .512** TE 2 .37 1.077 TE 2 .49 2.058 S 22 .38E+1 S 22 .26E+1 TOTAL 55 .91E+1 TOTAL 55 .15E+2 * = p 6 .05 ** = p 6 .0005 115 .Table J ,A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experimenter (E) analysis of variance for aggressive drive activa- tion for the four word groups Sexual words aggressive words Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .88E-2 .061 C 1 .19E+1 1.053 CE 2 .98 3.376 CE 2 .66 .180 CTE 2 .22 .781 CTE 2 .16E+2 4.452 CS 22 .32E+1 CS 22 .4OE+2 T 1 .14 .396 T 1 .16E-1 .005 E 2 .61 1.332 E 2 .45E+1 .699 TE 2 .25 .549 TE 2 .25E+2 3.927* S 22 .50E+1 S 22 .7OE+2 TOTAL 55 .11E+2 TOTAL 55 .16E+3 affective words neutral words Source df 83 F ratios Source df SS F ratios 0 1 .74 1.993 C 1 .83E-1 2.005 CT 1 .30 .797 CT 1 .84E-1 .020 CE 2 .17 ..224 CE 2 .45E-1 .543 CTE 2 .63 .850 CTE 2 .45E-2 .055 CS 22 .82E+1 CS 22 .91 T 1 .28E-2 .006 T 1 .44E-1 1.145 E 2 .15E+1 1.657 E 2 .17 2.192 TE 2 .56E+1 6.167* TE 2 .72E-1 .940 S 22 .1OE+2 S 22 . TOTAL 55 .27E+2 TOTAL 55 .22E+1 * a p L .05 116 'Table K 'A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups using three Es sexual words affective words aggressive words Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .93 1. 61 C 1 .54 4.471* CT 1 oZ6E+1 4. 12* CT 1 039E‘2 ' 0032 CO 1 .24 .408 CO 1 .53E-2 .044 CS 24 .14E+2 CS 24 .29E+1 T 1 099 0&25 T 1 c75E’1 .546 O 1 .17E+1 .74 O 1 .11 .828 TO 1 .12 .05 TO 1 .14 1.003 S 24 .56E+2 S 24 .33E+1 TOTAL 55 .77E+2 TOTAL 55 .72E+1 neutral words Source df SS F ratios Source df ‘ SS F ratios 0 1 .50 3.429 c 1 .34 1.476 CT 1 .14 .991 CT 1 .54 2.321 CTO 1: .86E-2 .059 CTO 1 .11E+1 4.842* CS 24 .35E+1 CS 24 .55E+1 T 1 095E-“ 0001 T 1 027 1.0“3 O 1 .45 2.530 O 1 .42 1.644 TO 1 .66E-2 .036 TO 1 .13 .503 S 24 .43E+1 S 24 .62E+1 TOTAL 55 .92E+1 TOTAL 55 .15E+2 * g P ‘ 005 117 .Table L .A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for aggressive drive activation for the four word groups using three Es sexual words affective words aggressive words Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .15E-1 .095 C 1 .22E+1 .960 CT 1 .23 1.476 CT 1 .10 .044 CO 1 .EBE-i .365 CO 1 .14 .059 CTO 1 . 4 2.744 CTO 1 .76 .326 CS 24 .38E+1 CS 24 .56E+2 T 1 .17 .709 T 1 .22E-1 .006 O 1 .17E-1 .069 O 1 .32E+1 .835 To 1 .10 .416 To 1 .66E+1 .722 8 2’4‘( 0 58E+1 8 2“ O 92E+2 TOTAL 55 .11E+2 TOTAL 55 .16E+3 neutral words -Source df Source df SS F ratios SS F ratios 00 1 .18E-1 .048 co 1 .23E-1 .603 CTO 1 .48E-1 .130 CTO 1 .15E-2 .039 CS 24 .89E+1 CS 24 .93 T 1 .59E-1 .089 T 1 .22E-1 .522 O 1 .29 .424 O 1 .23E-1 .553 TO 1 .15E+1 2.183 TO 1 .46E-1 1.076 S 24 .16E+2 S 24 .10E+1 TOTAL 55 .28E+2 TOTAL 55 .21E+1 118 -Table H -A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for sexual drive activation for the four word groups using two Es Source df C 1 CT 1 CO 1 CTO 1 CS 16 T 1 O 1 T0 1 s 16 TOTAL 39 SS .74 .17E+1 84 O .26E-3 012E+2 021E+1 .33E+1 .11E+1 .33E+2 .55E+2 .sexual words F ratios 1.012 2.280 1.146 .000 1.020 1.580 .528 affectivefwords Source df C 1 CT 1 CO 1 CTO 1 CS 16 T 1 O 1 TO 1 S 16 TOTAL 39 SS .44 .34 .25 .12E-1 029E+1 .23 .18 .IOE-Z 026E+1 O69E+1 F ratios 2.394 1.863 1.372 .057 1.412 1.118 .006 .aggressive words Source df SS F ratios C 1 .30 2.172 CT 1 .3OE-1 .213 CO 1 .15E-1 .110 CTO 1 .42E-1 .301 CS 16 .22E+1 T 1 .12E-2 .009 O 1 .17 1.331 TO 1 OB‘E-l 0236 S 16 .20E+1 TOTAL 39 .49E+1 neutral words Source df SS F ratios C 1 .3OE-2 .037 CT 1 .62 7.662** 'CO 1 .15E-1 .190 CTO 1 .19 2.462 CS 16 .1 E+1 T 1 .2 E-3 .002 O 1 .76E-3 .006 TO 1 .27 1.985 8 16 022E+1 TOTAL 39 .46E+1 ** = p«‘ .02 119 -!ab1e N 2A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for aggressive drive activation for the four word groups using two Es sexual words affective words aggressive words Source df SS F ratios Source df 88 F ratios C 1 .15 1.225 C 1 .68E+1 2.636 CT 1 .92E-1 .762 CT 1 .18E-2 .001 CO 1 .89E-2 .074 CO 1 .34 .130 CTO 1 .12 1.032 CTO 1 .31 .196 CS 16 .1 E+1 CS 16 . ZE+2 T 1 01 E-l 0068 T 1 026E+1 e736 0 1 .22E-l .109 O 1 .23E+1 .662 TO 1 .42 2.043 TO 1 .65E+1 1.846 S 16 .33E+1 S 16 .55E+2 TOTAL 39 .60E+1 TOTAL 39 .11E+3 rv neutral words Source df 83 F ratios Source df SS F ratios CT 1 .62E-3 .002 CT 1 .18E-1 .783 CO 1 .32E-1 .080 C0 1 .21E-2 .093 CTO 1 .55E-1 .135 CTO 1 .40E-1 1.771 CS 16 o65E+1 CS 16 e36 T 1 .28 .355 T 1 .76E-2 .271 O 1 eu7E’1 0059 O 1 .17E-1 0510 TO 1 .16E+1 1.970 TO 1 .62E-1 2.207 s 16 .13E+2 s 16 .45 TOTAL 39 .21E+2 TOTAL 39 .99 120 'Table 0 'A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (w) analysis of variance for the sexual and aggressive drives using three Es sexual drive activation ,Source df .83 .F ratios C ' 1 .37 1.093 CT 1 . 5E-1 .33 CS 26 O66E+1 T 1 , .10E-1 .011 S 26 .25E+2 w 3 .73E+2 39.862*** TN 3 .13E+1 .731 “S 78 en7E+2 CW 3 .20E+1 2.457 CTN 3 .32E+1 3.906* CWS 78 .21E+2 TOTAL 223 .18E+3 aggressive drive activation Source df SS F ratios C 1 .27 .262 CT 1 031E-1 0029 CS 26 .27E+2 T 1 .13 .066 S 26 .51E+2 w 3 . 4E+3 118.381*** TN 3 .16 .058 "S 78 O7uE+2 CW 3 .25E+1 1.498 CTW 3 .57 .347 CWS 78 .4 E+2 1 TOTAL 223 . E+3 e = p 2 .05 see = p 4 .0005 121 ’Table P A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (w) analysis of variance for the sexual and aggressive drives using two Es 'sexual drive activation ‘Source 'df C 1 CT 1 CS 18 T 1 S 18 w 3 TH 52 WS CW 3 CTW 3 CW3 54 TOTAL 159 'SS .48E-1 .20E-1 .33E+1 .94 e 1 5E+2 O 57E+2 .13E+1 e 2 9E+2 .17E+1 .31E+1 e 1 6E+2 e 1 3E+3 'F ratios .267 .111 1.091 34.659*** .775 1.915 3.400* aggressive drive activation ‘Source df SS F ratios C 1 .14E+1 1.224 CT 1 .14E-1 .012 CS 18 .21E+2 T 1 .19E+1 1.047 S 18 .33E+2 w 3 .29E+3 105.331*** Tw 3 .18E+1 .653 NS 54 .49E+2 CW 3 .52E+1 3.071 CTW a .88E-1 .052 CNS 5 . 1E+2 TOTAL 159 . 3E+3 i'*=pl- .05 ***=p4 .0005 122 Table Q ,A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by word type (W) analysis of variance for the skin resistance response variables and drive comparing the sexual and aggressive words san.durat1on; SRR frequency SRR amplitude .Source df SS F ratios .Source df SS F ratios C 1 .26E+1 .132 C 1 .11E+2 .412 CT 1 .33E+2 1.694 CT 1 .70E+1 .250 CS 26 . 1E+3 CS 26 .73E+3 T 1 . 5E+2 .339 T 1 .92E+1 .408 S 26 .35E+4 S 26 .59E+3 w 1 .18E+3 9.984* w 1 .67E+1 .300 TV 1 .39E+1 .221 TW 1 .77E+2 3.424 CT 1 .72 .197 CT 1 .13E+1 .052 CTw 1 .65E+1 1.772 CTW 1 .42E+2 1.699 CWS 26 .96E+2 CWS 26 .64E+ TOTAL111 .48E+4 TOTAL111 .27E+ drive activation Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .13E+7 .303 C 1 .29E+1 1.992 CT 1 .42E+7 .972 CT 1 .20E+1 1.387 CS 26 .11E+9 CS 26 .38E+2 T 1 .46E+7 .479 T ‘1 .73 .156 S 26 .25E+9 S 26 .12E+3 W 1 .18E+8 3.89? w 11 .64E+2 44.610** Tw 1 .14E+8 3.063 TN 1 .31 .215 NS 26 .12E+9 WS 26 .37E+2 CT 1 .61E+7 .992 CT 1 .11 .085 CTW 1 .26E+7 .422 CTW 1 .77 .602 CWS 26 .16E+9’ CWS 26 .33E+2 TOTAL111 .69E+9 TOTAL111 .29E+3 ’=p‘0005 ** = p 6 .0005 123 Table R A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by experimenter (E) analysis of variance for syntonia and dystonia syntonia Source df SS .F ratios C 1 .32E+2 .330 CT 1 .22E+1 ' .023 CE 2 .97E+2 .497 CTE 2 .22E+ 1.113 CS 21 .20E+ T 1 eu3E+2 10570 E 2 -.62E+2 1.143 TE . 2 .79E+2 1.457 S 21: .57E+3 dystonia Source df SS F ratios C 1 .42 .002 CT 1 .64E+1 .030 CE 2 .65E+1 .015 CTE 2 075E+3 10757 CS 21 .4 E+4 T 1 .8 E+1 .159 E 2 019E+2 .180 TE 2 .62E+2 .590 S 21 .11E+4 TOTAL 53 .64E+4 124 Table S 'A conditions (C) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for syntonia and systonia ‘syntonia .Source df SS F ratios C 1 017E+2 .202 CO 1 .40E+3 4.753* CTO 1 .49E+2 .580 CS 23 .20E+4 T 1 .28E+2 .977 0 1 .86E+1 .299 T0 1 .25E+2 .882 S 23 .65E+3 TOTAL 53 .32E+4 dystonia Source df SS F ratios ' C 1 .11E+2 .103 CT 1 .14E+2 .129 CO 1 .27E+4 24. 93 5". CTO 1 .79E+1 .073 CS 23 .25E+4 T 1 .5BE+1 .117 O 1 .31E+2 .619 TO 1 .95E+1 .189 S 23 .11E+4 TOTAL 53 .64E+4 O a p 2 .05 so = p A .0005 125 'Table T analysis Of variance for analogic representation for the four word groups 'A conditions(C) by mover type (T) by experimenter (E) ‘sexual words 'Source df C 1 CT 1 CE 2 CTE 2 CS 22 T 1 E 2 TE 2 S 22 TOTAL 55 “SS . 53+1 .62 .21 .23E+1 .32E+2 .63E+1 .29E+2 e 30E+1 O 11E+3 .19E+3 F ratios 3.138 .432 .075 .817 1.268 2.897 .299 affective vords 'Source df SS .27E+1 .40E-1 .22 .44E+1 e uBE+2 e “BE‘PI e 14E+2 e 1 5E+2 .10E+3 .19E+3 F ratios 1.408 .020 ~05? 1.134 1.017 1.523 1.605 'aggressive words 'Source df C CT CE CTE CS 2 T E TE S 22 TOTAL 55 NNHNNNHH SS 0 1 1E+3 .83E+2 e 90E+2 .70E+2 O 1 6E+4 .27E+2 e 1 3E+3 .85E+2 .19E+4 .42E+4 F ratios 1.444 1.125 .613 $75 'neutral words 'Source df C 1 CT 1 CE 2 CTE 2 CS 22 1 2 2 SS .4OE+1 .28E+2 .27E+2 e “ZE'FZ .56E+3 .53E+2 e 8 E+2 .6 3+2 .54E+3 e 1 “E447 F ratios .158 1.118 .542 .838 2.181 1.70 1.30 126 _Table U ,A conditions (0) by mover type (T) by order (0) analysis of variance for analogic representation for the four word groups .sexual words .affective words .aggressive words .Source df 83 F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .53E+1 3.863 C 1 .15E+3 2.128 CT 1 .77 .559 CT 1 .12E+3 1.765 CO 1 .7lE-1 .051 CO 1 .95E+2 1.352 CTO 1 . .593 CTO 1 .35E+2 .506 CS 24 .33E+2 CS 24 .17E+4 T 1 eu0E+1 .783 T 1 056E+2 e657 0 1 .17E+2 3.325 0 1 .14E+3 1.647 T0 1 .33E+1 . 46 T0 1 .52E+2 .606 S 24 .12E+3 S 24 .20E+4 TOTAL 55 .18E+3 TOTAL 55 .44E+4 'neutral words Source df SS F ratios Source df SS F ratios C 1 .22E+1 1.208 C 1 .52E+1 .217 CT 1 .71E-2 .004 CT 1 .33E+2 1.366 CO 1 .24E+1 1.325 1 C0 1 .28E+2 1.145 CTO 1 .98 .528 n CTO 1 .25E+2 1.031 CS 24 .45E+2 ? CS 24 .58E+3 T 1 032E+1 10592 E T 1 050E+2 10791 0 1 .62E+1 1.159 t 0 1 .26E+1 .092 T0 1? .57E-1 .001 T0 1 .17E+2 .619 8 2h 013E+3 S 2“ 068E+3 TOTAL 55 .19E+3 TOTAL 55 .14E+4 APPENDICES ' APPENDIX A 127 Appendix A Handedness questionnaire Your name: * Please complete the following questionnaire by placing an X on the line that corresponds to your hand preference on the following items. Indicate hand pre- Always Usually No pref- Usually Always ference in order to right right ference left left 1. Write a letter legibly . -_ __ 2. Throw a ball to hit a target. 3. Play a game re- quiring the use of a raquet. 4. To sweep dust from '-- the floor by holding your hand at the top of the broom. 5. To move sand, hold- -- .___ ing the top of a shovel. _ _ __ 6. Hold a match when '-- ___ striking it. 7. Hold scissors to cut paper. .___ 8. Hold thread to guide through the eye of a needle. ___ 9. Deal playing cards. ___, 10. Hammer a nail into wood. ___ 11. Hold a tooth- brush while brush- ing your teeth. ___ .___ 12. Unscrew the lid "" ‘-- of a Jar. __ _. _ 1 . Are either of your parents left handed? If yes. which? 1 . Have you ever suffered from any severe Essa wound? __ If yes. please explain. APPENDIX B 128 Appendix B Eye Movement Questionnaire S's Name: Phone Number: Date: E's Name: Time: Questions: 1. 2. 3. u. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1?. Explain: He that lies on the ground cannot fall. Imagine a map of the United States. Where is Chicago relative to Minneapolis? Visualize sitting in front of a typewriter. Where is the letter ”R” relative to ”B"? E1p1ain: One may ride a free horse to death. Imagine a square rotating 360 degrees around its axis. What shape would you get? Explain: All the glitters is not gold. Explain: A drowning man will clutch at a straw. Imagine that you're traveling from Las Vegas to Dallas. Which states do you pass through? Visualize the map of the United States. What are the states that border Nebraska? Explain: What saddens a wise man gladdens a fool. Imagine the Liberty Statue in the Columbia movies. Is it facing right or left? Explain: A poor worker blames his tools. Explain: Call no man happy until he is dead. Visualize a crescent moon at sunset. Does its horns face upwards or downwards? E1p1ain: Where there is a will, there is a way. Imagine George Washington on a nickel. Which direction does he face. right or left? Imagine the Great Lakes area. What state is below the upper peninsula of Michigan? 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 129 Explain: All's well that ends well. Explain: Too many cooks spoil the broth. Visualize your social security card. Where is your number on it relative to your name? Visualize sitting in front of a typewriter. Where is the letter "L” in relation to “K”? EXplain: Better happy than wise. Explain: Strike while the iron is hot. Imagine a map of the 0.3. Where is Detroit relative to Chicago?. Imagine Lincoln on a penny. Which direction does he face. to the right or the left?- Explain: Don't count your chickens before they're hatChede Visualize the map of the United States. What are the states that border Illinois? Explain: A watched pot never boils. Explain: He who is rich has few desires. Imagine a circle rotating around its diameter. What form do you get? E's R: E's L: 8'8 a: ‘ S's L:_ APPENDIX C 130 Appendix C Mood Questionnaire A factor basic to psychotherapy is the extent to which emotion or affect is activated. consciously or un- consciously, with or without reference to specific drives. Although so very basic, the study of affects has received little theoretical consideration or empirical research by academic psychologists or analytical therapists. The present study is. in part. an attempt to assess the activa- tion of drive-related affect by means of a semantic differ- ential. The measurement of emotional states has been hampered by the difficulty of assessing affect in an empirical manner. Except for physiological studies, present methods of measuring emotional mood are almost non-existent. A method has been developed by Block'(l957) for assessing the phenomenology of emotions via the semantic differential. The semantic differential. as developed by Osgood (1952) is a technique. such that by means of “a standard- ized connotative description of various objects or concepts, the meaning of meaning is given what seems to be quite an appropriate quantification! (Block. 1957. p.358). Some preliminary work by Block suggested ”that the semantic differential could quantify affective qualities in an un- stereotyped way" (Block, 1957. p.358). This resulted in his study in which fifteen affective states were described 131 by 88 according to twenty connotative dimensions. Block found that male and female college students described the affective states in highly similar ways. Not only were they described similarly, but by rank ordering the con- notative dimensions for each emotion. one comes up with criteria describing in connotative terms, the different affects. It is the contention of Block and Dershowitz (1975) that "the semantic differential scales tap, not learned associations to the emotion-names. but instead. the phenome- nological states for which the terms are referents. Thus the similarity in rating is interpreted as similarity in underlying subjective experience" (p.93). Both Block and Dershowitz only showed how emotions could be defined by connotative scales that give "consider- able support for the underlying hypothesis of universality in emotional experience” (Dershowitz. 1975. p.92). A person's emotional state was not tapped at a particular point in time via the connotative scales. But if emotional experience is universal, and the connotative scales can define affects such that most Ss define a given affect in terms of certain connotative scales. and the work of Block and Dershowitz demonstrate that this is possible: then these scales can be used to monitor a person's affective mood at a particular moment in time. As an example. Block found that most 88 defined anger in terms of the words: active. tense. rough, strong, ferocious. and 132 red. By measuring the extent to which the S is subjective- ly experiencing himself in terms of the above words. one has a means of tapping the emotional state to which the above words refer. i.e. the person's affective mood at the moment. Block's semantic differential consisted of twenty word-pairs by which each emotion was evaluated. Each word- pair was a continuum mapping two poles, as an example: the word-pair ”high - low". The connotative scales were then rank ordered for each of the affects, according to the first word of the word-pair. If one takes the highest five rank- ings (which classify a given affect in terms of one end of the dimension) and the five lowest rankings (which classify an affect in terms of the other end of the dimension). one arrives at ten connotative dimensions which best describe a given affect. By having the 8 rate himself as to his subjective experience of himself at a given point in time on the twenty connotative dimensions, one has the means. via the ten best descriptors or connotative dimensions corresponding to a given affect. for assessing the 8's subjective mood at the moment across the different affects. ‘ Although the above method is somewhat crude. and will be expanded and improved through research in the future. it gives one a means of measuring the extent to which a given emotion is activated. One can question the validity of the above semantic 133 differential. Does it really assess the affects that it purports to assess? In order to test the validity of the differential. the following simple study was conducted. Twenty 88 were given the semantic differential con- sisting of the 20 connotative dimensions and asked to rate themselves on the scales according to their present sub- jective mood. The S was then told to imagine himself as experiencing a given affect, and to rate the connotative dimensions as if he were experiencing the given affect at the moment. In other words. he would imagine himself as, for example. angry. and asked to rate his subjective mood as angry on the scales. This allows one to validate the rankings as arrived by Block, with the ratings of the 83 as if they were experiencing the given affect at the moment through imagination. After the 83 had rated ten different affects. which were: love. anger. envy. shame. fear. boredom. grief. con- tentment, joy, and guilt. the semantic differential rating of each of the 20 word pairs per given affect were pooled and averaged. Only those word pairs that averaged an extreme rating (between one and two or six and seven) and had a standard deviation of less than 2.0 were chosen and tabulated. Six of the ten affects had the above criterion scores on at least 10 word pairs. these being: love. contentment, and joy. and shame. grief. and guilt. When the best des- criptors of the word pairs chosen were tabulated. almost the 134 exact same descriptors were chosen for love, contentment. and joy: and shame. grief. and guilt. N The best descriptors which love. contentment and joy had in common were: clear, beautiful. fresh, full, good, happy. healthy, high. and soft. The best descriptors for shame. grief. and guilt were: bad. empty, hazy. low. pas- sive, sad. small. tense. ugly. and weak. Thus according to this classification. the connotative dimensions did not differentiate between affects. ‘ I However, the two groups of descriptors correspond very nicely to the descriptors listed in the drive activa- tion scale for syntonia and dystonia. respectively. Hence the semantic differential in the form of the Mood question- naire was found to validly tap and differentiate syntonia and dystonia. (Although a much better analysis of the data is planned, the above crude analysis was deemed satisfactory for use in this study.) By taking the scores of the $8 on the Mood question- naire that correspond to the above descriptors, the 8's rat-- ing on syntonia and dystonia were obtained. Since the questionnaire was administered before the first condition. between conditions, and after the second condition: the difference between the first and second. and the second and third presentations. gave a score which showed the degree of activation of syntonia.and dystonia for the two conditions of free imagery and free association. 135 Hood Questionnaire Form A (Forms B and C are the same except the word-pairs are ar- ranged differently.) The following is a questionnaire about your present mood. Twenty different word pairs are listed below. sepa- rated by seven short lines. I would like you to evaluate your present mood in terms of the word pairs listed. Please rate your subjective mood at this moment in terms of the word pairs provided by putting an x on one of the lines between the two words that best corresponds to how you feel. As an example. if with the word pair 'hot - cold'. you would rate your subjective mood as very ”Hot" at the moment. you would put an x close to the word "Hot”. such as: Do this for all the word pairs positioning your "x” between the words that best corresponds to how you feel at this moment. 10 ngh_______________LOW 2, 'Green______________Bed 3'. 'Weak _ __ __ __ _ __ __ Strong 4, ‘Bcugh _ __ __ __ __ __ __ Smooth 5, Active __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Passive 6. Empty________________Full 7, ‘Small_____________1arge 8, 'Cold_______________Hot 9, 'Clear____________________Hazy 1o. ‘Young_______________01d 11. ‘Good ___,_______,___.___._______.Bad 12. ”Peaceful __ __ __ __ _ __ __ Ferocious 13. 3151! __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Healthy 11+, 'Angular __ __ __ _ __ _‘___ __ Rounded 1'51. ‘Tense __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Relaxed 16. 'Sad_____________Happy 17. 'Soft_______________Loud 13. ‘Wet______________Dry 19,Beautiful __ __ _ _ __ _ __ Ugly 20, Fresh __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Stale APPENDIX D 136 Appendix D Questionnaire for Assessment of Imagery Vividness The Betts QMI as modified by Sheehan (Sheehan. 1967) has been shown to be an effective evaluator of a person's imagery in terms of the vividness of that imagery. It is used here to measure a person's imagery vividness. It has been modified by adding eleven items in visual imagery since free imagery employs the visual modality for its effect, and by choosing two items from each of the other sensory modalities to produce an extensive and yet easily experienced spectrum of imagery. The test itself was put in its present form so as to eliminate the pattern of all the Questions of a specific sense modality being grouped together. as it was in the previous format. This questionnaire is composed of twelve questions concerning visual imagery and twelve questions. consisting of two each from the sense modalities of audition, gusta~ tion. taction. olfaction. kinesthesia. and organic aware- ness. All questions were randomly arranged. 137 Questionnaire of Imagery Vividness Instructions: The aim of this questionnaire is to determine the vividness of your imagery. The items of the questionnaire will bring certain images to mind. Please read each item and then imagine it in your mind. You are to rate the vividness of each image you have by using the accompanying rating scale. For example. if in imagining a 'fire truck on the road.' your image of it is 'vagneand dim' you would give it a rat- ing of ”5". Please put the number of your rating on the line beside the statement. Rating Scale: An image aroused by an item of this questionnaire may be: Rating 1: Perfectly clear and as vivid as the actual experience. Rating 2: Very clear and comparable in vividness to the actual experience. Rating 3: Moderately clear and vivid. Rating 4: Not clear or vivid. but recognizable. Rating 5: Vague and dim. Rating 6: So vague and dim as to be hardly discernable. Rating 7: No image present at all. you only know that you are thinking it. Rating: 1. Imagine smelling new leather. -2. Imagine feeling fatigue. 3. Imagine seeing a yellow neon sign that says: “Hello”. 4. Imagine the clapping of hands in applause. 5. Imagine seeing the face of a friend. . Imagine feeling fur. 7. Imagine hearing the honk of a horn of an automobile. 8. Imagine seeing clear blue sky. 9. Imagine drawing a circle on paper. 10. Imagine seeing the ocean shore. 11. Imagine the sun as it is sinking below the horizon. 12. Imagine feeling sand. 13. Imagine being hungry. 14. Imagine seeing fireworks in the sky. 15. Imagine a garden all in bloom. 16. Imagine smelling roast beef. 1?. Imagine tasting oranges. 18. Imagine tasting salt. 19. Imagine reaching up to a high shelf. 20. Imagine seeing a beautiful red rose. 21. Imagine seeing a full moon at night. 22. Imagine seeing yourself in a mirror. 23. Imagine seeing a rocket blast off. 24. Imagine seeing a rainbow arching the sky. Your name: llllllllllllllllllllllll APPENDIX E 138 Appendix E *The following two word lists were prepared by dividing the 40 words into two lists of 20 words each. each con- sisting of five words per four word categories. plus an additional two words at the beginning to allow for habitu- ation of the orienting response. Word list A: Word list B: sky air moon star joy hate prostitute masturbate T-V flower disgust shame , penis genitals table temperature skiing candy fag intercourse fight pillage attack violence orgasm vagina bloodbath massacre anger love earth _ lightbulb murder hurt grief fear envy guilt nipples whore travel potato torture slaughter APPENDIX F 139 Appendix F Tapes Four tapes were made by the author. counterbalancing conditions (FI and FA) and word lists (A and B) with respect to order. The following are the formats of those tapes: .Tape.A -FI general instructions Five minutes FI by 8 PI instructions for word associations 22 words (list A) Break (5 minutes) FA general instructions Five minutes FA by 8 FA instructions for word associations 22 words (list B) .Tape C ,FI general instructions Five minutes FI by 8 F1 instructions for 4 word associations 22 words (list B) Break (5 minutes) FA general instructions Five minutes FA by 8 FA instructions for word associations 22 words (list A) -Tape B ‘FA general instructions Five minutes FA by S FA instructions for word associations 22 words (list A) Break (5 minutes) FI general instructions Five minutes FI by 8 Fl instructions for word associations 22 words (list B) .Tape D FA general instructions Five minutes FA by 8 FA instructions for word associations 22 words (list B) Break (5 minutes) FI general instructions Five minutes FI by 8 PI instructions for word associations 22 words (list A) APPENDIX C 140 ‘Appendix G Drive Activation Scale (Modified by the author for the present investigation.) The psychotherapist's request for the client to describe only visual images. sooner or later is followed by indications of anxiety. symptoms and/or resistance. This is particularly true as the images become more blatantly depictive of repressed strivings. The same phenomena. greatly attenuated. often is observed in research Ss (Morishige and Reyher. 1975). Since visual imagery readily lends itself to scoring because of its depictive nature. a scale of drive activation was modified by Burns and Reyher (1975) scoring Oedipal strivings. and its present form represents a modification by Reyher and Maria Della Corte for general application. In their scale. Burns and Reyher weighted the component drives of the Oedipal complex (a constellation of strivings) in accordance with their presumed pathogenicity. These were Sex (16). Anger (8). Dystonia-(a lowering of self- esteem: feelings of inadequacy) (4). Guilt (2). and Anxiety (1). We thought that we could widen its applicability by giving each drive equal weight and by adding a rise in self-esteem (syntonia) and love. Anxiety was relegated from its status as a drive to a symptom. albeit a response- prcducing symptom. because it is the result of conflict involving a drive. 141 In its present form. the Drive Activation Scale is sensitive to a wider range cf strivings (the aims and ob- jects of drives) beginning with inferred drives and ending with their imagined gratification. without sacrificing the ability of the scale to reflect the activation of oedipal strivings. Each striving is assessed on five dimensions: drive (D). the degree of drive representation (H). the remoteness of derivatives (Dr), whether or not the images (or thoughts) are kinetic (K). and whether or not the images (or thoughts) interact (I) with each other or with other objects. Each of these factors receives a score which is combined multiplicatively to produce a drive activation score (A) for each episode of imagery (or thought). A drive is defined as the affective component of a striving. Sex can have a variety of aims and objects. e.g. exhibitionism and fetishism. A pathogenic drive is defined as any response-producing affective disposition that can generate sufficient anxiety to impair cue functions and organized. adaptive behavior. Scoring Episode An episode is simply a period of imagery or free association delimited by a change in either setting or ob- jects (Or a pause in the 8's verbalizations). When post- dicting electrophysiological activation. it became apparent that objects (like a large lathe and a tornado) could be very activating and must be taken into account by a refined definition of an episode. 142 Q3112 presence (2) If an episode cannot be scored for the presence of a drive. it is assumed that the derivatives are very remote. These nonscorable episodes (NS) are weighted by a factor of 1. Drive representation (3) Each scorable drive is evaluated on dimensions defining its degree of representation in the episode. A drive may be inferred (di) or implicit in the 8's imagery or thoughts or it may be depicted quite explicitly (dp) with the S recognizing its nature. Then again the 8 may recognize the nature of the drive (dr) (i.e.. subject says. "I must be angry" in response to aggressive imagery) or s/he might even experience it as an affect (de) (i.e.. subject says. "I feel angry.'). Consequently. each scorable drive is weighted according to the degree it is represented in awareness: di=1..dp=2,'dr=4. de=8. These four degrees of drive representation are weighted in a geometrical series to insure that the product of lower degrees of drive representation is never larger that the value of the next higher degree of drive representation. Since dr and de are objective in the 8's frame of reference. scoring is no' problem: however. this is not the case for di and dp for which criteria are needed for determining what ‘is explicit or implicit (inferred). The criteria for the sexual and aggressive drives are: 143 §e_x_ (.92) Any genital or pregenital expression of the sexual drive is scored. Since images (or thoughts) depicting physical expressions of love (affection and tenderness) cannot be differentiated from sex. these should be scored as sex only when they are immediately preceded or followed by implicit or explicit sexual imagery. Implicit depiction (di): i.penis: any protuberance or long slim object. either animate (anteater. snake. goose. etc.) or inanimate: any object that grows bigger. dots. _ pellets. rain or aggregates of small objects de- noting sperm. particularly if they are mobile: anything that rises such as a bird. helicopter. sun. balloon. objects in groups of three. 2.vagina: any hole or enclosed space such as a vase. purse. tunnel. cave. entrance. hallway. a small furry animal such as a pussy cat and a beaver. Also allusions to sex as "virgin". ”romance". etc. 3.castratiOn: any crippled or incomplete animal or human 0 ‘ 4.breast: any rounded object or rounded feature or terrain. 5.1ntercourse: ascending steps: swimming or simi- lar physical. rhythmical activity, more vigor- ous than walking. 6.additional criteria: incidental physical contact. a pleasant exciting or sensual. physical sensation: bed. bedroom. bathroom. underwear. tight fitting clothes. Explicit depiction (dp): nude body(ies). genitals, two figures dancing. kissing. embracing. seductive expressions or poses. Anger-Aggression (AA) Implicit depiction (di): an accident or mishap resulting in harm befalling an object. including subject: contact sports. the situation depicted by the imagery (or thoughts) implying anger-aggression (i.e.. being splashed with dirty water by a passing car): any human 144 that threatens to do harm or injure another per- son: an object (i.e.. gmm. tank. bomb) that has “ the potential of hurting. doing harm or destroy- ing. Also allusions to ”war”. ”murder”. robbery. natural catastrophies. etc. Explicit depiction (dp): an intentional act that physically or psycholo- gically hurts some object (inanimate or animate). or the subject: person or organism marring. defacing or destroying inanimate objects: angry or disagreeable facial expressions. Kinesis (g) and Interaction (I) For a drive to be “satified” in terms of its aim and object. the S's visual imagery (or thoughts) must be kinetic rather than static. and the images (or thoughts) must be embedded in an interpersonal relationship. Kinetic images (or thoughts) indicate that a drive has achieved motility and is closer to being gratified: therefore. the drive activation score (A) is multiplied by a factor of 2. Since drives can be gratified only in an interpersonal relationship or encounter. images (or thoughts) that inter- act have greater significance. Therefore. the drive activa- tion score is multiplied again by a factor of 2. An inter- action may involve either animate or inanimate objects such as. lightning hitting a tree. a dog shaking a collar. a man shooting a gun. and two people talking. Thus, images (or thoughts) that are both kinetic and interactive receive a combined additional weight of 4 (2 x 2 = 4). Drive activation score (A = _D x _R_ x g x g) The activation score (A) for sex or aggression is the product of the drive (D). its degree of representation (R). 145 kinesis (K). and interaction (I). The product of the numbers assigned for D. R. K. and I for a given episode is the drive activation score for that episode for sex or aggression. Each episode is scored both for sex and aggression. APPENDIX H 146 Appendix H _ (Analogic-Synthetic Scale (Taken from Analogic and Synthetic Functions or Primary process Thinking by Dr. Joseph Reyher and Maria Della Corte. 4/77) This scale was developed to quantify the degree to which analogic and synthetic functions are involved in an episode of visual imagery. When the semantic-syntactic mode is operative. either overtly or covertly. as a defense against repressed strivings. visual images are iconic and the events depicted are actual replays of past experiences or they are highly plausible. With a cessation of the semantic-syntactic mode. noniconic or fanciful images are produced by the synthetic function. The Analogic-Synthetic Scale is divided into its analogic and synthetic component functions and the common and unique dimensions on which visual imagery may vary. The unit of analysis is the episode which is delimited by a change in objects and/or scenes. Common to both scales are the dimensions of Intactness and Functional Deviations (departures from expected behavior). Unique to the analogic function is the scoring of episodes for Plausibility. and unique to the synthetic function is the scoring of images for Formal Deviations (departures from expected form). Analogic function, scoring images lgtactness: Complete (Cmp) imagoic duplicates (icons) of real objects or conventional forms (i.e. geometrical 147 forms) are scored 1 while incomplete (Inc) images. such as a headless person and fragmentary (Frg) images. such as an ear are scored 2 and 3 reSpectively. This progression of weights is based on the presumption that complete objects would be too blatant expressions (derivatives) of repress? ed strivings. Functional deviations: These categories include the ways in which the synthetic function influences iconic images. Idiosyncratic behavior (IB) is scored whenever the behavior of a particular person or animal is uncharacter- istic: Violations of specie specific behavior (SB) are self-evident: Violations of biological principles (BP) are self-evident: and Violations of natural law (NL) are self- evident. An instance of each is scored 5. An inorganic entity involved in a biological function (i.e.. a breathing. pulsating basket ball) is by definition a violation of both biological principles and physical laws and is scored as nonrepresentational (NR) under Formal Deviations. Formal deviations: This is not scored because images so characterized are noniconic. by definition, and there- fore. a synthetic function. Analogic function. scoring episodes Clarity: The degree to which the nature of that which is being depicted in the episode is clear and the course of events can be ascertained. 1. Have no doubt as to what is involved and what is happening. 148 2. Have doubt as to what is involved and what is happening. 3. Have no idea as to what is involved and what is happening. Plausibility: This refers to the degree to which the events depicted in the episode are probable or could realistically happen. 1. Episode is a replay of past experience. 2. Episode appears realistic but is not true as in many heoric daydreams. 3. Episode is unrealistic or imprQbable (i.e.. see self in a three-way egg fight with one's parents). Synthetic function Intactness: This dimension is scored the same as for the analogic function except that the progression of scoring . weights is reversed because image formation is impaired by anxiety. . Functional deviations: This dimension is scored the same as for the analogic function. Formal deviations: These categories include the ways in which images depart from normal or realistic form. Transformation (Trn) is scored when one form emerges from another: Distortion (Dis) is scored whenever some aspect of an otherwise iconic image is distorted: Fantasy (Fan) is scored whenever there are fantasy figures such as witches. ghosts. goblins. etc.: Composite (Com) is scored whenever an image combines features of the two sexes or across 149 species (i.e.. a man with well-developed breasts, a horse with wings. a mermaid). Nonrepresentational (NH) is scored whenever the image is not a duplication of anything in the natural world. in art or in mythology (i.e.. an amorphous glob. a pulsating line. a meaningless spot). Each is scored 10. Synthetic function. scoring episodes Clarity: See analogic function. ‘Plausibilitz: Noniconic images are patently implausible. The Analogic-Synthetic Scale The score for each dimension is the product of the weights of the component categories scored. Only one cate- gory can be checked for Intactness. Clarity and Plausibility: but more than one category can be scored for both Function- al and Formal Deviations. The total score is the product of the scores of all the dimensions. which is four for both the analogic and synthetic functions. When iconic and noniconic images co-exist in an epi- sode. only the synthetic function is scored. A transforma- tion is not to be construed as the beginning of another episode. APPENDIX I 150 Appendix I Imagoic Scale The imagoic scale was used to assess the amount of imagery evident in the 8's protocols. It consisted of three subscales: a definite. an approximate. and a combined scale. A Protocol was scored.definite imagoic when it'contain- ed evidence that the S was experiencing imagery by saying so. Thus when an episode contained a verb or phrase denoting that the subject was definitely experiencing imagery. i.e. I see. visualize. imagine. get an image of. etc.. the epi- sode was scored definite imagoic. If such a verb or phrase was not evident in the S's protocol. it was not scored defi- nite imagoic, although it would be scored approximate imagoic by the following criteria. If there was not a verb or phrase like the above. but the episode was a phrase. sentence. or clause in which a scene. image. or visual representation was reasonably assumed to be taking place in the S's mind's eye. the protocol was scored approximate imagoic. Examples are: a girl in a yellow bathing suit. he is laying on her in bed. a bright blue streak. people shooting and killing each other. etc. Single words were not scored approximate imagoic since there was not enough information to tell whether it was an image or a thought. The composite imagoic scale was simply the sum of the approximate and definite imagoic scales. it monitored the number of episodes scored approximate and definite imagoic. APPENDIX J 1. 2. 3. u. 6. 151 Appendix J Michigan State University Department of Psychology DEPARTMENTAL RESEARCH CONSENT FORM I have freely consented to take part in a scientific study being conducted by 'under the supervision of Academic Title: The study has been explained to me and I understand the explanation that has been given and what my participation will involve. I understand that I am free to discontinue my participa- tion in the study at any time without penalty. I understand that the results of the study will be treated in strict confidence and that I will remain anonymous. Within these restrictions. results of the study will be made available to me at my request. I understand that my participation in the study does not guarantee any beneinIAI results to me. I understand that. at my request. I can receive additional explanation of the study after my participation is completed. Signed Dated APPENDIX K 152 Appendix K CONSENT FORM. I. . hereby agree to permit an audiotape recording of this experimental session in which I am taking part to be used for research purposes for up to two years from the date noted below. I understand that I may withdraw my permission for use of this material in gen- eral. or for any specific purpose or situation. at any time. by making a written request to Michigan State Univer- sity or the Department of Psychology. I understand that the confidentiality of the material presented will be protected. The material recorded by the process noted above will be stored and protected as confidential material by the researcher. The specific method for maintaining confiden- tiality and storage are determined by the professional supervisor and the student. When the material is not longer needed for research purposes. or at my written request. it will be withdrawn from use. mechanically erased. or destroyed. Signed: Dated: Witness: APPENDIX L 153 Appendix L Final Questionnaire Your name: 1. Now that this experiment is over. what do you think it was all about. and what do you think we were trying to prove? 2. Which of the two sessions that you experienced today. the free association or the visual imagery. did you like best? Why? 3. Which of the two session. the free association or the visual imagery. did you find the most interesting? Why? 4. Of the two sessions. which do you think you were most honest. saying everything that passed through your mind? Why? 5. Which of the two sessions do you think you experienced more emotionally? Why? 6. Which of the two sessions. did you find most disturbing? Why? 7. How vivid. on the average. was your imagery during the free imagery session? Put an x in front of that statement that best corresponds to how vivid your imagery was. Perfectly clear and as vivid as an actual experience. Very clear and comparable in vividness to an actual experience. Moderately clear and vivid. Not clear and vivid. but recognizable. Vague and dim. So vague and dim as to be hardly discernable. No images present at all. you only know that you were thinking it. 15“ If you have any other comments. concerning the imagery. please write them here. 8. Did you experience anything unusual during either of the two sessions? If so. please explain. 9. During each session. what percentage of the material that passed through your mind. did you vocalize? Free association: Visual imagery: 10. If you have any other comments to make concerning the experiment. please write them here. Thank-you. MICHIceN STRTE UNIV. LIBRARIES WWI“)ill)“IWWIIHIU‘IIIHWIIIWWINll 31293100642481