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W . f Ir) XVJ I. . é.p.l. . i . . \. .Kw... . «awn. hwmfiflmumuwpn .... . 2773......»92 .2. y . 2..\\ .J? , 2 . .3 iv... .. ..2 L]! h. v. u. .. .2. 5...»... 2.29%...k,.2 22.5.6.1... .mhweflumm. .. .2 . O . 1.8 .w. q... .o . “JVNWuan .2,”..!... ivorfinVIDV ‘tk V2! .2... ct 1%..“1- . . in”... 7....VIJIJ2nI2IW2, .2ICv 5‘ II MSU LIBRARIES RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. v .7." {.9; 5. s , .- ...mi..... iii .. WQEJaflfiuudlis .l «Ii- 1.11.0? ('10.).91 "OL- v~ -~ 3.: ...‘j\_ I .II." II» I PRODUCTION AND manna OF DRY BEANS PRODUCTION AND [VIA r: K HT 15 or DRY BEARS THESIS Submitted to the houlty of the niohigen State College in pen-tie]. fulfillment of the requiremente for the degree of leeter of Beienoe. by LEIICE L. SOVOCOOL 1987 AOKNOILED GMEN T The author takee great pleaeure in acknowledging hie einoere appreciation of the hearty and helpful intereet of Ir. J. 1'. Horner, Professor of loonomioe, in the compilation of thie theeie. “BL! 01' CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Regions of Production 3 By Countriee By Statee In lichigan Development of the Industry 9 In New Ybrk In Michigan Factore Affecting Commercial Production 11 larke ting 19 Outleta Channele Coete Price Rick Probleme , 35 Per capita Goneumpticn Tariff Gradee Quality Appendix A 31 Appendix B? 39 PRODUCTION AND bflflfihééTifiG'OF DRY BEANS IN TRODUCTIOH Much hae been accomplished ae a result Of etudiee made concerning the bean induetry, particularly with reepect to technical probleme of production. This ie mainly becauee agricultural education and reeearch have until recent yeare been conducted almoet ehclly on the aeeumption that an increaee in volume of producte cold from the farm determinee the profit earned. The idea eeeme to have become firmly grounded in the minde of agricultural writere and epeakere. One college hae issued a circular in which the opening eentence ie, 'The amount of milk and butter fat produced per acre ie, generally epeaking, the final teet of profitable dairying when all feed ie raieed on the farm”. (1) During the laet two decadee etudiee concerning managerial and marketing probleme have become increaeingly erteneive, eince it hae come to be reccgnized that the greateet ' continuoue profit involvee‘ the balance of the farm bucineee from the etandpoint of the total net value of ite product. Pertinent to the bean industry in thie reepect, particularly in Michigan, 1. ite tremendous increaee in pro- duction per capita eince the Civil tar. (Appendix A, Table VII.) The induetry cannot remain profitable indefinitely if thie condition continuee to eriet unleee production coete decreaee or the market can be made to abeorb more at a price eufficiently high, with exieting coete, to ineure a profit. -1- -2- It ie in the latter connection that a gap in verified knowledge hae continued to exiet. Ie it reaeonably pceeible to effect an increaee in the per capita ccneump- ticn cf beane? If ec, how can thie be brought about? (1) Trueman, J. 11., ”Records for a Dairy Herd for Five Yeare', Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin #73. REGIONS OF PRODUC TIOI By countrigg Among the world's principal bean-producing countries, the United 3...... ranke tutu in acreage and fifth in pro- duction. India, Japan, Italy, Ecumenia, and Spain each have a total bean acreage greater than that of the United States, and these same countries, with the exception of Rounania, exceed the United States in production. Ecumenia'e low yield is due to the practice followed of producing beans and corn tagether. (Appendix.Ag Table II.) with one possible exception, this relationship has not changed since before the war. Hungary formerly occupied fourth place in acreage, thus lowering the United States to sixth place. Since the war no figures have been published that are comparable with the pro-war figures because of’difb ficulties caused by the great changes in Hungary's national boundaries. Due mainly to a decrease of been acreage in India between the 1909-1913 and the 1919-1921 periods, the world's acreage decreased from 30,373,000 to 25,233,000, or 17 per cent. During the same period world production decreased from 300,365,000 bushels to 232,748,000 bushels, or 26.1 per cent. India’s decreased acreage, together with a decreased world -3- -4- yield per acre from 9.9 bushels to 8.8 bushels, or 11.1 per cent, were chiefly responsible. In the United States during this time there was an increase in dry bean acreage, but yield per acre decreased mufficiently to more than counteract its effect on production. For the six principal producing States the acreage averaged 788,000 during the former period, and 880,000 during the latter period, showing an increase of 10.5 per cent. Decrease in yield per acre from 14.2 to 11.8 bushels, or 16.9 per cent, however, resulted in a decrease in production from 11,166,000 to 10,438,000, or 6.6 per cent. This decrease, it should be noted, is considerably less than the decrease of world pro- duction, and therefore, increases the relative importance of this crOp in the United States. lo published reports are available showing accurately what varieties of beans are produced in different foreign countries. the following‘brief description, while but an approximstion, gives a general idea as to the most important varieties of edible beans raised in the leading'ccuntriee. In India small white beane occupy first place, fellowed by red beans and large whites. (1) Japan's principal variety is the kotenshai (resembling closely'our small whites). Other important varieties are green peas, azukis (small reds), round reds, pintos, and white kidneys.(2) In Korea soy beams have a greater acreage than do the kctenshais, but the latter are more important commercially eince very few of the soy beans are edible. (3) (4) -5- Beans of the red kidney variety predominate in Italy, although a type similar to our limes are also produced. (5) Roumania produces white and black narrows, white and red kidneys, and many other varieties, mainly of the kidney type. Tb a limited extent pea beans are also important. (6) Other European countries confine most of their production to the kidney varie- ties. (7) Madagascar and Chile produce large quantities of lima beans. (8) Canada's production which is restricted to the Province of Ontario is almost wholly of pea bean varieties. By Stat“ According to data gathered and compiled by the United States Bureau of Agricultural Economics, the dry bean acreage in the united States fer the years 1925 and 1928 was 1,608,000 and 1,859,000 ixh crops amounting'to 19,928,000 and 17,138,000 bushels respectively. (9) Acreage and production figmree comp mencing with 1899 indicate a fairly steady increase, except during 1916 to 1919, the war period. In the years 1924, 1925 and 1928 six Statee produced 94.1, 94.9, and 95.8 per cent respectively cf'our total crOp of beans. ldchigan led in production during these respective years with 45.4, 42.3, and 38.6 per cent of the total crOp. Califor- nia, Colorado, New York, Idaho, and New lexicc follow in pro- duction in the order named. Other important States are Montana, Iyoming, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Mhine, and Arizona.(10) (Figure 1.) Small and medium beans occupy by far the largest place in the bean production, amounting in 1924 to 8,420,000 and in .RMR“\ MNKQR. \N..\\~\\V UR m\.\ Ubhbkbb Rho. V \Kxb "\9 §a\\\~&.\.«\m«fi 9% \&\\S th 98% .‘fi _ mxouktaam Q9.\\.ub&\ Ko.\mR\ \0 .\ .Q\K htkufi Q§§x§tfi MKQUQNKQEK \89 3.90% m a e e e e Ceaeeeeee e e e e “Heeoeeeeee e . ....”..n e’ev u e as e e e a see emoteuueee eee ee r e e as “as eoee ”0e I as f e e o ease “ WNW\ UCUUKuU. \<.V \NkQ -3- 1925, 10,516,000 bushels, or 43.1 and 43.2 per cent respectively of the entire crop. (Appendix A, Table III.) Michigan is the leading State, raising 5,4.6,000 bushels in 1924 and 6,797,000 bushels in 1925, or 84.5 and 86.3 per cent respectively of the total. The other important States are New York and CalifOrnia. In 1924 these three States raised 96.0 per cent and in 1925 96.5 per cent of all small and medium white beans in this country. (Figure 2.) Next in order of production is large white beane. Their production was 13.5 per cent of the total in both 1924 and 1925. Idaho raised 47.2 per cent of the crOp in 1924 and 50.5 per cent in 1925. For these two years the States of Idaho, Iontana, New TOrk, and lichigan raised 93.2 per cent of‘these beans in the United States. The pinto bean is third in production, amounting to 11.8 per cent of the 1924 bean crOp and 12.8 per cent of'the 1925 crop. Its production is confined almost wholly to the States of Colorado, and new Mexico. California produces all of our lima beans, which amounted to 8.5 per cent of the total production in 1924 and 9.5 per cent in 1925. In 1924 Raw York produced 51.5 per cent of all red kidneys, and Michigan produced 45.9 per cent. In 1925 the corresponding percentages were 25.3 and 70.8 respectively. The remaining three to four per cent are grown in California and Kaine. New York and Iain produced all of our yellow eyes KIWQV bwmmkhl\ mk\ §§ «Ax .9?th 0.53?! . Rxxwxxc ME \RU \\§R\.0 \0 Ukfibkbfi NV\ \0 Qt\\§fl.\§m<\0 \Q\\r 0V9 99% .‘s. ufibbkbkm QQANQUKX \b.\\.§\ .9 K0 . N .b\..\ 3% QQQWN. Q99 WM\Q\U.\\§\0 Sch.“ F/G‘. 3. .S U PE RIOR ONTONAGON satanic MARCUETTE \ -\~ \ CHIPPEWA /"~ / . f 9 \ \cumvmx‘. ’- .\. \. /' QE\‘ \ i LEELANAU I 0 \IO ALP [NA ANTRJM OTSEGO ALCONA .e KENT ' .e e ’ . a ALLEGAN BARRY 0 e VANBUREN LENAWEE 51‘? Y BEA/V5 Acreage /924- 4936 Map 3/50 W/fij d/k/F/éafibn of dry dear/7 acreage I}? M/c/I/yafl - 27 Aged/of counflés. [ac/3 c/af' repre- Jehf: 4000 acres or ma/br free/1'0” Mel-ear? -71 and white kidneys. The production of blackeyes and cranberry beams is confined to California, and only pinks are produced ,in other States. In lighiggg Except fer the war period Michigan has been for years first in both acreage and production of dry beans. In 1924 she produced 6,447,000 bushels, or 43 per cent of the nation's crop of 14,856,000 bushels, and in 1925, 8,289,000 bushels, or 42.3 per cent of the nation's crop of 19,590,000 bushels. (11) The per acre value of this crop is high among the staple crops of the state, ranking next below potatoes and sugar beets. (12) The heavy acreage of beans in Michigan is found in the east central and and centril of'the lower peninsula. 0f'the 815,333 acres, the State average from 1924 to 1926, 85 per cent or 526,383 acres were in twentyhseven counties in these sections, and of the state's production of 7,291,000 bushels, these coun- ties raised 88.3 per cent or 8,439,884 bushels. (Appendix A, Table IV.) Bean acreage and production are increasing. There is also a considerable tendency towards concentration in the dis- trict where growing conditions are most favorable. From the 1913-1915 period to the 1924-1926 period acreage for the 27 leading counties increased 37.1 per cent and production increased 58.7 per cent, while for the state as a whole the acreage in- creaeed only 30.0 per cent and production 49.0 per cent. (Figure :4) For the years 1924 to 1928 white peai beans constituted an average of 83.6 per cent of IiChigan's total crop. (13) M W47 Maw; a”. HURON 5A6/NA W 6314 7707 TUJCOLA CZ/N 7'0/V 5H/A WA 5555 5A/V/L/4C I5ABE£LA £34 TON B"! Y GENESEE MIDLAND IA/GHA M MONTC'A LM /0A//A ZAPEER KENT A /V//VGJ 70” 1913—15 I 7/6 - ’6 I92? ~26 191.3 '45" 19/6 - l0 I924-26 I9AJ‘A! /9/6 - 18 1.924- 26 1.91.! -/J 1916 — I8 192$. .86 I913 '15"? 19" -/8 1929-26 I913 -/3 I915 ‘18 1927-26 I 91.!- I! 1916— 18 A924” :6 I913— 16’ [3/6 ‘ld l3499’36 I’lJ‘Af 1916-la 1924-£6 I913 - I! I 916-18 1924-£6 /9/.s— 1: I316 - Ia lyz4~ 26 /9 l3- IJ‘ 191‘— 1324- 26 l9 [3' If 19/‘- I: 1934‘36 1:13— I! [9/‘- 18 lief-£6 /913- I: [91" It 1924-16 I9/3 - la' [’1‘ - 10 [924- 26 /.9I.3- I! 19/(- 13 ’924'2‘ 1913—1: I’ll —/€ lite-'2‘ aV//////////.{ Z 7 A9444??? C 00/727225 Thousands of flajfie/S /00 £00 300 40 J00 W/I/l/l/A’l/l/W’l/J __= 7///////////7/////A -— W WW7.._-- /_— '//////////// /////7//.— '////////////: :- ’/////// ///////////// _I/= ///////////’ i4:- — WI 7/////////A7A ’/////I/////////////. 7/////////A7A W _ W////////A’/////A ’////////.- 1‘76. 4 (loaf/nixed 5r 64AM? /V£ WA YGO JA cmsa/v Aflf/VAC M5605 TA fiARRY GLADW/IV OAKLAND MA 00MB 1’13 '1! 1916 - 18 1’24-16 /’ I.) -- If /.9/‘ - l8 lit? - 26 1’13 - 14” 1’15 - 10 11:4- 26 1713 - 1.1' 1116 ' 18 Izzfl-zs 1.9 13- 1.5- 1.916 ~10 1.9.34- 35 I!!! - I: 1.916 -/8 1’14-2‘ l9]! - /J' 1916 - 10 1’24-26 1.9/3 ve- au -/s 13:4 -.u [9].! - [J 1’11’ 10 [’24' 6‘ 777041501706? 01529065915 100 200 .300 400 J00 660 %.L % W -3- This is practically the only variety grown in the Thumb District and the counties west and south of Saginaw Bay. Red Kidneys were second in importance, amounting to 11.0 per cent. They are produced mainly in the western counties of the bean area and in Oceans county on Lake lichigan. About 4 per cent were white kidneys, the acreage being quite widely scattered; and the remaining 2 per cent were mostly Brown Swedish and Yellow Eyes. (1) 'Bean Bag“, December, 1918; p. 27. (2) Ibid: pp. 22-23. (3) Ibid. (4) Personal letter received on August 4, 1926 from Mr. I. G. Jamison, Specialist, Perishable Products, United States Department of Commerce. (5) Ibid. (6) I'Bean Bag', October, 1924; p. 9. (7) See footnote 4. (8) Ibid. . (9) Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture,l925; p.400 (10) “Grape and larkets', Supplement fer December, 1926; p.423. (11) Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture,1925; p.400 (12) Publication, “Statistical Analysis', Part II, p.18, Michigan Department of Agriculture. (13) 'Crops and Markets“, Supplement for December, 1926; p.423 DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY 1;; New 10;; In Census years prior to 1899 New York was the leading bean State, and was the only State producing more than 91,000 bushels. The quantity produced in 1879 was 42.2 per cent of the entire production, and in 1889, 35.1 per cent of the total crop. (Appendix A, Table v.) Commercial production began in that State by about 1840. lestern New York, the ”granary of the workd', found that the pea bean could be used as a catch crOp after winter-wheat failures due to Hessian fly injury. Increased demand of beans as a food fOr the armies of the Civil Iar stimulated the production of this crop, and since that time it has been one of New York's major cash crops. (1) Because of increased production in liichigan, however, New York dropped to second place in 1899. In 1909 a marked de- crease in acreage, together with increased acreage in other States, reduced its production to third place, being led by Ilichigan and California. (Figure v.) During the years following the World lar, adverse production and marketing conditions have discouraged growers until in 1926 the State produced only? 1,145,000 (2) bushels, or 38 per cent of the production as reported by the 1909 Census. 5g Michigg In the earlier days beans provided the principal cash income for farmers in the southern part of Michigan in an -9- Zflmnbelf coo) IJ'OOO fapaufiflbbz7 /000) Afoooo fibwc 1:000 l00“00 . 7000. llll 70‘00. J. l 6000. 4300 .3000.— Aiao. 135?. (800. Amfb 900 ‘00 {5'0— 5M0... l3? I PflfiJflza .AIJboo ./0J?00 iflflflflvfl, f0” n 5007 1'- flyar/m/rn? Sea/e. l I __,/20000 lllll I M901» 1000 1090 /900 I970 I9£0 90000 73000 60000 4%!000 30000 [5000 43530 4:000 1053c: 9000 7300 £000 ‘4500 .3000 l620 1‘76. .5- .' 470/0220» of 00017 ,01—0 dyer/'01: /0 01-0 W719 of papa/07101) .631 0017.90: per/00’: .' 1000 -./.9.?0. -10- area of which Jackson was approximately the center. (3) Gradually the growing area expanded and moved to the north and northwest until now a district extending from Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, nearly across the State, about the middle of the lower peninsula, shows the greatest production. Michigan bean production, like that of New York, received a great impetus from the new demands created by the armies of the Civil Tar. The 1889 production of 349,365 bushels exceeded that of the previous decade by 112.0 per cent. (Appendix A, Table V.) In 1879 it had nearly returned to its pro-war level, but in 1889 it Jumped again, reaching 434,014 bushels or an increase of 61.4 per cent during the decade. ' This constituted 35.7 per cent of the total United States crop and placed Michigan in the lead as a producing State, a.position which was held from.that time until 1918. From 1916 until 1923, excepting 1920, Califbrnia, stimulated by the big'demand during the war, took the lead away from Michigan. Record low average yields fer Nichigan in 1916 and 1917 of 8.6 and 6.1 bushels per acre respectively male California's lead still greater. In 1917 that State produced virtually half (51.1 per cent ) of all beans raised in the United States. During this period, however, Michigan continued to hold the lead in production of pea beans. (4) (1) Cornell Extension Bulletin, 98; 1924; Hardenburg, E. V., 'The Production and Marketing of Field Beans" pp.6-8 (2) 'Crops and Markets“ Supplement fer December 1928; p.423. (3) 'Bean Bag" June 1921; p. 68. (4) California.Crop Report, 1925; Crop Report for Michigan,l925; “Bean Bag' June 1919; p. 19. FACTORS AFFECTING COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION Acreage, yield, and the percentage of 'pick' deter- mine how large the commercial production of'beans will be in any given year. Over a period of years, however, these are regulated by a combination of’economic and physical factors. Acgggg Anticipated profits are reflected in the acreage of‘beans planted and the care which they receive. Several factors determine whether or not such profits are likely to be large. enough to make this the most efficient employment of the land,‘ labor, and capital available. At this point, however, the question should be examined from a more fUndamental point of view. Consideration should be given to the basic principles involved, first in the location of been production, and second in the choice and com- bination of the bean enterprise in a given farm business. As to the first consideration, the localization of been production,~this depends upon the principle of comparative advantage and the law of first choice. Black states the prin- ciple of comparative advantage as hollows: “Each area tends to produce those products for which its ratio of advantage is greatest as compared with other areas, or its ratio of disadvantage is least, up to the point where the land may be needed by some products less advantaged in the area in order to meet the demand for them at such prices as will come to prevail under such circumstances.‘ (1) The collorary of this is the law of first choice. -11- .13.“. 'Any product for which only a limited amount of suitable land is available, relative to the demand for it, will have first choice of this area't(2) Applying these principles to the localisation of beam production in Mdchigan, we find that in several border counties in the producing area no other cash crop can well be substituted. Hence it may be well to raise beans in these areas, even in view of an unfavorable price outlook, since even then the ratio of disadvantage is likely to be less than it would for other enterprises. In the center of the been producing district sugar beets compete with beans for the place they hold in the crop rotation. If the price outlook for one of these products in a given year is promising, its acreage will tend to increase and the acreage of the other tends to decrease correspondingly. The second‘basic principle, the choice and combination of enterprises affecting:bean production in relation the organ; isatiOn of'a farm business involves supplementary, complementary, joint cost, and bybproduct relationships. A A supplementary relationship is defined by Professor John D. Black of the University of Minnesota.as “One which uses elements of production not needed by other products'. (3) In sections referred to above where no other crop can well be substituted fbr beans, their production may be advisable in order to maintain an efficient balance, particularly in the use of labor and equipment. The complementary relationship, according to Black, “occurs when one enterprise contributes some element of -13- production to another in the form of supplies“.( 4) In bean production this relationship holds in connection with the use of‘bean straw and cull beans, valuable for growing or fattening livestock. Prequently the existence of such an arrangement is responsible for the profitableness of these latter enterprises. In discussing Joint-cost, Professor Eliot Jones of Stanford University says, “The prices of articles produced at Joint-cost tends to equal their combined cost of production.“ (4) Black, in referring to by-product combinations says, “In deciding whether or not to organize a producing unit, consider the possible income from by-products as well as from main and supplementary products. The by-pro-' ducts may warrant starting new unit when the main product wouldnot alone.“ (5) Important in the application of these principles to beam production is the return of nutrients to the soil. The bean plant is leguminous, and as such, has the property of nitrogen fixation, thereby aiding in the production of future crepe. In view of the application of the principles as here discussed, it is clear that anticipated net income, which for the most part determine acreage of beans, cannot be measured alone by the selling price of the product in excess of the costs of production as determined in ordinary cost accounting practice. Yigld . The number of bushels of beans an acre of ground will yield depends first upon the physical factors present, including climatic and soil conditions, and upon the culttu'al methcds employed in growing and harvesting the crop. ~14- Phnical Factor; Climate 'lith regard to physical factors, climate is of greater importance than soil. Beans require a relatively warm climate for maximum production. The common varieties are, however, grown very little in the area of the United States that lies south of the Potomac, Ohio, and Columbia rivers because in the Southern States the bean weevil is a serious pest. A relatively short season crop, it natures in fromfillpfl to 130 days, depending upon the variety and other conditions affecting growth. It is, however, especially susceptible to frost injury. ' Ample rainfall and high humidity provide most favor- able oonditions during the growing season, provided, however, that its distribution is such that fair weather will exist for prOper curing and harvesting. g9}; Soil type is of greater importance than soil fer- tility in bean production. Very heavy soils are unsatisfactory since excess water does not drain away readily. Light soils are not likely to be moisture retentive unless improved by the application of manure or the use of green manure crops. lell drained silt-loans usually are most desirable since they are not objectionable in either of these respects. Ihile a fairly rich scil is desirable beans will yield fairly well on relatively poor soils under proper manage- ment. A moderate amount of nitrogen is necessary, but an excess encourages vine growth and prolongs maturity. cultural Factors Proper selection of seed, both as to variety and -15- quality, and crop management are the important cultural factors to consider as influences upon yield. gm For highest dependable yields adaptation of the particular variety planted in necessary. Red Kidney beans, for example, yield less under Optimum conditions than do pea beans. However, they are considered more dependable in some of the western counties of the lichigan bean district, due to their greater resistance to weathering during the hot summer months. Because of the prevalence of bean diseases it is of utmost importance that disease resistant varieties be planted. In recent years considerable progress has been made in this respect, notably in the development of the lichigan Robust Pea Bean, developed at the Michigan Experiment Station and the Iells Red kidney, developed on a Western New York farm. The ordinary pea bean is highly susceptible to mosaic, but the llichigan Robust strain has almost completely overcome this objection, and at the same time increased the productivity con- siderably. (6) It differs materially in no other way from other strains ofthe pea type except that it requires about ten days longer to mature. The strain known as lells Red Kidney was developed successfully to resist anthracnose, a disease preva- lent in the red kidney type. (7) These new disease resistant strains, particularly the Michigan Robust, as well as others are coming into wide use and without doubt are largely responsible for preserving the bean industry in liohi gan. ale- Only the highest quality of seed can be depended upon to result in maximum yield. If diseased beans are planted the crap will be infected from the start. If beans infested with weevils are planted, germination is likely to be poor. Good beans from clean, high-yielding fields are at all times desirable from the stand point of'high yield of a quality product. Crop Management In the determination of yield this is the only cultural factor that is wholly within control of the farmer. The certainty of obtaining a good yield of marketable beans depends very largely upon the care the crop receives. A well prepared seed-bed is essential to the securing of uniform growth and maturity. To obtain best conditions for germination it must be warm and moist. Planting‘before the average date of the last killing frost is hazardous, and too late planting endangers the crop in the fall. Shallow but clean and frequent cultivation is neces- sary in the early stages. The roots are fibrous and so near the surface that there is danger of their being injured if cultivated late in the season. Fields should.not be cultivated when wet because the spores of’the organism‘causing>anthracnose are readily carried to healthy plants at such times. Harvesting must take place after the plants are nature, but if delayed until they are too ripe, shattering is likely to occur. After pulling the possibility of damage from ‘wet weather is greater, and hence the beans must be housed or threshed as soon as they are properly cured in order to aroid the risk of mold. In threshing care must be taken to DGVO the -17- machinery so speeded that its work will be thorough and at the same time avoid splitting the beans. If the moisture content of the beans exceedes l? per cent known to trade as the point of “tolerance“, they are considered dangerous for storage and should.be dried artific- ally. (8) Storage in a cool dry place is necessary to avoid mold and to prevent infestation by weevils. OP: 9!” kichigan's bean crOp is marketed wary largely on what is called the handppicked basis. The beans are ordinarily threshed and taken to a local elevator where they are run ' through a mill for recleaning. A sample is then hand-picked for the purpose of'determining the “pick“‘for the lot. Dirt, stones, broken and discolored beans and beans of other varie- ties generally are removed in the “pick“u Tb the extent that undesirable beans constitutes the “pick“‘the amount of the marketable product is decreased. ' From 1914 to 1926 the “pick“‘for nichigan bean crops has averaged S.7 per cent. In poor bean years there is a tendency for it to be larger than in good years. For example, in 1917 when weather conditions were highly unfavorable a yield of 6.l bushels, the lowest for the period, is recorded, and the per cent of “pick“ was 32.6, the highest for the period. On the other hand, in 1919 the yield was 13.8 bushels, or the highest recorded, and the pick was only 4.5 per cent, which was next to the lowest recorded. (9) However, it is the belisf’of many in the bdan trade that in years when production is high, the less favorable market oonditionsthat generally result effect more strict adherence to the requirements of official grades. If this is true, there is a tendency in years of hiya production towards a heavy “pick“ and on years of low production for a light “pick“. (1:) “Production Economics“, p. 1.37. (2) Black, a 147. (a) Black, p. 235. (4) Black, p. 219. (5) “Principles of Railroad Transportation“, p. 244. (6) Spragg, I. A. and Down, E. E. “The Robust Bean“ Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 108, 1921 (7) Bardenburg, E. V., Cornell Extension Bulletin, 98, P.lS (a) Cox, J. F. and Pettigrove, a. 1%., “Bean Growing in lichigan“ Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 139, 1924, p. 30 (9)) Crop Report for Iichigan, 1926. muse Qgtlgtg ' To a large extent the important markets for beans are near the centers of production. This is particularly true with Michigan. Except for a small quantity of red kidneys which are exported, largely to Cuba, the crop is consumed almost entirely in the eastern and middle western centers of population. Kidney beans are in particular favor with the Italian and Negro K— n elements in our large cities, and with their increase in the past few decades, a market for these varieties has been built up rapidly. (l) in average of about 322? cent of Michigan's been crop is used for canning purposes. Some of these beans are red kidneys, but by far the greater portion is pea beans which are packed as baked beans and pork and beans. 911m The farmer's work in preparing beans for market usually ends with threshing. Most of the product leaves the farm in the fall months, although some is usually sold every month throughout the year. This is indicated by a record of monthly shipments asrspcrted by the common carriers. Of the average carlct shipments from Michigan of 4,730, 8,634 cars, or 55.7 per cent (Appendix A, Table VI.) were made during the months of October to January inclusive. (Figure 67) -19- Pelee/77" 20 r- I‘— II I4 ”2' l0 allllJLJlllJ .5er 0c?! 46% )6“. ./o/r. 1‘35. Mot:- flp/r May ./¢//7P Ju/y «qr/7, Aid/777$: 1‘76: 6 .' A VE/‘aqe (or/07' J/I/Lamenf of'M/kfi/yan dry bed/7.5 .' Pence/7 72am» by ”700779: .° /2é’d-— /5723 x 7372/ per: 6907‘ for AZ five/77775 =.— /M, .30- Local buyers receive the beans, clean them by fanning, and usually store them in elevators until picking can be done. There are in Michigan about jggflsuch elevators. A large portion of the “pick“, particularly stones and dirt, is removed by machines. Unless they are received unusually free from cull beans they are next hand-picked. This requires considerable hand labor, and is facilitated by small machines which are operap ted by foot or motor power. These machines carry the beans from hoppers on endless belts over slowly moving rollers to the pickers women and girls are generally employed to do the picking, and are paid on the basis of the number of “'pick“ removed, the rate per pound usually varying firom 5 to 7 cents, depending on the type of beans being picked. Some dealers, however, prefer to pay their pickers a flat day rats. Sometimes‘beans, particularly white ones, are run through a polishing machine which removes much surface discoloration. F/6I7.’ (ammo/7 raw/é: fo//orvea’ J} 5.90/7: from former 7‘2 coast/manner: Sometimes beans are bought by so-called “manye stationed dealers“, and are shipped directly to wholesale eleva- tors where picking is done. Michigan beans are very generally'handled in specially made burlap sacks, holding 100 pounds. Fbur hundred bags of beans ordinarily constitutes a carload. Grading is almost universal in the bean trade, for dealers have for several years recognized that it aids in the re- duction of marketing cost. However, uniform grades for all sections have not as yet come into use, although much progress has been made towards that end, through grades established by the United States Bureau‘of Agricultural Economics. In 1897 the Michigan Bean Jobbers Association promulgated a set of bean grades, which, with a few revisions, is now in effect throughout Michigan, subject to inspection, as a part of‘that organization's official sales contract. (Appendix B.) From the local dealer the beans are usually purchased by a wholesale jobber, of whom there. are about 400 in Michigan. After a shipment has been received, it is occasionally stored for more opportune market conditions. Usually, however, it is kept “on track“, until time for reshipment. In Michigan this service is carried on by relatively few concerns. Mr. B. A. Stickle of Chatterton & Son, Lansing, estimates that that company handles 45 per cent of the crop, that the Michigan Elevator Exchange handles about 23 per cent, and that 90 per cent of all beans raised in Michigan are handled by seven jobbers. -22.. The next marketing agency is that of the broker. His function is to find market outlets for the jobbers, either to wholesale grocers, canners, or exporters, as well as to locate sellers for those on the buying’end. This is done almost entirely by wire, and instructions for direct are sent to the jobber. The wholesale grocer stores the beans received in warehouses, located at points where distribution in small lots is convenient. Retailers purchases are small, grnerally one or two bags, Their individual sales to consumers arerage less than three pounds. This means that a standard size bag is divided among more than 33 customers, and that a standard carlct must be split up into 13,333 or more individual packages. Eggis lhen the direct route described above is taken, the following estimates are given as percentage of’the comsumar's dollar that each agency ordinarily gets: 1. Local elevator 12 per cent 8. lhclesale jobber 3 per cent 3. Broker 1 per cent 4. Iholesale grocer 10 per cent 5. Retailer 35 per cent (as a minimum) This is as good an estimate as can be obtained of m what marketing costs usually average. Brigg In normal years the price of beans is relatively low during and immediately following the harvest season, when the bulk of movement from the farms takes place. As soon as most of the crop has left the farmers' hands the price ordin- arily begins to rise and reaches its peak during the sunmer months. (Figure 8) Rig; Coincident with the merchandising of beans is the element of risk. Heat, damage, fire, and price fluctuations are among the hazards that endst from the time the beans are produced until they reach the consumer. Agencies holding large quantities of beans for a period of more than a few days assume the risk of their deteri- orating. This is particularly true in years when the moisture content is high, since this frequently results in heat damage. As a rule this risk is considerably greater in the fall, for farmers generally market their wet beans as soon after harves- ting as possible. Danger of loss from fire is usually protected through insurance. Although the price the consumer pays for beans varies but little, wholesale price fluctuations are frequently very wide. Irregularity of the visible supply, uncertainty of quality (particularly in years when the harvest season is wet), and speculation are important reasons why this is true. Hedging, the only common practice followed in pro- tecting a transaction against fluctuations in price, is not lat/2: 4-, J- (c "'- .133— 3:“— 3.307- 3.10 3I/d -— .l0 0 i I l l 1 J 1 l L l 1 ”0/7799 Jeep?! 0:7! Mae flea ./.u;t F61. Mar.- 19,01:- Moy June July flay. Pr/ce 3.17 5:25- .233 .7.” .234 .234 5:35“ 1.4V 30'; 1.44 3.47 1.44% F763 6 .‘A vex—v.76 ma/77'fi/y ,or/c e: per; fiz/J be/fla/o/ 73 pro 4/4/6ch for ‘964/7: /}7 M/E/fi/yafl .' /9d.9*/.92f [.00 7;- oéfé/ked’ fro/77 crap reflex-7' fro/- M1 2 fi/yvn A924) -24- used in bean marketing. To hedge, there must be dealing in futures; and for future trading to be practical, there must be sufficient volume of business to provide a wide and continuous market. In this connection Professor James E. Boyle of Cornell University says: { “The validity of hedging as insurance may be ac- cepted as an established fact. The real controversy now is, how wide a future market is needed to pro- vide ample hedging facilities! By a wide market is meant a market with enough traders participating on each side so that millions of bushels of grain can be bought or sold, at any moment, without bulling or bearing the market. This is exactly the cond tion which differentiates the Chicago futures market from the futures markets of St. Louis, Kansas City, Minneapolis or Winnipeg. An order to buy a million bushels of grain in the Kansas City pit would raise prices there sharply. The same order would have - little effect on the Chicago pit. Hence large future orders arriving at these secondary markets are first placed in the Chicago pit, and then gradually worked back into the secondary market, a fraction at a time.“ (1) Hardenbur , E. V. Cornell Extension Bulletin 98,P.39 “Bean Bag , May 21, 1936, P. 18 (8) Speculation and the “Chicago Board of Trade“, PP 176-17? PROBLEMS Pgr Capit; Coggggptiog Except for the influence of foreign trade in beans, figures showing the growth of per capita production indicate approximately a corresponding;rate of increase of per capita consumption. During:the period since adequate records have been kept, every decade except the first has shown a tremendous increase in the number of pounds of beans produced per person. (Figure 5) This growth was greatest in 1910, changing since 1900 from ‘mo pounds to 7.3 pounds, or 45.5 per cent. By 1930 it increased to 8.0 pounds, or 8.1 per cent above the 1910 figure. (Appendix At Table VII.) ' If the census years from which the above figures were obtained are anywhere near typical of’their respective periods, the production per capita is not increasing as rapidly as it was a few years ago. Years since 1920, however, indicate that the situation is likely to continue for some years. Figures from the United States Bureau of Agricultural Economics show that in 1926 the country's bean production was 17,138,000 bushels. (1) Population for 1926, according to estimates by the Bureau of the Census, was 117,136,000. This means that 8.8 pounds of beans were produced per person, or an increase of 9.1 per cent over 1930. -25- -33- 121111. The lorld lar probably had an important bearing on the importation of’Orisntal Beans. Heavy buying by the United States Grain Corporation in 1916 and 1917 for prosecution of the war first brought about the importation of Oriental'heans into this country. This in part explains the existing market for the Oriental product. Japanese Kotenashis (Oriental small whites), comparatively unknown in the United States prior to 1914, have come to be a staple in the trade. (3) Its existence on the market has given severe competition to the domestic product. Imports of foreign beans into the United States total- ing 4,343,000 bushels for 1917, jumped to 15,365,000 bushels for 191s and 18,416,000 bushels for 1919. ("3) For the two latter years imports exceeded domestic porduction in volume. The United States Tariff Act of 1933 was probably respon- sible fer saving the industry in the united States from almost total destruction. Previously the tariff of’only 35 cents per bushel on foreign beans, provided by the underwood Tariff Act of.1913, was sufficient to give the American grower very little protectionwaghinst the tremendous influx of Kotenashis. The new tariff act provided a tariff of'one and three-fourth cents per pound, or $1.05 per bushel on dry beans. (4) This has afforded the American growers a considerable degree of protection, although it has by no means eliminated foreign competition. Imports, while varying greatly from year to year, amount to from one-twelfth to one-feurth of the pro- duction. Japanese beans as a rule constitute around half of the product brought into this country. (5) -27- gadgg At the present time in the bean industry there are six regional association grades, all of which are fundamentally different. As to factors of quality affecting their whole- somsnese for food, a wide difference in limits is justified by local methods of producing and preparing for market. In their fundamental principle and construction, however, it is confusing and illogical that they should continue to remain distinct. Uniformity in interpreting grads factors and standardising of expression of grades is essential in the reduction of marketing costs. It is not essential that under different mnditicns grades he arrived at in similar ways. It is essential, however, to the buyer that a given lot of beans meets the requirements of the grades desired. In 1933 the Federal Bureau of Agricultural Economics began to make studies concerning the feasibility of establishing standard grades and inspection service. It was the aim, insofar as possible, to retain the desirable features of all present systems and still arrive at a method that would designate all grades alike. A very thorough study was made of growing condi- tions and practices in all been producing sections of the country. On September 1, 1936 the set of standards which this bureau promulgated (Appendix B) became effective, and Federal inspection service was provided for. Protests against Federal standards, both before and since their adoption, have been encountered in several sections. The Michigan Bean Jobbers Association is particularly strong in denouncing them. It is felt that Michigan bean grades have -33- proven satisfactory to the industry and have‘ been a powerful (influence in developing the State's reputation among buyers for beams that are dependable. To depart from the old grades, they believe, would tend to destroy the trade's confidence in Michighn beans. The sentiment of growers and jobbers was ex- pressed by Congressman Bird J. Vincent at a hearing conducted by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in April 1935 when he said: “Seventybfive per cent of the navy beans are pro- duced in Michigan. The transactions in handling this great or0p have been satisfactory all the way from the producer to the consumer insofar as satisfaction is possible. It is my opinion that, so long as conditions are satisfactory, the least government we can have the better it is for all concerned. If Federal bean grades are to be im- posed, there must be a definite benefit receiveable, and this has not been shown to me as yet. It is true that in some industries definite benefit has resulted from Federal grading. If'such benefit to to the bean industry can be definitel shown I will favor the Federal grading of beans.“ (1) Like sentiment has been expressed by the bean dealers' associations in New York, California, and Colorado. To date Idaho and Montana are the only states in which there is favorable disposition towards the idea. Among Michigan dealers it is the concsnsus of opinion that Federal grades cannot be made suf- ficiently elastic to meet the needs of all states and at the same time be conducive to the production of‘high quality'beans. Since the changing of an established order is usually slow, it is doubtful whether standard.grades will come into use for several years. Quality Of greatest importance in the reduction of marketing costs and the maintenance of consumer demand is the question of quality. Aside from cleaning and hand-picking, costs for each marketing service are approximately the same for inferior beans as for beans of high quality. This means that when the house- wife buys beams of inferior quality she gets proportionately less for her money than when she buys beams of high quality. canac/ve Furthermore, beans of questionable quality are camels-eke to dissatisfaction in dealings between buyers and sellers, thus invariably resulting in a less efficient marketing system. More important than this, however, is the need of - confidence in cleanliness, wholesomeness and palatabili ty of beans on the part of the consuming public. In this connection the canned bean industry has already accomplished much, with the result that canners have been amply rewarded. W. R. Roach 8: Co., Packers of Hart Brand Canned Foods, states as the main cause for the increased consumption of canned beans, in common with other commercially canned food products, “The confidence in commercially canned foods on the part of the consuming public because of the general knowledge as to the wholesomeness, cleanliness and food value of commercially canned fruits and vegetables“ 6 This company further says: “Needless to say the canning industry appreciates that we have yet a long way to go in having canned foods utilized to the fullest extent in every home. That is one of our objectives. The ground, of course, for this was laid a number of years ago and the can- ning industry caused laws to be enacted prescribing cleanliness in handling food products, honest labeling, full weight, and by establishing its own laboratories in Chicago, the Northwest, and recently in California. The industry demands the best, safest, and most scientific methods of canning.“ (7) It is the belief of most of those familiar with the bean trade that in a program similar in principle to that carried on by the canners lies also the greatest opportunity for improvement in the marketing of dried beans. (1) (2) (3) (4) <5) (6) (7) Crop Report for Michigan, 1936 “Bean Bag“, March 1926, P. 44 Yearbook, United States Department of Agriculture, 1930 Cornell Extension Bulletin 98, Pp 9-10 “Bean Bag“, November 1935, P. 9. Personal letter received from Mr. I. P. Hartman of W. R. Bosch 8: Co. on May 11, 1937 Ibid. -31- Appendix A. Table I—Populaticn of U. 3. and Michigan Compared. (l). U. 8. Per cent of Michiam Per cent of Tear Populat ism Increase Pcpulatien A ,hsrease W— w e 81,448,881 85.6 749,118 ”.0 1070 (2:22. ~ w ' 1., 89,816,“. “J 1,100,000 50.1 use: __ 1 00,105,715 no.0 1,0“,937 88.: mt _ 2- 68,067,714 85.0 8,098,090 87.0 1900 — *5 meme» no.7 amass 15a 191a * x: a :- 01,972.11“ 21.0 s,s10,1vs 1e.1 19:0 we“ or 100,710,e10 1e.s s,ees,413 s0.s 1mm * 115,878,000 as e,sst,0oo 14.4 (1’ 1’” Us 3e MI"... is) a jueted figure. (a) lstimatwlo s. I. (I 1. ~~fl_d .._— c—s - ~ —— —-.-- — uu—e -‘—¢ -. a-v—c- -4-» ‘-—-..-— ~¢~ .. -— Table II—Averace Dry Bean Production in the Principal Producing Countries. (1) no: 40/3 7 ”/9 - me! roses 1»: 1020-00 W County (000) Acre ticn (000) Acre tiem (bushels) (bushels) A (bushels) (bushels) 0 (000; A (000) _ g (000) _ (000) mu 10,000 0.0 140,000 11,100m ’ 0.0 00,100 (0) Japan 0,000 10.0 07,070 4,001 (0) 11.0 47,071 1m; 0,000 10.4 01,000 0,000 0.0 10,140 (0) hat: (4) 1.010 0.0 7,010 n. .- .- W (4) 1,000 0.0 4,100 1,000 0.1 0,007 Spain ' 1,100 10.0 11,000 1,040 10.4 10,010 mus States 700 (0) 14.0 11,100 (0) 000 (0) 11.0(7)10,010 (0) Iorld 00,070 0.0 000,000 00,000 0.0 000,740 fi—fi v Vi 7v (1) Rearranged and computed from Teerboek, United 8tottes Depart-em ef Agriculture, 1038; pp. 758-750. (8) 1910 an! 1920 only. (0) 1010 only. (4) 01d boundaries. (5) Six States only. (6) Seven States only. (7) Computed by using production figures fer six States (10,480,000 bushels. ltleisumarefromthereportefthefourteemth United . ates Census. —. an . -—-—— I. l. -33-l m1. 111nm Production, by 7.21.01», 10 heading out... 1904 .00 1000. (“Crops and Note“, Suppl-sent for December, 1935; p. 111.) fi w(Production in thcufs'ams of bushels, 17'01900 emitted.) A Variety 1 Maine Vemomt New York Michign lisoomsin 108‘ , 1080 1080 1385 1004 1985 w1980 1980 1980 1080 ~11 and Medium hits-- 10 18 60 44 5“ 420 6,416 6,707 76 118 Large hits— 4 3 - leMSflljm 057 881 d 10 Total, above—-- 33 81 50 44 M6 784 5 070 T 120 80 180 1.11" m: A ‘ --.- » h - 1' '- a no... es...- ” an. “it. Killi'lfitw 10 11 -_- ” 131 00 ----r ---- - a... 3.0 Kidnq _ 10 10 - -- 700 004 040 000 -- -- MhI‘J— -‘ a. a. on. ‘ a. C.- n.- " Cw... ea- c.- n“ Immu- e—s em- -- a. no. a.- “ no... .es use. an‘Q— ‘ a. In. .0- .o .0.- .oo 0.... one... sees one. am _ _ .- es. ses- ess- can. ems-es sass-.- access—s .- no. nut"._- 1 _..- es. en. em- as. asu. can. awe-es. es...- .- es.- Other (0) — __ u __1Es 10 - -- 01 07 100 100 0 4 Total - r 100 110, 00 44W 0,447 03,000 00 100 Per seat of Total Reduction 1w Varieties. (4) —w 0.011 and mm “lite.- 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 04.0 00.3 1.3 1.4 Barge mite — 0,8 0.1 ~— . -- 14.0 13.0 12.7 18.5 0,8 0,0 r0001, above-o-o-u- 0,5 0,1 0:? 0.4 10.0 07.4 57.0 1.0 1.8 1.110. m - W "'- W W m ' an. an. mt. mam; We 7.‘ 11.3 CI. ..- ”0‘ 88.7 In... on. 4a.. 0.0 Kidner w 2- 0.0 1.1 - -- 01.0 00.0 40.0 70.0 - «— Who-fa? —_ one. esse- Q.- ” cuss.- e-n-o a... as... no. no. unto .- 1 ._ no. a“ an. an. a... a... a... a... no. n. m. , an. ass. esse- -. cuss-e- a... cue-s- as... on. cues m ("“v~— - __ .0- .- ” an. allele- ens-ss- an... a... est-es use. mmefi_ can sees. an. O.- ” Owe-s. no.- es..- an. on. 000.: (0) x 0.0 0.0 “‘1 «~- 11.0 7.0 10.1 01.0 0.7 0.0 w Total 0— a 0.7 0.0 0,4 8.2 13.0 7.8 43.4 40.8 0.6 0.: (1) hits Marrow. (3) Includes some varieties listed above when of small We 0 (3) Includes Baby Lime-s. in the particular State. ' ~ (4) Computed non above table. .__—-~ _ - _-_.. ~~ . U C K ~ - 434- i'able III—Cont 11nd . ssta m Idaho M Variety ' A 1924 1985 1924. 1985 19“ 1985 1924 1925 M1 and H011“ “lit.— 100 1 - -- - ---- - - Large m00~~ ‘ -- “(5,388(5j440(51951 1,331 (01mm 111 0.0.1, abeve---- 100 104 000 up; 001 1,001 00 111 fi $.11" m w - a... .sa- .0. no. no. on... .- ea.- Mt. ndnfi— 0... use. can. III-s- co- so... as. use. a“ ndnfiw _. ._ :: on. no. on. u.- .a. an... o- no. MOE—f3— _ .. no. no. no. Clo. no. a...- u. .q. 3“ Hang“: .1 ._ on. no. .0- ... use. 15 a. 0.. Pink. ‘ ‘ _ u.- .. -- .. “- m .- n... n“ (2’ ._ - up. -. nu. .— m .0... no o... Other (3)—~ — «~- - 30 $0 317 230 14 29 0000.1 ‘- 100 104 408 000 11258 1,504 96 150 m1 and 1.01m “lit.- 1.‘ 1.8 - -- ~— -- --- - me. ‘11" m ""' 1913 16.7 47.: 5°05 40° ‘0: at“. ‘M'Wwfloz 1.0 w‘.‘ ‘03 11.3 12.7 + 0.9 1.0 1.110' m — W... n.- S u.- ..“ In... an. as... had Kim-i “ —‘ cu. nu. "- .- cne-o a... .— cu. mug-q no. on. use. e-no a... a... a... on. n“, mam—.— * — m an. an. no. nus- ‘.9 g... g... mtg w. as. .- ”- O-. a... *- ..- 0“ m7 1 ‘— can. . use. can. use. an... cue-a. use. a... nu (2‘w .. ... no. no. u.- " a... no. cc. "1101' (3: 3?: ‘ on. """" ‘08 77.7 “o! ‘50.! 10’ . 5.7 _ A 20001 ~ wfi 0.5 0.5 0.7 2.0 8.5 8.1 0.7, 0.0 (6) Great Northern. .. 35; fable III—continued. Calories 0.: [nice Ariana California Intel 15 States_ Variety 1984 1925 1984 1925 1984 19851984 1985 1924 1225 $311 Ind. H.111. mitt- -f- --- - 10. 375 6.404 7.070 r I ' mg. 'hite _ _ - ---- ~— 40 00 0.010 0.000 rem. anon—- --- ----. - -- ~— ~— 017 400 0,400 10,014 K“ ndnfi_ ,_ _, on. no... no. no. a... an. “ a I’m 1.‘0‘ Pinto —— ~— 03: 3.100 010 570 1 1 -- -- 1.708 3.510 nm- 1 — --» --- 17 s 00 04 014 m 000 1.000 ' In!” (2} — - ._ -——"‘ m m m m use. ”1.”, 1..” 1.”, 1'.” Blackeye ~— m “I“. “- -- “- u"- 314 085 314 0” Other (3: ‘ ‘ 1’ 118 30 10 0 0 73 70 715 m __ hill- “‘ 953 8,840 870 8” 30 4088.4171614‘57014‘856 S0110‘5” ~11 and I001“ “1100-. “O. m - m III-'- .. 8.7 4.0 1” 100 Large MtOfi —-“ .0.- ”- -— - u... “I. t.‘ 1.9 . ‘ 1” 100 IQng' w. ens-ea co... an. a... a... no. an. n— In, In muss; - .1.— “ .- do. “n m 100 100 100 1” led H0210“? ““ -"' M “- -"- “- ‘O. I” 95.1 100 I” Pinto ‘ 3.8 04.5 “.7 15.0 0.1 “- -~- “I. I” 100 Pinks “‘ — ‘ -- M 4.0 0.0 7.0 3.4 00.2 95.0 1m 1m Lina (8)" -_ ~— ---- ~— -- ~— - 100—- 0-100 100 100 00110! (3} 3.7 14.4 0.9 3.1 0.0 0.0 10.2 0.0 100 100 0.0.1" 4.4 11.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 00.0 . A 100 100 (0) Wide wcmmfinon .5 ROM 4 mupopmu no.3 Hana: fl EOHH 60».an o A 3 9.8 n 0 co noH m.mm «.9. o.a . . dmm. mN.p wean 0 Add b. aham 60 e npOuon do ooo.ao . o no . 8a.: 3: om v . p r. a.» m «3 HS 30.8 «an . m...w o8 M0 .a H. 30.20 ace. :5. .33. acabu OeHH 8 h an. H De» mnNa on waa¢ ”e .Odvflg 0‘0m or o . 32 an... 3 8a 08.3 . 2 o 3 . H0 00 find. @nmabfl mefi a O O V e Odfianbv Oavlfl kahuna ham ‘ Hho. fieo kniab mm an e A u I» nhN 00 OH nun. com 0 e «flu o Hflflfloo . . n. can... 8 3». 8.4» o . Lu. 8 a. .HH .8. «a...» p... a 3m. 0.3 on... .58.: nan.ha o OH 509.0 oao.¢s N.m cum.HA cau.sn 5.» com.” .cuudfldo ”we”... Mum“ 8..” 1.4.3 a... ”can. an.“ 0.. 93.. 38.8 OShaan 0e flmQaHH nOOaHH ‘65 OHMaO mONaO heHH Oficaa hfihlfl 8M..." 0% 3a....” 08.2. .4 emu... 8....“ o.. P...» :38: «3 mm . 90 u . a. .8 ”mm”... “HM ”Mummy.“ 3%.”. to ”Mun.” ”WWW” ”a”: 80.“ “a.“ 8m . o3. m6 3 n. 08... b... abo.mnfl m.HH one ad N .oHH fie 005.9 Hfl¢u°0fi a Nfi . “and I onm.NmN m.AH Odm.0A onwadbd mob “Hu.md omb.uud n.¢fl onwgmd .udvlmm .pu Re. a. 3o. t. a: a 03. «J S :3 ham nu OR a . fie oon.o bud awn. on o 0. now; ma non o A on . 7 u. in when 0 flan ad N . Oe 009.5 b 0&8 o N . a... ”“0 “M”... a. z... 0.2 mm... a... a . 4. n «a 8 9o. 0. 3 03 0%.”... 0% 0...... 08.5 “”2 «mm: 3...“... 0m .0... as...“ Obfia 0M” hem." goon “Oufihfl Ge“ SmaMH 30. m“ OOOH "DOUGH 3 3a.”: 0.3 80.0» 8». mm a. 35.3 H333 0: 3.3 . 332— 84.0 0.2 39$ 0 0.2 .b «mm. 8.63 a; .3 a .838 m 5.3 .2 n a . c. 39am a Non a A . 33° n23 03.3 mm on... .p 8.... A “3.25“ 4.. on a... not." A o 93 93.3 «:62 o a n .oH a8. o.on «3.8 .23.: . on . .5. n6 no an 3» . 5 . 3H m on «m: S . a a. 8 .5» do HA a e dQOa H 00” OH 0' .63 7.3 o... H3......“ u 3». a 3m. a. ham n . no . n.A an «naa E n." on m can H o a aeuod 3.3 I can. A. 8a.: enough .036 hem m o." n m.mm undue GNGHIJMWGH E IflOAHOHfi‘r .093 j 5‘ ”N g inud m 33 43h]. 03 .2 I'dvfldoo canon AH. e h H on 3:» .emwuwfioaouu Jam...“ .5 you 3 OD 'MIHObd Wmvouwefldoo want“. 60 En ¢.HNH0HAHAW “OH “Odvavgg OH 36.0 a a . mama. .37- an. V-i-Prodnetion of Boone 1n the United Statee. lee york, end moment, 1840 to 1924. (1) D ‘ , (Rebels) 1849 1869 184’ 1879 1889 United Stet» 9,210,901 15,041.!” 6,746,031 8,075,050 3,168,564 110% 7 III 145.128 349L345 167 458 484.014 e! or r cent 3‘ J: ' of U. S. Bro .~ 13.5 w 552} 30.1 48.8 35.8 fioEIgan Per eenf 2: U. s. m 8.3 5.4 4.1 5.4 13.1 1.11. vamp... fl rV—v a 1899 1909 1919 1984 (2) mm: sun. 5,064,844 11,351,150 14,079,093 3,197,000 Iev York 1,340,445 1,681,506 WAS“ 1,690,000 110111 1.006: 5.3.2.511 4&8fi'117 . “6.538.000 In 2.5 5: cent ’ Of 0. 3e Ora L “43: 15.0 0 59° - 13.? m3...» * ~ of U. 3. crop; i 84.7 M 47.0 , 80.8 49.1 (1) Copied from Reports of the United Statee 0m. Boone and pen were reported as one product in 1850, 1860. and 1870. (2) You-book. United Statee Department of Agriculture, 1925. n. a. I. -33- rule VI—ccrlot ammonia of [10111300 Dr: nouns. 1910-1928. ((1) I.” Jack}. In. mom MM“. ”000‘. 107.3011. M“ 19302 ~~101nu1um 04.140100141450405133 1m_ —m0n493mm400m4174umn04700.900 ”saw- mmmmucmaummmmgu 1920* mmmmmmmmmm1m0ms,m Forage for “4; ad 4001305 50210400194101 usmmucgm tutti? tau-g Lnag- 10.5 0.1 1.0 5.: 4.9 4.0 4.1 s.- 0.1 15.4 17.1 13.4 100.0 (1) ”Dan In" Sept-bar. 198” p. “4 m1. “Imam of Dunn per «pita. in tho mud Stun i: Omn- porlodo. 1800-1920. (1) 4L In: Inna: Gnnn par «:11: 1300 8.1 1090 8.0 «4.0 1900 4.0 446.0 1910 7.3 -+-45.0 1900 0.0 -'- 0.1 (1) Output“. from M10: 1 II! To" r‘ i .4 —' fi . . .u. —-.-.a- .v——¢ -4.— -39... Appendix 3. 110me BEAN GRADE Officiel gredes end resuletions edopted by llichigen Been Jobbers' issocieticn, October 6, 1097; revised. December, 1906; September. 1907; Jenner}, 19183 Jennery. 191‘; septnhor, 1916; Septuber. 19103 October, 1919: October. ’ 1980: Septuhor. 1988. Choice Bend Picked Poe Beens 1101:1593: gidfl met be bright, sound, dry. sell screened. no. not conte more one end one-helf per cent of discolored or split teens, end not noro then seven per cent of lerge or nedinn m. Prime Bend Picked Poe lass lichifl Brody nut be feirly coed events color of crop yoer, sound. dry. so screened. must not contein lore then three per cent 01' discolored end split teens, end not more than ten per cent of lerge or nedinn teens. Poul Screened Poe lens “0% % lest he trisht. sound. dry, sell sore . nus no con nore roe per cent of discolored teens. splits or foreign substances. end not sore then ten per cont of lerco or nediu - m. ' Choice Screened Poe Beens Ill 0 met be of reirly good store‘s color of crop peer. dry. sell screened, end one not ccntein more then five per cent of discolored teens. splits or foreign snbstensos, end not lore then ten per cent of Iodin- teens. choice White leans end Choice tells. H lens tell per-it of the sens p c see no s content es 171 s1 ore o o co Picked Poe Beans. choice Bend Picked Ii G met to hricht. sand. dry, sell screen . en a: no oo noro one one-teli' per cent of discolored end split teens. Mice Heal Picked Rod Kidn§ Peels lion? 9% wt he licht red incelor, r , s , 17." so , us no con innerethenone end one-helr per cent of discolored and split beans, end not noro then three per out of Sports or Blue lee-s. Prino Bend Picked Bed Kidne Beens lich ust be light red in color. r , s , ry, s so . m not centein lore then four per cent of discolored end split teens and not nore then four per cent of Sports or Blue Beens. choiceflendPicked =-u-roved ornerkned ndn Beensli G - _-,- net hederk ' coo or, . '5‘- ,so-u, . ,se _scre no con“- Ierothenoneendono-helf per cent oddisooloredeni split hoens, endnot lore then three per cent of Sports or Blue Beens. Prise Bend Picked Improved or Berk Rod :1? Doses lie on G Inst bederkr coor. ryr t,so . ruse screened. msno conteil lore then four per cent of discolored teens end splits, end not noro then four per cent of Sports or Blue Beens. A n... a...’ 1 defined so on. conteining not to exceed seventeen per cent neiutnre rod end seventy-five degrees continue. I. I. mm SEEKS srmms m We Effective 802!qu 1. 192“ as following stenderds for the greding end llerketing of beens ere recon-ended by the Buroeu. of Agriculturel Economics, united Stetes Department of Agriculture. ‘lhese stenderds ere the result of intensive studies end extensive investigetions of the been industry end of suggestions received f‘roe comorciel egenoies experienced in the greding of this concedity. mo edoption end use of these stenderds by ell egencies engeged in handling beens should promote uniforl grading end feoiliteto the nerkoting of this oo-edity. more In the purposes of the United States Stmderds for neenso M8 shell include ell kinds of beens produced in the continentel United Stetes con-only sold in the dry threshod eteto end used for edible purposes. es ‘ defined under 'clesses of beens,” including bleckeye cowpees cherecteristic of those verieties grown on the Peeific coest. end which contein not to exceed five per cent of foreign neteriel es defined in these stsnderds. BASIS OF mmArION.-n1 deteninetion of feotors entering into the greding ef'boens shell be made upon the besis of e representetive seeple. which seeplo shell be dreen in eccerdenco with methods epprovod by the can: of the heroes of dgriculturel Keene-ice. mounds. cacopt in the cese of eoisture, shell be perconteges escorteined by weight. ' Pmcmeons 0P Imam shell be thet escorteined by the eeisture tester end the nethod of use thereof described in nspertnent mlletin lo. 1875, issued by the united Stetes Dspertnent of Agriculture, harem of Agriculture). Icons-tics, or thet escorteined by eny device end esthod giving equivelent results. 0mm mes shell include ell beens of e cless or clesses other then the cless of beens prede-ineting in the lot which is being greded ad eey include seed gerden beens or other couerciel types of dry edible beens not defined in these m.. SPLI'l' BEANS of I'Splits“ shell be beens which ere split or broken. includ- ing pieces up to three-fourths the siso of Ihole beens, but not including beens with crecked or checked skins only. MEWSer'D-ege' shellbebeenewhichere sobedlyinduredor discolored by woether, asst. hset. insects. diseese or other courses es to seriously effect the eppeerenco end quelity of the couple. manor WIN. shell be ell letter other then beens but shell not include seed gerden beens end other types of dry edible beens not defined in these “We 3mm shell be rocks. stones. pebbles, shele. or other concreted eerthly or more). letter or other substences of siniler composition end herdness thet do not disintegrete in veter. mmaenbebeens ofClessmll.I.ileendclessm.Dew Dine, showing e bursting or ebresion of the skin, sometines resulting in e sproed- ing epert of the been. moms shellbeboenscfclesemn. Idee.endclessm.new Line, which heve deeply wrinkled skins. wm 3m. es epplied to the gsnerel eppeerenco of beens, shell neen thet the beens ere practically free from such seell. shrivelled. undeveloped, split end broken beens and foreign neteriel es oen be roedily rseoved in the ordinery processes of eilling or screening. mun! Buns shell be beens of em cless which ere infested with weevils or other insects injurious to stored beens or which contein beens thet heve been den-god by such weevils or insects. Ioovily beens shell be greded “mic credo”. GRAD] DBIGNATIOHS.-n1e grede dosignetion of eny lot of beens shell include successively the letters '0. 3.” . the number of the grede or the words ”Snple Credo“, es the cese my be. end the neno of the cless. . FOOD AND macs LOT.-Hothing heroin shell be construdd es euthorising the ship-em of beens in violetion of the Food end Drugs Act of June so. 1906. mm or rung; Deens shell be divided into clesses es follows: cm- I. m m» m: cless shell includeell white beens co-Ionly referred to es levy or Pee beens characteristic of those verieties grown in the Greet Lekes region. Oless II. RID men! nus.- lhi's cless shell include ell verieties of beens of e light red or brown color of the type known comercielly es Red Kidney. cless III. DIRK RID KIM! wave his cless shell include ellLverietios of beens of e derk rod or nehogew color of the type known co-eeroielly es Derk Rd. Kidney. Oless 1'. m KIM! PENIS.- nu- cless shell include ell verieties of beens of the type known comercielly es mite Kidney. Oless V. mm mm m.- his cless shell include ell white beens coucnly referred to es eodiun beens cherecteristic of those verieties green in the Greet Dekes region. Close ‘1. mos ms.» his cless shell include ell lerge hits beens co-only referred to es Herr-ow. cless III. M nuc.- his cless shell include ell verieties or streins of followeye Beens. - Cless VIII. ROI! SIIDISH crass» his cless shell include ell brown beens col-only referred to es Drone Swedish. cless IX. mm mm nrms.- Ihis cless shell include ell white beens of the crest lorthern verioty. Oless x. PIM'O MSw Ihis cless shell include ell beens of the Ionian Pinto group. but shell not include Spotted nod lenicen. Oless :1. sum IHI'I'E arms.- ms cless shell include ell white beens cheresteristic of these verieties green on the Peeifie Ooest end co-only referred to es hell Ihite beens but shell not include Popery beens. Oless III. mos WEI!!! mms.- his cless shell include ell white beens cherecteristio of those verieties grown on the Pecific Ooest end oo-only referred to es Lerge mite beens. eless XIII. rm ms.- his cless shell include ell beens of the Oelifornie Pink group. cless III. CALIFORNIA RID ms.- his cless shell include ellebeens of the Red lexicen group cherecteristic of those verieties grown on the Pecific Genet end cos-only referred to es Oelifornie Red. Oless II’. mm mns.- Phis cless shell include ell beens of e solid boy or chestmt color conscnly referred to es Duos. Oless III. W nns.- his cless shell include ell beens of the Orenborry group. eo-only referred to es Orenberry. Speckled Orenberry end 3013mm P01... Gless XIII. Pm M8.- his cless shell include ell bleckeyo corpses. cherecteristic of those verieties grown on the Peoific Ooest. cless XVIII. me ms» his cless shell include ell lerge Bile beens cherecteristic of the Derge 'hite Pole and mrpee huh Dine verieties. Oless m. DAD! hm DEAR..- his cless shell include ell seell Line beens of the Henderson Push end siniler verieties celeonly referred to es Beby nee. IO -43- w momma no; arms Gran.- he clessss Pee Beans, Red Kidney. Derk Bed Kidney. mite Kidney. Iodine White, nerrow, Iolloweye, DronJeedish, Greet lorthern, Pinto. hell Ihite, Derge White, Pink, Oelifornie Bed, Days. Orenberry, end Bleckeys oech shell he divided into three nunsricel gredes end senple grade end the clesses Line end Deby Line eech into two moricel gredes end seeple greds. the requirements of which shell be es follows: . 0 .3 ' Other Doers, end PorLig Heteriel U. 8. 01“. m Credo Gnsrel ippeerence Potel Other Poreign . . Deens l Heteriel qFor cent con r c cuss I, m nuns """"""" ""'"""‘" "‘"""""'" lo. 1 Isll screened end good neturel color end ”POW! 1.0 0.0 b. (a) lo. 3 I411 screened end m be slightly ’ ‘ eff color 8.0 0.1 0.1 Is. 8 Hey be dull or of poor color 0.0 0.5 0.5 s-ple (See pegs 0) grede . _ n cuss II. RED nun: cuss III, DARK m m lo. 1 loll screened end good neturel color end eppeerenco 2.0 0.0 he (30 Is. 8 tell screened end ney be slidxtly off color 4.0 0.2 0.8 ' lo. 8 ‘ ley be all or of poor color 6.0 0.5 0.! sample (see. pass 0) cred: , (I, 3.. m 7s (8) Prece. (In). es epplied to ”foreign neteriel" in grede lo. 1 of the clesses PeeDeens,BedKidneyDeens, endDerkRedndnoyDoensshellnotseseed 1/100 of one per cent, end shell not include my stones which oen be detected to nothods of coupling epproved by the Chief of urea. 1‘ 544-5 Grede Requirenents for Beens , Cont inued MW Oless end Denego. Other Bone, end 0. 8. Gensrel dppserenco Pore lleteriel. credo Other W AH Pi Beens(1) lleteriel r cent gr cent r 0 CLASS IV, WHITE KIDHBI ' CLASS I, mm WEI!!! cuss U. was GLASS VII, YELLOW!!! GLASS VIII, BROWN SIEDISH no. 1 tell screened end good neturel color end eppeerenco 2.0 0.1 0.1 Is. 2 tell screened end ney be slightly off color 4.0 0.3 0.8 lo. 5 hey be dull or of poor color 5.0 0.5 0.5 B-pls (See pm 0) Greds - fir GLASS II. GREAT NCB‘I'EERI no. 1 tell soromed end good neturel color end qrmo. 2.0 0.5 0., Us. 2 tell screened end ney be slightly off - color 0.0 0.5 0.5 Is. 5 Hey be dull or of poor color 5.0 1.0 1.0 S-pls (See pm 5] Orale w w- u cuss I, PINTO lo. 1 Poll screened end good neturel color end eppeerenco 0.5 0.5 0.5 Be. 2 loll screened end m be slightly off 0010’ 7e° 100 1.0 No. 5 key be dull or of poor color 10.0 1.5 1.5 Sample (See page 8) credo _ (1) See pegs 7. #45- credo Requirements for Beens, Continued. WWW Bonus end Pcroijgletoriel U. 3. Glen end credo 0snorel eppeerenco Potel Denegs Other lbrsign ‘ . . _ lemon! [eteriel for cent Per cent Per cent r. con cuss II, sum. WHITE lo. 1 Ioll screened end good neturel color end eppeerenco 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 Be. 2 Isll screened end my be slightly off color 5.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 Is. 5 Hey be dull or of poor color 5.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 sapls (See pegs 0} Grede , , V A CLASS III, LARGE WHITE GLASS XIII. PIBI CLASS XIV. CALIFORNIA RED cuss xv, mm cuss m. CRANBmRI cuss m1, mom no. l Fell screened end good neturel color end eppeerenco 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 Is. I Fell screened end may be slightly off color 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 Is. 5 ley be dull or of poor color 5.0 5.0 1.5 1.5 Sapls (See pegs 0) Grede , (1) 0mm.-dnellcwenceef2%ingredel.”ingredol,u1d” in grade 5, shell be made for “Other Beas' in clessos I to XIII, inclusive. encept Cless VII. Ielloweye Beans, in excess of the ellcwence of "totel splits. denege. other beens, end foreign materiel”, provided such edditionel ‘Other Beens' ere similar in shepo end size to end the color blends vith thet of the beens in the saple being gredod. his ellcwence shell epply also to the sc-cellod 'Sports" in Cless II. Red Kidney Beens; end Cless III. Derk Red Kidney Beens. In Oless VII. Iellmye Boas. the totel ellcwence of white beens of e siso end shepo sieiler to thet of Ielleeoyos may be 10$ in greds 1. 15‘ in greds 2.end end20£ingreds 5. s. credo Requireeonts for Beens. continued. Wed We” end 0. 3. Gless end cred and Foreign Meteriel Grede Gonerel Appoerencs end Broken Splits wrink- Boens 1: one or reign led DenegeDaege Meteriel beens Fit-SI fiance rcent rcen erPerggr 3.9!. Per Per cents-e37 cent eat ca? 3;. CLASS XVIII. LII“ CLASS 111, BABY mu lo. 1 tell screened (1) end of good neturel color ma. ‘ppem. 2.5 8.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 .03 0.1 No. 2 Ioll screened (2) end ney be slightly off color 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.5(5) 0.2 Sapls (See below) 52-4- (1) lo. I LIMA BEANS shell be of e siso such thet not more then 40% will pess through e 52/54“ round hole screen. his siso rsquiraont shell be supplasntel to thet of "well screened” es defined on pegs 2. (2) lo. a mu ms shell be of e siso such thet not more tht'n 101 will pess through 11 24/54“ round hole screen end not lore then" 45$ through e 20/44“ round hole screen. his siso requiraent shell be supploeentel to thet of “well screened" es defined on pegs 2. (o) lo. e um mes w contein not more than 1% of foreign netoriel providegfiths totel of densged beens end forsia netoriel does not emceed SflPIB 03AM.- Boens of eny Cless I to m. inclusive. which do not nest the requiraents for em of the mericel gredes epplicehhe to the respective clessos or which contein over 17% moisture. or heve eny comeroielly obJeeticnehle odor. er ere hoeting. or wesvily. or otherwise of distinctly low quelity. ' -<-‘-‘“--_ w’ I: .. If‘ r' .1. i F... . , P. - ' 113.“; 3' «ff- ’ 547’s r. NOVl446 Jun 23 :47 if ’3' ' ,3 I I J" .5 {1' I I: J 04 .9 d t‘r-I' is 7 i A. '- g " . 5‘ r‘ 5‘3“; ‘2 I ’ " J: . ' "“ H 'x 1‘. {I I j ': . . ,r N b \J .4 "‘1 V d 5.; 'JJ 1:51 I ‘ v » E —‘ ———_——_— _ I . y ,n . - A I . ' a 4 . y e I 0 v I . . . . , e \ _ p .3. . 1 nsl.r.r .... e..- .I; .3. 2‘: . A; .... .... r34... .....dt“ .IQ. .e. 1.»..4...J..., ..."... .... s...e.~....... . . .1 . . . uni-.u . . 4 . ... p. 1 1 . . ... .. . ... : . In. .... .bme echo; «cutie-eels,Iq‘net‘IwN-edem‘L‘wefJ‘» 314V.I‘..‘.'.I50..s\(l.flw\.\.luu '31.?! riteu.1.\e‘i.n.ers\oest{.(|. Ifiue QM..1, 02$!!- ll . p .e. r! - e. v t week .1?» >>H.l . e. . 4.. ..e .nm» r. Pr . .» L. e R. , .w. . .1 .Lu . s. the 1e 5 sh: “.55.? .\il ,b. nirvtulubnrnix JIHLLhI. ..ltl....\.¥....4. Ii. . . ... n. ..q u,. n I. 1.. .. u in... . . .. . .... tr...v.u .. . .. . . ... . ... .. . . . .... . .... ,.\ - . . »- . r rF'“ HICHIGRN STRTE UN V I. III III! HI NIH! $3 312 310064 LIBRARIES ‘IIHIWWI 7795