'n JuUd’IIm duuda'v d f) TWESHSFORTDEEREELM33.h \ 1 “N.H.RA?BUUR «3-23 «.- -A -"x.wu—A~a»4\nnr..~.~zr : w. -;n ~ .2- 11-15515 i a§fiL 00K IN BACK OF B ~ RETURNING MATERIALS: MSU ‘fifizé‘fi‘saamfimo remove this checkout from LIBRfRIES your record. FINES W111 be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. .ll (p'l‘l i! :I Ill‘lnl.’ II ‘J‘Ial ‘llt .‘(A'Q‘I‘Uulu- t-.'I - t [ 'Epl? 'III 0 . 3.. 'IIDI- . iii-D: V |..l‘|--" ‘ PHYSICAL PROPELTIES 0F LICHIGAN EARLS. A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of IICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE CF AGRICULTURE AND .PPLIED SCIENCE By W, H. Barbour Candidate for the regree of Bachelor of Science. June 1926. THESIS INTROBU CT I ON 9383‘? PREFACE. It is the purpose of this thesis to tell something about the physical properties of hichigan narls. Nothing has ever been written concerning these in any textbooks and the results given here are obtained by actual exper- imentation with the marl and checked as close as possible with the ideas concerning them held by men who have been gin close association with marl for a number of years. The material found in this book will not be found in print anywhere else and it is heped tiat this material will be of value to anyone who desires to carry on any further investigations regarding these properties, and to give some beneficial information regarding weight and shrinkage which would be of assistance to the engineering world. In obtaining this material it has been necessary to interview the chemists at several cement plants as well as actually making the tests with the marl. l. Larl. The origin of marl has been discussed a great deal. It is now ascribed to the action of fresh water algae, which precipitate it or throw it down from solution. Whether this be the truth or not, it's close and intimate connection with fresh water lakes is too patent to be denied. In searching for it, therefore, the obvious method is to observe the locality for flat meadows or marshes, which have the appearance of having been at one time the site of glacial lakes. Larl consists of the amorphous or organic form of calcium carbonate mixed with varying amtunts of soil, sand humus, snails, shells, etc. It is a soft,damp,gra; or blackish earth somewhat like bulk sugar in appearance; it has little plasticity when worked up with water like a clay, and still less hardness or stiength when dried. It dissolves in any acid, even vinegar, with much effer- vescence and foaming. Earl beds run in strata and vany in the calcium car- bonate content and depth within a very few feet to a great extent. A map is shown which well illustrates the tepog- raphy of a marl bed. (C) Sampling Equipment. It is necessary in order to make a correct analysis to have a set of sampling tools to get accurate and uni- form samples under as nearly as possible the same con- ditions. A iescription of two kinds of samplers will be given one of which has been in use for about two years and the other only a monti. Cne sampler consists of a one-half inch pipe out in sections three feet long with a T shaped handle. A half- inch brass tube six inches long is fastened to each she of these thre foot sections in such a manner so that by rotating the rod the pressure of the earth forces this tube to turn about the pipe so that by pushing the rod six inches further into the ground the tube will be fill- ed and byotating the rod in the opposite direction the tub: will again close. A drawing is shown which better illustrates the idea. This sampler gives a very.accurate sample and also gives the depth the sample is taken below the level of the ground. It is best for obtaining samples for chem- ical analysis. The main fault of this whiCL is quite a serious one is that if the marl is a little sandy or con- tains some such similar material the sand will get in the swivel and will not ogen or close and is very hard to clean, sometimes having to be taken apart. If she person 3. handling this sampler is not careful it is very easily bent and if a larger pipe is used with the same principle it is hard to push into the ground. The second sahpler which has Just been devised con- sists of a one inch pipe made in trree Icot lengths which can be put together wit: pipe sleeves. It has a T shaped handle and a slot is cut in the bottom section which wnen the pipe is rotated fills with marl or material at that depth. This sampler does not give as accurate sarples but it always works and is more easily pushed into and withdrawn from the soil. It is not easily bent wlen the needed weight is a plied to force it into the ground. The samples that are obtained with this are suBficiently accurate for the general run of tests that re made on marl. The meticd of sarpling used was to take a post-hole diggei and remove the top-soil and go a foot into the marl and then fill a pint carton with the material. This method was used because the greatest variation of marl is this bed was found at depths of about five feet and larger sahples were neeced than could be obtained with either of the above-mentioned samplers. Procedure: Weighed fifty grams l.Percentage of marl tiat is water. of sample to be tested and then placed sample on oven anc baked until all moisture had left. Weighed the material that was left and com- puted the percentage water. 2.8hrinhage. Filled a 2" cubical tin cup level full of the marl and bahed until moisture left. With the aid of calipers the area of the volume remaining was corputed. The marl reraining after the water was taken out was then pulverized anc the volume of this measured. The shrinkage was then computed. 3.?eight per cubic yard of wet and dry. Weighed the marl in a tube wet and computed weight. Tien dried the sample by baking and weighed the material remaining. 3611916 H J- l o Chemical'Jnalysis 3102 £205 CaC CaCC5 ago lgCCS Vol.1at. Crganic Crganic latter 6.55 LgCC5 Vol. 1‘ o- i., 0'. Mat. 46.29‘ 1co.94 tter 5.55 1.63 48.18 6C.05 4.61 46.43 99.98 ;hysical finalysis. «t. with vater lCCg. fit. without water 46.5g. fl of marl water is 46.5 Shrinkage measured with cal- ipers and computer of cube was 13.25 of original volume. After being broken up into' fine particles it was 22.1% Wt. of sar;le/cu.yd. wet 2420? it. of sanple/cu.yd. dry 1550# Color- Grey. Physical finalysis. Color- Grey—soapy. Wt. with water 503. It. without water 25.6g. of marl water 51.2 by wt. Shrinkage measured with calipers 14.4% After being broken up 18.6% fit. of sarple/cu.yd. wet 2¢40$ Wt. of sarple/cu.yd. cry 12103 'U Sample "5. Chemical inalysis i Thysical fnalysis SiC2 3.28 Color- greyish b1acx. E205 2.12 Jt. with water 50g. CaC 45.”2 Wt. wtthcut water 19.6g. CaCL5 81.64 T of marl water 60.8 lgt 1.71 bhrinaage reasured with cali- LgCC3 5.57 pers in ' 18.4. Vc1.Lat. 47.52 Shrinkage after being broken 100.15 into fine particles 20.2% Organic Iatter 9.54 fit. of sam./cu.yd. wet 175C# Wt. of saz./cu.yd. dry 1050# Sample 34. Cllemical analySiS I‘hysiccrl .sznalysis Sicg 1~53 Color-Iron grey 3293 1.40 wt. with wager th. 08C 49.83 . fit. without water 30.9g. CaCC;5 88.96 i of marl water by pt. 58.8 th 1.91 Chrinhage reasureu with cali- LgCC3 . 4.00 pers 17,5fl Vol.Lat. 45-96 Shrinhage arter being brohen 100-41 into iine particles 23.35 Organic latter 9.54 Wt. cf sar./cu.yd. dry 1120# fit. of sem./cu.yd. wet 272 a .‘ e ample #5 Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis 8100 .70 Color- Ilachish grey. R2C55 1.14 "Ita't. With water 505. CaC 51.62 Kt. withcut water 21.2g. CaCCS 91.18 - 3 cf nmrl pater 57.6 by wt. lgc 1.84 Shrinhage as measured by cal- ,, .fl , ._ -. _‘ lg C." rgoCS 3.86 ipczs was v.72 Vol. lat.44.31 Shrinkage after being pulver- 99.Cl ized 19.73 Lrganio latter 2.73 at. of san./cu.yd. 10%0# dry r-. fit. of sam./cu.yc. 2575# wet I Sample f6 Chemical analysis Zhysical Analgsis 8102 1.28 Color- grey R003 1.62 wt. with water 50g. L; CaC 49.71 wt. without water 25.4 Ca063 88.71 “ oi marl water 49.2 by wt. 1g0. 1.91 Srrinkage as reasured by cal- ;gccg 5.99 ipers 14.4% Vol. lat. 46.22 Shrinkage afte1 being pulver- 100.74 ized 23.2% fit. of sam./cu.yd. 13CC? dry fit. of sam.,cu.yc. 2560¥ wet Samyle ¥ 7. Chemical Analysis 8102 .85 R2C3 1.12 Cat 51.59 Ca003 87.88 15C 1.75 LgCt5 3.81 Vol.1at. 44771 99.95 Organic Latter 2.65 Sample #8 Chemical finalysis R203 1.57 CaC 48.64 1.50 1.67 Vol.1at. 46.68 100.10 Organic Latter 5.03 Physical Analysis Color- whitish grey-chalk. It. with water 5Cg. fit. without water 30.9g. % cf marl water by wt. 58.2 Shrinkage as measured by calipers was 14.6 % Shrinkage after being pulverized 17.6 @ Wt. of san-/cu.yd. 14503 dry. Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2545¥ wet Fiys;cal Analysis Cclor- blackish grey. fit. with water 505. Wt. witnout water 25g. 6 water 52 Shrinkage as measured by calipers 18.545 Shrinkage after being pulver- ized 27.7% Wt. bf sam./cu.yd. 12S ¥ dry if. wt. of sam.,cu.yd. 2580# wet Chemical Analysis SiC2 2.50 R203 2.64 CaC 46.4: Cacc3 82.94 LgO 1.60 LeCog 3.34 Vol.lat. 46.53 103.C5 Organic Latter . Sample #10. 8.29 Chemical finalysis SiOg 1.20 E205 1.62 CaO 49. 2 Car-.005 89. “0 LgO 1.80 LgCCS 5.77 Vol. Lat. 46.18 100.72 Organic latter 4.95 Physical finalysis Color- grey. Wt. with water 50g. Wt. without water 27.5g. % water by wt. 45 Lhrinkage by drying 28% Shringage after pulverizing 55” Wt. of sanile,cu.yd. l400# dry Wt. or aanple,cu.yc. 2550¥wet Lhysical Analysis Color - chalk. Wt. with Water 50g. Wt. without water 29.6g. 2 water by wt. 40.8 Shrin_age by drying 18$ Shrinhe6e after pulverizing 26% Wt. of sample/cu.yd. 1580# dry wt. of sanyle/cu.yd. 2340# wet Sample #11. Chemical finalysis 8102 2.54 3205 2.CO CaO 47.16 CaCCs 84.21 150 1.69 IgCCz 3.50 V.K. 46.24 99.63 Organic latter 5.54 Sample $12.. Chemical Analysis Si02 ' 5.26 R203 3 48 Geo 37.74 Ca003 67.39 lac 1.94 Igcc)5 4.06 7.1. 51 as 99.74 Organic latter 19.55 Eigl in silica, low in lime. (0 Physical finalysis. Color- grey-soayy. fit. with water 50g. Wt. withcut water 25.6g. 5 water by wt. 48,8 Shrinkage by drying 17.7fl Shrinhage after pulver- izing 27.7% . Wt. of sanple/cu.yd. 1255#dry Wt.of szmyle,cu.yo. 245C#wet Color- brownish grey wt. with water 508. Wt. without water 20g. 5 water by wt. 60% Shrinkage afger drying 22% Shrinkabe alter pulverining 35% Wt. of sample/cu.yd. 940# dry Wt. of sample/cu.yd. 2550#wet Sample #15. Chemical analysis 8102 1.22 R303 1.60 CaO 48.49 08.003 86.59 lgO 1.94 KgCCS 4.06 V.L. 46.88 100.15 Organic Hatter 6.66 GLemical Analysis 5102 1.16 P205 1.68 CaO 50.1 CaCOs 89.46 LgO 1.84 LgCOg 5.86 V.L. . 45.15 99.95 Organic hatter 5.77 10. lhysical Analysis Color - chalk grey. Wt. with water 50g.‘ Wt. without water 26.9g. 5 water by wt. 46.2 Shrinkage by drying 18.52 Shrinkage after pulver- izing 28.5% Wt. of sangle/cu.yd. 1290# dry Wt. of sanple/cu.yd. 24CO# wet Physical Analysis Color- chalk. ~. Wt. with water 50g. Wt. without water 29.4g. % water by wt. 41.2 Shrinkage by drying 19.8% Shrinkage by drying and pul- verizing 26.77 fit. of sample/cu.yd. l420# dry fit. o-fsamp1e/cu.yd. 2420# wet Sample #15 Chemical Analysis 11. Physical inalysis 8102 5.44 Color- grey R205 1.72 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 48.69 Wt. without water 24g. 06863 86/94 % water by wt. 52 LgO 1.56 Shrinkage after crying 19.1%; thOs 5.76 Shrinkage after drying and V.L. 44.27 pulverizing 29.1% 99.68 Wt. of sam./cu,id. 1080# dry Organic Latter 4.52 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 2260# wet Sample ”16 Chemical finslysis Physical inalysis SiOg 1.2. Color- blackish-soapy. R203 1.16 fit. with water 50g. CaC 49.62 Wt. without water 22.1g 03.063 88.61 7 water by wt. 55.8 rgo 1.72 Shrinhage after drying .18.5fi lg065 5.61 Shrinkage after drying and V.M 46.52 pulverizing 28.8% 100.26 Wt. of sam./cu.yo. 105C# dry Organic hatter 5.64 fit. of sam./cu.yd. 2580# wet Sample #17 12. Chemical Analysis Physical finalysis Si02 .70' Color- white-chalk. R205 1.14 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 51.62 Wt. without water 24g. CaCOs 91.18 f water by wt. 52. lgO 1.84 Shrinkage after drying 14.3% kgCO5 5.86 Shrinkage after drying and V.M. 44.51 pulverizing 17.8 2 99.61 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 10904 dry Organic hatter 2.75 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 2280#wet Sample #18. Chemical finalysis Physical Analysis 8102 .72 Color- Elackishggrey 2203 .96 Wt. with wzter 50g. CaO 49.52 Vt. without water 25g. CaCCB 88.07 fl water by wt. 42. LgO 1.91 Shrinkage after drying 13.93 thCs 5.99 . Shrinhage arter drying and v.r. 48.06 pulverizing 16.6% 100.97 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 1490} dry Organic latter 7°23 wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2560# wet Sample #19 15. Chemical Analysis lhysical Analysis 8103 5.68 Color- brownish-grey R205 2.20 Wt.with water 50g. CaO 47.16 fit. without water 22.5g. 02003 84.11 4 water by wt. :5 ‘LgO 1.72 Shrinkage after drying 21.2% lgCO3 5.60 Shrinkage after drying and V.L. 45.77 pulverizing 25.1 f 100.55 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 1050# dry Organic Latter 6.90 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2540# wet Sample #20 Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis Sng 1.28 Cdlor- grey R203 1,86 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 49.55 fit. without Water 25.5g. CaC03 88.09 6 water by wt. 49 MgO 1.71 Shrinkage after drying 28.5% MgCOS 5.59 Shrinkage after drying and V.L. _é§4121 pulverizing 20.2 % 100.55 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 1500.4 dry Organic latter 5.55 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 2550# wet Sample 4 21. _ 14. Chemical Analysis Physical finalysis SiC2 1.66 Color- Greyish black R203 1.26 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 50.55 Wt. without water 26.5g. CaCO3 90.25 % water by wt. 47. LgO 1.79 Shrinkage after drying 12.2% 1g003- 5 74 Shrinkage after drying and v.1. 44.42 pulverizing 18.65 99.66 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 1510# dry Crganic latter 2.77 Wt. of sam.?cu.yd. 2480# wet Sam/DIG #ZZ . Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis 8102 1.54 Color- chalk R203 1.12 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 49.71 wt. without water 29.5g. CaCO3 68.77 fl water by wt. 41.5 LgC 1.79 Shrinkage aftei drying 10.0% Lg005 5.74 Shrinkage after drying and V.h. 45.94 pulverizing 17.5% 99.52 Wt. of samJ/cu.yd. 1580# dry Organic Latter 4. 95 Wt. of sam./cu.ya. 2550# wet Sample# 25. Sample 424. Organic latter Chemical Analysis. 1.12 1.10 50.82 90.75 1.76 3.68 45.64 100.44 Organic Latter 4. Chemical finalysis 1.08 .94 50.61 90.58 1.78 5.72 45.25 99.64 5. 79 52 Physical Analysis Color:$rey-chalk Wt. with water 50g. Wt. without water 24.5g. 5 water by wt. 51 Shrinkage after drying 15.12 Shrinkage after drying and pulverizing 27.57 fit. of sam./ou.yd. 1180# dry fit. of sam./cu.yd. 24104 wet Ihysical Analysis Color: grey Wt. with water 50g. Wt. without water 28.2g. 5 watei by wt. 45.6 Shrinkage after drying 10.2% Shrinkage after drying and. pulverizing 199% Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 1290# dry Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2290# wet Sample #25 16. Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis Organic hatter 5.45 Si02 2.18 Color: blackish-grey. L203 1.52 'Wt. with water 50g. CaO 49.82 Wt. without water 28.2 08005 88.96 % water by wt. 45.6 th 1.5 Shrinkage after drying 15.2% 1g005 5L5O Shrinkage after drying and 7.1. 45.15 pulverizing 17.74 100.05 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 1400# Organic latter 4.11 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2490# Sample #26 Chemical Analysis lhysical Analysis 8102 1.24 Color: Grey-soapy R203 1.12 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 50.42 Wt. without water 26.6 CaCOs 85.92 5 water by wt. 46.8 LgO 1.72 Shrinkage after drying 14.95 thOs 5.48 Shriniage after drying and V.h. 45.51 pulverizing 26.6% 100.01 fit. of sarple/cu.yd. 15lC# dry Wt. of sample/cu.yd. 2460# wet Sample #27 17. Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis 8102 5.24 Color: Blackish-grey R203 2.08 Wt. with water 50g. CaO 45.68 Wt. without water 21.2 CaCO3 80.48 ' % water by wt. 57.6 kgC 1.85 Shrinkage after drying 14.7? Lgccs 5.84 Shrinkage after drying and V.L. 47.16 pulverizing 28.8? 99.99 Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 105C# dry Organic Latter 9.04 fit. of sam.7cu.yd. 2440? wet Sample # 28. Chemical Analysis - Physical Analysis Si02 4.85 Color: Lark-brownish-grey. L205 5.82. Wt. with watei 50g. Ca0 40.42 Wt. without water 20g 08003 72.56 % water by wt. 60 Ego 1.87 Shrinkage after dirying 12.1% thOs 4.02 Shrinkage after drying and V.b. 48.78 pulverizing 26.8% 99.72 Wt. of saun/cu.yd. 960# dry Organic latter 17.56 Wt. ofsam./ cu.yd. 2400# wet High in silica, low in lime. Sample 5102 Cat CECOS LgO $29 Chemical Analysis 2.50 2.01 47.02 84.11 1.70 5.50 47.79 101.02 Organic Latter 5.54 18. Physical Analysis Wt. with water 50g. Wt. without water 26.8g. % water by wt. I 46.2 Shrinkage after drying 11.2% Shrinkage after drying and pulverizing 27.2 % Wt. of sam./cu.yo. l580¥ dry Wt. of sam./cu.yd. 2560# wet 4 .11.... hug—a _.._-Ah.._.._.____. ,.. 19. From the data given the following resultsare determined: 1. Color. Could not check results close enougi to make any definite statements inregard to this physical prOperty. 2. Cohesion. Larl does not lave any cohesive qualities. There does not seem to be any chemical reac- tion taking place in the marl itself except when acid or some similar reagent is intro- duced. v 3. Water Content. The water content varies with the organic patter. -high organic matter results in high moisture. 4. Adhesion. Some of the samples taken were made into brickets and baked for a sufficient length of tine to be thoroughly free of moisture and were tien put in a concrete testing machine and broken. They held approximately 5# in tension. The results of this test were not apparently beneficial or did not have any bearing on anytiing concerning the phy- sical properties of especial importance. 5. Shrinkage. The average shrinkage for allsamples taken of both the dried and the dried and pulverized was exactly 20%. The lowest was 10.2% and the highest 29.1" of original volure. 20. 6. Weight per cubic yard. The average wt. of marl per cubic yard wet was found to be 2420#. The average wt. of marl per cubic yard dry was found to be 1255 pounds. l ‘Illilflu nun-il- z"- , , ”-5.3??- -y . ,. "I11'?11111117111111“