THE LIFE HISTORY,
HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION
OF THE APPLE MAGGOT

THESIS FOR DEGREE OF M S
DONALD TIMMERMAN RIES

1926 i

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TABLE 9; CONTENTS

Introduction

Early History
Classification and Synonymy
Commmn Names

Food Plants
Distribution

Technical Description
Injuries and Losses
Life-history and Habits
Natural Enemies .
Control Measures
Summary

Bibliography

Plates

1034330

05 03101 03 N

12
16
26
28
42
43
68
50
78

-2.-

INTRODUCTION

The apple maggot or "railroad worm” (ghagoletis
pomonella, welsh) during the past few years. has
again become a serious problem to the fruit-growers,
after an absence or dormancy of about a quarter of
a century. The damage in 1925 was not confined to
small. isolated spots but was quite generally dis-
tributed throughout the apple growing regions of the
state. In 1926, however, the more serious ravages
seemed to be confined to localized areas.

The economic losses caused by this insect are
of particular interest to the fruit grower of
Michigan, since this state stands fourth in acreage
of bearing trees, being surpassed only by New York,
Pennsylvania and Ohio.

The work leading up to the preparation of this
paper was done in partial fulfillment of the require-
ments for a master of Science Degree, and was per-
formed under the direction of Professor R. H. Pettit
and Miss Eugenia I. McDaniel, to both of them I wish
to express gratitude for their help throughout the
work. Thanks are also due to the farmers in the
vicinity of Stockbridge, for their cOOperation and
the use of their orchards.

Besides working out the life-history and possible
control measures, much time also was spent in com-

piling a bibliography of all important published

 

 

Jill-ob. Bill!!!» at.» Will

articles concerning not only apple maggot, but also
other fruit-flies.

HISTORY

The apple maggot seems to have been known in
many orchards in the northeastern united states for
some years before it was described in 1868 by welsh.

Calvin ward (1866) says that even previous to
1865, his apple crap had been severely damaged by
larvae boring in the apples in all directions.

During the winter of 1866 welsh (1868) received
some pupae from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Long
Island. Adult flies emerged from these in July 1867.
The flies bred from these pupae were feund to be
identical with those bred five or six years previously
from Haws in Illinois.

Riley (1872) published an account of the maggot
and included a letter from J. H. Spotter of liens,
lew'Eampshire, thus giving the first record from
that state. In a later article (Riley 1876) we
find the first reference to its occurrence in mains.
While Comatock (1882) first reported the post from
Ithaca, New York, collected in 1881. Several years
later Cook (1884) recorded the maggot from Shiawassee
County, Michigan and Delavan, Wisconsin. Williams
(1889) first reported the pest from new Jersey, but

 

 

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adds that it had been doing damage for about twelve
years. Osborn (1891) states that during 1890 there
were many reports.cf this insect sent in from Iowa
and that it had been introduced from Missouri
apparently, although no one had recorded its

presence in that state. In 1890 it was also reported
by weed (1891) to be damaging fruit in Delaware County,
Ohio. Doctor I. 0. Howard (1894) seems to have re-
corded the maggot's southern limit in apples from
Wsynesville, North Carolina, while Gillett (1896)
found it in apples at Colorado Springs. He supposes
that the insect was introduced in eastern apples.

Dr. Fletcher (1897) reported receiving maggot-l
infested apples in August 1896 from Ontario. In 1902
it was reported plentiful in Prince Edward County
where over half the fruit was destroyed in some
orchards. In 1905 Dr. Fletcher reported it in Quebec
while later (1907) it was reported from new Brunswick.

Professor washburn (1903) included this insect
as an apple post in Minnesota.

It has also been recorded from CalifOrnia.

(Can. Eat. 61: 2-4, 1914.)

 

 

 

CLASSIFICATION AND SYNONYMY

The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonellg) belongs
to the order Diptera and to the family Trypetidae.
This family formerly contained two genera: Trypeta
and 22223, the two genera being separated by the
following characters:

rive segments of abdomen before borer - Tr eta
Four segments of abdomen before borer - Dacus

Dr. Icew in his monograph of EurOpean Trypetidae
. published in 1868,split the genus Trngta into several
subgenera, one being Bhagoletis. However, Coquillet
(1899) points out that sometimes these groups were
referred to as genera and sometimes as subgenera.
Osten Sacken (1878) in his catalog of Diptera of
Nbrth.Amerioa terms these groups subgenera, however,
the name Rhagoletis is now recognized as a valid
genus by Deane (1898) and by Aldrich (1909).

The insect was first described by welsh in 1867
under the name of Taipeta pomonella, the description
having been based on six females bred July 16th to
85rd, from apples, and two females and one male bred
July 88rd to 88th from Haws received from Illinois.

It was known by that name until the publication
of Doane's paper in 1898 when it was placed in the
genus Rhagoletis. From that date it has borne the

name Rhagoletis pomonells.

OOMMOH‘EAMES

The name "apple maggot“ given this insect in
1868 by Which is still the one used most generally.
In new England it has often been called the "railroad
worm", this term being also quite commonly used among
the farmers in the middle west. Many people also
refer to it simply as the "apple worm", thereby

causing considerable confusion.

FOOD PLANTS

The apple maggot being a native insect, it seems
probable that its primitive food plants were members
of the genus Crgtflgg s, although only Walsh (1868),
Comstock (1882) and Cook (1889) reported them as
being found in Cratéfigg . It will be remembered that
welsh, in working up his original description, based
it partly on males and females reared from Haws in
Illinois. Professor Cometcck reported rearing them
from species of Cratéiggs at lashington, D.O., while
Professor cook reported the insect as "well known" in
the thornhpplee of Michigan, lieconsin and Illinois.

Throughout the earlier manuscripts are reports
of the maggots feeding on wild crab-apples, but the

only records based on actual observation are those

b7é

by Riley (1872) and Fletcher (1906). The latter
states that, "although very badly infested, the fruit
does not drOp, as do other varieties of apples".
Ccmstock (1882) thinks that the insect probably
occurs throughout the country wherever hawthorns

or crab-apples are found, while Harvey supposed

that its original feed-plant was the haw and that
when civilization moved in and the haws were out down,
the insect migrated to our cultivated apples and made
itself ”perfectly at home" as so many other of our
native insects have done.‘

In 1889 in Professor Cook's‘Annual Report, he
mentions having received plums and cherries from
northern Michigan, that were infested with this
insect. (However, these records are doubtful, since
no adults were reared and it is quite probable that
these might have been the larvae of one of the cherry
fruit-flies, (Rhsgoletis oiggglats), which is damaging
the cherries of northern and western Michigan tc-day.
In 1996, I observed adults of R. pomonellg resting on
sour cherries at Stockbridge, Michigan, but did not
observe any ovipositing, nor have I found any
esidences of their presence in the few stray cherries
still on the trees up to the first of august. I have
never Observed any flies at all on plums, although
there were several plum trees adjacent to infested

apple trees.

Harvey (1895) records flies reared from vermont
pears. He also reports them working on pears in
Maine.

I have examined a large number of both wild
plums and hawthorns, but have seen no evidence of
any maggot work in them.

Dr. Britton (1906) reported the apple maggot
working on huekleberries in Connecticut in August
1904. He also reared the adult flies. Dr. Smith
(1910) also recorded this insect working on the
same fruit in southeastern new Jersey and the
following season bred the flies from such larvae.
This insect was also bred from Snowberry,
(gymphoricarpus racemosus) in British Columbia by
Downes. The same insect is also found in Maine,
infecting blueberries. I believe also it has been
reported on huckleberriee in northcentral Michigan
around Bay City, but no printed data are available.
Huckleberries were collected this year in the vicinity
of Stockbridge, Michigan, but no evidences of maggots
were found.

Cultivated apples are by far its most important
food plant. It has been reported as attacking over
seventy different varieties of apples. The commoner
varieties which I have found infested with maggots
are Early Harvest, Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan,

Prvmate, Maiden Blush, Tolman Sweet, Grimes Golden,

Tompkins King, Winter Sweet Benoni, Pound Sweet,
Jonathan, Shiawassee Beauty.

The early varieties seem to be worst infested
although in 1925 the late summer and winter apples
were all literally riddled in the vicinity of
Stockbridge. In the case of the late apples, the
injury was not apparent when they were picked.

Harvey (1889) published a list of apple varieties
showing their relative infestation in mains.
Illingworth (1912) brought finis list up to date
and this revised list is given below. The varieties
marked with asterisk have been found to be infested
in Michigan.

-10-

YARIETIES 0F APPLES, WITH RELATIVE INFESTATIOH'BY
THE APPLE MAGGOT

 

 

 

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-11-

VARIETIES OF APPLES,

THE APPLE MAGGOT

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Inaggots resembling_R. pomcnella have been
collected in huekleberries, chokeberries, wild
grape, plum and haw,‘but no adults have as yet

been reared from this material.

DISTRIBUTIOE

This insect is a native to this country. From
available data it would seem that its first appearance
was in the east and northeastern part of the United
States. Its range was gradually increased to the
westward until to-day we find it quite abundant
throughout the northern United States from Heine to
the Dakotas and south to Maryland and Kansas. An
isolated record in Earth Carolina and another in
Colorado are believed to have been caused through
the importation of infested eastern apples.

O'Kane published a distribution map in 1915,
but as this seemed too general and covered too much
territory, inquiries were made, by letter, of
entomologists in the apple growing states in order
to work out a new distribution map. This 1926
distribution data will be taken up by states. The
accompanying map shows the approximate distribution
of the apple maggot in the United States and Canada

to date.

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-13-

Illinois - Although early papers reported that
the adults of apple maggot had been reared from have
in Illinois, Dr. w. P. Flint, State Entomologist,
advised me that they had no records whatever of the
occurrence of the apple maggot in Illinois.

Dennszlvania - Hr. T. L. Guyton reports that the
insect is quite generally distributed throughout
Pennsylvania and their records show its presence in
Derry, Franklin. Adams, Cumberland, Lancaster, Beaver,
Butler, Lawrence, Erie, Philadelphia and Union Counties.

New Yerk - It is found quite generally distributed
throughout the state's apple growing regions with the
exception of the western part. '

flew Jersey - In this state it is found quite
generally distributed, although part of its ravages
are recorded upon blueberries. ‘

new England - This insect is very common through-
out this section of the country and does much damage
to unkept and unsprayed orchards.

thg_- is far as records are obtainable, only two
counties, Delaware and Lorain, are the only places in-
fested by this insect.

marzlagd - There is one locality from.which this
insect is recorded in maryland, namely, Garret County
in the extreme western part of the state.

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is probably due to accidental dispersal.

Virginia - Although Virginia grows quite a large
acreage of apples and stands fifth in trees of bearing
age, it does not record the maggot.

Indiana - Professor J. J. Davis in a personal
communication, states that Goshen is the only place
where the maggot has been recorded in the state.

Midhiga - Practically all the apple growing
area of the state is infested by this insect, although
it seems to be more injurious in the southern counties,
particularly the southern parts of Ingham, washtenaw
and Shiawassee Counties.

Wisconsin - One locality is recorded by Professor
A. J. Cook. It was found near Delavan, but rectnt
reports from that state do not indicate its presence.

Minnesota - Reports it fairly well distributed
throughout the apple growing regions which.are in the
southern part of the state.

lggg_- Dr. Fenton reports this insect scattered
throughout the orchards in the northern part of the state.

south.Dakotg - Dr. Severin in a personal communi-
cation enclosed a map showing the distribution of the
insect in the southeastern corner of the state.

Colorado - Gives us one isolated record made quite
a number of years back, but Professor Gillette informed

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In the western states we have an insect working on
Snowberry, that very much resembles R._pomonella. In
1894, Snow described this as R. zephzgia. The difference
between the two was very minute and Later writers called
them synonymous. Professor Don C. Mote, in a personal
communication, says that R. pomonella is listed as
occurring on Snowberry in Oregon, but that in 1924, it
was redesoribed as R. symphoricarpi by Curran. So,
according to the latest advices, R. pomonella does not
occur in the western states along the Pacific.

The accompanying map shows the approximate dis-
tribution of the apple maggot in the United States.
(Pig. 1).

This insect is also found quite prevalent in
Canada, being first recorded from Ontario in 1887 where
it was reared from haws by Dr. Fletcher. Its first
appearance on apples was in 1896. It was found in
Quebec in 1904 and has been quite injurious to orchards
in the southern part ever since.

It was recorded from nova Scotia in 1913 and
British Columbia in 1916. It is also recorded from
New Brunswick.

These records were obtained through the kindness
of Mr. J. M. Swaine who said it was reared from Snow-
berry in British Columbia as well as apples and haws,

but there are no records of it attacking blueberries.

(Pig. 8)

-15-

TECHNICAL Dasomruos 1“
The female (Fig.4)

General.color shiny black, marked with white;
length, maximum 6.5 mm., minimum 6mm., average 6.85 mm.;
spread of wings, average 12 mm. ‘

Head. - Light brown above, blending into pale
lemon-yellow on lower face; sides of face and hind
margin of eyes white. Eyes bright green, with rich
brown and sometimes steeléblue reflections, in life:
but dull, dark green, with purplish reflections, in
pinned specimens. Antennae orange, .5mm. long.
Prmminent black hairs border the distal front margin
of the first segment, and cover the inner face and
outer distal margin of the second: the third segment
is flattened on its inner face and rounded without,
pubescent; arista dark brown, two-Jointed, slender,
with fine pubescenoe. The usual frontal bristles
present; all black except a small, yellowish white,
erect pair (postvertioal) located behind the ocelli.
mouth large, broad; proboscis and palpi lemon-yellow,
both covered with a yellowish pubescenoe; palpi short,
not extending outside the anterior edge of the mouth.

Thorax. - Shiny black: a white strip extending
along each side from the humeral callus to the base
of the wing and the white alula. The dorsum marked
with four silvery gray longitudinal stripes, arranged
in pairs, confluent in front and very slightly divergent

posteriorly; the pairs separated by a median broad space
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-17..

that shows the shiny black of the rest of the thorax;
the two stripes of each pair separated posteriorly by
a very narrow, similar, black interval, in which is a
prominent black bristle near the posterior end of the
inner strips, which is considerably shorter than the
outer one; the silver-gray appearance of the stripes
is due to a snowdwhite pile, this making a sharp con-
trast with the rest of the thorax which is black. The
scutellum prominent, raised, bearing the usual two
pairs of black bristles; top flattened and pearly
white, sides and base black.

Legs. - Middle pair longest, about 4.5 mm.;
femcra and tibiae about equal, 1.5 mm.; tarsi somewhat
shorter, 1.5 mm. Front pair shortest, about 3.8 .
Femora black with lighter ends, the front pair often
lighter; tibiae and proximal segments of tarsi, straw
color; distal segments covered with black hairs, giving
the feet a black appearance.

‘Wings. - Length 4.5 to 5.5 mm.; width 2 to 2.5 mmt;
the smaller sizes being from wings of males and dwarfed
females. Four irregular dark bands cross the hyaline
membrane of the wing; the first lies near the base of
the wing and Joins the second near the posterior margin;
the last three are connected near the middle of the
anterior margin of the wing and diverge widely toward
the posterior margin. Professor Harvey has suggested

that these markings resemble the picture of a turkey:

the end nearest the body representing the head, with

-13-

a clear spot usually present for the eye, the second
hand the body, the third the legs, and the fourth the
tail, which reaches nearly to the tip of the wing.

The entire wing is covered with a very fine pubescence,
which is white in the hyaline parts and black in the
bands. The entire margin of the wing, and the vein 31
on the upper surface, are armed with small black
bristles, as is characteristic of the genus.

Abdomen. - Shiny black; four rather uniform white
bands bordering the posterior’margins of the second,
third, fourth, and fifth tergites; the scattered pile
of the first of these bands is white, that of the rest
black as on other parts. The abdomen without the ovi-
positor is a little longer than broad; it is composed
of seven segments; the tergites of the first and second
are so closely fused in this family that they were
formerly considered as a single segment {Loew, 1875).
although the sternites are clearly defined. The first
two segments rapidly widen to the third, which is the
broadest; the fourth, fifth, and sixth narrow abruptly
to the seventh, which is in the form of a truncate cone,
with no indication of the union between the tergite
and the eternite, the two being so closely fused as to
form a solid, chitinous protection for the cvipositor,
and also to act as a firm attachment for the several
sets of muscles which manipulate this organ and support

the egg-tube within. it first this seventh segment was

-19-

thought to be the cvipositor (Loew, 1873), which is
described as "very broad but short" and having a black
pubescenoe; the real cvipositor being observed and
described later (Harvey, 1889).

Ovipcsitor. - This organ is very slender and
terminates in a sharp point. When not in use it is
entirely retracted within the last abdominal segment.
The general structure is horn-like, hard, and chiti-
nous, with a groove on the lower surface which is
covered by two chitinous rods or flaps extending
from the sheath about half way to the tip. These
flaps are attached at the sides to the main body of
the syipositor by thin, transparent membranes, their
function being to guide the egg in its passage down-
ward. The sheath is a thin membrane that attaches the
cvipositor to the last abdominal segment. It bears
many triangular, chitinous projections on its surface;
these are arranged in definite rows that extend back-
ward each way from a median line, above and below, the
lower surface being the more beautiful. There is a
triangular space on each side, at the base of the
sheath, with no tubercles. When the cvipositor is re-
tracted it carries the sheath with it, as in pushing
in the end of the finger of a glove - the whole sheath
and cvipositor being finally concealed within the

seventh abdominal segment.

-20-

The‘ Male (Pig. 4)

As shown in Fig. 16, the male has the same general
appearance as the female but is considerably smaller.
Length, 4 to 5 mm.; the principal difference in length
is in size of abdomen, which shows only five of the
seven segments, the sixth and seventh being retracted
beneath the fifth, and white bands terminating only the
secOnd, third, and fourth tergites.

Harvey states that there are only five segments in
the male, but he evidently overlooked the two terminal
segments. The sixth segment is usually entirely covered
by the fifth, and the seventh tergite can barely be
seen extending behind the caudal margin of the fifth.
The sixth tergite is very unsymmetrical, on the left
side extending downward and meeting the sternite, while
on the right there is only a small, triangular part at
the top, chitiniaed, due to the position of the coiled
penis which rests against that side. The seventh
segment bears a pair of chitinous appendages, which aid
in cepulation. Extending from the caudal and of the
seventh segment is the rectum, which is covered with
our: hairs and remains‘ outside. the body at all times;
it can be seen as a noticeable light-colored speck in
even the living flies. Within the sixth and seventh
segments is a chitinous framework which supports the
very long, chitinous penis - an organ which extends in
almost a complete circle around the caudal end of the

body, to the back, when partly uncoiled. Ordinarily

-21-

the penis remains in a tight coil in a pocket under

the fifth tergite, just to the right of the median line.
The spiral, chitinous rod in the penis makes it difficult
to straighten out when the fly is dead, and causes the
soft margin on the inner part of the circle to pucker,
forming overlapping folds. Near the end is a rectangular
part with a chitinous center, and terminating the penis
is a spiral brush with numerous, somewhat stiff hairs.

The other markings are as in the female.

Internal Oenitalia of Pamela

Careful dissections were made of the reproductive
system, in order to«ietermine the time of deve10pment
and the number of eggs. The ovaries are spherical
masses made up of numerous egg-tubes, as is common
among flies. The egg-tubes are surrounded by connective
tissue and are tied together by closely anastomoxing
tracheae; the oviducts are short and lead into the
vagina, which also receives the ducts from the three
spermathecae and the pair of accessory organs on the
dorsal surface. The vagina has a cluster of tiny
papillae also on the dorsal surface, the function of
which the writer has been unable to determine. Two
sets of’muscles extend from the sides of the vagina

to the chitinous walls of the seventh abdominal segment,

-22-

entirely surrounds this organ and holds it finmly in
place. Another set of’muscles, similarly attached,
controls the movements of the cvipositor. The vagina
gradually narrows and seems to unite with the intestine
just before it passes into the chitinous covering of the
cvipositor. Whether these two tubes actually units or
are only fastened together very closely with the con-
necting tissue, the writer is unable to state from the
dissections made. This condition does not exist in
other flies; although the two organs often open to the
outside very near together, they have separate openings

in all cases known to the writer.

The Egg
The mature egg is pearly white when taken from
'the ovary, but shows a distinct cream color after
being in the fruit for a short time. The shape is
"fusiform, almost four times as long as wide; the
pedicellate end being gently rounded, the other end
more pointed. The pedicel is short, not much, if any,
longer than wide. The eggshell around the pedicel is
covered with reticulate markings having the appearance
of cells, with raised papillae extending from their
margins giving a spinose appearance. The markings and

papillae are distinctly darker near the pedicel and

-25-

extend for only about one fourth of the total length

of the egg, where they are gradually lost in the smooth
surface of the remainder of the shell. measurements of
a large series show the following sises: length, .8 to
1 mm.; width, .8 to .3 mm.; the shorter eggs usually
having the greater width. The deve10ping larva can be
clearly seen within the egg; the black rasping
apparatus, or head, being in the pointed end of the
egg, the posterior part toward the pedicel.

The Larva (Pig. 3)

The larva is white or cream-colored unless it is
feeding on green pulp from near the skin of the fruit,
in which case the food shows through the skin of the
larva, giving a greenish cast. The body is made up
of fourteen segments; the ninth, tenth, and eleventh
are thickest, those from the ninth to the first rapidly
tapering to the small, pointed head. Prom the eleventh
segment the body decreases very gradually to the last
segment; this has the dorsal half cut off, leaving a
slcping surface on which is lecated the pair of caudal
spiracles. Below the sloping part the body ends '
squarely, giving it the appearance of being out 6ft,

On each side of the dorsal surface, at the union of
the third and fourth segments, is a conspicuous out-

growth. By the aid of the microscope this structure

(4

-24-

is seen to be made up of a double row of about twenty
papillae extending from.the margin of a funnel-shaped
structure that is attached to a bulb-like enlargement
at the base. These structures are the cephalic spiracles,
which cpen into the pair of longitudinal tracheae ex-
tending caudad to the last segment of the body, where
they end in the caudal spiracles mentioned above. Only
two branches connect this pair of longitudinal tracheae,
the first at the Junction of the fourth and fifth seg-
ments and the other Just in front of the last segment.
When the head is fully extended, the black hooks are
clearly seen protruding from the lower surface of the
front segment. These hooks are attached to a black or
brown framework inside the second, third, and fourth
segments. This structure can be clearly seen through
the skin by transmitted light, especially when the
larva is young. The first three segments of the body
are usually withdrawn into the fourth whenever the
larva is disturbed; in this condition the cephalic
spiracles appear to be at the anterior and of the body
and the reaping apparatus cannot be seen. This is the
condition seen normally in the anterior part of the
puparium. There are two pairs of sensory papillae on
the front of the first segment. Length of larva, 7 to
815 mm; width, 1.75 to 2 mm. '

-25..

The Pups (Pig. 3)

As in most flies, the pupal stage is passed within
the larval skin, the maggot shortening up and becoming
inactive. The shape is a long oval, a little more than
twice as long as wide and tapering about equally at the
two ends. The head segment being retracted, the cephalic
spiracles protrude from the front margin. The posterior
end is slightly contracted but not enough to cover the
caudal spiracles, which remain exposed. The color, at
first light yellow as in the larva, changes in a few
hours to a yellowish brown, becoming darker with age.
Within two days the real pupa formed inside the larval
skin, in all cases observed. Fletcher {1905) states
that the pupa forms inside the-puparium only a few
days before the perfect insect appears the next summer.
The pupa, when removed from the puparium, is pure white;
the legs and wing buds closely folded toward the ventral
side; the head also tipped ventrally so as to economize

space. Length of puparia, 4 to 5 mm.; width, 2 to 2.5mm;

-25..

INJUR ES AND LOSSES

The apple maggot causes two distinct types of
injury to the apple. The first results from the
cviposition punctures of the female. These show up
as small depressions in the mature fruit. The second
and most serious is due to the feeding tunnels made by
the larvae throughout the pulp of the apple.

The "dimples" (Pig. 6 a 6) that result from ovi-
position may be oeoruaod with the injuries caused by
several other insects. One of these is the Redbug,
but the depressions caused by this latter insect are
somewhat deeper and more pronounced than those of the
maggot, they also appear much earlier in the develop-
ment of the fruit.

Aphid injury, when slight, may also be confused
with apple maggot injury, but aphis injury also
usually appears on the apples when they are still
quite 8111311.

In some parts of its range, we find reports where
the depressions are caused by the apple seed chalcid.
In the case of this insect, however, the depressions
are usually more numerous and more generally grouped
around the calyx end of the apple.

The primary injury (Fig. 7,8,9,lO) done by this
post is the tunneling of the maggots around through
the fleshy parts of the apples. Soon after hatching

‘9

-27..

the larvae begin to tunnel indiscriminately throughout
the apple, causing it to ripen prematurely and usually
to drOp to the ground. This tunnel soon turns brown
and the whole apple finally decays. very often the
small, white, very active maggot will be found imbedded
in the pulp near the end of the burrow.

In the lighter colored apples, such as Yellow
Transparent or Maiden Blush, the mines (Fig.9) are
very often visible through the skin while in the later
°and darker skinned apples, they may very often be
picked and graded as sound apples, only to be found
full of dark irregular tunnels, when opened.

A few figures to show the amount of infestation
would not be amiss here. A tree of early Harvest
apples was used and the drape carefully picked up,

examined, and counts made.

 

 

 

W’f‘tar e yv in st 12 1 Au are? 1 In ust 3f ' Bo t. F
!, FTotaE' In- 'Totagi In- !TotaI' In- iTot.‘ In-

! ! !fested! ifested! Ffested! 'festeé
Warly r T Y T T V v I r
:Harvest: 178 ! 163 147 z 97 z 97 ! 22 z 25 P 8

c.
L

A

 

? 3“.
‘ ).

In 1925 in some orchards there was nearly a 199%
less in the crOp from certain trees while the total
orchard loss was around 76%yto 80%.

In 1926 after the 1925 clesndup, there was a slight

decrease in the infestation.

.«...~..

0
"I
1
I

.38..

LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS

These insects hibernate over the winter as
puparia, in the ground under their host tree. The
adult flies begin emerging in the spring during the
early part of July. The first adults collected in
1926 were on July 13th. One male was collected at
Hr. Nichol's orchard about 2% miles north of Stock-
bridge and one female was observed in Mr. Craig's
orchard just southeast of the same place. However,
pupae that were collected in September 1925, and
placed in an indoor cage, began producing adults as‘
early as June 20th, and continued to do so quite
regularly throughout the summer, August 27th being
the last emergence record from that cage. When the
flies began to emerge in the field, the apples were
about one and one-half inches in diameter.

The orchards that were used in the experiments
during 1925, were of several different types. The
orchard of Orville Jones was a small one of about a
dozen trees and although there was tall grass through-
out the lanes between the trees, the ground beneath
them was cultivated and clear from weeds. Hr. Craig's
orchard was divided into two parts, the smaller one on
the south side of the road containing about two dozen
trees. This place was not cared for and was grown up
with grass and weeds until late in the summer when the

grass was cut. The other and older part of the orchard

was located north of the road. This latter part

-29-

contained all old trees and was not hearing except
for the two Tolman Sweets, Yellow Bellflower and one
or two other varieties. The third orchard was at
Mr. William Nichole. This was an orchard of about
three dozen trees and sowed to potatoes and corn.
The other orchard observed was that of la. Steffie.
This was a large orchard and was well cared for and
also contained a number of hogs that kept the ground
cleaned up and free from windfalls. These orchards
will be referred to throughout as Jones, Craig, etc.
All of these orchards were quite heavily infected in
1925 with the exception of Mr. Steffie's, where only
two trees of Ramblers were infested. One of these
was out down and the other thoroughly cultivated.
around the base.

The general emergence of the flies began about
July 15th and they continued to be abundant in orchards
around Stockbridge until August 23rd which was the last
date any adults were observed in the field until
September 27th when a few adults, probably belonging
to the second generation, were found among the apples
on the ground under a Maiden Blush tree.

An interesting fact concerning the emergence
of the flies is that they do not seem to migrate
very far from the place of emergence. The adults
seem to fly directly up into the tree from under

which they have emerged. If fruit is present they

are almost sure to stay right there. So it would
seem that distribution over long distances is not
by wing, but by being transported in infected fruit.

During the period that the adults are at large,
they are continually feeding, seeming mostly in
search of’moisture. During the dry spell in July,
many of the flies were observed seemingly lapping
up the exudation from firséblight cankers and also
around the frees thrown out by codling moth larvae.
They were apparently in search of water,.as much
water seems to be needed. Flies in emergence cages
without water die within a few days while those in
cages where an abundance of water is available live
for several weeks. Early in the morning, or immediately
after a shower, the flies were observed drinking the
moisture that was still standing in the hollow at the
stem end of the apple.

Both sexes do a large amount of feeding, both on
the surface of the fruit and also on the surface of
the leaves, but mostly on the former. Their methods
of feeding are very similar to those of the house-fly,
and the streeture cf the mouthparts is also very
similar. At times the fly walks over the surface of
the fruit, with the head slightly raised, and at such
times a drop of saliva may be seen forced out between
the lobes of the labella. The fly then applies this
droplet to the surface of the fruit so that it seemed

to be spread over a small surface by means of the
labella. Evidently this fluid acts as a solvent

for it is immediately taken up and the process re-
peated on a nearby spot. Only occasionally have the
flies been observed going through this feeding pro-
cedure on the leaves. most of the time spent on the
leaves is devoted to rest. While emerging from the
cages in the insectary, the flies were supplied
daily with small pieces of apple on which they seemed
to feed almost constantly.

In the field, the adult flies were nearly always
found on the sunny side of the tree and as the sun
moved around, the flies moved along with it, always
keeping on the warm aide. .

The mouthparts of this insect, as was stated
above, are very similar in structure to those of the
house-fly. In view of this fact, I take the liberty
of quoting an sxeellent description of the mouthparts
and feeding habits of this insect, taken from Dr.
Howard's book ~"The House-fly - Disease Carrier"
'(Page 27), since the structure of mouthparts and
method of feeding plays a major role in the control
of insect pests.

"The mouthparts are very complicated, but form
in the main, a proboscis which is not fitted for
piercing, but for sucking. This organ can be re-

tracted and expanded to a certain extent. It is

-32 ..

somewhat complicated in structure and consists of an
upper and lower portion, the upper portion bearing

two curved bristly lobes. The lower portion or true
nauatellum expands at the tip into two lobes which are
called the oral lobes. On their under surface, they
have transverse chitinous bars which are called false
tracheae (pseudotracheae). The presence of these
hard ridges under the oral labes fit it to a certain
extent for rasping solid food. The orifice to the
nauatellum occurs between the lobes.“

"In feeding upon fluid or semi-fluid substances,
the oral lobes are shmply applied to the surface and
the fluid is sucked up. When, however, they feed
upon soluble solids, the process is somewhat different.
Dr. Graham Smith has carefully watched them feeding
upon crystals of brown sugar and has done this
through the Zeiss binocular microscope. He states
that the oral lobes of the proboscis are very widely
opened and closely applied to the sugar. Fluid
(saliva) seems to be first deposited on the sugar
and then strong sucking movements are made. Dr.
Graham.8mith watched a fly sucking an apparently
dry layer of sputum. It put out large quantities
of saliva from its proboscis and seemed to suck the
fluid in and out until a fairly large area of the dry
layer of sputum was quite moist; then as much as

possible was sucked.up and the fly moved to another

~53.

spot. The same observer noticed that flies which
had the opportunity of feeding either on fluid or
partly dried milk, often chose the drier portions
and states that under natural conditions they can
often be seen sucking the dried remains near the top
of a milk jug. They constantly apply their mouth-
parts to the surface over which they are walking,
attempting to suck up some nutrition and under
certain conditions, the imprints of their oral

label can afterwards be made out under the lens."

_It was observed that the apple maggot adult
also "tastes" the surface of everything. Even when
placed in vials or cyanide bottles, they immediately
began "tasting" the sides of the glass.

Oviposition was also carefully observed and
studied both in the field and with caged adults.

On August 2nd. the first females were observed ovi-
positing and it was very easy to carefully study the
predess since the insect was very tame and did not
object to being scrutinized with a hand lens at close
range so long as no sudden movements were made. The
female was observed to slight upon the apple and in
some cases it turned around several times and some-
times even side stepped once or twice. Then she
extended the cvipositor and stroked it with her hind
legs. Then after slowly raising it she lowers it and
places the tip on the surface of the fruit. Rising

-5‘-

up on her legs, she slowly works it into the flesh
of the fruit at an angle of about 45°. The process
of cutting the Opening and laying the egg requires
a little more than a minute, by actual timing one
minute and seven seconds. After the cvipositor has
been forced in to the desired depth, the fly remains
nearly motionless during the last twenty-five or
thirty seconds. During this time the egg is passing
out;into the apple.: Once the egg was observed passing
by the open space on the side of the sheath that is not
protected by tubercles. When the egg was in place, the
cvipositor was quickly withdrawn and often she was seen
to turn around as if to inspect the puncture, or it
might have been to sip up some of the juice that had
flowed out through the opening. While cviposition
was taking place the_wings were held at an angle of
about 30° and slightly curved downward at the tip.

When first made, the punctures are inconspicuous,
but soon turn dark, leaving a small brown speck on
the surface of the fruit. most of the eggs observed
were laid on the sides rather than on the ends of
the fruit.

no definite check was made on the number of
eggs laid by a single individual during 1926 so I
have taken the liberty of quoting Illingworth (1912,
p.143) who made an extensive_study of the internal
anatomy of the adult fly.

-55-

"In order that the number of eggs produced
during the lifetime of a single individual might
be shown with some degree of exactness, careful
dissections were made of ovaries of mature females.
masses of tracheae and connective tissue surround
these organs, making it rather difficult to separate
and extend the egg-tubes so that they can be studied
under the microscope. The great number of egg-tubes
was at once apparent, there being twenty-four in
each ovary. As in flies generally, the nurse cells
are contained within the so-called egg, and the egg-
tube is composed merely of a terminal filament, a
germarium, and a series of eggs gradually increasing
in size up.to the fully dovelOped form. Surrounding
each series is a delicate membrane, so fragile that
it is a difficult task to separate the egg-tubes
from the entangling tracheae and connective tissue
without dislodging the fully develOped eggs; only
occasionally is an entire series with the terminal
mature egg separated. Usually after the tracheae
are removed, the ripe eggs are seen scattered about
and free from the enclosing membrane of the egg-tube.

The maximum number of eggs observed in an egg-
tube was six, although often there were only four or
five besides the germarium. Professor Harvy (1889)
figures six or seven in the series. .However, the

total number of eggs produced is in no way dependent

'9

-35-

on the number found in the ovaries at any one time,
even though a large figure is obtained if five to
seven be taken as an estimate for.each of the forty-
eight egg-tubes. As was discovered in later
dissections, the germaria are constantly producing
new eggs as long as the flies are active. Again,
none of the dissections of flies that had been ovi-
positing for some time showed shorter egg-tubes,
except when the flies were in poor condition through
confinement. Hence, the writer would conclude that
the flies are able to continue cvipositing during
the remainder of their activity after they once
begin, three or four hundred eggs being a moderate
estimate for each female.“

Since the first adult flies were observed on
July 13th and the first cviposition was recorded on
August 2nd, it would seem to take about two weeks
for the ovaries to reach maturity. Although on the
date when the first cviposition was observed upon
cutting into the fruit, a number of very small larvae,
one or two days old, were found. Illingworth also
reaches the same conclusion that about two weeks
were needed for the maturing of the ovaries. Plies
emerging September 28th and 29th, that were placed in
cages and fed daily, began mating in October.

Soon after cviposition and about the time that
the larvae begin to hatch, the cviposition spots

turn brownish and as the apples deve10p, may form

a dimple! surface. This surface is similar to that
produced by the Red-bug and by aphids and may easily
be confused with them until one gets to know the
difference.

To determine the incubation period of the egg,
two methods were used. One of the methods used by
Illingworth consisted in placing the egg on a piece
of apple in a.hollow ground glass slide. Only a
few eggs were hatched in this way,‘but not very good
results were obtained. The other method was to mark
the apples at cviposition and then place cheese cloth
bags over the apples. Eggs were recorded as hatching
in from two to seven days, depending upon the variety
of apple and the temperature. A

Soon after hatching, the maggots begin their
tunneling within the apple. At first the maggot
may work directly under the skin before going down
into the flash, or it may head directly for the
interior of the fleshy part. The tunnels are very
irregular and may easily be distinguished from
ouroulio or codling moth work as they are clean
tunnels and without the frass of the codling moth
or the corkiness and dirtyness of the ouroulio
channels. Besides, the apple maggot nearly always
confines the major part of its work to the fleshy

-33-

part of the apple and very seldom works around the
core as does the codling moth.

The length of time for the maggot to come to
maturity varies greatly with the variety of apple.
Apples were labeled when cviposition took place
and when larvae emerged. These figures are given

in table below:

TABLE SHOWIflG BENGTH}0F LARVAL EERIOD

1 fi‘to v T v
Variety ' of ' Date ! Larval '
' Hatching ' of ' Period '

Vlagproximate)'Emergence' (days)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

Yellow Transparent! July 8 ! July 17 ' 16 !

! July 8 ' July 21 ! 13 V

’ W T a F T *

‘Early Harvest : July 2 : July 19 z 17 :

Primate ': July 5 : July 19 z 14 :

‘4g ‘ Y ' ; 1 fl;—

MaoIntosh 3 Aug. 20 : Sept. 8 5 80 z
I,

LT i ‘ " “r

Pound Sweet V Aug. 20 F Sept.15 ! 27 '

v ! ! '

 

 

In Starks Delicious, cviposition was observed on
August 23rd. and up to October 9th. no maggots had
left the fruit. The same was true with Grimes Golden.

Some of the fruit growers who stored apples over
the winter, told me that their northern Spies, Starks
Delicious and Grimes Golden, as well as other winter

apples that were placed in storage in the fall and

-59-

which seemed to be perfectly sound when put in, were
literally "ehot full of holes" when taken out for use
in the winter.

It seems that not only the ripening of the fruit
and temperature, but also the texture of the fruit
influences the larval period of this pest. In most
cases, it was found that the presence of maggots in
the fruit cause the latter to drop through premature
ripening. In one case, however, a tree of Greasy
Pippins was found infested and emergence holes of
the maggots were found in the decaying apples still
hanging on the tree. When leaving the fruit, each
large cuts an irregular hole in the skin. This exit
hole is about two millimeters in diameter. It was
noticed that in early, soft-pulped apples or where
several larvae were present, the hole was very ragged,
but in the later, hard apples, the hole might be quite
clean cut.

Soon after the apple drops, the larvae leave and
enter the ground to pupate. (Fig. 11 a 12) Several
writers have advocated picking up "drOps" twice a week
in summer in an attempt to keep most of the larvae from
entering the ground. This does not always prove
effective, however. In the case of several trees of
Early Harvest apples, the orchard was visited on
Tuesday at which time 178 apples picked up, apples
that had fallen since Sunday afternoon. Of these,

-40-

163 were found to contain from one to ten maggots
apiece and 185 of the 16! contained exit holes, so
it would seem that the larvae had left the fruit
very soon after the fruit drapped, as no exit holes
were found on infested apples still on the tree.

On the other hand, in the case of’a number of
decaying "drops" examined, pupae were found in the
tunnels in the fruit.

Upon leaving the fruit, the larvae burrow into
the ground and pupate very soon after reaching the
desired depth. Pups have been dug up from a depth
of inches below the surface. These were supposed to
have passed the winter as pupa, to emerge the following
spring as adults. Records are to be found in literature
from other states, of a second brood being found.
‘Experiments were started to find out whether this was
true for the state of’Michigan.

On August 5, 1926, 137 Yellow Transparent and
Early Harvest apples were placed in a cage in the

insectary. The records from this cage are as follows:

Sept. 19 - 2 males emerged
" Bl - 1 female emerged
" 22 - 8 males, 2 females emerged
F 26 - 4 males, 5 females emerged
Oct. 3 - 1 male emerged
' 9 - 2 females emerged.

On August, 1926 another cage of 151 apples of
the same variety was placed in a cage out of doors.

On September 22nd, 3 males and a single female were

-41-

found in the cage. These were the only emergenoes.

On August 25rd, 1926, a cage containing 50
Primates was prepared. By September 10th all the
maggots had left the apples with the exception of
one or two that pupated within the apple itself.
The soil in this cage became dry and when examined
on October 11th, all the puparia were dead. It
would seem.that a certain amount of moisture is
demanded in order that the puparia may remain alive.

It would seem likely that about a third of the
flies emerge from larvae deve10ped early in the
season of the same year, the remainder hibernating
over the winter in the ground as puparia to emerge
the following spring.

It also seems probable that some of the pupae
lay over for two years instead of emerging the
following spring. The reason for thinking this is
the fact that at Mr. Jones' place every apple was
picked up daily during the season of 1925, although
this year there has been quite a heavy infestation.

-42-

NATURAL ENEMIES

The natural enemies of Hhagoletis pomonella
are very few, in fact, only two are reported from
this insect.

The first of these is a small hymenOpterous
parasite, Anaphoidea oonotracheli, Girault. This
insect is an egg parasite of the plum and grape
ouroulio as well as of the appledmaggot. Nothing
is known of its life-history and as far as data
are obtainable, it has only been reared from
material collected near wallingford, Connecticut.

The only other parasite of this insect that

has been recorded, belongs to the family, Braconidae.

This one is Opius melleus, Gahan (of which Biosteres

rhagpletis, Richmond is a synonym). Adults of this

species were reared from infested blueberries collected

in washington county, Kaine in 1914.

~45-

CONTROL MEASURES

The control of the apple maggot in Michigan
presents'a problem that as yet seems to be unsolved,
for which reason the following measures, suggested
as possible means of reducing the ravages of the
post, are presented merely as recommendations rather
than as proven control practices. The three most
important measures suggested are: spraying,-
picking up drape, - running hogs or other fruit
eating animals in the orchard. It would seem from
_the study of the feeding habits of this and other
fruit-flies that they might be controlled by the
use of a poison spray applied to the leaves and
surfaces of the fruit in the ordinary way. The
adult flies are known to sip dew from leaf and
fruit surfaces and many may be killed by the
application of arsenical sprays. Such sprays
should be applied on the first appearance of the
adult flies in order that the flies may be destroyed

before the egg laying commences.

~44-

SPRAYING WITH ARSENICALS

In other states, fairly satisfactory control
is said to have been obtained by the use of an
arsenate of lead spray (Elb. to 50 gal. of water)
applied very lightly. Accordingly, attempts were
made to control the fly with such a spray in the
vicinity of Stockbridge, but with rather in-
different success.

In the Jones orchard (about 15 trees), the
trees were sprayed with arsenate of lead (51b. to
50 gal. of water) and a single Grimes Golden
located at a moderate distance from the others
receised a similar spray differing merely in that
an excess of lime was added. These trees seemed
to profit by the spray until late in the season.
During the latter part of August, the minute
tunnels of the maggots appeared quite plentifully
in the fruit of the single tree of Grimes Golden.
The sprays were put on every week beginning June 23rd
until the Yellow Transparents began to ripen late in
July. It would appear from these few tests that
spraying alone produced little improvement.

In another orchard, that onMr. Nichols, the
trees were sprayed with arsenate of lead (ilb. to
50 gal.) with the addition of kayso. This orchard
was heavily infested in 1925 and did not show much

-45-

improvement in 1926 at which time Yellow Trans-
parents and flaldwins were heavily infested.

In Mr. Steffie's orchard a number of sprays
of arsenate of load were applied and hogs were
allowed the run of the orchard throughout the
summer. In this orchard a very marked improve-
‘ ment was noted except in the case of a fall
Pippin tree located in another field where no
hogs were kept.

THE USE OF POISON BAITS APPLIED AS SPRAYS

Experiments in the use of poison baits applied
as sprays have been made elsewhere, not only when
used against the apple-maggot, but also against
other fruit-flies having similar habits. The Olive
fruit-fly has been studied in some detail and a bait
made as follows, recommended by Berlese (1907):

65 parts molasses

31 “ honey

2 " glycerine

2 ~ W arsenate of soda.

Dr. Berlese reports having obtained excellent results

from the use of this spray.

FERROUS SULPHATE
Cartright, in 1904, recommends having tried
ferrous sulphate against the larvae and pupae of
Trypeta oapitata working on oranges. The material
was sprinkled on the ground under the trees after
which the ground was well watered. No reports as
to the effectiveness of this treatment have been

recorded.

THE DESTRUCTION OF "DROPS"

For many years, it has been believed that
immediate destruction of all apples as soon as
they drOp to the ground would destroy the larvae
therein and control the pest. This treatment
should be started early in the season as soon as
the first apples begin to drap, since it is known
that the maggots leave the fruit very soon after
the apples reach the ground. In one orchard in
Michigan where the infestation was heavy during
1925, the apples were systematically picked up
during that season and a general clean-up was
practiced. In this orchard, the infestation of 1926
was markedly reduced.

Another method of accomplishing the same result
consists of allowing hogs or sheep to run in the

orchard during the summer months and depending on

-47-
these animals to clean up the fallen fruit as fast
as it reaches the ground. Hogs are preferable to
sheep because hogs do not browse and sheep are

liable to injure the lower branches which may be

within reach of the ground.

-48-

SUMMARY

The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, a
native insects was first described in 1868 by
walsh, from material received from Massachusetts,
Connecticut and Long Island. The first record for
Michigan was made by Dr. A. J. Cook in 1884 and its
ravages were recorded for several years in that
state after which time it is not often mentioned
in published reports until 1924 when it again began
to be the cause of serious losses in the apple crap.
It is now distributed throughout Michigan as well as
the north central and northeastern part of the United
States as well as Canada. The adults emerge in
Michigan during the first two weeks of July and re-
main at large depositing eggs in the fruit most of
the summer.. The infested apples fall to the ground
and the larvae bury themselves to pupate. Some of
these early individuals, at least some of those from
early apples (Yellow Transparent and Early Harvest),
pupate and emerge in September resulting in a partial
second generation. The adults of this second genera-
tion cviposit in the late winter apples and the larvae
work in these after the apples are placed in storage.

The adult is a small twodwinged fly belonging to
the family Trypgtidae and to the genus Rhagoletis.

There are also two very closely related species,

~49-

§g_aephryia and REDEImphoricarpi which occur in the
western United States and Canada and which were once
thought to be merely varieties of pomonella.
gg.pomonella has been recorded from apples, haws,
crabapples and blueberries, while similar maggots
have been collected from plum, chokecherry and wild
grapes, although no adults have been as yet bred from
these later hosts. '
<¥$1pagasites apparently have been reared from
this insect.
Recommendations for reducing the ravages of the
insect are:
l. - Clean cultural methods of picking up and destroy-
ing all drape.
2. - Pasturing hogs and sheep in theorchard to clean
up drape.
3. - Spraying with arsenate of lead (ilb. to 50 gal.
of water) immediately after the emergence of

thfl £1108.

-50-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography contains only those refer-
ences that make more than Just a mere mention of
the insect. Those marked with asterisk (*) have

been seen by the writer.

1866 - Ward, C. - Pract. Ent., Vol.11, pp.20-21,
Apple maggot reported in Vermont 1865.

*1867 - Glover, I. - Trgpeta omonella. Rept. Eat.
Rept. e e e e , pp. 72-75e .

1867 - Trimble, P.T. - New York Semi-weekly Tribune.
July 19, Maggot reported prevailing
in Hudson River Valley.

*1867 - welsh, B.D. - The Apple worm and Apple Maggot.
more Joure Harte valeII, ppe538‘543e
Illus. This contains original
description apple maggot and codling
moth work carefully compared.

1868 - walsh, B.D. - The Apple Maggot Ply. First
Annual Rept. on the Noxious Insects
of State of Illinois, 1868, pp.29-33.
Gives notes on distribution and habits.

1868 - Walsh, B.D. & Riley 0.7. - Noxious Insects
“made more EDI... Vol. I, p.59.
Records gradual westward spread in
New York.

*1869 - Packard, A.S. - Guide to the Study of Insects.
P.4l5. Reference to maggot as
destructive to stored apples.

1872 - Riley, C.V. - The Apple maggot Fly. Imer.
Agriculturiste valem1, Ppe263-264e
Illus. Remedies suggested also
new record from N.H.

*1375 - Loew, H. - r. omonella - Monograph of the
Diifegi—UT'USTth America. Pt. III,
pp. 265-268. Smithsonian Institute,
washington, D.C. Gives excellent
description.

1874

1876

*1878

1880

*1882

1882

1885

1883

1883

*1883

1883

-51-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

Glover, T. ~‘Manuscript Notes From My Journal.
Diptera, p.58, Pt. IX. Fig.4. Gives
references to authorities on T. pomonella.

 

Riley, C.V. - Apple Maggot - New York Semi-weekly
Tribune, Dec.15. Gives descriptions of
larvae and adults, ravages, food plants,
habits, control and bibliography.

OStOU saOken, GeRe ‘ Gate Dept. NeAe, 2nd. Ede,
p.191, Smithsonian Institute, Washington.
Considers Rhagoletis as a subgenus of
old genus Tfypgta.

 

Riley, CeVe ‘ Amara Ente, VOIeIII' PeléOe
hates regarding change in feeding habit,
from haws to cultivated apples.

Comstock, J.H. - The Apple Maggot - Rept. U.S.
Comm. Agr. 1881-1882, p.195-198, Pt.1.
A very good paper on discussion of im-
portance compared with codling meth,
also, description of larva. pups and
adult, also, control remedies. Use
sweet varieties as traps and destroy
drops.

Treat, M. - The Apple Maggot. Injurious Insects
of the Farm and Garden. p.164, Illus.

Harlow, 8.0. - Trans. Maine Tam. Soc., 1882,
p.108. Gives list of Golden, HightOp
Sweets, Denver's Winter Sweet, Graven-
stein, Jenneting & Porter as varieties
injured by apple maggot.

Lintner, J.A. - The Apple Maggot, Bu1.LXXV, N.Y.
(Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. General notes
on life-history and distribution.

Anonymous - The Apple Maggot. 26th Rept. Maine
Bd. Agr., 1882, p.409-412.

Riley, 0.7. - The Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm.
Stoddart's Encyclopedia Americana. Vol.1,
p.135. Description, habits and remedies.

Saunders, W. - The Apple Maggot - Insects in-
Jurious to fruits. pp.155-136, Illus.
Description, habits, life-history.

1884

1884

1884

1884

1884

1885

* 1885

*1eee

1888

-52-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Cook, A.J. - The Apple Maggot. Country
Gentleman. Vol.49, p.857, Early
records from Michigan.

Cattlng, HeAe - The Apple maggOte 8the Repte
Vt. St. Bd. Agr. 1885-1884, pp.259-263,
Illus. Reprint of Comstock's paper,
1881.

Gardiner, R.H. - 27th. Rept. Main Bd. Agr.
1883, p.332. Reports maggot very
destructive in Tolman Sweets, Red
Astracans and Mother apples, not found
in other varieties.

Gilbert, Z.A. - 27th. Rept. Maine Bd. Agr.,
1885, pp.365-564. Reports damage to
tart apples, Benoni, as well as sweet.

McLellan, T.S. - 27th. Rept. Mhine Bd. Agr.,
1883, p.845. Reports new "worm" in
Maine apples that had been prevalent
five or six years. Mostly sweet apples.
Harley, Hurlbut, Nodhead, Primate and
Porter more or less infested.

Cook, A.J. - The Apple Maggot. Rural New Yerker,
Vol.44, ppe86-87, Illuae Report!
pest as doing damage in Michigan. Notes
of life-history, figures from Comstosk.
Remedy, feed drops to stock.

Lintner, J.A. - The Apple maggot. 2nd. Annual
Rept. NeYe Ste Ente, pe117-124e Illuae
General notes on life-history and dis-
tribution, reported from Ancona, Michigan
as eating apples in January. Gives dis-
cussion also of insects having similar
habits. .

Augur, P.M. - The Apple Maggot. Trans. Main St.
Pam. Soc., pp.101-102. Reports serious
trouble from past. Some varieties com-
pletely ruined. States that after
thorough arsenical spraying, pest
practIcaIIy disappeared.

 

Khowlton, D.H. - Trans. Mhine St. Pom. Soc.,
pp.9-10. Advocates spraying with
arsenate and feeding infested fruit to
stock.

*1889

1889

*1ese

1889

*1889

1889

*1890

*1891

*1891

1891

*1991

-55-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

Cook, A.J. - The Apple Maggot. 2nd. Annual
Rept. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp.96-97.
Remedy of feeding infested fruit to
stock a success. Plums and cherries
in northern Mich. said to show attacks
from same insect.

Davis, G.0. - A New Departure by Apple Maggot.
Ohio Palmer, November, p.291.
Records of insect on plums and cherries
in gichigan. Only larvae and pupae seen.

ilarvey, P.L. S The Apple maggot. Bul.2, s.s.
Maine Agr. E . Sta., pp. 1-5.
Gives notes on lifeéhistory and control
measures.

Perkins, G.H. - Trepeta omonella welsh. 2nd.
Annual Re e e gre : Stae. 1888,
p.135-138.

Pepe, 0.8. - Trans. Maine St. Pom. Soc., p.26.
Reports maggot as widespread and as
working in sheltered places.

Williams, E. - Tr eta omonella in New Jersey.
Garden an crest, Oct. 30, p.527.
Reports it near Montclair, New Jersey
in Jersey Sweets and Golden Sweating,
noticed about twelve years before.

Harvey, F.L. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. Maine
Agr. EXp. Sta., 1889, pp.190-24l,
pt. 1-10. A very extensive paper.

Osborn, H. ~ The Apple maggot. Bul.15, Iowa
Agre EIPe Stae, Pe109“113. Illuse
Many reports of damage done by this
insect during past year. Thought pest
was introduced from.Missouri.

Riley, C.V. - Prof. Harvey's Bulletin on Apple
Maggot Insect Life, Vol.5, pp.253-255,
fiiius. Review of report in Maine

weed, 0.Mt - The Insect Record for 1890. 9th.
Annual Rept. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., pp.
Insect reported doing damage in Delaware
County, Ohio.

Anonymous - Some of the Most Common Fungi and

Insects Wit
19.93392'585 £13 SEW-“fates. the? his a

 

.t~

*1393
*1892

1893

1893

1893

1893

*1394

*1894

1894

1894

1896

1896

-54-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Osborn, H. - Insects of the Season in Iowa.
Bul. 86. Di'e Ente UeSe Dept. Agr., Pe62e
Reported common during 1890, but not in 1891.

Saunders, W. - Insects Injurious to Fruits.
380. Edition, pp.155-136. 111118.
Gives brief description and habits.

Ohambiss, G.H. - Some Injurious Insects of the

Apple. Bul. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta., Vol.VI,
No.1, p.26. Mentioned as injurious to
apple.

Harvey, F.L. - Rept. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., 1892,
p.99. Records work of apple maggot on
Vermont pears, also known to work on
pears in.Maine.

Osborn, H. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. Iowa 8t.
Hort. 800., 1892, pp.112-113, Illus.
Occasional reports of damage by insect
from.varioue parts of Iowa.

weed, O.M..- The Apple Maggot or Railroad worm.
5rd. & 4th. Annual Rept. N.H. Agr. Exp.
Sta., Ppe254-855e

Harvey, F.L. - Rept. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895,
p.148. Brief note that insect is
still doing much damage to apples in Maine
and adjoining states.

Howard, L.O. - The Apple Maggot in Berth Carolina.
Insect Life, Vol.VII, p.279. Brief note
of its presence in apples from Wagnssville,
Herth Carolina.

Perkins, G.H. - The Apple maggot. 7th. Annual
Rept. Vte Agre Exp. Stae, 1893, pp.130-135.

Snow, W.A. - Ddscriptione or North American
Trypetidae, with notes. Kansas University
Quarterly, Vol.11, pp.159-174. 2nd. plate.

Gillette, OePe " 9the Annual Repte 0°1°e Agre EIPe
Sta., 1896, p.145. The apple maggot
taken at Colorado Springs, doubtless
introduced from the east.

Harvey, F.L. - Rept. Heine Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895,
ptOII. p093.

-55-
BIBLIOGRAPHY ( Con't)

*1896 - Perkins, G.H. - Apple maggot. 9th. Annual
Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, p.118.
Reports it as one of most troublesome
pests in state.

1896 "" Weed, CeMe " 3111.40, NeHe Agr. Exp. Sta., p.92.
The flies continue to emerge all summer.

1896 - Willis, J.J. - Apple Maggot - Gardner's Chronicle,
. Ser.3, Vol.20, p.331.

*1896 - Williston, S.W. - Trypetidae. Manual of the
Families and Genera of North American
Diptera, Sec. Edition, p.119-123.
Gives family characters.

*1897 - Fletcher, J. - Insects Injurious to Ontario
Crepe in 1896. 27th. Annual Rept. Ent.
Soc. 0nt., 1896, pp.66-67. First
year apple maggot has appeared in Canada,
at Adolphustorm, Ont.

1897 - Fletcher, J. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. of
Entomologist and Botanist. Rept.‘Exp.
terms Can., 1896, pp.266-258. Illus.
"The pupa state assumed only a few days
before perfect insect appears." Gives
brief history of distribution..

1897 - Harvey, F.L. - Netes on the Insects of the Year.
12thoRept. Maine Agr. EXp. Sta., 1896,
p.12 e

*1898 - Deane, R.W. -,A new Trypetid cf Economic
Importance. Eats N9", VOlo9, pp.69-72.
Gives tables for separating species of
genus Rhagoletis. Refers to R. as h ria
Snow, as'befng indistinguishabIe'3%%§%—"
‘2; pomonella welsh, although description
was rom ree females from California:
only difference being in size.

1898 - Fletcher, J. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. of
Entomologist and Botanist. Rept. Exp.
Farms Can., 1897, p.201, Illus.

*1898 - Howard, L.O. - Danger of Importing Insects. ka.
U.S.D.A., 1897, pp.529-552, Illus.
Mexican orange fly and Mediterranean
fruit-fly fully discussed. Brief mention
of apple maggot on p.846.

1899

*1899

*1899

1899

1899

1899

1900

1900

1900

1901

1901

-56-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

Beach, S.A., Lowe, V.H. and Stewart, F.C. -
Common Diseases of Insects Injurious
to Fruits. Bul.170, N.Y. (Geneva)
Agr. 31p. Sta., pp.395-596. Brief
notes on habits and spread.

Coquillet, D.W. - Notes on Trypetidae. with
Description of new Species. Jour.
N.Y. Ent. Soc., Vol.VII, pp.259-268.
Gives synapsis of genera.

Doane, R.W. - Notes on Trypetidae with Descrip-
tion of new Species. Jour. N.Y.?Ent.
Soc., Vol.VII, pp.177-193, 2 plates.
Gives habitat as Mass., 0010., S.Dak.,
but not known to occur in washington
(Stats ) e

Fletcher, J. - Recent Additions to the List of
Injurious Insects of Canada. Trans.
Rey. soc. Can., 2 ser., 1899-1900,
Sec.IV, p.223. Brief notes on habits
and distribution.

Froggatt, w.w. - Notes on Fruit-maggot Flies,
with Descriptions of New Species. Agr.
R. 3. Tales, Vol.1, pp.497-504, 5 plates.
Gives description of apple maggot at end.

Harvey, 3.1. - Insects of the Year. 16th Rept.
“310° Agre Exp. Stae, 1898. pe127e

Card, FeWe, and. Adams, GeEe - 13th Rept. ReIe
Agr. Exp. Sta., 1899-1900, pp.247-248.

Harvey, F.L. and Munson, qu. - Apple Insects
of Maine. 15th Rept. Maine Agr. Exp.
Sta., 1899, pp.156-l40, 1 plate.

Smith J.B. - Rha cletis omonell . Insects at
' New Jersey, 9, p.687. Injurious to
apples around Montclair.

Card, FeWe Bad. Adams, GeEe "' 14th Rept. ReIe Agre
Exp. Sta., 1900-1901, pe227e

Fuller, C. - The Fruit-fly. 1st. Rept. Gov't.
Ent., Natal Dept. Agr., pp.70-74, 1 plate.
Paper concerns Ceratitis ca itata says .
life-history is similar to §L_pomonella.

*1901

*1902

1902

1903

1903

1903

1904

1904

*1904

*1904

.57-
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous - The Codling moth or Apple Maggot.
Gardener's Chronicle, Ser. 5, Vol.XXIX,
p.52. This paper confuses the apple
maggot with codling moth, the latter is
the one described.

Banks, N. - Principal Insects Liable to be
Distributed on nursery Stock. Bul.XXXIV,
s.s., Div. Ent. U.S.D.H., pp.44~45,lllus.
Gives brief note on apple maggot, also
Rg'cingulata (cherry fruit-fly).

Card, F.W; - Improving an Orchard. Bu1.85, R.I.
Agr. Exp. Sta., pp.149-l5l. Gives brief
account of maggot.

Lochhead, W. - Insects of the Season. 33rd.
Annual Rept. Bate SOCe 00%., 1902. Pe67e

welsh, B.D. - The Apple Maggot Fly. 1st.
Annual Rept. on Noxious Insects of the
State of Illinois, 2nd. Edition,
pp.36-42.

washburn, B.D. - Apple Maggot. Bul.84, Minn.
Agre BXPe Sta., p.75.

Cartwright, w; - Notes on two Insects. Jour.
Khediv. Agr. Soc. 6 School, Vol.6,
pp.17-19. Larvae of Tr eta ca itats
found injuring oranges. rest so
under tree with ferrous sulfate and then
“tere

Chittenden, F.H. - The Principal Injurious
Insects of 1903. ka. U.S.D.A., 1903,
pp. 555-566. Reports apple maggot
unusually injurious in Ohio and New
Hampshire, many apples on sale in D.C.
from other regions found to'be infested.

Osborn, H. - Observations of Some of the Insects

of the Season in Ohio. Bul.46, Bur.
301'... UeSeDeAe, Pe88e Records fruit
infested by apple maggot in market at
Columbus. May have come from outside
localities. Professor Hire observed
pest working in fruit in northwestern
Ohio.

Patch, EJM. - Apple Maggot and Other Insects.
Bu1.109, Maine Exp. Sta., pp.169-178,

Illus.

1905

1905

*1906

1906

1905

1"1906

-53-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

Card, F.W; and Stene, A.E. - The Apple Maggot.

17th Rept. ReIe Agre EXP. Sta., 1903'
1904, pP9191-201e

Fletcher, J. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. of the

Ent0m010818t and BOtBniate RbptelEXPe
Farms Can., 1904, pp.238-239, Illnae

Britten, WJE. - Apple Maggot Infeeting Huckle-

berries. 5th Rept. St. Ent. Conn.,
1905, p.260. Adult flies reared.

Card, F.W. & Blake, M.A. - Apple maggot. 18th

Rept. ReIe Agre Exp. St.e. 1904’1905.
p.197~l98. Insects partially con-
trolled by hogs in orchard. Thoroughly
cultivated orchard had many injured

apples.

Felt, E.P. - Apple Maggot. zlst Rept. N.Y. St.

Ent., p.91. Very common and de-
structive pest of early apples. More
abundant in sheltered hollows than on
hillsides, probably affected by wind
currents. ‘ .

Fletcher, James. The Apple Maggot. Rept. of

the Entomologist and Botanist. Rept.
IExp. Farms Can., 1905, pp.184-185.
Outbreak at Como, Quebec, in 1903-04
has since spread to many orchards.
Crabapples badly infested. This fruit,
however, does £23 faII from the tree.

*1906 - Fuller, 0. - Cold Storage as a Factor in the

Spread of Insect Fests. Natal Agri-
culturel Journal and Mining Record.
Vol.IX, p.656. The fruit-fly
maggots may remain alive inopeeghes
kept at a temperature of 39 ~40 Fah.
for a period of 124 days.

1906 - Lounsbury, C.P. - Natural Enemies of Injurious

Insects. Rept. Gov't. Ent., Cape of
GOOd Hops Dept. Agre, 1905, pp.98-99o
Reports eXpedition to Bahia, Brazil,

to investigate natural enemies of fruit-
flies. No parasites were obtained.

-59-

BIBLIOGRAHIY (Con't)

Patch, E.M. - Insect Notes for 1906. Bu1.134,
Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., pp.221-222.
Apple maggot clearly defined to avoid
its confusion with codling moth.

*1905

Berlese, A. - The History of Certain Pest of
the Olive. Redia, Vol.IV, p.180, 3
plates. Illus. Account of combating
olive fly. Excellent results obtained
using 65 pt. molasses, 31 pt. honey,

2 pt. glycerine, 2 pt. arsenate of soda.

1907

1907 BethunerC.J.S. - Insects Affecting Fruit Trees.
Bule 158, Out. Dept. Agr.
Apple maggot may be destroyed by pigs

or sheep in orchards, picking up drape.

Fletcher, J. - Apple Maggot. Evidences of the
Botanist Before the Select Standing
Committee on Agriculture and Coloniza-
tion, 1906-1907, pp.154-135, Owatta,
Cans, 1907. Reports apple maggot
had done more harm the past year than
any other time. Found in Quebec, New
Brunswick and Ontario. First appeared
in Canada in 1878 in Bay of Quinta
districts

*1907

*1907 - Fletcher, J. - The Apple maggot. Rept. of
Entomologist and Botanist. Rept. Exp.
Farms Can., 1906, p.219. Insect
Becoming more abundant and infesting
new localities. Severe outbreak re-
corded at Woodstock, New Brunswick.

*1907 - Hood, s.s. - The Apple Maggot or Railroad
werm. Circ. 3, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Illus. Gives distribution as
Maine to North Carolina and west to
Minnesota and Wisconsin.

1907 - Quinn, G. - Fruit Maggot Fly Pests. Jour.
DCPte Agre SOe Anetre. VOlox, pp. 701‘
710, Illus. Brief mention of habits
of apple maggot. A poison bait used in
Italy gives fairly good results.
"Kerosene appears to attract flies and
may be used to trap them.2

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

*1907 - Sanderson, B.D. - Rept. of Dept. of Ent.,
Bu1.129, HeHe Agre Exp. Sta., Pe264e
States that apple maggot almost equals
codling moth, thus making apple pro-
duction nearly impossible in some
regions.

1907 - Slingerland, MQV} - The mere Urgent Frcblems
of Insect Control Bu1.196, Office
EXP. 3t... UeSeDeAe, ppe104‘109e
Says real research can be done on a
study of life history and remedial
measures of apple maggot.

1908 " Card, FeWe " 80th Rept. ReIe Exp. Stae.
1906-1907, pp.211-212. Many maggots
found in Early Harvest apples even
though hogs had run orchard previous
y‘are

1908 - Felt, E.P. - Apple Maggot or Railroad Werm.
23rd Rept. St. Ent., 1907, Bu1.124,
Sta. Museum. Test seems to be
becoming more apparent each year,
particularly in sweet apples. Presence
of maggots hastens ripening.

1908 - Froggatt, W.W. - Progress Rept. Agr. Gay,

Ne 3.178188 , VOIeXIX, pe 663-672e
Berlese used sweetened bait with good
success, but was found to be expensive
and washed off. New trying jars with
bundles of cotton threads trailing down
and thus serve as resting place for flies.
Mixture as follows:

40 parts molasses

40 " honey

18 " water

2 F arsenic

*1908 - German, H. - Other Insects Attacking Apples.
no Agre EXPe Stae, p.62.
Maggot not found in Kentucky except in
fruit on market.

1908 - Quaintance, A.L. - The Apple maggot or Rail-
road werm. Ciro. 101, Bur. Ent., U.S.D.A.
Given as one of chief insect enemies of
apple. A native American species. natural
food, Crataegus. Spread is slow. One
generation annually. new locality,

Dyborrv. Pa.

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1908

*1908

1909

*1909

1909

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Stene, A.E. - The Apple Maggot. Rept. R.I.

St. Nursery InSpector, pp.50-31, Illus.

Williston, S.W. - Mannual of Nerth American

Diptera, 3rde Edit 100. Ppe282-287, IlluSe
Brief description of family Trypetidae.
with key to genera.

Aldrich, J.M. 7 The Fruit Infesting Forms of

the DipterOus Genus lgggoletis, with one
new Species. Can. En ., o . 1, pp.69-75.
Illus. ' Netes on distinguishing
characteristics of genus. Table of species
and plate showing wing characters. He
agrees with Doane (1898) that g; ze h ria,
Snow, is indistinguishable from R.pomoneIla,
welsh. Aldrich cites records offspecimens
collected in Colorado.

Bethune, C.J.S. - The Apple Maggot. 84th

Annual Rept. Ont. Agr. 001. And Exp. Farm,
1908, p.51. Pest doing considerable
damage in Prince Edward County.

Froggatt, WtE. h New South wales Rept. on

Parasitic and Injurious Insects. 1907-1908.
Sydney, N.S.Wa1es.

This reports varinus fruit-flies investigated
during trip around the world. Brief de-
scription of §g_ omonella on p.74. Irrigation
destructive to fruit-TIIes when ground is
flooded around trees. Discovered in 1907
that dish of kerosene placed in orchard

was very attractive to Mediterranean fruit-
fly. Thousands being collected in a few
days. General account of family Tr tidae,
p.77. Gives destructive genera:4_1¥g%35337
2) Ceratitis, 5) Trypsta, 4) Carpcmyia,

5) Anastrepha, 6) Rhagoletis, p.114.
Description of apple maggot.

*1909 - Froggatt, W.W; - Fruit-flies. Fanmers Bu1.24,

N.S.Wales, Dept. Agr., Illus.
Summary given of various fruit-flies of

family Tr etidae. Grief account and de-
scription of appIe maggot. pp.4,5,55&56.

1909 - Anonymous - The Melly Fruit-fly Remedy. Agr.

Jour. Cape Good HOpe, Vol.34, pp.578-581,
1 col. p1.

Sugar or cheap molasses 25 pounds.

Paste arsenate of lead 2 pounds

water 40 gallons

1 pint applied with hand sprayer to each tree.

I"1910

*1910

*1910

1911

1911

1"1911

-62-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

O'Kane, W.C. - The Apple Maggot. Bu1.16l,

N. . Agr. Exp. Sta., pp.42-44.

95 apple orchards of state infested. Only

one or two varieties seem immune. 71 varieties
investigated. Baldwins badly infested,
gathered during October, failed to mature a
single maggot.

Patch, E.M. a Johannsen, O.A. - Apple Tree

Insects of Maine. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta.,
pp.49-5l, Illus. Notes on life-history
of apple maggot, methods of control by feeding
drops to hogs. "No use to try to destroy pest
by spraying."

Smith, J.B. - The Insects of new Jersey. Rept.

N.J. State Mhs., 1909, p.802.

Maggot injurious around Montclair. Found
also in light, sandy pine barrens of south-
eastern New Jersey at Weymouth and DsCosta.
These flies were bred from.larvae on huckle-
berries.

Hewitt, OeGe " The Appl. maSBOt " Rept. Of

Dominion Entomologist. Rept. Exp. Farms Can.,
1910, pp.238-240.

Maggots killed if fruit is kept in cold
storage a number of weeks.

O'Eane, W.C. - The Apple Maggot or Railroad

1Horne 011'. 14, NeHe Agre Exp. Stae. Illuse
Cannot be poisoned by sprays as used for
codling moth. Control past by picking up
drOps. Some possibility that some worms
stay in ground two years.

O'Kane, W.C. - Control of Apple Maggot by

Picking up DrOps. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol.VI,
pp.175-l79. Early varieties. By picking
up drops twice a week will destroy 97.6% of
maggots. Fall varieties picked up once a
week will destroy 99.6%. Late fall and winter
varieties picked up once every two weeks will
destroy 98.2% of maggots.

‘1912 - Illingworth, J.F. - A study of Biology of Apple

Maggot, together with investigation of methods
of 0001:1301. ere Agr. EIPe Stae, Bu1e324.
pp.127-288. Illus. Gives life-history and
habits for New Yerk, also much work on biology
of species. The most extensive work done on
this insect to date.

1912
1912
1912

1912
‘1912

1912

1912
*1915

*1918

*1914

1914

1914

-53-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

08.38r, Le ‘ Ont. Ente SOOe Rbpte 42, p.29.
Crendall, 3 I11. Hort. 800. for 1911, p.545.

Gibson, A. - Can. Horticulturalist. Vol.XXXV,
p.856.

Lamson, - Conn. Exp. Sta., Bu1.71, p.70

O'Kane, 3.0. - New Hampshire Exp. Sta., Bu1.165,
p.5

Sanderson, B.D. - Insect Posts of Orchard,
Farm and Garden. p.652, Illus.
Gives brief account of maggot and
injuries and methods of control.

Swaine, J.M. - Ont. Ent. Soc. R. 42, p.72.

SOhO‘no, 'eYe &Fu1ton, BeBe ' Apple IOOOOBS.
New York (Geneva) Exp. Sta., Circ.25,
pp.11,11 fig.,4 plates.

Rees, "mAe - Recent werk on Apple Maggot in
Ontario. Annual Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont.,
ppe67'72e
A brief account of work accomplished on
apple maggot during recent years.

Stewart, J. P. - The Apple In Pennsylvania,-
Varieties, Planting and General Care.
Be. State Agr. Exp. Sta.,mm#128,
27 ppe 10 fige

Anonymous - Reports on Insects of Year 1915 in
Ontario. Annual Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont.l9l5,
XIIV, pp.15-25.

Says that apple maggot was scarce during
year.

Du Porte,'E.M. - Insects of 1915. 6th Annual
,Rept. Quebec Soc., Prot. Plants from
Insects and Fungi Dis. 1915-14, pp.58-45.
mentions the fact that apple maggot con-
tinues to be a pest.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

*1914 - Severin, H.P., Severin, 3.0. & Hartung, w.Y. -

The Ravages, Life-history, weights of
Stages, Natural Enemies and Methods of
Control of the Molar Fly. Annual Ent.

306. America, Vol.VII, #3. pp.178-207,

6 plates, 4 figures. .

Mentions apple maggot was also used in
testing effectiveness of poison bait spray.

1914 - Severin, H.H. - A Review of the Hark on the

1914

1914

1914

1914

1916

1915

Pbisoned Bait Spray, Dry method and Mixed
Treatment of Controlling Fruit-flies,
(Trypetidae). Canadian Entomologist,
val-O46, n0e7,8,& 90

Says O'Xane used mixture of arsenic,
molasses and water to control apple
maggot in N.H.,- Results were mostly
negative. Gives detail description of
Illingwcrth preventing cviposition of
some insect by using same mixture in
New Yorke

Hewitt, CeGe " RCPte for Dive Of EOtOMOlogy

for fiscal year ending 5lst. March, 1915.
Dominion of Canada Dept. Agr., pp.501-508.
First infestation of apple maggot observed
at Smith's Cove, N.S., appeared to be
localized and infestation was light.

O'Kane, W.C. - The Apple Maggot. N.H. Agr.

Exp. Sta., Bu1.171, p.120, 8 plates.
Gives very detailed notes on life-history,
control measures and distribution.

Brittain, WtH. - Posts of the Year in Nova

Scotia. Agr. Can. I, #10, p.819.

Woods, W.C. - A Nets on Rhagoletis pomonella

in Blueberries.
Jour. Econ. Ent., VOl.VII, #5, p.598-400.

Caesar, L. - Ddformed Apples and Their Causes.

Can. Elite, Vol.47, #2, p.49.
Mentions Eh pgmonella as causing deformity
in apples.

Crosby, C.R. a Leonard, M.D. - Insects Injurious

to the Fruit of Apple. Cornell Reading
Courses, R.I. State Col. Agr., Vol.1V, #84,
Fe 121 “14‘ e

.Mentions apple maggot as an insect in-
jurious to apple.

1915

1915

1915

1915

1915

*1915

1915

1915

1915

-65-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Can't)

Sanders, G.E. - Some of the Benefits From
Spraying with Arsenates in the Apple
Orchards of Nova Scotia.

Gan. Ente. VOle47, #5, pe157e

Anonymous - Rept. on Insects of the Year.
45th. Annual Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1914,
pp. 13-286
Mentions fact that apple maggot was re-
corded as an orchard pest that year.

Patch, C.E. - Insects Injurious in Southern
Quebec in 1914. 45th Annual Rept. Ent.
Soc. Out. for 1914, p.70.

Mentions presence of insect.

Saunders, G.E. - Spraying with Arsenates in
‘Iova Scotia. Can. Horticulturalist,
v01e58, #7, ppe169-170e
Mentions sprays used for apple maggot.

Parrot, P.T. - Insects Affecting Production
and Grading of Fruit. Proc. 60th. Annual
Meeting of Western N.Y. Hort. Soc., PP.1-10.

Wood, s.s. - Biosteres rha Oletis, Richmond sp.
n., s Parasite of Rfia oIetIs omonella,
welsh - Can. Ent., London, On£., SEVII, #9,
pp.295-295, plate.

Reared from puparia of §_._ monella.
Obtained from wild crab or cfiItIvated apples
in OFOOO.

Caesar, L. - Poison Sprays a Poison Baits in
Their Relation to Bees. Can Hort.,
Peterboro, Ont., V01.XIIII, 2, pp.2759278,
1 fig. I

Hewitt, C.G. - Rept. for Division of Ent. for
the year Ending March 51st, 1914. Dom. of
Can., Dept. of Agr. Dom. Exp. Farms, Ottawa,
pp.851-876.

Franklin, H.J. G‘Morse, J.H. - Rept. on
Experimental Work in Connection with Cran-
berries. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., Amherst,
Bu1.150, ppe37-68, 10 tablaae
A small Trypetia was reared from clan-
berries, identified as a small variety of
apple maggot.

1916

1916

1916

*1915

1916

1916

1916

1916

*1917

-55-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Anonymous - Entomological Features of 1915.
Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1915, pp.181-185.
Apple maggots infested early ripening
varieties of maggots.

Woods, W.C. - Blueberries in Maine. Maine Agr.
Exp. Sta., Orono, Bu1.244, pp.249-288, 5 figs.
4 plates.

Parrott, P.J. - Injurious Insects, Old a New.
Proc. 61st. Annus1.Meeting, western N.Y.
Hort. Soc., 10 pp. 2 plates.

Good, O.A. - A Few Observations on the Apple
Maggot Parasite. Can. Ent., London, Ont.
Vol.XLVIII, #5.

This parasite probably causes high mortality
among larvae and pupae of apple maggot.
Account is given of method of cviposition
of’Biosteres rhagcletis.

Good, O.A. - Apple maggot in Nova Scotia.
Prcc. Ent. Soc., Neva Scotia, #1, pp.54-69,
5 figures.

Felt, E.P. - 5let. Rept. of State Ent. on
Injurious and Other Insects of State of N.Y.
1915. N.Y. State has. Bul., Albany, #186,
pp.55-88, 15 plates, 22 tables.

Petch, C.E. - Controlling Apple Insects in
Orchards of Quebec Agr. Gas. Canada,
Ottawa, Vol.III, $3, pp.697-698.

During year, experiments are being carried
out on the biology and control of apple
maggot.

DuPorte, E.M. - Insect Notes 1915. 8th. Ann.
Rept. Quebec Soc. for the Protection of
Plants from Insects and Fungus Diseases,
1915-l6, pp.75-77, 1 plate.

Hewitt, C.G. - Insect Behavior as a Factor.
Applied Ent., Jour. Econ. Ent., Concord,
3.3., V01.X. #1, ppe81-94e
A foam of Rha oletis omonella infesting
vaccinium (EIueBerrIes an aylussacis-
baccata (huckleberries) is below the normal
size and appears to be long established, while

the large apple bred race refuses to oviposit
on blueberry and vice versa.

1917

1917

*1917

*1917

1917

1917

1917

1917

*1917

-67-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Treherne, R.C. - Insects Affecting Agriculturists

10 B.0. During the Paet Year., Agre Jour.,
Victoria, B.0., Vol.1, #10, Dec. 19l6,p.168

Brittain, WtH. - The Apple Maggot in Nova Scotia.

Can. Hort, Toronto, Vol.XL, #1, Jan.1917,
pp.5-4.

This pOpular account of apple maggot con-
tains no information which has not been
previously abstracted. -

Severin, H.H.P. - Soluble Poisons in Poisoned

Bait Spray to Control the Adult of Apple
Maggot. Maine Agr. EXp. Sta., Orono,
Bul. 251, Apr. 1916, pp.149-l68.

Brittain, WJH. a Good, O.A. - The Apple Maggot

in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Dept. Agr.
Truro, '33., Bul.9, Jan., 1917, 10 pp.
6 plates, 1 fig.

Continuation and extension of work on
apple maggot.

Headlse, T.H. - Rept. of EntomolOgist. Rept.

H.J. Agre 001. Exp. Sta., 1916. ‘9'
Brunswick, 1916, pp.506-555.
Apple maggots were unusually scarce.

He'1tt, C.G. - Rept. Of DOEe Ente 0f QuChUOe

Year ending Mar.51, 1916. Control
methods and investigations were con-
tinued on apple maggot.

Parrott, P.J. - Insects That Factor in Grading

of Apples. Address to western New York
Hort. Soc. Geneva, N.Y. Jan.24,l917,10pp.
Mentions apple maggot.

Brittain, W.H. - The Nova Scotia Division of

'Entomolcgy. Proc. Soc. Nova Scotia far
1916, Truro, #2, Jan.19l7, pp.15-17.
Lab. is in center of apple maggot in-
festation.

Treherne, R.C. - Apple Maggot in British Col-

umbia. Can. Ent. London, Ont., Vol.XLIX,
#10, 00te1917, pp.529-330.

First examples taken in B.C. Five speci-
mens of this species collected in southern
Califbrnia, 1894, described as R. zephrina,
since not found in Ca. but obseFVhd in

Colorado and eattern border of state of
Washington.

 

*1918

1918

1918

1918

*1918

1918

-55-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Treherne, R. C. - The Natural Immunity of Re-
sistance of Plants to Insect Attack. Agr.
Gaz. Can., Ottawa, Vol. IV, No.10, Oct.19l7,
pp. 855-859e
Rhagoletis pomonella infects the sweet and
sub acid summer vaiietias in preference to
acid autumn and winter sorts.

Hewitt, C.G. - Rept. of the Dominion Entomolo-'
gist for the Year Ending 51st of Maroh,1917.

Dom. of Can. Dept. of Agr., Ottawa 1917, 24pp.

Rha oletis pomgnella has been recorded for B.C.
(Sea 5513 Review, Ser. A, V, p.581)

Department of Entomology - 45rd Annual Rept.
(1917) Ont. Agr. College. Toronto, 1918,
ppe18-24e
Apple maggot can be controlled by spraying
with lead arsenate when the adults begin to
appear and again two weeks later.

Severin, H.H. - Oils Tested to Trap Trypetidae
and Ortalidoe. Monthly Bul., Cal. State
Com. Hort., Sacramento, Vol.VII, No.6, June,
1918, pp.419-425, 2 fig.

Rhagoletis pomonella used oil of citronella
and’kerosane,‘but It was feund that the
exposure of crude petroleum in shallow pane
for the purpose of repelling ovipositing
females, resulted in their capture. Then it
tells of exhaustive experiments.

Felt, E.P. - Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, 1916. 52nd. Rept. of
State EntomOIOgist. N.Y. State Museum Bul.,
Albany, NeYe, No.198, June 1,1917, 276 ppe
8 plates 54 figures.

Deals with more important insect pests as
Rhagoletis pomonella.

Dudley, J.H. & Eaton, S.H. 1 The Apple, Tree
and Fruit. Maine Dept. Agr. Quarterly Bul.,
Augusta, Maine. Vol.XVI, No.2, June 1917,
48 pp., 14 fig., 5 plates.

It is noted that one of the insects that
cannet be reached by such sprays is apple
maggot. To exterminate this past, fallen
apples should be picked up, and destroyed,
sheep or pigs should be pastured and than
a spray is given.

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1919

1919

1919

*1919

-69 .-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Ross, N.A. - Rept. on Insects for Year.

Division No.7, Niagara District. 48th Ann.
Rept. Ent. Soc., Ont., 1917, Toronto,l918,
pp.29-50.

Fruit pests numerous and injurious in-
cluding apple maggot.

Felt, E.P. a Injurious and Other Insects of

State Ent., N.Y. State museum Bul.,
Albany, N.Y., No.202, 1918, 240 pp.
12 plates, 82 figures.

Knight, H.H. - An Investigation of the

Scarring of Fruit Caused by Apple Redbugs.
Cornell Uni. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y.
Bul.596, Feb.1918, pp.187-208, 57 figures.
Injuries inflicted by adult Lygidea mendax
(June 22).

May resemble the work of apple maggot flies.

Brittain, W.H. i Miscellaneous Rates on the

Apple Maggot. Pros. Ent. Soc. Nova Scotia,
1917, Trurc, No.3, January 1918, pp.57-41.
Table gives record of emergence of adults
of apple maggot in 1917 for outdoor cages.
It was observed that 50%Yof the entire
emergence took place in second year, a
habit that would enable insect to live thru
a total failure of its food plants for one
year. Oviposition may take place in as
short a time as fOur days after emergence.
Percentage of fertility of eggs varies
greatly with variety of host, and the
season. The tests of previous year re-
garding the effect upon the pupae (Review
Ser. A, VOl.IV, p.570 a Vol.V, p.269) were
coflplated, and csnfirmed the opinion that
this method of dealing with the past is
unsatisfactory.

-70-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (OOn't)

*1919 - Downes, w. - The Apple Maggot in British
Columbia, Can. Ent., London, Ont.,
VOIeLI, NOel, Jan.1919, pp. 2‘4e
Rhagoletis pomonella. Three only
authentic records on west coast of
British Columbia, taken in city of
Victoria and all over the Saanich
Penninsula wherever its food plant,

8 horicar us racemosus (Snowberry)
grows. Berries attaikad by the fly do
not drop to the ground, and the larvae
remain on the fruit until the last
vestige of pulp has been eaten. Later
they bore through the shrunken skin,
pupate among the dead leaves and below
the bushes. The fly prefers bushes
growing on high and dry spots, stunted
bushes on hillsides generally having
the heaviest infestation. The variety
in question is evidently an example of
a biological race, similar to, and
perhaps identical with that infesting
the blueberry. It is very abundant in
Province, but is heavily parasitised
by a new species of Opius.

 

1919 - Caesar, L. 6 Ross, W.A. - Control of the
Apple Maggot.
Can. Horticulturist, Toronto, Vol.XLII,
NOez, Feb.1919, pp.27-28.

1919 - Brittain, W.H. - Further Notes on Apple
Maggot, 1918, Rha oletis pomonella,
welsh. Pres. Ent. Soc. Nova Sectla.
Tells of emergence of adults.

*1919 - Anonymous - Insects of the Season.
44th. Annual Rept., 1918, Ont. Agr.
College, Toronto, 1919, pp.15-18.
Experiments have shown that for the con-
trol of Rhagoletis omonella, the gather-
ing and deatruction of faIIen fruit is
not the only remedy, but that at prepar
times,.will completely control this fly
and in a couple of years almost annihilate
it. A bulletin on this insect is being
prepared. Also speaks of effectiveness
of Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate as
good results as lime sulphur and lead
arsenate - as far as drOpping of fruit is
concerned, and indicated that calcium
arsenate may be substituted for lead

arsenate with lime sulphur and is much

*1919

1919

*1920

1920

1920

*1920

-71-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Oon't)

cheaper, but cannot be used above owing
to injury to foliage. The results with
dust sprays were again almost as good

as those from liquid sprays, though in
some orchards examined, the liquid spray
produced much cleaner fruit.

Caesar, L. & Ross, wiA. - The Apple Maggot.

Ent. Dept. Agr. Toronto, Bu1.27l, May;1919,
52 pp., 17 figs.

Bulk of information in this bulletin has
been noticed elsewhere.

Blackmcre, E.H. - Ent. Rept. British Columbia,

Provincial museum National History, 1918,
Victoria, Mar. 7, 1919, 6-T.l5, 2 plates.
Apple maggot has been found, but so far,

no evidence of attacking the apple.
British Columbia Dominion plant being the
common Snowbefry, gymphoricarpus racemosus.

Gahan, AeBe '9 UeSe Bure Ente Descriptionfl Of

seven new species of Opius.

Pros. Ent. Soc., washington, D.C. Vol.XXI,
No.7, Oct.l919, pp.16l-l70.

Opius downesi, from pupae onghagolctis

“ omoneIIa,O Ius richmondi and 0 ins lectus,
swept five ue erry varieties wfiere EBay
occur in company with Opius melleus, Gahan,

and may have same host, v s. RfiagoIetis
pomonella.

 

 

Cole, F.R. - Notes on the Lunate Onion Fly,

Eumarus stri atus (Dip. Syrphidoe).
Enf. News, PEIIadelphia: V01.XX1, No.2,

Feb.l920, pp.5l-55, 1 fig.

There may be biOIOgical races of this fly,
as in the case of apple maggot. Adult is
described and figured.

Grittain, WkH. - General Results in Spraying

and Dusting.

56th. Annual Rept. Nova Scotia. Fruit
Growers' Association, Kingston, 1920,
ppe 68-83 e

Tells about quantity of lead arsenata.s

Sanders, G.E. - Apple Spraying. 18th Annual

Rept. Maine Commission Agriculture.
Augusta, 1919, pp.199-209. .
Apple maggot also called "railroad worm."

*1921

*1921

*1921

1921

*1921

*1921

1921

1921'

*1921

-72-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

Herrick, G.W. - The Apple maggot in New York.
Cornell University, Agr. Exp. Sta., Ithaca,
New York. Bu1.402, March, 1920, pp.89-lOl,
7 figures e

Herrick, G.W. - Some Orchard Posts of Past
Seasons.
Pros. 2nd. Ann.‘Meeting of Hort. Soc.,
1919, ppe15‘24, 31 figures.

Herrick, G.W. - Field Experiments fer Control
Of Applo MBSSOte Joure Boone Bate
Concord, NeHe, VOIeXIII, 150.5, Gate 1920,
pp.584-588.

Hewitt, C.G. - Rept. of the Dem. Ent. and
Consulting ZOOIOgist for the two years
ending March 51, 1919. Canada Dept. Agr.,
Ottawa, 1920, 25pp. 1 figure.

Speaks of insects affecting fruit crOps
including Rhagoletis pomonella.

Parrott, P.J. - Seascnable Facts of Special
Interest in Orchard Spraying. Pros.
lst. Ann. Meeting New York Horticultural
Society, 1919, pp.5l-65.

Parrott, P.J. - The Apple Maggot. Prcc. lst.
Ann. Meeting New York Hort. Soc., 1919,
pp.222-224, 5 figures.

Account of injury to apples in Hudson
River Valley which is particularly
injurious in neglected orchards.

Porter, R.I. a Alden, G.H. - An hordes
conotracheli, Girault (Hym , an gg
‘Parasite of the Apple Maggot. Proc. Ent.
Soc. wash. D.C., Vol.XXIII, 80.5, March
1921, pp.62-65.

Fulton, B.B. - Insect Injuries in Relation
to Apple Gradinge NeYe Agr. Exp. Stae
(Geneva). Bul.475, May 1920, 42pp.,

'4 plates, 2 charts, 17 figures.
Insects dealt with include apple maggot.

Ruggles, A.G. - Rept. of State Ent. for Year
Ending Dec.l, 1920. 18th Rept. Minnesota
State Ent. Agr. Exp. Sta., University Farm.
St.Pau1, 1.. June, 1921, pp.5-12.

Usual insect pests were more or less
troublesome during the year. Those recorded
for first time from Minnesota as causing

-73-
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

serious injury are Rha oletis omonella
which occurred practIcaIIy ever a w ole
of the southern half of the state, on the

common varieties of apple Crataeggs and
the Nelfberry gymphiocarpus oooi entalie.

*1921

Anonymous - The Destructive Insects and Posts
of Order of 1920. Statutory Rules and
Orders, 1921, No.951, H.M. Stationery
Office, London, 51st.May, 1921, 5 pp.

This order required adoption of certain
remedial measures within prescribed time
should any of following pests be found
among the Rhagoletis pomonella.

Britten, s.s. - 21st. Rept. of the State
Entomologist of Connecticut fer 1921.
Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Bul.254,
1922, pp.115- 88, 7 plates, 5 figures.
Insects recorded during year. Rhagoletis
pomonella among them.

1922

1922 Britten, W.E. & Zappa, M.P. & Stoddard, E.M. -
Experiments in Dusting Versus Spraying on
Apples and Peaches in Connecticut, 1921.
Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Bul.255,

Feb. 1922, pp.209-226, 6 plates, 5 figures.
1922

Caesar, D. a Rose, W. A. - Insects of the
Season in Ontario.
51st. Annual Rept. Ent. Soc., Ontario,l920,
Toronto, 1921, pp.56-43, 3 figures.

Rha oletis omonella reported in two
counties neg prevIously infested.

Patch, C.E. - Spraying Vs. Dusting. 15th
Annual Rept. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants,
1920-21, pp.68-72, Quebec, 1921.
Advantages of dusting discussed and more

effective than spraying against apple
maggot.

1923

1923

Severin, H.C. - 15th Annual Rept. of State
Entomologist of South Dakota for Period
Ending June 50, 1922, 67 pp., 26 figures.
BrOOkings, SeDe (nede,e
List given of most harmful insect pests,
including Rhagoletis pomonella.

 

 

-74-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

1925 - Anonymous - Fruit-fly Menace to America.
Jour. Dept. Age. Union S.Africa,
V01.VI, NOeB, ppe413‘420e Pretoria
May, 1925.
Should S.Africa fruit be forbidden
entry, it is possible that S.Africa
fruit growers would on their side refuse
admission to America, apples, pears,
owing to danger of introducing the apple

fruit maggot, (Rhagoletis pomonella),
apple seed chalc an o her‘Insacts.

*1925 - Britten, was. - 22nd. Rept. of State
Entomologist for 1922. Conn. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 247, pp.269-381, 16 plates,
11 figures. New Haven, Conn., 1925.
Lists pests, among them Rhagoletis
pomonella.

1925 - Riley, WtA. a others - Division of Entomology
a Economic Zoology. 50th. Annual Rept.
Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1921-22, pp.68-75.
University Farm. St.Paul, Minn., 1922.
Says apple maggot has become a serious
problem in last three years. Adults
feund from August to December. In hard
farieties, it does not deveIOp until
after pulp has begun to soften. The
only feasible remedial measure depends on
the fact that the adult flies are on the
wing for a considerable period before
cviposition, when they obtain moisture
and nourishment by rasping the surface
of fruit and leaves, and so may be
exposed to an arsenical Spray.

*1924 - Snodgrass, R.E. - Anatomy and Metamorphosis of
Apple Maggot.
Jour. Agr. Res., Vol.XXVIII, No.1,
pp.1-56.
Title gives contents of paper.

*1924 - Britten, w.O. - 25rd. Rept. of State Ent. of
Conn. for 1925. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Says apple maggot which was abundant as
usual through apples sprayed or dusted
with lead arsenate after July 1st. were
almost free from injury.

1924 - Patch, C.E. - Apple Maggot and its Control in

. Quebec. Can. Dept. Agr. Ciro. 28, 4 pp.
An account of life-history and habits is
given, as occurring in Quebec, with latest

suggestions of control. Dusting experiments

*1924

*loze

1924

*1924

*1924

1924

-75-
BIBLIOGRAPHY ( Con't)

are in progress, but more definite results

are required before making any recommendations.

Curran, G.H. - Rha oletis s horicar i. A
new Trypaneid from BrIEisg BqumEIa. Can.
Ente, VOIeXVI, #3, Ppe62'63e
R. gymphoricarpi (n.s.) here described from
570. was previously thought to be only a race
ef'ggpomonella. Thefcharacters of both
sexes and'also male 0 R. as h ria, Snow,
are discussed. gh.s¥mpHOrIcarfI does not
attack apple but can inss so to berries
of Snowberry (gymphoricarpus racemosus).

Curran C.E. - Rha oletis pgmonella and two
allisd species. 5155 Innua p . Ent. Soc.
Ont., 1923, ppe56-57e
The author gives brief account of Trypetid

of British Columbia previouslydreported as
R. Omenella but new recognize ad
s ' E I

'RT or car i with notes on R. as ria
IfiscrIEed from California. The-food pIant
of the latter is not yet known.

walker, G.P. - Spraying in Relation to the
Renovation of Old Orchards in New Brunswick.
Pros. Canadian Ent. Soc. 1925, pp.8-l5.
Records good results against R. omonella by
using five sprays including tfiO sprays E!
sulphur, nicotine sulphate and calcium
arsenate, one of Bordeaux mixture and two of
lead arsenate.

Nundinger, F.G. - Experiments with calcium
cyanide as an insecticide. Proc. 69th
Annual Meotlng Of N.Y. State Harte 803e,
Ppe134’158e
Experiments with granular calcium cyanide
as a soil fumigant gave promising results
against pear thrips and apple maggot. The
cyanide was scattered on the ground and
worked in an inch or so with a rake.

Snodgrass, R.E. - The Anatomy and Metamorphosis
of Apple Maggot.
Jour. Nash. Acad. Sci., Vol.XIII, 260-261.

Ruggles, A.G. - Sen. Rept. on Activity of the
Entomologist Including Insect Conditions and
a Financial Statement. 19th Rept. Minnesota
St. Ent., 1921-22.

Records R. pomonella and says where present
lead arsenate spray should be applied about

middle of July and first of August-

-75..
BIBLIOGRAPHY (Con't)

*1924 - Patch, E.M. & woods, w.c. - Blueberry Maggot.
main. Agre we Stae 3111.508.
Gives detailed account of biology of
blueberry maggot (R; pomonella).

*1924 - Severin, 3.0. - 14th Annual Rapt. of State
Ent. of S. Dakota for period Ending June 30,
1925. .
Records R. pomonella as one of the un-
portant Insects in*1922-25.

*1925 - Fenton, F.A. - The Apple Maggot and its control.
Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soc., pp.56-65.
Injury of’many varieties of apple by RE.
monella has been increasing recently in
fawn. The life-history and remedial
measures worked out in other states are
described. Experiments in poisoning adult
flies by means of lead arsenate sprays in
Iowa, though only extending over one season,
gave promising results, suggesting that one
or two sprays applied.late in July and
early August would protect most susceptible
varieties of apples. These sprays also
considerably reduced the injury done by
apple fruit miners.
*1925 Cory, E.N. - The Qontrol of Insects in 1921.
Rept. of’Maryland Agr. Soc., Vol/VI,pp.ll9-168.
R. pomonella reported for the first time in
HEryIand.

*1925

Woods, W.C. ~ The Blueberry Leaf-beetle and Some
of its Relatives. Part II, Economics and
BiOIOgye M8106 Agre EXPe Stae 3111.319,

Ppe 92‘140e
Reports R. pomonella very serious pest of
blueberrIEs.

*1925

Guyton, T.L. & Xhull, J.H. - Apple Maggot or
Railroad worm. Penn. Dept. Agr. Ciro. I,8pp.
Clean cultivation given as essential in
infested orchards. If self sown trees cannot
be cared for, they should be cut down.

1926

Anonymous - Ann. Rept. for 1925 of 2001. Jr. R.
Agr. Soc. England. Vol.LXXXVI : 284-291.
With regard to fruit pests, attention is
called to the need of protecting English
grown cherries from fruit-flies by restricting
the importation of infested fruit.

' 1
r V.-.

-77-

BIBLIOGRAPHY (oon't)

1926 - Mites, H.W. - Fruit pests and Winter Control
Measures.
Jour. Both, West & Southern Counties Soc.
Vol on : ppe 53-71

*1926 - Anonymous - Spray calendar for Apples, Quinces,
Peaches, Plums, Cherries and Grapes.
NeJe Agre BXPe Stae Circe 180‘183e

*1926 - Fryer, J.C.F. - The Apple Fruit Miner and the
Apple Fruit Fly.
Jour. British Agr., Vol.XXXIII, #4,
pp.359-342.
Brief descriptions of Argyresthia conjugella
Zee, (Apple Fruit Miner) and American
Rhagoletis omonella. Also life-histories
and’the nature 0 amage they cause to
apples, in view of the fact that
A. ggg%uggll§ in English apples has some-
times can m staken for R. omonella,
giving rise to a fear that Efie latter has
been introduced into the county.
A; conjuéella, although not an uncommon
mot n hng and and wales, is rarely a
pest of importance in the chief apple
growing districts, but sometimes causes
considerable losses in Northumberland
and westmoreland in Scotland. It also
occurs in Japan and is a serious pest of
apple in North Europe and parts of Canada.
It is probably indigenous in all the
cooler parts of the northern hemisphere
where mountain ash (Sorbus aucaparia)
and crab apple occur.

”1927- Rise,D.T. - The Apple Maggot in Miohi an.
Jour, of Econ. Entomology, Vel. XX,§1:
144-146,

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_75-

Figure 3 - Larvae and pupae of Apple
Maggot

Figure 4 - Adult flies of Apple Maggot
Female at left
M316 at right

 

Figure 5 - Surface of apple showing egg-punctures

Figure 6 - Enlarged portion of apple showing
eggppnnctures.

 

FIG. 5.

 

Eco.

Figure 7 - Cross section of apple showing the
tunnels of maggots, also a
maggot emerging from fruit.

Figure 8 - Cross section of apple showing tunnel
of maggot, also maggot emerging
from the fruit.

 

FIG. 7.

 

EC. 8.

Figure 9 - Tunnel of maggot showing through
the skin of a maiden Blush.

Figure 10 - Cross section of apple showing
tunnels of maggots .

FIG. q.

 

Figure 11 - Surface of apple showing emergence
holes of maggots.

Figure 12 - Enlarged portion of apple showing
a maggot emerging.

 

FIG. II.

 

FIG. I2.

 

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.2. “magi..- z...teehzfiarkrréif.-. it. .

 

 

 

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