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AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFICACY
OF POSTHYPNOTICALLY SUGGESTED SLEEP TALKING
AS A PARADIGM FOR ELICITING VERBAL DESCRIPTIONS
OF NOCTURNAL DREAMS IN PROCESS

BY

Robert Pritam Dave

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Psychology

1979

ABSTRACT
AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFICACY
OF POSTHYPNOTICALLY SUGGESTED SLEEP TALKING

AS A PARADIGM FOR ELICITING VERBAL DESCRIPTIONS
0F NOCI‘URNAL DREAMS IN PROCESS

BY

Robert Pritam Dave

Despite the advent of sophisticated sleep/dream research technology,
which has led to the discoveries of the ninety minute sleep cycle and
the close relationship between REM sleep and dreaming, a number of
scientists today have reached similar conclusions regarding the
nature of nocturnal dream content to those reached before the turn
of the century. These conclusions, which assert that the majority
of dreams are prosaic and that dreaming consciousness, in the words
of one investigator, "constitutes a remarkably faithful replica of
waking life," run counter to the phenomenological dreaming experiences
of many other scientists and lay persons alike.

It was hypothesized in the present investigation that the basis
of the predominantly prosaic nature of reported dream content lies in the
procedures that have been developed to elicit dream reports, procedures
which rely upon waking descriptions of dream recall and which create
circum5tances of observation that are conducive to the activation of
intrapsychic defenses that are unconsciously invoked by subjects to
counteract anxiety that would be experienced if they reported
uncensored dream content to the experimenters, content which would

run a high risk of being perceived by the experimenters disparagingly,

Robert Pritam Dave

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and pilot test
new procedures designed to elicit verbal descriptions of nocturnal
dreams in process, as they occur during sleep through the use of
posthypnotic suggestions and to compare the content of these in-process
dream reports with the content of dream reports elicited under three
more conventional conditions, or circumstances of observation, in
which the subjects' dream reports are derived from waking dream
memories.

Over the course of twelve nights apiece, three Michigan State
University undergraduates, each of whom originally had been assessed
to be highly susceptible to hypnosis after having each scored a
perfect twelve on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility,
were administered a series of experimental posthypnotic suggestions to
verbalize their nocturnal dreams as they occurred during sleep within
a time-series (or single subject) methodological design. All three
subjects manifested a variety of nocturnal verbal descriptions of
imagery and thought in response to the experimental treatments that
were speculatively analyzed to have been the in-process descriptions
of NREM dreams, REM dreams, and hypnogogic fantasy. However, important
individual differences between subjects in response to the treatments
were also observed, differences that were conceptualized in each case
to have been a function of the treatments (which were modified
several times in response to incoming data), the subjects' personalities,
the interpersonal relationship that developed between the subjects and

the experimenter, and/or demand characteristics. Differences

Robert Pritam Dave

which were in support of the experimental hypotheses were also observed
between the content of the dream reports elicited under the four
conditions, or circumstances of observation, employed by this
investigation. The implications of our findings as they pertain to
dreaming consciousness and methodological issues in dream research

were discussed, and recommendations were offered regarding future

replicative and developmental research of this nature.

DEDICATION

Dedicated to Vito Cicarelli and the Bayonne Bleeders
(pro set, wide left; 79 blast--preferably to daylight*--on

"601") .

 

*Lombardi, V. Holistic Football. Chico, Calif.: Environmental
Press, 1973.

 

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Good God, it's finally over. Can it be possible? I half expect
the Wicked Witch of the Midwest to fly overhead and penalize me three
999's and a comprehensive exam for failure to deliver the German
translation of the manuscript to Vienna before Independence Day.

That it is over is in large part attributable to the integrity of
a wonderful man and friend, Al Aniskiewicz, who had the courage to
support and supervise this research when it was not, as one of his
stout—hearted colleagues astutely observed, "politically expedient"
to do so. I will always be grateful to you, Al, for your support
during my period of crisis last year and for all that you have taught
me during my career at Michigan State. Where so many others have
chOSen to obfuscate, you have always chosen to facilitate. You refuse
to sell out or be compromised, and that is what I respect and love
about you most.

That it is over is equally attributable to my wife, Shelley, without
whose love and contributions as my co-experimenter, typist, confidante,
and shrink, this project simply would not have happened and we would
not now be heading for the land of milk and honey (or is it nuts and
fruits?).

I wish to thank (in alphabetical order) the members of my disserta-
tion committee: Norm Abeles, who for six years has always been
accessible, helpful, and accommodating; Chuck Bassos, whose excitement
about the project, assistance as a co-experimenter, and invaluable

bleary-eyed morning consultations with me had a major impact on this

iii

project (I'll miss you, Bubba); and Bob Zucker, whose skepticism in
January helped push me into a better methodological design.

I also wish to thank Jim Cooke of the Olin Health Center for providing
me with the facilities to conduct this research, Mrs. Milam and her nursing
staff fur all the help and coffee they provided during the wee and not
so wee hours of the morning, Bob Underwood fur supplying the bed, George
Hartsuch fur constructing much of our hardware, Mark Rilling for his
generous consultation on methodological design, and Jerome fur helping
with lab maintenance and for being so mellow.

Finally, I wish to thank some dear friends of mine for all the
incredible help and support they gave me: Eric Olsen (Wilson), for his
help as a co-experimenter and whose chair shall remain endowed if not
filled in California; Denis Gray, for countless hours of consultation
and support and whose contributions to this project qualify him in my-
mind as a full fledged member of my dissertation committee; David Hayes,
whose consultations and advice also played an important role; Steve
(Surf's Up) Pulver, fur the van, man; Lance Schumacher, for the
incredible missing journal; and Barry and Lori for all the high

times.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . .
II. METHOD . . . . . . . . . . .

Subjects . . . . ........ . . . . . . . .....
Procedure . . . . . . . . . .

Hypnotic susceptibility screening .

Subject recruiting ..... . . . . . . . .....
Logistics . . . . . . .....
Methodological Design . .
Procedure . .

Treatment A: baseline hypnosis and general sleep
lab procedure . . .

Treatment 8: posthypnotic suggestion .
Termination interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Follow-up interview .

III. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subject 1 . . . . ...... . .
General Background Infbrmation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Night 1 . .
Night 2 . .
Night 3 .
Night 4 .
Night 5 .
Night 6 . .
Night 7 .
Night 8 . .
Night 9 . .....
Night 10
Night 11
Night 12

. viii

ix

14

14
15
15
17
20
22
24

24
31
32
33

34
34
34
35
37
39
41
43
44
48
49
49
52
53
54

Termination Interview .
Follow-Up Interview .
Data Summary and Analysis . .

Treatment effects . .

Validity of treatment effects .

Content analysis
Conclusions .....
Subject 2 . . .
General Background Information

Night 1 . . . . . .......
Night 2 .

Night 3 .

Night 4 . .
Night 5 .

Night 6 .

Night 7 . .
Night 8 .

Night 9 .

Night 10

Night 11 .
Night 12 . . ......

Termination Interview . .
Follow-Up Interview . . . .
Data Summary and Analysis .

Treatment effects . . .

Validity of treatment effects .

Content analysis
Conclusions . .
Subject 3 .....
General Background Information
Night 1 . . . .
Night 2 .
Night 3 .
Night 4 .
Night 5 .

vi

......

56
S8
61
61
63
67
71
74
74
75
77
80
81
84
87
89
9O
92
93
94
97
98
98
100
100
102
106
111
114
114
115
117
122
123
126

Night 6
Night 7 .
Night 8

Night 9

Night 10 . . . .
Night 11

Night 12 . . . .

Termination Interview .

Follow-Up Interview .

Data Summary and Analysis .

Treatment effects .

Validity of treatment effects . .

Content analysis

Conclusions .

IV. DISCUSSION

V. REFERENCES

VI. APPENDICES

A.
B.
C.

Sample Dream Questionnaire
Sample Subject Consent Forms

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects' Post-Group
Hypnosis Dream Questionnaire Responses

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects' Pre-Sleep
Lab Dream Questionnaire Responses . .

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects' Nocturnal

Verbalizations

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects' Sleep Lab
Dream Questionnaire Responses .

vii

129
130
132
133
137
139
140
141
141
143
143
147
152
155

158
168

170
170
172

174

193

209

255

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1

Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to adminis-
tration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks, and

presence of morning-after waking dream recall . . . . . . .

Ranges of times delimiting estimated onset of sleep and
initial REM period on nights containing nocturnal _
verbalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances of observation . .

Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to
administration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks,
and presence of morning-after waking dream recall . . . .

Ranges of times delimiting estimated onset of sleep and
initial REM period on nights containing nocturnal
verbalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances of observation . .

Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to
administration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks,
and presence of morning-after waking dream recall . . . .

Ranges of times delimiting estimated onset of sleep and
initial REM period on nights containing nocturnal
verbalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances of observation .

viii

Page

63

65

69

102

103

108

147

148

153

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Effects of different experimental treatments on
production of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 1) . . . 38
2 Effects of different experimental treatments on

production of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 2) . . . 78

3 Effects of different experimental treatments on
production of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 3) . . . 118

ix

INTRODUCTION

In 1952, the scientific study of sleep entered an exciting new
era, when Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student in physiology working
with Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman at the University of Chicago, unexpectedly
discovered episodic bursts of rapid eye movements in sleeping subjects
he was monitoring with the aid of a polygraph (Aserinsky and Kleitman,
1953; Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1955). Aserinsky originally had been
given the assignment of monitoring eye movements by Kleitman, who was
interested at the time in studying the relationship between the slow,
rolling eye movements that accompany sleep onset and the depth or
quality of sleep.

So stunning was Aserinsky's discovery that William Dement, who
joined the research effert as a sophomore medical student under Kleitman,
later recalled:

It was not until we directly observed these movements in sleep-

ing subjects that we could believe the spectacular inked out

(polygraphic) deviations. It would be difficult today to under-

stand how skeptical we were. These eye movements, which had all

the attributes of waking eye movements, had absolutely no
business appearing in sleep. In those days, sleep was conceived
as a state of neural depression or inhibition-~quiescence, rest.

It was definitely not a condition in which the brain could be

generating highly coordinated eye movements that were, in many

instances, faster and sharper than the subject could execute

while awake. This was the breakthrough (Dement, 1976, pg. 25).

Research progressed as Dement undertook the arduous task of
monitoring several physiological measures obtained from night-long
polygraphic recordings of sleeping subjects. After sifting through

the massive accumulation of data, Dement determined that rapid eye

movements are always accompanied by very distinctive

electroencephlographic (EEG or brain wave) patterns and by a number of
other physiological correlates. Clearly, these discoveries demonstrated
that sleep could no longer be viewed as a unitary phenomenon. Accord-
ingly, Dement coined the terms REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and NREM
(non-REM) sleep to mark the distinction between two phenomena which,

for the first time, had become clearly discernible.

As these and other spectacular findings began to emerge from
Kleitman's lab in the 1950's, interest in sleep research, which had
grown moribund, was dramatically revived. Today, sleep research is a
booming concern, with upwards of 600 papers on the topic now being
published annually (Webb, 1975). Predictably, this avalanche of research
has spawned a rapid growth in the sophistication of our knowledge about
sleep, of which the characteristics that have been discovered to be
associated with the "90 minute" sleep cycle, and its most psychologically
interesting component, REM sleep, form the foundation. These character-
istics can be summarized best by describing the course of events that ‘
reliably occur during the night.

The "90 minute" sleep cycle is a phenomenon comprised of five
discernible EEG patterns, known as sleep stages, that have been
consensually identified in the countless records compiled over the
years by many international sleep researchers (Dement, 1976; Freemon,
1972; Lairy and Salzarulo, 1975; Madow and Snow, 1970; Webb, 1975;
Weitzman, 1974; Weitzman, 1976, to name but a few).

The waking state that just precedes sleep onset (Stage 0) is
identified in the EEG by the presence of 8-12 cycle per second sym-

metrical wave ferms known as alpha rhythm. As the sleeper drifts

into sleep, s/he may engage in reverie or dream-like experiences known
as hypnogogic fantasy. Occasionally these fantasies are associated with
feelings of floating or falling that are often termianted abruptly in

a jerk that returns the sleeper to wakefulness (a phenomenon known as
myoclonia).

Despite the use of sophisticated technology it is virtually impossible
to determine the exact onset of sleep, which Dement distinguishes from
wakefulness as the moment when awareness is lost and when a meaningful
stimulus fails to elicit its accustomed response. Nevertheless, one of
the most reliable signs of sleep onset is the slowly drifting side to
side eye movements that accompany the gradual transition of EEG patterns
from those associated with Stage 0 wakefulness to Stage 1 NREM sleep.

Invariably, the first sleep of the night is NREM sleep, which almost
always progresses sequentially through feur successive sleep stages before
the first REM period of the night appears. Stage 1 NREM sleep is heralded
by a desynchronization of the waking alpha rhythm, which is replaced by a
mixed arhythmic low amplitude EEG pattern. After spending only a few
minutes in Stage 1 NREM sleep, the sleeper descends into Stage 2 sleep,
his or her sleep becoming deeper with each succeeding stage as increasingly
more potent stimuli become necessary to cause arousal.

Stage 2 is identified by the presence of "sleep spindles" and "K-
complexes," EEG patterns whose parameters are not of concern to this
investigation. After several minutes, slow "delta" waves signal the
onset of Stage 3 sleep, a ten minute transitional period during which
the delta activity becomes more prominent, thereby signalling the onset
of Stage 4 sleep. At this point it is extremely difficult to awaken the

sleeper.

Thirty to forty minutes after the onset of Stage 1 NREM sleep, a
series of body movements announces the beginning of a stage by stage
ascent in inverse order through the preceding levels of sleep. Roughly
seventy to eighty minutes following the onset of Stage 1 NREM sleep,
its characteristic EEG pattern re-emerges, only now it is accompanied
by rapid eye movements, which appear in the record of the electro-
oculogram (ECG), and by an inhibition in voluntary muscle activity, which
appears as suppressed activity in the record of the electromyogram (ENG).
Concomitantly, respiration becomes shallow and irregular, and is
accompanied by changes in the rate of blood flow and temperature in the
brain. This is Stage 1 REM sleep, the first appearance of which lasts
for only about ten minutes each night.

Following this ten minute period the sleeper once again descends,
then re-ascends through the feur stages of sleep throughout the night
(Stage 1 NREM appearing only at the onset of sleep; a sleeper awakened
during the night quickly returns to sleep at the stage at which s/he
was awakened), re-emerging into Stage 1 REM sleep every seventy to 110
minutes, with the average cycle lasting ninety minutes (hence the term,
90 minute sleep cycle). Most of the early part of the night is dominated
by Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep, with each succeeding REM period lasting
longer than its predecessor. As the night progresses, the NREM sleep
that is interspersed between the REM periods comes to be dominated by
Stage 2 sleep, with the final REM periods sometimes lasting as long as
sixty minutes. Young adults seldom spend less than twelve percent or
more than twenty-four percent of their sleep in Stage 4, with REM sleep

ranging from fifteen to thirty percent of total sleep time (Webb, 1975).

This is important to note fer research purposes since the temporal
parameters of the NREM-REM sleep cycle dramatically and systematically
change ontogenetically.

The discovery of the 90 minute sleep cycle marked a major milestone
in sleep research, yet its impact has been overshadowed in many quarters
by the concomitant discovery that REM sleep is clearly associated with
dreaming. It was Aserinsky's discovery of rapid eye movements in 1952
that first suggested to him, and to his mentor Kleitman, that the phenom-
enon might be related to dreaming. Intrigued by the possibilities, the
Kleitman lab put their hypothesis to the test by awakening subjects
during REM sleep and then immediately asking them to describe any
dream recall. Their results were astounding, as vivid dream recall was
elicited time after time following REM awakenings (Dement and Kleitman,
1957a; Dement and Kleitman, 1957b). Now as many as ten to twelve detailed
dream reports could be elicited each night, as compared with the
previous average of less than one poorly recalled dream report per night
which, in the past, had been obtained using the traditional procedure
of eliciting spontaneous dream memories following morning awakenings.

Remarkably, Dement and Kleitman found that REM awakenings yielded
vivid dream recall eighty percent of the time, a finding which proved
to be reliable, as Dement (1976) demonstrated in 1961 when he combined
the results of eight similar studies from the world literature and
feund that dream recall had been elicited from 78.6 percent of all such
REM awakenings.

It has also been discovered that dream reports can be elicited from

NREM awakenings, although with much less reliability (6.9 percent of the

time in the results of Dement and Kleitman, 14 percent of the time in
the combined worldwide findings computed from the results of Dement's
literature review). Dement's 1961 NREM percentages were subsequently
challenged by Foulkes (1962), who obtained a much higher percentage of
dream reports following NREM awakenings than had ever been reported
before. However, these findings were later demonstrated to be an
artifact of procedure, in which Foulkes asked his awakened subjects,
"Was anything going through your mind?," rather than the more specific
and traditional inquiry, "Were you dreaming?" In fact, what Foulkes
obtained were reports that were more "thought-like" than "dream-like,"
a distinction which is still used by many sleep researchers today to
describe the reports obtained from NREM and REM awakenings respectively,
even though it is possible to obtain dream reports from NREM awakenings
that are indistinguishable from their REM associated counterparts.

The Foulkes controversy served to underscore the need to Operation-
alize or classify dream reports, a need that has been met with advent
of several dream report scales, such as the eight-point scale developed
by Orlinsky (Dement, 1976). Yet, even when dream report criteria
exclude the thought-like reports obtained from NREM awakenings, empirical
content analyses (the most highly esteemed of which is the system
developed by Hall and Van de Castle, 1966) performed on dream reports
obtained from REM awakenings have led Snyder (1970), among others, to
conclude that, "The broadest generalizations (we) can make about our
observations of dreaming consciousness is that it is a remarkably

faithful replica of waking life."

At first blush, Snyder's conclusion seems astonishing, fer it
essentially replicates the conclusion reached before the turn of the
century by Mary Whiton Calkins (1893), a psychology instructor at
Wellesley College. Calkins, an introspectionist who carefully recorded
her dream memories upon awakening each morning in a manner that Dement
(1976) asserts "could still serve as a model of scientific exposition,"
concluded that the majority of dreams are fairly prosaic, involving many
episodes, people, places, and things that are taken from the current
life of the dreamer.

Although it is merely surprising that a contemporary such as Snyder,
with all the advantages of modern sleep research technology at his
disposal, would reach a conclusion regarding dream content that had
been reached seventy-seven years earlier by a scientist using equipment.
no more sophisticated than pencil and paper, the conclusion itself
creates cognitive dissonance from a phenomenological point of view in
the minds of many sleep researchers and lay people alike, myself
included, who experience the majority of their dreams to be anything
but prosaic.

Upon closer inspection, there is evidence suggesting that the
apparent discrepancies between the experiences of dreamers and the
analyses of dream researchers might be in large part a function of
similarities in the circumstances of observation under which the two
principal procedures that have been developed to elicit dream reports
(REM/NREM awakenings and morning—afer recall) are administered. It has
been the differences between these two principal procedures, rather than

their similarities, that have always been readily apparent, the most

obvious being that REM and NREM awakenings elicit dream reports that are
temporally much closer to the phenomenological dream experiences of the
sleeper than morning-after introspections. However, the circumstances
of observation under which these two seemingly disparate approaches to
data collection transpire are in fact similar, insofar as they always
involve the subject while s/he is in the waking state.

Dreams, on the other hand, occur in the sleeping state, a state
that Dement, as already noted, distinguishes from wakefulness. Hence,
Snyder's generalization that "dreaming consciousness...is a remarkably
faithful replica of waking life" may be presumptuous in assuming that
dream reports elicited from REM/NREM awakenings are in fact accurate
observations of dreaming consciousness per se. Recast in more cautious
terms, Snyder's conclusion might be revised to state that "waking
memories of dreaming consciousness constitute a remarkably faithful
replica of waking life."

That the circumstances of observation are also critical to the
content of dream recall from the point of view of the interpersonal
relationship between a subject and an experimenter has been amply
demonstrated by Domhoff and Kamiya (1964) and by Okuma, Fukuma, and
Kobayashi (1976), who, respectively, found that dream reports elicited
via either the morning-after procedure or with the use of a recently
developed "dream detector," which automatically awakens subjects shortly
after they enter REM sleep, contain more sexual references when elicited
in the privacy of the subject's home (in which s/he correspondingly has

spent the night) than dream reports elicited under laboratory conditions.

These findings suggest that interpersonal anxiety regarding the
communication of dream content may play a dominant role in the nature
of the dream material that a subject is either consciously or uncon-
sciously willing, or able, to report to an experimenter, or, as in the
case of Calkins, to a (Victorian-era) public audience. More difficult
to demonstrate is the role that intrapsychic anxiety may also play in
the content of many, if not most, dream reports, as psychotherapists
are well aware.

Yet another set of variables which may also account in part fer the
predominantly prosaic nature of waking dream recall are anomalies in
memory retrieval that may not be associated with anxiety, but which are
perhaps more closely related to cognitive capacities involving, for
example, short term memory stores and/or transfer of information into
long term memory. To wit, Dement (1976) reports that even though
laboratory dream narratives increase in length in a manner that corresponds
with the amount of time spent in REM sleep prior to awakening, they reach
a plateau after roughly fifteen minutes of REM sleep. In other words,
dream narratives obtained after fifteen minutes of REM sleep are no
longer than those obtained after sixty minutes of REM sleep.

In any case, the many observational problems implicated in the
elicitation of dream reports, such as those that may be related to states
of consciousness, anxiety, memory, and/or cognitive capacity would be
ameliorated if only dreaming could be studied in process. As already
implied, it is a common misconceptualization among the uninitiated (and,
sometimes, even the initiated) that sleep researchers study dreams. In

fact they do not, coming only as close to the phenomenological, sleeping

10

dream experience as is possible through the verbal reports of waking
dream memories. Although future technological advances may yet permit
a closer inspection of dreams by converting cerebral activity into
"dream movies," such a development is not on the horizon.

In the absence of such technology, intermediate avenues first must
be sought and explored. On theoretical grounds, one intermediate
approach involving sleep talking appeared feasible at the outset of this
investigation as a means by which we might at this time come closer to
studying the phenomenon of dreaming in process. The purpose of the
present investigation was to take the initial step in attempting to
develop and test a procedure incorporating this intermediate approach.

It has been known for countless centuries that humans occasionally
talk in their sleep. Sleep talking appears most frequently in the sleep
of children and is considered by some to be symptomatic of stress or
underlying psychopathology in adults, an assertion which in the view of
the present investigation has yet to be adequately demonstrated as
necessarily the case. More importantly, sleep talking possesses two
major characteristics which, in theory, suggested to this investigator
that the phenomenon might be especially well suited fer the purpose of
eliciting dream reports in process.

The first of these characteristics is that sleep talking does, on
occasion, occur during REM sleep, although it has been reported to
spontaneously appear more frequently during Stage 4 deep sleep (Dement,
1976; Webb, 1975). The fact that sleep talking has been demonstrated
to occur during REM sleep strongly implies that dream verbalizations per

se occur in vivo, an implication which, at the outset of this

11

investigation, theoretically enhanced the likelihood that the very
phenomenon we sought to control might in fact be amenable to experimental
manipulation without disrupting sleep unduly.

Furthermore, the second major characteristic of sleep talking is
that it is accompanied by an absence of awareness. Those readers who
have been awakened during the night to be told that they were talking,
laughing, or singing in their sleep will recognize the familiar waking
amnesia that is invariably encountered when one is infermed of these
nocturnal verbalizations. The importance of this characteristic is that
it suggested to the present investigation that induced dream verbaliza-
tions per se might become manifest during sleep without the dreamer's
awareness, thereby theoretically enabling us to control for the effects,
if any, of waking consciousness on dream recall.

In seeking to develop an Operational procedure for eliciting dream
verbalizations in process, I encountered only two previous investigations
in the literature which also sought to do so, both reported (sketchily)
by Dement (1976). One involved a conditioning procedure used by a group
of investigators who are identified by Dement only as "Italian." These
investigators conditioned ten medical students to free associate to a
white noise during wakefulness, then attempted to apply the procedure
by stimulating the sound whenever their subjects entered REM sleep.
Although success was reported in all but one instance, Dement is critical
of the study since it has not been replicated successfully.

The second investigation involved a technique, labelled "evoked
sleep talking," that was developed by Louis Aarons. Subjects were

conditioned in an avoidance-escape paradigm in which vocalization was

12

reinforced by the removal of unplesant stimuli. Although Aarons
reported nocturnal responses that ranged from "snorts and grunts to
interjections, phrases, and complete sentences," Dement is critical of
this procedure as well, noting, "The technique seems to be lacking in
respect to obtaining any ongoing description of dreaming, because the
intelligible responses seem to be geared more toward the external
stimuli than toward any internal dream experience" (Dement, 1976, pg. 52).

In the face of the mixed results obtained by these two investigations,
hypnosis emerged in the view of the present investigation as a more
viable approach to induced sleep talking. A posthypnotic suggestion to
describe dreams as they occur during sleep, which may be given to subjects
just prior to bedtime, seemingly offered two theoretical advantages over
the procedures described above. First, the execution of a posthypnotic
suggestion is frequently dissociated from the hypnotic experience in
which it was suggested, as is manifest in the familiar posthypnotic
amnesia of highly susceptible hypnotic subjects (Shor and Orne, 1965;
Fromm and Shor, 1972; Sheehan and Perry, 1976). If a posthypnotic sug-
gestion to verbalize dreams were to be spontaneously dissociated, it was
conceptualized at the outset of this investigation that the potential
effects of waking anxiety on the content of dream reports might be
counteracted, inasmuch as the subjects would not be aware that they were
providing in-process dream reports in the first place.

Second, because a posthypnotic suggestion is incorporated by a
subject, the problems associated with the effects of attending to
external stimuli would be obviated, as would be those related to the

elicitation of sleep talking exclusively during REM periods, insofar as

13

hypnotic subjects could be instructed to verbalize their dreams
whenever they might occur.

Although there was indirect evidence for the execution of a post-
hypnotic suggestion during nocturnal dreaming already in the literature
prior to this investigation (Stoyva, 1965), the exploratory nature of
this research dictated that nothing be taken fer granted. Hence, only
very highly susceptible hypnotic subjects were to receive the
experimental treatment in the hope of maximizing the probability of
obtaining success in this initial, piloting effort which sought to take
the first step in what is expected to be a continuing line of research
striving to develop a procedure for eliciting verbal descriptions of

dreams in process.

METHOD

Subjects

As Dement and other sleep researchers have noted, it is generally
quite difficult to recruit subjects who are willing to tolerate the
inconveniences of spending many nights in a sleep laboratory. Typically,
sleep research subjects are paid fer their work which, when coupled with
the large expenditure of time and energy that must be devoted to
individual subjects in sleep research (not to mention the considerable
equipment costs accrued in developing a sleep laboratory), makes this
line of research an expensive enterprise. As an unfunded and exploratory
project, this investigation was necessarily restricted to studying a
small sample of subjects, as is typical in-the field of sleep research
as a whole.

\Three Michigan State University first-year undergraduates, two
females and one male, ages 18-19, were recruited from a sample of 200
M50 undergraduates administered the self-scoring Harvard Group Scale of
Hypnotic Susceptibility (Shor and Orne, 1962). Each of the three
recruits scored a perfect 12 on the Harvard Scale, meaning that not
only were each of them considered to be very highly susceptible to
hypnosis, but that each of them had also executed a posthypnotic
suggestion and had manifested a posthypnotic amnesia in the course of
being administered the scale. Furthermore, each of these three subjects
also stated in written comments that are routinely solicited during the
self-scoring phase of the Harvard Scale that they had experienced the

hypnotically suggested phenomena comprising the items of the scale,

14

15

including the item suggesting the hallucination of an annoying fly
buzzing around the subjects' heads, as subjectively real.
For the purpdse of providing compensation to the subjects for
their participation in the sleep research phase of this project, each
of the three recruits were offered payment of $100 in exchange for twelve

consecutive nights to be spent in the sleep laboratory.

Procedure
Hypnotic susceptibility screening

As already mentioned, a sample of highly susceptible hypnotic
subjects had to be identified before the three subjects ultimately sought
for participation in the sleep lab could be recruited. The 200 subjects
administered the Harvard Scale were recruited in the traditional manner
by posting rosters identifying the project as "Research on Hypnosis and
Dreaming" on specially allocated bulletin boards around the MSU campus,
which are provided for undergraduates enrolled in introductory psychology
courses to enlist as subjects in psychological research taking place on
campus in exchange for extra credits that students may apply toward their
final course grade.

Three group hypnosis screenings were conducted over the course of
three consecutive nights. Each of the three screenings began with
Experimenter l (the author) addressing the group as fellows:

Good evening and welcome. My name is Bob Dave and I am the

director of this research project which has already been

described to you as "Research on Hypnosis and Dreaming."

Practically everyone seems to be fascinated by these two

subjects, hypnosis and dreaming, probably because they seem

so mysterious to most of us; at least that's what has aroused
our interest.

16

The purpose of our investigation is to seek to unravel some
of the mysteries that surround hypnosis and dreaming. One
of the ways that we can begin to do this is by studying the
relationship between the quality of one's experiences during
hypnosis and their ability to recall their dreams when they
awaken each morning. That is what we propose to do here.
Tonight we'd like to give you the opportunity of experiencing
hypnosis as a group, while at the same time taking some
simple measures of your experiences. Then, during the

next week, we'd like you all to take a little time each
morning to fill out a dream questionnaire which we'll tell
you more about near the end of tonight's meeting.

Right now, however, I'd like to tell you a little bit about
what you'll be experiencing tonight....

Experimenter-1 then continued with the standardized administration
described in the manual of the Harvard Scale. Over the course of the
three group screenings Experimenter l was assisted by Experimenters 3, 4,
and 5 (Eric Olson, M.A., Al Aniskiewicz, Ph.D., and Chuck Bassos, Ph.D.),
each of whom supervised the administration of the hypnotic procedures
one night apiece, and by Experimenter 2 (Shelley Marshall), who, on each
of the three nights, assisted with the distribution of the materiel
needed to administer the screenings, certified credit for the participating
subjects, supervised the administration of the hypnotic procedures, and
served as a general troubleshooter.

At the conclusion of the administration of the Harvard Scale, the
subjects were asked to read the instructions printed on a dream question-
naire that was included in a packet (which also contained the scoring
booklet fer the Harvard Scale and the consent forms required to conduct
psychological research) given them when they entered the room fer the
hypnotic screening (a sample copy of the dream questionnaire can be found
in Appendix A). Questions regarding the instructions were then solicited,

after which the subjects were dismissed.

17

Subject recruiting

Each of the subjects from the group screenings who matched the
criteria described previously in this chapter under the subheading
"Subjects," and who also returned a completed dream questionnaire, were
identified as potential recruits. These potential recruits were then
rank-ordered in accordance with the subjective comments they wrote in
their scoring booklets to describe their experiences during the group
hypnosis, with preference given to those who clearly indicated that
the hypnotic phenomena were experienced as subjectively real. In fact,
there was not a great deal to choose from among the potential recruits
who had been identified. The top three candidates were telephone by
Experimenter 1 who, after identifying himself, stated the following:

We've been going over the results of the group hypnosis

session in which you recently participated, and our

findings indicate that you scored about as high a score

as can be obtained with the Harvard Scale we were using

that night. Right now we're in the process of recruiting

a very select group of individuals to participate in some

further research involving hypnosis for which we'll be

paying subjects $100, and you are one of the people in

whom we're interested. Would you be interested in meeting

with me in my office to discuss this further?

Each of the top three candidates agreed to meet individually with
Experimenter 1. At each of the meetings, Experimenter 1 presented the
candidates with the following written summary describing in general
terms the nature of the activities involved for subjects participating
in the sleep research phase of the project:

During the past few days we've been analyzing the data we

gathered during the group hypnosis session in which you

recently participated. Our results indicate that you are

among a very special group of individuals who are considered

superior in their ability to enter what is known as a deep

hypnotic trance. In fact, your scores were just about as

high as can be measured with the Harvard Scale we were using

the other night, indicating that you are very susceptible
to hypnosis.

18

Little is known about persons with your ability to experience
deep hypnosis, although it has been related by a number of
scientists to creativity, ego strength (the capacity to proceed
in the face of anxiety), and a willingness to explore novel
experiences. We are prepared to pay you $100 in exchange for
your help during Spring quarter, which will enable us to better
understand hypnosis by investigating its relationship with sleep
and dreaming.

The kind of help we are looking for will involve relatively
little effort on your part since we will be paying you simply
to sleep twelve nights on campus in what we call a sleep
laboratory. At this point you may be thinking, "No way," since
sleep laboratory means a sterile room, filled with machines and
one-way mirrors through which heady-eyed scientists peer all
night long. This is exactly the kind of situation that we want
to completely avoid, since your comfort is essential if our
research is to have any meaning.

Our sleep lab is in fact a furnished and decorated room with
private lavatory and shower facilities that is located on

campus. The only time that you would be required to be there

is from about one hour prior to bedtime (no matter what time

that may be) until a few minutes after you awaken each morning.
During the hour prior to bedtime each night, you will be
hypnotized, during which time you will be asked to do a few
simple hypnotic and posthypnotic tasks involving visual and
dream imagery. In order to gather the best data possible, we
will need to tape record your responses to these tasks. After
you are aroused from the hypnosis we will tape a few wires,
called surface electrodes, to parts of your face. I know this
sounds uncomfortable, but the electrodes are actually quite

small and the procedure is entirely painless. In fact, almost

no one has any trouble getting used to it. There is absolutely
no electricity running from these electrodes to your body. The
electrodes simply pick up brain wave activity which is trans-
mitted through the wires to a machine that records the activity
on paper. Our main interest is in finding out whether or not
hypnosis has any effect on what is considered to be normal brain
wave activity during sleep. We will also be taping a small disc-
shaped microphone to your forehead so that we may tape record any
sounds or speech that you may make during the night as well as
any sounds in the atmosphere that you may hear or react to while
asleep. In this way we can also study the relationship between
these various sounds and your brain wave activity. Perhaps most
important to you, you will not be awakened during the night, which
you may have heard occurs in other sleep labs. 0n the contrary,
we want your sleep to be as undisturbed as is possible throughout
the night.

19

Shortly after you awaken each morning, you will be asked to fill
out a dream questionnaire that is identical to the one you filled
out previously, after which you will of course be free to use the
shower facilities and to go about your day as usual. Our aim is
to accommodate our research to your schedule. If transportation
is a problem, we can even arrange to pick you up at night to make
sure that you arrive at the lab safely and comfortably.

In case you are wondering why we made no mention of this part of
the project the other night it is because we had to make sure
that nobody was trying to demonstrate to us that they were "good"
hypnotic subjects in order to be eligible to earn the $100 we

are offering at this time.

Please think this offer over carefully and, if you're not sure
at this time, I'll call in a few days to see if you're interested;

After the candidates read the written summary, they were given the
opportunity to discuss the project and to ask questions. With each of
the three candidates the topic of discussion during this period eventually
turned to the intimate aspects of the subjects' lives that each would
be sharing with Experimenter 1 during the project (sleepwear, dreams,
personal habits, the frequency with which the subjects awaken at night
to visit the bathroom, etc.). Invariably, each of the three candidates
disclosed one or more areas of personal conflict to Experimenter l shortly
after discussing these matters of intimacy.

Although the candidates were encouraged to take a few days, if
necessary, to think over whatever decision they might make regarding
further participation in the project, each of the three candidates
agreed to participate in the sleep lab by the time the recruiting meeting
reached its conclusion. Before leaving the meeting, the newly recruited
subjects were requested to complete a dream questionnaire during the week
prior to their first night in the sleep lab that was identical to the
one they completed during the week following the group hypnosis

screening.

20

It should be noted that the written summary given the subjects
during the recruiting meeting did not fully disclose the true nature of
the research to the candidates, omitting any mention of our intent to
elicit dream verbalizations. This was necessary in order to provide us
with the opportunity to examine the effects, if any, of spontaneous
waking amnesia on subsequent posthypnotically suggested, in-process dream

verbalizations.

Logistics

Three twelve-night blocks of time covering a span of six consecutive
weeks in April and May, 1979, were reserved with the administration of
Michigan State University's 01in Health Center, in which the sleep
laboratory was constructed, fer the purpose of conducting the sleep
research proper. The three subjects each were scheduled into one of
the three blocks of time according to their preferences which, surpris-
ingly, we were able to accommodate in all three cases.

Each night that they participated in the project, the subjects
designated a time of night at which they wished to be picked up by
Experimenter l in order to be transported to the sleep lab. These times
were arranged with the subjects' understanding that at least one hour
prior to whatever bedtime the subjects chose each night would be required
to administer the experimental treatments. In actuality, the rides from
the subjects' homes to the lab provided Experimenter 1 with an excellent
opportunity to informally discuss and assess the subjects' day and mood,
an unanticipated benefit that paid rich dividends.

Upon arriving at the 01in Health Center, subjects were escorted by

Experimenter l to the sleep lab itself, located in rooms 205 and 206

21

of the Center. Room 205 was a small room that housed the experimenters
and recording equipment throughout the duration of the project. Room 206,
adjoining 205, was a spacious room with private toilet and shower/bath
facilities. As the subjects' sleeping quarters, room 206 was modified

to remove as much of the hospital/medical atmosphere that pervaded it

in its original state as was possible, as efforts were made to create

a more naturalistic environment. To this end, posters of works by
Picasso and Monet as well as a large, mounted color photograph of a
landscape at sunrise/sunset were hung on the walls. In addition, the
glaring, swivel wall lamps endemic to hospitals were removed and replaced
with softer lighting, more attractive floor and table lamps. Also, the
hospital bed originally located in the room was replaced with a dormitory
bed identical to those in which each of the subjects normally slept

(each subject being a dormitory resident). Other furniture included two
chairs, one an overstuffed chair used by the subjects during the admin-
istration of hypnotic procedures on some nights of the project, a table
on casters that could be swung across the subjects' bed to enable them

to write while sitting upright in bed, two small cabinets for storing
blankets, and locker facilities for storing personal belongings. Finally,
three important pieces of equipment rounded out the contents of the lab:
(1) a professional Shure brand microphone mounted on a-goose neck and
C-clamp atop the headboard of the subjects' bed; (2) a silver-metal

jack box, capable of accommodating eight electrode plugs in addition to
the microphone jack, mounted on the wall behind the headboard, with a
cable running through a narrow tunnel drilled in the wall between the

two rooms connecting the jack box to the recording equipment housed in

22

room 205; and (3) an electronic call button which could be activated
from the subjects' bed to signal the.experimenters for a variety of
purposes.

The two rooms comprising the sleep lab were maintained and cleaned
daily by Olin housekeeping personnnel who also changed bedsheets, towels,

and wash cloths every three days.

Methodological Design_

 

In selecting an appropriate methodological design, two important
factors warranted primary consideration. One factor was the exploratory/
developmental nature of this project which demanded a methodological
design that would provide the flexibility necessary both to modify
experimental treatments in response to incoming data and to gather data
that would be amenable to observations and analyses of individual
differences as well as inter-subject commonalities. The other factor
was the small n_which precluded any consideration of traditional between-
groups designs but which required a methodological approach particularly
suited to this circumstance.

In light of these considerations, an ABAB time—series design
(Kratochwill, 1978), also known as single-subject design, was selected
as the methodological design most capable of accommodating the demands
of the two primary factors just discussed. The basic rationale of the
ABAB design is that baseline (no treatment) levels of the dependent variable
must be established before experimental treatments can be administered.
Data analysis is based upon a visual inspection of graphed quantifications

of the dependent variable across treatments, enabling the researcher to

assess the effects, if any, of his or her experimental manipulations.

23

Once baseline levels have been established (the first "A" phase of the
ABAB design), an experimental treatment may be administered (the first
"B" phase of the ABAB design). When the administration of an experimental
treatment yields a visibly observable_(graphed) change from baseline
measures, the "A" phase (no treatment) is replicated until baseline levels
are once again approached. Once accomplished, the "B" phase is then
replicated until such time as it satisfies the above criteria, after
which the researcher is free to administer other treatments in an effert
to further manipulate the behavior under study and/or to further isolate
and identify the effects of the component independent variables embedded
within a given treatment.

The analyses of visually inspected data are sensitive only to large
treatment effects. As such, these analyses constitute crude assessments
which are simply intended to serve as a frame of reference from which
more sensitive analyses can be made. Whereas the focus of between-
groups designs is one of statistical significance that is based upon
analyses of large groups of mean scores, the focus of single-subject or
time-series designs is one of clinical significance that is based upon
an integrated analysis of the actual meaningfulness of treatment effects,
effects that can be assessed not only from a between-subjects vantage
point but which also can be assessed more sensitively within the context
of individual differences because of the comparatively more intensive

contact with individual subjects that is afforded the experimenter.

24

Procedure

Treatment A: baseline hypnosis and
general sleep lab procedure.

In order to adequately establish baseline levels of the dependent
variable (nocturnal verbalizations) from which visually-based analyses
of the graphed data could be made, the first three nights that each
subject was to spend in the sleep lab were to preclude the administration
of any treatment designed to affect an intended experimental manipulation.
Nocturnal verbalizations were operationally defined and quantified, for
this purpose, as the total number of intelligible words spoken by the
subjects each night, from the time the lights in their room were turned
out until the subjects' alarm clock rang in the morning.

Upon arriving at the sleep lab proper on Night 1, the subjects were
given the opportunity to unpack their belongings and were requested to
signal Experimenter l with the call button whenever they were ready to
begin the first night's hypnotic induction. Upon receiving the appro-
priate signal, Experimenter l re-entered the subjects' room and invited
him or her to be seated in the overstuffed chair. Experimenter 1 then
stated:

As you may or may not know, it is commonly believed that

hypnosis is a form of sleep. If this is true, then one's

normal pattern of sleep should be affected by spending some

time under hypnosis just prior to bedtime. When I say

"normal pattern of sleep" I'm talking about brain wave

patterns that reflect the brain's activity during the night.

Of course we are completely unaware of these brain wave

patterns as we sleep, but they can be observed with the

use of EEG recordings that can be taken without disturbing

one's sleep whatsoever.

During each of the next twelve nights, we'd like you to spend

some time under hypnosis just prior to bedtime. If it is true

that hypnosis is a form of sleep, then the normal sleeping

brain wave patterns that we measure with the EEG should be
affected in very specific ways if one experiences a few dreams

25

while under hypnosis just prior to bedtime. That is what we'll
be testing throughout the remainder of this experiment during
the next twelve nights.

After you enter hypnosis each night you will have a series

of dreams or dream-like experiences which will enable us

to make an excellent test of our hypothesis. In fact, it

will be quite easy for you to experience these dreams under
hypnosis since it has been demonstrated time and again that
persons with much less hypnotic ability than yourself find
this task to be no problem whatsoever (this is in fact true;
hypnotically induced dreams are considered to be of only
moderate difficulty--see Hilgard, 1965 and Moss, 1967). As

we discussed previously, these dreams will be recorded on tape.

After we bring you out of hypnosis, we'd like you to get
ready for bed. Once you're ready we will tape a few

surface electrodes to parts of your face. Again, while

this may sound uncomertabl , the electrodes are actually
quite small and almost no one has any trouble getting used
to them. As a reminder, there is absolutely no electricity
running from these electrodes to your body. The electrodes
simply pick up brain wave activity which is transmitted
through the wires to a machine that amplifies and records the
activity on tape.

In place of the disc microphone described in our meeting
earlier this year, which during pilot testing we found to
be too awkward and uncomfortable, we will be using the
microphone you see mounted on the head of the bed to record
any sounds in the atmosphere that you may hear or react to
while asleep. In this way we can study the relationship
between these sounds and your brain wave activity through-
out the night.

Once the electrodes have been attached, we'll activate our
machinery, set the alarm clock, and turn out the lights.
Naturally, the electrode wires will be arranged so that
you will have complete freedom of movement in bed. Any
questions so far?

All questions were answered at this time, after which Experimenter

1 continued: "Right now, I'd like to go ahead with tonight's hypnosis.

Once again, however, we must obtain your consent to participate in this

research before we proceed."

Infermed consent was obtained using two consent ferms, samples of

which can be found in Appendix B. Upon obtaining consent, Experimenter

26

proceeded with the first night's hypnotic induction, using a standard
eye levitation technique designed to produce muscle fatigue which, in
turn, causes heaviness in the subjects' eyelids and, ultimately, eye
closure, both of which Experimenter 1 also suggested to the subjects.
Once eye closure was achieved, Experimenter 1 continued for several
additional minutes to administer suggestions designed to deepen the
"trance." Directly thereafter, Experimenter 1 stated, "I'm going to
count from one to three. When I reach the count of three, some image
or images will come into your mind's eye. When you see this image, or
these images, raise your right hand about six inches to let me know."

After the subject raised his or her hand, Experimenter 1 stated,
"I've just turned on the tape recorder (a portable cassette recorder
brought into the subjects' room each night). Please describe to me
exactly what you see in your mind's eye without omitting a thing."

If the subject reported a static or "still-photo" image, Experi-
menter I proceeded, "Soon you will notice this image changing into a
series of other images. Please describe these changes to me as they
occur.“

If the subject, on the other hand, had already reported a series
of kinetic images, Experimenter I proceeded as follows: "Now some
other images will come into your mind's eye. Please describe them to
me as you see them."

Once a series of three visual images had been reported, the subjects
were informed, "That's fine. You can stop now. When these images dis-

appear from your mind's eye, nod your head to let me know."

27

Upon receiving the appropriate indication, Experimenter 1
continued:

I'm now going to count from one to five. When I reach the

count of five, some dream or dream-like images will come into

your mind's eye. As soon as this dream begins, raise your

right hand about six inches to let me know. Then, as soon

as the dream ends, I'd like you to lower your hand. If you

understand what I've just said, please nod your head. OK,

I'll now begin to count.

If the subject failed to nod, the instructions were to be repeated
verbatim. Once the subject signalled the onset of a dream, a maximum
of ten minutes was allotted for the dream to reach termination, after
which Experimenter 1 was to interject, if necessary, "I'm going to count
and when I reach the count of ten your dream will come to some conclusion."
Few subjects were expected to reach the ten minute limit, inasmuch as
most of those subjects previously exposed to this procedure reached
termination within two minutes of dream onset (Dave, in press).

Upon receiving the subject's indication that the dream had reached
its conclusion, Experimenter I requested, "Please describe your dream
to me in as much detail as possible, without omitting a thing." Once
these dream reports had been recorded, Experimenter 1 continued,
"Sometime during the next two minutes this dream will disappear from
your mind's eye and you will find yourself dreaming about something else
altogether. Please describe your new dream to me from beginning to end,
as it occurs, without omitting a thing."

Subjects were permitted to describe these hypnotically induced
dreams in process until they reached their natural conclusion. The

purpose of these preliminary imagery tasks was to build the subjects'

confidence gradually in his or her ability to execute tasks which were

28

conceptualized as closely related to the target behavior. It was hoped
that by the time the posthypnotic suggestion for sleep talking was
administered, the subjects would be better prepared than they might have
been otherwise to accept as plausible and to execute the suggested sleep
talking task.

Once the subject's in-process description of his or her final
hypnotically induced dream had been completed, Experimenter 1 stated:

That's fine. During the next eleven nights, throughout the

remainder of this experiment, whenever I wish to hypnotize

you and you also wish to be hypnotized, I will simply count

from one to ten. With each number I count, you will find

your eyelids becoming heavier and heavier so that by the

time I reach the count of ten they will be so heavy that

you will be unable to keep them open, at which time they will

close and you will be as deeply hypnotized as you are right

now. If you understand what I have just said, please nod

your head.

This procedure is known as administering a posthypnotic suggestion for
rapid hypnotic induction, which enabled Experimenter l to subsequently
dispense with the more lengthy, ritualized hypnotic induction associated
with the eye levitation technique. Following this posthypnotic suggestion,
the subjects were awakened from hypnosis and asked to ready themselves

for bed. Once ready, the subjects signalled Experimenter l with the

call button.

Upon receiving the appropriate signal, Experimenter l re-entered
the subjects' room accompanied by Experimenter 2, who served as a co-
experimenter throughout the thirty-six nights over which the sleep lab
phase of the project was conducted. Experimenter 2 was introduced to

the subjects, after which she and Experimenter 1 attached two surface

electrodes to the subjects' foreheads using surgical tape and electrode

29

gel. Once accomplished, the wires leading from the surface electrodes
were plugged into color-coded, labelled jacks located in the jack box
mounted on the wall behind the subjects' bed.

In fact, the electrodes and jack box were props, constituing a mock
apparatus; for serious financial and time limitations prevented us from
obtaining a polygraph for this investigation. Nevertheless, these props
served two important functions. One of these functions was to help us
present the subjects with a believable rationale or purpose fer conducting
this investigation without revealing our actual intent or interest. The
rationale for this deceptive procedure has already been discussed.

The second function served by this mock apparatus was to ensure
that should this investigation meet with success, which would dictate
that it be replicated and supplemented with polygraphic data, demand
characteristics (if any) associated with polygraphic data-gathering
procedures per se could be controlled in advance.

After the electrode wires had been plugged into the jack box, the
subjects' alarm clock was set for a time specified by the subjects, the
lights were extinguished, and the experimenters retired to their room
for the night. Before leaving the room, the experimenters instructed
the subjects to ring the call button should it prove necessary to get
out of bed during the night. Each night, a dream questionnaire identical
to those that the subjects had already completed, was left on the table
alongside the subjects' bed. The subjects were instructed to take at
least twenty minutes upon awakening each morning to complete the question-
naire, after which they were to signal the experimenters with the call

button.

30

Throughout the course of each night the experimenters, primarily
Experimenter l, continuously monitored with the use of headphones the
sounds originating in the subjects' room, fecusing of course on the
subjects' vocalizations, as well as ambient sounds in the atmosphere
that could be picked up at full gain by the microphone (sensitive enough
to pick up an intelligible whisper at a distance of three feet). All
such data were simultaneously and continuously recorded on audio cassette
tape with the use of a high quality Sanyo tape deck.

Upon receiving the appropriate signal each morning notifying him
that the subjects had completed their dream questionnaire, Experimenter l
re-entered the subjects' room to remove the electrodes. During this
period, Experimenter l routinely asked the subjects how they had slept
during the night, inquired as to any discomforts being suffered as the
result of wearing the electrodes, and, as the project evolved, asked other
questions that became relevant in the face of incoming data. Once
accomplished, the subjects were free to shower and/or leave, with
Experimenter 1 generally providing them with a ride to a destination of
their choice on campus.

In concluding this section, it should be noted that the administra-
tion of Treatment A (baseline hypnosis) on nights subsequent to Night 1
was virtually identical to that of Night 1, the only exceptions being
that the introductory statement ("As you may or may not know, it is
commonly believed...") was dropped, naturally, and the standard hypnotic
induction, as already noted, was replaced with the posthypnotically

suggested rapid induction.

31

Treatment B: posthypnotic suggestion

Following the establishment of baseline levels of the target
behavior, Treatment B, and variations thereof were administered in a
series of attempts to elicit in-process dream verbalizations. Treatment
B per se, designed during the proposal stage of this project as the first
experimental manipulation to be attempted in the sleep lab, followed the
identical procedure administered as Treatment A, from the point of rapid
hypnotic induction to the elicitation of the final hypnotically suggested
dream that was recorded as an in-process description concluding the
preliminary, "warm-up" visual imagery tasks. Immediately after the
completion of the final preliminary hypnotically suggested dream,
Experimenter 1 administered the posthypnotic suggestion for in-process
nocturnal dream verbalizations under Treatment B, stating:

That's fine. As by now you have been able to see, it's actually
quite easy to describe your dreams out loud as they occur with-
out interfering with them. In fact, we all do it every once

in awhile at night when we talk in our sleep. Tonight, you too
will be able to talk in your sleep, but in a very special way.
Listen carefully to what I'm about to tell you. Whenever you
begin to dream in your sleep tonight, you will also experience
an irresistible urge to speak out loud. This urge to speak

will not disturb or awaken you in the least because you will

be able to speak automatically by just describing your dreams
out loud as they occur, just as you have done so several times
already while under hypnosis here in the lab. You will only
feel this urge to speak tonight and only while you are alseep and
dreaming. Because we are all unconscious while asleep and
dreaming, you will be completely unaware at any time of the fact
that you are talking during your dreams. But this will only
make things much more pleasant and relaxing for you since it
will allow you to go on sleeping and dreaming as you do normally
on any other night without any interference or disturbance
whatsoever, even though you will be talking out loud during

your dreams.

Once again, whenever you begin to dream in your sleep tonight,
you will also feel an irresistible urge to speak throughout
the duration of your dreams. This urge to speak will not

32

disturb or awaken you in the least because you will be able

to speak automatically by just describing your dreams out

loud as they occur, just as you have done so several times

already while under hypnosis here in the lab. Once again,

you will only feel this urge to speak tonight and only while

you are dreaming. Since you will be unconscious while asleep,

you will be completely unaware at any time of the fact that

you are talking during your dreams. But this will only make

things much more pleasant and easy for you since it will allow

you to sleep and dream as you do normally on any other night

without any interference or disturbance whatsoever, even

though you will be talking during your dreams. If you clearly

understand what I have just said, please nod your head.

If the subjects failed to nod, the instructions were to be repeated
verbatim. Upon acknowledging clear understanding of the posthypnotic
suggestion, subjects were awakened, after which Treatment B followed
the identical bedtime procedures described for Treatment A.

In point of fact, Treatment B was only administered twice, and only
to Subject 1. Incoming data suggested important revisions in the treat-
ment that were undertaken during the course of the project, as were
variations in treatment upon these revisions. However, rather than
presenting these treatments out of context in this chapter, they will

be described in context in the Results section.

Termination interview

Prior to administering any treatment on Night 12, Experimenter l
informed the subjects that time would be set aside in the morning to
conduct a final interview. The purpose of the interview was to assess
the subjects' perceptions regarding the purpose of the research itself
and, if necessary, to inform them of the nature of the experimental .
manipulations, as well as to provide them with feedback regarding the
general results of their participation. Conducted as a non-directive

interview by Experimenter 1, this interaction was also to be used to

33

gather data regarding the quality of the subjects' experiences during

the course of the project and any other data arising spontaneously or
appearing relevant at the time. The interview also created the
opportunity to provide both the subjects and Experimenter l with a sense
of closure following twelve intensive nights of demanding work. At the
conclusion of the interview, the subjects were paid for their participation
and informed that they would be contacted shortly by Experimenter l to
arrange a "routine" follow-up interview for the purpose of assessing

the after-effects, if any, of their participation in the project (subjects
were told that none were anticipated) and to tie up whatever loose ends
remained at that time. Finally, subjects were also infermed that they
were free to call Experimenter l at any time should the need, again

\

unanticipated, arise.

Follow-up interview

Each of the three subjects were subsequently re-contacted and
interviewed face to face by Experimenter 1 two to four weeks after the
conclusion of their participation in the project, at which time the
data described above was gathered and the subjects' formal participation

in the project was terminated.

RESULTS

Given the logic of the time-series, or single-subject, design
upon which this exploratory and developmental investigation was based,
the results of (and associated procedures undertaken with) each of the
three subjects who participated in the project are best presented
individually, in three separate sections, one section per subject. Each
section will begin with an opening statement providing general background
information on the subject, followed by a night by night developmental
chronology detailing in narrative form the events, treatments, and
results of this investigation as they evolved over the course of the
project. To aid the reader, the effects of the different experimental
treatments on the production of nocturnal verbalizations will be summarized
fer each subject in graphic form and presented shortly after the outset
of each individual chronological narrative, upon the conclusion of which
the data will be summarized further, then analyzed in detail. Only after
this has been accomplished individually for all three subjects can the

generalizability of our findings be discussed.

Subject 1

General Background Infermation

 

Subject 1 was an 18 year old female first-year undergraduate from
suburban Detroit, majoring in geology after switching from her original
major, psychology. An only child, Subject 1 was generally quite
constricted in her interpersonal interactions with the experimenters,
rarely speaking unless spoken to, although this pattern gradually

changed as her participation in the project wore on.

34

35

As is her habit, Subject 1 generally slept no more than five hours
per night in the lab. Arrangements were made with the subject to pick
her up at her dorm at 11:30pm each night, after which she would

invariably retire to her room in the lab to study fer an hour or more.

Night 1

Background infermation

Upon meeting Subject 1 in the lobby of her dormitory on Night 1 it
was obvious that she was extremely anxious. Appearing in the lobby ten
minutes late, clutching a stuffed teddy bear, the subject was escorted
by three friends who literally pushed her out of the elevator to meet
me, offering the subject encouragement and wishing her well. Subject 1
later acknowledged that she probably would have cancelled her participa-
tion in the project had it not been for her friends' insistence that
she fellow through with her commitment.

During the ride to the sleep lab, the subject stated that she had
been "scared to death all week." I explored this feeling with her
nondirectively during the ride and continued to do so in the subject's
room for forty-five minutes after we arrived at the lab. During this
time, the subject revealed to me that she had grave concerns about her
hypnotic susceptibility ("I'm not sure that I'm susceptible anymore"),
that she felt guilty about receiving payment for her participation in
the project because she felt that she must "perform" to earn it and
doubted very seriously that she would or could perform up to my expec-
tations, and that her parents did not want her to participate in the
project because they felt it would interfere with her schoolwork.

Although the subject disagreed with her parents on this issue, she

36

stated that she felt guilty about going against their edict and about
not disclosing to them that she was in fact participating in the project.

Stating, "I'm not the right subject," along with other related
comments, the subject seemed to be offering me every possible reason
to throw her out of the project. However, I felt that it was'heg.
responsibility to withdraw and stated only that she had the right to
do so at any time without penalty, anticipating that most of her overt
anxiety would diminish or disappear only after experiencing the treatment
proper as non-threatening. As we neared the end of our ferty-five minute
discussion, I shared my anticipation with the subject who, now visibly
calmed though still observably anxious, agreed that the only way for
her to conquer her anxiety about the research was to go ahead with the
experience.

Following our discussion, I left the subject alone to study for
forty-five minutes, after which she signalled with the call button that
she was ready to begin the first night's hypnotic induction. Shortly.
after re-entering the subject's room following the study break, it was
evident that she had relaxed considerably. While signing the consent
ferms prior to initiating the hypnotic induction, the subject commented
that I had "prepared fer everything," alluding particularly to the
summary detailing the nature of her participation in the project that
I had just presented verbally, something which she found reassuring.

As anticipated, Treatment A proceeded smoothly despite the subject's
considerable anxiety. Eye closure during the hypnotic induction was
achieved in less than three minutes and the subject completed each of
the preliminary imagery tasks uneventfully, without any apparent

difficulty whatsoever.

37

Results

As can be seen in the graphed results appearing in Figure 1 (see
next page), Subject 1 failed to manifest any nocturnal verbalizations
during her first night in the lab. One dream was recalled upon awakening
in the morning, as can be seen in the transcripts located in Appendix F.
Of added interest were the subject's comments offered in the morning,
in which she stated that she now had a different perspective on the
project, noting, "I don't know what I was afraid of. There's nothing

to be frightened about."

Ni ght 2

Background information

In striking contrast to the previous night, the subject appeared
to be quite relaxed when I met her in her dormitory. Escorted by
only one friend, the subject stated that she was feeling "fine," and we
had a pleasant conversation (small talk) during the ride to the lab.
Upon our arrival, the subject retired to her room to study for one
hour ferty minutes, after which Treatment A was administered without ado.
The subject executed the posthypnotic suggestion fer rapid induction
flawlessly and appeared to be very deeply hypnotized, manifesting no
motor activity whatsoever except that which had been suggested. Once
again the preliminary imagery tasks were completed uneventfully and

without difficulty.

Results

Once again, Subject 1 failed to manifest any nocturnal verbalizations

in response to Treatment A during Night 2. As was also the case

NUMBER OF WORDS VERBALIZED

Figure l.

450

 

I/A

.38

Effects of different experimental treatments on production
of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 1).

 

Z/A

3/A 4/8

 

6/C
mm / murmur

5/8 7/C

8/C

9/A

 

I

10/C 11/C 12/0

39

fellowing Night 1, the subject once again reported one dream in the

dream questionnaire upon awakening in the morning.

Night 3

Background information

During the ride to the lab the subject volunteered that her day had
been "lousy. Nothing seemed to go right." After retiring to her room
for one hour thirty-five minutes to study for three exams coming up the
following day, the subject elaborated upon her comments prior to the
hypnotic induction, noting that she had had a two hour "fight" over the
telephone with her mother earlier in the day regarding her mother's
perception of a "negative attitude" in the subject. "She reminded me
of everything I've done wrong since the tenth grade."

Obviously tense, the subject had considerable difficulty executing
the first suggested preliminary imagery task following eye closure,
although once she was able to initiate the process the remainder of the
administration of Treatment A proceeded as usual. Nevertheless, the
subject reported and manifested anxiety during her final, in-process
verbalization of the hypnotically suggested dream concluding the
preliminary imagery tasks, a dream in which the subject visualized a
grotesque, bloody operation being performed on a patient who, she
discovered during the course of the dream, was herself.

Upon awakening from hypnosis, the subject stated that she could
tell that she had been feeling pressure that night because she had
found the preliminary imagery tasks "difficult for me to get into."

This was the first spontaneous indication the subject had given regarding

40

any awareness whatsoever of the procedures and manifestations of
Treatment A other than the hypnotic induction per se. Curious as to
the extent of her awareness, I asked the subject if she remembered any-
thing else about her just-completed hypnotic experiences. After giving
the matter considerable and belabored thought, the subject stated, "I
remember something about being in a hospital and an operation, and the
patient was me," whereupon she shuddered and asked me if it was cold.
Asked if she remembered anything else, the subject stated, "No."

After readying herself fer bed, the subject noted, while having
the electrodes attached to her forehead, that she was shaking on the
inside and that it was because of the dream she had remembered. Asked
if she wished either to discuss the dream further or to be filled in on
the details of the dream, the subject responded with an emphatic "No!"
Shortly thereafter, by the time we were ready to turn out the lights,

the subject reported that the shaking had completely ceased.

Results

Once again, Subject 1 manifested no nocturnal verbalizations in
response to Treatment A, reporting one dream memory upon awakening in
the morning that quite evidently was an elaboration or variation upon
the anxiety-arousing hypnotic dream alluded to above. During the ride
back to the subject's dormitory in the morning, she reported that she
had experienced difficulty falling asleep on Night 3 because she had
been feeling "afraid," adding in this vein that her mother has
"psychic dreams," one of which correctly forecast the "completely

unexpected" and "premature" death of her own mother.

41

Ni t 4
Background information

During the ride to the lab, the subject volunteered that she had
once again experienced a generally "lousy" day, one in which she had not
done as well on her exams as she thought she could have, had received
an unsettling telephone call from an ex-boyfriend, and had also received
a telephone call from a high school friend who berated the subject fer
"abandoning" her old friends. After retiring to her room in the lab for
one hour fifteen minutes to study for yet another exam the following day,
the subject requested the opportunity to discuss her frightening dream
from the night before, prior to initiating the hypnotic induction.

Interpreting the operation in her dream as symbolizing painful
changes she had been undergoing during this, her first year away from
home, resulting in the symbolic "death" of certain features of her
fbrmer personality, not to mention current interpersonal relationships,
the subject proceeded to associate from one area of personal conflict
to the next, discussing such topics as her hearing and speech impediments
(and their psychological ramifications), her low self-esteem and feelings
of inadequacy, and areas of interpersonal and philosophical conflict
between herself and her parents and friends. For nearly two hours the
subject and I discussed these areas, creating a conflict for me in that
I had to choose between: (1) denying, blunting, or evading the subject's
need/desire to discuss these issues; and (2) allowing the subject to
proceed, which might run the risk of crossing a fine line distinguishing
our relationship from one defined as that between an experimenter and
a subject to one defined as that between a counselor/psychotherapist

and a client, a line over which it is considered professionally

42

unethical in psychological research to cross. With great caution, I
allowed the subject to proceed, reasoning that the subject's entree was
the natural consequence of the intensive and intimate nature of the
project, out of which an unusual (for the subject) interpersonal
relationship was evolving, involving daily and oftentimes relatively
deep introspections by the subject in response to my frequent inquiries.
To deny the subject the opportunity to explore issues made conceivably
more cogent by her participation in the project seemed to run the risk
of imperiling the development of trust and rapport, which might have
been built otherwise and without which, it was conceptualized, the
probability of this investigation meeting with success would have been
considerably diminished.

In any event, the discussion proved cathartic to the subject, who
had relaxed so much by its conclusion that she expressed "surprise,"
given her great tension earlier in the evening, that she now felt "so
good." As we ended the discussion I felt as though we had established
a great deal more rapport than had ever existed between us before.

Having clearly established an adequate baseline level for the
dependent variable in response to Treatment A on Nights 1-3, and given
the subject's buoyant mood prior to administering the hypnotic induction,
I elected to administer Treatment B for the first time on Night 4. The
treatment proceeded smoothly and uneventfully. In fact, the subject
appeared to be more deeply hypnotized than ever befOre, as there were
no furrows in her brow (as had been the case occasionally on previous
nights), my notes indicating that the subject "looked truly serene for

the first time" since she had begun her participation in the project.

43

The posthypnotic suggestion for in-process dream verbalizations was
received by the subject without any observable signs of anxiety and
she did not give any spontaneous waking indication that she was aware
a posthypnotic suggestion had been administered. Of added interest,
the subject left her teddy bear in the locker at bedtime for the first
time since she had begun her participation in the project, where it

remained for the rest of the research.

'Results

To the disappointment of the experimenters, Subject 1 did not
manifest any nocturnal verbalizations in response to Treatment B during
Night 4. In fact, the only change in the results, when compared with
baseline nights, was the finding that the subject failed to recall a

single dream or dream fragment upon awakening in the morning.

Ni ght 5

Background infermation

In contrast to the previous two nights, the subject reported on
Night 5 that she was in a "good" mood despite the fact that she had
been unable to complete her exam earlier in the day. Nevertheless,
after retiring to her room to study for three hours for yet another exam
the following day, the subject experienced a great deal of difficulty
initiating and sustaining any sort of visual imagery during the prelim-
inary hypnotic tasks. Puzzled by this anomaly, I once again administered
Treatment B, which the subject received, as before, without any

observable signs of anxiety.

44

Results
As was the case following the administration of Treatment B on

Night 4, the subject failed both to manifest any nocturnal verbaliza-
tions during Night 5 and to recall any dreams or dream fragments upon
awakening. Mere alarming, the subject appeared in the morning to be
exhausted, with puffy eyelids and dark circles under her eyes. When I
commented upon her appearance, the subject stated that she had found
it inexplicably difficult to sleep during the night, revealing no hint
in the process that she had any awareness of the administration of the

posthypnotic suggestion.

Night 6

Background infermation

Despite her apparent exhaustion, which I had witnessed only fifteen
hours earlier, the subject reported that she was in a\"good mood"
during the ride to the lab. Nevertheless, I had hypothesized that the
failure to elicit any nocturnal verbalizations in response to Treatment
B, the abrupt absence of any dream recall on mornings following the
administration of the treatment, and the subject's resistance to the
preliminary imagery tasks on Night 5 (in addition to her fitful sleep),
were symptomatic of inherent problems in either the nature of the post-
hypnotically suggested task itself, or in the working constituting the
Treatment B posthypnotic suggestion per se. In order to test either
hypothesis, the posthypnotic suggestion had to be rewarded.

Operating without the benefit of empirical evidence, I hypothesized

that the major problem with the wording of the Treatment B posthypnotic

4S

suggestion was that the suggestion stating the subject would "feel an
irresistible urge to speak" was so foreign to human experience as to

be rendered incomprehensible, and thus ineffective, if not also anxiety
arousing.

Furthermore, I hypothesized that there were procedural problems in
the timing of the administration of the posthypnotic suggestion, which,
it will be recalled, was administered prior to the subject's preparation
for bed. This procedure necessitated the subject being awakened from
hypnosis prior to bedtime, after which she spent considerable time
readying herself for bed, was exposed to yet another procedure involving
the application of electrodes, and engaged in banter with the two
experimenters. It was hypothesized'that the intervening period of
time between the subject's arousal from hypnosis and the point at which
the lights were turned out at bedtime was fraught with distractions that
could conceivably weaken the potency or immediacy of the posthypnotic
suggestion.

Consequently, Treatment C was devised and implemented on Night 6
as follows. After retiring to her room to study for ferty-five minutes,
Subject 1 signalled Experimenter 1 that she was ready to initiate the
hypnotic induction. Upon entering the subject's room, Experimenter l
informed the subject that tonight a new experiment would be undertaken,
one designed to observe and measure the polygraphic effects manifested
when subjects fall asleep directly out of a state of hypnosis. Once
again, deception was maintained so as to preserve the apparent post-
hypnotic amnesia currently manifested by the subject, which was assumed
to be extant in the face of the subject's failure to spontaneously remark

upon any of the hypnotic procedures.

46

The "polygraphic" rationale was accepted by the subject with
equanimity, after which she was requested to prepare herself for bed
since the hypnotic induction would be administered only after the
electrodes had been attached and she was comfortably situated in bed.
Once accomplished, Experimenter 2, who assisted with the attachment of
the electrodes, left the subject's room. Experimenter 1 then administered
the rapid hypnotic induction and preliminary imagery tasks exactly as
he had done so before, the only exception, of course, being that the
subject was now lying in bed in her night clothes rather than reclining
in the overstuffed chair.

The treatment proceeded smoothly and without incident. The subject
reported that she felt "good" upon inquiry following the depth enhancing
suggestions routinely administered after the hypnotic induction proper,
and experienced no difficulty whatsoever initiating and sustaining the
preliminary imagery tasks. Following completion of the final preliminary
task, Experimenter 1 administered to the subject the following, revised
posthypnotic suggestion, stating:

That's fine. During the past five nights, you have demonstrated

both to me and yourself that when you are relaxed it is very

easy fer you to describe your dreams out loud. In fact, you

have become so good at describing your dreams out loud under

hypnosis that you are now ready to describe your dreams out

loud in your sleep. Listen carefully to what I'm about to

tell you because tonight it is very important that you remember

my words. Tonight, after I leave the room and you've fallen

asleep, I'd like you to keep on describing your dreams out loud

each time that they occur. After you fall asleep tonight, I'd

like you to tell the microphone exactly what you see whenever

a dream or dream-like image comes into your mind's eye. It's

very important tonight that you be absolutely certain to talk

out loud so that the microphone can hear everything you say.

From the moment that you fall asleep tonight until the alarm

clock rings in the morning, each and every time that a dream
or dream-like image comes into your mind's eye, you will tell

47

the microphone everything that you see, or hear, or smell, or

feel, or taste without waking up. The most important thing

to remember tonight is that you must be absolutely sure to

talk out loud so that the microphone above your head can hear

you speak every single time that a dream or dream-like image

comes into your mind's eye. Even after you fall asleep

tonight, you will continue to remember and hear my words

clearly, and you will not forget to do anything that I have

just told you. If, and only if, you understand these instruc-

tions, nod your head to let me know.

Highly redundant and much more concrete than the Treatment B post-
hypnotic suggestion, the Treatment C posthypnotic suggestion was received
without any observable signs of anxiety by the subject, who nodded her
head readily in understanding of the instructions above. Experimenter 1
then stated, "OK, I'm now going to turn out the lights and leave the room.
Once I leave, you will fall alseep quite naturally, without any difficulty,

and I'll see you in the morning."

Results

In striking contrast to the failure of Subject 1 to manifest any
verbalizations during the previous five nights, three discrete episodes
of speech comprising a grand total of twenty-four words were manifested
in response to Treatment C on Night 6 (these and all other data will be
summarized and analyzed at the conclusion of this section). Once again,
however, the subject was unable to recall any dream content upon awakening
in the morning. Stating that she slept "really pretty well," Subject 1
made no spontaneous allusions in the morning to the posthypnotic sugges-

tion, the sleep talking task, or to her nocturnal verbalizations.

48

Night 7 ‘
Background information

Relieved from the burden of studying for midterm exams, the
subject reported that she was in a "good" mood at the outset of
Night 7. After retiring to her room at the lab for one hour to do
some leisure reading, Subject 1 was once again administered Treatment
C (the only modification being that the opening words of the post-
hypnotic suggestion, "During the past five nights," were replaced
with the words, "Once again tonight"). As on Night 6, the adminis-
tration of the treatment proceeded smoothly, without incident or
difficulty, and the posthypnotic suggestion was once again

received without any outward signs of anxiety or resistance.

Results

Seemingly building upon her performance of Night 6, Subject 1
manifested five discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations
comprising a grand total of seventy-nine intelligible words in
response to Treatment C. Once again, however, she could not
recall any dream content upon awakening in the morning, although

she did report that she had slept "well."

49

Night 8_
Background information

Having been visited by her parents earlier in the day, Subject 1
was in a talkative mood on Night 8, wishing to share her perceptions of
her parents with me. Becoming increasingly bold in her appraisals, the
subject painted a picture of her parents as overprotective, engulfing,
suspicious, and intrusive individuals whom the subject found "boring"
at the very least. In spite of (or perhaps because of) her ability/
opportunity to share this assessment, the subject conversed easily and
seemed to be in unusually high spirits, just as she had also been observed
to be earlier in the day during the ride back to her dormitory. After
retiring to her room at the lab to study for two hours, the subject
was once again administered Treatment C which, as was by now becoming

the norm, proceeded smoothly and uneventfully.

Results

Increasing her productivity, Subject 1 manifested eight discrete
episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total of one
hundred ninety-eight intelligible words in response to Treatment C on
Night 8. Again, she failed to recall any dream content upon awakening
in the morning and, as always, did not spontaneously allude to the
treatment or its manifestations, stating only that she had slept well

during the night.

Night 9

Background information
During the ride to the sleep lab, Subject 1 reported that she had

napped for about one hour earlier that morning, stating that she had

50

dreamed "practically the whole time," although she could not recall the
specific content of these dreams. Adding that she was in a "bad mood"
as the result of interpersonal conflicts of long standing that suddenly
had come to the fore in response to the added time she had spent intro-
specting of her Own accord ever since her participation in the project
had begun, the subject retired to her room in the lab for one hour fifty
minutes to study. After signalling the experimenters that she was ready
to initiate the hypnotic induction, the subject began to free associate
to the interpersonal conflicts alluded.to above. Reasoning once again
that it would have been counterproductive to dissuade the subject in

her attempts to work through these issues, given their apparent
immediacy and/or urgency, I simply allowed her to continue free associ-
ating, stating very little during the process. Within half an hour the
subject had satisfied her need to introspect "interpersonally," at which
time she thanked me for listening, adding that my attentive ear had been
helpful to her.

Having demonstrated a change from baseline in the dependent variable
following the administration of Treatment C on Nights 6, 7, and 8, the
posthypnotic suggestion was withdrawn on Night 9, as Experimenter 1 once
again administered a baseline "non-treatment" in accordance with the logic
of the time-series design. However, in keeping with the newly developed
procedure of performing the hypnotic induction with the subject in bed,
after which the subject was allowed to fall asleep directly out of a
state of hypnosis, and so as to control for demand characteristics which
might suggest to the subject that she make alterations in her performance

in resonse to the introduction of yet another "new experiment" (i.e. a

51

replication of Treatment A according to the original procedure with the
subject in the overstuffed chair), Treatment A1, a variant of Treatment
A, was developed and administered on Night 9.

Treatment A1 was identical to Treatment A with the following two
exceptions. One, the hypnotic induction and preliminary imagery tasks
were administered while the subject was in bed, "wired" with electrodes,
and fully prepared to fall asleep directly out of a state of hypnosis.
Two, following the completion of the final preliminary imagery task,
Experimenter 1 did not awaken the subject from hypnosis, but stated,
"OK, I'm now going to turn out the lights and leave the room. Once I
leave, you will fall asleep quite naturally, without difficulty, and
I'll see you in the morning."

It will be noted that this concluding hypnotic suggestion was
identical to that administered under Treatment C immediately prior to
the point at which the lights in the subject's room were turned out.
The administration of Treatment A1, as expected, proceeded smoothly,

without incident.

Results

As had been the case during Nights 1, 2, and 3 following the admin-
istration of Treatment A, the subject failed to manifest any nocturnal
verbalizations in response to Treatment A1 on Night 9. Interestingly,
however, the subject finally recalled a dream upon awakening in the
morning for the first time since the dream she recalled on the morning
following Night 3. In very high spirits upon awakening, Subject 1

stated that she had slept "great" during the night and that she felt

52

ready to "face the world again," adding profuse thanks for "understanding
me and helping me with my problems" when I dropped her off at her
dormitory in the morning. Again, the subject made no references to any

of the hypnotic procedures.

Ni t 10
Background information

Having sustained her high spirits throughout the day, despite it
being her heaviest day of classes, Subject 1 was once again in an
"excellent mood" at the outset of Night 10. Significantly more talka-
tive and outwardly friendly than she had ever been before during our
rides to the lab, the subject, with obvious delight, engaged me in a
light conversation of small talk.

After retiring to her room in the lab to study for two hours, the
subject was administered Treatment C once again in order to satisfy the
requirement calling for replication in the time-series design, inasmuch
as the dependent variable had returned to baseline levels following the
withdrawal of Treatment C on Night 9. As had come to be expected, the

treatment proceeded without incident or difficulty.

Results

As had been the case previously following the administration of
Treatment C, Subject 1 once again manifested nocturnal verbalizations
' on Night 10, nine discrete episodes comprising a grand total of ninety-
one intelligible words. Surprisingly, the subject recalled three dreams
upon awakening in the morning, each of which, she reported, she had

awakened from during the night. Stating that she had awakened repeatedly

53

during the night, "like about every hour or so," the subject described
the experience as "really weird because I nggeg_wake up during the
night," adding that she had experienced the first dream reported on the
questionnaire (see Appendix F) as "really vivid, unusually so." Never-
theless, the subject made no spontaneous allusions whatsoever to the

posthypnotically suggested task.

Night 11

Background information

Still in a "fine" mood, the subject retired to her room upon
arriving at the lab to study for two hours fifteen minutes prior to
signalling the experimenters. Before initiating the hypnotic induction,
the subject commented that for reasons she did not yet understand, her
repeated awakenings the previous night made it seem to her "as though
I were trying to avoid dreaming." Questioned durther on her comment,
the subject attempted to explore and/or uncover the dynamics underlying
her "avoidance," but to no avail.

Following these preliminaries, the subject was once again adminis-
tered Treatment C, the procedure meeting with no observable signs of

resistance or anxiety.

Results

Increasing her productivity over the previous night in response to
the replication of Treatment C, as had been the case previously on
Treatment C replication nights (Nights 7 and 8), the subject manifested
five discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand

total of five hundred three intelligible words. Once again, however,

54

the subject was unable to recall any dream content upon awakening in the
morning, although she did report that she had awakened "more than three
times" during the night. Of special interest were the subject's remarks,
made during the ride to her dormitory in the morning, that ever since

the sixth night of her participation in the project (the night coinciding
with the initial administration of Treatment C), she had been awakening
each morning in the lab "unusually refreshed," significantly more so

than had ever been the case in recent history when she awakened either

at home or in her dormitory. This feeling of refreshment, she noted,

was in distinct contrast.to feelings experienced during typical mornings
on which she usually awakened exhausted, finding it generally difficult
for most of the morning to "think clearly." Furthermore, the subject
added, ever since the sixth night of the project she had noticed that

she had been falling asleep in an unusually short amount of time, a
matter of minutes in contrast to the hour and a half of fitful tossing
and turning, with her mind dominated by obsessive thoughts regarding her
day, life, schoolwork, etc., that she typically required to fall asleep
at home. Once again, the subject failed to make any mention of the post-

hypnotic suggestion or sleep talking task.

Ni t 12
Background information

Still in a pleasant mood on this, the final night of her partici-
pation in the project, the subject retired to her room upon arriving at
the lab to study for two hours. Having now demonstrated an effect in
response to hypnotic suggestions, our results suggested that the next

logical step would be the administration of an experimental treatment

55

designed to elicit nocturnal in-process dream verbalizations without

the benefit of hypnosis. Consequently, at the point at which the hypnotic
induction had been initiated the previous six nights, Experimenter l
informed the subject that a new experiment would be attempted on this,

the final night, and that hypnosis would not be involved.

:Designated Treatment D, the procedure administred by Experimenter l
was identical to the administration of the Treatment C posthypnotic
suggestion with the following exceptions: (l) the "suggestion" was
administered to the subject in the waking state immediately after she
had been informed that a new experiment would be attempted without
hypnosis; (2) the opening words of the suggestion, "Once again tonight,"
were replaced with the words, "Over the course of the past eleven nights";
(3) the word "relaxed," appearing in the first sentence, was replaced
with the word "hypnotized": (4) the phrase "you will," which appears
twice in the original wording of the Treatment C posthypnotic suggestion,
was replaced in both instances with the phrase, "I would like you to";
and (5) the subject was asked if she understood the instructions and/or
had any questions regarding the same at the conclusion of the adminis-
tration of the treatment rather than being requested to nod her head.

Subject 1 accepted Treatment 0 largely with equanimity, stating
that she would try her best to execute the instructions but that she had
some doubts about her ability to do so. Experimenter 1 then emphasized
that the only matter of importance was that she simply try her best.

The subject accepted this reassurance and responded, upon inquiry, that
she had no further questions, after which Experimenter 1 stated, "OK,

I'm now going to turn out the lights and leave the room so that you can

56

go to sleep. I'll see you in the morning." At no time did the subject
give any hint of awareness that she had ever been asked to execute

these instructions before.

Results

Following the administration of Treatment D, Subject 1 failed both
to manifest any nocturnal verbalizations during Night 12 and to recall
any dreams upon awakening in the morning. Reportedly feeling quite
groggy in the morning, the subject noted that this was the feeling

she normally experienced upon awakening.

Termination Interview

 

After the subject had dressed and readied her belongings to be moved
out of the sleep lab, the termination interview described in the method
section was conducted. Throughout the interview, Subject 1 had consid-
erable difficulty understanding even simple questions. She also experi-
enced some difficulty expressing herself, both areas of difficulty, she
reported, being symptomatic of her previously described "inability to
think clearly" for virtually the entire duration of most mornings.

Asked what she perceived the scientific purpose of the project to
be, the subject could not offer even a single rationale, stating simply
that she really didn't have any idea about the aims of our research or
what we were looking for during the course of her participation. After
giving the subject every opportunity to expand upon or alter her response,
Experimenter l infermed her that one of the purposes of the project
was to determine whether or not persons highly susceptible to hypnosis
could be induced to describe their dreams out loud as they occurred

during sleep. The subject looked puzzled in response to this statement.

57

Informed that she had been given a posthypnotic suggestion to verbalize
her dreams on several occasions during the project,the subject expressed
surprise. Asked if she had ever been aware of these suggestions prior
to being so informed, the subject stated, "No." She then paused for
several seconds, apparently deep in thought, then remarked, "Wait a
minute. I remember you saying something about that one of those nights
when you hypnotized me in the chair." Asked what else she remembered
about the posthypnotic suggestion, she responded, "I remember that it
made me really uptight, although I don't know why."

Asked if she had any recollection of ever talking out loud at any
time during any night she had participated in the project, the subject
stated, "If I did talk, I'm not aware of it." Informed that she had
in fact spoken during the night, the subject was then offered the
Opportunity to listen to the tapes of her verbalizations, an offer which
she immediately refused to accept, adding that she was not interested
in being provided with the details.

Finally, the subject was given an explanation of the actual
scientific rationale for employing the procedures involving deception
during the project, which she accepted without any apparent signs of
resentment, anger, humiliation, or other variations of dystonia, professing
a clear understanding of the scientific method and the need fer such
controls, an understanding which she claimed to have acquired through
her heavy course load in, and consequent exposure to, the natural
sciences.

As the interview reached its conclusion, the subject was presented

with a check for $100 in payment for her participation in the project.

58

The subject refused to accept the payment, stating that since her
participation in the project had been such a growth experience, as the
result of overcoming her initial fears, delving into and working through
previously unrecognized areas of conflict through her exposure to
intensive introspection, and as a result of my willingness to "help" her
by providing an attentive ear when she needed to explore her feelings

of anxiety, the net result of her participation constituted "payment
enough." I was concerned that the subject's refusal of monetary payment
was a rationalization to defend against feelings of guilt, for it will
be recalled that the subject expressed feelings of guilt on Night 1
regarding her acceptance of payment. I shared my concern with the subject,
who insisted that guilt was not the motivating force behind her decision
but that it was her way of acknowledging in a concrete manner that her
participation in the project had been a positive experience, albeit
unexpectedly so. I made no further attempts to foist the check upon

the subject and the interview was concluded with a reminder that I would
call the subject shortly to make arrangements with her for a brief

follow-up interview.

Follow-Up Interview

 

Eighteen days after the termination interview was conducted, Exper-
imenter 1 met with Subject 1 at her dormitory to conduct a follow-up
interview. The most striking feature of the interview was the subject's
interpersonal behavior, which might be best described as expansive.
Whereas the subject's interpersonal interactions with the experimenters

had previously been quite constricted and lacking in spontaneity, her

59

interactions with Experimenter 1 during the follow-up interview were
outgoing largely self-initiated, and warm.

Greeting Experimenter l with a big smile and a handshake, the
subject first suggested that we could conduct the interview in privacy
in the dormitory grill which was largely unoccupied by customers at
that time of day. During our walk to the grill, the subject warmly
greeted a number of dormitory residents we passed on the way, a rather
surprising display of behavior which, when I commented upon it, the
subject acknowledged to be newly added to her interpersonal repertoire.

During the interview proper, the subject bubbled with enthusiasm,
volunteering that ever since the termination of her participation in
the project she had been remembering prOgressively more and more about
the hypnotic/dream experiences. Primarily, the subject recalled that
she had experienced strikingly vivid dreams in the lab seemingly shortly
after falling asleep on several nights, dreams whose visual imagery,
she reported, "was actually more real than intense dreams. ‘You're
actually there, more aware of your senses than when dreaming normally...
the colors were more vivid--everything was more vivid. Everything
seemed more tangible...The visual imagery was like you're a part of it,
like you are part of the visual world." Asked if during these vivid
dreams she could now recall having been aware of the EEEE that she
was dreaming, the subject stated that in no way was she aware at the
time that she was actually dreaming since she was so involved in her
participation in the "imagery world" that she experienced these dreams
as reality itself, supplanting, in her words, the reality of "I am

asleep, under hypnosis, here in the lab."

Asked if she had gained any insight into the anxiety she had
experienced when administered the Treatment B posthypnotic suggestion,
the subject quickly responded that she could now recall having experienced
anxiety in association with the administration of both the Treatment B
and Treatment C posthypnotic suggestions, anxiety associated with her
"fear that I couldn't perform." Adding quite correctly and perceptively
that the posthypnotic "suggestions" were actually commands ("you gill_
tell the microphone everything you see") rather than suggestions per se,
the subject reported that the authoritarian wording of the posthypnotic
command activated performance anxiety related to her feelings of low
self-esteem, feeling that a "good performance was expected of me."
Asked why she had not shared her anxiety with me, the subject pointed
out that during the project she had not ever been clearly aware of the
anxiety, stating, "I think I just put it out of my mind. I think I felt
as though the situation was like it was my parents; it makes you anxious
that you can't do it and complaining would have been like disobeying my
parents."

Although she had been unable to recall any dream content on most
of the mornings she awakened both during the week prior to her parti-
cipation in the sleep lab and during the twelve nights spent in the lab
itself, the subject reported that she now feund herself generally
remembering megs than one dream upon awakening each morning and that the
content she was now recalling was "more complete. Like before, it was
like reading a chapter of a book while skipping every other page. Now,
it's like reading two chapters while reading every page." Furthermore,

she also reported that she was finding it much easier to fall asleep

61

and that she now experienced and/or was more aware of vivid hypnogogic
imagery in place of the pro-sleep obsessive thoughts that had previously
dominated her experience prior to her participation in the project.

Concluding the interview, the subject noted in response to my
inquiry that she had suffered "absolutely no" negative aftereffects as
the result of her participation in the project. To the contrary, she
stated, "The experiment was a catalyst that seemed to start a whole
chain of events that totally changed my outlook on everything. Even
my parents and my close friends noticed. Mom said I seemed more at
peace with myself. That's why I didn't want the $100--the experience
itself had been so valuable to me...The imagery was g2 vivid that it
made my waking experience seem so much more vivid--my relationships,
‘colors, everything."

Adding, finally, that she had told her parents that she had in fact
participated in the project against their will and had come out of the
experience in better shape than she had gone in, the subject reported
that she was now finding it easier to confront her parents on a number
of previously taboo issues over which she had been experiencing debili-
tating conflicts. As we wrapped up the interview, the subject expressed
a parting desire, if possible, to meet with the other subjects in the

project in order to share the experience.

Data Summary and Analysis
Treatment effects

As can be seen in the graphed results found in Figure l at the
beginning of this section, only Treatment C had the effect of eliciting

nocturnal verbalizations from Subject 1.

62

The slope of the graph suggests further that a practice effect
was involved in the subject's productivity, as she manifested increas-
ingly more wordy nocturnal verbalizations with successive administrations
of Treatment C, also displaying an apparent and brief latency in the
recovery of and improvement upon previous maximal productivity fellowing
the withdrawal and readministration of the treatment.

Although a more controlled investigation would have to be under-
taken to ultimately assess the potential effectiveness of Treatment B,
the results suggest that Treatment C is the more effective of the two,
apparently a joint function of the immediacy of the posthypnotic sugges-
tion and/or its concrete wording, although the effects of these two
variables also cannot be analyzed adequately without first conducting
a more controlled investigation.

Clearly, however, productivity appears to be a function of the \
combined effects of suggestions/instructions administered under hypnosis,
fer the results indicate that neither hypnosis alone (see Night 9) nor
suggestions/instructions administered without the benefit of hypnosis
(see Night 12) elicit an effect.

As can be seen in the data presented in Table 1 below, the adminis-
tration of all three treatments designed to elicit nocturnal verbalizations
invariably, with one exception, had a powerful inhibiting effect on the
subject's ability to recall dream content upon awakening in the morning.
The one exception occurred on Night 10 when the subject was in an
exceptionally high mood (see Night 10: Background Information) and
awakened several times during the night directly after or during the

experience of dreaming. Other than the apparent effects of this

63

exceptional mood upon performance (to be discussed later), self~
reported mood did not appear to have any observably reliable effects
upon the outcome of Subject l's participation in the project, although
it is clear that after the first three nights was virtually no variance
in reported mood. Similarly, anomalies in the subject's response to the
administration of treatments and the preliminary imagery tasks were few
and did not appear to have any observable effect on the outcome of the

subject's performance.

 

Table l. Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to adminis-
tration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks, and
presence of morning-after waking dream recall.

 

 

N'ght Treatment Mood Anomalies Recall
l A "anxious" none yes
2 A "relaxed" none yes
3 A "anxious" resistance yes
4 B "good" none no
5 B "good" resistance no
6 C "good" none no
7 C "good" none no
8 C "good" none no
9 A' "good" none yes

10 C "excellent" none yes
11 C "fine" none no
12 D "pleasant" none no

 

Validity of treatment effects

Having elicited nocturnal verbalizations in response to the adminis-
tration of Treatment C, the question automatically arises as to whether
no not these verbalizations were the manifestations of nocturnal dreams.
Typically, nocturnal dreams are operationally defined as imagoically

mediated phenomena occurring during sleep that are perceived by the

64

dreamer without any concurrent awareness of the circumstances external
to the "dream world" within which his or her perceptions are taking
place. In other words, the dreamer experiences the perceived events
occurring in his or her dream as waking reality itself, without being
conscious of the fact that s/he is actually dreaming and asleep.

This operational definition, although basically sound, does not
accommodate the "thought-like" products that have been elicited from
NREM awakenings, referring instead, it would seem, to the more "dream-
like" products associated with REM sleep. Rather than attempting to
resolve the conflict over the legitimacy of these two products, this
investigation will opt for a more generally applicable operational
definition of nocturnal dreams as any mental phenomena occurring during
sleep that are perceived by the dreamer without any concurrent aware-
ness of the circumstances external to the "dream world" within which his
or her perceptions of these phenomena are taking place.

Each of the nocturnal verbalizations manifested by Subject 1 matched
that part of the criteria stipulating that they be accompanied by an
absence of external awareness in order to qualify as the products of
nocturnal dreams under the operational definition just presented.
Whether or not the subject was actually asleep during these verbaliza-
tions remains problematic, for without polygraphic verification, we can
do no more than to speculate.

However, as stated in the introduction, thirty to forty minutes
after the onset of sleep, the sleeper makes a series of body movements
heralding an ascent from Stage 4 deep sleep. By recording the time at

which the subject first manifested body movements each night after a

65

minimum elapsed time of thirty minutes following the extinction of the
lights in her room, the onset of sleep can be crudely estimated, as can
the first anticipated REM period of the night which, it will be recalled,
typically occurs sixty to eighty minutes after sleep onset. Once these
estimates have been established, subsequent nocturnal verbalizations

may be analyzed for their correspondence with a hypothetical sleep

cycle based on these estimates.

In the data presented in Table 2 below, the estimated time of sleep
onset is simply calculated as a range spanning the time of night falling
within a period of at least thirty to not more than forty minutes prior
to the time at which the first appropriate body movements occurred each
night. Similarly, the estimate of the first REM period of the night is
based upon a range of times spanning a period beginning sixty minutes
subsequent to the earliest estimate of sleep onset and ending eighty

minutes subsequent to the latest estimate of sleep onset.

 

Table 2. Ranges of times delimiting estimated onset of sleep and
initial REM period on nights containing nocturnal verbali-

 

 

zations.
Ni ht Li hts Out Body Movements Sleep Onset lst REM
__Ji__ __jL_______ ._______
6 2:37am 3:12am 2 37-2'42am 3:37-4:02am
7 2:58am 4:03am 3.23-3'33am 4:23-4:53am
8 3:02am 3:50am 3:10-3:20am 4:10-4:40am
10 2:56am 3:43am 3 03-3.l3am 4:03-4:33am
11 3:36am 4:lZam 3 36-3.42am 4:36-5:02am

 

Based upon the estimates described in Table 2, Subject l's nocturnal

verbalizations (see Appendix B) may be speculatively analyzed as follows:

66

Night 6: The first episode occurs within the estimated limits of
the first descending NREM sleep of the night. Episode 2, on the other
hand, coincides with the first anticipated REM period of the night.
Episode 3, occurring sixty-eight minutes later, also would appear to
fall within the acceptable, fluctuating range (seventy to 110 minutes,
it will be recalled) separating REM periods in the sleep cycle, allowing
room for error since it is not known whether Episode 2 occurred at the

beginning, middle, or end of a REM period.

Night 7: The first four episodes fall outside the estimated range
qualifying these phenomena as the products of nocturnal dreams. Conse-
quently, they are perhaps better conceptualized as hypnogogic imagery.
Episode 5 occurs considerably earlier than the first estimated REM period
but significantly later than the estimated onset of sleep which, given
its content and the context in which it occurred (see Appendix E) makes
it likely that this verbalization was a NREM manifestation of a dream
occurring in response to, and constituting an integration of, external

stimulation.

Ni t 8: Episode 1 falls outside the estimated range of sleep
onset and is therefore better conceptualized as hypnogogic imagery.
Episode 2 begins just before the earliest estimate of sleep onset but
by allowing room for error, particularly in light of the transformation
from the third person descriptions of Episode 1 to the first person
descriptions of Episode 2, this episode, as well as Episodes 3, 4, and
5 would appear to be a function of descending NREM sleep. Episodes 6
and 7 both fall within the limits of the first estimated REM period and

would seem to be related verbalizations arising out of a single dream.

67

Episode 8 also falls within the estimated range of the first REM period
but is separated from Episodes 6 and 7 by too great a margin of time to
make it likely that both Episodes 6/7 and Episode 8 were REM related.
At the very least, however, they both appear to be the products of

sleep-related mental phenomena.

Night 10: Given the estimated range of sleep onset, as well as
their static, third person content, it would appear that Episodes 1-4
are hypnogogic fantasies occurring in the "twilight zone" during which
the transition is made from Stage 0 wakefulness to Stage 1 NREM sleep.
Episodes 5 and 6, accordingly, seem likely to have been the products of
descending NREM sleep. Episode 7, on the other hand, appears to be an
ascending NREM verbalization, as do Episodes 8 and 9. Given the subject's
report that she awakened "every hour" or so on Night 10, Episodes 7, 8
and 9, which occurred virtually one hour apart from one another, may also

have been associated with these unusual "dream awakenings."

Night 11: Each of the episodes fall easily beyond the estimated
range of sleep onset, all appearing to be the products of NREM descending

sleep.

Content analysis

As can be seen by studying the verbatim transcripts of Subject 1's
nocturnal verbalizations (Appendix E), the range of content contained
therein included third person descriptions of static visual imagery
associated primarily with products speculatively analyzed to be manifes-
tations of hypnogogic fantasies, first person accounts of kinetic,

fantasied vignettes or dramas in which the subject was either a participant

68

or observer, associated primarily with the products speculatively
analyzed to be manifestations of descending NREM dreams, and truncated
phrases of several types that apparently run the gamut from integrated
responses to external stimuli to verbalized fragments of conversations
transpiring in dreams (all of which are far too brief to constitute
illuminating dream descriptions), primarily associated with the products
speculatively analyzed to be manifestations of REM or ascending NREM
dreams.

In order to assess the effects of differing circumstances of obser-
vation on the content of dream reports, Experimenters l and 2 independ-
ently rated the content of the subject's three sets of dream question-
nairs (one set obtained during the week following the group hypnosis
screening, one set obtained during the week prior to the first night
spent in the sleep lab, one set obtained during the twelve mornings
on which the subject awakened in the lab) as well as the content of her
nocturnal verbalizations. Using three subscales contained within
Hall and Van de Castle's (1966) empirical classification system for
scoring the content of dreams, the subject's verbal reports were rated
for the presence of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions, and
emotions. These three variables were selected because they are
especially susceptible to censorship on theoretical grounds, which
makes them ostensibly sensitive to the effects of anxiety on reported
or remembered dream content.

As the results presented in Table 3 clearly suggest, interpersonal
anxiety seems to play a critical role in the nature of the content

elicited under the four different circumstances of observation. That

69

is, Subject 1 reported almost twice as many incidents containing sexual,
aggressive, and emotional content in her dream questionnaire during the
week fellowing the group hypnosis screening, when she had no inkling
that she would later lose her anonymity, than she manifested in her
nocturnal verbalizations, which contained only the second greatest
number of scored incidents despite the fact that these verbalizations
contained a much greater number of words than her post-screening dream

questionnaire.

 

Table 3. Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances of observation.

%

 

Total # of
Source Sex_ Aggzession «Emotions Words Reported
Post-Gp. Hyp. Quest. 3 2 4 570
Pro-Lab Quest. 0 l 3 470
Nocturnal Verb. 1 0 4 895
Sleep Lab Quest. 0 2 0 451

 

What Table 3 does not reveal is the fact that eagh_of the dreams
reported in the post-screening questionnaire contained at least one, and
generally two, scored incidents, whereas scored incidents did not
appear in the subject's nocturnal verbalizations before Night 8, with
the one scored sexual interaction not appearing until Night 11. These
results, in addition to those appearing in Table 3, again suggest that
as long as the subject was not engaged in an interpersonal relationship
with the experimenters, her dream reports were subject to a lower level

of anxiety and consequent censorship than they were once a relationship

70

had been entered into. Nevertheless, it would seem that the development
of the subject's relationship with Experimenter l was one increasingly
based on trust and rapport, so that by the later stages of her partici-
pation in the project, the subject's interpersonal anxiety had diminished
sufficiently so as to weaken her defenses somewhat under circumstances
involving apparently little or no waking ego involvement (nocturnal dream
verbalizations), although the nature of her wakinq dream recall, or more
appr0priately the lack thereof, during the week prior to the sleep lab
and the twelve mornings on which she awakened in the lab, suggest the
presence of other sources of anxiety affecting her performance that will
be discussed later. What should be pointed out in this regard at the
present time is the fact that all of the scored incidents reported in

the subject's pre-lab questionnaire occurred on the first night she
responded to the questionnaire and thus were as far removed from her
participation in the sleep lab as was possible. Furthermore, it should
be pointed out that the aggressive content scored in the dream material
reported in the sleep lab questionnaire was of the lowest intensity
scorable and appeared only on Night 10, already identified as an atypical
night and one occurring during the latter stages of the subject's
participation in the project.

Finally, it should be reported that the level of interjudge
reliability for scoring the content of Subject 1's dream reports and
nocturnal verbalizations was sufficiently high for research purposes,
reaching an 87% overall level of agreement for the total combined
number of incidents scored within each of the three categories (a seemingly

inflated level of agreement that is actually not unusual in light of the

71

small number of incidents scored) and a 75% overall level of agreement
fer the types of incidents scored in accordance with the procedures

presented by Hall and Van de Castle for calculating reliability figures.

Conclusions

Perhaps the most obvious conclusion that.can be drawn from the data‘f
presented is that the subject's participation in the project constituted
fer her a significant, powerful, and affectively charged life experience
which must be taken into account in order to adequately conceptualize
her responses to the experimental treatments and related tasks.

Subject l's responses to the initial dream questionnaire, which
followed the group hypnosis screening, have already been analyzed in
detail. What has not been discussed is her failure to recall any dream
content on the five mornings immediately preceding her first night in
the sleep lab after having reported fairly detailed content on seven of
the previous nine mornings she had been requested to do so. Given her
considerable anxiety regarding her upcoming participation in the sleep
lab, especially when viewed in the context of her opening night attempts
to induce Experimenter l to throw her out of the project, her sudden
"inability" to recall any dream content prior to beginning her partici-
pation in the sleep lab is perhaps conceptualized better as an over-
determined passive-aggressive form of resistance, particularly in light
of the subject's later "confession" that she had originally agreed to
participate in the project, despite her misgivings, in response to a
feeling of guilt that was stimulated by her perception that if she had
declined my offer to become a subject during the recruiting meeting, she

would have been letting me down, something she dared not do.

72

Forced to assume responsibility for her guilt-induced behavior by
my unwillingness to cancel her participation in the project, it would
seem that the conflicts creating her anxiety (guilt) and supporting her
behavior were not only activated, but brought to the fore, both by her
lengthy commitment to the project and by the repeated introspections or
self-analyses she was asked to undertake throughout the duration of her
stay in the lab. Given a supportive environment in which to begin to
explore the foundations of these conflicts in the sleep lab, the subject
not only experienced personal growth but also came to increasingly trust
Experimenter l and, perhaps, to develop elements of a positive trans-
ference relationship with him. Consequently, it would seem, despite
the activation of considerable performance anxiety engendered by the
administration of the posthypnotic suggestions contained within
Treatments B and C, the subject made efforts, with apparent success, to
execute the sleep talking task suggested in response to Treatment C.

Nevertheless, she also failed to recall any dream content upon
awakening in the morning following the administration of the experimental
treatments designed to elicit the target behavior. I would conceptualize
this failure to recall dream content as a function of repression that
was most likely activated as a defense against anxiety associated with
the subject's low self-esteem and her related fear that she would not
"perform up to expectations." In other words, if she did not experience
any dreams during the night (i.e. recall any dreams in the morning) she
would be well defended against any "failure" to execute the posthypnotic

suggestion. Similarly, her posthypnotic "amnesia," exhibited for virtually

all her experiences occurring under hypnosis (but which later decayed

73

after the project concluded), may also be conceptualized as repression
activated by overdetermined sources of anxiety.

Given this frame of reference, I would conclude that the subject's
atypical perfermance on Night 10, during which she both manifested
nocturnal verbalizations and awakened several times to recall dreams,
was the result of a special unconscious motivation to please Experimenter
l in spite of her performance anxiety, coming as it did on the first
opportunity the subject had to execute the posthypnotic suggestion after
her cathartic experience on Night 9, fer which, it will be recalled, she
thanked Experimenter l profusely.

In any case, the results of Subject l's participation in the project
suggest, though not conclusively, that both hypnogogic and dream-related
verbalizations can be induced through the use of hypnosis with a highly
susceptible subject to varying degrees of success that are dependent upon
a complex interacting matrix of variables related to procedure, practice
effects, personality, the interpersonal relationship between the subject
and the experimenter(s), and undoubtedly other factors not clearly seen
or understood at this time. On a more general level, we have also
gathered further evidence supporting the hypothesis that the circumstances
of observation play a critical role in the nature of the data obtained
in dream research, for the contents of dreams are oftentimes emotionally
cathected derivatives that are not frequently made easily accessible to
scientific observation.

On a more specific level, what is not clearly understood at this
time is the mediating role played by hypnosis in the elicitation of the

various types of nocturnal verbalizations manifested by the subject.

74

Since the most illuminating, lengthy, and descriptive verbalizations
were those occurring early in the night, verbalizations speculatively
analyzed to be the products of hypnogogic fantasy or descending NREM
sleep, it is difficult to know whether the subject's ability/willingness
to verbalize was primarily a function of her suggestibility/motivation
under hypnosis or whether the production of the reported early nocturnal
imagery itself was enhanced by an overlapping hypnotic influence
(subjects often report that hypnosis seems to stimulate the production
of visual imagery), despite the fact that Experimenter 1 suggested to
the subject that she would "fall asleep naturally." In any event, there
is no evidence suggesting that these two possible explanations need be
mutually exclusive and it is entirely possible that there was an
interaction effect.

Finally, it should be noted that the subject encountered considerably
more difficulty verbalizing REM dreams than she did verbalizing the
phenomena described above, which may have been a function of the suppres-
sion of voluntary muscle activity that occurs during REM sleep and

which may also account for the fact that spontaneous sleep talking occurs

in vivo much more frequently during NREM sleep.

Subject 2

General Background Infermation

 

Subject 2 was a 19 year old first year male undergraduate from
suburban Detroit majoring in finance. Reared in an upper income family
along with one brother and one sister, Subject 2 was the least demanding
and most hypnotically susceptible subject of the three who participated

in the project. Friendly, outgoing, cooperative, and conscientious

75

throughout his participation, the subject spent considerably more time
asleep in the lab than had Subject 1 and rarely used the lab as a place
to study. Arrangements were made with the subject on a daily basis to
specify a time each night that he wished to be picked up at his dormitory

by Experimenter 1.

Ni t 1
Background information

Appearing outwardly relaxed upon meeting Experimenter l at his
dormitory on Night 1, the subject described his feelings regarding his
first night in the sleep lab as, "None really. I'm just going to take
things as they come with no preconceived notions."

Upon arriving at the lab the subject retired to his room for about
five minutes to unpack his belongings. After administering all of the
preliminary procedures unique to Night 1, Experimenter 1 administered
Treatment A in its original form, i.e. with the subject reclined in the
overstuffed chair, reasoning that to conduct a hypnotic induction with
the subject in bed during the earliest stages of his participation in
the project without giving our relationship an adequate opportunity to
develop would be unnecessarily anxiety arousing. Although the subject
did display some signs of anxiety when he suddenly developed a "frog"
in his threat for which he required a glass of water immediately after
being told that we were ready to begin the hypnotic induction, the
treatment proceeded with exceeding ease, as eye closure was achieved

within an astonishing forty-five seconds.

76

Throughout the administration of the treatment the subject appeared
to be deeply hypnotized, manifesting no spontaneous motor activity with
the exception of slow, rolling side to side head movements that appeared
during the subject's preliminary hypnotic dreams (although not during
the preliminary free imagery tasks). There were no signs of resistance
to the administration of any of the preliminary imagery tasks; to the
contrary, the subject would raise his hand indicating that an image or
dream had appeared in his mind's eye instantly eagh_time that Experimenter
1 reached the count of 3/5. Interestingly, unlike Subject 1, there was
a decided qualitative difference in the imagoic phenomena produced by
the subject in response to the preliminary free imagery and hypnotic
dream suggestions respectively, the difference being that the subject's
free imagery was invariably described in the third person, much as
one might describe a scene they were observing, whereas the subject's
hypnotic dreams were primarily described in the first person from the
vantage point of a participant in a drama, frequently ceasing to become
descriptions per se as the subject would drift into conversations with
characters in his dreams whose responses or ends of the conversation
were never revealed.

Upon concluding the preliminary imagery tasks the subject was
administered the posthypnotic suggestion for rapid induction, which he
received without any observable reaction. After being awakened from
his hypnosis the subject did not at any time spontaneously allude to
any of the hypnotic procedures but simply readied himself for bed,
after which the electordes were attached uneventfully, and the lights

turned out.

77

Results

As can be seen in Figure 2 (see page 77), Subject 2 failed to
manifest any nocturnal verbalizations during Night 1 despite the fact
that he had informed me during the recruiting meeting, upon reading
the statement informing him that he would be "miked," that his roommates
have told him that he occasionally talks in his sleep, typically within
the first two hours following bedtime. Reporting that he had siept "well"
during the night despite encountering some difficulty falling asleep,
the subject stated that he had awakened at Sam, at which time he took
it upon himself to write down the first three dreams reported in his
Night 1 dream questionnaire. Thereafter, the subject awakened on feur
additional occasions, recalling at least one of the remaining five
dreams reported in his questionnaire each time he awakened (Dreams 5
and 6 having both been recalled during a single awakening), although
he did not write these dreams down until after the alarm had rung in

the morning.

Night 2

Background information

Stating that he was in a "fine" mood at the outset of Night 2, the
subject was in a talkative frame of mind and spontaneously shared with
Experimenter l phenomenological features of his previous subjective
experiences under hypnosis prior to being administered Treatment A a
second time. Specifically, the subject reported that during the adminis-
tration of the hypnotic induction on Night 1, he spontaneously visualized
an image of a white feather rocking gently side to side and floating

down against a black background, while numbers that I counted out loud

NUMBER OF HORDS VERBALIZED

§§

1500
1400
1300

1200
1100
1000

900

700

§

200
100

Figure 2.

[111]

L l l

 

'78

of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 2).

1/A

2/A

 

3/A

4/C

5/5 6/E 7/E
NIGHT / TREATMENT

 

8/E

 

Effects of different experimental treatments on production

 

o ,—

9/Al lO/A‘ ll/E iz/o‘

79

as part of the depth enhancement procedure "rolled up behind the

feather like credits at the end of a movie. I am the feather." Adding
that when aroused from Night 1's hypnosis he felt "relaxed, yet extremely
exhausted, as though I had just done a great deal of work," the subject
also noted that during the hypnosis his body felt so heavy that "I thought
it should have hurt but it didn't" and that he found the individual
hypnotic induction "magnifies the feeling of hypnosis about 25,000

times" over that which he experienced during the group hypnosis screening.

As he had done so during the recruiting meeting, the subject once
again informed Experimenter 1 that his roommate reports that he talks in
his sleep unintelligibly "about once every week or so," a phenomenon
that the subject is completely unaware of as it occurs.

After completing our discussion the subject was hypnotized, with
Experimenter l employing the rapid induction procedure for the first time.
Again the administration of all procedures associated with Treatment A
progressed exceedingly well, the subject achieving eye closure by the
count of five and actually manifesting slow, rolling side to side eye
movements and myoclonic jerks during the administration of the depth
enhancement procedures. Although there was less of a distinction
between his free imagery and hypnotic dreams than had been the case the
previous night, the subject occasionally drifted into conversations during
the latter task and his fantasy process did not appear to be impeded in
any obvious way by unusually heavy automobile traffic and loud trains
passing by outside the lab which created a great deal of noise. After
being aroused from hypnosis, the subject made no references whatsoever
to any of the hypnotic procedures and the remainder of the treatment

proceeded uneventfully.

80

Results

Somewhat surprisingly, although less so given the fact that he had
a history of spontaneous sleep talking, the subject manifested two
discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total
of fifty words during Night 2, both occurring within the first two hours
of the night. Both episodes were verbalized with rapid speech, one
apparently constituting a string of nonsense syllables, the other a
seemingly confused, thought-like verbalization characteristic of NREM
dreams. Reporting that he slept "fine" during the night, the subject
acknowledged that he had awakened once at 5:50am, when he wrote down the
first dream appearing in his dream questionnaire, but that he had no
recollection of having awakened at any other time. All told, the subject
recalled three dreams on his dream questionnaire, the last two of

which were written after the alarm clock had awakened him in the morning.

.Night 3
Background information

In contrast to the previous two nights, the subject was in a "rotten"
mood at the outset of Night 3, having lost a ring of great personal signi-
ficance to him earlier that day. Stating, "I'm not really depressed,
I just don't give a fuck," the subject then launched into a diatribe
against this roommate, whom he dislikes a great deal ("tactless and
unsophisticated").

Shortly thereafter the subject was ready to begin the hypnotic
induction and Treatment A was administered as before. Manifesting the
slow, rolling eye movements and myoclonic jerks even earlier than he had

before during the administration of the depth enhancement procedures,

81

Subject 2 responded to the preliminary imagery tasks essentially as he
had done so previously without any difficulty whatsoever. Once again,
he made no spontaneous reference to any of the hypnotic procedures after

his arousal from hypnosis.

Results

As he had done so during Night 2, the subject once again manifested
two discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations on Night 3, although
the two episodes comprised a grand total of only two words. Again the
subject reported that he had slept "fine" and that he had awakened at
5:35am, at which time he wrote down the first of three dreams that

appear in his dream questionnaire for the night.

Night 4

Background information

Although he had found his ring earlier in the day the subject was
in a "perfectly rotten" mood again on Night 4, having had a conflict
earlier with his roommate regarding a breach of confidence. As had been
the case with Subject 1, Subject 2 expressed a desire to talk about his
conflict(s) prior to beginning the administration of the nightly experi-
mental procedures and I accommodated his request as I had also done so
with Subject 1. During the course of our conversation, the subject

revealed that he was actually experiencing a conflict regarding his

 

inability to confront his roommate on a variety of issues, of which the
breach of confidence had been but one example. Free associating from
one problematic area to another, the subject also discussed his parents'
shaky marriage before stating that he was ready to begin the hypnotic

induction, by which time his mood had improved markedly.

82

Although the subject had spoken on Nights 2 and 3 fellowing the
administration of Treatment A, there was a sharp diminution in the
magnitude of the phenomena on Night 3 (virtually replicating the results
of Night 1) which, according to the logic of the time-series design,
made Night 4 an acceptable night for introducing a treatment designed
to affect an experimental manipulation, particularly in light of the
subject's history of sleep talking, which made it likely that his
verbalizations on Night 2 were isolated and spontaneous incidents that
were not made in response to Treatment A. Having attained success only.
with Treatment C during Subject 1's participation in the project, it was
decided that Treatment C would constitute the first experimental manipu-
lation attempted with Subject 2, time constraints giving priority to the
further development of a treatment already demonstrated to have elicited
an effect.

As had been the case with Subject 1, Subject 2 was also informed
that we would be performing a "new experiment" on Night 4 in conjunction
with the procedures already described for the administration of Treatment
C and was offered the same rationale given Subject 1 for the change in
procedure. Accepting the explanation offered without any apparent
difficulty, the subject readied himself for bed, after which the electrodes
were attached and the hypnotic induction begun. Once again the treatment,
including the administration of the Treatment C posthypnotic suggestion,
proceeded smoothly and uneventfully, replete with what had come to be

the expected slow, rolling side to side eye movements and myoclonic jerks.

83

Results

In response to the administration of Treatment C, Subject 2
manifested four discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising
a grand total of sixty-five words. In contrast to the seemingly
spontaneous verbalizations manifested during Night 2, the subject's
verbalizations during the first two episodes on Night 4, which both
occurred within the first fifteen minutes of the night, were first
person accounts of dramas in which the subject was clearly a participant/
observer.

.More importantly, these first two episodes were heavily laden with
several symptoms of anxiety and seemed to constitute symbolic and even
direct portrayals of conflicts the subject might have been experiencing
in response to the administration of Treatment C. A reading of the
transcripts from Night 4 does not adequately reveal the distress that
the subject appeared to be in, which caused the experimenters to experi-
ence considerable anguish and concern regarding the subject's well-being.

Equally distressing were the facts that the subject both failed to
recall any dream content upon awakening in the morning for the first
time since he had begun his participation in the project and awakened
feeling and appearing so fatigued (with dark circles under his eyes)
that he elected to skip his morning classes. It will be noted that
both these phenomena parallel the responses made by Subject 1 following
the administration of treatments designed to affect an experimental
manipulation. The subject was puzzled by his sudden fatigue, stating
that he invariably awakens refreshed in the morning given the same
amount of sleep and noted that he did not feel this way on any of the

three previous mornings on which he had awakened in the lab.

84

Adding that he seemed to fall asleep unusually fast on Night 4,
the subject noted that he had not awakened at any time during the night,
made no reference to any of the hypnotic procedures, and appeared to be
amnesic for the administration of the posthypnotic suggestion in the

face of a few oblique inquiries made by Experimenter l in the morning.

Ni ght 5

Background information

Despite the experimenters'concerns for the subject's well-being he
described his mood on Night 5 as "exquisite." Cheerful and chatty on
the ride to the lab, the subject retired to his room to study fer twenty
minutes before signalling that he was ready to begin the night's hypnosis.

Earlier in the day, Experimenter 1 had reviewed the subject's
distressing verbalizations in an effort to determine whether or not his
distress had been related to Treatment C. Based upon the subject's
statement, "I'm so confined," his painful experience with the witch (whose
name rhymed with Experimenter 1's last name), and his frank declaration,
"I'm not going to do this," Experimenter 1 concluded that the wording
of the posthypnotic suggestion contained in Treatment C constituted a
series of authoritarian commands that both denied the subject autonomy
and aroused considerable anxiety. It should be noted that this is
essentially the same conclusion reached by Subject 1 regarding the
Treatment C posthypnotic "suggestion," although she shared her conclusion
with Experimenter 1 during her follow-up interview which occurred some
time after Experimenter 1 had concluded the same on Night 5 without the

benefit of her input.

85

In response to these conclusions Experimenter 1 completely revamped
the wording of the posthypnotic suggestion once again, developing in the
process a new posthypnotic suggestion designed to place heavy emphasis
on the dignity and autonomy of the subject and designed to constitute
a more egalitarian approach to the attempted elicitation of the target
behavior. Designated Treatment E, the new procedure was administered
exactly the same way as Treatment C had been administered, with the
exception that Experimenter 1 stated the following after the completion
of the final preliminary imagery task:

(S's name), during the past five nights you have been
developing a remarkable ability to both talk and dream at
the very same time. In fact, you have demonstrated to me
that you are fully capable of describing your dreams out
loud as they occur without interfering with them and without
waking up. As a scientist, I find this ability of yours to
be especially exciting because it grants me the rare privilege
of observing the normally private world of dreaming in action.
I thank you for having shared this private world of yours with
me, because without your willingness, motivation, and trust,
this kind of research would be completely impossible.

Tonight, if you are willing, I propose that you and I try to
break new ground in dream research by working together with
your newly developed abilities. Tonight, after you fall
asleep, I'd like you to keep on describing your dreams out
loud each time°that they occur. However, since I know how
private and personal the dream world is, I realize that you
can only share your dreams with me if you choose to do so.
Tonight, if you are willing, I'd like you to tell the micro-
phone above your head, as best you can, exactly what you see
whenever a dream or dream-like image comes into your mind's eye,
no matter how deeply asleep you may seem to be. This may not
be easy to do, but I am confident that if you choose to do

so there is a good possibility that you will be able to

find a creative way to automatically tell the microphone
whatever you see in your mind's eye without waking up and
without disrupting your sleep, each time that a dream or
dream-like image makes its appearance.

The two most important things to remember tonight are that
first and fermost, your dreams belong to you and can only
be shared if you choose to share them, and second, if you
do choose to share them I only ask that you suspend judgment
and be completely honest in describing what you see.

86

To repeat, if you are willing to share your private world

of dreaming tonight, I would like you simply to tell the
microphone whatever you see each and every time that a

dream or dream-like image appears in your mind's eye, from
the time that you fall asleep until the alarm clock rings

at o'clock in the morning. The only thing that
matters is that you simply describe your dreams to the

best of your ability without trying to evaluate or be critical
of your performance. No matter what you choose to do tonight,
I want you to know that your efforts are greatly appreciated
and that whatever you decide to do will be OK with me. Do
you have any questions about anything I have just told you?
(Questions were to be answered at this point.)

OK, I'm now going to turn out the lights and leave the room.

Once I leave, you will fall asleep quite naturally without

any difficulty whatsoever. Remember, you have nothing to

worry about or fear because your dreams belong to you and

I will share with you anything that you might say in your

sleep tonight. Have a pleasant night's sleep and I'll see

you in the morning.

All aspects of the administration of Treatment E proceeded as smoothly
as the procedures administered the previous four nights. Mereover, I
experienced a decided feeling of warmth and relief while administering
the posthypnotic suggestion that brought into bold contrast previously

subliminal (repressed?) feelings of anxiety that I suddenly became

aware of having previously felt throughout the project up to this point.

Results

In a highly productive display, the subject manifested ten discrete
episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total of six
hundred forty-five intelligible words. More dramatically, the subject
spontaneously recalled the administration of the posthypnotic suggestion
upon awakening in the morning, stating, "I tried to talk last night but
it was all going by too fast. I couldn't talk that fast." Without at
any time revealing to him that he had in fact spoken during the night,

Experimenter I pressed for more details, the subject responding, "I only

87

remember feeling that I wanted to talk whenever I dreamed last night
but I couldn't because it was all going by too fast." Asked by
Experimenter 1 whether he had any idea if he had been asked to speak
on previous nights, the subject stated, "It's like I knew befOre you
asked me the question that you had previously asked me to talk...but I
wasn't aware of it until now. It's like I knew but I didn't know."

In response to other inquiries made by Experimenter l, the subject
reported that it "seemed" to him that he fell asleep "instantly" after
the experimenter left the room on Night 5, that he recalled dreaming "a
lot" early in the night but could not recall any content, and that unlike
yesterday morning (Day 4) he did not now feel fatigued but felt "just
great, like I'm ready to go out and kill the world."

Finally, the subject recalled two dreams‘which he remembered and
wrote down upon awakening around 5:20am. This was the only time the

subject could recall having awakened during the night.

Night 6

Background information

Stating that he was in a "good" mood at the outset of Night 6, the
subject reported that although he wasn't sure that it was important to
the research, he thought that he should tell Experimenter 1 that he had
watched pornographic films for "two and one half hours" immediately
prior to coming to the lab.

Since the subject now had conscious knowledge of both the post-
hypnotic suggestion and, presumably, the purpose of this investigation,
Experimenter I answered in the affirmative when the subject asked if

the same experiment from the previous night was going to be repeated,

88

reassuring the subject not to worry if the dream seemed to be "going by
too fast," in which case he was instructed simply to describe whatever
he could to the best of his ability.

Repeating the administration of Treatment E on Night 6 (with mingg.
modifications made in the transitional phrases in order to make it more
appropriate for a second reading--none of the key instructions were
altered), Experimenter I encountered no observable signs of resistance,
and the treatment proceeded as smoothly as any of the others previously

administered.

Results

Although the subject once again manifested nocturnal verbalizations
in response to Treatment E, his productivity was sharply curtailed when
compared with that of the previous night. Manifesting seven discrete
episodes comprising a grand total of fifty-seven words, the subject once
again reported in the morning that he had no idea whatsoever as to whether
or not he had spoken during the night. Adding that he had slept "fine
as usual" during the night, and that he was quite certain that he had
fallen asleep "instantaneously," the subject went on to report that he
hadn't felt as powerful an urge to speak during his dreams on Night 6
as he had on Night 5. Once again, the subject was able to recall two
dreams upon awakening in the morning, both of which he wrote down at
that time (after the alarm had rung.that is), noting that he could not
recall any awakenings during the night prior to the time that his alarm

clock rang in the morning.

89

Ni t 7
Background infermation
Reporting that he was in a "good" mood at the outset of Night 7,
the subject stated that he had recalled one of his preliminary hypnotic
dreams from the previous night earlier in the day immediately after
being introduced to an individual who had in fact appeared in the
hypnotic dream, which the subject was now able to recall with considerable
accuracy. Prior to the administration of Treatment E, Experimenter l
and Subject 2 talked for nearly forty-five minutes about the scientific
need fer the subject to be objective and honest in his dream reports
as well as the need to report any ferms of anxiety, resistance, special
interest/motivation, and/or pressure he might experience at any time
during the remainder of his participation in the project. Throughout
the course of this discussion the subject expressed considerable enthusi-
asm and interest in the project now that we were obviously working more
closely together, a direct consequence of the evaporation of the subject's
previous posthypnotic amnesia. Interestingly, the subject revealed
during this discussion that he had felt "scared to death" when initially
telephoned to make arrangements for the recruiting meeting, had felt
the same during the meeting itself, but that his "curiosity" about the
project had motivated him to participate. Finally, the subject reported
upon inquiry that he experienced his dreams in the sleep lab as "identical"
to those experienced at home and that whenever he stated that he fell
asleep "instantly," he meant "within one or two minutes at the gggy_most."
Once again Treatment E was administered on Night 7 without any

observable signs of resistance or anxiety.

90

Result

Exceeding his productivity of Nights 5 and 6 combined, the subject
manifested eight discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising
a grand total of eight hundred ninety-one intelligible words, including
one episode in which his whispered speech was so garbled as to be
unintelligible (and hence not included among the intelligible words
tallied). Insisting once again upon awakening in the morning that he
had no idea whatsoever as to whether or not he had spoken during the
night, the subject reported that he had fallen asleep "within two minutes,
I would guess," that as he was falling asleep he remembered seeing an
image of "being in a tunnel and falling with lights whizzing by at a very
fast pace," that he thought he may have had "a couple dreams" shortly
after falling asleep but that he could not recall any of their content,
that he did not awaken at any time during the night, and that he had slept
"fine."

Once again the subject recalled a dream upon awakening to the sound

of his alarm that he wrote down on his dream questionnaire at that time.

Night 8.
Background information

Again reporting that he was in a "good" mood on Night 8, the subject
noted that he had once again spontaneously recalled a preliminary hypnotic
dream from Night 7 earlier in the day when he saw a group of Palestinians
protesting on campus (his dream had occurred in Paris where, peculiarly,
he had noticed Arabic writing on the Eiffel Tower). The subject also

reported that every time he had seen a flag pole during the day, it

91

somehow seemed important although he didn't know why (one of his hypnotic
images from the night before had focused on a flag pole).

For nearly one hour prior to treatment the subject and Experimenter
I talked, during which time the subject once again expressed enthusiasm
fer, and interest in, the project. He also reported that he was finding
out that hypnosis was really a phenomenon over which hg_had control (not
the hypnotist), which in turn was teaching him "a great deal about
myself." Furthermore, he stated that the design of the sleep lab had
made his experience much less threatening than it might have been Other-
wise ("It seems like a small hotel room, not like a lab or hospital room
at all"), praised Experimenter l fer his "thoroughness, friendliness,
and professionalism," and indicated that his participation in the
project seemed to disturb all but one of his friends ("How can you let
someone fuck with your mind like that?"). Fortunately, the subjectds
one unperturbed friend was actually quite enthusiastic about the project
and the subject shared his experiences with him on a daily basis.

Adding just prior to the hypnotic induction that he felt like a
"full partner" of Experimenter l's, the subject expressed a desire to
meet with the other subjects participating in the project once their
participation was over in order to "share experiences." As an interesting
side note the subject also reported at this time that he was "sure"
that Experimenter l repeated the numbers 23 and 26 when counting during
the hypnotic depth enhancement procedure and that this "disturbed" him.
In fact, Experimenter 1 did not repeat these two numbers which, inciden-
tally, happened to be the ages of the subject's sister and brother,

respectively.

92,

Once again, Treatment E was administered without any difficulty
whatsoever, the fourth consecutive administration of the treatment
which was administered one more time than might have been the case
otherwise because of the sharp diminution of productivity manifested

on Night 6.

Results

Manifesting eleven discrete episodes comprising a grand total of
four hundred eighteen intelligible words in response to Treatment E,
the subject once again displayed considerable productivity even though
he did not approach his more prodigious output of Nights 5 and 7.
Estimating that he once again had fallen asleep "instantly," the
subject did not know that he had spoken during the night, did not recall
having awakened at any time during the night, and reported one brief
dream fragment upon awakening, although he also reported, "I know I was
having a dream when the alarm went off but it (the alarm) just erased

it all."

Night 9

Background information

Although the subject called from Detroit at 9:15pm, after having
been called out for a medical emergency involving his sister, he was
picked up at his dorm at midnight and was in "good" spirits since all
had ultimately turned out well. Without much preliminary discussion,
the hypnotic induction was administered shortly after arriving at the

lab. Having demonstrated an effect in response to Treatment E on

93

Nights 5-8, the posthypnotic suggestion was withdrawn and Treatment A1

administered without incident.

Results

Even though the posthypnotic suggestion had been withdrawn, the
subject manifested six discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations
comprising a grand total of thirty-six words. Estimating that it had
taken him "one or two minutes" to fall asleep, the subject, as usual,
had no awareness that he had actually spoken during the night but noted
in response to Experimenter l's inquiry that he had assumed the task
fer Night 9 had been the same as always since, "To the best of my
knowledge, nobody told me otherwise." A bit fatigued in the morning
~following his hectic night commuting between East Lansing and Detroit,
the subject initially failed to recall any dream content upon awakening,
but recalled a full blown dream memory while showering that he wrote

down shortly thereafter.

Night 10

Background infermation
Having reported that he had assumed the task on Night 9 to have been

the same as that on the nights immediately preceding, it was evident

that the subject's nocturnal verbalizations on Night 9 were a function
of the demand characteristics that had been newly created by the decay
of his original posthypnotic amnesia and consequent awareness of the

true purpose of his participation in the project. Consequently, the
simple withdrawal of the posthypnotic suggestion did not sufficiently

alter the demand characteristics to prevent the subject from attempting

94

to execute what he perceived to be the task at hand, although it
engendered a sharp diminution in his productivity.

Therefore, an attempt was made on Night 10 to alter the demand
characteristics conceptualized to have been the variables mediating
the subject's verbalizations on Night 9. Reporting that he was in an
"excellent" mood on Night 10, the subject was instructed in the waking
state immediately prior to the hypnotic induction not to describe any
dreams or dream-like imagery after the lights had been turned out in
his room until his alarm rang in the morning, at which time he was
instructed to verbalize any dream memories from the night that he could
remember in place of the usual written dream recall elicited via the
morning-after dream questionnaire. Stating upon inquiry that he
clearly understood the instructions, Subject 2 thereafter was administered
Treatment A1 once again, encountering no difficulty in executing any

of the procedures relevant to the treatment.

Results

As expected, the subject failed to manifest any nocturnal verbali-
zations in response to the modified administration of Treatment A1
described above. As had also been expected, he executed the comple-
mentary portion of the instructions administered in the waking state,

recalling feur dreams verbally upon awakening in the morning.

Night 11

Background information
As the subject's verbalized recall of Dream 2 on Merning 10 (see

Appendix F) suggests, the lack of feedback regarding his performance

95

each night seemed to be creating anxiety that in retrospect appeared to
have been developing over the previous five nights. After arriving

at the lab on Night 6 with full awareness of the true purpose of the
research in response to the "egalitarian" Treatment E posthypnotic
suggestion, the subject had asked for feedback regarding his perfermance,
since he in fact had no awareness of having spoken or not spoken during
the night. In response to the subject's request, Experimenter 1 had
told the subject that feedback would be provided at some point during
the project before his participation ended but that for the time being,
with the subject's permission, he would prefer to withhold feedback in
order to have the opportunity to more adequately test the effects of the
subject's verbalization-specific amnesia. Although the subject agreed
to wait for feedback, professing complete understanding of the rationale
necessitating the delay, his sharply diminished performance on Night 6,
coupled with his related dream recall on Morning 10, suggested that the
withholding of feedback had originally been, and was becoming even more,
problematic.

Consequently, Experimenter I spent nearly an hour with the subject
prior to the hypnotic induction on Night 11 fully disclosing the nature
of the subject's previous performances, including the content of many
of his verbalizations. The subject was both intrigued and fascinated
by the feedback, oftentimes spontaneously recalling details of dreams
he had verbalized upon being presented with fragmented outlines. Asked
at the conclusion of this feedback session whether or not he could recall
anything about the phenomenological experience of dreaming the dreams

he had verbalized, the subject noted that the experience had been to the

96

best of his recollection identical to the experience of dreaming under
more naturalistic circumstances and that he still could not recall
having spoken at any time.

Given assurances prior to the hypnotic induction that anything
he might say during Night 11 would be shared the next day, the subject
was administered Treatment E once again without difficulty, prior to
which he had also been instructed in the waking state to verbalize
his dream recall upon awakening in the morning in place of the dream

questionnaire.

Results

In a prodigious burst of productivity, Subject 2 manifested eleven
discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total
of one thousand three hundred forty-eight intelligible words in response
to Treatment E during Night 11. Once again, however, he could not
recall having spoken at any time during the night. Although he recalled
two dream fragments verbally upon awakening in the morning, the subject
fell back asleep during the process and could not recall anything else
upon being reawakened. However, during the ride back to his dorm in
the morning, the subject observed a long line of cars on campus, at
the head of which was a police car with its lights flashing. Suddenly
reminded of a funeral procession, the subject spontaneously recalled his
"funeral" dreams from the night before, although he still claimed not
to have any awareness of having either spoken or not spoken during the

dreams (feedback was not shared until Night 12).

97

Night 12

Background information

After sharing feedback with the subject regarding his performance
on Night 11 and discussing a variety of topics concerning his dreams
and personal life for nearly one and a half hours, Experimenter I reminded
Subject 2 of the termination interview to be conducted the following
morning. In an effert to test the effects of withdrawing hypnosis from
the treatment, the subject, who was in a "good" mood, was infermed of
this intent, then administered the Treatment E "posthypnotic" suggestion
in the waking state without any preliminary imagery tasks and with
instructions not to become hypnotized at any time, which the subject
infermed Experimenter 1 would not be difficult to do. Prior to
administering this treatment, designated Treatment DI, the subject was.
infermed that the dream questionnaire would be used in the morning once

again to elicit waking dream recall.

Results

In contrast to the performance of Subject 1, Subject 2 manifested
seven discrete episodes comprising a grand total of thirty-five words
in response to the instructions administered on Night 12 without the
benefit of hypnosis. Reporting that he had slept "well" during the
night, the subject did not have any awareness, as usual, that he had in

fact spoken. Two dream fragments were recalled upon awakening in the

98

morning, after which the subject prepared to move out of the sleep

lab and a brief termination interview was conducted.

Termination Interview

 

Verifying that he had awakened on Morning 5 with full under-
standing of the true nature and purpose of the project, understanding
that he maintained throughout the remainder of his stay in the lab,
the subject was interviewed only briefly, during which time he stated
that his participation seemed to have passed by very quickly. At
the conclusion of the interview the subject was paid fer his
participation and reminded that he would be contacted shortly for

a routine follow—up interview.

 

Follow-Up Interview

Due to conflicting schedules and final exams, it was not until
four weeks after the termination interview that the follow-up inter-
view could be conducted with Subject 2. Throughout the interview,
the subject bubbled over with enthusiasm, stating that far from
suffering any negative after effects from his participation in
the project he had found the experience to be beneficial. Excerpts

from his responses during the interview are presented below:

99

I'm much more aware of what I'm dreaming about now than
before the experiment. Since the experiment I've been
able to remember a lot more dreams if I put my mind to
it. When I'm falling asleep I'm also very aware of many
things running through my mind. They're not as vivid

or rich or intense as under hypnosis but I'm much more
sensitive to them now than I was before...

These are the things I've gained from my experience in the
experiment: (1) The biggest thing is that regardless of how
uptight I am I can fall right asleep. I tell myself a lot of
the things you told me while hypnotizing me and...oh, it's so
nice. I can put myself right to sleep. (2) This is really
hard to put into words. I have a greater access to what's
inside my mind, to understanding why I think about the things
I think about and why I feel the emotions I feel. Picking

me up (each night) was such a natural kind of thing, not

like being in a lab or experimental situation, and you asked
me questions about myself that I normally don't ask myself.
It's so easy for me now to reach inside and pull things out
that I didn't know were there before and that I didn't want
to have to face--fears, anxiety, negative emotions. A new
consciousness is what it is. I have a new understanding and
awareness of myself. I feel more confident and I'm so much
more physically energetic than before, which I attribute to
having freed up so much more mental energy...Now I can OOpe
much better.

Adding that he was "very interested" in hearing the tapes of his

nocturnal verbalizations, arrangements were made with the subject to

provide him access later in the summer.

100

Data Summary and Analysis

 

Treatment effects

As can be seen in the graphed results found in Figure 2 at the
outset of this section, each of the treatments administered Subject 2
was associated with the manifestation of nocturnal verbalizations.

As has already been discussed, the subject's verbalizations on Night 2
appear to have been spontaneous, isolated incidents not occurring directly
in response to Treatment A, when viewed in the context of the subject's
history of in vivo sleep talking (which, incidentally, he discussed in
some detail with Experimenter 1 immediately prior to the administration

of Treatment A on Night 2) and given the absence of verbalizations on
baseline Nights 1 and 3.

Treatment C, as was the case with Subject 1, clearly produced an
effect that was qualitatively, if not significantly quantitatively,
different from the effects occurring in conjunction with Treatment A
(Night 2 included). However, since it was conceptualized to have been
anxiety provoking, Treatment C was replaced with Treatment E which,
with the exception of Night 6, was invariably associated with a signi-
ficantly greater output of nocturnal verbalizations than any other
treatment. An anomaly, the subject's response to Treatment E on Night 6
may be conceptualized as passive-aggressive resistance associated with
feelings of anger and anxiety that apparently were aroused by Experimenter
1's decision not to share feedback with the subject on Night 6 regarding
his performance the previous night, as alluded to in the background

information already detailed for Night 11. Such a conclusion is perhaps

101

supported by the subject's prodigious output on Night 11 following a
complete disclosure of feedback regarding his entire performance in the
project to that date.

The withdrawal of Treatment E on Nights 9 and 10 has already been
discussed, the results of which, as stated, clearly appear to have been
a function of demand characteristics created by the permanent decay of
the subjects posthypnotic amnesia following the administration of
Treatment E. As was the case with Subject 1, Subject 2's productivity
also appears to have been a function of the combined effects of suggestions/
instructions administered under hypnosis, for the results indicate that
neither hypnosis alone nor suggestions/instructions administered without
the benefit of hypnosis elicit as powerful an effect as when the two
are combined. The nature of the effect, however, is more apparent in
the results of Subject 2 than it was in the results of Subject 1, for
Subject 2, unlike Subject 1, did manifest nocturnal verbalizations on
Night 12 without the benefit of hypnosis, most likely a function of the
task being more ego syntonic in light of the more egalitarian procedures
undertaken with the subject during the preceding nights of his partici-
pation. All of the subject's verbalizations on Night 12 occurred
roughly two hours or more after the lights had been turned out in his

room, whereas virtually all of his verbalizations on nights he was

 

given a posthypnotic suggestion to verbalize occurred within the first
forty minutes after the lights had been turned out, just as had been
the case with Subject 1. This suggests that even though the subjects
may have been asleep during their verbalizations during the first forty

minutes of the night, they were still under the influence of hypnosis,

102

which apparently had the effect of enhancing the production of visual
imagery during a phase of sleep (descending NREM) that has never been
associated, to my knowledge, with the florid dream imagery generated
by Subjects 1 and 2 in response to Treatments C and E.

Finally, it should be reported that given the facts that there
were virtually no fluctuations in the subject's self-reported mood, no
anomalies in response to the preliminary imagery tasks, and only one
occasion on which the subject failed to recall dream content upon
awakening in the lab in the morning (a fact already accounted for),
these variables had no apparent mediating effects on the variance of

treatment outcome (see Table 4 below).

 

Table 4. Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to admin—
istration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks, and
presence of morning—after waking dream recall.

 

N'ght Treatment Mood Anomalies Recall
l A "good" none yes
2 A "fine" none yes
3 A "rotten" none yes
4 C "rotten" none no
5 E "exquisite" none yes
6 E "good" none yes
7 E "good" none yes
8 E "good" none yes
9 A' "good" none yes

10 A' "excellent" none yes
11 E "good" none yes
12 D' "good" none yes

 

Validity of treatment effects
Following the criteria established to assess the validity of the

nocturnal verbalizations manifested by Subject 1, Table 5 is presented

103

below to serve as a basis from which to assess the nocturnal verbaliza-
tions manifested by Subject 2, given the fact that each of his verbali-
zations matched that part of the criteria stipulating that they be
accompanied by an absence of external awareness in order to qualify as
the products of nocturnal dreams under the operational definition

presented earlier.

 

Table 5. Ranges of times delimiting estimated onset of sleep and
‘ initial REM period on nights containing nocturnal

 

 

verbalizations
Night Lights Out Body Movements Sleep Onset lst REM
2 11:16pm 11:59pm 11:19-11:29pm 12:19-12:39am
3 11:19pm 12:14am 11:34-11:44pm 12:34- 1:04am
4 11:46pm 12:19am 11:46-11:49pm 12:46- 1:16am
5 11:53pm 12:28am 11:53-11:58pm 12:53- 1:23am
6 12:22pm 12:52am 12:22am 1:22- 1:42am
7 1:36am 2:08am 1:36- 1:38am 2:36— 2:58am
8 12:45am 1:17am 12:45-12:47am 1:45- 2:07am
9 12:37am 1:14am 12:37-12:44am 1:37- 2:04am
11 11:12pm 11:49pm ll:lZ-ll:l9pm 12:12-12:39am
_12 11:32pm 12:46pm 12:06-12:l6pm 1:06- 1:36am

 

Based upon the estimates described in Table 5, Subject 2's nocturnal

verbalizations may be speculatively analyzed as follows:

Night 2: Episode 1 occurs within the estimated range of the first
REM period of the night and, as such, would appear to be the manifesta-
tion of 3 REM dream. Episode 2, on the other hand, occurs, forty minutes
later and, particularly given its thought-like content, is most likely

a NREM (Stage 4?) verbalization.

104

Night 3: Episode 1 falls ten minutes beyond the latest estimated
time fer the onset of the first REM period of the night. Given the fact
that the first REM period generally lasts for about ten minutes each
night, it is entirely plausible that Episode 1 is REM-related. Episode
2, occurring 116 minutes later, falls outside the estimated range of
times that would indicate it to be REM-related and is perhaps better

conceptualized as a product of descending NREM sleep.

Night 4: Episode 1 begins within the estimated range of sleep onset
and, along with Episode 2, appears to be the product of the first
descending NREM sleep of the night. Episodes 3 and 4, on the other hand,
could both conceivably be associated with the second REM period of the
night, although just as conceivably one or both could also be the

products of NREM sleep.

Night 5: Episode 1 begins within the estimated range of sleep
onset and is consequently speculatively analyzed to be the product of
the first descending NREM sleep of the night. Episode 2, on the other
hand, occurs at a point which makes it likely that it is associated
with the first Stage 4 NREM sleep of the night, either descending or
ascending. Episode 3 appears to be the manifestation of the first
ascending NREM sleep of the night, while Episode 4 falls within the
‘estimated range of onset for the first REM period of the night. Episodes
5, 6, 7, and 8 are each potentially associated with the second REM period
of the night, although it is unlikely that all four episodes are the
manifestations of this particular REM period, given the forty-six minute

range separating Episodes 5 and 8. Episode 9 is conceivably a product

105

of the third REM period of the night while Episode 10 appears to be a

response to an external stimulus.

Night 6: Episodes 1 and 2 both occur after the estimated onset
of sleep and are speculatively analyzed to be the products of the first
descending NREM sleep of the night. Episodes 3, 4, and 5 also appear
to be NREM products, with Episodes 6 and 7 conceivably the manifestations

of the second and third REM periods of the night respectively.

Night 7: Episodes 1-4 all occur within or beyond the estimated
range of sleep onset and are therefore speculatively analyzed to be the
products of the first descending NREM sleep of the night. Episode 5
appears to occur during the first ascending NREM sleep of the night while
Episode 6, if in fact the subject was verbalizing a dream and not a
statement of fact, may be associated with the first REM period. Episodes

7-9 could be either REM or NREM products.

Night 8: Episodes 1-4 all match the criteria speculatively quali-
fying them as the products of the first descending NREM sleep of the
night. Episode 5 qualifies as a potential Stage 4 NREM product. Episode
6 falls within the estimated range of the first REM period of the night.
Episode 7 appears to be a product of the second ascending NREM phase of
the night while Episodes 8 and 9 both would seem to be associated with
the second REM period of the night. Similarly, Episodes 10 and 11 appear

to be manifestations of the third REM period.

Night 9: Episode 1 speculatively qualifies as a product of the

first descending NREM sleep of the night. Episode 2 is likely a Stage 4

106

NREM verbalization. Episode 3 appears to occur during the second
descending NREM phase of the night while Episodes 4 and 5 are both
potentially associated with the second REM period of the night.
Finally, Episode 6 qualifies as a potential product of the third REM

period.

Night 11: Episode 1 appears to encompass virtually the entire
range of the first descending NREM sleep of the night. Episode 2 appears
to be an ascending NREM response to an external stimulus. Episode 3
falls within the estimated range of onset for the first REM period of
the night. Episode 4 qualifies as a potential product.of the second REM
period. Episode 5 appears to be NREM-related, Episodes 6 and 7 conceivably
the products of the third REM period. Episode 8 qualifies potentially
as a manifestation of the fourth REM period of the night. Episode 9
appears to be a NREM or REM response to an external stimulus, while
Episodes 10 and 11 may also be associated with a lengthy fourth REM

period.

Night 12: Episodes 1-3 each qualify as products of the first REM
period of the night, although it is unlikely that all three actually
occurred during that first REM period, given the twenty minute span
between Episodes 1 and 3. Episode 4 qualifies as a product of the
second descending NREM phase of the night. Episode 5 similarly appears

to be NREM related as do Episodes 6 and 7.

Content analysis
As can be seen by reviewing the transcripts presented in Appendix E,

the content of Subject 2's nocturnal verbalizations was richly varied,

107

ranging from nonsense syllables, to emotional drams, to whimsical
vignettes. Furthermore, these verbalizations were laden with primary
process representations, secondary process thoughts, foreign languages,
and numerous indicants of affect and anxiety not specifically manifested
in the content per so (such as outbursts of crying, gravelly sounding
speech, and other inflections of the voice that make these data so much
richer than waking dream recall despite the fact that these indicants
are not scorable according to the Hall and Van de Castle system of
empirical content analysis).

As had been the case with Subject 1, those verbalizations manifested
by Subject 2 that were speculatively analyzed to have been the products
of descending NREM dreams were primarily first person accounts of kinetic,
fantasied vignettes or dramas which also encompassed revisualizations of
events from the subject's past (including an apparent age regression on
Night 11). In yet another parallel to the results yielded by Subject 1,
Subject 2 also manifested nocturnal verbalizations speculatively analyzed
to be the products of NREM and REM sleep occurring more than forty
minutes after the extinction of the lights in his room. Again, these
products largely consisted of truncated phrases of very brief dream
excerpts that apparently ran the gamut from responses to external stimuli,
to verbalized fragments of conversations, to partial dream descriptions,
virtually all of which were far too brief to shed light on the overall
dream context within which they were or might have been embedded.

What was unique to Subject 2 was his propensity fer shedding the
role of participant/observer during his nocturnal verbalizations,

particularly those occurring during the first descending NREM sleep of

108

the night, in favor of the role of pure participant in his dreams, in
which case he would simply act out (verbalize) his end of the verbal
interactions transpiring in his dreams without regard for grounding or
describing these interactions in context, making them true in-process
verbalizations in the strictest sense of the concept. The nature of
these in-process verbalizations does not readily accommodate itself to
the Hall and Van de Castle system of content analysis, as stated above,
particularly when attempting to account for the presence of affect that
is not specifically labelled as such in the verbal content manifested
by the subject (for example, a squeal of delight accompanying an in-
process verbalization is not accounted for in Hall and Van de Castle's
system which was designed to empirically score and analyze written
dream material in which a scorable response might be something along the
lines of, "I felt delighted to see her").

Consequently, the data presented in Table 6 below to assess the
effects of the circumstances of observation on the content of dream
reports does not include numerous unlabelled manifestations of affect

and anxiety expressed by Subject 2 during his nocturnal verbalizations.

 

Table 6. Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances Of observation.

 

Total # of
Source §S§. Aggression Emotions Words Repgrted
Post Gp. Hyp. Quest. 2 2 10 652
Pre-Lab Quest. 0 3 4 589
Nocturnal Verb. 0 18 12 2967
Sleep Lab Quest. 1 5 2 1403

 

109

In sharp contrast to Subject 1, Subject 2 manifested over twice as
many scored incidents during his nocturnal verbalizations than he did
in his post-group hypnosis screening dream questionnaire (which contained
the second highest number of scored incidents), despite the fact that
numerous unlabelled manifestations of affect and anxiety expressed by
the subject during his nocturnal verbalizations were excluded from the
tally presented in Table 6. Even on a percentage basis, controlling fer
the number of words contained in their respective nocturnal verbaliza-
tions, Subject 2's verbalizations contained nearly twice as high a
percentage of scorable incidents as did Subject 1's verbalizations, a
figure which is actually conservative given the numerous affective
manifestations not scored in Subject 2's protocol.

On the same percentage basis, Subject 2's dream questionnaire
from the week following the group hypnosis screening contained the
greatest density of scorable incidents by more than a two to one margin
over any of the other circumstances of observation, replicating the
findings obtained with Subject 1. Again, while this suggests that the
inhibiting forces of interpersonal anxiety were largely absent during
the period of anonymity that followed the group hypnosis screening, but
present during all other data gathering phases of the project, it must-
be pointed out that only the three sets of dream questionnaires are
directly comparable to one another in an analysis based upon an incidents/
words percentage, for the dream questionnaires are dream summaries
whereas the nocturnal verbalizations are essentially manifestations of
the products summarized in the questionnaires themselves. In other words,

the difference obtained between the incidents/words percentages

110

associated with Subject 2's post-group hypnosis dream questionnaire and
his nocturnal Verbalizations (.0215 and .0101 respectively) may be an
artifact of the significantly fewer number of words necessarily reported
under the former format (not to mention the numerous "unscorable" affec-
tive manifestations that were not included in the calculation of the
figure for the latter format).

Taking this into consideration, it would appear that, as was the
case with Subject 1, sexual content was the variable most susceptible
to censorship following the presumed activation of interpersonal anxiety
associated with the loss of anonymity (two orgies appearing in the subject's
post-group hypnosis questionnaire, no sexual content reported in any of
the other formats with the exception of one low intensity incident
involving sexual innuendo, recalled by Subject 2 upon one of his morning
awakenings in the sleep lab). However, the subject's apparent inhibitions
regarding the expression of aggression appear to have been suppressed
during his nocturnal verbalizations, for his verbalizations are replete
with aggressive interactions of a mostly moderate to low level of
intensity. This is especially interesting in light of the subject's
comment, described earlier, that he had a great deal of difficulty
expressing himself on the "rare" occasions when he felt angry, something
with which he encountered apparently little difficulty during his
frequently aggressive nocturnal verbalizations.

Finally, it should be noted that the subject's morning-after dream
recall in the sleep-lab had the lowest incidents/words percentage of any
of the four formats, as was also the case with Subject 1, suggesting

again that this was the most psychologically threatening circumstance

111

of observation among the four created by this investigation. In
closing, it should also be reported that the level of interjudge
reliability for scoring the content of Subject 2's dream reports
reached an 84% overall level of agreement for the total combined
number of incidents scored within each of the three categories and a

76% overall level of agreement for the types of incidents scored.

Conclusion

Perhaps the two most striking features of Subject 2's participation
in the project were his richly varied, oftentimes lengthy nocturnal
verbalizations and his waking knowledge of the posthypnotic suggestion
(and, consequently, the true purpose of this investigation) following
the administration of Treatment E. The decay of his previous post-
hypnotic amnesia again suggests, as was conceptualized in the case of
Subject 1, that posthypnotic "amnesia" is better conceptualized in
the case of Subject 2 as repression activated unconsciously by the need
to defend against anxiety aroused by the authoritarian behavior of
Experimenter 1 during the administration of Treatment C. Consequently,
the subject's high level of productivity, along with the lifting of his
repression regarding the posthypnotic suggestion, would appear in this
frame of reference to be a function of diminished anxiety which seemingly
occurred when the nature of the hypnotic relationship between the subject
and experimenter became more egalitarian and less authoritarian fellowing
the administration of Treatment E.

Most likely, personality differences between Subjects 1 and 2 also
contributed to some degree to the quantitative/qualitative differences

in the output of their respective nocturnal verbalizations, for whereas

112

Subject 1 was primarily painfully shy and withdrawn with low feelings
of self-esteem, Subject 2 was considerably more outgoing, affable, and
ostensibly self-confident (although as his statements during the follow-
up interview suggest, he actually gained a great deal of self-confidence
as a result of his participation in the project). Nevertheless, despite
these personality differences, it would seem that productivity is more
powerfully influenced by variables associated with the relationship
between the subject and the experimenter, and its myriad sequellae, for
we observe fluctuations in the subjects' performance that are not
adequately explained by simple practice/learning effects and/or person-
ality assessments, but which lend themselves more readily and satis-
factorily to dynamic conceptualizations based on variables such as
motivation, anxiety, and trust, for example, that appear to be largely
(though not exclusively) a function of the subject's relationship

with the experimenter.

Clearly, our attempts to subvert the subjects' intrapsychic defenses,
through deceptive procedures designed to elicit relatively uncensored
in-process dream descriptions by theoretically enhancing the likelihood
that the subjects would manifest and maintain a posthypnotic amnesia,
turned out to be counterproductive, stimulating, instead, anxiety and
even greater defensiveness on the part of the subjects. Defensiveness
regarding the sleep talking task itself was apparently only reduced after
measures were undertaken to modify the relationship within which the
execution of the task was embedded. Once accomplished, Subject 2
demonstrated that even though he had waking awareness of the task and,

apparently, waking interpersonal and/or intrapsychic anxiety regarding

113

his dream content, based upon the low level of scorable sexual,
aggressive, and emotional content contained in his morning-after
sleep lab dream questionnaire, his defensiveness regarding all but
sexual content was blunted during sleep, as evidenced by the high
level of aggressive and emotional content (both scorable and unscorable)
that appeared in his nocturnal verbalizations, all of which were
speculatively analyzed to have occurred during sleep, a fact which
might account for the subject's invariable lack of awareness (despite
the decay of his posthypnotic amnesia) of the fact that he had spoken
repeatedly throughout the duration of his participation in the project.
That defensiveness regarding sexual content was not effectively blunted
during sleep suggests a considerable degree of sleeping ego involvement
mediating the perception of nocturnal dreams and is not surprising from
either a cultural/sociological point of view, which still regards sex
in a largely defensive manner, or from a more intrapsychic/interpersonal
point of view pertaining to Subject 2 in particular, given certain
information he shared in this regard with Experimenter 1.

These issues aside, it is evident that the subject's experience as
a participant in the project had a powerful impact upon him, as it
also had on Subject 1, once again suggesting that it is unlikely that
dreams can be effectively and scientifically investigated by researchers
who have little or no regard for assessing either the personal signi-
ficance these phenomena have to their subjects or fer assessing the

impact of their own investigative procedures.

114

Subject 3

General Background Information

 

Subject 3 was a 19 year old first year female undergraduate from
western Michigan majoring in pre-med with a core program in psychology.
The most demanding (yet enthusiastic) and psychologically conflicted
subject of the three who participated in the project, Subject 3 was
reared, along with three siblings (an older brother and two younger
sisters), in a family whose father she described as "an alcoholic" and
whose mother she characterized as overly critical and domineering.

Also the least hypnotically susceptible of the three subjects, Subject 3
engaged in a nightly ritual during her participation in the sleep lab
phase of the project in which,she would set her stuffed teddy bear on

a chair next to her bed, attach a small stuffed toy raccoon to the
micrOphone, and beginning midway through her participation in the lab,
would also prop up a framed photograph of her boyfriend on the night-
stand (invariably on the portable cassette tape recorder used during

the preliminary hypnotic imagery tasks), place an artificial rose in a
white ceramic vase next to the photograph, and suspend a card, portraying
a dying Ophelia lying in a pool of water, above her bed.

Although each of the three subjects who participated in the project
expressed the desire to discuss issues related to personal conflicts
on one or more occasions during the twelve nights they spent in the
sleep lab, Subject 3 did so much more frequently than the others,
stating, "I've waited a long time to find someone who was willing to

listen to me."

115

Finally, it should be noted that Subject 3 had been maintaining a
daily dream journal since the time of her participation in the group
hypnosis screening, giving her considerably more experience at morning-
after waking dream recall than either of the other two subjects who
participated in the project. Furthermore, the subject spontaneously
reported during the recruiting meeting that she had a history of sleep
talking that included many recent episodes. During the recruiting
meeting she also became the first Of the three subjects to express the

desire to meet with the other subjects participating in the project.

Night 1

Background information

Stating that she was "depressed" at the outset of Night 1 because
she had been falling behind in her schoolwork, Subject 3 professed that
Ishe had no feelings about spending her first night in the lab, noting
that she hadn't had time to think about it since she was constantly
consumed by "other issues," such as her schoolwork. Complaining at
length about her depression ("Tonight I feel like I almost hate myself")
prior to arriving at the lab, the subject then made several disparaging
remarks about her family, her boyfriend, and finally, the lab itself
after our arrival. In the midst of these complaints she "introduced"
me to her teddy bear (named after her boyfriend), making a point of
inferming me that the hat "he" was wearing was his very own "and
nobody else's."

After unpacking her belongings, the subject indicated that she was
ready to begin the first night's hypnosis. Treatment A was administered

without difficulty or incident, the subject responding to the preliminary

116

hypnotic imagery tasks quickly, after which she received the posthypnotic

suggestion fer rapid induction without any observable signs of resistance.

After being aroused from hypnosis the subject reported that an image

had spontaneously appeared in her mind's eye during the hypnotic induc-

tion, an image of herself sinking slowly through a "warm, dark ocean"

with Experimenter l standing above the water talking down to the sinking

subject, his voice becoming more and more muffled the deeper she sank.

By the conclusion of the depth enhancement procedures, the subject

reported, she had settled comfortably into the "silt at the bottom of

the ocean." At one point she reported having experienced anxiety as

the thought occurred to her that "there are sharks in the ocean."

However, she decided, "This is my ocean and there are no sharks here."
Each night that hypnosis was administered to Subject 3 she reported

experiencing the image of herself sinking into the ocean, an image

that prompted her to purchase the card of Ophelia alluded to earlier,

which she noted, symbolized the hypnotic image itself.

Results

Within one minute following the extinction of the lights in her
room Subject 3 began a revealing monologue that continued non-stop for
ferty-three minutes. Admittedly, and quite obviously, not asleep
throughout her monologue, the subject revealed through its course her
considerable anxiety regarding her participation in the project, her
immaturity, and her constant need (manifested ceaselessly throughout the
duration of her participation in the project) to impress the experimenters

with her creativity and knowledge (particularly her limited knowledge

117

about sleep research), a need later acknowledged by the subject as
symptomatic of deep seated, long standing feelings of low self-esteem.
After finally falling asleep, the subject awakened at 3:30am,
at which time she wrote down the dream reported in her dream questionnaire
for Night 1. After finishin- her report, the subject once again resumed.
a monologue that lasted for eleven minutes, although it was whispered
so softly as to be completely unintelligible. Again, the subject
acknowledged that she had been awake throughout the duration of this
second monologue, spontaneously reporting its occurrence in response to
non—directive inquiries made by Experimenter l in the morning. Not
surprisingly, given her active night, the subject also complained in
the morning, "I'm so tired now I can't think straight."
Given the fact that there were several occasions on which Subject
3 verbalized unintelligibly at considerable length, her night-by-treatment
productivity is presented in Figure 3 on the next page in terms of the
total combined number of minutes contained in her nightly episodes of
nocturnal verbalizations, an episode being operationally defined as an
event in which the subject manifested nocturnal verbalizations containing

periods of silence lasting no longer than sixty consecutive seconds.

Night 2

Background information

Reporting that she was in a "good" mood at the outset of Night 2,
the subject made note of the fact that her participation on Night 1 had
left her "so tired" in the morning that she had napped for several hours

on two separate occasions earlier in the day. Before beginning the

NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT VERBALIZING

]Jl8

Figure 3. Effects of different experimental treatments on production
of nocturnal verbalizations (Subject 3).

110..
105 _
100

95 __ .
90

85

".4
75‘__-
7o__
65

60
-H

55

     

so_
45 _
40

35
h-

30

25

20

15

—

 

 

 

1/A ZIA 3/A 4/E 5/AI 6/E 7/E 8/E 9/E 10/E 11/DI 12/0‘I

NIGHT / TREATMENT

119

hypnotic induction, the subject expressed "skepticism" about the effec-
tiveness of the rapid induction procedure, indicating that she was the
only subject of the three not to manifest a spontaneous posthypnotic
amnesia following the administration of the Treatment A baseline proce-
dures,suggesting further that she was in fact considerably less suscep-
tible to hypnosis than either Subject 1 or Subject 2. I later asked
Subject 3 about her experience during the group hypnosis screening, at
which time it became apparent that her score of twelve on the Harvard
Scale was an artifact, for the subject acknowledged that it had been
"extremely important" to her that she demonstrate both to me and to
herself that she was "as highly susceptible as possible." During
subsequent nights of her participation in the sleep lab fellowing Night
2 the subject displayed spontaneous motor activity during hypnosis that
added further evidence to my reassessment of her hypnotic susceptibility,
which I ultimately assessed to be moderate at best.

Immediately prior to the hypnotic induction on Night 2, the subject
also asked numerous rhetorical questions about delta waves, sleep
stages, and electroencephalography, seemingly intended to impress
Experimenter 1 with the subject's knowledge.

Despite her skepticism, the subject achieved eye closure by the
count of five and experienced no difficulty executing any of the
preliminary hypnotic imagery tasks (it will be recalled that the
execution of hypnotically induced dreams is considered to be of only
moderate difficulty).

After being aroused from hypnosis the subject readied herself for

bed, appearing in a skimpy "baby doll" nightgown when the experimenters

120

re-entered her room to attach the electrodes, a nightgown which the
subject reported she was wearing to "ease the pain" of a sunburn she
had gotten while lying in the sun earlier in the day. After the
electrodes were attached, the subject suddenly stated that she was
feeling "hyper," just as she had felt on Night 1 immediately prior to
the time at which the lights were turned out. Not yet ready to fall
asleep, the subject requested time to write in her journal, a request
which naturally was granted. After writing in her journal for twenty
minutes, the subject signalled that she was finished, at which time

the lights in her room were turned out.

Results

Almost immediately after the lights were turned out on Night 2 the
subject apologized for her previous night's monologue, stating, "I guess
I just took advantage of the situation," after which she remained silent
until 3:32am. At 3:25am the subject awakened and wrote down each of
the three dreams appearing in her dream questionnaire for Night 2.
After finishing her written report, the subject returned to bed and,
despite her apology at the outset of the evening, began another
monologue that was spoken in a whisper and which lasted twenty-six
minutes. 1

After being awakened by the alarm in the morning, the subject fell
back asleep almost immediately. Half an hour later she was reawakened
by Experimenter l, at which time she could recall no dreams other than
those recorded earlier in the night. Once again she also acknowledged

that she had been fully awake during her verbalizations following her

121

nocturnal awakening. Questioned by Experimenter 1 about her monologue
in the face of her apology at the outset of the evening, the subject
reported that she perceived the experimenters to be interested in her
and that whenever she gets "the slightest indication that anybody is
interested in me, I take advantage of the situation and just share
everything and anything that's on my mind."

Finally, it should be noted that during the twenty minute period
that the subject spent writing in her journal immediately prior to the
extinction of the lights in her room on Night 2, she also wrote the
following piece, which she left on the bedside table in the morning
"hoping" that it would be picked up by Experimenter l;

Poe

All my days are trances,

and all my nightly dreams

are where thy dark eye glances

and where thy footstep gleams;

in what ethereal dances,
by what eternal streams...

mine 0 I 0

My mind is lost on a field
where the wind overall is supreme

Would that I could
be like the rock who is stable
even as the wind
torments the grasses with it's indecision

But a reed I am;

and so influenced by the passions
of the breeze that bends me

and tests my sinews,
that sometimes I feel

that I must break

122

Night 3

Background infermation

Because she had an appointment late in the evening near the Olin
Health Center on Night 3 the subject walked to the sleep lab rather
than opting for a ride. Reporting that she was in a "good" mood at
the outset of the evening, the subject engaged Experimenter l in a
forty minute discussion about her family demographics and dynamics prior
to initiating the hypnotic induction, stating at one point that even
though she is the second oldest of four children, "I'm really like the
oldest because my brother is irresponsible and I had to look out for
my sisters."

Once again the subject was administered Treatment A without
difficulty or incident, reporting upon inquiry following the depth
enhancement procedures that she was "settled into the silt up to my
eyes," an imagoic experience that she later likened to her perception
as a child that the safest place in the world was bed, especially with

the sheets pulled up to her eyes.

Results

In contrast to the results of Nights 1 and 2, the subject did not
manifest any nocturnal verbalizations on Night 3. Nevertheless, she
did awaken on two occasions (4:40am and 5:21am), after both of which
she wrote in her dream questionnaire. Upon awakening in the morning
the subject could not recall precisely which portions of her total
report she had written on each of her awakenings, nor could she recall

any other dream content. However, later in the day she wrote a great

123

deal more that is included with her waking dream recall in Appendix F.
Although she reported that she had slept "well" during the night, the
subject also complained that she was feeling "quite tired" shortly

after awakening, just as she had done so on Morning 1.

Night 4

Background information

Reporting that she was feeling "depressed" at the outset of Night
4 as the result of conflicts she was experiencing with her boyfriend at
home, conflicts that had been activated by a telephone conversation
with him earlier in the evening, the subject poured ferth a veritable
torrent of associated material for nearly two hours prior to initiating
the hypnotic induction. In particular, she touched upon her father's
"alcoholism," her mother's disparaging impressions of the subject's
intelligence ("You're not really very intelligent. Everything you've
accomplished has been because you've just worked hard"), the trauma
her sisters are suffering at the hands of her parents' poor relation-
ship, her very low feelings of self-esteem, her overwhelming feelings
of competitiveness with virtually everyone she meets (and her associated
need to constantly impress others), the difficulty she encounters
allowing herself to cry ("When I do finally let myself cry I can't stop
myself. I'm afraid it'll go on forever"), and her feelings that she
is both "weak" and unloveable.

Needless to say, it was a very delicate proposition for Experimenter
l to avoid entering into a clinical or counseling relationship with the

subject in the face of the material she presented. In any case, she

124

was permitted to free associate, with relatively little feedback or
input from Experimenter 1, until she had exhausted her immediate need
to do so, at which point she remarked with tears in her eyes, "I've
been waiting to talk to you like this ever since our (recruiting)
meeting earlier this year."

Given the fact that the subject had Obviously failed to manifest
any nocturnal verbalizations pertaining to hypnogogic or dream imagery
during baseline Nights 1, 2, and 3, despite her lengthy monologues on
Nights 1 and 2, Night 4 had been selected as the first night to administer
Treatment E in an initial attempt to elicit the target behavior (Treat—
ments B and C having been eliminated from the remainder of the project
‘ by Experimenter l in consultation with Dr. Aniskiewicz because of ethical
concerns on the part of both investigators regarding the apparently
needless and counterproductive provocation of anxiety seemingly engendered
by these two "authoritarian" treatments). Nevertheless, Experimenter l
was concerned about the subject's emotional state following her discus-
sion/free association and inquired as to whether or not she wished to
proceed with Night 4 as originally planned, reassuring the subject that
the project had enough flexibility built in to accommodate a few nights
in which no "experiments" might be undertaken. In response to Experi-
menter l's inquiries, the subject reported that she felt "much better"
than she had at the outset of the evening and wished to proceed "as usual."
Experimenter 1 then introduced the "new experiment," explaining the
rationale behind the procedure involving the administration of the
hypnotic induction in bed exactly as he had done so with Subjects 1

and 2. Subject 3 accepted the rationale with equanimity and then prepared

125'

herself for bed, after which the electrodes were attached and Treatment

E administered without difficulty or incident.

Results

In a truly prodigious output, Subject 3 manifested five discrete
episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total of one
thousand one hundred twenty-six intelligible words, a figure which does
not account for seventy three minutes of whispering that was of such a
low volume as to be completely unintelligible. The bulk of that which
could be understood occurred during the first twenty-four minutes of
the night and was clearly imagoically related, in contrast to the
subject's monologues on Nights 1 and 2. Furthermore, the subject
manifested a verbalization that was apparently a derivative of an
unconscious psychological conflict and which was accompanied by a great
deal of dystonia and anxiety. Nevertheless, the subject acknowledged
in the morning that not only was she fully aware of the posthypnotic
suggestion that had been administered on Night 4 but that she had also
been awake during Episodes 1, 4, and S, the last two of which occurred
following a spontaneous awakening at 4:OOam. Asked how she felt about
the suggestion and the sleep talking task, the subject replied that she
was "excited" by the prospect of working together with Experimenter l
on something that might prove useful to science. Asked what might have
motivated her to talk fer so long while awake when the instructions
clearly stated that she should verbalize her dreams and dream-like
imagery after she had fallen asleep, the subject replied that it was
difficult for her to "know when I'm asleep" and that she had therefore

consciously elected to speak while awake, reasoning that she would

126

continue, thereafter, to speak during sleep without having to assess
whether or not she was actually asleep at any given moment. Furthermore,
the subject also stated that she had understood the instructions to mean

that she was expected to speak continuously, non-stop throughout the

 

entire night and that anything less would constitute a "failure" on
her part, although she acknowledged once she had shared these percep-
tions with Experimenter 1 that all of this "doesn't now make any sense."
Given the performance anxiety the subject evidently experienced on
Night 4, it is not surprising that she awakened during the night and
spoke thereafter for nearly an hour. Nor is it surprising that the
subject awakened to her alarm in the morning feeling fatigued and
unable to recall any dreams from the night, for she could-not have

slept for more than four hours.

Night 5

Background information

Reporting that she was "not feeling very good" at the outset of
Night 5, the subject added that she had attempted to nap earlier in the
day but only "tossed and turned for half an hour." Stating, "I'll be
surprised if I'm not sick by the end of this experiment," a statement
which had a great deal of impact on Experimenter l in light of the
subject's remark during her monologue on Night 2 that "I'm very rarely
sick. I can think I won't get sick and I don't...," the subject then
launched into a series of complaints regarding the project which, she
stated, was "depriving" her of her sleep "because I'm supposed to talk
all night long and I have to get up to write down my dreams in the

middle of the night." Reminded by Experimenter 1 that she had never

127

been instructed or requested to "talk all night long," a misunderstanding
or misperception on her part that had seemingly (though obviously not
actually) been clarified on Morning 4, and that shg_had taken it upon
herself to write down her dreams in the middle of the night, since she
had only been requested to do so after she had awakened in the morning,
the subject was informed that her good health was necessary to the
continuation of her participation in the project and that she was there-
fere specifically requested by Experimenter 1 not to talk or write down
her dreams at any_time during Night 5, from the time that the lights
were extinguished in her room until the alarm clock rang in the

morning.

As may be evident at this point to the discerning reader, the
subject's behavior elicited something of a negative countertransference
reaction in Experimenter 1 who, throughout the duration of the subject's
participation in the project (including those nights preceding Night 5),
attempted to process and conceptualize, with the assistance of Experi-
menters 2, 4, and 5, fairly frequent feelings of anger aroused by the
subject's oftentimes demanding behavior in an effort to work through
those aspects of his anger related to countertransference, which, had
it remained largely unrecognized, might have impaired Experimenter l's
inherently imperfect ability to make objective observations beyond
any semblance of scientific acceptability.

In any case, the subject's complaints provided Experimenter l with
an opportunity to administer a modified version of baseline Treatment
A1, modified in the manner done so with Subject 2 on Night 10 of his

participation in the project when, for different reasons, it also became

128

necessary to instruct the subject in the waking state not to verbalize
anything during the night.

Subject 3 appeared to accept Experimenter l's statement regarding
her health at face value and at no time gave any observable indication
that she was either aware of Experimenter l's_feelings of anger or that
his reminders regarding the nature of the posthypnotic suggestion and
dream questionnaire instructions were in any way unsettling. To the
contrary, the subject seemed reassured by the experimenter's cOncern
for her well-being and health and was administered Treatment A1 without
encountering any difficulty whatsoever during the execution of the
preliminary hypnotic imagery tasks.

In closing, it should be noted that Night 5 was the night on
which the subject supplemented her nightly decorative ritual with the

photograph of her boyfriend; the card of Ophelia, and a stuffed toy

rabbit, heretofere unmentioned.

Results

As expected, Subject 3 failed to manifest any nocturnal verbaliza-
tions or even awaken on Night 5. Reporting that she was feeling "quite
good" after awakening in the morning, the subject both looked and
expressed that she was feeling more rested and refreshed than she had
felt previously. Furthermore, the subject found herself capable of
recalling her dreams upon awakening in the morning once again, spending

more than thirty minutes to complete her dream questionnaire.

129

Night 6

Background information

As she had done so on Night 4, the subject once again poured forth
a great number of concerns, conflicts, and feelings to Experimenter 1
prior to beginning the hypnotic induction on Night 6. Although most of
what she revealed recapitulated her statements made on Night 4, the
subject added one new note of significance, stating, then elaborating
upon, the fact that she has a great deal of anxiety and "fear" regarding
sex.

After exhausting her need to discuss these issues once again, the
subject readied herself for bed. The electrodes were then attached and,
prior to beginning the hypnotic induction, Experimenter l summarized
and discussed the gist of the Treatment E posthypnotic suggestion (which
he was to administer on Night 6) with the subject in an effort to clarify
once and fer all any misunderstanding regarding the procedure. Once
again the subject expressed her concerns about having to make the
distinction between sleep and wakefulness, requesting that she be
permitted to verbalize her waking imagery as she fell asleep in order
to relieve her of this burden. Naturally, her request has accommodated
and given sanction, after which Treatment E was administered without

difficulty or incident.

Results
In response to the modified version of Treatment E administered on
Night 6 (modified in that it was preceded by the waking summary just

described), Subject 3 manifested seven discrete episodes of nocturnal

130

verbalizations comprising a grand total of fifty-four intelligible
words, a figure that is far below the number actually spoken. Never-
theless, virtually all of the words verbalized during Night 6 were done
so during Episodes 1 and 7, both of which the subject acknowledged to
have occurred while she was awake, Episode 7 occurring after the subject
awakened just prior to the time at which the alarm had been set to ring
in the morning.

Volunteering that "I feel surprisingly good this morning" when
Experimenter I entered her room to remove the electrodes, the subject
once again was able to recall dream content upon awakening, which she

wrote in her dream questionnaire immediately thereafter.

Night 7

Background information

Shortly after being picked up at her dormitory on Night 7 the
subject stated that she wished to know whether or not she had spoken in
her sleep during Night 6. Experimenter I responded that the data had
not yet been analyzed adequately, but that based upon crude infermal
estimates there was a possibility that the subject had spoken in her
sleep. Despite the cautious, conservative way in which this feedback
was phrased, the subject interpreted it as an unqualified endorsement
of her ability to manifest in-process dream verbalizations, exclaiming
with obvious excitement, "Great! I wasn't sure that I was capable of
doing it."

Upon arriving at the lab, the subject unveiled the artificial

rose and vase alluded to earlier, which she now added to her nightly

131

decorative ritual. Prior to beginning the hypnotic induction the
subject revealed that she had been encountering social pressure from
friends and acquaintances regarding her participation in the project
("You're letting them mess with your mind"), just as had been the case
with Subject 2. The subject also noted that she had napped twice
earlier in the day, during both of which she had dreamed vividly.
Immediately prior to beginning the hypnotic induction the subject
expressed anxiety about her performance on Night 6, requesting feedback
from Experimenter l as to what would constitute "a good performance."
Experimenter l emphasized that not only was this exploratory research
for which there was no established normative data from which to assess
a subject's perfermance, the only'matter of importance in any case
was that the subject simply try to execute the suggested tasks to the
best of her ability. Following this interaction the subject was

administered Treatment E without difficulty or incident.

Results

Although virtually all of her speech on Night 7 was whispered
unintelligibly, Subject 3 manifested five discrete episodes of nocturnal
verbalizations comprising of a grand total of twenty-five intelligible
words in response to Treatment E. Once again, however, she acknowledged
that she was awake and aware that she was speaking "the first ten
minutes or so" of the night, although a speculative analysis based on
her body movements during the night suggests that she did not fall
asleep any sooner than twenty-five minutes following the extinction of
the lights in her room, which would indicate that virtually all of her

speech occurred while she was awake.

132

Reporting that she felt "tired" in the morning even though she
had slept "well," the subject once again recalled dream content upon
awakening that she wrote in her dream questionnaire, both in the lab

and at home later in the day.

. Night 3

Background infermation

Reporting that she was feeling "depressed" at the outset of Night
8, the subject briefly discussed with Experimenter l a conflict she
was experiencing regarding the men in her life prior to beginning the
hypnotic induction. Following this discussion, the subject once again
requested feedback regarding her performance. Experimenter l infermed
the subject that while he did not know whether or not the subject was
actually asleep when she spoke during the night, since the data had not
yet been analyzed, the subject invariably spoke more during the early
stages of the night and considerably less so during the later stages of
the night. Asked what he meant by later stages of the night, the
experimenter responded, "Say roughly 4am or later," a seemingly innocuous
statement that, as will be seen, took on great importance for the subject.
After sharing this feedback, Treatment E was administered once again

without incident.

Results

Manifesting four discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations
comprising a grand total of eleven intelligible words, the subject
completely reversed her former pattern, remaining silent until she

awakened precisely at 4am, at which point she wrote in her dream

133

questionnaire for fifteen minutes, after which she returned to bed and
whispered unintelligibly for twenty-three minutes, a period during
which the subject later acknowledged she had been awake (Episode 1).
Upon awakening in the morning (and, subsequently, later that day) the
subject wrote additional material in her dream questionnaire and, upon
inquiry, reported that she had no awareness of having spoken at any
time other than during the period following her 4am awakening. During
the ride back to her dorm in the morning the subject pressed Experimenter
l fer feedback regarding the performance of the other subjects who had
already participated in the project, as well as feedback regarding

her performance the night before. Pointing out that to share feedback
regarding the performance of others would run the risk Of biasing the
subject, Experimenter I declined the subject's first request. Told that
she.may_have spoken at times other than those of which she had been
aware (no deception intended here-~the subject's whispering was so soft
that Experimenter 1 could not be sure when or if she had spoken prior

to reviewing the tapes), the subject became very excited, again taking
a highly qualified probability statement as an unqualified statement

of fact.

Night 9

Background infermation

Behaving in a manner that might be best described as somewhat manic
or hyperactive, the subject reported that she had been "flying" ever
since she had been dropped off at her dorm earlier that morning. Her

body visibly trembling at the outset of Night 9, the subject exclaimed

134

triumphantly, "I know I can do it! I know I can talk for the entire
night!" Adding that she had been telling "everyone" about her "accom-
plishment" on Night 8 throughout the day, the subject reported that by
8:30pm she had exhausted herself to the point where she needed to nap,
which she did until 9:30pm. Literally shaking as she spoke, the
subject also stated that she felt excited because she now felt "in
control of my unconscious" and because she felt she was now making an
important contribution to the project.

Upon arriving at the lab the subject retired to her room for thirty
minutes to write in her journal, after which she signalled that she
was ready to begin the hypnotic induction. Prior to administering the
hypnotic induction, however, Experimenter l engaged the subject in a
far ranging discussion designed to uncover (within limits) the psycho-
dynamic foundation upon which the subject's repeated misinterpretations
of the experimenter's cautiously worded feedback regarding her nocturnal
verbalizations was based. Little progress was made in this regard, for
the subject was so eager to begin the hypnotic induction that she
expressed little patience for Experimenter 1's inquiries. In what
proved to be a naively conceptualized attempt to relieve some of the
obviously inevitable performance anxiety that the subject would later
experience during Night 9, Experimenter 1 pointed out to the subject
that there was no evidence suggesting that anyone ever dreamed continuously
throughout an entire night and that it was not only unrealistic for the
subject to believe that she could do so, but that the purpose of this
investigation was not to demonstrate that such a phenomenon could be

elicited in the first place. Adding fuel to the fire, the experimenter's

135

remarks only served to make the subject more adament, for she insisted
not only that shg_could prove that it could be done, but that she would
also demonstrate that she could "talk more than the other subjects"

who had previously participated in the project. Realizing that it was

fruitless to attempt any further intervention, Experimenter l adminis-

tered Treatment E without incident, the subject reporting upon inquiry
following the hypnotic depth enhancement procedures that she had "sunk"
through "three oceans" for the first time and that during the hypnotic

induction her body had "swelled to five times its normal bulk," which

made her "sink like a stone."

Results

In the most prodigious output displayed during her twelve night
stay in the lab,the subject manifested three discrete episodes of
nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total of two thousand
seven hundred ninety-six intelligible words, all but eleven of which
were whispered or spoken during Episode 1, which consumed seventy-two
of the first seventy-three minutes of the night. As can be seen in the
transcripts from Night 9 (Appendix E), the subject once again revisual-
ized the highly anxiety arousing image that first appeared on Night 4,
although the revisualization on Night 9 was considerably longer and more
intense. Nevertheless, the subject acknowledged in the morning that
she had been awake throughout Episode 1, as is clearly evident in the
annotations accompanying the transcripts from Night 9. Furthermore,
and predictably, the subject also reported that she had been "really

tense" during the early stages of the night.

.136

Unable to recall any verbalizations other than those of Episode 1
(although she of course manifested two additional, brief episodes),
the subject was downcast, feeling that she had been "a failure" on
Night 9. Nevertheless, she wrote at length in her dream questionnaire
immediately after awakening in the morning and, it should be noted,
left the following poetry on the bedside table for Experimenter 1,
poetry she had written during the time she had retired to her room
prior to the hypnotic induction on Night 9:

I am

a raglan wayfarer

vagabond of the night-

My nocturnal musings freed

only because they are captured on tape.

The solitary anticipations
of the nightly realm
dart through me
past me
envelop me
and I am both a prisoner and a master

Have none before me suffered
the contradiction
of clutching with iron grip
of dewy expirations

of the butterfly dreams?

How is it--that to me
the sweetest melody lies
in the dischord of capturing the uncapturable
of penetrating the impermeable?

Nightly
I strike mighty blows
to a hitherto immutable wall,
and lay fast the bricks of my
greater existence.

Daily,
I revel in the victory
of this eternal bloodless battle

137

Ah--
sleep
dream
sweet repose
I am the conqueror
I am_the butterfly!

Night 10

Background infermation

Stating that she was feeling "somewhat humbled" by her "failure"
on Night 9, the subject was very subdued at the outset of Night 10, in
striking contrast to her "hyperactive" behavior the previous night.
In a lengthy "confession" prior to beginning the hypnotic induction the
subject discussed with surprising clarity her painful feelings of low
self-esteem which, she stated, ultimately led her to repeatedly place
unreasonable expectatiOns and demands upon herself in support of her
characterological defense (reaction formation) against the chronic
pain associated with her low self-esteem, a defense which developmentally
has evolved into a boastful, egocentric character armor. Stating that
she now had a much clearer understanding of the nature of scientific and,
particularly, exploratory research, the subject expressed chagrin at
what she now recognized to have been her "stubborn" distortions of
Experimenter 1's feedback regarding her performance in the project and
her "disregard" for his attempts to caution her against formulating
unreasonable expectations on Night 9.

Given the fact that the demand characteristics and response to
Treatment E on Night 4 and Nights 6-9 fluctuated significantly while the
treatment per se remained constant on those nights, Experimenter 1

concluded that the best course of action on Night 10 would be to

138

administer Treatment E once again so as not to introduce yet another

set of variables in what had become a complex response matrix, particu-
larly in light of the subject's comments which suggested still another
alteration in her perceptions regarding the project and her participation
in it.

After being informed, in response to her inquiry, that the same
procedure would be followed on Night 10 as had been followed the previous
feur nights, the subject once again asked for permission to verbalize
her waking imagery so as not to be burdened with the responsibility of
having to distinguish sleep from wakefulness. Naturally, her request
was granted, after which Treatment E was administered without

difficulty or incident.

Results

In sharp contrast to her perfermanceon Night 9, the subject
manifested five discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising
a grand total of five hundred sixty-seven intelligible words, all but
twenty-two of which were whispered or spoken during Episodes 1 and 2,
both of which, the subject acknowledged, occurred while she was awake,
although she experienced considerable difficulty trying to recall their
content in the morning. Episodes 3-5 were not alluded to at any time
by the subject, who claimed to have no awareness of any verbalizations
other than those she recalled from Episodes 1 and 2. Reporting that she
felt "fine" in the morning, the subject wrote at length in her dream
questionnaire immediately upon awakening. Especially interesting was
the fact that she did not request feedback at any time regarding

her performance the previous night.

139

Night 11

Background information

Reporting that she was feeling "tired" from a hectic day of school-
work and appearing subdued just as she had the night before, the
subject retired to her room in the lab for forty minutes in order to
flesh out the notes she had written in her dream questionnaire earlier
that morning. After completing her work the subject signalled that she
was ready to have the electrodes attached. Once accomplished, the
subject expressed sadness that the project was nearing its conclusion,
stating that it seemed as though she had been participating for "quite
awhile" and that "it's going to seem strange to sleep in my own bed."

Interested in observing the subject's response to the suggested
sleep talking task without the benefit of hypnosis, Experimenter 1

then administered Treatment 01 as he had done so with Subject 2.

Results

In response to Treatment D1 on Night 11 the subject manifested six
discrete episodes of nocturnal verbalizations comprising a grand total
of four hundred thirty-eight intelligible words, virtually all of which
were spoken during the first fourteen minutes of the night, a time
during which the subject acknowledged that she was awake. Stating that
she feund it "difficult to get started" with her waking verbalizations,
the subject reported that unlike the nights when she fell asleep
directly after experiencing hypnosis, she found her mind "filled with
thoughts" rather than imagery on Night 11. Once she began to speak,

however, she found that her thoughts were supplanted by images.

140

Although she awakened briefly around 6am, the subject could not
recall any verbalizations other than those she manifested at the outset
of the night. Once again, however, she had little or no difficulty
recalling dream content on her dream questionnaire, in which she wrote
for thirty minutes immediately after being awakened by her alarm clock

in the morning.

Night 12

Background informatiOn

Expressing a great deal of "sadness" that her participation in
the project was ending, the subject once again poured forth a torrent
of feelings and concerns for over one hour prior to readying herself for
bed. Stating that "here in the lab I'm somebody; I'll be just a nobody
again tomorrow," the subject expressed a desire to Experimenter l to
"remain your friend," which she doubted would occur because "I'm just
a guinea pig to you." The subject immediately qualified her statement,
adding that her perceptions had "nothing" to do with anything Experimenter
1 had said or done, since "it's evident that you tried hard to make the
experiment a personal experience and I would have felt this way no
matter what you did."

Adding that she had always been looking fer a "mentor" like
Experimenter l, the subject immediately associated her remark to her
poor relationship with her father and her feeling that she is unloved
by her family. After exhausting her need to talk, the subject readied
herself for bed, was reminded of the termination interview, and was

administered Treatment D1 once again.

141

Results

Manifesting one discrete episode of nocturnal verbalizations
comprising a grand total of five hundred twenty intelligible words at
the outset of Night 12, the subject awakened feeling "disappointed
because I hardly said anything falling asleep last night." Nevertheless,
she once again wrote a great deal in her dream questionnaire immediately
upon awakening in the morning, after which she packed her belongings and

the termination interview was conducted.

Termination Interview

 

Given the fact that the subject was clearly aware of the purpose
of this investigation and had full awareness of all hypnotic procedures
administered, the termination interview was very brief. Asked what had
motivated her to decorate the lab with her belongings each night, the
subject first complained about the "ugliness" of the posters that
experimenters had hung on the walls, as well as the "ugliness" of the
overstuffed chair, not to mention the fact that it gas_after all a
hospital room, the subject then stated that she also wanted to make the
lab as personal as possible "so that it would be mine and not just
like the lab the other people slept in." Following this interaction,
the subject was paid for her participation and reminded that she would

be contacted shortly for a brief follow-up interview.

Follow-Up Interview
Seventeen days after her termination interview the subject partici-
pated in a follow-up interview. In a buoyant mood at the outset of the

interview, she proudly presented a journal/scrapbook in which she was

142

continuing to record her morning-after waking dream recall and in which
she had collected memorabilia from the project, such as the written
summary presented her at the recruiting meeting and what appeared to be
a photOOOpy of the check Experimenter 1 had presented her at the conclu-
sion of the termination interview. Astonishingly, however, the "photo-
copy" turned out to be a minutely detailed hand drawn replica of the
check that was stunning in its realism.

In addition to collecting memorabilia, the subject also had
recorded details of her participation in the project, which she planned
to use as the basis for a paper about the investigation that she expected
to write later in the year. In this regard, she requested that she be
mailed copies of her sleep lab dream questionnaire after Experimenter 1
had completed his data analysis.

During the interview proper, the subject reported that she had
experienced no after effects from her participation in the project,
but that she had begun to talk in her sleep (according to her roommate)
immediately after Experimenter 1 had contacted her to arrange a date for
the follow-up interview, stating "I thought somebody was there in my
room listening to me" on the night she spoke in her sleep. Adding that
she "misses the experiment..., feeling important, having someone
interested in me," the subject noted, "I looked at myself more in the
experiment, became more introspective" than she does normally. Since
the termination of the project, she also found that her hypnogogic
imagery was "not nearly as vivid," nor did it arise "as frequently and
as easily" as it did on nights when she fell asleep directly out of a

state of hypnosis in the lab. Adding further comments about her

143

hypnotically mediated hypnogOgic imagery, the subject recalled:

My imagery was more fluid under hypnosis than it was without

it in the lab, or than it is right now when I'm falling

asleep. It was more connected by shapes, like watching clouds
changing shapes and forms...I can remember that my hypnotic
images seemed to have a lot more color and detail than my
dreams seemed to have when I was asleep. Under hypnosis things
became more focused, like a camera zooming in. Even when I
tried to keep macroscopic view, the camera sometimes zoomed

in on its own. Everything, the images, seemed to happen without
(volition) under hypnosis. The only thing I felt I was
consciously controlling was my verbal reporting.

Asked if she could recall having consciously censored anything from
her verbal reporting, the subject responded:

There were one or two instances in which I remember consciously

screening images from my reporting. These images were of the

male sex organs and I quickly and consciously blocked them

from my mind's eye by simply turning my mind's eye away from

them because it would have embarrassed me to report them to

you. It was still in the corner of my mind's eye but I

figured if I didn't look at it, it would just give up and go

away.

Asked if such images or thoughts caused embarrassment when
experienced alone, the subject stated that they did not and that it

was clearly the notion of having to share these images with the

experimenters that caused her to feel embarrassed.

Data Summary and Analysis

 

Treatment effects

Presented alone, Figure 3 is misleading, for it omits volumes of
data already presented and, to some extent, discussed, without which
the reader might be led to draw faulty conclusions concerning treatment
effects. At the most general level, we can conclude that the treatments

designed to elicit the target behavior (Treatments E and 01) had the

144

effect of eliciting nocturnal verbalizations that were primarily
descriptive of visual imagery, as opposed to the thought-like verbali-
zations associated with Treatment A. More specifically, however,
productivity per se fluctuated in a manner that can only be accounted
for by a night by night analysis of the demand characteristics created
by an interaction between the dynamics of the experimental treatments
themselves and the subject's ever changing perceptions, motivations,
and needs.

For example, Subject 3 spoke for nearly fifty-five minutes on
Night 1 following the administration of Treatment A, a compound function
of the subject's perception that the experimenters were interested in
her, her need to inundate those she perceives to be interested in her
with "everything and anything that's on my mind," and the availability
of a microphone with which to meet her needs. Similarly, comparable
demand characteristics existed on Night 2, modulated by the subject's
feeling of guilt that she had "taken advantage of the situation,"
resulting in a diminished level of productivity.

By Night 3, the subject had been interrogated by Experimenter 1
regarding the motivations behind her nocturnal verbalizations, leaving
her feeling "embarrassed" and wondering "if I'm abnormal." Consequently,
the demand characteristics were altered and the subject remained silent
throughtout the night.

On Night 4 Treatment E was introduced, after which the subject
manifested her most productive night of the twelve she spent in the
lab, primarily a function of her perception that she was expected to

speak for the entire duration of the night. As already stated, there

145

was also an alteration in the content of her verbalizations in response
to Treatment E over that contained in her verbalizations made in conjunc-
tion with the administration of Treatment A.

Specifically instructed to remain silent on Night 5 for reasons
described in detail earlier in this chapter, the subject executed the
suggested task perfectly that night. Having been informed on Nights 6
and 7 that her perception of Treatment E on Night 4 had been incorrect,
and that she was n9£_expected to verbalize for the entirety of the
night, the subject cut back drastically on her output. Nevertheless,
yet another set of demand characteristics was created on Night 8
when the subject asked for and received feedback regarding her previous
perfermance, feedback which led her to perceive incorrectly that not
only had it been confirmed that she had manifested the target behavior
but that she had "failed" to perform up to standards by manifesting
relatively fewer verbalizations during the later stages of the night
("Say roughly after 4am or later," were the words spoken by Experimenter
1, it will be recalled) than she had manifested during the earlier
stages of the night. Consequently, the subject demonstrated an observ-
able and significant boost in her productivity on Night 8, a clear
function of these newly created demand characteristics, fer the
subject awakened at 4am, after which she manifested virtually all of
the nocturnal verbalizations appearing in the graphed results of Figure
3 for the night.

By Night 9 yet another set of demand characteristics had been
created by the subject's perception that she had developed the ability

to dream and verbalize non-stop for an entire night and by her need to

146

demonstrate that she was more capable than the other subjects partici-
pating in the project. Accordingly, she manifested another sharp
increase in her productivity which fell short only of her prodigious
output on Night 4, a night in which related demand characteristics came
into play.

By Night 10, however, the subject had been "humbled" by experiences
already described earlier in this chapter, once again creating a new
set of demand characteristics similar to those created on Nights 6 and 7
following the subject's huge output on Night 4. Accordingly, her output
on Night 10 was quite similar to her modulated output on Nights 6 and 7.

Finally, the subject was administered Treatment D1 (no hypnosis)
on Nights 11 and 12, manifesting a level of productivity comparable to
the modulated output associated with Treatment E on Nights 6, 7, and 10,
a finding which suggests that for Subject 3, Treatments E and D1 were
equally effective in terms of sheer productivity on those occasions
when the cathexis of the subject's psychological conflicts to this
investigation temporarily went into remission, as it were, in response
to events already described (qualitative differences experienced by
Subject 3 between Treatments E and D1, regarding the enhanced production
of visual imagery under hypnosis similar to those experienced by
subjects 1 and 2, have also been described earlier in this chapter).

As was the case with Subjects 1 and 2, there was little superficial
variance in the nature of Subject 3's self—reported mood prior to the
administration of the experimental treatments. However, unlike Subjects

1 and 2, Subject 3's mood, as can be seen in Table 7, was of an ego

dystonic rather than an ego syntonic nature far more often than it was

147

not, a fact which, as already stated, apparently had a profound effect

on the outcome of the experimental treatments when analyzed from a

psychodynamic point of view. Given the facts that there were no anoma-
lies in response to the experimental treatments and only one morning on
which the subject failed to recall any dream content in the lab (a fact

already accounted for), it is obvious that these two variables need not

be examined further.

 

Table 7. Self-reported mood prior to administration of different
experimental treatments, anomalies in response to adminis-

tration of treatments/preliminary imagery tasks, and presence
of morning—after waking dream recall.

 

Night Treatment Mood
l A "depressed"
2 A "good"
3 A "good"
4 E "depressed"
5 A' "not very good"
6 E "depressed"
7 E "good"
8 E "depressed"
9 E "tense"
10 E "humbled"
11 D' "tired"
12 0' "sad"

Anomalies

none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none

Recall

 

yes
yes
yes
no

yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

 

Validity of treatment effects

Following the criteria established to assess the validity of the

nocturnal verbalizations manifested by Subjects 1 and 2, Table 8 is

presented below to serve as a basis from which to assess the nocturnal

verbalizations manifested by Subject 3.

148

 

Table 8. Estimated times of sleep onset and occurrence of first
REM period on nights containing nocturnal verbalizations.

 

 

Night Lights Out Body Mbvement Sleep Onset 13t REM
1 12:04am 1:26am 12:46-12:56am 1:46—2:16am
2 (see speculative analysis below)

4 12:59am 2:47am 2:07— 2:17am 3:07-3:37am

6 2:36am 3:11am 2:36- 2:41am 3:36—4:06am

7 12:18am 1:23am 12:43-12:53am 1:43-2:13am

8 (see speculative analysis below)

9 12:31am 2:27am 1:47- 1:57am 2:47-3:17am
10 12:52am 1:50am 1:10- 1:20am 1:10-2:40am
11 11:47pm 12:49am 12:09-12:19am 1:09-1:39am
12 1:47am 3:13am 2:33- 2:43am 3:33-4:03am

 

Based upon the estimates described in Table 8, Subject 3's nocturnal

verbalizations may be speculatively analyzed as follows:

Night 1: Episode 1 was acknowledged by the subject to have occurred
while she was awake and, given both its content and the context in
which it was elicited, cannot even be considered to be the product of
hypnogogic imagery, with the exception of the last two minutes of the
episode when the subject spontaneously began to describe her visual
imagery at a point which remarkably coincides with the earliest estimate
of sleep onset. Episode 2 also occurred during a time which the subject
acknowledged she was fully awake. However, since the entire episode was

unintelligible it cannot be analyzed further.

Night 2: Both Episodes 1 and 2 were acknowledged by the subject
to have occurred while she was awake. When coupled with their content,
this fact makes it clear that neither episode was dream related or the

product of hypnogogic imagery.

149

Night 4: Episode 1 was acknowledged by the subject to have
occurred while she was awake and is therefore considered to be a product
of hypnogogic imagery. Episode 2 occurred just a few minutes prior to
the earliest estimate of sleep onset and, given the qualitative differ-
ences in both its content and verbal delivery when compared with Episode
1, most likely was a product of hypnogogic imagery occurring in the
"twilight zone" during the transition from Stage 0 wakefulness to Stage
1 NREM sleep. 0f added interest, the subject had no waking memory of
this brief verbalization. Episode 3 occurred thirteen minutes after
the latest estimated onset of the first REM period of the night and
was therefore most likely REM related or the product of Stage 2.descend-
ing NREM sleep. Episodes 4 and 5, however, both occurred during times

that the subject acknowledged she had been awake and, given the fact

that they were entirely unintelligible, cannot be analyzed further.

Night 6: Episode 1 occurred prior to the earliest estimated onset
of sleep and was also acknowledged by the subject to have occurred
while she was awake. Consequently, Episode 1 may be considered a mani-
festation of hypnogogic imagery. Episodes 2 and 3, on the other hand,
both occurred well beyond the latest estimated onset of sleep and are
most likely the products of the first Stage 4 NREM sleep of the night.
Episode 4 falls directly within the estimated range of times for the
onset of the first REM period of the night. Episode 5, occurring seventy-
five minutes later, falls within the acceptable range of times separating
REM periods in the 90—minute sleep cycle, indicating that it may have

been a product of the second REM period of the night. Episode 6 also

150

falls within the acceptable range of times separating REM periods in the
sleep cycle, based upon the latest estimate of the onset of the first
REM period of the night. However, it is unlikely that both Episodes 5
and 6 were products of the same (second) REM period. At the very least,
it is fairly safe to conclude that theyboth occurred during sleep,
particularly given the subject's lack of awareness regarding these
verbalizations. Episode 7, on the other hand, was acknowledged by the
subject to have occurred after she had awakened shortly before her
alarm was to have rung in the morning. Consequently, although we,do

not know the content of this verbalization, it may have been a product

of hypnopompic imagery (that which occurs as we awaken from sleep).

Night 7: Episodes 1-3 all occurred prior to the earliest estimated
onset of sleep and are therefbre the products of hypnogogic imagery at
best, the subject acknowledging that she had awareness of at least
Episode 1 as it occurred. Episodes 4 and S, on the other hand, both
occurred well within the estimated range of times predicting the second
REM period of the night. Given the fact that they were separated by
only nine minutes, there is a strong possibility that both episodes were

products of the same REM period.

Night 8: Episode 1 occurred during a time which the subject
acknowledged she was awake and, although its content remains a mystery,
was probably a product of hynogogic imagery. Based upon the subject's
body movements at 5:34am, Episodes 2-4 would qualify as the products
of NREM sleep if the method of estimating the onset of sleep is accurate

following a lengthy nocturnal awakening such as that which occurred at

151

4am. In any case, the subject had no waking memories of having manifested

Episodes 2—4.

Night 9: Episode 1 clearly occurred prior to the earliest estimated
onset of sleep with full waking awareness on the part of the subject,
making it a product of hypnogogic imagery at best. Episode 2 occurred
shortly after the earliest estimated onset of sleep and is speculatively
analyzed to have been a product of Stage 1 NREM sleep. .Episode 3
occurred within the estimated range of onset of the second REM period

of the night and is speculatively analyzed to be REM related.

Night 10: Episode 1 occurred prior to the earliest estimated

onset of sleep with full waking awareness on the part of the subject

and is therefbre speculatively analyzed to be the product of hypnogogic
imagery. Episode 2 coincides with the earliest estimated onset of sleep
and is therefore considered to be a product of either the "twilight"
transition from wakefulness to sleep or Stage 1 NREM sleep. Episodes
3-5, all occurring within a span of five minutes, each fall within the
acceptable estimated range of times for the second REM period of the

night.

Night 11: Episodes 1 and 2, verbalized with the full waking aware-
ness of the subject, both occurred prior to the earliest estimated onset
of sleep and are therefore considered to be the products of hypnogogic
imagery. Episode 3 corresponds with the estimated time of sleep onset.
Episode 4 falls within the estimated range of times for the second REM
period, while Episodes 5 and 6 fall within the estimated range of times

for the fourth REM period of the night.

152

Night 12: Episode 1 not only occurred before the earliest estimated
onset of sleep, it was acknowledged by Subject 3 to have occurred while
she was awake and is thus speculatively analyzed to be the product of

hypnogogic imagery.

Content Analysis

 

As can be seen by reviewing the transcripts located in Appendix E,
the content of Subject 3's nocturnal verbalizations ranged from waking,
thought-like free associative material not related to visual or dream
imagery, to fairly static descriptions of visual imagery speculatively
analyzed to have been the products of hypnogogic imagery, to truncated
phrases too brief and/or out of context to constitute illuminating
descriptions of ongoing dreams, phrases which were speculatively
analyzed to have been the products of NREM or REM dreams. Virtually
all of the subject's nocturnal verbalizations occurred while she was
awake, a fact which most likely accounts for the striking resemblance
between her so—called hypnogogic imagery and typical waking free imagery,
in that both products contain numerous associative shifts in visual
content with derivatives of underlying conflict occasionally emerging,
accompanied by symptoms of anxiety and/or affective reactions, as was
the case with Subject 3 on Nights 4 and 9.

Turning to an assessment of the different circumstances of obser-
vation and their apparent effects on the content of the subject's

reported dream or dream-like imagery, Table 9 is presented below.

153

 

Table 9. Total number of mutually agreed upon independently scored
incidents of sexual interactions, aggressive interactions,
and emotions appearing in the content of dream reports
elicited under different circumstances of observation.

 

Total # of
Source §g§_ Agggession Emotions Words Reported
Post-Gp. Hyp. Quest. 2 4 25 3402
Pre-Lab Quest. 3 5 15 3097
Nocturnal Verb. 0 6 6 5685
Sleep Lab Quest. 1 10 20 5976

 

Given the fact that Subject 3's written dream recall was generally
much lengthier than that provided by Subjects 1 and 2, and that her
written narratives often supplied detailed descriptions of ongoing
activities and conversations occurring in her dreams, rather than
strictly condensed summaries, her written dream questionnaire narratives
are more directly comparable to her nocturnal verbalizations than were
those of Subjects 1 and 2 (the number of words reported by Subject 3
in her post-group hypnosis questionnaire and her pre-lab questionnaire,
when projected over a twelve night span, would come to 5,832 and 5,309
words respectively). Controlling for the differing lengths of the
subject's dream narratives under the four circumstances of observation
by dividing the number of scored incidents appearing in Table 9 by the
number of words reported, the greatest ratio of scorable incidents per
words reported appears in the subject's dream questionnaire following
the group hypnosis screening (a figure of .009), precisely as was the
case with Subjects 1 and 2. Once again this suggests that the post-
group hypnosis questionnaire, with the anonymity it inherently provided,
was associated with the least threatening set of circumstances among the

four created during this investigation.

154

However, in direct contrast to Subjects 1 and 2, Subject 3's
nocturnal verbalizations appear to have been associated with the most
threatening set of circumstances, containing an incidents/words ratio
of only .002 (only the spontaneous visual imagery from Night 1 was
extracted from the subject's monologues on Nights 1 and 2 for the
purpose of calculating this figure), with sexual content completely
absent. Unlike Subjects 1 and 2, though, Subject 3's nocturnal verbali-
zations occurred almost invariably while she was awake, a fact which most
likely accounts for the sharply lowered level of scored incidents.
yielded under this format.

More true to form, the subject's sleep-lab responses were elicited
under a set of circumstances that were apparently more threatening
(.005) than those arising during the elicitation of responses on the
pre-lab questionnaire (.007). However, it is somewhat surprising to'
find that the loss of anonymity associated with the pre-lab questionnaire
did not result in a reduction of reported sexual or aggressive content
over that associated with the post-group hypnosis questionnaire, but
resulted instead in a moderate decrease in reported emotions, specifi-
cally anger. Apparently, the simple loss of anonymity per se had little
impact on Subject 3, who already had considerable experience keeping a
dream log and who thrived on sharing written material with Experimenter
l, as was manifest in her repeated efforts throughout the project to
get the experimenter to read passages from her extra-experimental dream
log, her personal journal, and the poetry she left behind for him in

the lab.

155

Once engaged in an interpersonal relationship with the experimenter
in the sleep lab on a daily basis, however, it would appear that the
subject's anxiety regarding the sharing of sexual content in particular
was activated, leading to an even conscious censorship of sexual material,
as was acknowledged by the subject during her follow-up interview.

In closing this section, it should be reported that the level of
interjudge reliability for scoring the content of Subject 3's dream
reports and nocturnal verbalizations reached an 82% overall level of
agreement for the total combined number of incidents scored within
each of the three categories and a 72% level of agreement for the types

of incidents scored.

Conclusions

As has already been suggested, Subject 3 brought a number of sig-
nificant inrapsychic conflicts into this investigation which became
inextricably bound to the experimental procedures undertaken and which
consequently played a prominent role in both the nature of the subject's
powerful transference relationship with Experimenter l and in the results
obtained. Even the subject's written narratives of dreams recalled
during her stay in the lab reveal an overinvolvement in the project.

Yet, despite her need to please the experimenters and to demonstrate
that she was the "most capable" of the three subjects who participated
in the project, Subject 3 manifested the fewest number of nocturnal
verbalizations speculatively analyzed to have been the products of
sleep, results which the subject inadvertently predicted during her
monologue on Night 2 when she stated, "...my dreams have to be just as

real as what I go through in the daytime. That's why I write them down,

156

'cause I don't want to lose any of it (voice becoming gravelly). I'm
very jealous. I want to grab everything and keep it for myself..2l
want to be just as aware of what'sggoing on when I'm sleeping_as when
I'm awake (author's italics)."

In fact, the subject similarly reported that she experienced
difficulty in letting herself just be a part of the hypnotic experience,
frequently feeling the need to pull back and analyze the process in
detail, a need which in large part theoretically accounts for her
lowered level of hypnotic susceptibility. Yet, despite her moderate
hypnotic susceptibility and apparently associated fears of losing
control, the subject did on occasion manifest brief, fragmented
nocturnal verbalizations speculatively analyzed to have been the products
of sleep, uttering on one such occasion the word "damn," the gnly_time
that the subject was heard to curse during the entire course of her
participation in the project, both in and out of sleep lab, providing
an interesting example of a reduction in both awareness and defensive-
ness during sleep.

In fact, Subject 3 demonstrated a propensity for manifesting brief,
fragmented REM or NREM associated verbalizations after the first hour
of the night that was comparable to that demonstrated by Subjects 1 and
2. The major difference between Subject 3's performance and those of
Subjects 1 and 2 was that Subject 3's nocturnal verbalizations
manifested during the earliest stages of the night, unlike those of
Subjects 1 and 2, appear to have occurred while she was awake, yielding
a qualitative difference in content and suggesting that she was more

capable of executing the suggested task later in the night under

157

conditions that were further removed from waking consciousness and,
consequently, the effects of her considerable waking anxiety regarding
the target behavior.

As was the case with Subject 2, hypnosis appears to have primarily
enhanced the production of Subject 3's visual (hypnogogic) imagery
without clearly mediating her ability to provide in-process dream
verbalizations later in the night. It is difficult to know what accounts
for the enhanced production of visual imagery under hypnosis, an
enhancement reported by all three subjects, although one possibility
might be that the prolonged immobilization experienced by subjects under
hypnosis constitutes a form of sensory deprivation which, as is widely
known, is a phenomenon associated with hallucinatory experiences.

These issues aside, the participation of Subject 3 in this
project once again demonstrates that it can be counterproductive to
attempt to isolate so-called treatment effects in psychological research
on a large scale with little regard for the individual differences
brought into research by subjects, differences which we have found to
be illuminating in gaining a broader understanding of the dynamic
interplay between our experimental treatments, our subjects' personali-
ties, the relationship between each subject and the experimenter, and
the outcome of this investigation which, as in all avenues of dream
research, involved variables of a highly personal nature. Unfortunately,
what may be illuminating individual differences are often dismissed by
researchers as "noise" or "dirt" in the data, assessments which are
used to justify the exclusion of "aberrant" subjects from the analyses
of so-called "treatment effects," a state of affairs which runs the risk

of obtaining "clean" results at the expense of understanding.

DISCUSSION

As an exploratory investigation into the efficacy of posthypnotically
suggested sleep talking as a paradigm for eliciting verbal descriptions
of nocturnal dreams in process, this project was undertaken with two
major goals in mind. The first, and most important, goal was to assess
the viability of induced in-process dream verbalizations as a tool
warranting more extensive research and development in the pursuit of
gaining closer proximity to the phenomenological, sleeping dream exper-
ience than is currently afforded by REM/NREM awakenings, the method
generally conceded to be the most sophisticated and illuminating means
of obtaining data on dreaming consciousness and dream content. In order
to undertake such an assessment, it was necessary to pilot test procedures
heretofore unreported in the literature in an effort to elicit an
observable effect. Consequently, the second major goal of this inves-
tigation was to take the initial steps in developing a viable procedure
and, whether successful or not, to gain as broad an understanding as
possible of both the anticipated and unforeseen methodological issues
pertaining to this lightly studied area of dream research.

Regarding the first major goal, we have elicited phenomena that
constitute dramatic new findings that clearly warrant further investi-
gation. Two of our three subjects reliably manifested highly descrip-
tive nocturnal verbalizations in response to posthypnotic suggestions
that were speculatively analyzed to have occurred without the subjects'
awareness during the first descending NREM sleep of the night. If

future research capable of affording polygraphic data gathering

158

159

procedures verifies that these highly descriptive nocturnal verbaliza-
tions can be and were in fact elicited during NREM sleep, we will have
demonstrated not only that dreams can be reported in exquisite detail
without disrupting sleep but that the "sanctity" of REM sleep as the
virtually exclusive mediator of vividly imagoic or "dream-like" dreams
bears reconsideration.

Regarding the second major goal, the results clearly suggest that
we have attained satisfactory success in taking the initial steps in
developing viable procedures for reliably eliciting in-process descrip-
tions of nocturnal dreams, particularly through the use of hypnosis.

However, through the results of Subjects 2 and 3 we learned that
hypnosis was not essential for eliciting nocturnal verbalizations
(in the generic sense) after the onset of sleep, but that hypnosis seemed
instead to enhance the production of hypnogogic imagery and, in the case
of Subjects 1 and 2, to also stimulate the production of dreams or
dream-like imagery as the subjects drifted into sleep. This suggests
that the elicitation of in-process dream verbalizations per se may be
mediated more by the subjects' motivation than by any particular
properties specifically associated with hypnosis and I would not be
surprised to find that Subject 1, who failed to manifest any nocturnal
verbalizations in response to Treatment 0 (no hypnosis), would now
be able to do so in light of her personal growth, the elimination of
authoritarian procedures, and the advent of full disclosure, in place

of deception, following her original participation in the project.

160

Nevertheless, the in-process verbalizations manifested by Subjects
2 and 3 without the benefit of hypnosis were of poor quality and similar
only to those manifested by all three subjects with hypnosis 25322 the
first hour or so of the night. In other words, these verbalizations,
as already noted, were so brief and fragmented that they could not be
considered illuminating dream descriptions. One of the problems in
this regard was that, as Subjects 2 and 3 both noted, these "late night"
dreams seemed to "go by too fast" to describe them adequately, while
at the same time remaining a participant/observer in the dream without
awakening.

On the other hand, as reported by Subject 2, the early evening,
hypnotically influenced "NREM" dreams, of which we obtained our best
descriptions, seemed to occur "more slowly" and were perceived as
"more vivid," thereby enabling at least Subject 2 to offer more complete
descriptions of these hypnotically influenced dreams, even though he
once commented that the very concept of describing dreams as they occur
was akin to "describing a play to the audience while at the same time
acting in it." Quite cleverly, Subject 2 overcame this problem on
numerous occasions by simply acting out his participation in his
dreams verbally without regard for perspective or context.

What Subject 2 alluded to as the relatively slow pace of the early
"NREM" dreams, dreams seemingly under the continuing influence of hypnosis,
may reflect a higher degree of perceptual awareness as a function of
the subject's greater temporal proximity to waking consciousness during

these dreams than is the case during the "fast" dreams later in the

161

night, when perceptual awareness may be considerably more diminished,
resulting in the perception of dream imagery as fleeting or "fast."

Whatever the case, if these "slow," artificially induced dreams
and their associated nocturnal verbalizations are later confirmed to
have actually occurred during sleep, they may offer the best opportunity
we have to study dreaming consciousness, unless the source of the
difficulties encountered with the brief descriptions of REM dreams
(which, as suggested earlier, may be a function of the suppression of
voluntary muscle activity during REM sleep) and other "late night"
NREM verbalizations of mental phenomena can be identified and
ameliorated.

Although it is premature to make any definitive conclusions
regarding dreaming consciousness at such an early stage in this research,
our data suggest that the issue of whether or not the majority of
dreams are "prosaic" or constitute a "remarkably faithful replica of
waking life" may be more semantic than substantive, fbr it is clear
that the majority of the subjects' dreams contained persons and events
taken from the current life of the dreamer, as Calkins suggested near
the turn of the century. Yet, to describe these phenomena as prosaic
seems to be an unfbrtunate selection of adjectives, for the written
dream narratives and nocturnal verbalizations produced by our subjects
were replete with primary process representation, symbolism, conflict,
and affect that do not typically dominate their waking consciousness
in the manner that they seem to during dreams.

Moreover, our data suggest that there is a basic difference between

dreaming consciousness and waking consciousness, for there were clearly

162

observable differences in the content of the subjects' in-process
nocturnal verbalizations that corresponded with the products specula-
tively analyzed to have been the manifestations of hypnogogic imagery
(representing waking consciousness) and nocturnal dreams (representing
dreaming consciousness) respectively. Specifically, these differences
in consciousness can be conceptualized in terms of the sleeping ego's
diminished capacity to discriminate the boundaries demarcating external
stimuli from internal stimuli and external reality from internal or
intrapsychic reality. This diminished capacity is reflected in the
imagoic content alluded to above in which we observed the transformation
of the ego's mediating role in the perception of internally generated
hypnogogic visual imagery from that of a waking observer/participant who
either is aware or can readily become aware of the distinction between
the perception of intrapsychic fantasy and the perception of external

stimuli/reality to one of a sleeping participant/observer who, while

 

retaining a sense of the self, is unaware of this distinction and who
consequently perceives intrapsychic dream fantasy as the external
reality of the physical universe in which the sleeping ego perceives
itself to be a participant and upon which sleeping ego boundaries
that are seemingly different from waking ego boundaries are based.
Consistent with this transformation, we observed the incorporation
of external stimuli, such as sounds occurring in the subjects' room,
into dream content, such that these stimuli were perceived and responded
to as though they were emanating from the subjects' intrapsychic dream
world and not in fact from sources external to that world. Similarly,

the subjects' invariable failure to demonstrate awareness of their

163

sleep talking despite having waking awareness of the sleep talking task
and despite the fact that some of their verbalizations were virtually
shouted out loud reflects the apparent distinction between waking and
dreaming consciousness, for except in the rare cases of so-called "lucid"
dreams in which the dreamer is aware of the fact that s/he is dreaming
("dreams" which polygraphic verification may ultimately demonstrate to
be hypnopompic fantasy) the dreamer is unaware of the fact that s/he is
actually asleep while dreaming, perceiving instead that s/he is awake,
in which case nocturnal verbalizations may be perceived by the sleeping,
dreaming ego as unspoken thoughts (auditory images) and/or speech
occurring in the dream itself ("waking reality" to the sleeping ego).

The question of whether or not differences in dreaming consciousness
exist between the various stages of sleep awaits more sophisticated
replications, for beyond our speculative analyses regarding the
relationship between the content of the subjects' nocturnal verbaliza-
tions, the onset of sleep, and the onset of the first REM period of the
night, which were at best relatively crude analyses in any case, our
speculative analyses regarding the stages of sleep during which all
nocturnal verbalizations occurred subsequent to the first REM period are
too speculative to command sufficient scientific credibility, since
the parameters of the sleep cycle fluctuate erratically in a fashion
that can only be monitored satisfactorily with a polygraph.

Ideally, of course, this investigation must be replicated with the
benefit of a polygraph, and it would be especially interesting to awaken
subjects immediately after their nocturnal verbalizations to ask for their
waking dream recall. Not only might this procedure enable us to learn

more about the problems associated with verbalizing the "fast" dreams

164

later in the night, it would also provide an excellent test of secondary
elaboration, something we had hoped to undertake in this investigation
but which never materialized because there was virtually no morning-
after written dream recall that bore any resemblance to the content of
the subjects' nocturnal verbalizations. This finding may have been a
function of memory regarding the early "NREM" verbalizations in the
case of Subject 2 (Subject 1, it will be recalled, remembered ng_dreams
when administered the posthypnotic suggestion while Subject 3 could not
and did not conceptualize her early verbaliztions as the products of
nocturnal dreams). ‘In the case of the "late night" verbalizations
manifested by all three subjects, they were so fragmented that it may
simply be impossible to identify them in the written summaries of the
dreams in which they were or might have been embedded.

From a methodological perspective we have gained a great deal
more understanding about this kind of research than we had at the outset
of this investigation, understanding which forms the foundation upon which
future research along these lines may be based. In this regard, one of
the most important lessons learned during this investigation, a point
which has been emphasized repeatedly throughout this paper, has been
that dream research is a very delicate and complex proposition.
Dreams are private experiences generated intrapsychically and it is
naive to assume that they can ever be directly observed, no matter
how "open" or willing to share the subject may be. Even if a technique
can be developed to transpose cerebral activity into "dream movies"
there is no reason to believe that these products would be invulnerable

to the effects of anxiety and unconscious censorship. In other words,

165

in order to gain further understanding about dreaming consciousness and
dream content we must constantly and rigorously assess our subjects'
personalities and, accordingly, the impact that our procedures have on
them and their dream reports. In this vein we have gathered preliminary
empirical data which indicates that the circumstances of observation
may be quite influential in determining the dream content reported by
subjects and which indicates that ostensibly similar circumstances of
observation affect subjects differentially, as the participation of
Subject 3 clearly demonstrated. These concepts are hardly new, but they
tend to be easily ignored by dream researchers seeking to make broad
generalizations about a frequently eclectic phenomenon.

Related to these issues we have learned that it is counterproductive
to attempt to cleverly subvert a subject's defenses in an effort to
obtain "uncensored" dream material and that it is not necessary for
the subject to be unaware in the waking state ("amnesic") of the
experimenter's attempts to manipulate variables in order for him or her
to also be unaware of manifesting the target behavior. In fact, we have
learned that what is so commonly referred to as "posthypnotic amnesia"
may be more meaningfully conceptualized as repression activated as a
defense against anxiety associated with ego dystonic compliance with
hypnotic procedures and tasks, an inference which may have far ranging
implications regarding the behavior of hypnotic subjects beyond this
particular investigation.

The specific implications of these procedurally related findings
are that it is important for the experimenter to develop a cooperative,
egalitarian working relationship with the subject if he or she hopes to

elicit in-process dream verbalizations, for the concept itself is

166

evidently quite anxiety arousing for subjects on the face of it (perhaps
particularly so for those as young as ours) but can be made less threaten-
ing if the experimenter is both willing and capable of assisting subjects
in working through their anxiety. That efforts were made in this regard
during this investigation undoubtedly accounts in large part for the
powerful impact that participation in this project had on all three
subjects, particularly in terms of the personal growth experienced by
Subjects 1 and 2. In fact, we observed in the case of Subject 1 that
the development of.a relationship increasingly based on trust and
rapport seemed crucial in enabling the subject to comply with the
suggested task despite the fact that our posthypnotic suggestion
(Treatment C) stimulated considerable anxiety, as it did also with
Subject 2 befbre a less threatening procedure (Treatment E) was
developed.

Quite obviously, however, efforts to reduce a subject's anxiety
and to develop an egalitarian, working relationship with him or her
do not guarantee success, for we are bound to encounter subjects such
as Subject 3 who bring to dream research serious, long standing psycho-
logical conflicts that are readily cathected and displaced onto an
investigation such as this and which do not bode well for either the
development of a healthy working relationship or for a short term
reduction in anxiety. Moreover, the participation of Subject 3 demon-
strated how important it is to remain skeptical and carefully assess
the psychodynamic forces behind a subject's superficial enthusiasm and
apparent motivation, for after the recruiting meeting I would have

predicted that Subject 3, who was the most demonstrably enthusiastic

167

and interested subject of the three who participated, would have the
greatest success executing the target behavior and that Subject 1 would
have been the least likely to do so.

In conclusion, it is evident that there is a great deal more to
be learned about in-process dream verbalizations. We can only hope that
the new empirical evidence we have generated will encourage others to
engage in further research and development of this nature. Certainly
there must be considerable room for improvement in our procedures. At
the very least, more controlled investigations must be undertaken to
more adequately identify the variables mediating induced sleep talking,
particularly those which may be related to the interpersonal relationship
between the subject and the experimenter, of which a great deal of
qualitative, uncontrolled data has been collected, reported, and inter-
preted during this investigation. At the very best, however, continued
research and development may yetproduce the kind of breakthrough
achieved in Kleitman's lab in the 1950's when dream research was rocked
out of a state of stagnation which it is beginning to approach as

a psychological discipline once again today.

LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

Aserinsky, E. and Kleitman, N. Regularly occurring periods of eye
motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 1953,
118, 273-274.

Aserinsky, E. and Kleitman, N. Two types of ocular motility occurring
in sleep. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1955, 8, 1-10.

 

Calkins, M.W. Statistics of dreams. American J6urnal of Psychology,
1893, 5, 311-343.

 

Dave, R. The effects of hypnotically induced dreams on creative problem
solving. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, in press.

 

Dement, W. Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep. San Francisco:
San Francisco Book Company, Inc., 1976.

 

Dement, W. and Kleitman, N. The relation of eye movement during sleep
to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming.
Journal of Experimental Psyghology, 1957, 53, 339-346.

 

Dement, W. and Kleitman, N. Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and
their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming.
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1957, 2,
673-690.

Domhoff, B. and Kamiya, J. Problems in dream content study with
objective indicators: 1. A comparison of home and laboratory
dream reports. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1964, 11, 519-524.

 

Foulkes, D. Dream reports from different states of sleep. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, 65, 14-25.

 

 

Freemon, F. Slegp Research: A Critical Review. Springfield, Illinois:
Charles C. Thomas, 1970.

 

 

Fromm, E. and Shor, R. (Eds.) Hypnosis: Research Develgpments and
Perspectives. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, Inc., 1972.

 

Hall, C. and Van de Castle, R. The Content Analysis of Dreams. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966.

Hilgard, E. Hypnotic Susceptibility. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and
World, Inc., 1965.

 

Kratochwill, T.R. (Ed.) Single Subject Research: Strategies for
Evaluating Changg, New York: Academic Press, 1978.

 

168

169

Lairy, G. and Salzarulo, P. (Eds. ) The Experimental Study_of Human
Sleep: Methodological Problems. New York: Elsevier Scientific
Publishing Company, 1975.

 

 

Madow, L. and Snow, L. (Eds. ) The Psychodynamic Implications of the
Physiological Studies on Dreams. Springfield, Illinois: Charles
C. Thomas, 1970.

 

 

Moss, S. The Hypnotic Investigation of Dreams. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. , 1967.

 

Okuma, T., Fukuma, E., and Kobayashi, K. "Dream detector" and comparison
of laboratory and home dreams collected by REMP-awakening technique.
In: Advances in Sleep Research: Volume 2. Weitzman, E. (Ed.).
New York: Spectrum Publications, Inc., 1976.

 

Sheehan, P. and Perry, C. Methgdologies of Hypnosis: A Critical
Appraisal of Contemporary Paradigms of Hypnosis Research. Hillsdale,
N.J.: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1976.

Shor, R. and Orne, M. (Eds.) The Nature of Hypnosis: Selected Basic
Readings. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1965.

 

Shor, R. and Orne, E. Harvard;Group_Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility.
Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1962.

 

Snyder, F. The phenomenology of dreaming. In: The Psychodynamic
Implications of the Physiological Studies on Dreams. Madow. L. and
Snow, L. (Eds.). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1970.

Stoyva, J. Posthypnotically suggested dreams and.the sleep cycle.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 12, 287-294.

 

Webb, W. Sleep, the Gentle Tyrant. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-
Hall, Inc., 1975.

 

Weitzman, E. (Ed.) Advances in Sleep Research: Volume 2. New York:
Spectrum Publications, Inc., 1976.

Weitzman, E. (Ed. ) Advances in Sleep,_Research: Volume 1. Flushing, N.Y.:
Spectrum Publications, Inc., 1974.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Sample Dream Questionnaire

APPENDIX A

Sample Dream Questionnaire

D R E A M Q U E S T I O N N A I R E

Now that you've awakened, close your eyes again and try to recapture as
many of last night's dreams or dream fragments in your mind's eye as you
possibly can.‘ As soon as you've revisualized one of last night's dreams
or dream fragments, open your eyes and write the dream down on the

paper provided below. Describe your dreams in as much detail as possible
without omitting a thing.

Each time that you finish writing a dream down on paper, close your eyes
again and try to recapture another one of last night's dreams. Repeat
the entire procedure as many times as is necessary until you no longer
remember any more dreams. Remember, there is no "correct" number of
dreams that should be recalled. You may remember none or you may
remember many; it is critical to our research that you simply be honest.
As soon as you finish all of your writing, fill in the information
requested on the back side of this page.

 

Dream 1 (label your next dream report, if there is one, Dream 2, then
Dream 3, etc.):

\

170

171

(use additional paper if necessary)
As soon as you finish all your writing, fill in the information requested
below.

 

Today's date What time did you go to bed last night?

 

What time did you wake up today?

 

What time is it right now?

 

APPENDIX B

Sample Subject Consent Forms

APPENDIX 3

Sample Subject Consent Forms

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Psychology

DEPARTMENTAL RESEARCH CONSENT FORM
I have freely consented to take part in a scientific study

being conducted by: Robert Dave M A

under the supervision of: A. S. Aniskiewicz, Ph.D.

 

 

Academic Title: Associate Professor, Department of Psychology

 

The study has been explained to me and I understand the
explanation that has been given and what my participation
will involve.

I understand that I am free to discontinue my participation
in the study at any time without penalty.

I understand that the results of the study will be treated
in strict confidence and that I will remain anonymous.
Within these restrictions, results of the study will be made
available to me at my request.

I understand that my participation in the study does not
guarantee any beneficial results to me.

I understand that, at my request, I can receive additional
explanation of the study after my participation is completed.

Signed:

 

Date:

 

172

173

RELEASE

I, , hereby agree to permit audiotape recordings
of my voice which portray and depict my participation in the research
project being conducted by Robert Dave, M.A. under the supervision of
A.S. Aniskiewicz, Ph.D. at Michigan State University during Spring
Quarter, 1979 to be used for demonstration and instructional purposes
and for duplication for up to 20 years from the date noted below. I
understand that I may withdraw my permission for use of these materials
in general, or for any specific purpose or situation, at any time by
making a written request to Michigan State University or the Depart-
ment of Psychology. I understand that the confidentiality of the
material presented will be protected. I likewise authorize Michigan
State University to use such materials so prepared for exhibition
purposes with professional psychology groups and to permit the right
of use to other parties for such purpose so long as they also agree

to protect the confidentiality of the material.

 

The materials recorded by the process noted above will be stored and
protected as confidential material by the researcher. The specific
method of maintaining confidentiality and storage are determined by
the professional supervisor and the student. When the audiotaped
materials are no longer useful for demonstration, instructional, or
research purposes, or at my written request, they will be mechan-
ically erased.

Signed:

 

Witnessed:

 

Date:

 

APPENDIX C

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects'
Post-Group Hypnosis Dream
Questionnaire Responses

175

Subject: 1

Night: 1

Bedtime: 1:30am

Awakened: 10:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 10:07am

1. I was in the dentist's office (entered through the side door) and
the dentist seemed very glad to see me. I sat in his chair and
he hugged me then he offered me some coke and my father popped
up, reading "U.S. Citizen" magazine. I asked him why he was
reading it and he said, "Because I'm a U.S. citizen now."

Night: 2

Bedtime: 3:00am

Awakened: 8:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:40am

1. I dreamed that I was passing out carnations (white ones) to all
of my friends. They received them with puzzled looks on their
faces and then they promptly shaving creamed the flowers. I
didn't react to this action, only continuing along to my friend's
rooms to give them their flowers.

Night: 3

Bedtime: 2:00am

Awakened: 9:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 9:05am

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 4

Bedtime: 1:30am

Awakened: 8:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:45am

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 5

Bedtime: 4:00am

Awakened: 11:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 11:40am

1. I was in psychology class with all of my friends and we were
talking about fear. Suddenly a guy with a mask on came in
and everybody screamed and left the room. The next day there
was an article in the paper about how people who saw this
man were more susceptible to heart attacks. Then I went
swimming and saw a friend of mine as life guard. Everybody

176

in the pool had a race and I won. Then I was doing a back
dOlphin and I saw the Creature from the Black Lagoon. I
screamed and got out and so did everybody else. Then we
(all of my friends) went to a party and had a mass orgy.

Night: 6

Bedtime: 2:00am

Awakened: 10:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 10:18am

1. I dreamed that my mother and I were home in the kitchen and the
phone rang. Mom went into the living room to water her plants.
I answered the phone and a voice very similar to that of a cousin
of mine said, "Hi, 5? This is K.J. (male) (It was a female voice).
She then said, "What time does your daddy usually come home?"
I said, "We expect him home around 5:30." "Oh, and he was 47
years old, isn't that right?" I said, "Is there something wrong?"
If there is, don't tell me. I have had a really bad day." Then
I started crying, assuming my father was dead. I said, "Well, I
can guess what this is about. You may as well go ahead." So
the voice continued, "Well, your daddy went down to (name
of home town drugstore) (a store about 4 blocks away from us in
reality). You know how it's an easy 20 minute trip. Well, it
was a little cooler than it had been all day (at this point I
looked out of the window and the whole sky was overcast--1ike a
huge rainstorm or blizzard) so he went down. As long as he was
there, he decided to check on the La Sabre. However, your daddy
must not have been feeling well, because...." At this point, I
woke up.

Night: 7

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 10:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 10:20am

1. I dreamed that I was going to a formal dance with the guy I have
a crush on. He said, "Wait a minute . . . I have to get something."
He then went upto his friend's room and his friend, who was
dressed up, came out with us. A. (male) (my date) said, "Let's
go play at the casino." So, we went down into the basement of
Holmes. The game we played was really strange. There was a
top-like thing that had 4 sets of numbers on 4 different rows.
In the center there was an indicator. (S provides the following
drawingz)

177

The corresponding number for all numbers (ex: 50.29) was then

punched into a computer terminal and the terminal beeped when a
player won. Finally A. said, "K. (male), why don't you two go

to the formal? I've got too much homework."

178

SUBJECT 2

'179

Subject: 2

Night: 1

Bedtime: 12:30am

Awakened: 6:15am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:30am

1. My roommate was a black slave working on my large estate in
California. That is all I remember.

2. I was sitting in 108-B Wells Hall and got my 2nd Mid-Term Exam
back with a score of 38/45 and was worried about failing,
which now makes no sense.

Night: 2

Bedtime: 12:00am

Awakened: 6:20am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:40am

1. I was sitting in my room with a few others and a cute brown
soft looking rat walked over to my chair--it started to stand
up and crawl up the chair--I was terribly frightened--I tried
to scream but nothing came out--I became more frightened--I
woke up with a loud "uh"--about 4:00am.

2. I was playing raquet (sic) ball with a guy down the hall
(he's very good) I played five games and won all of them.

3. I was worried about Jennifer, Apollo and Venus (my plants).
I began to cry and my heart beat increased because I thought
they were in danger.

Night: 3

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 6:10am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:14am

1. A beautiful hot summer day, myself and 3 other friends were on
the "Love Boat." We were staying in the captains cabin. I don't
know why or where he was. We got the V.I.P. treatment for 2 weeks.
We ate about 5 or 6 times a day and had fbod from all over the
world. Some how we went to Moscow?? We told the Russians where
to go (h _____) because they didn't have anything like a "love
boat." The next day we were in San Francisco. We ate about 10
loaves of Sourdough bread. I thought I was going to die.

2. I turned my roommate into a screwdriver and locked it up in a
tool box?

~180

Night: 4

Bedtime: 11:00pm

Awakened: 6:10am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:15am

1. I was in a room--(it had no walls, it went on forever, but
somehow it was a room) there were candles on the floor spaced
every 4 feet or so, in every direction as far as I could see.
I was naked. I ran and ran and ran--not away from anything
but to something--I don't know what I was looking for, I just
had to find it. I woke up about 3:15am.

2. I was wandering around inside a huge computer. I was watching
all the information and data wizzing (sic) by me like little
flashes of light. I walked all around. What bothered me was
I couldn't comprehend how minute I must be--How could I be so
small as to fit in a computer.,

Night: 5

Bedtime: 10:30pm

Awakend: 6:10am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:25am

1. (You said to be honest.) I was at this big party--there must have
been 500 people there. A small group of close friends and myself
went into this other room with pillows all over the p1ace--We had
an orgy--there were 5 guys and 5 girls--I had sex with all of them.
It was beautiful just being able to be free with everybody—-both
guys and girls. Beethoven's IX symphony was being played--it was
so stimulating-~(needless to say this was a "Wet Dream.")

2. I was skiing with this guy who lives down the hall. A beautiful
free feeling--just schussing down this mountain that had no bottom--
It was great--we didn't have to wait in any lines to go back up--
it just went down and down--Fina11y I wanted to stop and rest. I
couldn't--I turned totally sideways and dug my edges into the
snow--I just kept going-~I reached the bottom after about 25
minutes of trying to stop-~I was totally exhausted.

Night: 6

Bedtime: 11:00pm

Awakened: 6:10am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:20am

1. I was the featured vocalist for the New York Metropolitan Opera
Theatre. I arrived in a Continental Limosine. I was the guest
at a Fantastic dinner party and signed many autographs.

2. "Exactl " the same as 2/l6/79, Dream 1. (Night 5)
______Z

181

Night: 7

Bedtime: 12:30am

Awakened: 5:am

Questionnaire Completed: 5:15am

1. I fell off the back of a train going to Toronto. (Blank from
time I fell to one day later.) I went to my own funeral—-I
actually saw myself laying there. But I knew it wasn't real.
I thought it was a big joke but was still frightened. I woke

up, about 5:00am.

182

SUBJECT 3

183

Subject: 3

Night: 1

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 8:11am

Questionnaire Completed: 9:09am

1.

I am looking down trying to see into the basement. I am standing

on the stairs looking through a one foot opening. There shouldn't

be this opening into the basement, but there is. I think the
basement was lighted, but I couldn't see what was in it. (S provides
a crude drawing of "me on stairs looking into basement opening,"
adding a footnote stating, "I woke up at 3:00am to write this.")

French accents. San Francisco. There is a guy about my age trying
to take my hand to show me the "way."

But this isn't me who is being shown, it is a male about my age--
or perhaps the male part of me.

Freeze dried student--he is. We all are figs. "He's not the kind
of guy who changes the vending machines," says someone. tornado.
gymnastics. black guy. by platform. blue hat. Granma (sic)
Lewis Dagwood sandwich. jumping into water.

I am over a friends house in my old neighborhood. We are in the
back yard with several girls our age and younger. We are doing
gymnastics like we used to do in the summer. My friend M. (female)
and I are not as good as we used to be.

We are (my sisters and I) staying overnight at M.'s. In the middle

of the night I glance outside to see the sky divided. I look closer
and notice a tornado approaching. We are scared and realize we may_

be doomed. I yell out that there is a tornado. My father (?)

turns on some rock music (usually very unlikely). We are going

to enjoy ourselves and have fun before we die.

I am in my old neighborhood. The guy that I am interested in here
apparently lives in my old house. I make excuses to walk past this
house so I can see D. (male). He is lying on the living room couch
with his glasses on, reading.

I get embarrassed that I have been this forward (again?) and start
to leave. One of his family sees me and knows me and tells D. I
am outside on the lawn. I give in and wait for him.

Suddenly D. and his family are a black family. When D. sits beside
me on the grass I don't realize what it is that is wrong. But I
feel nervous and a little scared.

5., the girl across the street (I haven't seen her in years, but
remet her by accident a few weeks ago) is there.

184

It is almost dusk. I say to the guy, "Let's go for a walk in the
woods." Still with the idea that it is D. I hope that he would
kiss me if we went fbr a walk by outselves. I am confused that

I still have these feelings for this person I see who isn't D.

We walk across the street to S.'s. In her garage is a blue hat
(like the one I put on my stuffed animal) that I guess must have
been my favorite and something I never go without.

While walking across the street I see my father's mother in old
blue jeans. She is walking much better than she really can. It
is an unusual sight because my Gramma (sic) would never ever wear
pants (however, my other Gramma does and even sent me recently

a pair that didn't fit her). That's about all to that.

I am down by the water. There is a diving platform next to the
water. I am walking along the shore and decide to climb past
around the bottom of the platform. Two guys want to dive but don't
know how deep the water is under the board. They ask me to test

it and see. The water is very dark and merky (sic).

With treppidations I get halfway into the water, still holding
on to the platform. I'm afraid of what might be in that water, but
not too afraid.

I get stuck half sunk into a thick soft silt. There's no danger
of me drowning, but I want out just the same. I don't like the
feeling. I ask someone to help pull me out. The guy dives
headlong into the water. I don't know what happens to him.

There is another kind of platform, a double decker with a lot of
people standing on the top and bottom. (S provides a crude drawing
that essentially appears to be a cube.)

We are in groups. We try to perfbrm a certain act or step to make
the top or bottom of the platform move up and down. I am in the
lower group. I have friends (from my old neighborhood) in the
upper level.

They have a slightly different task, but it is not harder than ours
on the bottom. However, we finish easily while the top still can't
get it together. It's such an easy step. They're all laughing.
The music is fun. I don't understand why they can't do the step
that we did so easily.

(5 adds the following comments at the conclusion of Night 1's dream
questionnaire.) I am amazed at how I am able to remember all of these
dreams in such detail! I had recently tried to start a dream journal.

I had only been able to get fragments. I hadn't probably tried as hard.

All night I was thinking, "I must remember all my dreams. I must wake
up to write them down."

185

Consequently, as I've mentioned, I woke up at 3:00am to record some of
my dreams in the dark.

I just remembered something I told myself I would write down when I

woke up briefly last night. It's something about cellophane. There
is clear plastic around someone's legs--(around py_legs?)--They are

tied up and I can't move.

Night: 2

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 5:45am

Questionnaire Completed: 9:50am

1. Early in the night I woke up several times and was thinking, "I'm
not dreaming. My dreams are not good enough to write down." I
think I was dreaming about dreaming and interpreting my dreams.

I didn't sleep well last night for worrying about dreaming "good."

2. At one point I was walking through a big building which was
probably this dorm. There were a lot of people around. Girls
were kind of doing flips into bean bag chairs. Mary Tyler Moore
was there doing the same. Then she climbed up to a high spot and
threw herself off doing a slow flip into a big (nearly 10 foot)
pink heart shaped cake. She was having fun. Two other girls (like
Laverne and Shirley) were in the cake laying down too. I just
walked mutely by--on1y a passive observer.

I went over to where the elevators were. There was some kind of
an operator there behind a booth who would play a taped song at
regular intervals for some reason. I put my hand through the
booth to turn it on myself, very interested by it. I asked him

if he didn't get sick of listening to it. He said he did and left.

I take the elevator to the upper level. I can still see them
jumping into bean bags and cakes below.

Wait-~somewhere before this I am below watching a basketball game.
I go to the bench to talk to and have fun with the guys. A curly
dark haired guy sits on the bench with a basketball. To get him
jealous I tell him there's a guy with nice green eyes at the end
of the bench. He says there's only one person like that and he
also has red hair (my dad has red hair and green eyes). He throws
the basketball over his shoulder without looking to the red haired
guy. This guy asked me if I liked the red haired person. I
quickly explained that I was only kidding so as not to let him draw
the wrong conclusions.

I left the bench and started walking around behind the players
doing a Groucho impression. No one was paying attention. I got
discouraged and left.

186

When I got up to the top level, the room there was something like
an attic. Against the right wall was a bed I think, high off the
ground. Under the bed were things of mine that I value. They were
old mementos, jewelry from boyfriends, my Cross pen and pencil

set, etc. I was straightening these things up, put them away--
almost as if I was hiding them from someone who would take them.

It was quiet and I was alone in the room. I went to the window.
Out front was a football field. The fans were cheering. I tried
to get in on the cheering but I guess I didn't know the words. Just
like the joke I botched to the basketball player, being ignored
when I did my impression, walking past the girls in the bean bag
chairs and now watching the fans but not really participating. I
was seeing everything pass around me. I was very alone in that
bare room. I had always been in the bands in high school. Now I
watched the marching band get ready to play. I wanted to join them
but I thought I'd get all sweaty and then I'd be all messed up

for the dance I guess I was going to after the game. Besides, I
had to take a shower.

I remember being at my friend's house who lived across the street
from us in our old neighborhood. Mrs. C. had always been an
extremely neat person, but when I walked in the walls were scrubbed
so clean and the counters polished so hard they seemed to hurt.
Mrs. C.'s family wanted her to stop cleaning. They couldn't stand
it. They were actually going to give her an allowance if she would
just not clean so much. She knew she had them over a barrel and
was using her cleaning to get her money--or something else she wanted.

Another old friendé-M.V. (female)--was sitting outside in a van
with her mother (I think). I went outside and sat in the car. A
man told me to watch these three babies in snow suits. I guess I
did that for a couple minutes, then left.

M. and I started to walk downtown. I suppose we were going to see

a movie. My hair was really curly and I wanted to pull it back with
barretts. As we were walking along, the street got dirtier and
grossier. There were posters of Barbra Streisand making very
strange faces, these were on the side of a wall.

The whole time M. was intent on explaining a way I could permanent
my bangs. She seemed quite excited about it. I wished she'd be
quiet. I thought, it would cost too much money for something so
trivial. She said something about well that's the way Barbra
Streisand does it. I thought, that's nice--she has all kinds of
money.

At some point last night I dreamt of talking to my boyfriend E. on
the phone. We were discussing the letters he had written me.

187

I also remember looking up in this dirty town into what I thought
was just a dark night sky to discover it was instead a black brick
ceiling. It was ugly and it leaked. I felt uneasy.

Once again I am amazed at how many and how clearly I recall these

dreams I'm getting worried about continuing this project, however.
I'm not getting enough sleep as it is. And now that I have to

get up so early to recount and record my dreams, I am getting even
less sleep.

On top of that, the quality of sleep is much worse. I woke up
probably ten times and worried that I wasn't going to have any good
dreams.. Why is my subconscious so concerned about remembering
these dreams?

Night: 3

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 7:20am

Questionnaire Completed: 7:40am

1.

I have been dreaming of dreaming again. I can see myself talking

to other people on the subjective nature of psychology and dreaming.
I'm not sleeping well. This has got to stop. Why can't I have a
normal dream anymore with all it's symbolism, compression, displace-
ment and latent meanings? It's 4:26am. I'll go back to bed and
try again.

Well, 4:30: I remember something about my roommate S. chipping off
silver paint from something that is mine. I think it is the small
lamp 1 am writing by now. I am alarmed and tell her not to do
that. She replies with something like-~it's OK because I own it.

I then realized that she did own it and could really do as she
pleased with it.

With this chipping of silver she was somehow getting rid of a
piece of herself, somehow eradicating it by purposely destroying

it or simply not recalling it. -It was strange how this destruction
of a part of her affected me though. In fact I felt her loss as
indistinguishable from my loss.

I realized then how interdependent we all are, how connected we
are. All people seemed to overlap, the distinctions were fuzzy.

Yesterday I had been thinking of perspective, and how we report
seeing things other than how we see them because of our own
expectations.

In my dream two other people and I were testing this. One girl
was above the other person and I on the next floor. There was an

188

opening--a round hole in the ceiling/floor. The girl rotated the
hole to different degrees to give various oval shapes. We were
looking up from below, telling her at which point we couldn't see
her and when we could see her the best.

I remember thinking the absence of glass (such as in a round lens)
was strange.

I am disappointed in my inability to remember more. It seems
whatever it was that had made my unconscious so accessible, is now
fading. I own my unconscious, why can't I get at it?

Night: 4

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 10:30am

Questionnaire Completed: not reported

1.

My sister and her two friends were at Girls' State. (I went in my
junior year.) Amazingly enough, they were on the same floor.
This is unusual, they always separate friends right away.

I am an assistant to Dr. B. (my psychology of personality professor)
in my dream. He will be lecturing and I'll help somehow. There
were about four other people around him. Dr. B. had a black
briefcase which he set down and opened. We all happened to be
wearing black pants that day. I don't think D.B. had a shirt on.

I was in a good mood, really happy, but the others were in uncharac—
teristically in solemn moods. Lightheartedly I said, "Are we putting
on a magic show or something?"—-silence.

In my dream I had a sore arm, it was bruised very badly. (When I
woke up I realized I had been sleeping on it.) I reached out my
hand to show Dr. B., then retracted it because I realized he
shouldn't be bothered with my problems.

He took my arm anyway and with no emotion ran through a few simple
tests to check if it was broken. I spread my fingers and clenched
my fists. My reactions were slow, but not too bad. He was just
deadpan. I felt he was minimizing my pain by acting as if it were
nothing.

We went into a gymnasium where little girls were doing gymnastics
on a big mat. One girl was going to do a routine but the others
were crowding her. I tried to get them to move back for her but
they wouldn't. D. B. was going to do the same routine after she
was done. He was still very serious and still wearing black.

189

Something about church--

I was standing in our high school lunch lines near the cash
registers. A boy with blonde hair picks up the same coffee cake
with white icing that I took. He says kiddingly, "I can take a
half a batch of macho."

I am standing outside the dorm with E. (S's boyfriend). He is
leaving for an important test. He asks me to help him on the test
with my ESP. He also speaks of his hand as a tool, something
separate from him. -E. says, "You'll have to contentrate on the
left side first," and looking at his hand, "of cOurse you'll both
obey me." I think he meant for me to help him on the left side
of his brain.

I met a very nice black girl and want to become friends with her.
As we walk toward our house she notes how pretty some of the
girls are in the neighborhood. She mentions something about a
toy submarine and airplans she had when she was little.

We get to my house and I see in our driveway by Gramma and Grampa
G. They have driven up from Florida as they have many times
before. -

I am happy to see them and hug them both. My Gram hands me an.
envelope with a letter in it and three tootsie rolls. My mother
takes them from me. I don't understand. She says we have enough
candy in the house.

I see a wire mesh basket lined with white paper. It is filled with
fudge. It is funeral candy. Someone says, "Let's take some!"
Suddenly hands are all grabbing at the candy. It's my candy, but

I can't even get any. Everyone is taking it.

I am sitting on a white horse--or maybe standing next to it. I
have no clothes on and I'm at the end of a tunnel looking out
across the water to a building on the other side.

A guy is sitting in a chair also in the tunnel, nude. After the
other people who are there leave, I hope he will take an interest
in me: He seems nonplussed. As if to make up an excuse he says,
"I'd make romantic advances but I have to go soon."

I'm upset at this guy and as I walk by him I wring my wet hair
out on him.

I'm talking to my mother about the greenhouse type set up that is
in my bedroom. We are growing a few vegetables, that's fine
with me.

190

Then my mother adds (rather meanly) that the space was supposed to
go for a nice little room for me. I think it was going to be a
bathroom.

I'm mad. I want the room. I feel cheated. She says very simply,
"N0 0 H

9. My dad and I are standing in a library remarking about how much
better it was than our high school library.

My dad walks over a sits down at a table with two girls who are
eating candy. It is hard candy, so they have shiny silver hammers
and vise grips to break it.

I walk over to the table to see what they're doing. I notice the
candy and ask if I can have that little piece of red candy across
the table. I can't reach it.

Night: 5

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 8:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:45am

(S fails to list any numbers.)
Pom pon squad, I couldn't get ready, practice at 5:00. Heidi summer.

Animals, zoo. Watching from above for the artificial fog to roll
in but instead there was suddenly a covering of snow. What a change!
I just couldn't recall very much.

Night: 6

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 6:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:30am

1. I was trying to play a flute duet with another girl in front of a
large auditorium with a few people. I had the first half practiced,
but hadn't even played the second part. I thought I could get away
with sight reading the rest of it.

When we walked down my mouth was dry--Not good for flute playing.

It was a disaster. We fumbled around to get our instruments together,
We weren't in unison, I didn't even play the first half right, the
part I should have known.

I thought people who didn't know music wouldn't know that I'd
really goofed; but they did notice, to my surprise.

191

They came up to me as I was putting my things away and I said
things like, "Gee D. (S's name), that's too bad you messed up
so bad."

The building was very big, with long hallways. People were clearing
out. I think this was a school and everyone was going to a football
game.

I was alone putting things away and started to feel nervous. I
wasn't afraid of someone else hurting me. I started to walk faster,
then to run. I was running from something in myself, from my own
feelings of inadequacy. I knew I shouldn't run, because the sheer
act of running would make me afriad. I could not help it, I had

to run away. I felt much better back in the mainstream of people.

I left the shadow behind.

2. I am outside standing on ice in the winter. It is very solid ice.
This was, I guess, a lake frozen over. It was very thick and uneven.
My father was there, and another lady perhaps. They said the ice
was very thick because they had tested it with a long sharp instrument.
They they left me and I just stood there on top of the ice.
Night: 7

Bedtime: 1:30am
Awakened: 6:00am
Questionnaire Completed: 6:40am

1.

I have a chemistry lab with a foreign professor. I dreamed that a
foreign guy and girl and I (they had dark hair) were going to lab
and were probably late. Almost there, we raced each other to the
door in fun. We took three different routes to get there, someone
hopped the fence and got there the quickest. That was probably the

guy.
My birthday is this weekend.

I dreamed it was my birthday. I was at home celebrating with my
parents. For some reason someone was impatient. I think I was
taking too long to do something. I remember walking around in
too tight purple satin shorts. I wasn't comfortable because I
felt fat.

In my dream it is after Valentine's Day when I get a response from
Dr. B. from the valentine I sent him. (I did send him a small one.)
It was a regular size poster--handmade with a few red hearts on it.
It said something about seeing for himself if I was sexy. I was
excited to get any acknowledgment--it meant he was even interested
in getting to know me. This poster was near my room in a very short
hallway (short as in lengthwise). I was probably bragging about

it to my friends.

192

In my dream my roommate 5. had performed in our room a very
important lab experiment. It was an excellent experiment dealing
with biology. Everyone was impressed. I was proud of her.

I came in the room one day to find dark wood shelves and a table
on the side of the room opposite me. They were very handsome
pieces of furniture. I had a few porcelain nick nacks I thought
would dress up the shelves but they were not quite right. J.
(female) wanted me to put them (suddenly they were four small
porcelain heads) on four wooden pegs in a wooden box. These
heads were to be the feundation on which a small house would be
built.

There was a dream about sitting down at a big desk with a serious
man who was apparently my academic advisor. He wanted to get
to business, but I was distracted by the people outside.

APPENDIX D

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects'
Pre-Sleep Lab Dream
Questionnaire Responses

APPENDIX D

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects'
Pre-Sleep Lab Dream
Questionnaire Responses

S U B J E C T‘ 1

193

194

Subject: 1

Night: 1

Bedtime: 2:15am

Awakened: 7:45am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:10am

1.

My roommate was in our room when her boyfriend brought over another
girl whom I have never seen nor heard about in real life. I was in
a room with a loft. T. (roommate's boyfriend) said, "Here's my
surprise," then he leaned in through the doorway and mouthed some—
thing (in the room I was in I didn't hear or understand him, but

I shook my head no to his "mouthing"). Then he came in to talk to
me. He told me I looked tired. Earlier I had been smoking pot and
I said, "Oh no. My mom's going to kill me," and I felt very guilty.
Then I looked out of the window, saw'that it was snowing and asked,
"Is it still snowing?" (The scene appeared to be as if I was
looking out of Holmes Hall's front room's windows.) Meanwhile, a
guy I have never really met was teasing the guy who played Dougie
in "Sargent Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band" movie about how to
make a lot of money and Dougie was laughing. I thought to myself,
"It must be hard to live the characters of the movie down."

Then the scene jumped to M. (roommate) and T. climging metal gray
stairs, with stairs above and below and a gray metal platform
beside them.

Then I was in a gas station watching these two cards come in. By
the pumps, the earth was "scooped" out with white gravel and a
parked car was sitting there. Suddenly there was a crash and I
was curious as to what had happened, so I went around and looked.
The car that had impacted was white with rust spots. The driver
(female) said, "Oh well. It was an old car." I said, "That's
good. I was concerned about you," and I felt relieved.

Other things remembered about same dream:

In the first room I dreamed about, I was in a yellow bean bag chair
by the window and there were bookshelves to my left and a desk to
my right. Under the bookshelf was a lounger on which Dougie and a
guy I have never really met were seated and talking and joking.
Another girl kept walking in and out of the bathroom (Looked like
the girl from across the hall in reality. Come to think of it,

the room in my dream resembled her room very closely, except in

my dream the room was next door and not across the hall.

Night: 2

Bedtime: 4:00am

Awakened: 8:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:06am

1.

A little girl in braids read the newspaper headline which said,
"Reduce carbon monoxide poisoning. This article will tell you how.

It will also increase the sugar consumption of the viewers."
girl kept swirling her medium dark brown braids.

2. All I remember is a chunk of American cheese.

Night: 3
Bedtime: 4:45am
Awakened: 8:00am

Questionnaire Completed:

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 4
Bedtime: 2:30am
Awakened: 8:15am

Questionnaire Completed:

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 5
Bedtime: 2:00am
Awakened: 9:15am

Questionnaire Completed:

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 6
Bedtime: 5:00am
Awakened: 9:00am

Questionnaire Completed:

No Dreams Recalled

Night: 7
Bedtime: 5:30am
Awakened: 1:00pm

Questionnaire Completed:

No Dreams Recalled

195

8:03am

12:37pm

11:25am

11:30am

11:00pm

The

196

SUBJECT 2

197

Subject: 2

Night: 1

Bedtime: 12:15am

Awakened: 6:00am
Questionnaire Completed: 6:01

1. I was standing in the Campbell cafe' by the window lobby door. There
was a girl there-~I didn't know her--we were waiting for something--
"It" didn't come. I said, "Well I think we should go now. We can
do 4 in 3 instead of 3 in 4."

Night: 2

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 5:50am

Questionnaire Completed: 5:51am

1. I was going to a dance--I'm wearing a white outfit--(really nice)
standing in Campbell Cafe' window.

2. Some girl, a friend of'J., a guy from Mayo Hall, is going to drive
us to the bar and back.

3. Hawaii, a man is playing with his face, beard and hair saying
"There isn't a three."

*(I was out drinking last night and when I went to bed was quite
drunk.)

Night: 3

Bedtime: 12:00am

Awakened: 6:23am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:24am

1. P.A. (girl from my junior high school) walked up to me in my
Economics class (it was weird I didn't recognize the room)
She didn't say much or why she was here-~(She goes to U of M
and I haven't seen her for quite some time, about 1 year).

2. M.K. (another girl from high school) was sitting backwards with
her family in a church pew at Church (St. John's). The funny
thing is that the K.'s (girl's family) are Jewish and everyone
in church is curious as to why they were there--she didn't see me.

Night: 4

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 6:23am

Questionnaire Completed: 6:24am

No Dreams Recalled

198

Note:

I'm really confused and frustrated I didn't sleep well-~every 1/2
hour or so I would wake up to write down a dream--except I couldn't
remember any-~it was like I had conditioned myself to wake up after
a dream-~but I didn't want to--I started to get a headache because

I was so confused--little bits of intangable thoughts would go
wizzing (sic) by—-but in the split second from the mind to my hand
(to write it down) I would lose it--I was really getting frustrated.

Night: 5 2
Bedtime: 12:15am
Awakened: 6:23am
Questionnaire Completed: 6:25am

1. Hepititas (sic) is going around the bar--I went to get a hep.
test—-test negative. A lot of people at the bar.

2. Cata buses aren't running--I'm pissed off!--So we walked (T.S.
(male) and I) from where ever we were to home.

Night: 6

Bedtime: 12:00pm

Awakened: 9:30am .
Questionnaire Completed: 9:31am

1. K.S. (male) was wearing a black leather jacket.

2. I was with 2 others (I don't recognize them) in a huge ditch or
something--it looked like I was down on an expressway, but there
was no road or construction.

It reminded me of the south entrance to the Pontiac Silver Dome--
except there was no building and no way out. It was sunny and the
grass was a full, rich and beautiful green--I wasn't afraid but
very anxious.

3. J.C. (male) (my x-voice and music instructor) was totally
disappointed and thought I sang terrible at my reunion concert--
I was very upset!I!--(I woke up about 7:00am or so.)

Night: 7

Bedtime: 12:45am

Awakened: 8:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 8:30am

1. Our family was vacationing somewhere at a very nice resort over
Easter--My mom and I had gone shopping and bought a few things--
it was a beautiful sunny day and there was lots of traffic. When
we got back to the lodge everyone was gathering fbr the huge dinner--

199

the dining room was very large with glass windows on one side over-
looking a beautiful lake. My brother, grandfather and I were
arguing about the mailing address of the resort, it seemed like

such a stupid thing to argue about. The tables were very elegant
and I knew this was something my father had planned-—Up on the entry
level by the atrium a very close friend of the family, B. (female)
was being ripped to pieces by these 2 "monsters," I mean monsters,
they weren't people or animals--they were grotesque monsters--They
were ripping her body apart into little hunks of flesh and they were
burning her skeletal remains right there in front of all the family
and friends and there was nothing anyone could do--I felt sick (end
dream) I wasn't aware while I was dreaming but I know when I think
about the dream all the nice scenes; the lake, the stores, friends,
the dining room were all colorful and bright (except the dining room
which had dim lighting) and the violent scene at the resort was dull
and fuzzy and all was black or white, everything. (I woke up at
7:00am and went right back to sleep.)

200

SUBJECT 3

201

Subject: 3

Night: 1

Bedtime: 12:00pm

Awakened: 6:30am

Questionnaire Completed: not specified

1.

E. (boyfriend), C. (sister), my Dad and I are in a car. We are
crossing a train track and a train is coming. My Dad is driving
much too slow, the train is almost upon us. We are afraid that

we won't make it so we get out of the car. The train is immense
and lethal, but it is just barely inching along. Our car is right
on the track and the train is within a few feet of us. C. and I
get out first and escape by crawling by the train wheels. We

have to push ourselves forward and sideways at the same time.

It is a little bit of a tricky maneuver, but possible. I don't
know what happens to my Dad, but C. and I are fine. I look
around for E. but I don't see him. I begin to get scared, but
don't really believe he could be hurt. Afterall, C. and I made it,
he should be alright.

After the train passes I get suddenly weak when I look on the
tracks and see a squished mouse. 1 know that it is E. I am in
complete shock, numb with disbelief.

(This may be a continuation, because I felt in a state of shock.)

I am in some place I have never been. I think my object is to get
home and I must f0110w the directions of others. I have to go back
to the little cottage to get my tennis shoes and my pillow. I had
forgotten them when I left there the first time. I think I had
spent some time there.

To get to the cottage I must get past the dark area with the cement
ramps and tall fences. It looks as if it would be difficult, but

as it turns out I can walk through a gap in the fences quite easily.
I do everything mechanically, without emotion.

I am in my dorm room standing by the closet looking at a fOotball
jersey that was J.B.'s (male) and a shirt that was M.B.'s (male).

I am in Warren, home visiting the family (visitingl). As soon as
I get there my Dad sets me to the task of fixing the Valiant window.
He gives me two cigarettes, which I am supposed to use to fix the
window somehow.

This is not a command but a request; yet I feel obligated to do it.
I have some experience in fixing this type of thing. I feel bad.

I had thought that they wanted me to come home perhaps because
they enjoyed my company. Everyone else was sitting at the kitchen
table drinking coffee and talking together. I guess they desired
my services more. What could I say? I couldn't refuse to fix

the window, but that wouldn't mean that they want to talk with

me anyway.

202

I quietly accepted the task. My Dad, in order to make it easier,
told D. (male) to help me. D. complained and said, "Why? Can't
she do it?" I didn't say anything. I didn't want him to have
to help me if he really didn't want to. l was fixing the car
window when my Aunt J. and Uncle E. drive by in their car.

Later on D. and I are standing in the bathroom. I am by the door,
he is at the other end. There are a pile of his dirty clothes

on the floor. He sees me and is embarrassed that his underwear
are on top of the pile. He covers them up.

There is a certain very classy little shop on the edge of some mall.
I bring another girl there to show her around. We leave but keep
returning to this shop. The cashier is an older lady, somewhat
snobbish; but I don't feel intimidated.

The last time we go back to the shop Dr. C. is there. He is trying
to buy some stamps but the salesperson is fumbling it up. He
insults the woman for her stupidity but she is too stupid to

even know she has been insulted.

It is my turn next. I want to buy stamps. I count out the money
needed beforehand. I give it to her but she says I am a dime
short. Vaguely, I wonder why I was a dime short, but just

give her the dime.

I live in an anarchist society. I am in an education building.
Many people are in separate rooms, I am walking through. At one
point I am wary, something actually smells wrong. I look back
and remember the black boy. He knows something.

I continue on. There is a wall missing from one side of the
room. Just beyond the building is a graveyard. There is a wire
(barbed?) fence separating the graveyard from the room.

I can see myself in the graveyard. I am trying to get back to the
room but I can't. My mother is trying to help by telling me the
best way to get over the fence. I can't get back.

It is wartime, and I am in a troop of soldiers. I don't like our
leader--a woman. Half kiddingly I throw a snowball at her. She
makes no effort to stop me or even defend herself, but says,
"You'll be sorry." I stop and continue our march across the

snow covered field.

Under the snow we walk across are our victims. We have machine
guns, but they are not armed. All we need do is shoot randomly
at this field, and we will kill many of them. 'I know as I walk
across that the statistics will read that 16 of them were killed.

203

J.E. (male) is walking backwards, holding his machine gun backwards.
He says, "How can I kill them?" He doesn't want to hurt anyone.
Neither of us see the sense in our hurting them.

After we are past the field I start a playful snow fight with one
of my comrades. I mean no harm, but must stop when the fight grows
in intensity.

Later, after our battles, I am standing in the driveway next to a
large truck. I don't see that it is starting to dump a large
amount of snow right where I am standing. Luckily someone tells
me in time and I move.

The leader is standing by smiling a little and saying, "See, I told
you." This was her way of warning me not to challenge her again.
It was very dangerous. I could very well have been killed. I am
a little shaken.

Night: 2

Bedtime: 11:30pm

Awakened: 8:50am

Questionnaire Completed: 1:30pm

1.

There was a little boy and girl who were married. The girl looked
like L.I.W. (female). They were in a quiet library in a school
looking closely at a wooden panel. There was a lighted message
that revolved past them. It said that there were other people in
their classes that liked each of them, could be very interested in
them. This pleased them, but they were together and it was enough.

The girl was some kind of a chorus girl. At one point she was up

on a stage in an old theatre wearing the colorful pantaloons and
such that the dancing girls used to wear in the old west. The whole
dream was set back then.

She was dancing to the music in a dim old theatre with only one man
watching. There were spiders on the ceiling. She was trying to
act older than she was but it wasn't working. She was clumsy, and
not very good at dancing though she tried.

Later the little boy and girl were out in the main part of town.
They were off to the side near the horses. The little girl's dress
top was ludicrously large. To be funny she put apples in her top
and showed the little boy. The other people in the town saw and
started laughing and ridiculing her. She was embarrassed and
turned around, away from them.

I had another dream that I found 5. (female) again. I was standing
in curlers when she came unexpectedly. She had short brown hair.

I didn't want her to see me in curlers so the others entertained
her for a minute while I took my curlers out. S. and D. (both
females) were there, too.

204

When I first saw her I had wanted to hug her, but didn't want to
be seen in curlers. Now I have the curlers out I can't really hug
her. The moment of reunion has passed.

It was my birthday and my friends and family were having the party
fer me outdoors before I had to leave again.

We hadn't even put the cake or anything when I had E. (boyfriend)
take me down the road that led to wherever I was going. Then I

.stopped and thought that I would go back and at leaSt have a piece

of my own birthday cake. So I had E. take me back.

I was laying down on the ground with a cushion stood up against my
back. I was talking for a minute, with a fairly heavy guy I know.
It may have been C.W. (male). He was my friend from a while ago.

I was talking very close to him. I may have even kissed him. My

mother came and made me stop.

I was sitting on the ground across from my mother. For my birthday
she had gotten us both large bottles of many different types of
perfume. These are expensive--somewhat indicative of the way

my parents have been enjoying their money, lately, since my Dad

got his great job.

We were pouring these perfumes into the smaller empty bottles we
had on the same type perfume.

The first one I had was Avon's Roses, Roses. My Mother almost
poured the wrong perfume in a bottle but I pointed it out to her
before she did.

D.R. (male) was questioning me about a certain incident between
E. (male) and I the day before.

With his skeptically raised eyebrow he asked me if I wasn't
pretty tired. I simply ignored his questions, but he persisted.

Night: 3

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 7:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 7:30am

1.

There is a kind of freedom of the self that is coiled in a spring.
The spring has three levels of elasticity, so the freedom is
relative to the level you are at. The lowest level is when the
spring is most compressed and it is hardest to get at, but the
freedom released and the greatest.

(Recurring theme throughout the night.) A group of six girls were
standing in my hallway in yellow rain coats and hats. Three of
us were from one study group, and three from another.

205

J.G. (male) approaches us and says that he would like to belong
to our group. We told him, "But we are two different groups."
He said that still he would like to be a member of the whole thing.

I assured him that we would accept him and welcome him. He was
comfbrted. I said we were going to have a meeting in the hallway
in just a few minutes.

Night: 4

Bedtime: 12:00pm

Awakened: 8:30am

Questionnaire Completed: 3:00pm

1.

K.S. (male) is giving a speech for some class in a big brick building
with large glass doors. I was listening to the first part of his
speech but left before he finished. As I was walking away from

the building K. caught up with me. Suddenly I wondered why I hadn't
waited fbr him. It had only been a short while afterall. It was

a short speech, just like the last one he had given.

His hair changed to blond-like E.'s (boyfriend). He kissed me
upside down.

.I was on a ship with a lot of other people. It was announced that

someone was coming. Everyone hurried to get inside, to practically
batten down the hatches. It didn't make sense, it was only a person
coming, not a storm. But I did as everyone else, and went to

get ready to turn in for the night.

I was rooming with P.L. (female). When I went in the room she was
arranging her bed on the couch so that her head wouldn't hang
over the edge.

I was walking between the rooms, not sure what I was supposed to
be doing. In my room P. was laying on the floor and J. (male) was
there. They were going to get very well acquainted, so I left.

I was on a softball team and we were going to have a game. The girls
were the Girl Scouts in my old troop. I went to a small building
like a Dairy Queen and saw a lot of my other friends. They were

on another team that was going to play at the same time.

I left with C. (female) to go to R.M.'s (female) backyard where we
were going to play. C. and I go into her garage. I remember thinking
that the condition of the garage was familir; ours was about as
cluttered.

We had to open the other side of the garage to get to the backyard.
This door slid down instead of up and I had to step over it. C.
said that there were a lot of spider webs out there. I went into
the yard anyway. The yard was quiet, enclosed, damp and surrounded
by dense foliage. The spider webs didn't concern me much but I

206

remembered thinking the sunlight wasn't good enough, as if we
were going to be trying to get a tan. I think I went back into
the garage.

I was listening to my Aunt and Uncle arguing about something. It
was over the funeral preparations of one of her servants.

I think the old woman wanted to be cremated across some fake green
branches on a metal support structure. The green branches looked
like artificial Christmas tree limbs. My Aunt kept holding them
up and looking closely at them, then shaking her head no. She
didn't like the whole idea. She didn't care what the servants
requests were, she wasn't going to stand for it.

I kept seeing the branches on a huge (size of a football field)
frame, but my aunt looked at them in a vertical way.

Night: 5

Bedtime: 12:00pm

Awakened: 6:45am

Questionnaire Completed: Time Not Specified

1.

I was doing something that had to do with examining animals or
plants. I was perhaps finding out how their genotypes produced
their particular phenotype. I asked a guy about a certain case,
referring to either a stuffed animal, an extinct animal or a
lacquered suit of armor. I believe it was the latter. The guy
said there wasn't much to worry about, since the suits of armor
were rare. He used a condescending tone as if I should have known
they were rare.

I was at home for a visit. I was taking a shower in the room next
to my old bedroom. I had on one small light by the shower and

the rest of the room was dark. It was really neat, kind of
dramatic. When I got out I put on a white turtleneck and a white
wrap around my bathrobe

C. (sister) took a shower, and in the meantime I put lemon creme
rinse on my hair. I was thinking that it probably wouldn't do
my hair a lot of good, that it may even make it a little heavy
or oily.

I have to wait to get back in the shower to rinse out the creme
rinse. It is a little frivolous to have done it this way because
I got the bathrobe wet already and I'll need it again to dry off.

I go to take a shower again, but now there are several lights on.
First I turn off the overhead light, then the closet light, but
the hall light is still on! So I go to turn that one off and
notice the bedroom light is on. I see L. (female) sitting in bed
with her Winnie the Pooh. She seems young. I turn off that light.

207

No matter how many lights I turn off, I can't seem to capture the
same mood that characterized the first time.

Night: 6

Bedtime: 12:00pm

Awakened: 6:45am

Questionnaire Completed: Time Not Specified

1. This was a beautiful dream--so much fun! I was in a big, wonder-
fully furnished mansion. It was in my parents' house! I was
going to be giving a party for some of my friends. I went down to
the kitchen to check and see if there was enough to serve my
friends. There was plenty, and there were large varities and
delicious appetizers.

Night: 7

Bedtime: 1:00am

Awakened: 9:00am

Questionnaire Completed: 5:00pm

1. I was sitting on a couch with E. (male). I was facing him with my
back to the other people who were in the room paying no attention
to us. He had his hand on my back under my shirt. I had my foot
on the wooden handle of his fork that was on the floor--only it
wasn't a fork handle that I was rubbing, and I was worried what this
seemed to be leading to. We weren't saying much of anything to
each other; it seemed to be just below the surface.

2. I was in a building with someone else and there was a girl in the
hallway. I asked her what her major was and she said she wanted
to be a psychiatrist. I was pleasantly surprised. I said, "Oh,
I've only met one, no two other people here that want to be psychia-
trists." I'm always happy to meet someone with the same interests.
I wanted to talk to her some more, but I guess I had to go. I
remember being in a playful mood. When I walked down the hall I
stopped at a drinking fountain that had four streams of water like
a small ornamental fountain. I was playing with the water, making
it dance or something. They asked me what I was doing. I said I
was just having fun, then continued on my way.

I went down to eat lunch. I was one of the first ones in the
cafeteria. I was still feeling silly, I saw J. and L. (both female).
My brother was walking toward me with a strange look I didn't know
how to interpret.

3. I followed E. (boyfriend) upstairs into a building. We saw
someone we were trying to catch up with. When we got to the floor
we thought he stopped or, we couldn't see him. He had disappeared
into one of the rooms or down the hall to the right.

208

E. opened a door to try to find the guy, and I saw a retarded
man lying prostrate on the double bed. The look in his eyes
scared me. He looked only barely alive.

APPENDIX E

Verbatim Transcripts of
Subjects' Nocturnal Verbalizations

APPENDIX E

Verbatim Transcripts of
Subjects' Nocturnal Verbalizations

S U B J E C T 1

209

Subject:

Night:

Treatment:
Alarm Set For:

1

Lights Out:

Clock El
2:55am 18
2:57am 20
3:52am 75
5:00am 143

Night:

Treatment:
Alarm Set For:

Lights Out:

9.12am.
3:00am 2
3:01am 3
3:03am 5
3:04am 6
3:07am 9
3:09am 11
3:12am 14
4:05am 67

C

C

210

8:00am

:37am

"Mm, it's cold...(speech now quite slurred) I'm gonna
do this project paper...There's a glass window behind
'em...and the glass window is brown."

(End)

"Peanut butter!" (almost shouted)

(Bell tower chiming in background) "Ring!" (almost
shouted)

8:00am

:58am

"There's a whole series of flashing lights...they're
jumping back and forth and going in circles."
(End)

"1 keep seeing a series of short little images...like
an apple...an arrow...a leg...a person in a long white
robe...a tulip..."

(End)

"There are three suckers on a dial...there's a mexican
hat over them...l am in a toy store...they have lots of
little dolls...litt1e stuffed animals...(speech now
slurred) and little colored egg."

(End)

"There's a purple (mumbled)."

(shortly preceeded by the sound of birds outside the
window) "Mm, mm, bird." (almost sung)

Night: 8
Treatment: C
Alarm Set For:

Lights Out: 3:

Clock .ET
3:05am 3
3:07am 5
3:09am 7
3:14am 12
3:17am 15
3:18am 16
3:20am 18
3:22am 20
3:23am 21
4:13am 71
4:15am 73
4:34am 92

211

7:45am
023m

"There's a cage..with glass around it...with a little
gerbil inside...The gerbil's making little scratching
sounds...he's eating a sunflower seed...he's up on his
hind legs and his stomach is white...(speech now slurred)
he seems to be looking up at something...he's flushed

in can in the cage...there's (mumbled) in the
cage up in the (mumbled)."

(End)

"I'm in a record store...in Meridian Mall...l'm looking
for a record but I don't know which one...Some of the
records are jumping out at me...(lengthy pause) I'm
looking in K-Mart behind the guard desk...There's alot
of people coming in...An old lady with a shopping cart...
and a little kid trying to get out but there's too many
people coming in...(lengthy pause) The lines are really
long. They're not moving...Some guy just made a face...
He has red hair and glasses."

(End)

"Mom and Dad are eating cookies and Dad is feeding one
to the dog...(speech now quite slurred) It's the bottom
of an escalator...At the top of the escalator there's a
show full of stuffed animals."

(End)

"I'm back in K-Mart...and I am at a cash register."

 

(S groans then states the following) " (mumbled)
Baby sitting equipment (speech now extremely slurred)
...(1engthy pause) (mumbled)."

(End)

(Speech quite slurred) "Open this door open and split."
(Speech quite slurred) "Go ahead."

(Speech almost unintelligible) "You shoulda!" (almost
shouted)

2:

3:

Night: 10
Treatment: C
Alarm Set For:
Lights Out:
Clock E_T_
3:01am 5
3:02am 6
3:04am 8
3:08am 12
3:09am 13
3:103m 14
3:13am 17
3:53am 57
4:58am 122
5:58am 182
Night: 11
Treatment: C
Alarm Set For:
Lights Out:
Clock ‘ET
3:43am 7
3:48am 12

212

7:45am
56am

"In the church."
"Image is fuzzy."

"The window is purple. If you look there the sun's shining
in."

(Speech now quite slurred) "Little things in 'em."

(Speech now more intelligible) "I said something red.
Can's understand what I said...Oh, I said, 'Don't worry
about it.'"

"I'm in the biology lab...trying to make a sample culture...
Everybody has it lined up except me...Put the sample on
the slide...I can't even put it on the slide...(lengthy
pause) Can't get the microscope focused (5 now sounding
mildly distressed)...(lengthy pause) You're still a
great class (distress now absent from voice). I think
the picture's being jerky."

(End)

"Mm hmm!" (vocalized quite loudly and staccato-like)

"No-o-o-o." (S then emits a loud, distressed-sounding
grow)
"Huh unh." (quick, staccato-like vocalization)
7:45am
36am

(5 sighs heavily, then states the following) "There's a
great burning field...and I need a little help...(speech
becoming slurred) There's nuts on the trees in term...
Really hot...The cure of the tree's so cool...(S sighs)

I'm under the tree...Wanna walk across the hills?...They're
not very big hills, just little ones...There's a few

houses on the horizon...Little red ones and little white
ones...So hot (almost groaned)...There's a cool breeze
blowing from the left."

(End)

Clock

3:50am

3:55am

3:59am

19

23

213

"I'm standing in front of a huge house. It's white with
red bricks...and white pillars. It's three stories high
and real spread out. There's a black limousine in the
driveway...and four old upright boxed things (speech
becoming quite slurred). (male name) and I, we
were got vans. I'm wearing no jewelry (mumbled).
And it's red, with waves and gold borders...Um...There's
a man, with red hair...He's wearing a red coat...Oval
buttons and gold ornamentation...He's just standing up

to his box...Oh, and he's got this little red hat on too...
And he brought me inside...Looks like Irish...Mm, it's
really warm. It must still be night...(1engthy pause)
cooling us off...Got a huge hallway...A gray house...lt's
got (mumbled)...A closet...an antique mirror...

I turned left about halfway down the hall...and I'm still
waiting...Living room's to the right."

(End)

"I'm out in the sun on‘a beach. There's a little cliff
behind us. The beach isn't very wide...0nly about...mm...
twenty feet wide...(speech becoming slurred) There's
all this black seaweed washed up right by the cliff...
It's brown and green too...Mm really small (mumbled)
...(1engthy pause) Just laying out in the sun. _It's so
warm...The waves are lapping along the sand...(lengthy
pause) We are now in the dorms (speech now extremely slurred)
...Why am I talking on the phone? It probably doesn't
matter...(lengthy pause) This guy starts with, 'Oh ya?
What do you know?'...(lengthy pause) 'Ya, well, ah, dear
I know (8 now sounding impatient).' He must be talking to
(female name). Only person she sees at home.
One of the only people he'd talk to like that...(lengthy
pause) I'm at Cedar Point... (mumbled) at that
picture place...lt's really hot...and (male name)
just asked of my acceptibility...lt's just
(mumbled) while next door it's (mumbled)....and
there's the sides open but there's only purple birds
(speech now very slurred)...Mmmm, a long purple dress...
and (female name) is wearing a yellow dress...and
(female name) is wearing a red dress...and
(male name) is sitting between and (the
two females alluded to above)...In the background is a
mirror...and (mumbled) is around all dressed in
black...and a minister and (mumbled) all dressed
in gray is a businessman... (several unintelligible
words)... (mumbled), can't tell what he's wearing.
All I can see is his face...I'm trying to reach
(female name)... (several unintelligible words)...

Clock

4:08am

4:10am

4:11am

4:13am

32

34

35

37

214

There's this guy's gun...a musket...and (male
name) is standing, moving right in front of me...I've
got my arms around him...and (female alluded to
earlier) has got her arms around (male alluded

to earlier) and (female alluded to earlier) is
standing right in front of (male just alluded to)
and (female name) is off in a corner picking her
fingernails...she's hungry but she's off in a corner."
(End)

 

"Mmm, my friend M. (male) just went on the elevator...

He's (mumbled) got to get off... 'But you're
laughing at the elevator.'"
(End)

"E." (female name)

215

SUBJECT 2

Subject: 2
Night: 2

Treatment: A

216

Alarm Set For:' 6:10am

Lights Out:
Clock El:

12:25am 69

l:OSam 109

Night: 3

Treatment: A
Alarm Set For:
11:19pm

Lights Out:
Clock ET

1:14am 115

3:10am 231

Night: 4

Treatment: C
Alarm Set For:
11:46pm

Lights Out:

Clock El
11:49pm 3
11:54pm 8
11:58pm 12
12:01am 15

11:16pm

(spoken rapidly) "Til-keel-see-dee—tee-tilch-ee-til"

"O-o-oh. I feel like, you know, terrible...and funny.
'Cause you don't remember, well I don't know if you do
or not, but a lot harder for the day right afterwards a
successful sleep...Does that make any sense at all? No."
(spoken loudly and quite rapidly)

End

6:10am

"Hi . H

"No . H

6:10am

(spoken in a groaning, anxiety laden voice) "So...(long
pause) I'm so confused...(long pause, during which S
groans sporadically) C.L. (male name)...l was just

seeing C.L.'s folks...But he hasn't lived there...for

ten years...(long pause during which S groans occasionally)
I'm so confined...I can't...move alone (S virtually
groaning as he speaks)...R. (female name)...She's dressed
up like a witch...Stop...Stop it...(long pause) It hurts
(S's voice now cracking)...0h."

(End)

"I'm not going to do this...(long pause) I don't care...
Unh unh...(long pause during which S's breathing becomes
noticeably more rapid and he occasionally groans) It's
too fast...I can't talk that fast" (5 now sounding
distressed).

(End)

217

Clock El

3:19am 213 (S scratches himself, then states the following in a
voice that is almost unintelligible) "I live here."

3:40am 234 (S turns over in bed, then states the following) "Half
flag, half vocal."

Night: 5

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 6:10am
Lights Out: 11:53pm

Clock El

11:54pm 1 "Something's wrong with the light...It keeps flashing...
Turn it off!...I'm crawling in my travel bag...and I'm
sitting on the toothpaste...Everything's so big...My
brush, it's so big, it's bigger than me...And my razor...
it's as big as the room in here...(long pause during
which 8 inhales sharply, then states the fbllowing)
Don't touch me (stated in disgusted sounding voice)...
Filthy swine...There's a big silver ball rolling at me...
I'm inside a pinball machine...And it's so weird. The
flippers are so big...and it's...You have to push those
things so hard...to make them ring...When the ball hits
it it's so easy...P. (female name)...O-o-oh, it's
beautiful...lt looks like...no it doesn't...a very pretty
wedding...1'm on a...who's wedding? (speech becoming
slurred)...I can't see anyone's face (voice now sounding
gravelly)...She doesn't have a face. It's a huge pearl
sitting on her shoulders, with a veil but there's no
face. Shiny white pearl...My legs hurt...You tacky
bitch (spoken in a haughty voice)...(long pause) It's
so degrading...But then I suppose you don't care...
Worthless...You're so rude...(long pause) What's the
message?...There's a cow over there and it's having a
baby...And it hurts. It looks like it hurts...And it's
cute (squealed with delight)...lt's so ugly it's cute...
R. (8'5 roommate) is telling us how his uncle's farm...
how they...It's terrible...It's cruel...racing animals
is cruel. Horse racing cruel. You beat the horse to
death just to win. What a waste of life. Dog racing is
worse. To actually spend time to train something to do
that...how sacreligious...Do you think the horse really
knows it's winning? All it knows is that you're beating
it to death and it has to go faster. The harder you beat
it the farther it runs to get away from the pain. I
think it all depends who can hit harder...(long pause)
I'm watching the sky (speech becoming slurred)...lt's
so hard on my...It's not real sky. It's fake sky...

Clock EI_
12:20am 27
12:28am 35
12:44am 51
1:02am 69
2:02am 129

218

I'm in Abrams Planetarium...B.'s (El's name) doing a
demonstration...(long pause, during which 5 inhales
sharply, then states the following) Why did you come?
...If you don't answer my question I won't talk to you...
I just turned into a skinny triangle...and so did he...
and everything's a skinny triangle...No, they're not
triangles, they're diamond shaped. Everything's, the
trees and the people, everything is a fuzzy diamond
shape...Move over. I need more room (8 rolls over in bed
as he states this). Oh that's good. No. I want a new
bed. This one's too small...It's so hard to...to actually
sleep when someone's in bed with you...Why? 'Cause you
don't go to bed to sleep...originally...unless you're
very tired. Then you go to bed by yourself...No I'm not

a corrupt person. Those are the facts of life. Who are
you trying to kid? Quit hassling me. You love it and
you know it...My legs...they're beating against the grass...
I'm getting sore...But he won't tell me why...he came...
You people are all alike...l don't care if you think I'm
prejudiced. You're rude...tacky. You have no respect

for yourself...If you ever come near me again...I'll call
the police...and have you arrested...R. (male name) came
over for dinner. It was good to see him. And we had
strawberry Shortcake for dessert. And it was good. And
we have to go...eat lunch with T. (male name) and R.
(female name) and H. (male name) tomorrow...Well you should
talk, I live with them...Each of them (mumbled)
right along (speech becoming slurred)...You're talking

like he's gonna drop out of school...And I was so happy
there. I felt bad that I felt so happy but I was strictly
looking at my personal gain and convenience...l mean that's
terrible to say that...'cause I don't believe that...

Yes (almost groaned)...ah-h-h (S rolls over in bed)...No...
(long pause during which S inhales sharply and groans) I
put the wrong address on it...They'll forward it...(long
pause during which 5 begins to hum a tune) Move over
(spoken with a grunt as 8 rolls over in bed) Ah."

(End)

(8 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Move
over. Thanks."

"Mm, hmm. Mm, hmm."

(S inhales sharply, rolls over in bed, groans, then
states the following) "No, I don't want to go."

(S rolls over in bed, emits two loud groans, then states
the following) "Huh unhgn

219

Clock ET

2:21am 148 (S rolls over in bed, then states the following) "It's
snowing."

2:39am 166 (S rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Able
to do (almost unintelligible)."

2:48am 175 (5 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Mm,
I'm through in here (almost unintelligible)."

4:28am 295 (S emits a loud, short snore, then states the following)
"warp. H

4:58am 325 (The loud sound of a heavy door closing can be heard in
the background, followed fbur seconds later by S rolling
over in bed, after which he states the following) "Huh?"

Night: 6

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 7:00am
Lights Out: 12:22am

Clock ET

12:23am 1 "Let me drive...Mm, unh...(long pause) I'm at the dance
studio...Mm hm...Happy feet. Mm hm. Turn. Step...
Move over (S then rolls over in bed) That's good...
They told...that."

12:25am 3 (End)

12:27am 5 "Quit twisting my arm."

12:52am 30 (S inhales deeply, rolls over in bed, emits several groans,
then states the following) "Give me the (mumbled)
tape. 1 can't leave the tape on the window...(long pause)
There's a lady and her kid."

12:54am 32 (End)

 

1:02am 40 (8 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Ah-h-h
...Unh huh."

1:15am 53 "A...one...one beer (spoken loudly)."

2:36am 134 (8 rolls over in bed, then states the following in a
belabored voice) "Trite (mumbled)."

4:12am 330 (S rolls over in bed, emits several groans, then states
the following in a gravelly voice) "No."

220

Night: 7

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 7:15am
Lights Out: 1:36am

Clock El;

1:37am 1 "I'm in a...a...I'm in a tunnel (speech slurred)...and
I'm going fast. The lights are whizzing by. I'm...
slow...down. They're slowing down...it's really...What
are you doing here?...Unh huh...So how's your mom? Who
care's, right? (short laugh) Are you getting along any
better?...Unh huh. I hear you had a big party and they
called the police. Did you get in any trouble or anything?
...Oh, I see. And you and 0. (female name) don't talk
anymore...Unh huh...No...Ya. Oh I don't like their
housekeeper either. She's...she's a real bitch...I
complained about her once to J. (female name) and D.'s
mom. She's been nicer than pie to me since...I don't
know...I'm just glad our housekeeper isn't black...'cause
...I'm really not...unh unh. I know it sounds hypocritical,
but... (mumbled), his friend's black. D.'s (male
name) one of the neatest people I know...But you put him
in your house and...D. (male) and I lived together, can
live together fine. I just can't stand having...well,
maybe it was just one bad experience. I never did like
F. (female name). She's always sneaky (contempt evident
in 5's voice)...l never trusted her farther than I could
throw her...I'll never forget the first time I got...unh
huh...Oh, she doesn't even get near my room any more.
I told her the next time she went in there she'd be fired.
She laughed at me, E. (male name). Told my mom and my
mom told her that just because she paid her didn't mean
that I wasn't part her boss. If I didn't like her she'd
be out on her ass...and so she went one step too far.
She took a...well, nobody knew at first but...they all
nickel and dime you to death (voice now gravelly)...they're
all alike. Say, she'll take...like today she'll take a...
a like a sheet or something...you know from the linen
closet. Well, fuck when you've got stacks and stacks and
stacks of sheets, you know, it's...after a couple weeks,
shit, she's got a couple sets...She takes silverware.
Hell, she doesn't need to...need to get paid. She collects
twice as much. That's why they fired, why...ya. No...unh
huh. Well I like R. (female name), she's the new one...
unh unh...Mm hmm, she's really nice. She's more like a
friend...Ya she's a little German lady. She's about...
well, she's probably about five-five...unh huh. She's
got a real cute little accent. Mm hmm...Yes...Oh, and
she wears the cutest little...F. always looked like hell.

Clock

1:50am
1:51am

1:53am

_E_'I_‘

14

15

17

221

She looked like a cleaning woman. She'd wear this stupid
old day dress, you know, and tennis shoes and white socks.
She looked like a real...ass (contempt evident in S's voice).
And she had no business being in the house...and, uh,
people would come over and she would answer the door and
she'd just look really scuzzy. Well, R. isn't like that.
R. always wears, she wears little...it's not really little,
it's a nice black dress with a white—like smock type apron
and um she really looks official. Unh huh...no they had
it catered. Right now, no I didn't go home for that.

My mom wanted me to come home but I had too much to do...
Yes, my sister...Unh huh...She bought a lot in Milford.
It's ridiculous (spoken with disgust)...0h it's in a real,
brand new sub and I guess there's only three houses up

so far. And, you know the building restrictions and you
can't build a house that's smaller than 2,300 or 23, ya
2,300 square feet. That's the smallest you can build...
Unh huh. Well there's nothing on the lot, it's just an
acre and a half and they paid, I don't know, $29,000 or
something for it, which is-ridiculous (S's voice becoming
louder and sounding irritated)...Mm hmm, I know, you put

a couple trees on the lot and they jack the price up a

few thousand dollars. Mm hmm...No...(long pause) Hi D.
(male name)...No (almost groan)...I'm not, I don't want
any (speech becoming slurred)...Where's everybody?...Oh
...Well why don't you come over and stay at my house...

I can't stand staying there all by myself (S's voice
becoming quite gravelly)...Your's is worse...Well at least
in my house it doesn't take ten minutes to get to the
other end (S laughs)...Alright, eight (5 laughs again)...
No, somebody could probably blow up the other end of the
house and you'd never know. And you wonder why I don't
want to stay there...Unh unh, it's just creepy (S's

voice barely audible)...You isolate yourself. Unh huh.
You fix something to eat. You go...Unh huh...You go in
your room, you shut the door...and you either watch TV

or you listen to the stereo. Talk on the phone all night...
And you never leave your room...'til the stupid ass house
housekeeper wakes you up in the morning...No, she doesn't
do that anymore (S's voice sounding gravelly once again).
She calls from downstairs...Ya-a-a, she's got her own key."
(End)

"I'll be darned (spoken very softly)...Unh huh...Unh unh."

"Huh...Yes I live here (spoken in a stern-sounding voice)...
What room? You happen to be sitting on my bed (8 sounding
haughty)...Well, if you were a little more informed you
wouldn't have this problem...Now, if you'll excuse your-
self. I have things to do...(long pause) Someone's
knocking at the door...Yes?...Yes, I am...Uh...They just

Clock §I_
1:57am 21
2:29am 53
2:37am 61
5:04am 208
5:16am 220
6:25am 289

Night:

Treatment:

Alarm Set For:

Lights Out:

Clock .EZ

12:45+am <1

E

222

slammed the door in his face...I don't know who. It scared
me...(long pause) Unh unh...That piece of bread is alive...
That one on the macaroni and cheese...lt's moving a bit...Oh."
(End)

"No-o-o (almost groaned)."
"Uh...I'm not asleep."

(5 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "If
something stares me, I'm hexed (speech slurred)."

(5 rolls over in bed and whispers the following in a voice
so soft that it is barely audible) "Who's to cause the
hex...J. (female name)?"

(5 rolls over in bed and whispers several unintelligible
words).

6:10am

12:45am

"Mm...Yes. It's terribly interesting (spoken in a bored-
sounding voice)...Unh huh...That guy is a total asshole
...They obviously came here...for that reason...Yes, B.

,(male name). Oh, that was this week? (Speech becoming

slurred)...Personally, it's too much for me to handle.

I think it's really sick (voice now sounding gravelly)...
Unh huh. I forget, ya...Wednesday night the meetings are
really good. Unh huh. We can get rid of the business
first and then talk about whatever the selected topic is
for the week. And it's usually published in the church
paper. Mm hmm...Ya-a-a. Unh huh. This is H. (female
name). She's the president of this chapter...No...It's

in West, no, wait where is it? I forgot...I keep wanting
to say Los Angeles, but I don't think that's right...It
might be San Diego, but I'm not sure. I don't know. I
just know I'm not going. Unh huh...Unh huh...I don't care
...(long pause) Unh huh...That's what I consider...Unh
huh, he's typical...That's my title for the

(mumbled). Born again Christian. What a trip in the
first place (speech slurred)...Uh...Subtit1ed, 'Typical
Middle Class Straight.’ Insecure. Thinks he's got all
the answers and that we're all the result of a broken

home (8 laughs). Obviously he's got his head up his ass...
Gross!...Get away from me (spoken with disgust)...You're

Clock

12:

12:

12:

12:

55am
57am
58am

59am

:00am

:02am
:17am

:00am

:45am

:l3am
:25am

:17am

:34am

pp

10
12
13

14

15

17

32

75

120

148

160

212

229

223

an utter dog...Uh...Mmmmm...oh-h-h...No (S slowly and deeply
inhales, then exhales)...Unh huh (almost groaned)...K.S.
(male name)...No. They rushed me and tried to tell me
that, 'Oh no, Sigma Alpha Mu's not Jewish.' I felt like

I had to put on a Star of David just to walk in the door...
No it's not insulting (spoken through a yawn)...'Cause
there's nothing you believe in that insults me or's against
my religion. 'Cause you have to realize that the Old
Testament is as much a part of me as it is of you...No...
He must have been really screwed up. He walked around
with a big guilt complex...Unh huh. He thought he had
killed my savior and he, it was up to him to bear the guilt
of ya, then that...there's a shark over there...0h, oh...
Unh unh...No I...No I don't go...No, not recently. M.
(male name) goes to the bar all the time."

(End)

"Oh...Unh unh, Unh unh. No. I can, not going to...I
don't want to (voice becoming softer)...Unh huh."
(End)

"No I don't want a beer, thank you...Uh...Yes-s-s, J.
(male name). Unh unh...(long pause) No, J., Nay. M.
(female name) was after you."

(End)

"Unh huh...(long pause during which S inhales sharply)
No. Stop it." -

"No (almost shouted, then followed almost immediately by
rhythmic, deep breathing)."

"Node."

"D. (male name followed by several seconds of lip
smacking)."
"Four, huh?

(almost shouted). Ouch! (whispered)."

"Unh unh (whimpered)."
(S rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Toast
...don't cover the toast (spoken in measured tones, speech

slurred)."

(S rolls over in bed, then states the following) "Don't
there...look all puzzled (almost shouted, speech slurred)."

224

Night: 9

Treatment: A

Alarm Set For: 7:20am
Lights Out: 12:37am

Clock _E_'l_‘_

12:40am 3 "Unh huh. Somebody's checking a light...Mm hmm...
Let me try...O-o-oh...(long pause) Unh unh...(long
pause) No."

12:42am 5 (End)

1:14am 37 (8 rolls over in bed lightly, then states the following)
"It's beauty-funny-boo. Mmmm."

2:35am 118 (5 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "We
(mumbled) right around one of the walks (spoken
very rapidly)."

 

3:10am 153 "A little white, a book (spoken in measured tones)."
3:28am 171 "Oh, dear (whispered so softly as to be barely audible)."

5:19am 282 (S rolls over in bed lightly, during which time he states
the following) "Oh, snow (almost grunted)."

Night: 11

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 7:00am
Lights Out: 11:12pm

Clock g1;

11:12+pm <1 " (mumbled) beach. I'm at Ja...1'm at Jefferson
Beach Marina...I'm on J.'s (male name) boat...It's rocking
back and forth, back and forth...And, ah...it's night.
It's real dark and we can hear...the Coast Guard heli-
copter...Somebody fell in the water at the Marina next
door (S's voice now sounding gravelly)...And it's the
next day and we're going over to the other side to see
if M.'s (male name) sailboat's here...The boat's got a
navy blue and red stripe around the bottom...lt's a...a
Chris triple cabin...36-foot...lt's alright, it's nothing
to write home about...I'm on the 'Crockett'...and I'm in
the head adjacent to my bunk room...and I'm seasick...
but it's OK...The fresh air from the porthole, it makes
everything alright...And I'm...asking, No, I'm sitting
at the wheel...and...Captain M.'s telling me what to do.
We're coming to a new course heading...My dad's down on
deck issuing a bunch of orders...and it's really rough.
I like it when it's rough, though. It's better than just

Clock

5:1

225

going through the dead water, it's so boring...And J.
(male name) is laying out on the back deck...the after-
deck. He's the assistant engineer. I haven't seen the
chief engineer all day...And it's alright (stated with
bored resignation)...lt wasn't too bad...A lot of weird
pe0ple. Mm hmm. It's like it's impossible to get a good
crew anymore...And, ya know, a l65-foot boat isn't any-
thing to fool around with if you don't know what you're
doing and my dad's having a hard time getting some decent
people this season. I guess they're all a bunch of
screwups...And...No...I'm inside...(long pause) I'm...
walking around and I'm inside...a great big huge watch...
And...every minute you've got to duck...'Cause the

second hand goes around (voice now sounding gravelly).
It's long and it's red...And it'd hurt if it hurt you...
(long pause) My body's shaking all over...1t's like my
shoulder is having a muscle spasm...An- I feel...l don't
know, I feel...kind of...(long pause) I feel sort of...
boned...by my own choosing...And I just saw R. (S's
roommate) with a graduation cap on. He's so ugly. He's
got glasses and a perm that looks terrible...I'm in third
grade and C.H. (female name) just bit me...I just bit

her back, over a game...And the teacher's taking us to
the principal's office...Oh, and am I cool!...I'm really
cool. C. is saying that I...that I bit her first and

I'm saying No, that she bit me first. And Mrs. G (the
principal), doesn't believe me and so I'm just laying it
on and telling her I've got evidence! I have 10 witnesses.
Yes, I can prove it!...She's confused...l'm in first grade
...or second...Mrs...or Miss...Miss...Miss C...Miss...

I don't know her name (S sounding distressed). But ,
there's first and second graders in the same class and
they do different assignments and I don't know who I am.
I think I'm a first grader...1'm in fourth grade, Mrs. C.
She's a fat ugly witch. Nobody likes her. I'm sitting
in the middle of the room and it's a spelling bee. And...
I'm waiting outside, across the hall for a science class,
no, it's reading...and Mrs. K. is the teacher. She's got
red hair and she walks, she's really bowlegged and pigeon-
toed at the same time and she's just ugh! Now it's
reading class and we're doing a play and I don't know who
I am (voice sounding gravelly)...I'm reading some part,

I don't know, and it's a party. I don't know what grade
...it's, it's...it's second grade and it's her and it's
grab bag party. You had to pull a name and buy a gift
for somebody in the class...and I bought it for M.S. (male
name). I just saw him the other day. This is getting
mixed up. I'm here and I'm there at the same time...It's
seventh grade...and...G, (male name)...(S begins to cry)
G...G...got hit by a.car...Him and L. (male name) were
riding across on Twelve Mile, across Northwestern and

Clock

g:

226

got hit...by a priest...Nobody can believe it...and...
We're sitting in study hall...and...The principal's

coming on. He's telling us...And I knew him since we were
in kindergarten...(long pause during which 8 can be

heard sniffling) I keep thinking of K. (male name)...

how bad he must feel (5 begins to cry once again)...K.
(female name) and I are going to the funeral...And I

don't know, I think it's K...and I are going to the
funeral...And I don't know, I think it's K...and I are
going to the funeral home...But it doesn't look like him

(5 begins to wail and sob)...(long pause). It doesn't
look like him (spoken through tears)...They rebuilt him

so he'd look good...And we're going to the, to the
cemetary...and they're not going to go to the grave. They're
going to go to the mausoleum...No, it's before that. We're
at church. It's my church (sobbing intensifies). And

the priest who hit him's doing the service...And he's crying
(barely intelligible through S's crying)...And they're
taking him away...they're carrying him out the back door...
And, and we're now going to the cemetary...And the
mausoleum's really musty smelling. It's beautiful but it
smells all..it smells like a place that, it smells musty...
it smells cold and closed up...And...it's the last time...
I'll ever see...And he's so nice...(1ong pause during
which S can be heard breathing heavily) I'm at another
funeral...lt's the teacher's...He's the ecology teacher
and...They don't know if it was an accident or if he
killed himself...I really didn't know him that well

(speech slurred)...(long pause) I'm in...a church...it's
my grandma's funeral...And I'm standing next to my brother...
(long pause during which S begins to sob) And I'm singing
'Were You There?'...It's such a neat song (spoken through
tears)...And it's the last time I'm ever going to see her
again (S now sobbing and wailing)...(long pause) And, and
we're leaving...and it's really sunny...and...Now we're

at the cemetary. It's the same one G's at. And we're

at the grave site and there's about 5 or 600 people

there. It's just crammed...and...they're lowering her
down...There's my mom and dad...and everybody's coming
back to our house fer 1unch...About a 150 people came

back to the house...And there's food, all kinds of food.
And I had to do a show that night...I was doing 'Damn
Yankees.’ It was opening night. No, it was the second
weekend...and I had to go right from there to my makeup
appointment and it took about an hour to put my makeup

on (voice sounding gravelly)...And then we did the show...
It was a long day (S now sounding exhausted)...And...Go
away! (banging noises emanting from the hallway can

be heard in the background)...Uh...(long pause) Oh my

leg hurts...Uh, move! (5 rolls over in bed). It hurts
(whimpered)...(long pause during which S can be heard ,

Clock

11:

ll:

12:

49pm

53pm

353m

:54am

:ZQam

:O4am

:O6am

:36am

p1;

37

41

83

162

197

232

234

312

227

whimpering) Now it doesn't hurt anymore...Except I can't
move it...(long pause) Speak English!...(long pause)
Talk...D. (male name) and I are...swimming in my sister's
pool...and...All this clicking (clicking sounds can be
heard in the background)...And we're sitting there, in
my sister's sauna...and...We're going to go to his
house for dinner...Or we're going to go out. Somebody
smashed the back end of his car (voice sounding gravelly)
but let's go (speech slurred)...l'm in choir...singing
(mumbled) up to God...I'm running around looking

at the mast...and the (mumbled) feeling the air...

I'm in B. and C.'s (male names) room. I'm going downstairs
and I'm passing that girl. I pass her all the time...

And I'm going to love, you have the door. And I walk into
Wells...and I'm going in for class...and I'm coming out
and it was a good movie...(long pause) I have chocolate
chip cookies under my eyes...inside...0h dear

...I'm talking on the balcony...M. (male name) looks

like he's jumping...All these clicking noises. They're
bothering me (none can be heard in the background at

this time)...(long pause) Stop!...Stop! (almost shouted...
(long pause) I'm going mad...Look, chick, whatever you're
doing, it's unimportant. So stop it!...Thank you...

Well, that break was short lived...Rude person."

(End)

(a phone can be heard ringing in the background afterwhich
S states the fbllowing) "St0p!"

(S rolls over in bed, then states the following) "No
car. I've got no car...anymore (speech slurred)."

(S rolls over in bed, then whispers the following very
rapidly) "Do you go through this morning
(unintelligible)?"

(5 rolls over lightly in bed, then states the following)
"No...whatever (speech slurred)."

(S clears throat, then states the following) "Right
(stated matter of factly)."

(5 rolls over in bed lightly, then states the following)
"Uh, Lord (followed by a short chuckle)."

"I'm...fascinated in the amount of work involved.
(Several seconds later S rolls over in bed, then states
the following) I'm awake now...I don't know if I said
that or not."

Clock ‘ET
5:05am 341
5:32am 368
5:43am 379

Night: 12

Treatment:

Alarm Set For:

Lights Out:

Clock E_‘I_‘
1:26am 114
1:31am 119
1:46am 134
1:54am 142
2:29am 177
3:50am 258
4:07am 275

D

228

(The sound of a train passing in the night can be heard
loudly in the background as S whispers the following)
"Oh...outside."

"The horses are all formed...The Earth's shaking, or my
body's shaking (speech slurred)."

(S rolls over lightly in bed, then whispers the following)

"Mm, stop. (Unintelligible). Mm hmm (barely
audible).

7:00am

11:32pm

(5 rolls over in bed, then states the following) "God,
why am I talking so fast? (spoken very rapidly)"

(8 rolls over lightly in bed, then states the following)
"B. (El's name spoken in a croaking voice)...T. (male
name), present."

(5 rolls over lightly in bed, then states the following)
"I'm trying to (unintelligible). I'm dreaming
about..."

"What's going on? (whispered)"

"Unh huh...Stand up young man."

"Mm hmm, that's right. (speech clurred)"

"Stewed fished half. Ya, I'm right. (speech somewhat
slurred)"

229

SUBJECT 3

230

Subject: 3

Night: 1

Treatment: A

Alarm Set For: 6:30am
Lights Out: 12:04am

Clock §I_

12:04+am 1 (S whistles into the microphone, then states the following)
"What do you make of this Bear (referring to her teddy

bear, which she brought to the sleep lab)?

(5 then laughs)

How about some Milk Duds for you? No, I'm not worried.
don't usually speak to my bear. Only when I know people
are listening. (S laughs once again) I'm thirsty...
Hmmmm...0nce upon a midnight dreary, while I pandered
weak and weary...while I nodded nearly napping, suddenly
there came a tapping, as if someone gently rapping,
rapping at my chamber door. Just some visitor, I muttered,
tapping at my chamber door. Only this and nothing more...
Hello! (S is responding to E2's knock on the door.
asks S if she wants some water, in response to 5'5
statement regarding her thirst. S laughs uproariously,

then states that she would like some water.

During the

period that E2 is getting S a pitcher of water, 5 states
the following) This is great!...(long pause) I always

get thirsty when I'm nervous...So does my bear...I

wonder how many people spend 12 nights in Olin Health
Center without even being sick...I love this art work
(referring to the posters and pictures that had been

hung on the lab walls)...I should have brought my

Warren Beatty poster. And my Clark Gable and my Paul
Newman...There's this one star up there that keeps looking
at me...You know that little latch on the window?

silhouette looks like the bust of Nefertiti.

(E2 returns

at this point with S's water. After E2 leaves S's room,

S states the following) I'm not really tired now, I'm going
to read (8 laughs loudly). Well, Bear, what do you think
of this thing" He's kind of the strong silent type (S
laughs)...No, I'm not really one of those wacky people

who talks to plants and animals and things...l'm just

not tired right now...I wouldn't be talking right now if

I didn't know that I've got a captive audience (announced
in a triumphant voice with emphasis placed on the words
'captive audience'). (5 laughs loudly) Ah, what do you
know? I'm an actress...basically...(S laughs)...Oh, I
forgot to bring my red book...That's something in which

I write important things...The poem that I was saying
before, that was 'The Raven' by Edgar Allen Poe.
the whole thing but I wouldn't want to...give it all to
you right now...lt's kind of a long poem...(long pause)
This is going to be a long tape mostly filled up with
nothing...l'll bet if these posters fell off the wall
I'd say something. That's what usually happens.

Clock

ET

231

roommate says that when the poster falls off the wall I
usually mumble very fast and incoherently...12:15 and I'm
wide awake...(S laughs)...Dr. Frankenstein, I presume
(spoken in an exaggerated Eastern European accent)...lf
somebody had told me last year that I would be spending
12 nights with two shrinks, hooked up to electrodes in

the Olin Death Center...I would have said, 'No way, Jose'...

Never (S laughs)...(long pause) I thought you said that
one poster was supposed to be a reproduction of...Van
Gough? Or Da Vinci?...lt's one of the impressionist's
paintings...Da Vinci wasn't an impressionist painterl...
Hmmm, anthropology...He made anatomical drawings that
helped in later comparative anatomy...I wonder if I'll
get that right around midterm...(S 1aughs)...You see, my
bear knows everything. I was just the dummy...Do you
believe people would be jogging at 12:15 at night? Not
me...Oh, my friend had to spend a night here once. She
got so drunk and went ice skating and fell and hit her
head really hard (8 laughs). You're thinking. 'We've
got a crazy one on our hands here.’ You know, I'm going
to say a lot of foolish things because I've got no feed-
back...(long pause) Hmmm...Ah, there's the moon...O-o-o-
oh... (mumbled) was a dog in his own day and waited
twelve years in the city of (mumbled) for a ship
that was to return him to the isle of his birth and on
the twelfth, in the twelfty year, on the seventh day of
(mumbled) in the month of (mumbled)...
he climbed the hill above the city walls and looked
seaward and beheld a ship coming through the mist...and
the gates of his heart flung open and his heart flew far
over the sea. He closed his eyes. He prayed in the
silences of his own soul...the beginning of the 'Prophet'
by Halil Gibran...(S pours water into her mouth, leans
into the microphone, and can be heard making loud
gurgling sounds. S then laughs uproariously.) That's
my water. You know George Carlin has this one routine
where he shares a swallow with us (5 laughs). It's a
very personal thing. No one ever shares a swallow with
you. You want to hear a swallow? (S then takes a drink
of water, leans into the microphone, swallows, then laughs
uproariously) This is fun (5 laughs). No one ever lets
me be crazy...At this point my roommate would be saying,
'D. (S's name) Shut up and go to sleep! ...She's
not very tolerant (voice sounding gravelly)...Michigan
State University.’ Here I am sitting up in bed looking
out the window. It's any normal scene except I have
electrodes attached to my head (S laughs)...She's never
been the same since that last experiment (spoken in an
exaggerated Eastern European accent)...(long pause during
which S begins to hum a tune) Oh my head is hurting
tonight. After I got out of that big interview with the
All University Judiciary. Whew! My head's spinning...
(long pause) There's the Honor's College and the Hort.

Clock

§_T_

232

Building and to the right of us is Morrill Hall...That
must be, no, ya, beyond a shadow of a doubt, the ugliest
building on campus--Morrill Hall. It has terminal ugli-
ness...(long pause) I can't wrinkle my forehead...

Kinda reminds me of when I was a little girl. I used to
have short hair and my mother would still put me in pony
tails. She pulled my hair so tight that I couldn't

even more my head. You get little rashes on your neck
because your hair is so tight...I was noticing as I was
talking in my hypnosis how one thing would relate to
another...The orange peel in the hand. Then the hand
moves into a witches hand...She went flying. Then the
funnel turns into the brim of a baseball cap...I guess
that's the way normal thinking goes...You have logical
relationships...Who'd be in Hort. Building at 12:30 at
night?...(long pause) Oh my head. I usually don't get
headaches. O-o-oh. Hi there Bear...(S laughs)...I

don't believe it (S now giggling uncontrollably). What

a day...Why am I in a good mood? I should be in a
rotten mood...That really does look like Nefertiti...Whew!
I see...all kinds of strange things in things. They
think I am so weird down at the lab because I feel so
bad about killing the rice plant...Gosh, I killed them
and I have to throw them away and I washed the dishes

and they're sitting there in the garbage can and they're
just screaming at me. 'What did you do to me? What

did you do?’ (spoken in a shrill, high pitched voice)
Oh, it's bad...l mean it's a slow, agonizing death...
(long pause) You know where I got this nightgown? And
another pair of babydoll pajamas just for this experiment
(5 laughs). Because what I had didn't even resemble
anything like pajamas...(long pause, during which 5 begins
to laugh) I often giggle for no reason. I think my mother
thinks I am crazy. I can be sitting all by myself with
nobody else around and just giggle because I think of
something that's funny that happened several years ago.
But nobody understands that. They say, 'What are you
giggling about?‘ and I say, 'Well nothing because it would
be ridiculous to describe something that happened years
ago'...So they think I'm crazy...That book is by Tennyson.
Oh that's great. I want to read those...Lord Alfred
Tennyson, 1889, 'The Battle of East and West.' I know
the first verse. Want to hear it? (8 laughs) Sure you
do! (S laughs) 'Oh East is East and West is West and
never the twain shall meet. 'Til earth and sky meet
presently in God's great judgment seat. But there's
neither East nor West, border nor breed, nor birth when
two strong men stand face to face, though they come from
the ends of the earth.' That poem was the preface to
'The Cowboy and the Cossack' by Lee Huffaker...Great
book. Read it when I was in eighth grade...(long pause).
My boyfriend hates me because I've got such a good

Clock

p1;

233

memory...(long pause) Hmmm...l want to sleep but I'm

just not tired...I didn't want to focus on that dumb
little spot on that round disc on that light (spoken with
contempt. S is referring to the target used for the
hypnotic induction.) Hurt my eyes...(long pause) It's
funny when...l'm looking at that one little spot. The
room, it's not so much that what I'm looking at gets
distorted, but the rooms dimensions change. The colors
change. They move back and forth, then it all gets fuzzy
except that I can still see the one spot...The first time
we were doing the experiment, when I was looking at my
thumb (S's is referring to the group hypnosis screening)...
It was weird. I got these negative impressions, like
there's a photographic negative of everything...lt was
really strange and there was a lot of white...(long

pause) I got to take the stupid necklace off (S bangs

her head loudly against the microphone, laughs, then
states 'Oh, sorry') Sorry about that...(long pause) All
these wires...Sleep D. sleep...Mmmm...Hey, what are you
guys doing in there? (5 laughs) Bear and I are having

a party. He wanted to know if it was OK if he brought

in a few friends...See, I told you they wouldn't let
you...My friend and I went down to look at the ducks at
night. And we couldn't see any around. Of course, it's
simple. Thursday is half price night fer ducks at Dooley's.
All the ducks went down to Dooley's to jazz it up...

Did you know that ducks can swim under water? I didn't
believe it. I didn't think they could go under water
(spoken with exaggerated incredulity)...You know I found
two duck eggs. My roommate thinks I am as bad as a little
boy. I bring everything home. Everything I find, I bring
home. -(8 laughs) I found two duck eggs...one of them
died, it was cracked. I was so upset...J. J. (S's
roommate) keeps turning off the light for my incubator...
Drat!...l remember when we were little. My brother and

I were in this one room. And there was a spider on the
ceiling. This must of been before I was afraid of
spiders...(S laughs) We had my mom really going. She was,
she's not naive, but she really believed that we didn't
want her to kill the spider because we wanted to train

it (8 laughs uproariously) I'm sure, what can you train
a spider?...But she said she wouldn't kill it because we
were training it (5 laughs)...We were always testing

the elasticity of her leg...(long pause) I do not like
spiders, though...in fact, a lot of my memories have
spiders in them. And lately a lot of my dreams have had
spiders in them too. But I'm not afraid of them in my
dreams...But spiders really freak me out. I mean, I don't
get bothered by anything. Iguanas, lizards...pythons...

I say worms, but when I was a little girl I used to take
worms out of the puddles and put them on the dry sidewalk.
Those stupid worms, they just crawling back into the puddles.

Clock

ET

234

It was hopeless. I was so upset. They kept drowning
themselves in the puddles. I had a cousin who used to
eat worms. Yecch!...(S laughs)...(long pause) I have
Nefertiti looking out the window and Van Gogh to the

left of me...(long pause) Maybe tomorrow I'll tell

you the one about the sweet young girl who was a tender
young thing...It's a little story I know...Or maybe my
bear and I will do a little routine. We know one called
'Boy Meets Girl.‘ Except sometimes he misses his lines...
What are these things in my hair? These bobby-pins? I
must look lovely (spoken with mock self-concern)...

What a beauty, my arms are all tangled up in these dumb
wires...I'm tired but I can't go to sleep...(S laughs)...
I remember when I was little...I had a really funny dream
...I still remember it. I could describe it but I'll
spare you...But when my dad came in the room he was
concerned. I guess I was laughing in my sleep. I was
laughing so hard, it was so funny (S laughs). He thought
I was crying...And once at Girl Scout camp they said that
I was screaming in my sleep. Screaming at the top of my
lungs (S's voice becoming melodramatic). I couldn't
imagine. I didn't even wake up...And then in the Fall I
woke up crying. Oh, I cried for so long. It was such a
bad dream. But it wasn't the dream that I was crying
about...I was crying because I knew what it meant...And

I heard the puppy. And it me too...(long pause, during
which the sound of a flushing toilet can be heard in the
background) Who can be going to the bathroom at 12:30

at night? (S laughs)...(long pause, during which S
inhales deeply, exhales slowly, then states the following)
Slow leak...(long pause, during which 5 laughs) Rocky
Racoon is taking care of everything up there (S is
referring to stuffed toy racoon which she ritualistically
attached to the microphone each night of the experiment)...
And J. (S's roommate) is sleeping all alone tonight (S
laughs) Too bad (spoken in a mocking voice)...She probably
loves it...(long pause, during which the sound of a ringing
telephone can be heard in the background) What is that
ringing?...That went off twice while I was under hypnosis
...B. (El) swallowed twice during that five minute period
when I was going under deeper (S is referring to a depth
enhancement procedure administered during the hypnotic
induction)...(S laughs) Either he's a noisy swallower or
I'm a good listener...ln fact, I could hear you that night
of the, the first experiment (group hypnosis)...I could
hear you drinking your water...(long pause, during which
S yawns and laughs) My stomach is talking to me (spoken
in a munchkin-like voice)...(long pause, during which S
laughs) O-o-oh, M-a-a-n...Uh, these wires!...(long pause,
during which S laughs and rolls over in bed) I can't fall
asleep until I turn over on my stomach...Dumb wires!...
(long pause) O-o-oh, M-a-a-n. It's twenty to one...lt's
going to be a short night...(long pause, during which S

Clock 'ET
12:48am 44
3:57am 233
4:08am 244

Night: 2

Treatment: A
Alarm Set For:
12:04am

Lights Out:
Clock ET

12:04+am <1

3:32am 208

235

yawns) I see a toothbrush where the brush is all fuzzy...
the ends are like wheat...(long pause, during which S
laughs) Hey, be quiet down there.. That's my stomach...
Next time I'm going to leave my Stomach home...(long

pause) The music 'Tubular Bells' by Mike Oldfield is going
through my head...That's the song part from the 'Exorcist'
...(long pause) Ugh! These stupid wires! (whispered)...
(long pause, during Which S yawns) I really

(mumbled) when I sleep...(long pause) I see these hands

on a baby's head...bald head...shaking it down...with their
Chinese...A (mumbled) dog with their ears sticking
up...real long hair...I hear something outside that looks,
sounds like a skateboard...No way (whispered)...Old

leopard on the side of a barn. It's just a painting...
(long pause) Somebody just pushed a guy's face down into

a pile of oyster crackers...What a punishment...There's
this guy looking down a mining shaft and a uvula hanging
over head head...of course, that's ridiculous...(long pause)
Milk gushing ou- of a balloon with a hole in it. Maybe

it was a canteen (S's voice has softened considerably since
she began describing visual imagery)...And it's a snail...
It's a round_ball...spinning on an axis...Spinning 'round

a fish...Plastic fish...Spinning on a vertical axis...
(long pause) I heard somebody cough (no such sound, or

any other sound for that matter, can be discerned in the
background)...(long pause) (mumbled) pushing the
stroller down the sidewalk (whispered)...A teepee with

a big silhouette on it of Cancer the Crab in the sky."
(End)

(S whispers on and off for eleven minutes. Speech is so
soft as to be completely unintelligible.)
(End)

7:00am

"I'm sorry I talked so much last night...I guess I just
took advantage of the situation."

(Spoken in a whisper as S returns to bed after having spent
the previous several minutes sitting up, awake, writing)
"You guys must be pretty tired, huh?...(long pause) In

my dream I had a line. Somebody said, 'Leave my loneli-
ness unbroken.' It's a part of mine from 'The Raven'

that I'm memorizing...ln my dream I finish the line in

my head, 'Leave my loneliness unbroken...a (mumbled)'

Clock

_E_'l‘_

236

...No wait. Not quite. Leave my loneliness unbroken...
Put the bust above my door...Take that beak from out of
my heart...Take that (mumbled) from off my door.
Quoth The Raven, 'Nevermore.'...(long pause, during which
S rolls over in bed) Ouch!...(long pause, during which S
laughs) I'm pretty consistent, aren't 1? It's 3:30...
Good grief!...(long pause, during which 5 moves about in
bed) My skin hurts. Ouch!...(long pause, during which

S yawns) ONce again, I feel pretty wide awake. I never
wake up in the middle of the night...(long pause) The
song from Superman keeps going through my head...(long
pause) I know I wasn't going to talk anymore but this
one verse from a poem by Poe keeps going through my head.
It happens to be on the Alan Parsons Project too...

It was a record of Poe's works put to music...'And now
my days are trances. And now my nightly dreams are worth
thy dark-eyed glances. And (mumbled). What
ethereal trances (8 now attempting to affect a cultivated
sounding voice). By what eternal schemes'...You know
that Poe's favorite word was phantasmagorical? He uses
it five times in one short story. It's called 'The House
of Usher'...(long pause, during which S chuckles) I'm
just talking cause I can't go to sleep right away...
(long pause) I wonder.if this 3:30 business is going

to be consistent?...(long pause) You want to hear a poem?
...By Poe, of course...It seems appropriate. It's called
'A Dream Within A Dream'...'Take this kiss upon the brow
and imparting from me now the (mumbled). You are
not wrong who deem, my days have been a dream. Yet, if
hope has blown away at night or in the day.

(mumbled) All that we see or seem is in a dream. I stand
amid the roar with a surf (mumbled) shore. And

I hold within my hands grains of the golden sand. How
few yet how they creep through my fingers to the deep,
while I weep, while I weep. Oh God, can't I grasp it
with an entire clasp? Oh God, can I not save one from
the perilous wave? As all that we see or seem I dream
within a dream.'...Some people seem to reject their
sleeping and their dreaming as something almost foreign
from them (spoken in a solemn tone)...As if their dreams
don't really come from them but from somhwhere else. But
then, to reject half, a third or a fourth of their life...
as if it had no meaning...Say that it's not real...is to
lose a whole fraction...l'm just as real, I'm just as
alive when I'm sleeping (voice becoming louder)...the
sounds and images are all coming from me, from my head.
It's the only reality I know anyway...There's nothing
that's real outside of my soul. It's an objective
viewpoint...So my dreams have to be just as real as what
I go through in the daytime. That's why I write them down,
'cause I don't want to lose any of it (voice becoming
gravelly). I'm very jealous. I want to grab everything

237

Clock ET
and keep it for myself...I want to be just as aware of
what's going on when I'm sleeping as I when I'm awake...
(long pause) Anytime I have a headache at all...I almost
never have a headache longer than 10 or 20 seconds...but
then I broke my record sometime last year when I had a
headache for a couple minutes. 'Cause I really never
have headaches. As a matter of fact I'm very rarely
sick. I can think I won't get sick and I don't get any
illness even though I sleep in the same room...My boy-
friend got Mono once and I never even got it. He was out
for a month. I never stopped seeing him but I just never
got it...(long pause, during which S coughs loudly) I do
have a little bit poor circulation in my hands...I used
to wake up very hot and my hands would be numb...probably
because I sleep with my hands under my pillow 'cause of
the circulation. But other times I think that if I hadn't
even been sleeping on them and had kept them by my side
that I'd wake up and they'd still be numb. I feel a little
bit strange right now...(long pause, during which S yawns)
Ouch!...(long pause during which S rolls over in bed,
occasionally banging her head into the microphone)
(unintelligible whispering lasting no more than two
seconds.)"

3:58am 234 (End)

Night: 4

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 7:30am
Lights Out: 12:59am

Clock ‘5:
12:59+ <1 (5 groans loudly for several seconds, then states the
following) "I see an egg (spoken in a croaking voice)
...an eggshell...l'm eating a hot dog...As soon as you
turned out the light I immediately saw the meat (speech
slurred) and (mumbled) There's a buggy (almost
unintelligible). I must wait! S-l-i-d-e projector...
Some things you master (speech very slow). Cassette
(mumbled) and a book with many pictures...it's
far away. It's open a little bit and it closed...I'm
ordering things like stars...Mmmmmm...A rabbit. Jack-
rabbit. I see it from the top the way I saw it when I
was hypnotized before...And three-ee-ee popsicle sticks
on a little black rabbit face and he has white, he has a
black head and a white face and a white slit down the
middle of his head and a horn coming out of it...Oh it's
a goat! It's a goat (whispered)...O-o-oh, there's one
of those worms (voice sounding very gravelly)...comin'
near the goat. Go ahead...oh...o-o-oh, that's bad
voice laden with anxiety). Oh, kill it, kill it!

 

Clock

ET

238

Ooh, pull the worm out. Ooh, get the worm out. Ooh...
that worm kills...(long pause, during which S begins to
cry) Get the worm out (spoken through her tears)...

(long pause, during which S can be heard sobbing) The worm
(voice heavily constricted) hurts the goat like it hurt

the kitten...I tried to get it (S sobbing uncontrollably)
...Get it out!...And the kitten died...And the kitten was...
there was a parasite living inside it...(long pause,

during which S sobs uncontrollably) A little warm and fuzzy
and...fuzzy...(long pause) an arrow (voice now considerably
calmer)...shooting up...goes through where?...A hole in

the rock...(long pause, during which 5 sighs heavily)...
I'm still looking through the hole (speech slurred) And
the rock looks inside a cave...And I see a circle with

two lines through it...kinda like a Jews harp...(long
pause) A pen. I (mumbled) a pen. A

(mumbled) push pen...(long pause) Scissors...A bird...
along with the scissors belong to...purple and yellow...
Can't see the head (speech slurred). I can see it under-
neath it the beak. Yellow beak, purple tip. Right near
the purple...(long pause) Wishbone...But the worm...Unh
unh...And the wishbone fused with the worm and becomes

a mitochondria...No, that doesn't look like mitochondria
...A shell...a fan shell...And, so the blue

(mumbled) is bigger... (mumbled) flaps
(mumbled) turns into a butterfly...cornhusk dolls, big
skirts and little black shoes, green (mumbled)...

long thin arms...akimbo...a lion, a white lion...is steri-
lized. Pupils looking back into their head...big white
teeth...fangs...like wishbones.c.like the wishbones in
the (mumbled)...a jaw...and like two kinds of
tooth came up and jumped to the other base of the wish-
bone...Then it becomes one other piece of chalk...Then

I see a molar...lt's dark in the center (voice sounding
gravelly)...Like it's rotted out...A...Clownhead...Just
the white eyebrows and the white plastic...With the red
hair on either side and a tuft of red hair sticking
straight up...Curls. Big floppy head...A boy with a
baseball cap on his head...Sucker...It's really twisting
around and twirling around...A bow tie...white bow tie
becomes a ribbon, black ribbon...black ribbon being

put on Christmas present. Black...Yellow ribbon...After
one sitting...Hands...Sitting on hands...Big candle...
(long pause) Barrel of a gun...Looking down it like a
piece of macaroni...or like a bow pulled with a bead on
it...Sticking up with a straight pin...I want to tell you
it's a shame (whispered). It's a downright disgrace.
Songs too...Songs going in my head...Hook. White hook...
ooooh I saw a barbed wire on a...a barbed hook...anchor...
horse head anchor. No it isn't, it's a beater for a
blender. It's a beater for a b1ender...Mmmm...A mother
tickling a little baby...(S yawns) A clam...reddish on
the inside...Not a clam...a compact with make-up for lipgloss

239

Clock [ET

...reddish and gooey...You take it with your finger and
you put it on your lips (Spoken in measured tones)...I
put too much on...You moved your finger away and there
wasn't any lipgloss where you put your finger...It rips
off a little part of the lip and it's just white kind of
...Just a little white spot (voice sounding gravelly)...
The white spot moves...And it changes...And is a washer

then a donut...And a (mumbled) form bath. I see
the thing upside down. Everything walks around, wish it
didn't... (mumbled)...Riding around in a circle.

 

In a vertical circle...Up the wall, across the ceiling,
down the wall to the floor, around and around...White
helmet... (mumbled) on its head...Big blue eyes...

a Short brown bangs. She can't get out of the helmet...
That duck bill. The curved side of a duck bill profile.
Donald Duck...Tail of a beaver...flat, curved...breast
of a monkey...Hmm, fingernail...with black fur behind it
...with hair on top of a head...hair on a girl's head...
Like a black curl pulled back in a poney...(long pause)
One of those hand scrub washers:..Wash a washboard...
Hands (mumbled) behind a white thing...Someone
picks up something. It looks like (mumbled)...
Strange shaped white thing like the support of a
dentist's table. There's tall stands and I see the
bottom of a stool with a...with a stool coming out the
middle of it. Except it's just like a bar that has...
What do you call it?...(long pause) Person is standing
a way far away. A very personal person... Out on the
street with a street light above...But the dark follows
him...A weird lady...fat with gross hair...dark glasses.
Face pushes in and recedes and now it's a vulture and it
has...l just see the head. It moves so fast that I can't
describe it all before it changes...You know...They're
still changing. I'm talking and I can't keep up. I
have to talk so fast. The faster I talk, the faster it
changes... (5 yawns) A watchband. A watch. Metallic...
expandable...Hands...Teeth...The top view of teeth...
Ooh, little black things in them moving. They're bugs...
like some bugs crawling away from (mumbled).
Poor guy (mumbled) black and white spots. White
spots and black spots. Oh, and a light brown leaf...
White spheres floating...through space (melodramatic
voice). They're growing black...Things connected to
them. Brooms (Several people whistling loudly outside
the lab can be heard in the background) Brooms on long
black threads or on long wire...A snake. A snake with
black and white...Like it's a (mumbled)...It has
a black band...And like, a, it disappeared into a hole.
And I don't want to think about the kitten coming full
circle. I won't think about the kitten...A strawberry
pot. Good strawberry plants in it. Grows out the sides

Clock

1:23am

2:04am

3:50am

4:00am
4:10am
4:12am

5:15am

Night:

6

ET

24

65

171

181

191

193

256

Treatment: E
Alarm Set For:
Lights Out:

Clock

2:36+am

2:43am

3:06am

3:10am

ET

<1

30

34

2:

240

and (mumbled) Moss growing in (mumbled)
spots. A taller plant growing out of wild ' (mumbled).
Like a (mumbled). Like with a lid (voice sounding

gravelly). Black dirt. Plant turns into a hand. I can't
talk this long to keep with it...My hair's wet...Tail.
Dragon tail (whispered) and...Like an arrow. It's green
and yellow. (5 yawns)...(S continues to whisper unintel-
ligibly/inaudibly for five minutes).

(End)

(Whispered so rapidly that only a few words can be made
out) "I took drink (mumbled). I should have
took...my (mumbled)...I don't know...
(mumbled)...I'm going to have to catch (mumbled)."
(Total elapsed time for this verbalization: 30 seconds.)

(5 whispers several unintelligible words, rolls over in
bed, and whispers several more unintelligible words.)

(5 awakens and whispers inaudibly/unintelligibly for 10
minutes)
(End)

(5 resumes unintelligible whispering and continues for
63 minutes.)
(End)

7:30am
36am

(S sighs deeply several times, then states the following)
"I see a...multi-colored ball. A beachball (whispering)
...Harlequin, everlasting (mumbled) (S laughs)...
and the football, (mumbled) standing on it's
side...(S yawns) A tennis racquet with a (mumbled)
tennis balls...And a tennis (mumbled)...Now it's
turning into keys" (S's voice barely audible)...(S
continues to whisper unintelligibly for 6 more minutes.)
(End)

(S rolls over lightly in bed, scratches herself several
times, yawns, then rapidly whispers several unintelligible
words.)

"A stand of white birds (whispered)...a (unintel-
ligible)...Dirty leg... (unintelligible)...Now...

241

Clock ‘E[
I got...I failed...So I'll (mumbled) (5 rolls
over in bed) And..." (5 continues to whisper unintel-
ligibly for 45 seconds.)
3:12am 36 (End)
3:46am 70 (S whispers so softly for 13 seconds that the entire
verbalization is unintelligible.)
5:01 145 (S inhales deeply, rolls over lightly in bed, then
whispers the following) "C. (female name)."
5:45am 189 (S can be heard scratching herself in the background,
then whispers the following) "I just went into my
chest."
7:23am 282 (S whispers so softly for 2.5 minutes that the entire
verbalization is unintelligible.)
Night:
Treatment:
Alarm Set For: 7:30am
' Lights out: 12:18am
Clock .ET
12:25am 7 (S whispers so softly for 3.5 minutes that the entire
verbalization is unintelligible.)
12:29am 11 (End)
12:30am 12 (Whispered) "Black man playing on a basketball court...
I don't know who he is... (mumbled) On his
chair...Sitting on a lawn, on a lawn chair...(long
pause) (unintelligible)...(long pause) (S
continues to whisper so softly fer 6.5 minutes that
the entire verbalization except for the words 'No
shorts and sandals,' is unintelligible.)
12:38am 20 (End)
12:39am 21 "K. (female name whispered)."
3:39am 201 (S whispers a few unintelligible words.)
3:48am 210 (S whispers a few unintelligible words.)

242

Night: 8

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 6:30am
Lights Out: 12:07am

Clock El

 

4:16am 263 (S whispers intermittently and so softly for 23 minutes
that the entire verbalization is unintelligible.)
4:39am 286 (End)

4:58am 305 (S rolls over in bed and whispers the following) "I
saw a little girl...sitting on a (unintelligible)
shell...stashed in (unintelligible)."

4:59am 306 (End)

5:11am 319 (S whispers a few words so softly that the entire
verbalization is unintelligible, then rolls over in
bed.)

5:34am 332 (5 rolls over in bed, hiccups, then seems to whisper a
few unintelligible words.)

Night: 9

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 7:00am
Lights Out: 12:31am

Clock El

12:32 1 (Whispered) "I see many (unintelligible) colors
and (unintelligible) my vision's dream and the
black...is like ink. It comes from the outside and it
comes up and it becomes a mountain stream and seeps down
and covers it up. This is something that I see
sometimes, not always. So fast...Starts, and then
covers it up and there's always more color in the middle
to cover it up with the black...(long pause) A round
black (unintelligible). Can't be anything...
Could be a cave opening. A black Chinese hat...(long
pause) I see an earring on an ear...(S sighs) A
circular thing...I think it's a cone...(S rolls over in
bed) Chicklets...White Chicklets. Piece of gum. A
piece of tile...A small little piece of tile...Front
parts to a (unintelligible) are white. One's dark
brown, one's speckeled...(long pause) I hear a boat but
I don't see a boat...I see two horns and the horns curl
and curve up. And I see the sickle of a horn...

(unintelligible) A white horse...The mane is a

fire, a fire,...Wild fire...The song "Wild Fire."

 

 

 

Clock

pp

243

(Unintelligible) wild fire..Pegasus and a unicorn.

(unintelligible) rider (unintelligible) its
teeth. It won't be captured by anything or anyone. This
race with (unintelligible) white wings. And only
those who are as (unintelligible) as Pegasus can
ride...White on white...A girl with a flowing dress
that moves around in the wind rides Pegasus. She has bare
feet and they're pointed... (unintelligible) Dancer

(unintelligible) Rider ballerina rides Pegasus...
(long pause during which 5 sighs deeply) A foot...A
ballerina's foot. She's spinning around on her toes...
White satin shoes...(long pause during which 8 rolls
over in bed and sighs deeply) Black shoes...A regular...
patent leather shoe with a square toe...Patent leather

(unintelligible)... (unintelligible) Can't
be a boot but it is...White sock . Little gray and
white socks (voice barely audible). (unintelligible)

Lace and bobby socks...(S continues to whisper unintel-
ligibly for 1 minute) And it floats out and out, getting
bigger and bigger. There aren't even any eyes. Just a
cape. All black. Coming closer. Getting bigger...
Covering...Just like everything else (S's voice barely
audible)...But I'm not afraid...I guess I'm not afraid
(unintelligible)...(S yawns) Kitten! I can see
the kitten. But I just see the back legs walking away
(S's whisper much louder now) and the tail's sticking
straight up in the air waving back and forth. Black

.and white tip of the tail and white paws...Little kitten

feet...He's gently (unintelligible) feet...and the
claw's spread out. .So soft...Litt1e kitten feet...Kitten
paw...Kitten paw's now a plant, a green plant that's
fuzzy. I see a sun up. I go walking out in the back...
Kitten paws...Out way back...(long pause) Kitten paws...
Frogs. They look fake! Like plastic. They have big
eyes and their mouths are open and they are they're
looking back. Their jaws stay stationary but the top
of their head, of their mouth moved back. A safety pin.
A silver safety pin...Something, the safety pin, the safety
pins remind me of babies. I see a baby in a diaper. The
baby's laying on one side of the diaper. The mom's
(unintelligible). I see an umbilical cord that
wraps around the top of the diaper...wraps around and
ties...turns into a jump rope. I see a nipple...(long
pause during which 5 rolls over heavily continuously,
without interruption for 1 minute) Salt in a salt shaker
jumping around...lt stops jumping around because...It says
'We were...colder...real cold. Because we're cold we
sto-ped jumping.' These salt particles are talking to
one another. Now they stopped jumping around. They are
cold. Two more, only two left jumping...Now only one,

Clock

 

g:

244

one finally stops. All the salts are still except one.
It's persisting, it's determined it'll jump around. It's
got a beard and a cowboy hat. A white beard. It's an
old man but it looks like a (unintelligible) With
a black beard and a brown, rounder hat with a black
(unintelligible) on it...Hillbilly with a flat,
flattened out brim. Black beard and moustache. Oh, it
looks like a character from a book I read when I was a
little girl. A book...I see...l can't believe
(unintelligible)...Pokey lie down (unintelligible).
Looks like a monkey...Somebody's toying with their
little...My cousin's teddy bear turns into a lamb...A
real lamb...And a black nose, white face...Brownish...
Oh, it's dirty. The wool looks dirty and oily...but it's
natural. And there's the musty smell of sheep.
(unintelligible) Put your hands in the wool and squeeze
it and it's very soft...Iron-on riding (unintel-
ligible)...Hut the point of (unintelligible) but
it doesn't quite fit. So you line it up so it's at
least symmetrical...And then a pipe. It's a little black
thing (mumbled)...It's, I don't know, it's
(unintelligible)...The white plucker moves back and forth
...It's thin brass...Golden like we used to have...
(long pause, during which S yawns and rolls over in bed)
Truck (a truck can be heard in the background passing
outside the lab just prior to this statement). Big truck
coming toward me. Runs right over the place where I was
lying down. But I am underneath a piece of glass and it
runs right over me. But I'm not hurt...I see...
(unintelligible) Glass breaking. Big large pieces of glass
falling down. Oh no, it hit me in the stomach. Ooh...
Large piece stabbed me right in the stomach. Big piece,
triangle of glass in my stomach. Big, three feet big.
Like a big...icicle. I can't get up, I can't move.
Pinning me down. Where does it hurt...Big bear claw.
I see...It's curling and gets up and then rips out a
piece of glass...And this bear claw was my hand...So it's
my hand that pulls the piece of glass out and throws it
away and it travels on out into space...And I have a
wool next to it...(long pause) Bear claw gets up...
(unintelligible)...Hear it drop on...
(unintelligible). Could be tough. (unintelligible)
...(voice now barely audible) (unintelligible). I
missed it. I see the eyes...Very dark...eyes. They look
wild, crazy! There's no person in those eyes. It's an
animal, scary animal...His eyes...I see the (unintel-
ligible) eyes of a wolf...Of a storybook wolf anyway.
I see a wolf turning the pages of a storybook beneath
his lips...I see the seal...(S rolls over in bed lightly
and sighs deeply). A seal with blindfolds on (S chuckles)
listening to A.M. rock (S chuckles)...(S yawns) Eyes of

 

Clock

ET

245

a garage...Garages have eyes...Things floating at me...
They turn away but go down a long tunnel. Train's coming
near me. It's passed me. I'm standing on the side of
this train thundering past me...These are all
(unintelligible) out of my past. But it's vibrating, this
image is vibrating...lt's roaring past...I see...Down on
one side, Kind of the way I see it, a shark swam over it
and curved up through the (unintelligible). The
body of the shark and the (unintelligible) on the
bottom...l hear the music 'Jaws'...l also hear music by
the Doobie Brothers, 'Bit by Bit.' 'Bit...by...Bit'...
'Bit...by...Bit'...A bubble...Like a silver bubble rising
above the sink...And pops! I see a pin. A glass bubble
and...Something inside the glass bubble like two lollipops
rolling around...the center...inside this big...They're
rolling around and around and around...around. They stick
out like ears on a Mickey Mouse...I see a heart. A real

.heart with valves...aortas...superior, anterior...There's

two different colors. Blue...Red, pale pink...I see
someone squeezing a bulb. There's a tube that leads out
someplace...(long pause) A bulb...Squeezes like a pump...
(long pause) Uh oh! I see a worm again. A worm that's
(unintelligible) (S sighs)...No. Oh...(S's
breathing becoming heavier) I see the worm again. Oh...
Getting tense...No, no, no, no. Worm on (unintel-
ligible) So vile! He's so cruel, doesn't care...So
disgusting, disgusting...unrelenting...(S's breathing
becoming more rapid)...(long pause during which 8 rolls
over in bed and sighs deeply) Oh don't, no. Pull it out,
pull it out, pull it out. Take a pin and stick it through
it. .Pull it out, out, out! Pull it out! Pull it out!
Out, out, out! Pull it out! Out, out! Oh these tweezers,
pull it out! Get it, get it, get it, get it! Stick it
with another pin and try to pull it out! It's so tight.
O-o-oh! Pull it out! Out! Ooh (long pause during which
S can be heard panting very heavily, apparently locked
in the struggle to pull the worm out) Pull it, pull it
out! Pull it out! Out, out, out! Get it out, out! Get
it out! Get it out!...(S inhales sharply, then states
the following) Oooh...I can't get it! Oh get that worm
out of the kitten, out!...(S resumes heavy panting) Pull
it! Pull it!...(S continues to pant heavily) O-o-oh, I
lost it! It went back in. And it went back further
and there's just this o-o-oh...And there's this worm and
I can't get it and it oozes this awful gray st... and I
can see it. This opening with the gray worm in it, pulls
this out. I can see the worm breathing in the skin of
the kitten. I can't do anything. This perfectly round,
this perfectly round, this worm pull...Pull it out. It's
gray and it's awful and I can't get it! I think I can...
o-u-t! Get it out! Squeeze it, squeeze it, do anything
to get it out! Out, out! (5 can be heard now thrashing

Clock

p1;

246

about in bed, apparently kicking her feet rapidly in
anguish)...(S resumes heavy panting) Get it out! Out,
out!...(S continues to pant heavily) Oooh (Squealed in
a heavily constricted voice)...(S resumes heavy panting
and once again begins to thrash about/kick feet in bed,
continuing this behavior for 30 seconds)...(following a
final sigh S whispers the following) Pulled it out!...
It's out. No, don't let it go back in! Out, out, out,
out! (5 then groans in anger) It went back in (voice
heavily laden with anxiety) Oh, I had it and it went
back in and I couldn't keep it out. (5 continues to
goran in anguish, then begins once again to thrash about/
kick feet in bed. Shortly thereafter, 5 resumes heavy
panting). Peroxide. I used alcohol and peroxide and
it foams over, it foams over the and I use alcohol and
it washes all away. It foams over the kitten's skin and
the kitten's crying and it's so scared but it has to trust
me (spoken extremely rapidly)...It's shaking and it's so
scared and it's cold and it doesn't know what's going
on. Pour peroxide and it fbams out and it's killing that
stupid worm! And it's killing that worm! I'm so mad,
I'm not going to let that worm take my kitten! It's my
kitten, it's my kitten, it's my kitten! I'm not going
to let it go and I squeeze it and it hurts the kitten but
I'm getting the worm. It can't have my kitten! It's
not going to, it's mine, it's mine! The worm can't have
it! It's on it's side, the poor kitten is shaking and
I'm out there a long, long time...I'm out, I'm up there
dousing it and it foams over and it's killing that worm!
It's killing that stupid worm! And it doesn't matter
how far inside it goes because it can't get away from
that peroxide. I'm killing that worm with the alcohol
and peroxide! And the kitten is wet and cold and it
(unintelligible) pulls open this horrible, awful...
(S begins to sob, continuing fbr 20 seconds) I couldn't
help the first kitten. I couldn't help it. It was
sitting there in the park (S still crying). It was dying,
it was walking around like it was drunk but it was just
dying. This worm was eating...(S begins to sob heavily
once again) (unintelligible) But it was going
to get this kitten. It got the other one but it's not
going to get this one. This is my kitten and it can't
have it (voice heavily laden with anxiety)...(S resumes
sobbing, continuing to do so for 30 seconds) Oh it hurts,
it hurts! My chest hurts...(S continues to sob) My
throat hurts...(S breathing heavily) Nobody
(unintelligible). Nobody (unintelligible). I
sat there by myself. There's nobody else around. There's

 

.the kitten and this worm and I'm fighting the battle and

I'm going to win! That worm wasn't going to win (voice
sounding very gravelly) And it wasn't going to win!

Clock

g:

247

I was going to win...That night, that's all I thought about.
This poor kitten. That was the only one I couldn't do
anything for. That was the only one I couldn't do any-
thing for. And I'm (unintelligible) sticking pins
in a worm and pulling it out! I'm pulling it out! Pulling
it out! Get it out of there! Out, out! This great,

icky, slimy, gross worm couldn't have my kitten! My
little baby kitten (S resumes sobbing once again, contin-
uing fer 20 seconds) I had to go away for school and I
didn't know, I didn't know if it was going to have my
kitten. I didn't know if it was going to take my kitten.

I was away and there wasn't anything I could do (5 sighs
deeply)...(long pause) It did get better. My mom said

it did get better. It got better...The kitten got better
...The worm...The worm (unintelligible) inside the
fur. The worm went away (voice barely audible). There

is no worm. I won (barely audible)...l won. The kitten...
l_won...l won. I got the worm. It's py_kitten...A fight
between me and the worm. I won. It's my kitten and it
can't have it...And I won. It's my kitten (barely audible)
...The worm is gone...Disappeared...(long pause) The sun.
The sun in the morning...little kids strolling...Coming

 

up over the horizon... (unintelligible; voice barely
audible)...(S continues to whisper unintelligibly for 20
seconds) Birds waking up...Owls wake up... (unintel-

ligible)...(S coughs loudly) Petals opening...
(unintelligible)...The sun opens a new day on my world...
(long pause) The sun... Gently massaging the world from
its slumber...Gent1y, my (unintelligible)...My
(unintelligible)...The world is mine (unin-
telligible) baby. Baby's breath, opens its eye to a new
day...And clutches and clutches its face. And it looks
around and (unintelligible). And the breath that
contains it... (unintelligible) straight ahead...
Silver sailboats...(S coughs loudly, then sniffles and
signs deeply)...Spinning, around...and around...Silver

 

sailboat...Dancing in a (unintelligible) sailboats...
Male sailboats on the ocean... (unintelligible) winds.
Enormous winds. (Unintelligible) sailboats just
barreling along. Don't want to sail in the...They ride
the surf. The sailboats... (unintelligible). The
sailboats are little people...by themselves (unin-
telligible)...0h straight (unintelligible) black

 

(unintelligible) weaves in and out. I can see

the (unintelligible) of a shark fin. The skin is

rough...Even poking the skin will cut you...(S rolls over
in bed)...(long pause during which S sighs heavily) I
can just see it...The white mouth...(long pause) A spoon
sticking out of a bowl of...First it was cereal, then it
was ice, then it was rice...It's white, it's a clear bowl...
Big fish bowl full of popcorn. Styroanm and it's white

Clock

El

248

mist... And all the whiteness stays inside (whispered
through a yawn)...The fishbowl...And then a little
(unintelligible) of whiteness comes out of the
fishbowl...Dances around...Turns... (unintelligible).
I see the white cheeks of a fox looking down. The fox
is looking down through the black into the white...Oh no
...I didn't see the worm? I'll only mention the black...
While thinking of the white... (unintelligible)
white (unintelligible)...(S continues to whisper
unintelligibly for 20 seconds) Everything's
(unintelligible) white...Brown, like (unintel-
ligible) mouse..Now it's a lady... (unintelligible)
...It's big and it's luminous, like a dress. I see the
back of a dress outlined in black...A very simple dress...
Then I see the front with the arms stretched upward...
(S coughs) It's a Victorian dress and a woman's in it...
And the waist is small and a big skirt makes the dress
go out. There's white ruffle on it. (Unintelli-
gible) 1ace...Hoop skirts and tiny white shoes...Light-
house and (unintelligible)...(S coughs loudly)
And a dress that's too big. Somebody (unintel-
ligible) in the mirror (voice barely audible)...Oh
pearls...Wildflower...A crown with jewels in it...(long
pause, during which 8 yawns) White rose. White silk
rose...Beautiful...stem...White bell. Wedding bells...
They look like sugar candy. Two of them, swinging in
opposite directions from each other. White sugar bells
ringing back and forth...loose. Loose and happy and they're
so (unintelligible) tied with a bow. The top of
a chapel... The bell goes swinging loose and hits the
ground and doesn't break...(long pause) White bow...(long
pause) Lamp...There's a big (unintelligible) falls
over the front wheel of a motorcycle...(long pause, during
which 8 coughs loudly) And the person who flew over the
edge of the motorcycle goes round and around and around.
Evel Knieval. And he's got his bikes...And a rodeo clown
horse... (unintelligible) And there's nothing any-
body can do for him...(S coughs loudly) I just tried to
watch it get gored again and again and the bull...Those
are long, long horns. And it's dead. The (unin-
telligible) is trying to cross the bull's horns...
But the bull is big...White bull...White horns...(long
pause) A steer...dropped into the picture and is now
receding back. It's small and it's representation is
just an outline like of a steer...(long pause, during which
5 rolls over in bed and coughs loudly) Guinea pig
(whispered through a yawn)...Wide awake...Hi guys! (spoken
as 5 rolls over in bed)...Cuteness...Oh what is this?
(voice barely audible) Pull it out, pull it out! The
kitten... (unintelligible) Against the world...
Pulls it right out! The little kitten (unintelligible)

 

 

Clock _E_'I;
1:44am 73
1:50am 79
4:48am 257

249

...(long pause) I see a long black thing...Like the seat
(unintelligible) But they're fascinated by it's
grossness...(S continues to whisper unintelligibly for
30 seconds) Cut it off! Right with scissors...
(unintelligible) Cut it right off! Rip it right out!
...There he is. .It's all done...(long pause) (S
whispers unintelligibly fer 30 seconds) Black curly hair
and a beard with a (unintelligible) on...(long
pause) (S continues to whisper unintelligibly for 8
minutes and 30 seconds) Movie (unintelligible)
peOple rolling around in a bed...room and I killed
(unintelligible) And when it ends (unintel-
ligible) in a pile drying with her eyes open. I see the
church...The church...And our maid iS‘a Christmas present
to L. (male)...Nobody knows I made it for L....I made
this...his candy (unintelligible) snow. Ginger-
bread, rolls. Summer's (unintelligible) house.
And the steeple...And the steeple in the church are on
the scrpll. And on the scroll I wrote this poem...'L'...
'L'...You'll never know what you gave to me...A part of
life I might never have seen...And you touched my mind
and my soul blind. The eagle soars into (unintel-
ligible) night skies. L., What's happened to me?...The
dream I had the night I met you took control of me...The
(unintelligible) hands above my head occurred
ominously...I'm finished. (Long pause) A church...
A church...A (unintelligible) church that nobody
knows...No one understands...(long pause) Multicolored
...star. It looks like a star (unintelligible)
It keeps changing...l hear guitars in the background (none,
in fact, can be heard)...(S continues to whisper
unintelligibly for 30 seconds) I see someone come in
the door. One of us in the back (unintelligible)
Brown and white (unintelligible) Bare feet...
(S continues to whisper unintelligibly fOr 1 minute
6 seconds, afterwhich she sighs deeply, then states

 

 

 

 

the following) I see a woman's (unintelligible)
on a TV screen...(S rolls over and over in bed for 15
seconds)...Amityville tragedy... (unintelligible)

And a dragon...(S continues to whisper unintelligibly for

,2 minutes)."

(End)

(S whispers a few words extremely softly and unintelligi-
bly.)

(S sighs deeply, then whispers the following) My ears
are wet...The tape recorder...Just the background noise."

250

Night: 10

Treatment: E

Alarm Set For: 6:30am

Lights Out: 12:52am

Clock .ET

'12:55am 3 (S can be heard scratching herself in the background,

afterwhich she yawns, coughs loudly, then whispers the
fbllowing) "Ring...like a bagel...I see a bagel with
cream cheese...lt sounds good. I'm hungry. A carrot...
Carrot with those little stringy roots in the bottom...
And those roots look like a flower;.. (unintel-
ligible) A blue and a white flower...Very light petals...
Except they don't look very much like petals...They look
more like stringy hoops... (unintelligible)...
(5 rolls over several times in bed...(long pause) A cup
...A kind of pot with three legs (S yawns)...Somebody's
stirring something in the pot...Now the lid's back on.
The spoon is still in the pot...(S rolls over in bed)
I see something dripping...Like water from a tap...And
somebody turns a faucet all the way on and then it's just
dripping again...I see a view from the sink...What this
drop looks like. It dropped right into my eye, on my
forehead...Drop...Time slows down as I get into the drop...
I see the colors, the shapes as the drop goes from the
faucet to the sink...(S yawns)... The colors of blue
and red...yellow...yellow like a pineapple...The pineapple
then has brown spots on it but...not too many. The
pineapple tastes good. Isn't it terrible not to eat
(unintelligible) like coconuts. The coconuts

are good. I see someone drinking the milk from the

coconut and eating something else. Like eating a sandwich,
drinking coconut milk...Someone who has white hair but
otherwise is black... (unintelligible) White hairs
...(S yawns loudly) I see a spot in the air. I see a
spot...Then it keeps moving back and around...It's a
beautiful moon and it's someone with a hand over their
mouth. Someone trying to pretend they have a moustache
...(long pause) Black lace...Like on a, like on a...
Maybe... (unintelligible)...(S rolls over and

over in bed continuously and heavily for 45 seconds)
Popcorn...Oh food, I'm hungry (voice barely audible)...
Candybar. Somebody eating a candybar and an ice cream
bar...I see a bite out of an ice cream bar (8 yawns)

I see a pig with a tall black hat on...And then I see a
goat and he has something on but...It looks like a tiny
saddle...l would fit right in your hand...A glove over
their mouths. They have a glove over their head and they
have teeth like ours which of course they don't...(S yawns)
...Somebody smiled. Look at their eyes, they look like

251

Clock ET

the devil... This yellowish eye has a dark center and

they're pupils...It's gros. (Unintelligible) Now

it's a cow with a nozzle...Somebody takes the thing outside

the nozzle like there's a little bonnet, a little white

plastic (unintelligible) With a black label on it.

A black label. They pulled off the top of this three inch

thing. They squeeze it and hand lotion comes out. Somebody's

squeezing it so it squirts all over...And it, the lotion

gets all over somebody. But they don't care. It's just

dripping down...l see a bunny rabbit...Blue eyes, but it's

a wax bunny...Not even white but just kind of clear...And

I see a pony tail going through an opening in a wall or

something. It's attached to a.person...This woman has

this long (unintelligible) pulled through this wall

...(8 whispers unintelligibly for 15 seconds) I'm talking

to somebody about school. She has two other classes...

(5 continues to whisper unintelligibly for 1 minute 21

seconds) A silver buckle. The buckle's kind of Westernish.

But the (unintelligible) is nothing good, it's
(unintelligible)...(S continues to whisper unintel-

ligibly for 36 seconds) Somebody is tickling someone else

and that someone else is me."

1:07am 15 (End)

1:10am 18 (S whispering) (Unintelligible) "Some shopping
with a little pearl and the (unintelligible)...
(unintelligible) shopping...lt's col-l—l-d. Mrs.
K (unintelligible)."

1:11am 19 (End)

4:11am 199 (S rolls over in bed lightly, smacks her lips, then
whispers the following) "I don't want to talk."

4:15am 203 (S inhales sharply, then whispers the following) "It
won't...move...on the move...on the move." (Whispered
quite rapidly, voice barely audible.)

4:16am 204 (S rolls over heavily in bed several times, then whispers
the following) "I like the guy came out of it."

Night: 11 1
Treatment: D

Alarm Set For: 7:30am
Lights Out: 11:47pm

Clock ET

11:50pm 3 (Spoken in an affected whisper) "The dream seems to end
just as soon as it had begun. Was I to know that last
thing of all that was on my mind. It was the close,

Clock

11:59pm

12:00pm

12:01pm

g;

12

13

14

252

the end of a show...Shadow of a lonely man...He sees no-
body else...but the shadow of a lonely, lonely man (whis-
pered with exaggerated drama)...I can see myself...(long
pause) Head...with a rippled brow...Tan head...Cowboy hat
...(long pause) Banana peel...A shoe. I see someone stepping
on it...I see them from the underneath side...I see a piano
lock only half way...Can't get the, can't get it unlocked.
I'm turning the lock around and around both ways...Can't
get these keys unlocked...The lock of a door...I see a
stick in a girl's tube top and it, and it, and it twists
it...when you let go it should twist like a propeller and
fly...Should be able to fly (voice barely audible)...A
post and a long stick in the middle...Tree in a pot. The
pot isn't very big...Leaves in a square trough-like lantern
on top of the glass and stones of a planter. Tiny little
banzai forests...Big ugly bug like a three winged
(unintelligible). Hairy and ugly with antennae moving
around. Really sick (S yawns). A brook or a stream...
(long pause) Someone running with a baseball hat on in
full run. It's a gray and red hat...(S yawns) Someone
crossing a finish line...An upside-down can of Skoal
tobacco...Has a red lid...Tobacco is something that is
not healthy... (Unintelligible) two men are the last
to know...(long pause) Johnny Carson sitting in a chair.
There's paint on the top of the chair. There's a stereo
set except he doesn't appreciate it...Um, um...The guy
who... West Side Story. They're teasing him...He pulls
up his pants and (unintelligible) and gives them
the finger...He'll never give... (Unintelligible)

his pants. I think they look stupid but they're his
pants. He's entitled (voice barely audible)...(S whispers
unintelligibly for 15 seconds) It's like, it's like
sticking through, it's...swimming camp... And the camp
becomes a band. That band (unintelligible) has
blonde hair. Just a little flip up and back (5 yawns)
And the (unintelligible) around in white...

Someone dressed up in winter clothes. Ugly little girl
with a scarf wrapped around her head... (Unintelli-
gible) Never said anything to me...I'm at dinner...But
he never said anything and a...Just a, J. (S's roommate)
walks in the room and she says, 'I want to know who is
doing this.’ Kind of, she didn't say it exactly like
that." .

(End)

 

 

(S rolls over in bed heavily and whispers the following)
"I'm freezing...It's like I'm sitting in a tub of ice
water or at least (unintelligible)...
(unintelligible) cheese on uh top...a donut. I
(unintelligible) and a donut...(S yawns)."

(End)

Clock

1:59am

3:12am

6:40am

6:53am

Night:

ET

132

205

413

426

12

Treatment: D
Alarm Set For:

Lights Out:
Clock El
1:49am 2

1

1

253

(5 rolls over in bed, groans, then whispers the following)
"What?"

(5 shifts positions slightly in bed, sighs lightly, then
whispers the following) "Damn... (S can be heard smacking
her lips fbr 15 seconds, afterwhich she resumes deep,
rhythmic breathing)."

(S smacks her lips several times, and whispers the
following) "Good show."

(3 smacks her lips several times, rolls over in bed

lightly, inhales sharply, then whispers the following)
"Bird last winter...night."

6:15am

:47am

"Up in the morning out in front of a mirror (whispered).
Slowly rising into another sphere...Oh world, goodbye
(whispered melodramatically). (Unintelligible)
look home to the sky in the morning, bye bye...(long
pause) This is it...(long pause) It's gonna be over
and I'm sad... It's the last night...(S sighs) This is
it...(S sighs heavily) Why does it have to be over?
...(long pause) OK, here goes. I see a skull...looking
at typology. It has a big brow ridge...(S sighs heavily)
And lot of post (unintelligible). It's probably
Australo Pithacus...(long pause) Australo Pithacus
Robustus...Big brow ridge...Brownish skull...But the
white plaster part shows that some of the...(S yawns)
...the original skull is missing...l see...Homo erectus.
Hand tools...Hand axes, but they were poor tools...
Knives that were like tools...A book. Book laying down
on a seat...Flat with white pages (5 yawns)...A tear
falls out of the eye of a person...And the wind comes
and blows it away and this tear travels on the wind...
It's moving farther, farther...lf you look at the tear
it has the whole world in it...The tear reflects every-
thing...And a tear hits a flower...until the flower...
It's yellow and green...or a piece of clover (S yawns)
...A pice of red clover and it hits the flower pot and
it's a little bent but it's fine. And the tear trickles
down...the stem and it lands on an ant...Lands on the
head of an ant...And the ant thinks that the tear came

 

Clock

2:01

g

14

254

from the flower...And the ant asks the flower, 'Why are
you sad?'...And the flower says, 'Sing a song. I'm a
lonely little petunia in an onion patch...Boo hoo hoo hoo
hoo. Boo hoo hoo hoo.‘ Hair coming out of a bowl on
somebody's chin. It looks dumb. And I see a snout of
a pig and its dum nose...I see a girl with long black
hair...down to her waist. It's in a pony tail...(S
turns over in bed and coughs) I see (S yawns) somebody's
hair sticking out of their head. It's long hair. And

I see John Norman from 'A Star is Born'...Just a beard
and a moustache...And I see E. (male friend) as he was
sitting on the grass before I left tonight...And I see
hands like chimpanzee hands and they...The hand grasps
at something. It was probably just the wrist...(S whis-
pers unintelligibly for 35 seconds) French toast...Oh
with butter...(S yawns) I see like a saltine cracker...
In fact I see a whole scene in a kitchen getting ready
for a Christmas dinner...(long pause) I see a tool...
A cork tool but it has eyes in it. I see blue eyes that
protrude...l see these big blue eyes (barely audible)...
In the cork tool...(long pause) People bending over...
Like pulling at the same blanket...Some girl lunching on
it...And cockroaches. But cockroaches are supposed to
be brown...(S whispers unintelligibly 20 seconds) I
don't know why? A blue string skirt and her hair...(S
yawns) is put in a bun that sticks straight up on her
head...(long pause) Hey somebody just picked up a tray.
We're all eating in a (unintelligible) Norwegian
...Why does Dr. R. play a (unintelligible) this
time?...(long pause) He's describing a little more then
the structure of it...(long pause) Somebody's baby."
(End)

APPENDIX F

Verbatim Transcripts of
Subjects' Sleep Lab Dream
Questionnaire Responses

APPENDIX F

Verbatim Transcripts of Subjects'
Sleep Lab Dream Questionnaire Responses

5 U B J E C T 1

255

256

Subject: 1
Night: 1

l. I was in a large house with some friends of mine who I recognized
from my floor in the dorm. It was set on a hill and a house itself
was really elegant. The room we were in had light blue velvet
chairs and a swimming pool in the back. Everybody was dancing in
old-fashioned full dresses (or at least the women were).

Night: 2
1. Someone kept trying to hypnotize me and I kept letting my mind

wander to a math equation, 3x + l = f(x). Soon that was all that
was there; it came to life, so to speak (3-D).

Night: 3

l. I remember looking at a person as if I was level with their stomach.
The person was wearing black glasses and I distinctly remember the
nostrils--simply as 2 oval black areas. The person was not moving
and I got the impression that he/she (couldn't tell which) was dead.
I remember that I was really upset and frightened by this image,
but I could not force myself to look away. The person was lying
down with hands clasped together on the stomach (the vision quickly
flashed onto this image and then rapidly faded back into the face/
nostril image). There was soft harpsichord music playing and the
odor of flowers was very strong and overpowering.

Night: 4

None Recalled

Night: 5

None Recalled

Night: 6

None Recalled

Night: 7

None Recalled

257

Night: 8

None Recalled

Night: 9

1.

A friend of mine from down the hall, myself, and 3 other people I
didn't recognize were eating in the dorm's cafeteria. All of the
other tables were empty. My friend kept laughing and the other

girls kept crying. My friend was eating ice cream and the other
girls were eating pizza. I remember that I said something to trigger
off the reactions of the people, but I can't recall what I said.

Night: 10

1.

While playing pinball in a bowling alley, I correctly predicted
where a volcano was going to emerge. It was a Thursday and I

was attending some club meeting. A guy in navy blue striped shirt
seemed to be in charge and he called the meeting to order. "O.K.
Now we're ell_going to make predictions." Then he went on to
forecast the weather. I remember saying, "I have to get home now.
My parents don't know that I left." Then I went outside, got into
my car (blue 4-door) and drove out to the volcano. Some other
person from the club was there and I started jumping up and down
yelling..."I'm so proud of myself. I predicted this. I was right.
Have yep ever predicted anything?" The other girl (long dark hair
with dark eyes in a pink shirt and black pants) said, "What?! Of
course! I thought that everyone knew I predicted this volcano."
Then we got in an argument over who had actually predicted the
volcano. Finally, I got in my car and drove myself into the center
of the crater.1 »

2. There was a whole mob of people who seemed violent in intent and
they (we?) were walking down a street at night. (I think I woke
up here.)

3. Gigantic masses of green things floated down upon some place.

(I know I woke up here.)

Night: 11

None Recalled

Night: 12

None Recalled

258

SUBJECT 2

259

Subject: 2
Night: 1
1. My mom and I are picking out the materials for her new house--she

wants refirbished brick (sic)--we are sitting in our kitchen and
my sister and brother-in-law are there, we are all helping her make
up her mind, but she doesn't want to be pushed into anything.

Someone's parents are coming home from Tucky.

The six of us out to dinner at Hudsons at lZ-Oaks Mall--they can
only seat 2 at a time--So mom and I eat first. They have chocolate
cake for dessert--neither of us want any--the room is done in green
and white and natural wood.

(All of the above written at 5:00am

 

I'm supposed to record sudden death overtim --???--there is some-
one looking over my shoulder, in the same position as I am.

My brother sent us a map of someplace-~it was real complicated and
messy.

My sister and brother-in-law are packing and moving to Atlanta,
Georgia.

I'm telling R. (roommate) what to say if anybody calls for me.
"I'm out and you don't know when to expect me back--take name,
number and message and I'll call them back as soon as I can.

B. (sister) or B. (female) is telling mom that she shouldn't worry
about the plant--she'll get a clipping next time she comes home
(one of the girls comes home).

Night: 2

1.

I am applying along with a sheep dog for admission into a frat.
The guy in charge is asking me questions about the dog--I don't
know why I've never seen it befbre.

(Above written at 5:50am.)

 

I met a guy at J.'s (male) place and after being introduced I
couldn't remember his name, finally I asked after he left-~his
name was C.--a name I have always liked.

260

3. I went to a Lou Rawls concert. I was really excited. It was very
small and personal and I sat right in front of him. It was a nice
club. Everything was black except the table cloths and the spot
light which was white. I was very impressed by him.

Night: 3
1. I am a chairman of the board of some big institution and our job,
or my job is to pick out or assign a location and school for

delinquent boys and college students.

(Above written at 5:35am.)

 

2. Now that everything is ready for the landscapers to do their work--
the man in charge tells me he doesn't have the materials--I'm mad.

3. The dance studio is teaching disco to these little kids--It's
really discusting (sic) to see a little 9 year old kid try to
be John Travolta. Most of us regulars are very upset.

Night: 4

None Recalled

Night: 5

l. I was standing outside the Union (side door west side) looking in
my back pace at books that weren't mine, and telling a friend that
I had called for them to come over, but I couldn't remember why.
It was raining.

(Above written at 5:20am.)

 

2. S.D. (female) and J.H. (male) were eating dinner in my apartment.

Night: 6

1. A guy and a girl are going out to dinner--She is the executioner and
he is the execution§l_and they are waiting fOr a bus to Grand Rapids.
My mom and I are also waiting. The Bus station has a front and a
back drive and no one knows which side the bus will be on, so every-
one is running all over the place--hoping they will get a seat on
the bus.

After we (Bob and I) talked, my brother was also at the bus station
and wanted to know if I would like some pizza--this was the following

261

day—-we had been waiting for the bus all night--but the one that came
was fu11--so we had to wait--I think my grandmother was there (She
had been dead fbr 3.5 years).

(I remember saying) "I'll drive" (this was much before the last one--
probably shortly after I went to bed.

Night: 7

1.

There were 3 people, myself and 2 others--we were all having musical
dreams--we would be able to wake up and hum, sing or write down on
paper a classical work or composition we had never heard before.

We all were living together in the same apt. One was a guy and the
other a girl--I don't recognize them--when we woke up we would stand
by a fireplace in our living room. On one side of the fireplace was
a piano and tape recorder and musical stenography machine on the
other--we would get up and sing, play or write for the others what
we dream-«there was a big long couch and long coffee table in front
of the fireplace.

C

Night: 8

1.

I was wearing tan pants--and someone was patting my rear end.

Night: 9

1.

My mom and I were out at Kingswood Girl's School to hear the South-
field High School Madrigal Singers do their concert for winning
state competition. They don't like men there. Most people were
very rood (sic)--The concern was by invitation and everyone got their
own program engraved with their name. As we were waiting in line
down this beautiful hallway a door leading out side was open into
one of the several gardens and I could hear a phone ringing which
sounded like it was coming from outside--we went into the chapel
where the concert was--it was small and very ornate-~The group was
standing casually up front so we went up to talk with them. I was
more interested in finding a seat because it was filling up fast--
The people sitting next to us were S.Z.'s (female) family. 5.
wasn't there. One lady was too crowded with her fur coat so she
got up and left 1/2 way thru-—I talked to D., my x-girlfriend
(she's in the group) and 5. (male), but 5. wouldn't talk to me.

I also talked to J. (male), the director and a good friend-~he
asked me to eat dinner with him tonight. I accepted. The engraved
programs were covered in plastic so you could keep them ferever--
this was a really big deal concert.

262

Night: 10

1.

I'm at Metro Airport in Detroit and K.P. (male) is there. He's my
old roommate from fall term. And he's writing a paper about his
high school's principal. And it's this terrible malicious paper.
And he's getting all these terrible things from all these people
that know him. I don't know why we're at the airport. Neither of
us are going anywhere. The place that we are at at the airport

is set up very similar to this place. Um, we're staying in a room
just almost near the end of the hall. It's like a dead end hallway.
There's not a lot of traffic there, people traffic I mean. K. has
got gray hair. I don't know why. Oh, and there's a third person.

I don't remember too much about the room we're in at the airport.
He's just gathering all this malicious information about this guy.

I don't know, K. has gotten smaller. He's in, in real life he's
about 6'3:. In the dream he's not any bigger than I am (about 5'8").
Oh yes, I do know who this other person is. It's P. (female). I
don't know, he just has this terrible revenge. He wants to get back
at this guy for something. Did I tell you who the guy is who he's
writing about? It's his high school principal. I can't remember
all what I've said. Um, K. has gray hair. I don't know if I said
that...(long pause).

Oh, and I had'another one right after that. I was in my room back
at my dorm and B. (female) came in. She lived in Landon. And I
was still in bed. She came in and she sat down on the bed with me.
For some reason I had a double bed in my room. I don't know how

I had that but I did. And she was asking all these things about,
she was asking me about things you ask me about. About how did I
sleep last night and how did I dream and this and that and the other
thing. And then I started asking her questions and uh she wouldn't
answer, she wouldn't tell me because she came in and she was taking
the electrodes off my head in the morning. All this stuff. And I
don't remember what I was asking her but I was asking her questions.
Questions about you know, what I did and what I didn't do. And

she wouldn't answer any of my questions. She was kind of making
fun, well not making fun of me but laughing at me because she knew
what I did and didn't and uh I don't know what irritated me. It
didn't really bother me that much.

And I had a third one just as the alarm went off but I can't
remember it.

And, uh there's another one...(long pause) I don't know anything
except Grand Rapids is sitting on my head. I keep thinking Grand
Rapids, Grand Rapids but I don't know what about Grand Rapids.

Night: 11

1.

I'm in a, it's like a men's choir and the director isn't there. So
one of the guys is conducting and teaching the class. And he's
alright but he doesn't know that much.

263

2. And K. (male), from the first floor, just saluted me from dinner
last night. ...(long pause)...(S's breathing becomes rapid and
regular and it seems as though he has fallen back asleep). It
(groan) goes all the way around. I keep seeing this great big
black car...A limousine, it's a limousine. It's just sitting
there...l'll see if I can...(very long pause) And...(El finally
knocks on door to 8'5 room. When he enters he expresses concern
that 8 had fallen back asleep. S responds, "I did.").

Night: 12
1. I met someone on the street and we talked.

2. Something about somebody's sister coming out--she wanted to talk
to me. '

264

SUBJECT 3

265

Subject: 3
Night: 1
l. B. (Experimenter 1's name) and I were talking about the experiment.

We were using the data in an unexpected way. We used my results
as evidence to say something about E.'s sleep cycle.

I was disappointed that the emphasis was directed at him and not
me. He became the more important one and I was secondary. He
said something about the fact that he had no legs. At first I was
shocked and looked down to see that he had no legs. But then I
remembered seeing him sitting in the chair hypnotizing me--and he
had two legs. I gathered that he must have been joking. And then
when he said that half his torso was gone--I had a mental picture
of what that must look like, and was sure that he was only joking.

(All of the above written upon awakening at 3:30am.)

Night: 2

1.

"Leave my loneliness unbroken." He was a parking lot attendant.
There was a checkout at the door that the tan girl with the long
strong dark hair could not pass through, her experiment was over.'
They tried to tell her tactfully that she couldn't come in.

My mother asked E.U. (male friend), whether he had brought the check.
It would have been a rather large sum. Well, he had fOrgotten to
fill it out anyway.

Our families had moved, but remained the same distance from each
other, relatively.

A guy on our floor with moderately long brunette hair is standing
in the doorway of a couple of girls on our floor. L. (female) is
there and has no clothes on, but the guy can't see her. The girls
were acting coy and asked the guy if they could have some of his
suntan. They had strap marks and wanted not to have them. It
seemed almost as it were possible to give the girls some of his
tan, as if it were a lotion he could spread on. This is where they
tease him, because of course the areas that are still white are
forbidden areas anyway.

An Indian leader walks with a tour guide through the Indian camp.
They lead the group across soft skies sewn together over the grass.
There are statues of the Indian women that the group walks past.

The Indian leader would like to protest; they are showing the
women's world, and not the men's realm in that tribe. His protests
are lost in the murmur of the crowd.

(All of the above written upon awakening at 3:30am)

266

Night: 3

1.

His concentration was good enough to have Plaza Suite Hotel in his
mind. He was able to think an abstract thought while concentrating
very deeply, too.

He (the observer, assistant) said that he would place the numbers--
that is the mathematical formulas--over here on my legs. At first
I thought--fine. But then I realized that he couldn't make me
perceive or even know if I dreamt about formulas. They didn't have
physical properties like laying a noodle or carrot over my leg.

4 I am the only one who would know how or if a piece of data was

interpreted as a dream.

Pin down Christ (Le Fiorie), right out of a play, lines and all.

He was more than a colleague after that. Went to do something

(he did) about everyone. We were all starving and there was no

fbod to be had. It was raining and he was concerned about the woman
and the child.

We cast ballots that actually determined whether we would live or
die. People didn't see the gravity of the situation because in
the two columns there were a few abstentions, some votes for the
liberal part, and even one independent ticket. The bottom right
hand of the ballot sheet was decorated with an Easter bunny that a
child had colored in.

A boy trying to get his bike out of the garage. I helped him get
his pedal out from between the spokes of another bike. I asked
him if he would fill out a ballot. He asked if he had to do it
now. I said that it was a matter of life and death, and that--
yeah, he did kind of have to do it now.

(All of the above written upon awakening at 4:40am and 5:20am.)

 

It was raining. I was outside the building with Christ. We were
pinning down Christ (whatever that means). We spoke to each other
from the lines of a play. I think another man spoke of him as a
business associate and said "He was more than a colleague after
that."

There was no more than a handful of people around. A woman and her
child were sleeping in the building. I was hungry and they were
even hungrier. It hit me as kind of a shock when I realized that
there was no food to be had. It was hard to imagine that I might
actually starve to death-~but that was the situation. Someone

had to get food soon, or we would die. Christ was concerned about
the woman and the child. He went to go do something about the
situation. I imagined a scene where the food would apparently
multiply as with the fish and the bread.

267

There were ballots on a piece of paper that was passed around. Our
votes on this ballot would actually determine whether we were going
to live or die. What was unusual was that on the ballot were things
like the Republican ticket, liberal party, abstentions and even an
independent ticket. It was just a little funny—-these people didn't
see the gravity of our predicament.

At the bottom right corner was a big Easter bunny drawn on and
poorly colored in by the child who slept in the house.

Everyone seemed very unconcerned, they all seemed to be moving

.about everywhere, leaving. A boy was trying to get his bike out

of the garage. There were other bikes around and his pedal was
stuck between the spokes of another bike. I helped him get the
bike loose.

I asked him to fill out a ballot. He asked, as if in a hurry to
get somewhere, "Do have to do it now?" I looked at him surprised
by his ignorance of the importance of the ballot. I told him it
was a matter of life and death and said sarcastically, "Yeah, you
do kind of have to do it now."

(All of the above written at home later in the day and intended as
a "clarification" of that which was written in the lab.)

Night: 4

None Recalled

Night: 5

1.

Introduction--now that's class. Introductions were made through a
screen door as if to filter them.

Christmas time. L. (sister) and I were deciding how to decorate the
tree. This year I finally decided that tinsel was okay. I was
looking for red construction paper in our drawer of colored paper.
C. (sister) found some red and pulled it out. It had writing on one
side. I tried to cut out a 4 in a spot that would have no writing
on the back. Then I decided that the back couldn't be seen anyway,
so it didn't matter.

I took a long piece of red to consult my mom. It was about 4 feet
long, in the shape of an apron. I knew before I asked her that

it was probably for the display we have of Santa and Mrs. Clause.

I showed her, she confirmed that that's what it was and I went

back to the other room to find something else. The Christmas tree
this year had a nicer shape this year than the one last year, but

was about 3 feet shorter. l was a little disappointed that we didn't
take advantage of our 12 foot ceiling.

268

L. had set the tree right next to the fireplace. I thought of the
fire hazard, but wasn't really concerned. There was no fire in the
white fireplace, and we could easily move the tree a few feet if
necessary.

This living room was different than ours. It was all white and
bare. There was no furniture.

,L. and I were singing Christmas carols-~all the really old ones
that our mother would have sung when she was small. Singing the
songs made me sad and nostalgic. I thought of all the beautiful
Christmases we had when we were very little. I was feeling very
close to L., and I went up to her and gave her a big long hug—-
whether she liked it or not. She didn't resist, but I could see a
tension. It would be a while before this was accepted naturally.

Our whole floor--our brother floor included--lived together as we
do now, but it was a place that looked quite different.

I remember standing at the top of a stair landing that was up in the
air. A couple of us were standing here, discussing some important
issue of the floor. I think there was a group of people below

the landing and off to the side who were congregated for some
purpose; perhaps to express their disapproval over the way something
was being done that concerned them. I wasn't sure.

J., L. (females) and I were walking to another hall. We walked through
bushes and across the grass. On the lawn we were joined by T.E.
(female) and a friend of hers that I didn't know-~a short girl with
wavy blonde hair.

T. was a good friend from many years ago. There was another girl
in my original group who was a very good friend of mine but I can't
recall who it was.

As we were all walking, I introduced T. to the others as E.E.

(I used to call her this to tease her.) I asked T. to introduce
her friend and I felt embarrassed because I think I should have
known her name. I covered my embarrassment by unconcernedly doing
a couple of cart-wheels.

We all had our ID's, and a thick fuzzy blue thing that had a small
pocket to hold our cards. I didn't notice the pocket at first, and
when someone else pointed it out to me I thought it was pretty neat.

I think we were all going to take a chemistry test or watch a movie
because those are the things we might need our ID's for.

C. (female) was with us, and as we were in the dorm hall, she sat
down and started searching frantically for her ID. She had
apparently dropped it outside. She looked up at me as she was
sitting on the floor, and asked if I would go outside and pick it

269

p fer her. She looked so helpless, and I guess I was better able
to go outside than she was.

When we got to a room in the dorm of one of the girls I didn't know,
I had to go to the bathroom, There was a john sitting in her room
off to the side, covered only by a sliding white curtain (like the
shower curtain in the lab).

So I went behind the curtain and sat down. There was an ant on the
seat and I flicked him off. I was still watching whatever they were
doing. J. made a comment that suggested that she was surprised at
my behavior-~I should have closed the curtain completely. I was a
tiny bit embarrassed after she said this, but didn't see what the
big deal was with a bunch of girls.

Night: 6

1.

There is a tall glass door with the name Robert printed on the inside
on the top. I can't get in. It seems to be the door into the Health
Center, and I must get in. I hear a voice that says, "You could get
in if you wanted to," as if there were a way for me to will it open.
But I don't think its a matter of will if the door is locked.

The son keeps going through my head that goes in part: I need you
more than I needed you before and I _ ___ God knows, 'cause you left
me just when I needed you most...

It seems like a large portion of the night was spent in a dream
where B. (Experimenter 1's name) was sitting off from me, recording
something about me. Everytime I did this repetitive behavior it
would add to this sum, and was ever increasing--like adding drops
of water to a bucket--eventually it will overflow.

I was surprised to keep looking at B.-(Experimenter 1's name)
standing next to this tree, seeing the amount growing. I had

known about this behavior before, but had never thought of collecting
it all into one area--or had never seen it as significant.

I can see water splashed onto the tree. I think I was wondering
why he was doing this evaluation.

Night: 7

J. (male), pianos, fair and foreign people, T. (female), father with
business—~gas but music--piano, rent out piano by hour (?), tickets
torn to indicate money, $30 in an hour. I came down to make a little
money--need it for something.

Huge room--or cave, large rocks, beautiful formations, "Can't tell
perspective." Man stood next to rock. Old books that were relics
of Egyptian time. I was sorting them--if 1 sorted them I owned them.

270

"Show D. (male) one from before 1924." Mom found one fOund old
book--Nefertiti--cou1d be read normally, or as the Arabic, from
back to front (hidden message), pretty noticeable ink.

Sitting eating with people. "Are you afraid of J. (male)? "No,
I used to be afraid of liking him too much?" "Ooh!...ballet little
girls, dancing, select instruction, after I watched as they got
ready to leave because I thought they'd still be dancing-~they did.

Little girls, "I can't stop singing swan lake" an anomaly that came
with the territory.

(All of the above was written in the lab.)

 

There was some kind of fair going on, there were a lot of foreign
people milling around in our big auditorium. I think our family
owned the building. T.E. (female) was there.

We were renting our piano out by the'hour. It seemed like an
essential activity like buying gas. My Dad was in the auditorium
talking to a man about the piano. The man handed him some amuse-
ment park type tickets, they were two different colors, and one was
partially ripped. The value of the tickets was about $1.45. Overall,
though, my father was making $30 an hour. I came down because I
needed some money for something. By being there, 1 would share in
the profits. This was understood between my father and I.

My aunt J. and Uncle E. were visiting. They were staying overnight.
There were two rooms with beds in them. I just assumed their family
would sleep in the one room, and ours in another.

But then the adults said that they would sleep in one room, and the
kids in the other. I was glad, it would be fun for all us girl
cousins to sleep in one room instead of having to worry about dis-
turbing my aunt and uncle.

Long befbre it was time to go to bed, I went into the room where I
would sleep, so I could find the best place to sleep. It wasn't a
particularly large room, and the beds were crowded together.

I got in one bed, but then moved to one I thought would be better.
I imagined that L. (sister) would sleep in the bed at the foot of
my bed. I liked that, she'd be close to me. The beds had only
pillows and white sheets on them.

Still in the huge room or auditorium--it now seemed to be something

of a cave. At one end there were huge rocks and beautiful, unusual

formations. Our family was looking at these rocks from a distance,

or as if they were under water. I said I couldn't tell how big they
were, "Can't tell perspective." So my mom went and stood next to a

rock, and I could see just how big they were.

271

To the right of these rocks were tables of old books. They were very
rare--relics in themselves. It seemed as if they were excavations
from a tomb or pyramid. I was sorting the books, and in sorting them
I laid a claim to them.

Dad wanted to show D1 (male) these impressive books. He said to my
mother, "Show D. one from before 1924." He was proud of the books.
My mother found one and went to show D.

I found a certain Egyptian book that could be read as a normal book,
and also from right to left as the Arabic read. I opened the back
cover. There was a picture of Nefertiti and Arabic writing on the
following three of four pages. It seemed that the message stopped
there. It seemed that this was a secret message. Certain words and
sentences were written in a thicker purplish blue colored ink that
made those words prominent. The illustrations and writing were
pretty.

I was sitting at a table eating with some peOple. I was talking
about J.E. (male), A.'s former boyfriend. A man was asking me
questions about him. I believe the man was B. (Experimenter 1's
name), because of the way he asked me--trying to bring out the real
feelings about J. He said, "Are you afraid of J.?" I said, "No,

I used to be afraid of liking him too much." The man nodded his
head and said, "Oh." in an all knowing way.

There was a school of ballet in a big old building with many rooms,
stairs and corridors. These girls practiced intensively all day,
until their mothers came to pick them up in the afternoon. I came
just as the day was ending. Little girls were running around, going
up to instructors, saying "I can't stop singing Swan Lake." Several
of the girls complained of this. It was apparently an anomaly that
came with the territory.

I was jealous of their opportunity to study dance. I had always
wanted to take ballet lessons.

I went upstairs to the girls locker room to see if the girls still
"did ballet" even after all the dancing was over. And they did.
They still stood on their toes and moved about as if in a ballet
even when they weren't dancing.

(All of the above was written at home.)

Night: 8

1.

Before 4am.

Coerced into helping to take care of horses, D. (male) was there,
mafia leader, expensive, forever, started his horse on fire,
revenge. '

272

Between 4-6:30am.

Left experiment-ehad to go bathroom but got ready for schooleqcame
back to roomaqvery sorry, experimenter very mad, talked for a while--
a little better. Top of stairs, "You know I'd do anything for you?"

9:10 class, sitting down to eat with S. and J. (females) at 9:05,
ate their leftovers.

Skipped 10:20 class to see tour of some building. It was parents

day and there were lots of women. They all wore nice dresses, and

I looked casual. C. (female) was there, even wore a pale green

crepe dress. She was acting very polite. At one point got in a cable
car that went across the room. It said it was either 1:30 or 3:00.

I had to hurry to make it for my 11:30 class.

On a nature walk with my family--going over obstacles, into the
woods near house and car. Mom said watch fOr moose or deer. I'm
standing by car, turn around, there's a big bull moose, it looks
scared and may trample me in it's fear and stupidity so I try to
get as close under the car as I can. I see my family running
without protection as the moose runs off in their direction.

Another and another came, and I am forced to stay by the car for
safety. I wonder how my family is not hurt. When moose are all
gone, I look near the car grill and see a vague furry outline. I
am at first startled and scoot away, making scared noises. Then I
try to be reasonable and imagine that it is probably a racoon.
Finally, upon closer scrutiny it is determined to be a monkey. We
are in Africa, after all. I hold it carefully in my hands and
notice that it is wounded--perhaps mortally--it has a few bandages
there are many others that are also hurt, that I didn't see. I
put him back and rejoin my family!

Later...l have encountered a guy with short straight golden brown
hair. He's cute. We went on the same tour or something. The

scene in a house fades into one where we are husband and wife.

It's kind of "Oh, yeah..." deal where-~I should have known that

I was married to him because the first part is a memory, and not the
other way around. (That is--the second part is a projection.)

(All of the above written upon awakening at 7:00am.)

 

Before 4:00am.

There is a Mafia leader that has several expensive horses. I am
coerced into taking care of them. D. (male) is there too. One of
the guys does something to another, and the result is that the man's
horse is burned to death. Of course he vowed revenge and set off
to do an even more harmful deed to the other man. He didn't seem
particularly distraught over the horse's death, but was upset about
losing a possession. It was sad. It would be a never ending

fight for revenge.

273

Between 4-6:30am.

I got up in the morning from the experiment and forgot to take the
electrodes off. I went around without knowing that these wires were
hanging from my forehead, I went to the large girls' bathroom to
get ready for the day. People were looking at me strangely, and

I finally discovered that I was still hooked up to the electrodes.

I didn't go straight back to the sleep lab, though I should have. I
went down to where S. and J. (females) were eating breakfast. It
was 9:05 and I had a 9:10 class.

I sat across the booth from S. and J. They already had their food.
Some of it they didn't want, so I ate what they didn't eat. Finally
I went back to the sleep lab.

8. (Experimenter 1's name) was furious with me fer taking off. He
said he couldn't account for what went on while I was getting dressed
and everything. I had introduced unknown and unaccountable variables.
He got mad in spurts, but I was able to talk to him and calm him down
a bit.

I told him I was very sorry and apologized for what I did. He seemed
to accept a lot of it, I had to hurry to class, but as I was
leaving, standing at the top of the stairway, with men sitting at
tables below, I said very seriously to him, "You know that I'd do
anything for you?"

He looked at me oddly as if he couldn't believe I would say that.
The men at the tables laughed, and I sensed they heard sexual
connotations. I paid no attention to them, but just looked quietly
at B. (Experimenter 1's name). I had purposely left the statement
completely open because I trusted him and knew he wouldn't take it
the wrong way. I walked down the stairs and left for class.

I skipped my 10:20 class to see a special exhibition in some
building. When I walked in I noticed all the women dressed very
nicely. It was parent's day. I was dressed casually at best. C.
(female) was there, even she had on a light green gauze dress. She
was acting very polite.

C. and I got in a plush cable car that went across the room a short
ways. On the outside of the door it said something about 1:30 or
3:00. I had to hurry to make it fer my 11:30 class.

Good enough in original notes.

There are two parts to this. The first is where I am in a house
touring it with a guy. He is cute, with straight golden brown
hair. We seem to be starting to get to know each other.

The second part is where we are walking around the same house, but
now it is our house and we were married. This seems very natural
that we are married. The "now" is in this second part.

274

I should have known all along that we were married, because the first
part is a memory. It wasn't that the second part was a projection.

(All of the above written at home at 8:30pm and intended as a
"clarification" of that which was written in the lab.)

Night: 9
Beach-—Aunt J.--When do you think you'll be done sewing?

Dr. B., small class, met in his back yard sitting on a wooden bench--
told different people what they could be doing, i.e. playing
basketball, going in his house, etc.

I was standing outside a bunch of stores that is a plaza-~on a Sunday.
A girl came up to me and asked if I knew whether any of the stores
would be open. I said I didn't know. She wanted my opinion on a
certain jacket made by Danskin. It was just like the one she had

on, she said. The coat she had on was a beige trench coat. She
wanted to know how I felt about the color. I think it was purplish.

After 5:00am.
E. (male) and I were in the grill. It was closing up, curtains

‘ drawn. Went down hallway. Our dorm was on the ocean. With K.S.
(male) and at least one other girl, perhaps also another guy.
Walking on bridge or dock that went out over water. L. (female) was
waiting for P. (female). There were only three weeks left in the
school year. L. said we have to make plans for the next year.

I went down by the water and was wading like a crane--looking for
little fish. I caught a little fish and turned it halfway inside
out. I said, "Why do we have to make plans?" I know the guys
didn't want to have anything to do with the plans that L. was making,
just because guys want to live in the now and enjoy this--but want
no committments about tomorrow.

When I walked past K. he kind of stopped me and was looking at my
derrier and making approving kinds of noises. (He frequently comments
on this, and the way I walk-~embarrassment) I said to him something
about 5 minutes. It seemed right then because of his sexuality, he
was closer to wanting plans made about next year. I walked away

from him.

With E. He wanted to come over to my room to see some films. As
we were sitting in the grill several of his friends came over and
asked him if he wanted to do something. He said "No" very quickly
with confidence. "I'm going to (Subject 3's name) to watch
some films." This made it clear where his priorities lyed (sic).

E. (boyfriend) and I are walking through a mall. As we pass a women's
clothes display of summer fashions, the terrycloth outfits remind

275

me of the one my mother is supposed to send me. I said, "She'll
probably just keep it for herself because she wants it."

E. was looking at some of the skimpier outfits and saying how he
thought that I'd look good in them. I was kind of ignoring his
comments.

We drove home in my van. 1 can't remember if he drove or I drove,
but at one intersection E. had to get out to check the car. I
released the hood, thinking he needed to look under there. As it
turned out it wasn't necessary, so he closed it. Even though I
knew it didn't need to be opened, I released it from the inside
again and he had to close it again.

E. was getting impatient, and so were the other cars, but I released
it again and told him to close it. He didn't know that I was
releasing it from the inside, and I didn't tell him. I just felt
like being contrary. It was a kind of a perverseness that made me
keep doing it.

I was in a little store that was quite a distance from my home.

A middle aged Italian couple ran it. It could only marginally be
called a store. I think it was a gas station with a few shelves of
food.

I was in there to get something. I didn't have the right amount,

so she was going to give me $10 in pennies for change. She asked

me if it was alright. I said that it was. I had a feeling that the
pennies were more like real money anyway-—as compared with crumpled ‘
paper money I held in my hand.

While I was waiting a neighborhood woman came in to buy something.

The old Italian man was sitting down at a table. The woman complained
good naturedly about the price of the food, and said, "Why do I pay
these outlandish prices?" The Italian woman said, "Because it's
close." It was true-~it was just a matter of convenience! I got

my change and left. -

Night: 10

Kittens--three litters, I had one, "It gets lonely being a male cat.
Peanut butter jar, writing on wall, judiciary, The Raven, traffic

M. (female)--not nice, Mrs. L. Marble table, discern about physics,
game like checkers and dress, checkers except there was a king and/or
a mighty queen. B. (male) wanted to push me off bridge—-No, he would.

(All of the above written upon awakening at 6:30am.)

 

1.

276

I went to talk to Mrs. L. about something, and because my timing was
bad I caught her just starting to make dinner. She was standing by
the stove stirring something in pots.

There was a certain marble table that was low and looked like a
checkerboard. It was used in discerning something about physics.

It was a game that looked like checkers except for two pieces. There
was a kind and a mighty queen; these were taller, but the others were
short and smooth. The checkerboard was beige and black.

I was in a building. There was a gathering of people for some kind
of convention. It seems that we were deciding something. After it
was over, (there was a stage where speakers talked) I noticed some
writing on the wall in the hallway, as I was leaving. A man came
up to me and said that all of those who tried for the student
judiciary should show up at a certain meeting. I was confused. I
told him I didn't make it. He said it didn't matter, they needed

a lot of people to judge a certain case. He was a tall man with
short straight dark hair. He made it sound like my civic duty.

As I was leaving I was carrying some things out to the car. I heard
a girl and boy talking. As I rounded the corner she said, looking
at me, "Now listen carefully to this...!" and started to rehearse
some lines very rapidly. As I walked past and left the building,

it occurred to me that she was reciting "The Raven."

With every step closer to my car, I wished that I could go back in
and show her how to do it right. She was doing such a miserable
job of it. I was going to make more than one trip to bring the
things into the car. Unfortunately I had carried them all at once,
and I now had no excuse to go back into the building.

I really wanted to go back in, and my steps were indecisive, but I
gave up and got in my car.

Something was strange about the traffic. I was in D.'s (male)
little Mustang. The cars didn't obey the rules that they usually
did.

There was a peanut butter jar. The lid was punctured and white on
the inside. With these holes in it it was used for some kind of
strainer. I think water was dripping through the holes.

B. (boyfriend's brother) and I were walking across the bridge by the
library. Halfway over we stopped to look into the water. Suddenly
B. got an idea that he was very enthused about. He said, "Let me
push you in." or "Why don't you jump in?"

I said no, that I didn't know how deep it was. The water was black
and it was impossible to tell. I thought that it might be quite
shallow and rocky. He was confident that there was no danger.

277

As I stood on the bridge, he ran off and down into the water. He
was swimming in the shallow water near the bank, trying to convince
me to -ome in.

He said, "He would have done it," as a way to entice me to jump in.
But the water was dirty, and I didn't think B. should be swimming,
getting it in his mouth.

I said that I didn't care if he did it, I'wasn't going to.

I walked off the bridge and onto the grass lawn. My mother was there.
I stood looking down at four kittens that I knew were mine. I could
see off in the distance where Streisand (my cat) was with another
litter of kittens a day younger than this litter. In fact she had
had three litters of about fbur each, within a day of each other.

I could see L. (sister) taking care of Streisand and her kittens.
I had to care fbr.these because Streisand rejected them. They
would have competed with her second litter.

My mother and I were talking about whether L. would allow the tomcat
to mate with Streisand. My mother said that she shouldn't keep the
tom out, because "It gets lonely being a male cat."

(All of the aboVe written at 11:00pm that night and intended as a
"clarification" of that which was written in the lab.)

Night: 11

There ought to be a Wilson Avenue (but there is?). B.F. (male) gave
me a heart shaped box fer Valentines Day. It had only a very few
pieces of candy. The box itself was very pretty. We were walking
out back in a field near the Edison easement. I kind of knew he was
going to do this, I forgot to get him a valentine.

Amusement park rides inside a huge building. I was near the entrance
to the long rides, way up in the air. No one else was waiting.

There were two entrances. One emphasized that no one should go on
this ride involuntarily. The enclosure fer the ride was spherical,
it went upside down and all over. I wasn't even considering riding it.

I was like a camera, I had a view of the ride as someone might have
who was able to defy gravity. I was visually with the ride as it
went up, but stayed at the peak even as the cars went streaming down
their curved path-~defined by the outside sphere.

I left this ride and walked around outside the building. I think

I was waiting for C. or L. (sisters) to get done riding. I was all
alone. I just walked around and around outside the building by
myself with my hands in my pockets. 1 was depressed. It was getting
dark.

278

I heard someone talking, as parents do, that their child only went

on two rides after coming all this way. It was a typical complaint.
Parents always think they've wasted their time/or money on their kids.
In my mind I was defending the kid. Those rides were pretty hairy—-
two would be plenty.

I don't know how long I had walked around outside, but when I came
back in the building, everything had been dismantled and men were
cleaning up. I couldn't find whoever I was supposed to be waiting
for. They had left without me. I wasn't upset or panicked, I just
took it in stride. But I was sad. I would have to walk home in the
dark by myself.

My grandmother was down in a greenhouse-like enclosure, talking to

a young girl about some plants. There were three jade plants in

front of her. She pulled them out of the dirt and pulled some of

the leaves off. I was confused by this. Why was she destroying these
three plants? They both acted casual, as if they were useless anyway.
The girl mentioned something about the fact that they wouldn't grow
outdoors in the Winter, and something else about them growing indoors.
:I thought that it didn't matter, I could still make them grown--even
if they weren't ideally suited.

I wanted to collect them up and replant them. I tried to put one
back in dirt, but my grandma had ripped them out too harshly. It
was no use. Why did she do that?

Night: 12

1°, 3°K-273“, Is not any more sensible. Talking black guy, slush
now--freeze later? I was with him last 3 hours.

1. Talking to R.L. (male). He was telling me of things that had
happened to him when he was just a week old--that his mother had
set him on top of the car. I knew he couldn't really have remembered
anything from the time in this life, but I didn't refute what he
said. I tried to sound interested. He said he had to go pick up
his coach for softball (or baseball). She was a woman who lived
halfway down the street.

R. was about 10, but I was wondering if he meant that he was going
to pick her up in his car.

He mentioned something about the notes they write all the time to
her, thanking her for her time and involvement with them. It
sounded like a very mature thing for him to do.

I am walking down my street toward my house with a girl who was
younger than me. We are going to school. She is about 3 inches
taller, has medium length blond hair that she has in two pony
tails by her ears, and bangs. She is a big girl.

279

We talk about her baseball activities. She tells me that they (The
Tigers) always pick girls that have hair like hers. I agreed, I
seemed to remember seeing that most of the girls on the Tigers had
hair in pony tails.

I said "So that's what you'd like to do then? Be on the Tigers?"
She said yes, she would like that, but that she didn't think she'd
make it. I tried to reassure her. I said, "Oh, of course you will.
You have good looks and...(something else). I'm sure you will make
it. " I didn't really have that much conviction that she would make
it, and she really wasn't even that good looking--but I thought she
could use some moral support.

I think she was C.'s (sister) age., one of her friends.

We stopped by my house. Both my sisters came out, ready for school,
along with some of her friends. I should have been ready, but I
feel like I might have forgotten something. I told them I had to
go back in to check. «

They objected to this. They tried to convince me that I hadn't
fergotten anything. They wanted to go.

In walking up to my front porch I noticed a white credit card
shaped thing. I said, "Aha, see I told you I forgot something,
here's my I.D.," but when I looked at it, I read that it was S.'s
(female) I.D. card. She was one of C.'s friends.

I thought that we'd better take it to her or she wouldn't be able
to eat, but they didn't see the need to give her the I.D. back.

I was sitting on a ledge-like structure with some guy. This was

out in the Open somewhere. We were discussing the use of the

Kelvin scale as opposed to Celsius or Farenheit. We noted that most
people rejected the Kelvin because of the -273° definition of 0°.
They interpreted this number as ridiculous. We talked about how
numbers had to be 10°C or 3° fOr them to accept it. It was
ridiculous that they would not accept Kelvin--it was surely no

more or less sensible than C or F.

I was standing with a black man out in a small woods. We were
talking quite comfortably standing in front of a small cliff or
steep hill. We were watching the weather as it rained or snowed.

We should have left to go to our classes, but we didn't. We just
stood and talked for what must have been three hours.

It was slushy out and the man was concerned about this being bad
to travel in. I told him it was getting colder, and that it would
be worse after it froze. He realized this was true and we agreed
to start off on our ways, finally.

280

I hadn't gotten very far when I heard other men's voices. They
were questioning the man accusingly. They believed him suspect of
perpetrating some crime--perhaps murdering a man.

When I heard this I went back to tell the men that I could account
for the man's last three hours. This was a risky thing fer me to
do, to become involved but I had to see the man get a fair chance.
My protestations seemed to have some validity to them.