OCT 2 5 2006 93% w fly 3 ‘ 3 13:“ a k~3,il‘.,:2£:.2m)[11 J I OCTSQm Q "I, 032 JAN 0‘; 9033 7- \ A STUDY OF SOME EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN MICHIGAN By WALLACE EUGENE aOUK A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of r DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Entomology 1954 THES!S ACKIJOLILEIEI‘IENTS The writer is indebted to all the staff members of the Entomology Department, particularly Professors Ray Hutson, Herman L. King, and Ethelbert C. Martin, for their continual interest in this work and for providing numerous clues to sources of information. The author also wishes to thank the Michigan State College School of Graduate Studies for the award of a Graduate Council Fellowship which facilitated the completion of this thesis. The writer is further indebted to all those who kindly contributed, orally or in writing, to this project; to his mother, Naomi H. Houk, who did the preliminary typing of the manuscript; to Professor Madison Kuhn (College Historian) of the History Department and to the person- nel of various Michigan libraries, sepecially the Michigan State College Library, who gave invaluable aid in the writer's literature researches; to the office personnel of Karl H. Mc Donal, Secretary of the Michigan State Board of Agriculture, for aid in obtaining biographical details of former or present members of the faculty at the Michigan State College; to the Michigan State Department of Agri- culture and the Michigan State Department of Public Health who willingly gave the author access to various records; to the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant iii Quarantine Forest Insect Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin for providing numerous records on forest insects in Michigan; and to the John Bean Manufacturing Company, Lansing, Michigan for the loan of a series of historical photographs on spraying‘ equipment. Since omissions, particularly due to oversight, in— evitably occur in an investigation of this type, the writer offers his regrets for those which may occur in this work. The reader is assured that such omissions were not purposeful. v.111rrtlllllt yyyyy VITA Wallace Eugene Houk candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Final examination, Friday, May lb, 195a, 9:00 A.M., #9 Natural Science Building. Dissertation: A Study of Some Events In The DevelOpment Of Entomology And Its Application In Michigan. Outline of Studies: Major subject: Entomology. Minor subjects: Botany, Plant Pathology, and Hor— ticulture. Biographical Items: Born, August 18, 1925, South Bend, Indiana. Undergraduate Studies, Purdue University, l9h5—l949. Graduate Studies, Michigan State College, l9fi9-1954; University of Illinois, summer session, 1951. Employment Experience: . l. Entomological Laboratory Assistant, Dow Chemical Field Research Station South Haven, Michigan, June l9fl9-September 1999. 2. Entomological Field Assistant for the Michigan State College Entomology Department. a. Cherry Insect Research at Kewadin, Michigan, June l950—September 1950. b. Fly Control Research, June l952-September 1952. c. Insect Identification Work, June l953-September 1953. d. Michigan State College Graduate Council Fellow— ship, 1953-54 school year. Military Experience: Served in the United States Army (from October 2, 1943 to July 6, l9#5) as an 81mm mortar gunner in Company D, 314th Regiment, 79th Infantry Division; wounded in action at Luneville, France on October 24, 194“. Honorary and Professional Societies: 1. Associate member of the Michigan State College Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi. 2. A member of the Michigan State College Sem. Bot. p . in I I. \ "|l Ix a‘I\ fill. fl‘lvlllltrelll .i\ {Ils‘ [x [Ill 1“ ellslllllvs\ .lYu\ ,[ {R l A STUDY OF Suns EVEMTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTOMOLOOY AND ITS APPLICATION IN MICHIGAN By WALLACE EUGENE HOUK AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Entomology Year 1954 Approved ’fi-A— ; W ' 0 vii WALLACE EUGENE HOUK ABSTRACT A study of the develOpment of entomolog in Michigan, and some of the implications of that deveIOpment, was con- ducted by the following methods: 1. 2. Reviewing literature in Michigan libraries. Consulting literature requested from out-of state libraries, and received by the Michigan State College Library, East Lansing, by inter-library loan. Tebulsting data from the correspondence files of the Michigan Stpte College Entomology Department. Consulting records of the Michigan State Department of Agriculture, Lansing; Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing; and the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Forest Insect Lsboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Oral communications and written correspondence with State and Federal agencies, representatives of commercial manufacturers of pesticides and pesti- cide application equipment, personnel of several Michigan chambers of commerce, contemporaries of former teachers of entomology at the Michigan Agri- cultural College (presently Michigan State College), present scientific workers at the College, Michigan libraries, the Milwaukee Public Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and other organizations and individuals. viii WALLACE EUGENE HOUK ABSTRACT The foundations of the scientific study of entomology in Michigan were established in 1837 when the State Legis— lature authorized a State Geological and Biological Survey. In 1850, the Michigan State Agricultural Society requested the Legislature to establish an agricultural college and recommended that “insects and their habits" be among the things studied. In 1855, an agricultural college (presently Michigan State College) was established at uensing and its operation began in 1857. Entomology was first taught at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1858. A chronological account of the teaching of entomolOgy at the Michigan State College since 1858 is presented. The teaching of entomology elsewhere in Michigan is also discussed. An assay of the ' biographies of former students of entomology at the Michigan State College shows that many of these students have made noteworthy contributions to the field of entomology. Organized interest in the collection of insects in Michigan began in 1837 with the establishment of the Geo- logical and Biological Survey. Details are given about in— sect collections and surveys since that time, including the size and content of the collections of some amateur ento- mologists and the size and content of insect collections in Michigan colleges and museums. COOperative pest survey and control programs, under- taken by local, State, and Federal organizations, have played i it i l I III. II I l [ll l 1 n. ix WALLACE EUGENE HOUK ABSTRACT an important role in the develOpment and application of entomology in Michigan. Extensive programs have been conducted for the Japanese beetle, European corn borer, grasshoppers, chinch bug, Oriental fruit moth, forest insects, flies, Rocky Mountain spotted—fever tick, and mosquitoes. The first recorded agricultural chemical pest control in Michigan occurred in 1868. Developments in the chemical control of pests in Michigan since that date have been traced. The deve10pment of spraying and spray equipment since 1883 is illustrated pictorially. The history of legislation for the regulation, sale, and transportation of pesticides in Michigan, the entomological activities of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing, historical notes about some manufacturers of pesticides and application equipment, and miscellaneous notes on entomology in Michigan are in— cluded in this work. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER I. II. III. IV. THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY AT THE V. VI. TABLE OF CONTENTS GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN . THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN . THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN, 1858 TO 189“ . . . . . STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN, 1894 TO 1930 . . . . . THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN, 1930 TO 1954 . . . . . A. The Michigan State College Biological Station . THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN, OTHER THAN AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN 10 33 48 58 61 xi Page CHAPTER VII. AN ASSAY OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORMER STUDENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN To THE FIELD OF ENTOMOLOGY . . . '67 CHAPTER VIII. COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS . . . 7a A. The Beginning of Entomological Collecting in Michigan . . 74 'B. Expeditions or Surveys, and Size and Content of Insect Collections . . . . . . 77 1. By individuals having an official biological status . . . . . . . 77 2. By individuals having a non-official biological status . . . . . . . 80 C. Insect Collections at Colleges and Museums . . . . . . 83 1. Michigan State College insect collection . . . 83 a. Personnel, donations, content and size . . . 83 b. Repository buildings, arrangement and use . . 88 xii Page 2. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Collection . . . 91 3. The Grand Rapids Public Museum Insect Collection . 93 h. The Michigan State College Musewn . . . . . . 94 CHAPTER IX. COOPERATIVE SURVEY AND CONTROL PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . 95 A. Japanese Beetle . . . . . 95 l. Surveys '. . . . . . . 96 2. Controls . . . . . . 100 . European Corn.Borer . . . 103 Grasshoppers . . . . . . 106 Chinch Bug . . . . . . . 109 Oriental Fruit Moth . . . 109 Forest Insects . . . . . 115 CD’IIJDIUGW . The Mackinac Island Fly Control Program . . . . 12a H. The Muskegon Fly Control Program . . . . . . . 129 I. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick . . . . . . 132 J. Mosquitos . . . . . . . 133 K. Nematodes . . . . . . . 134 CHAPTER X. THE ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL IN MICHIGAN AND DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO 1900 . . . . . . A. Control of Insects by Insecticides . . . . . . B. Control of Plant Diseases by Fungicides . . . . . C. Chemical Control of Insects and Plant Diseases in the Southwestern Michigan “Fruitbelt” . . . . . . CHAPTER XI. THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS IN MICHIGAN SINCE 1900 . . . . . A. Insecticide Application Equipment . . . . . . . B. Investigations by the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine . . . 1. Fruit insects . . . . . 2. Vegetable and field crOp insects . . . . . . . C. Investigations by Personnel at the Michigan State College 136 136 1&9 ISO 155 155 158 158 162 162 1. Mode of action of contact _ insecticides . . . . . 2. Nicotine . . . . . . . 3. Dinitro(DN) compounds . . D. Insect Control Services of the Michigan State College Entomology Department . . . l. Insect emergence and timing of sprays . . . . . . a. Cherry Fruit Flies . . b.. Codling Moth . . . . c. Apple Maggot . . . . 2. Answers to letters of inquiry about insects and related pests . . . . . . . 3. Radio and television programs 4. Extension entomology . . . E. Miscellaneous Notes on Insecticides in Michigan . . l. Nicotine sulphate . . . . a. First Michigan Experiment Station test. .. . . . b. Original Black Leaf no work O O I O O O O 162 163 16A 165 165 165 167 168 168 169 170 179 179 182 183 The discovery and first use of nicotine-bentonite . . Insecticide - fungicide compatibility charts . . DDT onxpotatoes . . . . The regulation of pest control chemical distribution, transportation and sales in Michigan . . . . . The Michigan Insecticide and Fungicide Institute . Commercial pest control Operators in Michigan . . a. The Wolverine Pest Control Association . . b. The Michigan Pest Control Association . . . . . CHAPTER XII. ENTOMOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . A. B. C. D .Iapanese Beetle . .. . . . Cherry Fruit Flies . . . . European Corn.Borer . . . . Grasshoppers . . . . . . XV Page 183 184 185 I85 189 191 192 192 194 191+ 19# 197 197 . ll |.|r. (III\ III... {I f :11 r Jill '1‘?" {I (I E. 1. 2. Insects Attacking Ornamental Shade Trees and Forest Trees Christmas tree insects . Dutch Elm Disease and Bark Beetles . . . . CHAPTER.XIII. SOME MICHIGAN MANUFACTURERS OF PESTICIDES AND APPLICATION EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . A. .1, Spray and Dust Equipment American Marsh Pump Company, Inc., Battle Creek . . Morrill and Morley Company, Benton Harbor . . . Universal Metal Products Company, Saranac . . . Champion Sprayer Company, Detroit . . . . . Universal Stamping and Machine Company, Plymouth Acmeline Manufacturing Company, Traverse City . Lowell Manufacturing Company, Lowell . . . xvi Page 197 197 198 202 202 202 202 203 203 203 10. 11. 12. 130 14. B. 1. The Hardie Manufacturing Company, Hudson The Maud S. Windmill and Pump Company, Lansing Hildreth Manufacturing Company, Lansing . Bean-Chamberlin Manufacturing Company , Hudson The John Bean Manufacturing Company , Lansing . The Novo Engine Company, Lansing . . The Church Manufacturing Company, Adrian Chemicals . . The E-Z F10 Chemical Cmmmw,mehg. Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis . The Dow Chemical Company, Midland . . The California Spray Corporation, Fennville . The Tanglefoot Company, Grand Rapids xvii Page 203 205 205 205 205 209 209 209 209 210 210 212 212 6. Parsons Chemical Works, Grand Ledge . . . . . CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN . . . . . . . . A. 1. Bibliography on Michigan Insects . . . . . . . Entomology Department Photographic Work . . . . Biological Control of Insects in Michigan . . . . . . Cultural Studies on the Hessian Fly . . . . . . Beekeeping in Michigan . . . Organizations Interested in Entomology . . . . . . Michigan State College Entomology Club . . . . Detroit Entomological Society The Detroit Academy of Science . . . . . . . The Detroit Nature Club . . Michigan Beekeeper's ASsociation . . . . . Adrian Scientific Society . xviii Page 213 214 214 214 214 215 216 221 221 221 221 221 221 223 Detroit Scientific Association 223 n .l . A . A ‘ l- . . All]! il‘ ‘l. -.|II.". 1". Ill APPENDIX 8. The Detroit Zoological Society . . . . . . . 9. Michigan Academy of Science. 10. Horticultural Societies . . G. Publishers of Entomological Books . . . . . . . . 1. Edwards Brothers, Inc. Ann Arbor . . . . . . H. Distributors of Entomological Films . . . . . . . . 1. Cosmopolitan Films, Detroit 2. Educational Film Service, Battle Creek . . . . . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE CITED 0R CONSULTED . . . . . . . A. Footnote References . . . . B. General References . . . . A. A List of Theses for Entomology ‘Degrees at the Michigan State College . . . . . B. A Pictorial History of the Development of Spraying and Dusting Equipment Since 1883 223 223 223 224 224 224 224 232 257 268 269 273 C. Biographies and /or Photographs . . Henry Goadby . Manly Miles . Albert John Cook Walter B. Barrows Rufus H. Pettit George D. Shafer Eugenia I. McDaniel XX Page 292 293 294 297 299 301 303 305 INTRODUCTION This thesis is a study of the developments, factors, and special events in the growth and application of entomol- ogy in Michigan. Heretofore, nothing of this nature has been assembled and recorded for the State. Brief accounts of note- worthy entomological events, personnel, and collections in Michigan, and the contributions in other states of entomologists who once studied or were employed in Michigan, are scattered in general entomological histories by Leland 0. Howard (1930), Herbert Osborn (1937 and 1952), E. O. Essig (1931) and Melville H. Hatch (1949). Two unpublished entomological theses at the Oregon State College, Corvallis - one by W. Homer Maris (1918) and another by Daniel E. Bonnell (1942) - deal with historical developments too. The growth of entomology in America, from colonial times to the Civil War period, which provided the influence for the origin of entomology in Michigan, has been described by Harry B. Weiss (1936). The writer's choice of this thesis topic was prompted by: (I) an interest in entomological history and literature; and (2) the fact that the application of entomology in Michigan has been different from that in other states. The latter fact is accounted for by the growth of a larger variety of crops as a result of more heterogeneous soils left by glaciers and a more moderate and variable climate due to Michigan's almost total isolation from other states by the Great Lakes. Since the States' early agricultural history, the varied crops have provided attractive hosts for previously unimportant or foreign insects and other organisms. The control of such pests, some presenting Special problems, became one of the primary interests of Michigan agriculture. As a consequence, Michigan was an important pioneer in entomological experimen- tation and the training of entomologists. Therefore, ento~ mology in Michigan has had extensive effects on the entire field of entomology. The data for this thesis was compiled by: (1) re— viewing much entomological and other literature in various Michigan libraries; (2) tabulating data in the correspondence files of the Michigan State College Entomology Department for the years 1925 to 1954 inclusive; (3) consulting records of the Michigan State Department of Agriculture, Michigan State Department of Public Health, and the United States Bureau of Entomolog, and Plant Quarantine Forest Insect Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and (4) oral cemmunications and written correspondence with: (a) relatives, colleagues, and students of deceased teachers of entomoIOgy mt the Michigan Stwte Agricultural College. (b) past and present sciertific workers at the collage.. (c) the United States Department of Agriculture, I 1 Ill.n . .K I I .s' 0 ll 1) .[-',It It (r) )sé) (h) (1) (l) (m) (n) (0) OT“ littorwtii )n, hz‘s'r~_l=';'t(‘m_ Vfifl“iWLUS zwnyio:u.l (a:,_n;ytm 5 cat tfliw LHlittmi Sicnies usp'21'T.;:1r'-‘nt 01' 11;;r'101ilt11re, bureau of“ Entomology Eilld l’lzai1i, \gUfIYflilll.lr e3. representatives of IitUnerOJS ('1 mrn'L‘I'Cifizl :;.:‘nufz@C-— turers of pesticides and pesticide application equipment . personnel of several Hichigan<3hanbers of commerce. registrars and other faculty members of Michigan colleges. directors of museums in the State. private individuals having Special entomological interests or knowledge of insect surveys, collecting expeditions, and collections. the Michigan State Department of Public Health,- Lansing. the Michigan State Department of Agriculture, Lansing. the Milwaukee Public Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. the Detroit Public Library, Detroit. H. B. Hungerford, Prcfessor of Entomolog , Univer— sity of Aansas, Lawrence. personnel associated with the university of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor. CHAPTER I GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN It is not known when insects first inhabited Michigan, for no fossils of insects have been found here.1 However, evidence indicates that the first arthropod occurred about 4Q5 million years ago. This was the caterpillar - like Onychophora which inhabited the warm seas of the Cambrian Period. By the Silurian Period, about 375 million years ago, saline seas had forced many animals to the land, and srschnids and scorpions appeared on land. Aquatic insects are believed to have appeared in the Devonian Period of approximately 350 million years ago. Spiders, scorpions, and centipedes were quite prevalent on the land then. When Michigan became separated from the ocean in the Pennsylvanian Period, approximately 235 million years ago, insects capable of life on land existed. The Coleopters, Ephemerida, and Orthoptera were the predominant orders. As Michigan underwent considerable weathering and erosion in the Permian Period and the following 200 million years of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, the insects of the Paleozoic Era evolved to produce those orders with which we are familiar.2 Few recorded studies exist concerning the fauna and flora in Michigan up to the beginning of the nineteenth cen— ' I tury. From about 1629 when the first European (Etienne Brule) is 5 believed to have set foot on Michigan soil to the termination of all foreign reign by the War of 1812, explorers, fur traders, settlers, and soldiers in Michigan could devote little atten- tion to scientific pursuits. If Specimens were collected or records thereof made, they were frequently lost or destroyed. No repositories existed; but some Specimens were sent to EurOpean taxonomists. Although it cannot be ascertained when and by whom insects were first collected in Michigan for scientific purposes, studies of the natural resources of the State were first pro- vided for by the Michigan Legislature of 1837 which passed a law establishing a State Department of Geology and apprepri- ated funds for a Michigan Geological Survey. Both of these .were directed by Dr. Douglass Houghton, Detroit physician, surgeon, naturalist, college professor, and first State ‘ Geologist. The first reconnaissances of the Survey were made in 1837 and included zoological and botanical investigations by Dr. Abram Sager and Dr. John Wright, respectively. Na insects were studied by Dr. Sager and before the end of 1838, the financial situation of the State necessitated that Dr. Houghton limit the activities of his department to geology. Neverthe- less, the foundations of future biological investigations in Michigan had been laid. CHAPTER II THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN With the formal admittance of Michigan to the Union in 1837, there came a rapid and continual influx of native born.Americans and European immigrants who settled primarily in the rural areas and became farmers. By 1850, these people had made the raising of crops profitable and agriculture ex- ceeded in value all other industries of the State.' Because of the intense interest of the populace in agriculture, a group of citizens met at Lansing in.March, l8h9 to form the Michigan State Agricultural Society "to promote the improve- ment of agriculture and its kindred arts throughout the state of Michigan."1 The Agricultural Society, assuming that the majority of the residents of Michigan were destined to pursue only agriculture extensively for a livelihood, had the in- stigation of the teaching of agriculture in the public schools as one of their objectives. At Jackson, in December, 1849, the Michigan Agri- cultural Society resolved to request the Legislature to establish a central agricultural office to which would be connected an agricultural museum, library, college, and model farm. This request, with emphasis on the establishment of the agricultural college, was made in January, 1850, by Bela 7 Hubbard, Detroit lawyer, farmer, naturalist, and assistant State Geologist from 1837 to 1841, and chairman of the Agri- cultural Society Executive Committee in 1850. The Society stated that the studies at the college should consist of: agriculture in its details, mathematics and the keeping of accounts, mechanics, natural philosophy and the natural sciences with their applications to agriculture. With these could be profitably assoc- iated anatomy, so far as connected with the structure and disease of animals, and the study of insects and their habits.2 . In March, 1850, the Michigan Legislature favored the Society's request and passed an act establishing a Normal School at Ypsilanti where instruction was to be given to both men and women in agricultural chemistry, husbandry, mechanic arts, and teaching. Prior to this the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor had presented some lectures on agriculture. _ In 1852, a group sent from the Agricultural Society to Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor to evaluatethe instruction in agri- culture, reported that the information dispensed was unsatis- factory for training a student to be a practical and profes- sional farmer; therefore agitation was continued for a school designed especially for the teaching of agriculture. The wishes of the Society were fulfilled on February 12, 1855, when the Legislature, upon the recommendation of Governor Kinsley Bingham, passed an act establishing a.school to be called the State Agricultural College of Michigan (Michigan Agricultural College). This name was changed to "Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science“ in 1925. 8 0n.June 16, 1855, the Agricultural Society selected Lansing as the site of the Agricultural College (now in East Lansing) and on February 15, 1856, a contract was approved for the erection of "College Hall" (on the present site of Beaumont Tower) where classes were to be held, and a dormitory with a boarding hall. Each building was about one—hundred feet long and fifty feet wide, three stories high, and constructed of brick. College Hall contained a library, museum, and three recitation rooms (Figure 1). On May 13, 1857, the State Agricultural College of Michigan was dedicated by the Michigan Board of Education and became the first school in the United States to offer scientific and practical instruction in agriculture. Its operation began with sixty-one male students to whom was offered a one-year preparatory course and a two—year regular course in chemistry, English Literature, farm economy, horti- culture, and mathematics. All the activities of the college were directed by Joseph R. Williams, President and Director of the Farm. This remained the status of the college until 1859, when.a reorganization provided a four-year'curriculum for whiohthe President had asked the Board of Education for additional faculty members. Among these was a Professor of Animal and Vegetable Physiology and Entomology. Thus began the teaching of entomology at the State Agricultural College of Michigan. FIGURE 1 COLLEGE HALL (ON THE M, FIRST CLASS BUILDING AT THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS MADE IN 1874. CHAPTER III THE TEACHING 0F ENTOMOLOGY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN, 1858 To 1894 Henry Goadby, *a physician and surgeon from Detroit, was the first teacher of animal and vegetable physiology and entom010gy at the Michigan Agricultural College. Dr. Goadby undertook his duties at the beginning of the winter term in December, 1858, and remained at the college until the end of the summer term of 1859 (the term ended in October). His total salary is believed to have been about 1000 dollars.1 During Dr. Goadby's period of service, and thereafter until 1881, the teaching of entomology was done on the second and third floors of College Hall. From its beginning in 1858 and until 1863, entomology was considered only briefly at the College. A few class periods in zoology or veterinary science were devoted to insect study. Zoology frequently was limited to freshmen and sophomores but consideraole variation existed concerning what class of students (fresh- man, etc) was permitted to enroll in the course. This varia- tion continued until 1878. The instruction offered by Dr. Goadby consisted of recitations and lectures on the "----- noxious animals and insects which infest fields or cropsfig IfSee'biographical sketch in apFEnuix. 11 and economically important insects were dissected in the laboratory. To supplement his classroom instruction, Dr. Goadby had written a treatise on vegetable and animal tis- sues called “A Textbook of Vegetable and Animal Physiology."3 This book was written upon the request of Ira Mayhew, Super- intendent of Public Instruction, and after Dr. Goadby's appointment to the faculty. It was one of the first of its kind in America designed for use in seminaries, colleges and other schools. Lessons 37 to 43, pages 128 to 150, deal with insects. The internal anatomy of the alimentary canal, prin- ciples of the Linnaean System of Classification, metamorphoses, and the nutrition of larvae and adults of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, and Diptera are discussed. Dr. Goadby's teaching technique with his book was to supply short analyses of the paragraphs rather than fo1low the prac- tice of providing the student with a list of Questions to answer on what he read. The competency of Dr. Goadby to teach physiology and entomology is borne out by the fact that prior to 1859 (his '54th year of life) he had been a microscopical dissector and demonstrator of anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons in London, England and upon his coming to the Michigan Agri- cultural College he brought: --a cabinet of preparations, illustrative of Entomology and of animal and vegetable Physiology, which it has taken him thirty years of the most industrious study and severest application to collect and prepare. -—- As a thorough practical teacher of the sciences for“ which he is named, he will be found most efficient. 12 James H. Gunnison, an Agricultural College Student in 1859 described Professor Goadby in these words: Dr. Goadby was a wonderful man, a remar.able teacher; he went out with his students collecting and telling all sorts of interesting things and taught us to ob- _serve. In November 1859, Dr. Manly Milesi was appointed Professor of Zoology and Animal Physiology - the new title given to the department which Professor Goadby had served. Professor Miles, a physician, had gained prominence through his zoological work in Michigan in the position of assistant State Geologist (1859). His collections and observations were so extensive that it was said: Dr. Miles did more to develop the general natural history of the State (Michigan) than any other man either Eefore or since he completed his work as State Zoologist. Dr. Miles was to play an even more important role in Michigan, in furthering the teaching of agriculture at the State College. Professor Miles was head of the Zoology and Animal Physiology Department from 1860 to 1869. In 1861 and 1862 entomology was included in a course of veterinary medicine and economy of domestic animals taken by seniors. In 1862, Albert John Cook from 0wosso, Michigan, was one of the seniors studying entomology at the Agricultural College. Mr. Cook later became well known for entomological work in Michigan and California. Entomology appears to have been given much consideration by Professor Miles. Evidence for this was that in 1863 entomo- logy became a separate course.7 The course was called “Entomology" WI sketch in appendix. 13 and was taught to freshmen in the second half-year. Professor Niles met one one-hour class each day. A description of the course follows: The course in entomology is illustrated by a valuable collection of native and exotic insects. Particular attention is given to the study of Species injurious to vegetation; and the best methods of checking their ravages are thoroughly discussed. Students, by col- lecting and preserving specimens of our native species, become familiar with their habits in their several stages of development.8 The students of 1863, by having to turn in a neatly arranged and labeled insect collection at the end of the course, set a precedent which is still followed by students in the intro- ductory course of entomology at Michigan State. In addition to entomology, the freshmen studied trigonometry, surveying, stock breeding, and history. Entomology‘and zoology, as taught by Manly Miles, was illustrated with actual specimens. His private collections were frequently used to supplement the meager specimens of the College. Dr. Miles was a pOpular teacher, for he com- bined scholarliness with enthusiasm. His enthusiasm and emphasis toward the development of entomology at the State College was verified by the words of Albert John Cook, an 1862 graduate, when he addressed a semi-centennial meeting of the Agricultural College in 1907: When he commenced to teach us entomology there were no suitable textbooks, but what cared he? Like Agassiz, whom he so much admired, he taught us to study the things of nature and not what others had said of them. His en- thusiasm kindled a quick flame in the minds of his students; and how he loved to dig out the hidden truths of agri- culture‘ and what a superb course he built up in that branchié 14 The success which Professor Miles had in teaching entomology and zoology led to his being given an additional appointment as acting superintendent of the College Farm in 1864, and in 1865 he was given the title of "Professor of Animal PhysiolOgy and Practical Agriculture and Superinten— dent of the Farm." This title distinguished him as being the first professor of agriculture in the first school of scientific and practical agriculture in the world.10 In 1869 Manly Miles began devoting full time to his agricul- tural work, and remained Professor of Practical Agriculture until 1875 when he resigned. Although Manly Miles and others had made extensive contributions to the develOpment and growth of entomology and other agricultural subjects at the Michigan Agricul- tural College, the actual impetus for the promotion of the teaching of all those subjects pertaining to agriculture occurred through the passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act in Congress on July 2, 1862. This act most actively promoted between 1857 and 1862 by United States Senator Justin Merrill of Vermont, provided public lands in each state for the establishment of at least one agricultural and mechanical college within its boundaries. Besides becoming one of the first Land Grant Colleges, the State Agricultural College of Michigan had the distinction of being cited by Senator Morrill as evidence that such schools in other states would be successful. 15 Entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College received a tremendous stimulus through the Land Grant Act. The latter actually accounted for the origin of the wide— spread teaching of economic entomology in the United States. In 186u, entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College was taught for the first time with a textbook devoted entirely to insects.12 In 1865, the farmers of Michigan had both the impor- tance of entomology to their welfare and the importance of teaching entomology in the State College impressed upon them by the report that the Colorado potato beetle, Lgptingtgggg decemlinegta (Say), which had been spreading eastward since 1859, was causing serious losses in Illinois and Wisconsin. The menace of the potato beetle and outbreaks of the army- worm, Cirphi§.gn1ggggta (Haw), and cankerworm, Pgleacritg sp., in Michigan prompted Manly Miles to investigate the life histories, habits, and controls of these insects. In 1866, the President of the Michigan Agricultural .College, Theophilus C. Abbot, reported to the Superinten- dent of Public Instruction that the graduates of the college were all occupying honorable positions in society. He said: They have contributed to the correSpondence of the Department of Agriculture in Washington; have collected and studied entomological specimens --~- In 1867, Albert John Cook, who had received his haster of Science Degree from the Agricultural College in 1865, was put on the faculty as an instructor of mathematics. In addi- tion, he aided Professor Miles by teaching a second half—year k ..... ‘ll‘al' | l (I)! . I [I ii ll- : v , III‘ . III, I. .. l6 sophomore course in entomology. With reference To this course, one entomological historian had published a paper on the teach- ing of entozzaology in 1.31% United ottc“: in Which i'uzt}:in:-, was Said about the Michigan Agricultural $011859 being a pioneer in the teaching; of” entomr.)la>gy; rend in T‘¥’;¥Sj“‘fi>llf§¥'¥ t": the corros— ow‘ieoca ‘r‘e received about the error he aid that I had overlooked the fact that in 1867, A. J. Cook was really teaching entomology at the Michigan Agricultural Z —‘ ~ College."l' bvidence already presented in tcis paper 510;: L that the Michigan State Agricultural College actually Win‘arr‘ in the teaching of entomology in 1858. Entomology becoming a separate course at the College in 1863, at that time con- stituting a study of insects injurious to vegetation and their control, is evidence that economic,gntgmglggy probably was first taught as a college course in the United States, and perhaps in the world, at the State Agricultural College of Michigan. Heretofore, the latter distinction has been given to the Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan.15 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, appears to have been the first institution to offer entomological instruction of any kind in the United States, (1837-1842);16and the Michigan Agricultural College perhaps was the second to teach academic entomology. Although Albert John Cook had studied some entomology under Manly Miles, he was " ---- distinctly self-trained and self-educated in entomology."l7 DeSpite his limited formal entomological training, A. J. Cook was an extremely competent 17 entomologist. He was especially well-versed in bee-keeping. In 1869, A. J. Cook became head of the Department of Zoolog and Physiology, and as the Professor of Entomology he began using the newly published tert "Guide to the Study of In- sects".18 How entomology was taught during the first years that Professor Cook was giving the course was stated by Dr. Charles Edwin Bessey - an 1869 graduate of the College and a student of entomology under A. J. Cook - at the 1907 College semi- centennial celebration. Dr. Bessey said: Even the subject of entomology was mainly a textbook study. We memorized so many pages and repeated-them as nearly as possible verbatim. Here we looked at spec- imens and now and than a student was seen frantically pawing the air with a "bug net" in his efforts to capture some beetle, bug, or butterfly. But we were under no supervision as to any field work we might undertake. A few of us were fortunate enough to be employed in arranging and labeling the college collec- tions under the supervision of the professor, and here we learned much about insects, their appearance, clas- sification, and the practical work of making a scientific collection. It was laboratory work, but none of us re- cognized it, nor did WE ever use the word "laboratory" in connection with it. 9 The following comments by various comtemporaries of Professor Cook further illustrate his teaching of zoology and entomology: 1. His class in zoology was taught wholly by lecture, and consisted of out-lining the groups of animal life, giving the names of the groups, and their characteristics; when it was done I had the whole system, as he presented it, outlined on a large sheet of paper. In Entomology we had a large textbook, but it was little used. He taught mostly by lecture. He taught how to collect in- sects and how to preserve them, in both imago and larval forms. But his chief emphasis was on the study of such insects as affect human foods. --~— we had the cabbage worm, tomato worm, and the potato bug down pat. --~~ Ho 18 had a way of putting students st ease with him if they wanted to learn from him. His markings were high. He would give a ten for what would bring a seven or eight from Dr. Beal. He had little equip- ment to use in his classes, but hsoused the black- board freely to bring out points.” 2. Professor Cook was an aggressive teacher who worked hard. He relied heavily on the textbooks for teaching entomology.” 3. Professor Cook's lectures consisted mostly of readings from books. Occasionally the lectures were not read. Emphasis was on the economic aspect of entomology, eSpecially the control of insects and bee- keeping. Insect specimens from the museum were used to illustrate class work. The first half-hour of class was spent on the lecture (with the students taking notes) and the second half-hour was devoted to either quizzing the students orally, and grading them on a scale of one to ten, or elaborating on topics not too clear to the class. Only rarely did students refer to textbooks to supplement their notes. At the end of the term, essay questions were asked on examinations. Laboratory sessions were used for drawing parts of insects and col- lecting and labeling insects. Professor Cook believed that if a student had drawn an insect, then something had been learned. Making the required insect collection was easy and considerable fun for most students. Prof- essor Cook enjoyed his classes and the close relation- ships he had with his students. The average size class consisted of between 18 and 25 students. There were no disciplinary problems, for everyone was so interested in learning from Professor Cook that he was treated with much respect. The lack of work by any student made Professor Cook feel very hurt. His enthusiasm towards entomology was so great that, as he continued to lecture, he continued to raise his voice and individuals outside the building could tell when Professor Cook was lecturing. This egghusiasm aided tremendously in carrying his classes along. : 23 Because of his familiarity with bees, Professor Cook instituted beekeeping in his entomology course in 1868. This was the first instruction in beekeeping ever given in a college in the United States“?+ and it consisted of teaching the principles of apiary management, construction of hives, care of bees, and honey extraction. Practical eXperience 19 was obtained in the college apiary. The apiary was first located in the vicinity of the present William J. Beal Botanical Garden and the Music Building.25 Later during Professor Cook's tenure at the Agricultural College, the apiary was moved back of Professor Cook's house in faculty row (about where the present Mary Mayo Residence Hall, West stands) and “next to the woodlot". During the 1880's there were between sixty and eighty hives in the apiary.26 The apiary, as it was about 1887, is illustrated in Figure 2. In 1871, the first insect collection was placed in the College Museum (in College Hall). This collection con- sisted of three groups of specimens designated faunal, sci- entific, and economic. The collection may have been purchased from the Smithsonian Institution, for in the early.days of that organization some of its expeditions were partially financed through the sale of duplicate collected material.27 Professor Cook and Charles E. Bessy, close friends and companions on field trips, already had collected numerous insects and plants in the Lansing Area.28 These specimens, and several thousand other insects collected by Professor 000k during his stay at the Agricultural College, were con- tributed to the College Museum. A decade of the teaching of agriculture in Land Grant Colleges had created a need for textbooks; and by 1872 Pro- fessor Cook and his students had access to the following publications: 1. Bevan, Edward. The Honey Bee Its Natural Histor .gfilfilglggy: and [anagemegt.‘nondon: VanVoorsf,'I§38, 7 pp- ii. I'l'l‘l Alli" \ ‘l 20 2. Curtis, John. Farm Insect . Glasg gow, Edinburgh, and London: Blackie and Son, 1860, 528 pp. 3. Kirby, William and William Spence. ‘An Introduction to Entomology 7th. ed. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1869, 607 pp. #. Langstroth, Lorenzo L. IA_Prgctica; Treatise on the Hive and the Honey Bee. 3rd. ed; rev. Phila- delphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1870, #09 pp. 5. Westwood, John O. ‘ég Introdgction £2.Lh2 Modern Classificatio on of Insects. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, l839-fi0, 2v; 462 pp. and 587 PP. In 1872, a ”Natural History Society" was organized by the faculty and students of the College. Meetings were held about twice a month, and talks on insects were frequently heard. Entomology and animal physiology were both taught in the same course in 1874; hence only seven weeks were devoted to entomology. By this year, the details of insect dissec- tions were being drawn on the blackboard by the students in the laboratory. Each student explained the morphology and anatomy of his particular species to the other members of the class. The lectures dealt with insect classification, distribution, transformation and development. Students were rearing insects to study their development; some took rearing cages to their residences to enable them to study their insects more thoroughly. In 1875, besides continuing to make drawings and explanations of their insects in the laboratory, students met with Professor Cook in groups of two to three for a one-hour lesson each week on the morphology and anatomy FIGURE 2 THE APIARY AT THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ABOUT 1887. THE APIARIST IS BE- LIEVED TO BE PROFESSOR COOK. THIS PHOTO- GRAPH WAS LOANED TO THIS WRITER,AND PER- MISSION GRANTED FOR ITS REPRODUCTION,BY JESSIE A.PETTIT,FORMER PROFESSOR OF ENTO— MOL2§Y AT THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE (1906— 193 21 22 of insects. Some charts of insect life-histories were now available in the laboratory. Emphasis was put on the use of the microsc0pe in 1875 too. A microscope was first used at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1872 or 1873 by Dr. William J. Beal, Head of the Botany and Horticulture Department.29 The construction of this micrOSCOpe is not known. In 1876, Professor Cook reported to the Michigan State Board of Agriculture, governing body of the College, that " ----- we also need at least three and five would be better - of Tolles' hand lenses for use in dissection in entomology. --~--"3o Reverend Henry V. Clark of Clearwater, Kansas, an 1878 graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College and the oldest living alumnus in 1953, mentioned a micro- scope being used in his physiology course taught by Prof- essor Cook.31 During this period, the Tolles' Student MicrOSCOpe may have been the type used in entomology. The Tolles' Microscope was manufactured by R. B. Tolles, Boston, Massachusetts. A microsc0pe bearing the inscription "Botany Department, M.A.C; May 3, 1878, Bausch and Lomb Optical Company. Rochester, New York“, probably the oldest at the Michigan State College, is still possessed by the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology. After 1881, during which six weeks in the winter were Spent in studying microscopy at Cornell University, Professor Cook was considered quite an authority on microsc0pes; and representatives of microsCOpe companies would come to the campus and stay at the Cook residence several days at a 23 time Just to quiz the Professor on how they could improve their instruments for better use by zoological students.32 Professor Cook continued to emphasize beekeeping and in 1875 the apiary consisted of several hives of German, Italian, and Syrian Bees surrounded with a number of excellent honey plants. "Mysteries of BeeKeeping Explained" was a text.33 In addition to his teaching duties, which now in- cluded rhetoric, bookkeeping, history, and mathematics, Professor Cook was appointed Curator of the Museum. The museum, and the Department of Zoology and Physiology (Professor Cook preferred to call it the Department of Zoology and Entomology, and by 1889 he called it the "Entomological and Apiary Department") still occupied College Hall, and the growth of both was rapidly necessi- tating more space. In 1876, while reporting to the State Board of Agriculture that the museum was overcrowded, Prof- essor Cook commented that "the question, too, of room be- yond the limits of the present apartment is one that must soon call for attention".34 Futhermore, in an additional report on the Zoology and Entomology Department for the sane year, he remarked that: owing to a change in the arrangement of the College terms, my instruction has been such as to make the title of my professorship almost a misnomer; the majority of the subjects taught not coming in my ' department at all. i feel that in view of the in- creasing duties of my position as Apiarist, and Curator of the Museum, and the disadvantage I lubor under in giving instruction in so many subjects entirely foreign to my general thought and study, - RhetoriCals, Book-keeping, History and Mathematics - 24 that some provision For a change is desirable.35 Despite his multiplying collegiate responsibilities, Professor Cook managed, in 1875, to write an apiwry manual36 and a report on injurious insects in Michigan.37 The former consisted of the lectures on beekeeping presented to students prior to 1875 and the latter was the first ex- tensive paper of its kind pertaining to Michigan. In 1876, the College divided the school year into three terms (fall, winter, and summer). The "term" system shortened entomological instruction from twelve to eight weeks. Ento- mology was given to juniors in the winter term. (From 1866 to 1876, the school year had started the last of February and extended to the last of November). The lectures were on the anatomy, physiology, and classification of insects, and economic entomOIOgy and apiculture. The last two topics were taught with the aid of Professor Cook's newly published treatises on injurious insects and beekeeping, respectively. The beekeeping instruction now included how to divide colonies and introduce queens. I Besides his teaching in 1876, Professor Cook spoke before several State and national agriculture meetings, answered a voluminous number of inquiries about insects, and began research on a kerosene emulsion insecticide and the life history and control of the imported cabbageworm, Pie:ig.ngpgg (L.), codling moth, Qgrpgggpga.pgmgngllg (L.), Hessian fly, PhytOQQ; a Q2§££BQL2£ (Say), and other insects. 25 Beginning in 1877 and continuing through 1892, entomology was taught in the summer term and the students spent five hours a week in class. The term was twelve weeks long. Summer provided the best conditions for the outdoor work in the course. The manner of teaching, throughout this period and up to 189“, remained the same as it had been prior to 1877. In 1891, the summer term entomology course was given the designation ”Entomology IV“. This was the first entomology course at the Michigan Agricultural College to be designated by number. In 1878, the College accepted donations of a Quimby and a Bingham bee smoker and a Doolittle hive from Michigan residents for apiary instruction. Two bee reference books now avail— able were "A Manual of Bee-Keeping”8 and "The Apiary".39 By 1878, the College Museum contained thirty insect cases holding 1100 species of Michigan insects. Most of these had been collected by Professor Cock. In 1879, all the students at the Agricultural College were required to present an acceptable thesis on.some research topic for graduation; thus began the investigation of spe- cific insect problems by entom010gy students, a method of learning still practiced by graduate students. In 1882, the Department of Zoology and PhysiolOgy moved to the newly constructed Library and Museum Building. This structure is presently known as the Administration Building, but the stone-engraved sign "Library and Museum" at the West entrance still exists. This building is 26 illustrated in Figure 3. The teaching of entomology was done on the second floor where the facilities consisted of two rooms provided with tables, microscOpes, and dissecting apparatus for laboratory work, and a lecture room for eighty students, and a general museum. The lecture room and museum were adjacent to the laboratory but on opposite sides of it. The Library and Museum Building had cost 25,000 dollars and the zoological and museum equipment had cost 16,870 dollars. In 1883, Professor Cook reported to the State Board of Agri- culture that the new, large laboratory had enabled the work of his department to be done more satisfactorily than ever before. In 1881, the entire entomology class exhibited a large collection of injurious insects at the American Horti- cultural Society Neetings and then presented the collection to the College. One student gave an insect collection to the South Haven Pomological Society, South Haven, Michigan. Another student had come from England especially to study apiculture under Professor Cock. In 1882, the College began requiring post-graduate students to spend at least one year on the campus to obtain a Masters Degree. A thesis was another requirement for the degree. In 1887, Congress passed the Hatch Act, vigorously promoted by Representative William Henry Hatch of Missouri, which provided for the establishment of State Agricultural Experiment Stations. With the organization of the EXperiment FIGURE 3 THE LIBRARY AND MUSEUM BUILDING 27 28 Stations in 1888, there was a great demand for trained entomologists. Because few men had training in entomology, the demand could not be met immediately. The market created for entomologists led numerous men and women to begin studying entomology to fill the Station positions. Until these peo- ple were available, entomology teachers and personnel un— trained in entomology carried on the entomological activities of the Experiment Stations. At the Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station, Professor Cook served as "EntomolOgist” from 1888 to 1893. After 1888, an increase in student enrollment at the Michigan Agricultural College, a result of the Hatch Act, effected a simultaneous increase in entomology enrollment. Prior to 1888 the enrollment in the Zoology and Entomology Department had ranged from seven to 45 students annually. In 1891 the enrollment was 120. The influx of students in entomology is believed to have been due to the excellent repute of the facilities in the Library and Museum Building and to the continuallyggrowing insect collection which was extensively used in teaching. In 1889, the insect collection was enlarged considerably by donations of over 52,000 spe- cimens. The quality of entomology at the Michigan Agri- cultural College in 1891 is illustrated by the following excerpt from s letter written in 1891 by Charles Fuller Baker,(a student under Professor Cook (1887-1891), an 1891 graduate of the College, and a noted entomologist prior to his death in 1927L to his father, Joseph 3. Baker: 29 From here I can get to vastly better places than I could from anywhere else --~- no institution in the U.S. affords such facilities for special study in Entomology - as does this. 0 Between 1888 and 189b, Professor Cook was hoping to increase his staff, and the facilities, to make entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College even better. During this period, he was permitted to hire assistants to aid him in laboratory instruction and to collect insects and work on the insect collection. These assistants, and the 'period they served, were: (1) Clarence P. Gillette (1887- 1888); (2) Arthur B. Cordley (1888-1890); (3) Fred H. Hillman (1890); (u) Charles B. Cook (1889—1890); (5) Frank J. Niswander (1890—1891); (6) Charles F. Baker (1891-1892); and (7) Gager C. Davis (1891-1892). The short tenure of these workers was due to the fact that other colleges en- ticed them away with higher rates of compensation. In 1890, Miss M. L. Cummings of Olivet gave the Zoology and Entomology Department considerable aid with- out accepting compensation. ' On November 10, 1893, Professor Cook resigned from the Michigan Agricultural College to accept the Chair of Biology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. Despite Professor Cook's statement that he was leaving: -principally because of the attractions of California and the fact that my department with the assistants 1 have had is too large for me to do the work as I desire to do it' ' several conjectures were made as to why he left the College. Some of these were: 30 The Agricultural College had grown too large. His enjoyment of a small school, small classes, and close relationships with students and faculty could be fulfilled at Pomona.“2 His brother-in-law,Heverend Cyrus (L Baldwin, was President of Pomona College(1890—1897) and was con- stantly urging Professor Cook to go to Pomona. The Professor had indicated that he might go to Calif— ornia after the graduation of his two children, Albert Baldwin and Katherine, from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1893.43 He was the only one of the "big three" (the others were Dr. William J. Beal and Dr. Robert C. Kedzie) that failed to receive an advance in salary. Professor Cook's profits from his "Manual of the Apiary" might have been a factor that prevented a raise in pay. Ill health forced his movement to a more suitable climate. Obtaining authority for the erection of the Library and Museum Building from the Legislature after the State Board of Agriculture had denied his request, had wrought ill feelings. The “atmosphere" st the college was just not what it should be.44 He, him- self felt that he had injured his relationship to the State Board of Agriculture by going over their heads to the Legislature to get the Library 31 and Museum he wanted with the much needed class— room and laboratory space for his department.“5 Whether it was one or a combinstion of the shove reasons that led Professor Cook to go to California, it is known thst he went from the Michigan Agricultural College in good standing. Evidence for this is thst the State Board of Agriculture allowed him to tske specimens of in- sects, of which there were duplications, from the College collection, and Professors William J. Besl and Robert C. Kedzie presented him with s letter of commendation signed by all the faculty members. This letter read: Whereas Professor A. J. Cook, after twenty-seven years 'of service in this college, as resigned his position as Professor of Zoology and Entomology and will soon leave us to fill a similar position in a college in a distant state; the faculty of Michigan Agricultural College desire to exoress their appreciation of his faithful,earnest, and successful work as 9 teacher in this college and his entire devotion to its interests. Both as teacher and citizen he has been slive to every good word nnd work. We psrt from him with sincere regret and invoke for him'the large measure of success in another college which he his re ched in Michigsn Agricultural College. Resolved that this minute he Spread uoon the records of the faculty and 92‘ 00M" be placed in the hunds of Prof. Cook}+0 At the Michigsn Agricultural College, Professor (300k had obtained an excellent reputation as a teacher and an entomologist. His practicl mind and manner of speaking, 'both in the classroom and at Farmers' Institutes had bene- fited him and the College enormously. His writings also enhanced him nsme. His ability ss 3 teacher was reflected in the achievements of those who hsd their 23010gical or entomological training under him. The most noteworthy of . {'I I. I. ! lu.lllll .1...’ I'll I "Il 32 these individuals, with their year of graduation, were: (1) James Troop (B.S., 1979; M.S., 1392); (2) Clarence M. Weed (5.8., 1883; M.S. 1884); (3) Clarence P. Gillette (5.5., 1884; M.S., 1888); (4) Edward R. Lake (8.3., 1885; M.S., 1888); (5) Fred H. Hillmun (8.5., 1888; M.S., 1891); (6) Charles B. Cook (B.S., 1888; M.S., 1891); (7) Arthur B. Cordley (3.3., 1888; M.S., 1890); (8) Frank J. Niswander (8.8., 1889); (9) Gager c. Davis (8.5., 1889; M.s., 1890); and (10) Charles F. Faker (B.S., 1891). John H. Aldrich was a Student in 1889-1890. CHAPTER IV THE TEACHING or ENTOMOLOUY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN, 1894 TO 1930 Upon the resignation of Professor Cook, his de— partment was placed in charge of Gager Calvin Davis, Con- sulting Zoologist of the Experiment Station (1893-1896). Mr Davis directed the activities until February 20, 189“ when Walter Bradford Barrows"I wps appointed Professor of Zoology and Physiology and head of the department. Professor Barrows came from Washington, D.C. where he had served as first assistant ornitholOgist in the United States Department of Agriculture and lecturer at the Maryland Agricultural Col- lege, College Park. Although entomology continued to be taught in the same manner as under Professor Cook, the course (Entomology IV) was believed to be improved by decreasing the number of lectures to one a week and increasing the awount of time spent in the laboratory to eight hours a week. The laboratory con- sisted primarily of studying specimens. The simple magni- fying glass appears to have been favored over the microscope for identification. Some laboratory time was devoted to ex- periments on insecticides. Beekeeping received little * See biOgraphical sketch in appendix .IIOUIIII ll. l~,lllll“ I..- {.l..llll|f- an attention from Professor Barrows and eventually it disap~ peared from the course. In lecture, Professor Barrows' ornithology interests led him to stress the natural control of insects by birds.1 1n 1895, an advanced course of entomology was offered to seniors as an elective, if they were prepared to take it. This included systematic and economic work and each student had to make a thorough study of one family of insects. The student could choose the family of most interest to him. The courses related to entomology that could be taken were: (1) Parasitic Fungi; (2) Floriculture, Spraying, and Green- house Work; and (3) Economic Zoology. In 1896, when the Michigan Agricultural College initiated a "Womens Course", the sophomore co-eds were of- fered entomology in the spring‘term(1n 1896, a regular spring term was instituted; thus making the school year like that familiar to us in 1953). The entomolOgy for women stressed household insects, and consisted of a total of five hours of lecture and laboratory each week. Entomology for men was shifted from the summer term to the winter term, and was taught to sophomores enrolled in a newly created agricultural curriculum. Three hours of lecture and four hours of laboratory were given each week. The first short course in entomolOgy also was taught in the winter term of 1896. It was provided for those who were unable to leave the farm at other times of the year. That year also was the first that insects were exhibited in the classroom 35 with Denton's butterfly or moth tablets. These were rec— tangular blocks of white plaster, hollowed out for the insertion of insect bodies. They were covered with glass and sealed with enameled paper. The following passage illustrates more clearly how Professor Barrows taught entomology between 189“ and 1906: In studying entomology, insects are put into the students' hands at the very first, and he learns the relations and names of parts at the same time and fixes these ideas by careful sketches from the real specimens. Field work is taken up at the outset, and a well prepared collection, representing at least eight orders of insects, is required for completion of the course. The student is taken into the field and shown how to find, collect, kill, prepare and mount his specimens, and little by little in the laboratory he learns how to identify and classify them. In this work, as all through the course, particular stress is laid on the species which are markedlv beneficial or injurious, and the best methods of avoiding, limiting, or destroying the pests are carefully discussed. If advanced work in entomology is desired, an Opportunity is offered in the senior year, and members of this class take up such work as each is individually fitted' for, including the systematic study of as many families as practicable, the breeding and rearing of insects, and their parasites, experimental work with insecti- cides, and the tracing of the life-histories of such imperfectly known forms as are available.2 From 1897 to 1905, in addition to the entomology course (now designated 1) which was given to sOphomores in the Spring, a course designated lb was given to Juniors who elected horticulture as a major. Entomology lb consisted of three lectures a week on the life histories and controls of fruit insects. Three credit hours were given for the terms' work. (In 1899, thereollege began the system of a definite ~number of credit hours of work per term). In connection with Entomology lb, field work in spraying Was given as a separate .(llll I. 1{II 1 t 1. III { l I . ... .36 course by the Horticulture Department (Horticulture 6a). Two noteworthy entomologists studied under Professor Barrows. Their names were: (1) Edward Clarence Gr,en and (2) Ezra Dwight Sanderson. Both of these students graduated in 1897. While Professor Barrows was in charge of the Zoolegy and Physiology Department, entomological teaching and in- vestigation was rather academic.3 The principal entomolsgical activity of the department was the preparation of attractive displays of insects which were distributed to the public schools; most of this was done by Rufus Pettit, Instructor of Zoology and Assistant Entomologist of the Agricultural Experiment Station, who had joined the faculty on January 1, 1897. (In 1902, the State Board of Agriculture had pro- vided funds for the preparation of cases of insects to be placed in each high school in Michigan. In the summer of 1902, over 7000 insects were collected and prepared for such cases). To Mr. Pettit, an economic entomologist, ento- molOgy had a fuller meaning of usefulness than that which he was being allowed to practice. In fact when he came to the college, Hr. Pettit had to teach physiology. He vehemently disliked teaching this subject, especially the dissection of cats. Hr. Pettit eXpressed extreme disappointment after his arrival when he learned he was to teach physiology rather than entomology. His connection with the Experiment Station, enabling him to contact farmers throughout the State, per— mitted him to learn the farmers' eagerness for knowledge on insect control. 37 In 1906, a separate Department of Entomology was created at the Michigan Agricultural College. Hr. Pettit was placed in charge of entomology as a full professor. He also was appointed Entomologist of the Experiment Station. The creation of an Entomology Department and Professor Pettit's appointment in the Station had been prompted by his previous efforts to dispense entomological information to farmers and possibly because of differences with Pro- fessor Barrows. Although Professor Barrows had little in- terest in advising farmers about insect control, he did be- lieve that the Experiment Station should have a full time entomologist. The creation of an EntomolOgy Department no doubt also wws brought about by the farmers of Michigan. They may have exerted pressure on the State Board of Agri— culture to affect the change. Professor Pettit's preparation of bulletins on ”Insects of the Year" for the years 1807, 1898, 1899 and 1901, respectively,5 "Insect life in the Upper Peninsula"6 for 1900, and.the "Codling-moth in Michigan"7 also served to meetthe needs of the farmer and emphasized the necessity for entomology to be a department by itself. In 1906, Professor Pettit gave Entomology lb the new designation of Entomology 2, and called it economic entomology. It was still taught only to horticulture majors but had to be pre- ceded by Entomology l. The latter was an introductory course, and required for those in agriculture and forestry. It con- sisted of three hours of lecture andfOurflhours of laboratory a week, and was W)rth five credits. In 1907, the following )8 courses (with credit hours and term taught appended), each having Entomology l as a prerequisite, were added to the curriculum: Entom0105y 3 I"arm and Garden Insects, 3, Fall " 4 Fruit Insects 2, Winter " 58 Applied Entomology, 3, Any Term " 6 Household Insects (for women) 5, Winter In 1908, entomology added the following courses: Entomology 5b Applied Entomology, 2, Any Term " 7 Forest Insects, 5, Summer (forestry camp) In 1908-09, a new agricultural building (the present Agricultural Hall) was constructed to house the EXperiment Station and such departments as Soil Science, Farm mechanics, and Farm Crops. An old Agricultural Hall, the building presently occupied by the Conservation Department, became occupied by the Entomology Department which moved from the Library and Museum Building. This newly acquired building, which became known as the Entomology Building, is illus- trated in Figure 4. The offices and student lecture and laboratory rooms, in 1909, were all located on the first floor of the new entomological headquarters. At a later date, offices and laboratories were established on the second floor. (In the lecture rooms, a stereOpticon was used to illustrate insects on slides. fiandmounts were FIGURE h THE ENTOMOLOGY BUILDING FIGURE 5 A CLASS LECTURE BEING CONDUCTED BY PROFESSOR RUFUS H. PETTIT IN THE ENTOHOLOGY BUILDING. 41 used too.) Figure 5 illustrates a class lecture being conducted by Professor Pettit in the Entomology Building. The basement contained research and photography laboratories well equipped with microtomes, microscopes, and cameras. Under Professor Pettit, the Entomology Department always had excellent and sufficient equipment. bometimes it was difficult for Professor Pettitt: convince the "Administra- tion" that certain equipment should be purchased.8 Attached to the building was a twenty by fifty foot greenhouse for the rearing of insects and conducting of experiments. From 1907 to 1910, Professor Pettit had the following instructors on his staff: (1) Zeno Payne Metcalf (1907-1908) and (2) Merrill A. Yothers (1908-1910). Mr. G. C. Woodin was an instructor in 1913. On April 10, 1910, Miss Eugenia I. McDaniel, a graduate of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, replaced Mr. Yothers. Miss McDaniels was to spend the next 39 years teaching systematic and economic entomology. Dr. George Shafer, Research Entomologist for the Experiment Station (1908-1917), taught classes when Professor Pettit was out of town or ill. He also went to summer forestry camp several years to demonstrate the work of forest insects. In 1911, a three credit course in systematic para- sitology was added for the benefit of senior veterinary students; this was designated entomology 8 and concerned the identification and classification of economically important animal parasites. #2 In 1913, the inspection of bees in Michigan was placed under the c>ntrol of the State Board of Agriculture (apiaryrinspection was transferred to the Michigan State Department of Agriculture in 1921). Beekeepers were anxious to know about bee diseases and more interest was developing in all phases of bee-keeping. It became apparent that apiculture, which had been neglected by Professor Barrows and merely existed through Professor Pettits' interest in keeping the apiary going, should be added to the entomology curriculum. (The apiary was yet in the vicinity of the present Mary Mayo Residence Hall). With the addition of Mr. F. E. Millen, from the Ontario Agricultural College, Ontario, Canada, as State Bee Inspector in 1913, Professor Pettit was quite hOpeful that an apiculture course could be offered. In 1914, beekeeping was authorized for in- struction. The course was Apiculture 9, and was taught by Mr. Millen. The latter taught beekeeping until 1917. Benjamin F. dindig and Russell H. Kelty taught beekeeping from 1917 to 1919 and 1919 to 1950, respectively. Between 1916 and 1917, the following courses were ‘added to the entomology curriculum: 1916: Entomology 6a Introductory Entomology, ,3, Fall for home economic students " ‘6b Elementary Morphology, 5, Winter " 6c Systematic EntomOIOgy, 5, Spring 43 '1917: Apiculture 9a Fall Management, 3, Fall " 9b Spring Management, 3, Spring " . 10a Introductory Bee- 3,‘ Spring keeping, " 10b Fall Management, 5, Fall " 10c CrOp Production, 5, Fall " 10d General Management 5, Fall Entomology 11 Introductory Ento- 3, > Fall mology, " 12 Systematic Ento- 3, Any Term mology, In 1921, the Entomology Department became a part of a new Division of Applied Science, and majors in entomology were expected to take a minimum of thirty-six credits and a maximum of fifty-two credits for a Bachelor of Science Degree. Students were urged to take courses in botany, chemistry, geology, physics, physiology, zoology, mathe- matics, plant pathology, bacteriology, and foreign languages to supplement their entomological training. Before the close of the sephomore year, a student had to decide upon a major subject to pursue his last two years. Prior to the place- ment of entomology in the Division of Applied Science in 1921, every student in the agricultural curriculum had to take at least one c>urse in entomology-usually introductory entomology-before graduation. After 1921, this was nc longer the case. This situation not only decreased the total enrollment in the Entomology Department but also 44 marked the beginning of more specializatiwn on the part of students in all the departments on campus. added in entomology in 1921 were: Entomology 14 ll 15 ll 16 ll 17 Entomology 18a " 18b " 180 " 18d EntomolOgy 18e It 19 II 20 Introductory Parasitology, Medical Entomology, Parasitic Protozoa, Parasitic Helminths, Systematic Entomology, Comparative Anatomy, Microscopic Technology, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, ii 3. i ll! , he new courses Fall Fall Winter Spring Any Term Fall Winter In 1924, two new courses were added and made aVail- able only to graduate students. These were: Entomology 100 N 101 Investigations in Life Histories and insect Control; any number of credits, any term. Systematic Studies in Some Limited Groups of Insects; any number of credits, any term From 1925 through 1930, the only significant curric- ular changes consisted of giving all the entomolOgical courses new number designations (in 1926) which yet exist, and api- culture was transferred to the Department of Horticulture in the School of Agriculture (in 1928). The first binocular microscope was used in the Entomology Department about 1925.10 #5 Entomology (Introductory) and Entomology 9a(Apiculture) were taught in the first smmzzer school at the I-‘Zichiggan State 0011360 in 1925. J~n addition to Professors Pettit and AcDaniel, the following new personnel (with their position and period of tenure appended) had been on the entomology staff between 1915 and 1938: (1) Donald Whelan, (first field agent or ) extension specialist in entomology, 1915-1919); (2) Edwin til well (extension specialist in apiculture, 1918—1929); (3) Russell Hain (extension specialist, 1920-1922); (4) L. G. Gentner (instructor, 1920—1925; assistant entomologist in the Experiment Station, 1925-1927); (5) J. H. Harman (extension Specialist, 1922-1925); (6) Donald Ries (instruc- tor, 1925-1927); (7) Charles B. Dibble (instructor, 1926- 1927; extension entomologist, l927-l94d); (8) Kenneth Arbuthnot (instructor, 1926—1928); (9) Walter F. Morofsky (instructor, 1927-1938; associate professor, 1941-1953; professor, 1953); (10) Goodwin S. Tolles (instructor, 1928- 1931); This writer has obtained the following comments concerning Professor Pettits' teaching and management of the Entomology Department: 1. "He was a pOpular lecturer at Farmers' institutes, and in the classroom with his students. he was a man with a great heart."11 2. "Professors Pettit and McDaniel cooperated com— pletely on running the department. They were 46 quite intolerant of any outside ideas which might have disturbed the status quo. They emphasized economic entomolOgy except in scale insect studies. The grasshopper was the principal insect used as the basic form for teaching. Others were not used ex- tensively.12 He inserted humorous stories in his lectures and kept the attention of his students remarkably well. His students had to do a considerable amount of drawing, for Professor Pettit was quite an illus- trator of insects. The insect collection was used for reference but was made available to anyone particularly interested in entomology. Comstock's flntroduction to Entomology,"13 was preferred by Professor Pettit for teaching entomology.le Professor Pettit's mode of teaching his applied and systematic entomology courses was to help a student get started on the study of a group of insects or a particular problem and to say “Just keep on going." At the end of the term the stud~ ents' grade would be given on his progress, the amount of which was left to the interest of the student, and the next term the student could con— tinue the same special study under a new course number, This could continue for numerous terms. If a student had something more than a cursory in- terest in entomolOgy, his credits appeared to be rather automatic.15 5. "He was a pOpular teacher because of his deep understanding of human nature and because of his ability to present an obscure subject in such a way that the student retained the fundamentals long after the details had fade<."16 6. "The students enjoyed Professor Pettit's instruction in Entomology. He lived insects and eXplained their life history in such simple terms for understanding. He told of many experiences that involved certain insects and their c>ntrol. Students reSpected his sincerity and integrity. His informality also had an appeal in classes."17 7. "He had a way of presenting material that gave you the impression that he was intimately acquainted with the insect, its peculiarities and habits. --- he was always cheerful and illustrated his lectures with interesting stories about insect families. You got the impression that he knew his insects, enjoyed telling about them, wanted his students to understand them and was always willing to share his great knowledge of the insect world."18 I ‘ {I ll‘ flit. CHAPTER V THE TEACHING OE ENTOHOLOGY AT MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE, 1930 TO 1954 From 1930 through 1945, depression and wer caused a small enrollment at the Michigan State College. (During World War II, the enrollment in entomolOgy Wns so small that Professors Ray Hutson and Walter Morofsky taught physics. Professor Curtis Sabrosky taught chemistry. The enrollment at the College was comprised primarily of United States Army Specialized Training Program Students). After World War II, enrollment began to rise rapidly and in the fall term of l9h9 reached a peak of 16,243 students. This fluctuation of students resulted in considerable addition, dropping, or temporary suspension of courses in entomology and other departments. In entomology, those courses which were added (with the year they were added), and which are still offered, were: a Entomology 322 Shade Tree Insects, 3, Winter (1931) " 320 Aquatic Insects, 3, Fall (1938) " 323 Insecticides and Their Uses, 3, Winter (191%) On.July l, 1930, Ray Hutson Joined the Entomology Department as an associate professor and divided his time no between teaching and the Experiment Station. After Pro- fEBSQPBettit suffered a paralytic stroke in 1933, Professor Hutson became acting head of entomology. In 1934, Prc_ femur autson was appointed head of the department and re- ceived a full professorship. He is still in charge of entomology at the College. The high caliber training and public service given by his predecessor have been continued by Professor Hutson. In 1948, the Entomology Department moved to a new Natural Science Building (in September, 1944, entomology had become a part of a newly organized School of Science and Arts) where it occupies adequate offices, laboratories and lecture rooms. The facilities include an aquatic insect laboratory,four teaching laboratories, photography darkrooms, a large insect preparation and collection room and an insec- ticide storage room. The classrooms contain excellent com- pound and binocular microscopes, and microtomes. New vehicles and various types of spraying and dusting equipment, are available for teaching and research. Sufficient space in a new Plant Science Greenhouse (completed in 1949) exists for research by graduate students and faculty. The ento- mology facilities in the greenhouse include a large spraying chamber with a revolving turn-table. In 1951, the teaching of apiculture was returned to the Entomology Department. In September, 1950, Ethelbert C. Martin, Provincial Apiarist in the Manitoba Provincial Department of Agriculture, . Winnepeg, Canada, Joined the entomology staff as an assistant SO professor, to do apicultural teaching, research, and ex- tension work. An apiary is maintained on the College grounds for beekeeping instruction. The apiary is located in a woodlot adjacent to some dairy barns and cow pastures between Mount Hope Road and Forest Road. Numerous experi- mental field crop plots in the vicinity provide desirable honey plants. In 1951, entomology was placed in the Division of Biological Science in the School of Science and Arts, and the following courses were added to the curriculum: Entomology 415 Medical Entomology, 4, Winter " 411 Undergraduate Seminar, 1, Any Term ” 502 Graduate Seminar, 1, Any Term Apiculture 310a introductory Bee- keeping, 3, Fall and Spring " 410b Fall Phnagement, 4, Spring ' 410d Spring Phnagement, 4, Spring " 4lOe Apicultural Practice 4, Spring. In 1952, Apiculture 410 was changed to research on bees for. undergraduate students. A course on insect morphology (Entomology 421) was added. "Fruit Insects", "Field CrOp Insects", "Insecticides and Their Uses”, and "Applied EntomolOSY" also became applicable for graduate credit. For the 1953-1954 school year, the Entomology I] 1. ‘It all [It]. : Ill! l .1 .l'\ l. {1‘1 51 Department teaching schedule consisted of the following CGUI‘SCB: Course Number Subject 201 307 310a 310b 312 318st 318b‘ 3180* 320‘ 321 322 Introductory Entomology Fruit Insects Farm Crop‘ Insects Applied Entomology Applied Entomology Forest Insects Introductory Apiculture Apiculture Systematic Ema mology Systematic ‘Entomology Systematic Entomology Systematic ‘Entomology Aquatic Insects Greenhouse Insects Shade Tree Insects Hours Lecture Entomology and Laboratory Pre- Term Credits Each Week requisites F,S 4 (3 - 4) S 3 (3 - o) 201 F 3 (3 - O) 201 201 or F,w,s 2 (o - 6) 207 F,w,S 2 (O - 6) 201 Forestry S 4 (3 — 2) Majors F,S 3 (3 - o) 201 F 4 (3 - 2) 201 and 310a 201 or F,w,s 3 (1 - 6) 307 F 4 (1 - 9) 201 w 4 (1 - 9) 201 s 1+ (1 - 9) 201 F 3 (2 - 2) 201 S 3« (3 - O) 201 F 3 (3 - 0) 201 * Offered for graduate credit JZ‘IV I. III—." I llll‘lll' 'II‘. I l‘l‘ll . Course Number Subject 323 410 411 415 421 500 501 Term Insecticides and their Uses 14 Apicultural Research 8 Seminar F,w,S Household, Medical and Veterinary Entomology W Insect Morphology F Investigations in Life His- tories and Insect Control F,w,S Systematic Studies in, Some Limited Groups of Insects F,W,S All the entomology courses listed above, Credits number any number 52 Hours Lecture Entomology and Laboratory Pre~ Each Week requisites 201 or 207 or Para- (3 - O) sitology or 300 210 and (o - 12) 310a (l - 0) Entomology Majors 201 or (3 - 2) 306 (2 - 2) 201 201 20l except 305a, 305b, 410, 500, and 501, have at least one lecture each week. Some of the courses consist entirely of lectures. Those in systematic entomology, apicultural research, and investigations of life histories and controls are primarily laboratory subjects, and completing one of these courses or obtaining results on a particular project is left up to the individual student. That is, his progress is supervised by an instructor but the student has to use his own initia- tive to meet the requirements for credit. I Offered for graduate credit The seminar ill..(l ill‘ ('1: " ll {I’ll-1" l..{[‘..l 53 course enables students and faculty members to meet for the presentation of lectures by the individual class members on research projects and a variety of scientific subjects. Besides being a source of knowledge,the seminar enables better friendships or new friendships to be made. tudents in lecture courses are given periodic essay, objective, completion, or true and false examinations over the information they have obtained in the lecture room and from text assignments. In the laboratory sections of lec- ture courses, and in the laboratory courses themselves, examinations are given on the identification of insects. uaboratory tests often consist of labeling diagrams of insects. Essay and other tests are sometimes given. The laboratory sections of the different courses involve the "making of notebooks or drawings(which are accumulated in notebooks) identifying insects, doing spraying or dusting n the field or greenhouse, collecting insects, working in the apiary, or recording data. The most popular course is introductory entomology. The making of an insect col- lection in this course serves to familiarize the student with actual specimens of insects; hence giving a better appreciation of entomology. The following list presents the personnel (with their highest rank achieved and tenure dates) that have served the Michigan State College Department of Entomol- ogy, since 1930: l. Rufus H. Pettit (professor, 1897 - 1933) 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. '17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ‘34 Ray Hutson (professor, 1930 - to date) Eugenia I. McDaniel (associate professor, 1910 - 1949) Goodwin S. Tolles (instructor 1928 - 1932) Franklin T. Sherman, III (associate professor 1930 - to date) 2 James M. Merritt (graduate assistant 1930 — 1934) Nerwyn G. Farleman (instructor, 1930 - 1936) Charles B. Dibble (extension entomologist, 1927 - 1944) Curtis w. Sabrosky (assistant professor, 1935 - 1943) Walter 5. Morofsky (professor, 1927 - to date) Herbert E. Milliron (graduate assistant, 1936 - 193?) George A. Bradley (graduate assistant, 1937 - 1938) Frank T. Parmelee (graduate assistant, 1939 - 1940) Calvin E. Pederson (instructor, 1940 - 1949) Nelson Ging (graduate assistant, 1942 - 1943) Bruce Wilson (graduate assistant, 1942 - 1943) Herman L. King (associate professor, 1945 - to date) Byoji Namba (graduate assistant, 1947 — 1949) Ray L. Janes (associate professor and extension entomologist, 1945 - to date) Julius R. Hoffman (assistant professor, 1949 - to date) Leland Merrill,Jr. (assistant professor, 1949 - 1953) Gale R. Gleason, Jr. (graduate assistant, 1950 - 1953) Gordon B. Guyer (graduate assistant,(l950 - 1953; and instructor, April, 1954) George Noland (graduate assistant,(l953 - to date) 55 25. William S. Cath (graduate assistant, Sept., 1953 - to date) 26. Roland L. Fischer (assistant professor, Sept., 1953 - to date) 27. Russell H. Kelty (assistant professor, 1919 — 1929) In 1929, Professor nelty continued his tenure with the College as a member of the Horticulture Depart- ment. This change was brought about by the trans- fer of apiculture, the subject he taught, to the Horticulture Department in 1928. 28. Ethelbert C. Martin (assistant professor, 1950 - to date). An inspection of the foregoing list will reveal that, up to 1945, there were many short term tenures. This was due to individuals being offered more attractive positions elsewhere. ,Since 1930, the personnel situation in the Entomology Department has been one of continual replacement rather than addition which has been the case in many other departments on campus. The hiring of new staff members in 1945 (Herman L. King); in 1946 (Ray L. Janes); in 1949 (Julius R. Hoffman and Leland c. Merrill, Jr.); and in 1953 (Gordon E. Guyer) provided replacements and not additions to the total number on the entomology staff. Not until September, 1953, was there an actual "addition". This was Roland L. Fischer, a graduate of Kansas State College, / Manhattan, and a taxonomist, who holds the position of assistant professor. This addition was the first in almost 56 twenty-five years (since 1930). The list referred to above also indicates that five individuals (Rufus H. Pettit, Ray Hutson, Walter F. Morofsky, Eugenia I. McDaniel, and Franklin T. Sherman) were or have been associated with the Entomology Department for 15 years or longer. Professors Pettit and McDaniel were with the department 37 and 39 years, reSpectively. Table 1 presents data comparing numbers of total staff members in the Departments of Botany and Plant Pa- thology, Entomology, Horticulture, and Zoology for the years 1930 through 1953, and indicates a shortage of personnel in the Entomology Department. Besides classroom teaching of entomology, the entomol— ogy staff presents information on insects to the public in the following ways: 1. weekly radio programs on the Michigan State College 'Radio Station, WKAR. 2. annual conferences for the commercial pest control Operators and the insecticide-fungicide dealers of the State. 3. off-campus college extension and continuing ed- ucation courses in entomology. The Entomology Department also has contributed to television programs in the State and plans have been made for entomological programs on WKAR Television in 1954. In 1953, a survey among 2902 agricultural graduates of the Michigan State College indicated that of a total of 67 TABLE I NUMBER OF TOTAL STAFF MEMBERS EACH YEAR IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF BOTANY, ENTOHOLOGY‘ HORTICULTURE, AND ZOOLOGY FOR THE YEARS 1930 TO 1953 Botany and Plan; Pannolggy EntOQOLng Hogfilcy1§ur§ Zoologx 1930~31 13 6 10 5 1931-32 13 6 10 6 1932-33 12 6 10 6 1933-34 10 6 10 6 1934-35 10 6 10 7 1935-36 12 7 11 6 1936-37 12 7 11 6 1937-38 12 6 12 9 1938-39 14 6 14 10 1939-40 13 6 13 12 1940-HI 14 6 13 14 19u1—u2 14 6 13 16 1942-43 16 6 12 15 19a3-u4 15 h 10 9 1944-45 12 4 9 9 1945-46 13 4 10 7 l9h6-47 19 3 11 7 1947-#8 17 a 14 13 1948-49 17 a 14 13 19#9-50 23 7 20 »11 1950-51 23 \1 20 11 58 TABLE I “continued" Botany and Plant Pathology Entomology Horticulture Zoology 1951-52 16 :8 28 12 1952-53 26 8 34 13 1953-5u 26 9 33 1“ 1658 who had taken entomology, 8a percent (1362) believed that their entomological training was important in helping them in their jobs. Of 682 graduates who did not take entomology, 59 percent (#01) believed that entom010gy was important and would be helpful to them in their employment. None of the graduates surveyed had majored in entomology, botany, or zoology.l With the centennial anniversary Celebration in 1955 of the founding of Michigan State College, the teaching of entomology in Michigan and at the the Michigan State College will be almost one—hundred years old. The teaching of ento- m010gy and its application in Michigan has been an immeasur- ably great factor in the welfare of the residents of Michigan. A. The Michigan State College Biological Station In the interest of providing students with the Opportunity to study biology under natural conditions, the Michigan State College has endeavored since 1929 to establish a biological station. Between 1929 and 1939, summer instruction in the biological sciences was given at the Gull Lake—farm estate of W(ill) K. Kellogg, manu- facturer of cereals and philanthropist who died in 1951. In 1939, this activity was transferred to a former Civilian Conservation Corps Camp at Clear Lake, near Atlanta, Michigan. The studies at Clear I-ake were discontinued in 1941 because the United States Coast Guard took possession of the facil- ities for war—time training exercises. Since 1941, no summer biological station work has been done by the Michigan State College, but establishing a permanent biological station has been one of its goals. That goal will become a reality in June, 1954. In June, 1954 the Michigan State College will Open "The Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station." This Station is located on the estate of the late Mr. Kellogg at Battle Creek. In 1930, Mr. Kellogg had given Michigan State College 1500 acres of farm and forest land surrounding Gull Lake »near Battle Creek, and it has been this property that the College has striven to use for a biological station. Following World War II, the Kellogg Foundation gave Michigan State College Hr. n‘ellOgg's 32-acre summer estate at Gull bake. With the intensive efforts, since 1952, of Milton E. Muelder, Dean of the School of Science and Arts, and a 45,000 dollar grant from the Kellogg Foundation in 1953, a permanent biological station has been established by the Michigan State College. The monetary value of this Station is estimated to exceed 2,000,000 dollars. 60 The KellOgg Gull Lake Biological Station of Michigan State College is one of the most scenic and diversified biological stations in America. It will have of ices, lecture rooms, laboratories, and residence units on the 2-acre estate. accommodations will be available for 75 to 100 students. A staff of nine specialists will present courses in entomology, bacteriology, botany, fisheries, parasitology, zoology, and wildlife that will be of particular interest to elementary school teachers, and to undergraduate and grad- uate college students. Year-round research will be facil- itated. The director of the Gull Lake Station is Dr. Henrik J. Stafseth, Director of the Division of Biological Science at the Michigan State College. The Resident-Director is Dr. Walter F. Morofsky, Professor of Entomology at the Col- lege. Incidentally, Professor Morofsky was a staff member of the Michigan State College Biological Station when it was in Operation between 1929 and 1961. (The other members Of the 1929-19u1 Station were Dr. Joseph W. Stack, Zoologist, and Dr. Henry T. Darlington, Botanist). J ‘1' In" ‘I llllr I'. ‘II }l I} I IIIIIIII CHAPTER VI THE TEACHING 0F ENTOMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN, OTHER THAN AT THE STATE COLLEGE 0E MICHIGAN Evidence indicates that other colleges in Michigan have placed little emphasis on the teaching of entomology. Among thirty-eight senior and junior colleges and univer- sities in Michigan,1 excluding the Michigan State College, only eleven appear to have ever Offered a course devoted to the subject. These are (1) Adrian College, Adrian; (2) Alma College, Alma; (3) Central Michigan College of Education, Mount Pleasant; (Q) Emmanuel Missionary College, Berrien Springs; (5) Hillsdale College, Hillsdale; (6) Marygrove College, Detroit; (7) Northern Michigan College of Education, Marquette; (8) Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti; (9) Siena Heights College, Adrian; (10) UnIVer_ ° sity Of Detroit, Detroit; and (1) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. EntomolOgy also was taught at Battle Creek College, Battle Creek, which discontinued Operations in 1938.2 The Battle Creek College BiOIOgy Department gave its small inleoi collection to the Emmanuel Missionary College. Entomology at each of the foregoing schools (except at the Universities of Detroit and Michigan) has been limited to a general, introductory course. The University of Detroit occasionally offers a course in medical entomology. The University of Michigan, in addi- tion to introductory entom010gy, has offered a course on forest insects since about 1927. From 1920 to about 1950, much of the teaching of entomolOgy at the University of Michigan was done by Dr. Paul S. Welch. He also taught a course Of limnolOgy in which he directed the researches of many students interested in aquatic insects. The instruction in forest insects has been given continuously by Dr. Samuel A. Graham. In 1929, Dr. Graham published a textbook on fo est entomology3 that has been quite pOpular in American colleges. The third edition of the book is used as a text at the Michigan State College. Besides teaching general entomolOgy at its Ann Arbor campus, the University of Michigan offers the subject at an annual summer camp held at the University of Michigan Bio~ logical Station, Cheboygan. This Biological Station has been in Operation since 1909. It is situated at Douglas Lake; hence it is frequently referred to as the ”Douglas Lake Biological Station". The site has been particularly conducive to the study of aquatic and semi—aquatic insects, especially Hemiptera and Odonata. The following is a historical summary of the teaching of entomology at the University of Michigan biological Stationzs Entomology has been taught as a complete course since 1912. Prior to 1912, insects were included in a course called "Natural History of Invertebrate Animals". This course 63 Ivas taught in 1910 and 1911 by Dr. Arthur Sperry and Dr. Frank Smith, respectively. In 1912, a course called "Natural History of Insects“ (this title was retained until 1923) was taught by Professor Smith and Paul Welch. The (eourse was worth two credit—hours. In 1913 the course was ‘taught only by Dr. Welch. From 191% through 1918, entomology vvas taught by Dr. M. M. Ellis. The instruction was done . :1n.19l9 and 1920 by up. D. Stoner, and in 1921 by Mr. Zeno IEh Metcalf, and in 1922 by Dr. Robert Matheson. Since 1923, ‘Nhen entomology was made a four credit-hour subject and called "General Entomology", it has been taught by Professor 'Herbert B. Hungerford every summer except that of 1928. That year,Dr. Clarence H. Kennedy filled Professor Hungerford's position while the latter was in EurOpe. Besides almost thirty years of teaching at the Douglas Lake summer camp. IProfessor Hungerford has directed the research of numerous students and done considerable research himself. (Professor I‘Iungerford teaches Entomology at the University of Kansas, -Lewrence, during the regular school year). Publications ’ ceoncerning inSect research at the station are listed in a “Bibliography of Papers from the Biolog cal Station of the University of Michigan, 1909 — 19%." At present, besides Michigan State College, only iklma College, Emmanuel Missionary College, Michigan State l“'Ormal College, Northern.Michigan College of Education, UIliversity of Detroit, and the University of michigan, <312fer entomology regularly. A number of Michigan colleges 64 present instruction on insects in biology and invertebrate zoology courses.6 Some of the schools have done this for ruany years. Albion College, Albion, had done so since its <3harter in 1835, and is planning to offer a separate course fin.entomology at the Opening of its l95b - 55 school year.7 CPhe course will be taught by Miss Clara Dixon.8 The restricted SCOpe of entomology, especially its eeconomic aspects, in other colleges in Michigan is seemingly £1 result of the following factors: 1. A large variety of entomology courses offered at the Michigan State College - a curriculum that attracts the student interested in majoring in the subject. 2. Low enrollments in small Michigan Colleges. (At Albion College, a course devoted entirely to entomolOgy would probably result in overeXpansion.) 3. Concern with.medicalsciences and related and pre- paratory subjects in the metropolitan area of Detroit. "At the University of Detroit, entomology does not 'take' even when we design a course called 'Medical Entomology'.'9 h. Numerous colleges prepare their students primarily for teaching in the elementary grades; a general biology course is most suitable for their needs.10 5. Some colleges are religious in character; some of these are only for women. 65 6. Specialization of colleges in industrial sciences, business, commerce, liberal arts. 7. Small schools are unable to afford specially trained personnel for entomology only. This is well illus- trated by the fact that former or present heads of biolOgy departments or teachers of biology or zoology at Alma College, Battle Creek College, Central Michigan College of Education, Hope College, Michigan State Normal College, Northern Michigan College of Education and perhaps other colleges were actually professional entomologists. The names of some of these workers are: l. Jennings B. Hickman, Alma College, 2. Luther S. West, Battle Creek College and Northern Michigan College of Education, 3. LaVerne L. Curry, Central Michigan College of Education, h. Richard O. Malcomson, Central Michigan College of Education, 5. Irene F. Jorae, Central Michigan College of Education, 6. Oscar E. Thompson, HOpe College. One of the most interesting aspects of the teaching of entomology in Michigan concerns that done at the Cassidy Lake Michigan National Youth Administration Camp near Chelsea (close to Ann Arbor) between 1936 and 1940. Through the combined efforts of the Ann.Arbor Rotary Club, the National 66 Park Service, and the National Youth Administration (a Federal organization instituted in 1930 and Continued through the depression and up to 1943, through which monetary aid in the form of scholarships, fellowships, loans, and grants was provided college students throughout the United States) a camp was established at the Waterloo State Forest Preserve, at which young men between the ages of 18 and 21, who were unemployed and not in school, could obtain fundamental training and eXperience in occupations of their choice. High school and college courses were offered in numerous fields of en- deavor. The former courses were offered from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln and the latter courses from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Each youth was paid about 30 dollars a month, and board and room was about 19 dollars a month. The camp was under the direction of Orin W. Kaye, Michigan National Youth Administration Director. The entomology instruction included apiculture and the control of injurious insects. Both of these were a part of an "agricultural curriculum". CHAPTER VII AN ASSAY OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORMER STUDENTS OF ENTOMULOGY AT THE STATE COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN TO THE FIELD OF ENTONOLOGY 1. Albert John Cookl (Left in 1893) In addition to his pioneering activities in the field of entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College, which havebeen orwill be discussedinthis work, A. J. Cook gained an outstanding reputation for his leadership in ento- mology in California after going there in 1893. His leader- ship included the direction of Farmers Institutes, Farmers Clubs, and the Presidency for 18 years of the Claremont lbmological Club. It Was through the support of the latter organization that Cook promoted the scientific study of orchard problems and promoted the establishment of co- Operatives, insurance, and telephone lines for California farmers. In 1907, he instigated the study of hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation for citrus insects. As Professor of Biology at Pomona College, Claremont between 189# and 1912, A. J. Cook (and Charles F. Baker, a former student of Cook's at the Michigan Agricultural College) trained a number of students who later became prominent entomologists. In 1911, Professor Cook was appointed California State Commissioner or Horticulture. He served in this position until his death 68 in 1916. During his tenure as Commissioner, one of his most important accomplishments was that of obtaining a national quarantine law. '2. Clarence P. GilletteZ'B'“ (Left in 1888) C. P. Gillette was Entomologist of the Iowa State College Experiment Station, Ames, from 1888 to 1890. During those two years, he conducted experiments which showed that when lime was added to either Paris green or London purple, these arsenicals were less injurious to foliage. From 1891 to 1910, he was professor and head of zoology and entomology at the Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College, Fort Collins. From 1910 to 1932, he was Director of the Colorado State Experiment Station. Professor Gillette gained wide recognition for his systematic work on the Families Aphididae and Cicadellidae and the Order Orthoptera. 3. James ‘I‘roop5'6 (Left in 1882) James TrOOp became Professor and Head of Horti- culture and Entomology at Purdue University, LaFayette, Indiana. He served Purdue from 1884 to 1920. In 1912, he was placed in charge of a separate Department of Ento— mology at Purdue. From 1899 to 1907, Professor Tr00p was State Entomologist of Indiana. 4. Edward Ralph Lake7 (Left in 1888) E. B . Lake was a teacher of botany at the Oregon State College, Corvallis between the years 1886 to 1888 and 69 1897 to 1910. In 1910, he Joined the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., as a botanist. 5. Arthur Burton Cordley8 (Left in 1890) A.B. Cordley was an Assistant Entomologist at the University of Vermont, Burlington from 1890 to 1891; an Assistant Entomologist for the United States Bureau of Ento- mOIOgy, Washington, D.C. from 1891 to 1893; a professor of zoology and entomology at the Oregon State College, Corvallis from 1895 to 1907; Dean of Agriculture at the Oregon State College from 1907 to 1914. In 1914, he became Director of the Oregon State Experiment Station. 6. John Merton A1dr1oh9 (Left in 1890) J. M. Aldrich was a professor of zoology at the University of Idaho, Moscow from 1893 to 1913. He also 0 served as Entomologist for the Idaho State Experiment Station from 1893 to 1905. From 1913 to 1918, he served as an Assistant Entomologist for the United States Bureau of Entomology at LeFayette,Indiana where he studied flies that are injurious to grains and grasses. In 1918, the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. appointed him Custodian of Diptera, and in 1919 was made Associate Curator of the Division of Insects at the Museum. His publications on the Diptera brought him world recognition. The most famous of his works is “A Catalogue of North «10 American Diptera published in 1905. 1.4!. I " ‘II‘II‘ 1. III (I! ~{. 14.1" 7O 7. Clarence “. Weed11 (Left in 1884) C. M. Weed served as Assistant State Entomologist of Illinois from 1885 to 1887; Entomologist for the Ohio State Experiment Station, Wooster from 1888 to 1890; pro- fessor of zoology and entomology at the New Hampshire Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, Durham from 1901 to 1904; and Entomologist for the New Hampshire State Experiment Station from 1901 to 1904. he made numerous contributions to the knowledge of insect life-histories and the insecticidal control of insects. The Phalangiidae (Arachnida) of America and the relations of flowers and insects were his favorite subjects of study. 8. Ezra Dwight Sanderson12 (Left in 1897) E. D. SandersOn was Assistant State Entomologist of Maryland from 1898 to 1899. In the summer of 1899 he served in the same capacity for the United States Bureau of Ento- mology, Washington, D.C. From 1899 to 1902, he was employed as Entomologist at the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Dover and associate professor of 20010gy at Delaware College, Dover. From 1902 to 1904, he was State Entomologist for Texas and professor of entomology at the Texas Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, College Station. In 1904, Professor Sanderson went to the New Hampshire Agricultural and Mechanical College, Durham as professor of zoology. From 1907 to 1910, he was Director of the New Hampshire Experiment Station” From 1910 to 1915, he was Dean of the College of Agriculture of the West Virginia University, and I l .llllllu .J. .. i I Ill-II 1‘ III ‘5' II I 1.1 ‘1‘ .‘..’\ nt'll'l‘ (r.{-rllll.l\ Il‘llu. 71 from 1912 to 1915 Director of the West Virginia State Experiment Station._ While in West Virginia, Professor Sanderson developed an interest in rural sociology, and went to the University of Chicago to study the subject. From Chicago, he went to Cornell University, Ithaca, New York where he attained considerable eminence as a rural sociologist. In 1943, he retired from Cornell as a pro- fessor emeritus. He contributed a number of noteworthy publications to both the fields of entomology and sociology. 9. Charles Fuller BakerlB’lu'ls (Left in 1891) C. F. Baker was employed as an entomologist and zoologist by the Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College, Fort Collins from 1892 to 1897; by the Alabama Polytechnic institute, Auburn, and the Alabama State Experiment Station from 1897 to 1899; by Pomona College, Claremont, California from 1903 to 1904 and 1908 to 1912; by the Cuban Experiment Station, Santiago from 1904 to 1907; and the University of the Philippine Islands, Los Banos, Laguna from 1912 until his death in 1927. As a teacher of entomology at Pomona College, ---- "he accomplished a remarkable piece of work at that insti- tution----his influence upon students was very unusual and he stimulated the most backward to produce surprising results. EntomolOgy at once forged ahead of all other biological sciences-~--During his four year stay there he inspired, trained and sent out a fairly large group of biologists in consideration of the small size of the institution at that time".16 In the Philippine Islands, Baker's principal activity was the organization and management of a College of agricul~ ture of the University of the Philippines. From 1918 to 1927, he was Dean and Professor of TrOpical Agriculture at that institution. As a hobby, Professor Baker made a mycolOgical and entomolOgical survey of the Philippine Archipelago, North Borneo, bingapore, and Penang. Eieldmen were sent out at his own eXpense to make collections, and insect specimens were sent to 115 specialists throughout the world for iden- tification. The insect portion of his work was called "Entomologica “alayana”. ---~"He brought tOgether what is undoubtedly the greatest collection of Malayan insects that has ever been assembled, ---—”.17 At his death, frofessor Baker had over 300,000 specimens of insects in his personal collection and an unknown number were in the hands of spe~ cialists. The Baker insect collection was deposited in the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., in 1928. 10. Fred H. Hillman (Left in 1891) F. H. Hillman was a professor of entomology at the Nevada State University, Reno, beginning in 1891. 11. Frank J. Niswander (Left in 1889) F. J. Niswander was employed at the Wyoming State Experiment Station between 1891 and 1892. He was also a professor of entomolOgy at the University of Wyoming, Cheyenne. 73 12. Gager C. Davis (Left in 1896) G. C. Davis was Consulting Zoologist for the Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Station from 1893 to 1896. 13. Edward Clarence Green (Left in 1897) E. C. Green was employed for some time by the Illinois State Experiment Station, Champaign-Urbana. Numerous other students who have studied entomology at the-Michigan State College have performed important activities in entomology or have made excellent contributions to the field of entomolOgy. Much of this information is diffiCult to locate. For a list of those students who have obtained advanced degrees in entomology (and the titles of their theses) at the Michigan State College, the reader is referred to the appendix of this work. CHAPTER VIII COLLECTORS AND COLLECTING A. The Beginning of Egtomological Collecting in Michigan Insects probably were first collected in Michigan for scientific purposes by French Jesuits who wrote scattered accounts of Michigan fauna and flora in reports sent to their Canadian superiors.1 These reports were written between 1632 and 1672 and were titled, "Relation de ce qui s'est passe en la Nouvelle France". Actually, little is known concerning the collection of insects and other natural objects in Michigan prior to 1837 when Michigan was admitted to the Union. EurOpean entomologists had received American insects but few labels for these give any information as to the exact collection locality or collector. The famous travelers, Jonathan Carver,2 Alexander Henry,3 Peter Kalm,“ 5 and Isaac Weld, who visited the Great Lakes Region between 1760 and 1800 and recorded valuable information on its fauna and flora, might have been among the first who took insects to Europe. The following evidence indicates that Thomas Say (1787 - 183“), "Father of American Entomology”, probably collected insects in Michigan: 1. locality labels for some of his insects bear the following inscriptions: 75 6 a. "inhabits near Lake Erie and Indiana", b. "I obtained this species on the rocky coast of Lake Superior", 0. "found on the coast of Lake Superior" 8 2. apparently Stephen H. Long's second expedition to find the sources of the Minnesota River in 1823, on which Thomas Say served as zoologist, recon- noitered at Mackinac, Michigan.9 Organized interest in the collection of insects and other natural objects in Michigan for scientific pur- poses appears to have occurred for the first time in 1837 when the first State Legislature authorized the appointment of a State Geologist and appropriated funds for a Michigan Geological Survey.10 This survey was undertaken immediately by Dr. Douglass Houghton, Detroit physician and naturalist, who was appointed State Geologist in the same year. A Department of Zoology and Botany, directed by Dr. abram‘ Sager, was a part of the Survey. In 1838, a reorganization of the geological survey instituted a separate Department of Zoology headed by Dr. Sager. In lBhO, the zoological, and botanical studies of the Survey were abolished by the Legislature. In 1845, after the death of Dr. Houghton, the Geological survey itself was abolished and was not reactivated until 1859. From 1859 to 1869 the Survey was conducted with— out remuneration by Dr. Alexander Winchell, Chair of Geology, University of Michigan.- In 1869, through the demands of 76 numerous Michigan residents the Survey was put on a per- manent basis and it remained in this status until 1921. From 1869 to 1921 it was called the "Michigan Geological and Biological Survey", but few funds were devoted to bio- 10gical studies. In 1921 the biological survey was absorbed by the Michigan State Department of Conservation which was created that year. In 1906, A. Franklin Shull, a zoologist at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, was engaged as an entomolOgist by the biological survey. In 1908, Dr. Alexander Ruthven, another zoolOgist at the Univer- sity of Michigan Museum of Zoology, (1906 - 1929) and later President of the University (1929 - 1951) was appointed chief naturalist of the biological survey to start an inventory of the biota of the State. Dr. Ruthven remained, chief naturalist until 1913. Even after 1908, the biological survey received few funds for its studies. It was primarily through private contributions that biology received attention. The following individuals were among those who contributed funds: (1) H. M. Kauffman,AnnArbor§ (2) William B. Mershon, Saginaw; (3) George Shiras, Washington, D.C.; (4) Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit; and (5) Peter White, Marquette, Through close c00peration with the biological survey for many years, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology received all the zoological specimens collected by the Survey.. The specimens have been the object of numerous published papers, many of which are in the 77 proceedings of scientific organiZations at whose meetings the papers have been presented. B. E S 2 a d Content of Insect Cgllegtjons 1. By Individuals Having an Official Biological Status In 1850, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, Chair of Zoology and Geology of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, published an account of the natural history of Lake Superior11 which contained a catalog on.insects collected by himself, John L. LeConte (American Coleopterist) and a party of students and naturalists on the n0rthern.and eastern shores of Lake Superior in l8u8. The catalog,12 prepared by John L. LeConte, includes descriptions of new species and a comparison of the distribution of numerous species in the Lake Superior Region and Europe. All the insects had been collected between June 15 and August 25. It is interesting to note that on its way to the Lake Superior Region, the Agassiz party went from Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, and then proceeded through Lakes St. Blair and Huron to Mackinac Island and Sault Ste,Marie. Perhaps some collecting was done at points in Michigan. The first extensive collecting of insects in Michigan by a resident of the State was probably that done by Albert John Cook, Professor cf Entomology (1867 - 1893) at the Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing. Professor Cook's appreciation of systematic entomology and the need for a reference collection of insects for teaching, led to his collecting a considerable number of insects in the vicinity of Lansing. In July and August 1905, beetle collecting was a part of a University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. The collecting was done by Charles C. Adams, Dr. H. A. Gleason, and B. F. Savey. Eightyanine Species of beetles were obtained. A report on the Isle Royale Ecological 13 Survey presents the ecolOgy of the island beetle fauna (a total of 206 species in 1908), notes on the distribution of the beetles in the United States, and a complete catalog of the Isle Royale beetles up to 1908. In 1906, a survey of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects was made at Walnut Lake, Oakland County, by Pro- fessor James G. Needham, Lake Forest University, Illinois, and Dr. A. F. Shull, University of Michigan. The collections of these two workers were a part of a Michigan State Bio- logical Survey of Walnut Lake diredted by Thomas L. Bankinson, biology instructor at the Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti. The survey was conducted from April 3 to August 30. In the summers of 1910 and 1911, the University of Michigan Museum of ZoolOgy, in co-operation with the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, made an investigation of the fauna and flora of the Charity Islands in Saginaw Bay. The funds for this project were provided by William B. Mershon, lumbernan and former mayor of Saginaw, (1894 - 95). 79 The Charity Islands ( the largest -650 acrcg)WCTC of bio~ logical interest because they evidently have had no connection with the mainland since glacial times (the biota reaching tfluelslands over a mass of water 8 — 10 miles wide) and were frequented by a number of species of migratory birds. The personnel surveying the Charity Islands consisted of: (l)W. W. Newcomb (Lepidoptera); (2)A. W. Andrews (Coleopterz); (3) Frederick Gaige (Hymenoptera-ants); (4) N. A. Wood (vertebrates); and C. K. Dodge (plants). Mr. A. w. Andrews collected from June 19 to 26 and on July 16 and 17, 1910. He obtained about 10,000 specimens and 623 species of beetles and made records of their habitats and hosts. The Charity Island field work was done without any remuneration except expenses. All the results of the Survey have been published by each author under the common title "Results of the Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, Lake Huron”. In the summer of 1913 and 1914, through the financial assistance of George Shires, former Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1892 - 1903), the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology made a biological reconnaissance of the Whitefish Point Region (Chippewa County) in the Upper Peninsula. The entomological activities of the Shires Expedition, as the reconnaissance was called, were pursued by A. W. Andrews. In 1913, he collected insects in all orders. 80 This general collection was made between June 30 and July 2. In 1914, Mr. Andrews devoted his attention to ColeOptera only. Collections were made between July 19 and August 3, and over 900 species of beetles were obtained. In 1919, Dr. Theodore H. Hubbell, zoologist of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, thoroughly surveyed the Warren Woods Reserve in Berrien County for Orthoptera (a reconnaissance was also made for Orthoptera in Benzie, Calhoun, Washtenaw, Wayne, Oakland, and Jackson counties and in the Hughitt-Rawson Preserve on Thousand Island Lake and around Watersmeet. Over 3,500 OrthOptera were added to the Museum. In the summer of 1922, Melville H. Hatch, a student at the University of Michigan and presently Professor of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, made a beetle survey of Charlevoix County for the Michigan State Depart- ment of Conservation, Lansing. This study was part of a land and economic survey, and included Beaver and Uarden Islands (the land and economic survey itself was the first ever undertaken in Michigan), The survey was limited to Charlevoix County and was begun in 1922 and terminated in 1923). Between August 22 and September 11, 580 species of Coleoptera were collected. 2. By Individuals Having a Biological Status In 1874, 1876, and 1877, Messrs. Harvey G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz of Detroit made extensive collections of 81 Coleoptera in Michigan. The 187U collectivns were made on the shores of Lake Erie near Monroe and along the shores of the Detroit h'iver and Lake Huron in the vicinity of IDetroit. Those of 1876 and 1877 were made along the southern shore of Lake Superior and on lsle Royale, Lake Superior. The southern Michigan collections yielded 1,755 Species. One hundred and seventeen species alone were found on Isle Royale. In 1888, the Hubbard-Schwarz insect collection "---- unexcelled for its wealth of material in the was families containing small species - Clavicornia, Serricornia and some families of Rhynchophora".ll+ Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz were "excellent collectors - perhaps unequaled in this country - and an intimate knowledge of the habits of Species, with extreme patience in working out the minute -forms have made their collection a valuable one“.15 The private collecting done by Hubbard and Schwarz has been followed by innumerable private collections and surveys. All of these collectors have contributed enor- mously to entomology in Michigan and to the whole field. Unfortunately,it is impossible to record the details of each collector‘s work here. "The following data has been assembled by this writer concerning the entomological collecting of three prominent amateurs in Michigan: 8. Since 1932, Dr. Robert R. Dreisbac.h,a chemist at the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, has been making a 82 survey of all the insects of Michigan. He also has been listing all the published records on Michigan insects. Dr. Dreisbach has "passed 15,300 as the number of different species found and collected in Michigan".16 He has about 250,000 insects collected in Michigan, and has collected in every county in the State. "If you take the number of insects listed for each county: and add them together, there are now close to 70,000 records".l7 Dr. Dreisbach also has surveyed the Hymenoptera of Michigan and has 2700 identified Species. His beetle collection amounts to about 25,000 specimens. About 8500 Species of these beetles are indigenous to Michigan. Since about 1933, Dr. Dreisbach has collaborated with Mr. Curtis W. Sabrosky, former Assistant Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing and now an entomologist at the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., and Mr. George Steyskal (Dipterist), Grosse Ile, Michigan, in a survey of the Diptera of Michigan. Records have been kept for each county and 3300 species have been listed. b. Another diligent collector of Michigan insects is Mr. J. H. Newman, South Lyons. He he! pursued the study of Lepidoptera since 19#1 and possesses about 10,000 speci- mens. The majority of theSe are from the middle and northern tiers of counties. Mr. Newman is presently compiling an index of individual species. Collection dates and county records are an important part of this index. 83 0. One of the most prominent students of Diptera in Michigan is George Steyskal, Gross 113, He started his work on flies in 1933 and in 1938 started specializing in the Acalyptrates. At present he has about 10,000 specimens of Diptera from Michigan and other localities. C. Insect Collections at Colleges and Museums 1. Michigan State College 8. Personnel, Donations, Content and $12; The insect collection at the Michigan State College had its origin in 1867 when Professor Albert John Cook started teaching entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College. In 1871, Professor Cook placed the first insect cabinets in the college museum and by 1878 he alone had contributed 1158 local species. Throughout his tenure (1867 - 1893), Professor Cook, his students, and friends of the college made noteworthy additions to the insect collection. -Students under Professor Cook got so enthu— siastic about insect collecting that after they left the College, they sent numerous specimens to the College Col- Iection. Insects were received from all parts of the United States‘and the world. The student donations were prin. ’oipa11y from Clarence M. Weed, Howard E. Weed, Clarence P. Gillette, Charles F. Baker, and Gager C. Davis. The largest gift from outside the college was presented in 1889 by Michigan Senator James McMillan of Detroit. “This gift consisted of the Fred Tepper Collection of 12,000 lacro- lepidoptera and the Austin Collection of 40,000 Coleoptera. 84 Over 10,000 Species were in these two collections. Between 1877 and 1880,H£rvey'Hubbard, noted Coleopterist of Detroit, had donated a considerable number of Coleoptera to the College. Professor Cook also exchanged specimens with Mr. Hubbard. In 1890, other gifts made the Michigan Agricultural College collection one of the best college collections in the United States. These additions were: 8 1. a collection of Hemiptera from the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. (through the courtesy of Charles V. Riley). 2. a collection of Miorolepidoptera from the American Museum of Natural History, New York- 3. a collection of Orthoptera from Dr. Lawrence Bruner of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. #. a collection of Lepidoptera from Dr. Eugene I Davenport (an 1878 graduate of the College) of the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. JBetween 1891 and 1896, Gager C. Davis, as a student (1891 - 1892)and Consulting Zoologist of the Experiment Station ace, and more room for the preparation of insects for the collection. When Professor Pettit took charge of the Entomolog IDeepartment in 1906, he began transferring the insects in the Ccollection to small, soft blocks of wood. These blocks Were placed in "Harvard" insect boxes. This new arrangement Frt Michigan State followed that at Cornell University, Ithaca, “saw York, where Professor Pettit studied entomology. Although Professor Pettits' system permitted the Ifxpid interpolation of new insects in the collection without eJitcessive disturbance to many insects, the loose blocks WEEre responsible for much breakage. In 1934, when Professor Ray Hutson became head of idle Entomology Department, he instituted the use of card- 1X>ard pinning trays for the collection. Professor Eugenia McDaniel, with the aid of departmental staff members and students, spent considerable time transferring the insects 90 from the blocks to the trays. In 19b9, the insect collection and the Entomoloey Department were moved to spacious quarters in the newly constructed Natural Science Building. During the early years of entomology at the Michigan agricultural College, the insect collection proper appears to have been used considerably for teaching. Prior to 1889, its small size and its holdings of common, easily replaceable insects adapted it for this purpose. at the present time, it is not used extensively for elementary instruction but functions as a research and reference col- _ lection. The age of the specimens has made them fragile and there are numerous mtypgafi,"holotypea", etc; therefore only the most competent peOple have access to the collection. This writer does wish to emphasize that the collection is ‘ always available for inspection by anyone interested in insects. A decrease in the stress on systematic work done in the department, as compared to the large amount years ago, also accounts for less use of the insect collection preper for teaching nowo At present, elementary instructional work is done with "teaching collections" in which many specimens are frequently replaced. The identifications of replacements are verified by reference to the Michigan State College Insect Collection which has just been discussed. 91 2. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology lnsects received little attention at the University of Michigan until Dr. Alexander Ruthven beenme Curator of the Museum of Zoology in 1906 and started building a more complete museum. The insect collection presently numbers over 2,000,000 specimens.22 The number of species is un— known. Excellent synoptic collections of all orders are present but the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, OrthOptera, and Tipuloidea are best represented. The Udonata are especially outstanding. -The Family Cicadidae and scattered families in the Diptera and HymenOptera are strong. “The size and content of the collection provide excellent Opportunities for taxonomic and ecological studies. The history of the insect collection is extensive and would take considerable time to investigate thoroughly; therefore this writer does not have much to record about it here. 'lt is known that many purchases and gifts of various private collections account considerably for the size of the collection. This writer surmises that the large number of gifts in this collection compared to the few in the Michigan State College Collection may be due to the fact that workers at the University of Michigan seem always to have taken a greater part in the activities of the Michigan Academy of Science than those at the State College; there— fore, the close friendships made, the whereabouts of private insect collections learned, and the needs of the () Q Uriiversity expressed in Academy meetings may have resulted iri purchases and gifts, often of magnificent size and C(xntent. Neglect on the part of entomolOgy faculty members {it the Michigan State College to attend meetings of the Plicflmhgu11wafmw'of Science is believed to be due to the vieacessity of these workers having to spend considerable ‘tigne at numerous agricultural meetings to dispense or lfiearn details pertaining to the control of economically irnportant insects. Some of the most noteworthy contributors to the ‘Jriiversity of Michirrn.lnsect Collection (with their major <34u1tribution, if known to this writer) have been: 1. E. B. Williamson - 0donata 2. F. M. Gaige - Hymenoptera — ants 3. b. A. Graham eForest insects 4. T. H. Hubbell - Orthoptera and Dermaptera (present Curator of the Division of Insects) 5. J. Speed ROgers ~Tipulidae (present Director of the Mus sum) 6. Ada Ulson 7. I. J. Cantrell - OrthOptera and Dermaptera 8. J. J. Friauf - Orthoptera 9. Arthur N. undrews - ColeOptera 10. C. 0. Berg - aquatic insects (Diptera) 11. Lewis Berner 12. F. Carpentier ()3 1). P. E. ilOQLJ‘y 14. Sherman noore - tepiGOptera l5. John H. Newman - uepidOptern lo. Raul T. Rihers .L'r'. Sidney Shapiro H E C. U tinson 19. Erank H. Young 20. L. d. Gloyu - 0donata 21. H. h. Gloyd - insccus in general 22. n. c. Ulson 2}. w. F. Blair 24. George Steyskel - 1Jipters 25. Millium W. hewcomb - Lepidoptera 26. Melville H. ‘stch - Scleoptere 2?. Jennings H. Hickmpn - Coleoptera (Heliplidee) 2?. A. Franklin bhull — Coleoptere 29. William Irwin - mosquitoes (Diptera) 3U. Aleyander Rutbven 31. Carl Ubrecht - Gulicidae 32. Paul WBICh - aquatic LepidOptera 3. The UTHLd Rapids Public Museum This collection consists of about 2,109 species of 'Lefibidoptera, most of which have been collected in the v1 . . r 1 23 .- . ~ , . 1 _ , _ (Binity of brand Rapids. A few are from foreign countries, eggpecially South America and India. Nothing has been added tc’ the collection since about 1914. A shortage of displey SIHiCR run: resulirxi In the “any 0 f 94 stornge of the collection. the stored insects have been ruined «)1‘ CHTTE. by the 1.520% The museum dues possess several hundred Riker ruounts of economiCJllp important insect<. Une importwnt service of the museum, on unususl one for a museum, consists of providing the public with suggestions for insect The control. Director of the Grand Rapids Public Museum is Dr. Frank L. Du Mend. a. Michigan State College Museum This museum, under the directorship of Professor Joseph W. Stock, is preparing 8 display of colorful "Insects of I". ichigsn" . .i... . Ill! l i 1' l i Al I ll .llII III/l C[.[I1 CHAPTER IX CO—UPEHATIVS SURVEY aid) (Ii‘llJ’l‘ROL. PROGRAMS . l A, Japz‘me’sg fleetle - P01) liggéikalmrjen hevzvzi'gl One of the most determined survey and cantrol programs for an injurious insect in I‘iichiggan and numerous other states has been that directed toward the Japanese Beetle, a very serious pest of about 250 kinds of vegetable, field crop, grass, nursery, flower, shrub, and deciduous and small fruit plants. This insect, having entered the United States in shipments of Japanese Iris in the vicinity of Biverton, New Jersey about the summer of 1911, had established itself well throughout a fifty~square-mile area of Riverton by 1921, and had begun spreading tn various Eastern States. By 1932, despite a strict Federal Quarantine imposed in New Jersey, in 1019, forbidding the interstate transport of uncertified farm produce and nursery stock, important infestations of the beetle occurred in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia and Washirgton, D.C. Even dis ant points in Maire, new Hampshire, Vermont, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio and Michigan had recorded the presence of the beetle by 1932. The following is a summary of the survey and control programs for the Japanese Beetle in Michigan: 1| lllll i I I 96 Surveys for the Japanese Beetle have been conducted annually in Michigan since 1930. Chemical control programs have been undertaken annually since 1936. All survey and control programs have occurred in the Lower Peninsula.2 Furthermore, they have been persucd co-operatively by the Michigan State Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantinc' at Washington, D.C., and numerOus communities. This co- operative method of survey and control is believed to be the only one of its kind presently being conducted in the United States.3 The co-Operntive program, being of such long duration, "stands aseagood example of harmony between local, federal, and state governments."u l. Surveys The surveys have been done principally by trap scouting. .This method consists of setting standard Japanese Beetle Trapss at desired trapping sites. Some survey work has been accomplished through the direct observation of beetles or grubs in infested areas. Traps have been set in over twenty-six communities. Detroit has been the only locality to have traps in operation every year. Traps have been placed there since 1932. The number of traps set in any one community has ranged from 50 to 8,000. The latter number of traps were set in.Detroit in 1953. Trapping Operations have been undertaken between June 3 and August 31, the average continuous trapping time ()7 beirg one month. All traps have teen provided by the United States Bureau of EntOHJIOby and Flnbt Quarantine.' Funds for the setting and removal of traps have always been in— cluded with control expenditures. In 1951, 1952, and 1953, total evpenditures by the state and communities averaged about 18,000 dollars annually.6 For the Japanese Beetle surveys (and control probrams), the state has been diVided into two districts. District 1 covers the area west of the United States Highway 27 and District 2 covers the area east of the same highway. Each district has its own supervisor. 'fhe presence of the Japanese Beetle in Michigan was first recorded in 1932 at Detroit when eight beetles were trapped in the vicinity of the Michigan Central Railroad Depot and the New York Central Railroad Rigght-Of-way.7’8 Although the first Japanese beetle traps in Michigan had been placed at Dearborn in 1930, no beetles were caught there until 1936. In 1933, 193b, and 1°35, traps placed in Detroit on scattered premises in the area of the cetches in 1932 attracted four, ten, and twenty-three beetles re— spectively. all but two of these catches consisted of single I be tles. The largest number of beetles trapped in any one community since 1932 has been 3,042. These were caught in Detroit in 19u7. This number was 3,11“. Eor a summary of the number of Japanese Beetles trapped in Michigan since 1936, the reader is referred to Table II. Two of the most interesting items about the Japanese Beetle Survey in Michigan are: (1) Because of a heavy l.i. I’ll. I In" .l-l I l '[ivl 98 oanwaaabw non damn i ma mo NH 3m 0m ma m: mm mm mdom mm NH mod 3N HA mm mm mm om mm UNI—l mmm mmm mHH mm H um \0 w mNH H xm¢m QzHm owHazom zoummmas mamazH>qmz xmzm zqooqu oom:31ngj program 1": r; instituted in southwestern Michigan in 1953. This resulted in Michigan having more traps set in 1953 than in any pre— vious year. The trapping ares included the territwry between new Buffslo on the west, Sturgis 3n the east, and the Indians Border. (2) at u public hearing on the Eederel Japanese Beetle Quarantine at Washington D.C., in 1951, Mr. C. A. Boyer, Chief of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry, was successful in preventing the quarantine from being im- posed on Michigan. 2. Controls Excluding the use of traps for surveys begun in 1930, the first control measure of any kind instituted in Michigan egeinst the Japanese Beetle is believed to have been the placement of a United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Inspector at Detroit in 1935 to do tran- sit inspection For the Japanese Beetle and the EurOpesn Corn Borer, Pyrsustq nubilalis Hubner,snd to supervise the trap— ping of Japanese Beetles. Although the Federal Government hnd released 352 colonies of s hymenopterous parasite, Tgphig vernglis Roh.,of the Japanese Beetle between 1926 and 1934,10 it is not known whether why were liberated in Michigan. The first insecticidal control pr05rnm in Michigan for the Japanese Beetle was begun in Detroit on April 30, 1936.11 This prOgrsm consisted of spraying eighteen tons 101 of lead arsenate, at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre, on suspected grub—infested soil in the vicinity of the Hichignn Central H ilroad Depot and the New York Central Railroad Right— ofvway. The spraying was completed on June 3. ht the height of Operations, the spraying involved seventy-sir laborers and fourteen spray trucks. The majority of the funds for the lead srsenate, labor, and rental of trucks supple- menting those operated by the City of Detroit were furnished by the Federsl Works Progress Administration of Detroit. The results of this program, and those of similar programs under— taken in four other states, were described as "Satisfactory treating prOgrans --—- adequately protected non-infested sections from secondary dissemination of the pest from these detached points.".12 The 1936 programs were prompted by the fact that a Federal Quarwntine could be avoided by such action; for by 1935, beetle inspection posts had already been established as far west as the Pennsylvania-Ohio Bound— ary. The necessity of a possible quarantine along the borders of Michigan is illustrated by the fact that in 1915, the soil of a single plvnt being transported from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Inkster, Michigan contained twelve lervae of the Japanese Beetle.l3 The trapping of 128 Japanese Beetles in the vicinity of the Detroit Produce Terminel in 1956, emphasized the impor- tance of continuing soil treatments. Besides lesd arsenate, DDT and Chlordane have been used. DDT was first used in lQuU. 102 The use oflfln}, the noted World War II insecticide was begun after eXperimental evidence indicated that one pound of the insecticide protected peaches from Japanese Beetle injury 14 for six wee?s. The use of Chlordane began in 1952. In- secticidal applications have been mwde in almost all the comnunities which have had traps set fur the Japanese Beetle. Treatments have consisted primarily of soil applicati>ns in the vicinity of traps attracting one or more beetles. The largest acreage treated in any one year was #65. This oc- curred in 1950. Three hundred and one acres were sprayed with a mist blower that year and 164 received soil appli- cations. The community having the largest number of acres treated in any year,and the largest total acres treated.is Detroit. The former occurred in 1950 when 200 acres were sprayed with a mist blower and 35.5 acres were soil treated. The latter totaled about 890 acres. The largest soil treat— ment project in Detroit any year was 103 acres. This was in 1953. To date the Japanese Beetle in Michigan has been kept under control well by insecticides. Another control measure for the Japanese Beetle in Michigan,since 1935ghas consisted of a road blockade Operated at a truck weighing station at Erie, Pennsylvania for the inspection of shipments of farm produce and nursery stock, A member of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry has been poste. at Erie annually to do inspection. Although the United States Bureau of Entomology and 103 1711Q1T ufilnl‘nrrtiiie livxl {1t1_921pll°fl t};e .ust- }»1‘,:}nnq;lp ()f :mllflnsiderable alarm among officials of the United States Bureau of Entomology; and in 1921 the Bureau established a field laboratory at Snndusky, Ohio to study means of combating the borer. Between 1921 and 192u, the corn borer spread through- out Southeastern Michigsn, northern Ohio, and northwestern Pennsylvania. In l92h, the borer inhabited over 2,000 square miles of Michigan.20 On.June 2, 1925, in addition to a Federal Quarantine imposed in 1917 to prevent the inter—state transit of borer- th infested corn, the Michigan Department of Agriculture initiated an intra-state quarantine. “1 This was pursuant to similar action taken in other states. The quarantine affected all or parts of the following counties: Monroe, Wayne, hacomb, St. Clair, LaPeer, Huron, Sanilac, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Lenawee. In addition, the same year, the Michigan Legis- lature furthered the efforts of controlling and preventing the Spread of the corn borer by passing Act Number 196, Public Acts of 1925 which authorized regulatory and quarantine measures for the insect. This act became effective May 6. Section 6 of the Act provided for an appropriation of 25,000 dollars for each of the fiscal years 1926 and 1927 for corn borer control. By virtue of Act 196, on July 1925, the Bureau .Of Plant Industry issued the following directive: Field or silage cornstalks must be cut as low as possible, not to exceed six inches in height and should be removed from the field soon after, if possible. If impracticable to cut conrnstalks at the before mentioned height, such stalks, must be broken off at a level with the soil sur- face during the winter, using preferably a heavy pole or metal rail for that purpose, then raked into windrows and burned. Sweet cornstalks must be cut at a height not to exceed two inches, within two weeks after the ears are harvested, removed from the field, and fed direct to live-stock, or made into silage, or shredded, or burned, or plowed under while green. All cornstalks, corn cobs and other corn remnants, not including silage, remaining on premises must be destroyed by burning on or before May 15 of each year; there fore, these corn- stalks, corn cobs, and other corn remnants unless finely shredded, should be kept separate from manure piles and away from barnyards. Recommendations were also set forth for the cutting of corn before September 20, plowing under of corn stubble prior to May 15, and burning<1f stalks and cobs. 105 Continued synwruitof the corn.borww'jhnxnpted the United States Bureau of Entomology to establish a field station, a sub-laboratory of the corn borer headquarters at Arlington, Massachusetts, at Monroe, Michigan in 1926. This field station had its offices in a two story, wooden—frame house located at 308 West Elm Street. The corn borer aborutory remained at Monroe until July 1, 1932. Its activities were directed by Mr. Phillip Luginbill. The work done by the Monroe laboratory, all of which was done in co-operation with the Michigan State College, consisted of conducting educational programs among the public concerning the life history, habits and control (by sanitation and other cultural practices) of the corn borer, breeding varieties of hybrid corn resistant or tolerant to the borer, conducting surveys for borers, and liberating insect parasites for the biological control of corn borers. The personnel from Michigan State College who conducted studies for the Monroe Laboratory were:23 (1) Charles B. Dibble, extension specialist in entomology, .1927 - 194#; (2) Walter F. Morofsky, instructor of entomology, 1927—5 (3) Andrew Braidwood, student, 1928; and (4) Goodwin S. Tolles, instructor of entomology, 1928 - 1931. In 1928, Mr. Kenneth Arbuthnot, an instructor of entomology at Michigan State in 1926 and 1927, resigned to work for the Federal Gov- ernment on the corn borer at Monroe. Mr. Russell Marston was in charge of plant breeding at the Monroe Laboratory. ' On February 23, 1927, Congress appropriated 10,000,000 dollars for corn borer eradication work in the United States.2u 106 In the heavily infested states of Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, corn growers were directed "to clean up all corn debris existing on their premises."25 For their efforts, growers were reimbursed at the rate of two dollars an acre.26 This project, supervised by the Bureau of Entomology which had headquarters at Toledo, Ohio, began March in, 1927 and terminated July 2, 1927.27 Eradi- cation measures were taken by 300,000 farmers on 2,000,000 acres of corn land located in 6# counties extending 350 linear miles from New York to Indiana.28 Counts of corn borers made immediately after the close of this campaign indicated that about 95 percent of the borers had been destroyed.29 Despite the campaign of 1927, infestations of the corn borer increased and, by 1929, the insect had spread to within 30 miles of Illinois. HOpe no longer remained for the complete eradi- cation of the corn borer in the United States. In 1936, results of a survey financed by the Federal Works Administration indicated that twenty-eight townships .in Michigan were newly infested with borers.30 By 1951, the corn borer was present in 1,456 counties in thirty-seven states)2 Losses to the insect in 1951 were estimated at 35,812,000 bushels of corn worth approximately fifty-seven million dollars.31 0. stsshcnnens Prior to 1934, little was recorded concerning grass- hOpper outbreaks and their control in Michigan. Reasons for 107 this are: (1) the United States Entomological Commission (1877 - 1880), in its study of grasshopper outbreaks, did not record much about grasshoppers in Michigan;32 and (2) heavy rainfall tends to prevent increases of grasshoppers;33 hence, Michigan, usually having an annual rainfall of 25 to 30 inches, does not commonly have severe outbreaks of grass- hoppers. , The grasshOppers, Qamnnlg pglluglda (Scudder),. Melanoplus diggerentiglig Thomas, E, hizittannfi Say, fl. femorgtgg (Burn), .11. W (Sause),£’l_. W (neceer), 21W sanguine (Lime), and W sordidug (Burm.) have been the primary cause of grasshopper' outbreaks in Michigan.3u Before 1934, grasshopper control in the United States was financed wholly by individual states or communities.35 In Michigan, provision for the control of grasshoppers was first made in 1919 when the Legislature passed Act 6, Public Acts of 1919, which authorized county and township supervisory boards to devote funds to the control of grasshoppers and other insect pests. In 1921, Act 358, Public Acts of 1921,_ provided for the reimbursement of counties and townships to the extent of one—half of the sums spent by them for such control. In 1931, following a severe outbreak of grasshOppers in several western states, officials from the affected states and the United States Bureau of Entomology met at Sioux City, Iowa to discuss Federal-State grasshopper control with' g 108 anticipated appropriations from Congress. An agreement was reached that co-operative action would be more beneficial than individual state efforts. In 1933, after a grasshopper egg survey in six western states indicated the possibility of a severe grasshopper out- break in 1934, Congress appropriated 2,354,893 dollars for grasshopper control.36 Not only did a severe infestation of grasshoppers occur in 1934 in the states surveyed in 1933 but one also occurred inMichigan.37 From 1934 through 1949, annual recurrences of moderate to large grasshopper pOpula- tions made Michigan the recipient of Federal grasshopper control aid. This aid consisted of a bran bait containing sodium arsenite as a poison prior to 1939 and sodium fluo- silicate thereafter. Water, black strap molasses, and oil were successfully used as wetting agents for the bait. Poison bran baits were obtained in the fellowing manner: The ingredients for bran baits were purchased and shipped by the Federal Government to individual states, allotments being made according to the severity of grass- hopper outbreaks. At main distribution points, the bait materials were received by county agents or other community leaders who were responsible for the establishment of mixing stations. It was from these stations that baits were dis- tributed to individual farmers or scattering crews. The - baits were issued in.bags which bore “poison warning" tags. For a summary of records concerning the use of poison-bran bait for grasshoppers in Michigan from 1934 to 1949, inclusive, 109 the reader is referred to Table III. Beginning in 1949, grasshopper control was left to the individual farmer. That year, the use of newly developed organic insecticides was begun for grasshopper control. Among these were: (1) benzene hexachloride; (2) toxaphene; and (3) chlordane. D.C B- o 339 Between 1934 and 1949, the Federal Government also furnished states with crude creosote oil for the construction of barriers around corn fields to protect them from chinch bugs migrating from small-grain crops. Michigan received creosote only in 1934, at which time 104,154 gallons were used for making 1,920 rods of barrier.“0 Enough creosote was left over from the 1934 operations to fulfill chinch bug needs in 1935. The 1934 - 35 creosote program was conducted primarily in Berrien, Lenawee, Monroe, Washtenaw, and Wayne Counties. E. Orie ta Fru Moth - G e B “1 From 1929 to 1943, the liberation of insect para- sites for the biological control of the Oriental Fruit Moth in the Eastern States was given considerable attention by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. This method of control, done in co-operation with various state agencies, was emphasized because of the lack of a generally accepted artificial control for this very destructive insect and the TABLE III 110 RECORD or BAIT USED IN MICHIGAN GRASSHOPPEH CONTROL 1934 - 194938 lean 1934 1935 1936 1937 193 1939 1940 1941 1942 194 194 194 1946 1947 1948 194i 7 Tons Bait Spread (Dry Weight) byfAll L_Juaxnu:uL_. 1,195 900 390 669 2.091 881 ‘646 840 438 36 14 53 41 102 484 404 Acres Baited, All 239,000 180,000 78,000 252,261 266,429 179,804 104,665 147,140 89,735 12,195 3,001 4,756 7,092 16,387 76,066 78,434 Value of Crops Acres Number of Saved by Protected Farmers Baiting by Control Spreading Operations, Measures B mllaza . 7 3 e e e a a 500,000 * a 264,500 * 5,107 600,001 498,971 13,761 1,118,158 460.989 7,373 638,492 163,610 4,321 241,457 212,240. 4,037 302,590 108,260 2,506 152,065 14.150 232 24,190 4.001 t 10.325 6.366 210 20,830 9,292 147 22,790 27,322 386 110,631 141,204 2,211 1,108,086 146,180 2,385 669,195 Ea=====F=====================f====================a * No data lll TABLE III (extended) Expendi— Expendi- Total JsDollars tures for tures Costs of aved For Value of Baiting for Bait- Baiting Each Crops De- Operations ing Oper- Opera- Dollar stroyed by by States, ations tions Spent for Grass- Counties and by the All Grass- hOppers, Local Agencies, BE and PQrAgencies hopper Year Dollars Dollars ‘Dollars Dollars Control 1934 $500,000 3 1 329,875 fl * 3* 1935 218,750 * 22,500 e e 1936- 43,000 * 3,460 8,530 e 1937 354.092 17,597 10,081 36,375 22.00 1938 431,903 20,747 32,616 80,546 21.00 1939 190,177 9,913 25,589 46,955 18.00 '1940 161,757 4,933 16,437 29,768 11.00 1941 202,425 6,138 27,214 , 45,952 9.00 1942 148,825 3,623 15,381 29,954 8.00 1943 29,675 895 2,778 4,953 7.00 1944 6,700 300 1,016 1,814 78.00 1945 24,500 1,172 3,322 6,365 5.00 1946 35,870 812 1,893 3,804 8.00 1947 136,226 1,353 6,372 10,445 14.00 1948 762,112 5,131 25,433 49,912 36.00 1949 319,069 6,025 229 22,4341 107.00 * No Data ‘vf 112 observation that native insect parasites were effective in controlling the fruit moth in some fruit regions. In Michigan, the liberation of parasites was done in co-operation with the Michigan State College Experiment Station. All liberated parasites were reared at Moorestowh, New Jersey. Lansing and Grand Rapids served as trans-shipment points for para- sites sent to Michigan.“2 Permits for the liberation of Oriental Fruit Moth parasites had to be obtained from the Division of Foreign Plant Quarantines, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C.“B Oriental Fruit Moth parasites were released in Michigan for the first time in 1931.44 This liberation consisted of two colonies of W W (Hymené Optera),one colony numbering 445 specimens and a second num- bering 409, sent to Mr. Stanley Johnson at South I‘laven.“-'5'u6 Mr. Johnson, being in charge of the Michigan State College Sub—Experiment Station at South Haven, released the parasites as a College project. One colony of 400 parasites of the same species was also released at Fennville in 1931. The parasites liberated in 1931 were established in the State by 1932. Between 1931 and 1935, the following parasites (with county, year, and town of release, and number released, appended) were liberated in Michigan:“7 1. 6.2311221229212118: Wanna)" Berrien: 1934, Benton Harbor (98). Van.Buren: 1934, South Haven (94). iril II an” t .59.... .__- ~- q 7. 113 Agathis conspicgus (Wesm.) Berrien: 1934, Eau Claire (23) Agatnis dizepgug (Mues.) Berrien: 1934, Eau Claire (4) Cremastus flavo-ozpitalia (Cam.) Berrien: 1934, Eau Claire (12) Horogenes molestae (Uchida) Berrien: 1934, Berrien Springs (231), Eau Claire (243). (Sodus (218), Derby (240). Van.Buren: 1934, South Haven (229) Maczocgntrgg gncylivgrgg Roh. Allegan: 1931, Fennville (400); 1934, Casco Town- ship (432) and (416). Berrien: 1932, Berrien Springs (258), Royalton (250), Eau Claire (250), Lakeside (250), Millburg (249), Sodus (249), Watervliet (250); 1934, Berrien Center (353), Berrien Springs (388), Eau Claire (437), Royalton (367), Sodus (391) (401). , Oakland: 1932, Farmington (425), Novi (250) and (425), Rochester (250) and (425). Van Buren: 1931, South Haven (445); 1934, Geneva (422), South Haven (409). Mgcrocentrgs thorgcicug Grevenhorst. Berrien: 1934, Benton Harbor (245) 114 8. Pzistomenug W Panzer Berrien: 1934, Eau Claire (30). In addition to the above releases, the following jlibenwations were made in Berrien and Van Buren counties after 193548: 1. 1936 - 21 colonies which included Horogenes molestae, Macrocentzgs thoggciggs, fl,,angyllggzns,,Eppadiggn ext or. W W. and Asatbia 21.1m- 2. 1937 - 3 colonies of flagrgggntgng gngylizggng and various species of Japanese parasites. 3. 1938 - 2 colonies of Phaeogenes haeussleri. 4. 1939 - 2 colonies of nghzgs §t0k§§11,an Australian parasite. 5. 1943 - 15 colonies of,flggggggntggs,angylizggng Roh., 3,750 specimens. ‘ I ‘ The liberation of Oriental Fruit7uoth parasites in .Michigan was done by personnel of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Parasite Rearing Laboratory, and by county agents of Berrien and Van.Buren Counties. The collection of infested peach twigs, from which parasite recoveries were made, was also done by these workers. Macrocentrgs ancylivorus Roh., an insect indigenous to the United States, was the only parasite successful in colonizing itself in Michigan,and other eastern states. The value of this insect in reducing Oriental Fruit Moth infestations was not ascertained. The cost of parasite liberations was estimated at 115 about five dollars per thousand Specimens.“9 Parasite liberations were terminated in Michigan in lfiflfi3‘because DDT became a generally accepted control material for the Oriental Fruit Moth. F. ngggt Insects Forest insects in Michigan received little con— sideration before 1927.50 Although there had been con- siderable interest in the control of forest insects for many years prior to 1927, methods for the study of forest ento- m010gy and means for control were not available.51 In 1927, when.Professor Samuel A. Graham darned the University of Michigan School of Forestry and Conservation at Ann Arbor, research was begun on forest insects. Since that time, detailed life history, habit, ecological, and control studies have been made of the larch sawfly, Pristipnoza,ezign§gn11 (Htg.).Jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion;pang§1gngg Roh.,spruce budworm Chogistonenza,£umifezana (Clem),other pine sawflies, walking sticks, and other forest insects.52 A study of the relative resistance of various forest types to insect injury has been a major project.53 From 1930 to 1935, the United States Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, in co-operation with the Univer- sity of Michigan and the United States Forest Service, main- tained a forest entomological laboratory at Ann Arbor. This was known as the Lake States Forest Insect Laboratory. Pro- fessor Graham was chief collaborator and in charge}!4 116 Besides continuing those forest insect studies initiated ‘by Idwyfessor Graham in 1927, investigations were made of white grubs in forest nurseries and plantations and the application of preventative methods through forest manage- xnentW. In l935,_the Lake States Laboratory was transferred tc>itilwaukee, Wisconsin where it is still maintained. Its present name is "Forest Insect Investigation Laboratory". Irlliilwaukee, the Laboratory is in closer contact with the anytivities of the United States Forest Service. During the era of the “Emergency Conservation Work' euui the "Civilian Conservation Corps" (programs conducted between 1933 and 1910 by the Federal Government to provide employment for young men through the performance of public conservation work) the Milwaukee Insect Laboratory used con— siderable conservation labor to conduct insect survey and control programs in various Michigan National Forests.55 Surveys for aquatic insects were also undertaken by conser- vation laborers.56 Some of the forest insect survey and control programs (with the year in which they were conducted. appended) consisted of57: 1. making white grub Surveys of proposed tree planting sites (193a — 1937). Adult beetles were collected. at camp lights for the determination of Species pre- sent and specie abundance. Some beetles were col- lected from host plants to determine food preferences. Grubs were collected by examining one square-foot 117 samples of soil at intervals of one and two chains. One-chain intervals were used on soils suspected to be heavily infested. Using one-chain intervals,” 100 samples were taken in a forty acre plot. The presence of one or more Phyllophaga grubs in more than one- half of the samples in a tract of ten acres or more in size was considered too heavy an infestation for planting. Much of the white grub work was done at the Huron National Forest, East Tawas. distributing poison bran bait far grasshOppers on, 20,000 acres of young plantations in the Baldwin and Cadillac Districts of the Manistee National Forest, (1936). spraying red and Jack-pine,,Einn§.ze§ing§a and,£. panggiana, respectively, in co-operation with the ‘Michigan State Highway Department, along the high- way between St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie for LeConte's Sawfly (flaggiprign,legontei Fitch)o(l937). baiting 14,873 acres for grasshoppers in the Cadillac District of the Manistee Forest'(l937). spraying about 10,800 acres of red and Jack-pine for LeConte's Sawfly and other sawflies in therpper Michigan National Forest at Escanaba, and the Manistee Forest.(l938). spraying about 6,516 acres for LeConte's Sawfly in the Upper Michigan and Manistee Forestg(l939). 118 baiting 10,000 acres for grasshoppers at Hanistee and spraying lead arsenate on about 7,000 trees infested with LeConte's Sawfly at Marquette.(l940). By 1940, the activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps had been drastically curtailed in favor of national defense; thus the reporting of outbreaks of forest insects was left to forest supervisors. Survey and control programs beCame dependent on the airplane. Since about 1940, considerable collaboration on in- sect survey and control programs in Michigan and other states ixi‘the Great Lakes Region has been received by the Milwaukee Insect Laboratory from the following agencies: 1. Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota. Central States Forest Experiment Station, Columbus, Ohio. Indian Service, United States Department of Interior, NeOpit, Wisconsin. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. United States Soil Conservation Service, Ohio Valley Region, Dayton, Ohio. Consumers Power Company, Manistee, Michigan. Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan In 19b7, forest insect survey and cantrol programs in.Michigan and the rest of the United States were given« 119 considerable impetus by the enactment of a Federal "I‘orest Pest Chantrol Act." This act was approved by Congress on Jiune 25. “1th reference to insect surveys and control, Section If of the Act states: {Dhe Secretary of Agriculture is authorized either directly or’in.cooperation with other departments of the Federal (Sovernment, with any state, Territory, or possession, organization, person, or public agency, subject to such funds as have been, or may hereafter be, made available for these purposes, to conduct surveys on any forest lands to detect and appraise infestations of forest insect pests and tree diseases, to determine the measures which should be applied on such lands, in order to prevent, re- tard, control, suppress, or eradicate incipient, threatening, potential, or emergency outbreaks of such insect or disease pests, and to plan, organize, direct, and carry out such measures as he may deem necessary to accomplish the ob- Jectives and purposes of this Act: Provided, that any operations planned to prevent, retard, control, or suppress insects or diseases on forest lands owned, con- trolled, or managed by other agencies of the Federal Government shall be conducted with the consggt of the agency having Jurisdiction over such lands. Ianichigan as a result of the Federal Forest Pest Control Act, a State Division of Forest Entomology was or- ganized in the Spring of 1950. This division became a part of the Michigan State Department of Conservation, Lansing. Mr. Richard Fox was appointed Iforest entomologist.” Mr. 'Fox is the first State employee to have such a designation. Prior to 1950, the Forestry Division of the State Conservation Department depended upon Professor Walter F. Morofsky and Dr. Samuel A. Graham, forest entomologists of the Michigan State College and the University of Michigan, resgectively, for advice on forest insect and disease problems. The work of the State Forest Entomology Division, undertaken co-operatively with the State Conservation and Forestry Departments, J. {-0 -"\r- v,. sl‘ 120 Idichigan.State Bureau of Plant Industry, Michigan State College, University of Michigan, and United States Burea of Ehnxmnology and Plant Quarantine Forest Insect Laboratory athilwaukee, consists of detecting forest insects and dis- eases by collecting data on their occurrence and damage, and carrying out control pregrams. With reference to the latter, attempts are made to reduce populations of injurious insects and disease before they can become epidemic. Besides State and Federal agencies, the Forest Entomology Division has en- listed the aid of private forest industries. This provides a more thorough coverage of the State, especially of the Upper Penninsula. One of the largest industrial concerns to co-Operate is that of the Bonifice Lumber Company, Iron Mountain, Michigan. This organization is a subsidiary of the Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin, which has enormous holdings of timber in Canada, the Great Lakes States, and the South. The Bonifice Lumber Company employs an ento- mologist and several plant pathologists for their forests. The company maintains a laboratory at Iron Mountain. By the end of 1953, the State Forest Entomology Division‘had established about 609 permanent insect-disease observation areas on State and private lands in Michigan. The observation areas consist of forty-acre tracts of trees, principally of pine, aSpen, and tamarack. The plots vary in age. Each "forty" is inspected by a district forester at least once a year. Some areas have been inspected four or five times annually. The inspections, for which report forms 121 sawaifilled out and sent to Lansirg, arexmuhaynfincipally for inns following insects: IL. Jack—pine Sawfly — Neogipzjgn pgggsianae Roh. 2. Bed-headed Pine Sawfly - fl. leggntei (Fitch). 3. Saratoga spittle bug - Apbgophozp saratogensis. (Fitch).' 4, Pine spittle bug - gm (Say). 5. White-pine weevil - PL§SOQ§S strep; (Peck). 6. Larch sawfly - Pristiphgza 221.911.521.11. (Pkg). 7. Larch casebearer - Coleophoza lazlgella (an3o 8. Spruce budworm - horistogegza'fgmifierana (Clem)- 9. EurOpean pine shoot moth -.§h1asisnis.hualisne (Schiff- . 10. Forest tent caterpillar - MalgggsngIQL§§tzia an. ll. Anomala Beetle - Pachystethu§,2plilia Horn. 12. Hemlock Looper - We W (Guerr). Reports of insect and disease conditions in Michigan forest observation areas are presently made on the form which follows this page. In l9h8, the United States Bureau of Entomology Milwaukee Forest Insect Laboratory undertook extensive studies of forest insects in Michigan, some of which had been started in l9U1 and had been interrupted by the war, and continued control programs with DDT sprayed by airplanes. Emphasis was placed on the Saratoga spittle bug, Jack-pine budworm, LeConte's Sawfly, and the White-pine weevil. Considerable information has been gathered on these insects. I‘EIICHIGAI‘I FOREST PEST DETECTION PHOGRAL’; - Observation Report 122 PEST (Write in name if knOWn) Col. 3-4. 21g Col. 12-13. DISTRICT 001. 22 Qfilflfifl Col. 23. ORIGIN Col. 5-6. MONTH Col. 14-15. TOWN N S __1. Federal __1. Seed Col. 7-8. YEAR 001. 16-17. RANGE __W__,E W __2. State _"2. Sprout Col. 9-lO—ll. SAITTE Col. 18-19. §§gfllgfl __u““__ __3. Com. or Sch. __3. Plantation W439. __ Col. 20-21. my _*__ <_ __4. Private Col. 24. FIRE RECORD Col. 25. aggregate}; Col. 26. iiljlflfl Col. 27. Mg _}.UMMmmd l.wavdfifin53m& Liwmmlornwe EEQQ __2. Current yr. 2. Clearcut " " 2. Current yr. __1. None __3. Previous yr. __3. Partial cut " __3. Previous yr. __2. Currently _m4. Past 2-5 yrs. __4. Thinned within 1 yr. __4. Past 2—5 yrs. _"3. Past 2-5 yrs. __5. Older __5. Pruned " 5 yrs. __5. Older __4. Older Col. 28. SOIL gouge $1.1}; easel}; PRESENT Col. 39. 0’ Slum}; Col. 40. 22110312; __1. Porous IN ORDER OF ARUUDANCE EQLAQgflgigjlgfl TREE CEQKES 2. Ionporous QXEE_; FCOT QEEE_ZQ_E§§I __3. Rock outcrop Col. 29-30. A ___ _ _~__ 1. 1-20 __1- 1'20 _;4. stagnant bog Col. 31-32. B ___ -__ __2. 21-40 __2. 21—40 5. stagnant marsh Col. 33-34. C __ __3- 41-60 __3- 41'60 6. Seepage Col. 35-36. D ___________ ______ ___4. 61-80 .__4- 61-80 __7. Flood plain Col. 37-38. E __ __ __5- 81-100 __5- 81'100 001- Al-fii’LTIIQIIQQCaD HOST OUQSJLS. Col. 52. maaablmfifi __l. Started this yr. HEEEEflAIIAQK AVERAGE SIZE __2. Started last yr. Col. 42-43. A ____,l____-l. . . __3. Started earlier Col. 44-45. B ._..-__i 1- Under 2 ft° -——5' 4'6 1?‘ diam. __4. Old attack evi- Col. 46-47. C _l. __--__- 2. 2-6 ft. __6. 6-12 in. " dent, none now 001. 8-49. D ___‘_~___w__~_ __3. 6-15 ft. __7. 12-18 In. " . __5. None evident Col. 50-51. E _“___"__-_m___ __4- 15‘30 ft' 8' Over 18 1n' diam. Col. 53. ”é ALTERNATE Col. 54. HOST mmnmgiassfss Col. 55. Zétifl 001- 56- wgmigg HOST ATTACH}; 1. Good "‘"” CONFUSED OF WAETJIQIQE 1. 1-10 -2. Liedium (Dead twigs, WEE ~l- 0-1 __2. 11—20 "” foliage faded __1. 1-20 ___2. 2-10 _l3- 21-40 3. Poor (Dead branches, __2. 21-40 __3- 11-20 __A. 41-60 —_ leaves small) *_3. 41—60 __4- 21‘40 __5. 61—80 _4.. Dying __4- iii-:80 ~2' [$38 ___6. 01-100 ___5. Dead __5- :7. 81400 Col. 57. STAGE OF Col. 58. WL@_.&T.T.A.C.IS _ *TEST Bark Beetles flattering: M‘QQLQE —“" ________,____ leasinaLl-aium 91L em Egg—gi __1. Egg 1. One attack per sq. ft. __1. l-20é __1‘ One __2. larva or —_2. Two attacks " " " __2° 21‘403 -—2' 1W0 nymph —_3. Three " " " " __3- 41'6O% ——3' Three __3. Puma" _1.. Four " " " " .4- 61'8”. ——Z"' 3‘?” __4. Adult 5. Five or more" " " .fl5- 81'1COT ——5' rive or more Col. 59. SIMILAR Col. 60. ABUE-IDAQQQ 91:38,! STANDS mild-EA IN SIMILAR SHADE OBSERVER -——-————-*”‘-““‘"”’“" ——:: §::0::::ant fl—i. S23: (Fill out back of sheet, and make sketch __ ‘ q ‘"" - map to show local distribution if this “‘3' Scattered ‘”3° highter can be determined. Also indicate under __4. scarce __A. heavier remarks any information which will give a more complete picture nation.) of the sit- None of owner: (If other than state or Estimated acreage: Map scale: __d______._.__.._.———-————-- W 3. In your opinion, is the abundance of this insect increasing or decreasing as compared to last year on this semnle area? Increasing Decreasing What is the situation regarding the abundance of this insect as compared to last year on your entire district? Increasing Decreasing REMARKS: 123 Beginning in 1951, the Milwaukee Insect Labora'tory iJnstigated annual conferences in Milwaukee on forest irisect :mxrveys in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The fir~st of these conferences was held on April 2“, 1951; the second, February 14, 1952; and the third on February 18, 1953. The, purpose of these conferences is: to review developments in the organization and operation of forest insect detection survey programs of suate and federal agencies.59' and to discuss reconnaissance and appraigal survey proceedures for certain specific in- sects. 0 The meetings are intended to bring together entomologists and foresters concerned with the protection of forests from insects. Mr. C. B. Eaton, in charge of the Milwaukee Lab- oratory in 1951 was in charge of the 1951 Conference. In 1952 and 1953, Mr. H. J. Mac Aloney, head of the Milwaukee Laboratory, was in charge of the Conference. In 1952, the following personnel represented Michigan at the Milwaukee Conference: 1. Walter F. Morofsky, Professor of Entomology at Michigan State College. 2. Samuel A. Graham, Professor of Economic Zoology, University of Michigan.- 3. N. F. Smith and R. C. Fox, Staff Forester and Forest Entomologist, respectively, Forest 91V1810n. Michigan State Department of Conservation, Lansing, 4o D..Lovitt, Bureau of Plant Industry, Michigan State Department of.Agr1cu1ture, Lansing. ~ 124 At the 1951 conference, N. F. Smith reported that 342 observation areas were established in Michigan during 1950 for obtaining reports on forest insect conditions. The 1952 conference dealt primarily with legislation and industry interest in forest pest control. In 1953 the con- ference emphasized improvement in survey techniques, surveys for Saratoga spittle bugs, and co-operative efforts. G. T M .I (31" c P 61:62 Michigan was one of the first states to have access to DDT for demonstrations of community insect control. The first project of this kind in the state occurred on Mackinac Island, in the Straits of Mackinac, in the summer of 1945 when an intensive fly control program was undertaken through, spraying and sanitary measures. A fly control program on Mackinac Island was prompted by the following facts:(l) Prior to 1945, Mackinac Island, a historical summer resort and tourist site, had been the locale of almost annual outbreaks of dysentery. These outbreaks were believed by the Michigan State Health Commissioner, Dr. William E. DeKleine, to be due to ex- cessive populations of flies. The presence of so many flies was the result of numerous fly breeding places consisting primarily of manure accumulations from about 300 carriage- horses kept on the island for the transportation of tourists (no motor vehicles are allowed on Mackinac Island). Since livery owners devoted most of their time to the tourist III: I. I 11'] :II 1.- r‘ I, 1].! 1‘ trade, few efforts were expended in hauling manure from stables regularly and disposing of it prOperly. Manure was frequently piled in alleys or dumped in inconspicuous places along roadsides. 4Every summer, the Michigan State Department of Public Health had emphasized and encouraged sanitation as an aid to fly control on Mackinac Island but sanitation alone was insufficient, and the net result was that sanitary efforts were neglected because the general populace was convinced that sanitation would not work; (2) the need of having sanitary and fly-free surroundings for a national conference of state governors that was sched- uled to be held on Mackinac Island in the summer of 1945; (3) The island was separated from the mainland by a wide eXpanse of water; hence its isolation would facilitate the centrol of flies by eliminating outside sources of flies, ‘ (4) DDT, having shown promise as a fly control material while in use by the United States Armed Forces, was re- leased by the Federal Government for civilian use; thus a project was organized to attempt the control of flies by this means on the island. (5) Because DDT was being manufactured in large quantities by the Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Michigan, easily accessible and readily available supplies of DDT were on hand. The following personnel (with the organizations 126 they represented,appended) were involved in the Mackinac Island Fly Control Project: 1. William Doyle ~ in charge of the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, representing the businessmen of Mackinac Island. 2. Colonel L. S. Fisher and Captain James Steele - United States Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. 3. LaRue L. Miller - Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing. Mr. Miller was coordinator of the project. 4. Arthur Wolcott - Michigan Chemical Corporation. 5. Dr. Herman L. King - Extension Specialist in I EntomOIOgy, Michigan State College, East Lansing. 6. Michigan State Department of Parks and Recreation, thansing. Transportation for this work was provided by the Mackinac Island Carriage Drivers Association,and hotel accomodations for the prOject were provided by the Manage- ment of Mackinac Island A sanitation survey of Mackinac Island was made during the period of June 27 to July 5. This survey Con“ sisted of: l. Investigations by Dr. King and Messrs. Miller and Wolcott to determine breeding sites of flies and the Species of flies present. Manure and garbage were found to be the principal sources of flies. The housefly,,Mg§ga dogegpigg Linn., and the stable fly, Stomogys,gglgitggng Linn., were the most prevalent flies. Dr. King and Mr. Wolcott also 127 demonstrated the use of DDT using hand-operated Spray atomizers and 3-gallon Sprayers. They sprayed DDT in several kitchens, hotel lobbies, boat loading docks, garbage containers in the vicinity of food establishments, and stables. The effective- ness of the DDT, combined with sanitary measures, aroused the enthusiasm of everyone on Mackinac Island for the control of flies. 2. Inspection of food—handling establishments and stables by Captain Steele.V He also recommended sanitary measures, enforced minimum sanitary standards in food estab- lishments and presented a number of lectures on sanitation to food dealers. 3. A visit to Round Island not far from Mackinac Island, by Dr. King and Colonel Fisher, to investigate the claims of numerous Mackinac residents that swarms of flies migrated from Round Island to Mackinac Island. The United States Coast Guard provided transportation for the survey work on Round Island. Few flies were found there. Between July 6 - 15 and August 7 - 15, large scale applications of DDT (first and second applications, respectively) were made to about thirty stables, about thirty miles of road- way, a public dump, exteriors of buildings, outside toilets, alleys, streets, two boats that made regularly scheduled trips between Mackinac Island and the mainland, and picnic areas. The DDT was sprayed by two employees of the Mackinac Island State Park Commission. These workers also supervised l28 the elimination of fly-breeding refuse and its hauling to dumps. About 1000 dollars worth of DDT was provided by the Michigan Chemical Corporation. The large-scale spraying was done with a two—nozzle sprayer mounted on an old fire engine chassis. At the termination of the Mackinac Island Fly Program on August 15,‘1945, the State Health Commissioner reported that astonishing control of flies had been achieved on the Island. The mayor of Mackinac Island lighted a fire for the burning of several hundred old fly traps. The Mackinac project served as evidence that nuisance insects in any community can be effectively con- trolled by co-operative sanitary and insecticidal measures. The success of DDT on Mackinac Island prompted the United States Army to rush DDT to Rockford, Illinois on August 19, 1945 to kill flies in an effort to combat a severe epidemic of poliomyelitis. By September 19, 1945, smaller demonstrations of the fly-killing effectiveness of DDT had been successfully undertaken in numerous stables, chicken coops, dairies, barns, hospitals, laboratories, parks, fairgrounds, and schools in Michigan. In 1946, numerous communitites throughout Michigan purchased and applied DDT. These applications were made with a power sprayer furnished by the Michigan State Department of Public Health. 129 Communities in Iowa, Kansas, and other midwestern states were so impressed with the Mackinac Island Project that they undertook similar prOgrams. In fact, since 1945, other states have had considerable initiative in conducting community fly control programs; but Michigan has had little. The lack of fly control programs in Michigan might be due to the fol- lowing factors: 1. lack of enthusiasm. 2. high costs. 3. lack of technical personnel and necessary money, _ equipment, and labor. 4. reluctance of community officials to keep spray programs going. 5. people waiting too long in the season before taking 'the necessary steps to arrange a control program. Since 1945, flies have continued to be a problem on Mackinac Island. Fly control has been undertaken annually. Besides DDT, the following insecticides have been used on Mackinac Island: (1) lindane; (2) chlordane; (3) benzene hexachloride; and (4) dieldrin. In 1952, the cost of fly control on the Island was about 1200 dollars. H. W63 In 1947, the City of Muskegon, Michigan, along with Charleston, South Carolina; Phoenix, Arizona; Topeka, Kansas; and Troy, New York, was selected by the United States Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., to participate in a five- L,’ .‘I‘ 130 city fly control program. Muskegon, like the other test cities had frequently experienced a high annual mortality rate from dysentery, a fly-borne disease; thus it was believed to be an ideal community in which to determine whether the control of flies would significantly decrease the occurrence of dysentery. Dr. Richard Sears, Director of the Muskegon County Department of Health, was responsible for the choice of Muskegon as a test site. The control programs in each of the test cities were eXpected to last about five years, a period believed to be sufficient for the epidemiological appraisal of not only dysentery but also of diarrhea and poliomyelitis. The latter two diseases also had been quite prevalent in Muskegon. The fly control program in Nuskegon emphasized both sanitation and the application of insecticides. The program began in l9u8 and was terminated in 1950. 'Beginning July 1, 1948 and continuing until late autumn the activities of the program consisted of surveys for the loCQtion of fly- breeding places, determination of fly species, and estimation of fly abundance. The surveys were conducted in Muskegon, Muskegon Heights, North Muskegon, Roosevelt Park and Norton and Muskegon Townships. In the summer and autumn of 1949, an enthusiastic sanitation campaign and spraying program was con- ducted in the localities surveyed in 1948. DDT and chlordane were the insecticides applied. Work crews cleaned up piles of refuse which served as sources of flies, and insecticides were applied in alleys, in picnic areas, at market places,at garbage disposal sites, and other places where flies breed. Considerable 131 publicity in the nQWSpapers made the populace quite conscious of flies, and the citizens were urged to use sanitary measures for controlling flies themselves. Unfortunately, little signi- ficant data could be derived from this intensive program, for in.July and August of 1945, 19u6, and 1947 mortality rates due to dysentery, diarrhea, and poliomyelitis were quite low despite enormous populations of flies. In 1950, only insecti- cidal sprays were applied, and the spraying was all done by .June 30. In 1949 and 1950, the residents of metropolitan Muskegon contributed about 8,000 and u,000 dollars, respectively, for the fly control program. Although no correlation could be made between the incidence of disease and size of fly populations in Muskegon, the community was prbvided evidence that sanitation and insecticides provide fly abatement of’a high order. The Muskegon fly control program was conducted by the following personnel: 1. ChristOpher M. Elmore, entomOIOgist in charge. 2. Kenneth E. Nutter, area supervisor. 3. six entomological aides. h. a part-time sanitary engineer. 5. a part-time statistician. The services of each of these people, except hr. Nutter4,snd four spray-trucks, the insecticides, and other field equip- ment were provided by the United States Public Health Service. In 19n8, Muskegon provided office and garage space, clerical assistance, and labor for the driving of trucks and Spraying. 132 (3onsiderable co—operation was received from the Michigan State IJepartment of Public Health, Lansing. The presence of this tick in Michigan was ascer- ‘tained in.l942 by a field survey conducted by the Bureau of IEpidemiOIOgy, Michigan State Department of Public Health, in co—Operation with the Michigan State College Department of IEntomology. The tick was found in the southwestern portion of the State and throughout the western portion of the Upper Peninsula. . In the summer of 1946, the Bureau of Engineering, .Michigan State Department of Public Health, conducted a survey for ticks in the Upper Peninsula. The work of the survey was done by Alex MaoVitte, a Detroit school teacher. Over a period of sixty working days, 350 specimens of Dermacento; xgniapilifi (Say) were collected. Most of these were obtained in May and .Tune. All but 96 of the specimens were found within a fifteen-mile wide area along the Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary. The presence of a Rooky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick in.Michigan presents a new health hazard. Although Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever has occurred in Michigan, infected ticks have not yet been isolated inthe State. The first confirmed case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Michigan occurred in the State in August, 19b5. This case was in Berrien County. A definite record of a tick bite was not obtained. Prior to 133 1&ugust, 1945, five cases of this disease had been reported in Fflichigan but none could be confirmed in the laboratory. Con- ‘tact with infected ticks might have been made outside of the Eftate. The first case in Michigan having a definite record (3f a tick bite was reported in May, 1949. This case also coccurred in Berrien County, 13 miles southeast of the first coonfirmed case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Michigan, and.twenty—two miles southwest of a suspected case in 19uu. Only one suspected case of the disease has been reported from 'the Upper Peninsula. That was in July, l9hl. J-W Late in the summer of 1943 a malaria mosquito survey of southern Michigan was made by Curtis W. Sabrosky, Associate Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College. ‘This survey was made in co-Operation with the Michigan State Depart- ment of Public Health. Data was recorded on breeding sites and the abundance, distribution, and species ofxnalaria mosquitoes.66 New records of anOpheline Species obtained by this survey prompted the Michigan State Department of Public Health to undertake a state-wide mosquito survey. This Survey was made in the summers of l9#4 and l9h5. Its purposes were to determine: 1. the distribution and occurrence of malaria fever mosquitoes, 2. the distribution of mosquitoes classified as pests. 134 3. the abundance of anOpheles mosquitoes in Michigan. For the 1944 and 1945 survey, the Lower Peninsula was divided into five districts, each comprised of fourteen counties. The Upper Peninsula, having fifteen counties, was designated a sixth district. One worker was assigned to each district, and larval and adult stages of mosquitoes were collected at a total of 1662 Sites. Michigan was the first state to attempt and complete a state-wide survey of the distribution and specie 6? occurrence of mosquitoes. Up to 1945 Michigan was the only state which had made a state-wide mosquito survey like that done in 1944 and 1945.68 In 1947, a study was made of the history and county distribution of the immature and adult stages of forty-eight Species of mosquitoes known to inhabit Michigan. This was done by Calvin Pederson, a graduate student in the Michigan State College Department of Entomology.69 The Michigan State. Department of Public Helath co-Operated on this project. No mosquito-borne malaria fever has occurred in Michigan since 1934. In that year, Michigan had 104 cases of the disease. Five deaths occurred. Most of the cases were in the vicinity of Paw Paw (Van Buren County) where a dam for an artificial lake broke and the resulting swamp served as an excellent breeding site for malaria mOSquitoes.7O Rwandan In the summer of 1953, Dr. B. G. Chitwood, one of the worlds' leading authorities on nematodes, was employed by 155 the Michigan State College Experiment Station to e)nduct a survey of the plant nematode diseases of Michigan. This was the first nematode survey in Michigan since about 1920 when some work on such a project was dine by Dr. Ernst A. Bessey, ProfeSSor of Botany at the Hichigan State College. Since the control of nematodes is much like the control of soil insects, Dr. Chitwood was provided office and laboratory Space in the Department of Entomology. CHAPTER X THE ORIGIN OF CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL IN MICHIGAN AND DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO 1900 A. Control ofglnsects by Insecticides .The first systematic investigation of the insecti- cidal control of insects in Michigan was made by Albert John Cook, Professor of EntomoIOgy at the Michigan Agri- cultural College (1867 — 1893). It appears that his first investigation was made in 1868. That year, he studied the control of the orange-striped oakworm, Agisota senatoria A . and 3., and reported to the Michigan State Board of Agri- culture, the governing board of the Agricultural College, that “from eXperiments tried during the summer, we are convinced that syringing the trees with solutions, will avail but little."1 Since the first systematic attempt to control an in- Jurious insect in the United States had not occurred until about 1865, when Paris green was used on the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)2 Professor Cook was a pioneer in controlling insects with chemicals sprayed or dusted on agricultural cropplants as it is done at present. Although a record of Professor Cook's insecticidal research did not appear until after his affiliation with the Michigan Agricultural College, this writer believes that Professor Cook probably undertook such studies prior 137 to 1868. This belief is supported by the fact that after his graduation from the Michigan State Agricultural College in 1862, Albert John Cook managed a fruit farm at Courtland, California where " ----- he got interested in orchards and in— sects and anything in general that affected fruit.“3 He managed the farm until 1867 for a sister (Mrs. Gammon) whose husband had drowned in the Sacramento River. Professor Cook's college training in entomology, his independent study of the subject, and his orchard experiences in California no doubt had aroused an interest in insect control. The following is a chronological account of the most significant insecticidal researches conducted by Professor Cook: Upon his Joining the college, he was confronted with the matter of controlling the Colorado Potato Beetle which had entered Michigan about 1866. He began his rew searches with Paris green in 1868. He may have tested Prussian blue, a dye chemical; for it was reported as having been used in Michigan for the potato beetle in 1869.1+ In 187A, Professor Cook reported to the Michigan State Board of Agriculture that he had been the most successful with Paris green on potatoes by using the following two methods: (1) mixing one heaping teaspoonful of Paris green with ten quarts of water, and sprinkling the mixture with a common sprinkler or a broom; and (2) mixing one part of Paris green with six parts of flour and sifting the mixture on dry plants through a muslin bag attached to a handle or through 138 a wire-gauze stretched over an open bottom of a nail. Re- gardless of the method used, two to three applicatians of Paris green were required for satisfactory results. Pro- fessor Cook's eXperiments indicated that wheat flour was the most satisfactory adhesive of those tested for Paris green.5 By 1876, such insects as the cankerworm (Geometridae), the codling moth, W W Linn., Scales (Coccidae), white srubs, 2W Spin, and cutworms ( Mamas ) had become a menace in Michigan and Professor Cook urged farmers to undertake persistent efforts to control destructive insects. He emphasized that these efforts should be made by all grOWers in a community, not by a few individual ones as had been the practice. At an institute for farmers at Allegan, Michigan on January ll, 1876, Professor Cook said: ---- there should be such interest elicited, through grange and club, that every man in every neighborhood of our state should give battle in lines already marked out, and adopt new ones so soon as they were suggested by the investigators ---- the means must be generally known to all our farmers and fruit growers, and then all must be fired with sugh zeal that practicing may keep pace with knowledge. By 1876, Professor Cook was making the following insecticidal recommendations: 1. white hellebore dust for the imported currant worm, Esme 21:93am. (8001).). on current- 2. road dust or quick lime thrown into cherry trees for thewcherry slug. seam semi (L). 3. Paris green syringed on trees to kill cankerworms. For the syringing or spraying of trees with an insecticide, 139 a "Whitman Fountain Pump" or a "Johnson Pump" was recommended by Professor Cook. Both of these were small hand pumps con— sisting of a tube and a piston. The Whitman Pump forced liquids as high as thirty feet. The Johnson Pump sent liquids a shorter distance but pumped thantkmteras "Buggies Exterminator", a knapsack sprayer, was recommended for the spraying of potatoes and other row crops. In 1877, Professor Cook discovered a kerosene oil- soap emulsion which killed piercing-sucking insects by con- tact action. This discovery was to play a significant role in furthering entomology in the United States, for it is be- lieved that Professors Cooks' emulsion was the first diluted, permanently mixed, easily handled, and ineXpensive contact . insecticide that did relatively little harm to foliage; thus it marked the beginning of research for contact insecticides. Professor Cook's directions for making his kerosene oil- soap emulsion were: I mix one quart of soft soap or one-fourth lb. of hard soap with one or two quarts of boiling water; as soon as the soap is all disolved I stir in, while all is yet hot, one pint of kerosene oil. This is now violently stirred till it is permanently mixed - that is till upon standing the oil will not rise to the top but will remain incorporated with the liquid. This stirring is best done by use of a force pump - pumping back into the vessel containing the liquid. When we are ready to use this stir in enough water to make ‘fifteen pints in all - that is one fifteenth of the liquid applied would be kerosene oil, Professor Cook's emulsion was recommended to the public in 1878 and remained the only standard contact insecticide re- commended by EXperiment Stations until about 1916. ”Cook 140 was probably the first experimenter to recommend the use of a mixture of kerosene oil and soap water."8 In 1878, Professor Cook conducted what is believed to have been the first recorded experiment in hichigan for the control of the codling moth by spray.. This experiment was conducted in an orchard believed to huve been located adjacent to Professor Cook's residence in.Faculty Row on the sampus of the Michigan Agricultural College. Two Siberian crab apple trees were used. One of the trees Was sprayed once a week from May 20 to June 20 with a strong solution of soft soap. The other tree was not sprayed. The sprayed tree yielded apples free of codling moth injury. The apples on the other tree were badly infested. Fewer apples remained on the unsprayed tree than on the sprayed tree. With probable reference to this experiment, in 1892, one of Professor Cook's former students and a noted entomol— ogist himself, Clarence M. Weed, stated that: A decade has scarcely passed since Professor A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural College, began his experi- ments in spraying apples to prevent the injuries caused by the codling moth-experiments which first proved to the hgrticultural public that the remedy was safe and sure. In 1879, Professor Cook initiated spraying tests with London purple. Paris green was subjected to further tests also. London purple was sprayed on one tree in an orchard on I"lay 20 and again on June 15. One tablespoonful of the material was used in two gallons of water. The sprayed tree produced apples with no injury from the codling moth while adjacent 141 lxntreated trees had many infested fruits. Besides testing the effectiveness of London purple as an insecticide, Pro- fessor Cook had samples of the sprayed apples analyzed at Jharvest time for the presence of residual arsenic. Sprayed apples picked in September yielded no residual London purple. The residue analyses were performed by Dr. Robert C. Kedzie, ;Professor of Chemistry at the Michigan Agricultural College (1863 - 1902). Both Professors Cook and Kedzie anticipated the inauguration of residue arguments as a result of the use of pesticides. Through continued experiments with London purple and }Paris green in 1881 and 1882, Professor Cook was convinced that they were the most effective and economical poisons for the protection_of fruit from codling moth. One pound of either of the poisons in 100 gallons of water or a dust consisting of one part poison and 100 parts of plaster of Paris was found to be the most effective on insects having chewing mouth parts. By 1883, experiments with kerosene oil-soap emulsion to kill aphids had met with considerable success. In 1885, an act of the Michigan Legislature provided for the publication of bulletins by the Michigan Agricultural College for the dissemination of information. This was a convenient method by which Professor Cook could inform the farmers of insect controls. The first entomological bulletin giving chemical controls for insects was published May 1, 1886. 142 'This concerned fruit insects.10 For the Control of codling Inoths, Professor Cook preferred-London purple to Paris green, for it was cheaper and easier to mix as well as just as effec- tive. The amount recommended was one pound in fifty gallons of water. One common pailful of Spray was said to be suffi— cient for Just a few trees. In large orchards, the spray was pumped from barrels on wagons. The Whitman Pump was still highly recommended by Professor Cock. In 1887, Professor Cook recommended pumps manufactured not only by the J. A. Whitman Pump Company, Providence, Rhode Island but also those produced by the following companies: 1. Victor Field Force Pump, Lockport, New York. 2. Gould Manufacturing, Seneca Falls, New York. 3. P. G. Lewis, Catskill, New York. a. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio. 5. Nixon Nozzle and Machine, Dayton, Ohio. The pumps from each of these companies could be attached to pails, barrels or tanks. The Nixon.Pump was built in a tank mounted on casters. The Field Pump was furnished with a hose, nozzle, and QO-gallon tank mounted on two wheels. This pump was for gardens. Another Field Pump, for large orchards, consisted of a dluble acting force pump which could be attached to a wagon wheel for power. Most hand spray pumps for or- chards were mounted in fifty-gallon barrels set on end in a wagon.11 One could obtain about seventy-five pounds of pressure with these.12 143 From spraying eXperiments with arsenicals in 1888, Professor Cook made the following conclusions: 1. spraying should be done only after fruit blossoms have fallen off trees. This prevents the killing of honey bees or the poisoning of honey. 2. sprays applied too early are washed off before they can kill insects, 3. in case of heavy rains after one application of insecticide, one should apply the material a second time. The second spray should be applied about two weeks after the first- u. one should use London purple at a strength not greater than one pound in 100 gallons of waters 5. ‘arsenical spray-drippings on pasture grasses from orchard trees conStitute no source of pOisoning by residues for foraging livestock. EXperiments in 1888 and 1889 with Paris green on the plum curculio, W W (HbstJ, indicated that effective control was possible if the insecticide could be kept on the tree. In 1890, Professor Cook's insecticidal and other re- search work became part of the activities of the Agricultural Experiment Station. The Michigan Emperiment Station had been established on February 26, 1888 under the provisions of the Hatch Act passed by Congress in 1887. By 1892, Professor Cook had made eXperiments with, and recommended,the following additional insecticides: ‘\} O\U\ (I'M) N H 1H4 carbolized plaster, CprOliC acid emulsion. white hellebore, cyanogen. kerosene ointment- tobacco decoction. pyrethrum. He had further determined that Paris green and London purple were compatible with lime and Bordeaux Mix- ture. Some additional insecticidal discoveries by Professor Cook during his twenty—six years at the Michigan.Agricul- tural College were: 1. 2. Arsenicals are stomach poisons for insects that de— foliate fruit, shade, and some ornamental trees. Insecticides must be inexpensive, efficient, safe and convenient for application. Arsenicals may accumulate as dangerous residues on fruits if used later than four to five weeks prior to harveSt. The use of arsenicals must be avoided on cabbage or other vegetables after they start to form heads. The residual effectiveness of arsenicals may last as long as twenty days. I Insecticidal applications by growers frequently are heavier than necessary. Insecticides should be stored in containers that are securely covered. 1&5 8. Forceful spraying with a pump gives better insecti- cidal coverage and kill than spraying with a common sprinkler. 9. Fine insecticidal deposits and applications to undersides of leaves give better insect cantrol. IO. Insecticidal solutions should be agitated to keep the chemicals in solution. 11. More than one application of insecticide may be necessary. The following are some interesting facts about Professor Cook's insecticidal researches and his reports to the State Board of Agriculture: (1) He let a discovery be known immediately. Some insect controls were recommended because growers were desperate. Others were told with all the details, to let the grower himself decide what course to follow. I (2) His experiments were tried by a number of his students and student assistants for the verification of results. The most noteworthy of these students were: (1) Clarence M. Weed (1880 - 1885); (2) Howard E. Head 1885 - 1889); (3) James Troop (1878 - 1884); (4) Clarence P. Gillette (1880 - 1888); (5) Fred H. Hillman (1884 - 1888); (6) Arthur B. Cordley (1885 - 1890); (7) Frank J. Niswander (1885 - 1891); and (8) Charles F. Baker (1887 - 1892). While Charles F. Baker, a noted entomologist who died in 1927, was an assistant under Professor Cook he said, 146 I have contributed not a little towards spreading Prof. Cook's fame as an entomologist. “any of the discoveries that he has announced in his reports and bulletins as made by himself - lflhalg made — and I have the where— with to prove it ~ if ever necessary. He thinks that as long as I was studying under him - it was just the same as if he had done the work, I have done the werk and placed my results and the accompanying material in his hands - his part consisted in putting it into pre- sentable shape. I have never received any credit for my work - nor do I want it. I am very glad to be able to do it - for Pres. Cook - and he fully appreciates what I have done. Evidently Professor Cook was an adherent of the' "the professor wrote the introduction and the assistant the treatise”14 custom which enabled scientific men to receive all the credit and their assistants none for entomological investigations or discoveries published in the early years of the development of economic entomology in America.15 (3) Professor Cook was practical entomologist.l6 This was shown by the fact that he realized farmers were in- terested in preparing insecticides with materials on hand; thus he highly recommended soft soap rather than hard soap for his kerosene emulsion because most growers usually had soft soap on hand. (Q) In 1877, Professor Cook received one of three samples of London purple sent to the United States by the Hemingway and Company, London, England. Due to either Pro- fessor Cook's delay in reporting results or having obtained unsatisfactory results, the first experimental shipments of London purple in 1878 went to Dr. Charles E. Bessey, Pro- fessor of Botany at the Iowa State College, Ames; thus Dr. Bessey (father of E. A. BGSBBY, M.S.C.) was the first 147 to report the use of London purple.l7 (5) In 1890, Professor Cook was visited by Charles V. Riley, entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., who informed Professor Cook that he thought the Cook kerosene oil-soap emulsion was a mechanical mixture rather than a true emulsion. Mr. Riley had prepared a kerosene oil-milk emulsion in 1880 which he claimed to be superior to Professor Cook's. Shortly after this in- cident, the same year, Professor Cook and Mr. Riley were at an entomOIOgy meeting at the University of Illinois, Champaign- Urbana, and Mr. Riley again remarked that the Cook Formula was a mixture. Most of those present agreed with Mr. Riley's statement. Professor Cook was astounded, for his emulsion had been recommended since 1878 and had been satisfactory. He returned to the Agricultural College and-with Levi R. Taft, horticulturist at the Michigan Agricultural College, con- ducted independent tests with the Cook, Riley, and other emulsions. These tests indicated that Professor Cook's emulsion was the superior one. Mr. Riley had failed to observe that the Cook formula contained excess soap thus causing the emulsion to separate and rise above the soap solution if allowed to stand a while; but no free 011 was present.18 (6) The spraying of arsenites for fruit trees in Michigan probably was not recommended first by Professor Cook,but probably by G. M. Smith, Berlin, Wisconsin. 148 lur. Smith recommended drsenites in 1870 to the Horticultural Society of Saint Joseph, Michigan for the control of the plum 19 curculio. (7) Professor Cook was not the first to write reports about insects and their control in Michigan. This honor goes to Senford Howard, Secretary of the Michigan.3tztc Board of Agriculture in 1865, who recorded notes on the habits, damage, and control of the cankerworm, armyworm,,Qizghiglunipuggta (Haworth), and the Colorado Potato Beetle in the fourth annual report (1865) of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. (8) Professor Cook was the first to study the com- parative injuriousness to foliage of London purple, Paris green, and white arsenic.20 His results indicated that white arsenic did the most harm to foliswe and Paris green the least. (9) Professor Cook's eXperiments, many of which were performed with the aid of students, influenced anumber of students to make insecticidal investigations after leaving the Michigan Agricultural College. Clarence M. Weed (Class of 1883), Clarence P. Gillette (Class of 188”), and Arthur B. Cordley (Class of 1888) were the most prominent of these to make noteworthy contributions to the field of insecticides. In 1889, C. M. Weed conceived the idea of applying inSecti- cides and fungicides together."21 Probably through his COLOperation with Professor -Albert John Cook, Dr. Robert C. Kedzie had become interested in insecticides and at some time previous to 1895 or 1896 ll ivfll‘il'l.‘ Iii ‘I‘ Ii III It'll-[l Al 149 kuui'used his chemical knowledge to prepare an insecticide known as iflde “Kedzie Mixture". This insecticide was an arsenical and a.good substitute for Paris green but had the disadvantage of not having a warning coloration. Dr. Kedzie gave the fol- lowing directions for making his insecticide: To make the material for 800 gallons of spraying mixture, boil two pounds of white arsenic with eight pounds of sal soda ----- in two gallons of water. 'Boil these materials in any iron pot not used for other purposes. Boil for 15 minutes or until the arsenic dissolves, leaving only a small muddy sediment ----- label 'poison', stock material for spray mixture. The spraying mixture can be prepared ----- by sleking two pounds of lime, adding this to forty gallons of water; pour into this a pint of the stock arsenic. In 1896, Dr. Kedzie tested a mixture of salt water and Paris green on grasshoppers attacking peppermint. B. Control of Plant Diseases by Fungicides Since the spraying of fungicides for plant diseases is commonly done in combination with the spraying of insecti- cides for economic reasons, the following summary of the origin of the control of apple scab, Venturia.inaeguali§ (Cooke), by fungicides at the State Agricultural College of Michigan is presented: I Levi Rawson Taft, Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening and Superintendent of the College Farm (1888 - 1902) '-----was the first in America to publish the results of a successful effort to control apple scab."23 This occurred in 1890. Professor Taft's experiments had been made with fungicides in 1889. The experiments that year were made in co—Operation with the United States Section 150 of Vegetable Pathology, Washington, D. C., and were con- ducted in an orchard at the Michigan Agricultural College. Professor Taft had begun eXperiments f)? the control of diseases of the apple and other fruits while employed by the Missouri State Agricultural College, Columbia, between 1885 and 1888. He had been particularly interested in apple scab for that disease was threatening to force apple growers in many regions out of business. In addition, the demand for clean fruit by consumers had induced vigorous competition among growers for the production of premium apples. In 1889, Professor Taft's eXperiments involved twelve trees of Northern Spy Apple. This variety was selected because of its extreme susceptibility to scab. The test trees were thirty—two years old and were selected for equal vigor at blossom time. On May 22, all the test trees were givenan application of London purple, at the rate of one-half pound per 100 gallons of water, for codling moth control. Six applications of fungicide were made to each of the test trees between May 23 and August 2. The dates of the applications were: (1) May 2“; (2) June 6; (3) June 12; (4) June 25; (5) July 55 and {6) August 1. Sprays were also applied on.July 24, but to only five trees. The ten test trees were divided into five groups of two trees. Each group was treated with one of five different chemicals. About three gallons of fungicide were sprayed on each tree during each application. The sprays were applied with a .J‘ at}! ‘ ' l ‘l l.l11|i.‘..ll 1" II I iii 1.1 . - 151 Little Climax Pump, a single cylinder hand pump, made by the hixon Nozzel and Machine Company, Dayton, Ohio. The pump sprayed liquid from a B-gallon water bicket. Two trees .were left unSprayed for checks. For the type of fungicide applied to each group of trees and a diagram of the eXperi- mental plot, the reader is referred to Figure 6. The most satisfactory control of apple scab was obtained with Bordeaux Mixture and a mixture of copper carbonate and _ ammonia-Bordeaux Mixture, resulting in 88 and 59 percent freedom from scab on each of two apple trees, respectively. Professor Taft's initial work on the chemical control of apple scab is commemorated by a plaque located near the Horticulture Building at the Michigan State College. The inscription on the plaque reads as followsi On this spot, May 2h, 1889, Prefessor Levi Taft, first in Michigan, pioneer in America, began the control of orchard disease by spraying. The plaque, with Professor Taft observing it at its dedi- cation in.July, 1935, is illustrated by Figure 7. Professor Taft continued his eXperiments on fungi— cides and did considerable research with insecticidal sprays until about 1919 when he became State Horticulturist. The first Michigan Agricultural College Spraying Calender, which gave recommendations for the control of insects and plant diseases was issued March 31, 1895. It was included within a bulletin on IThe Pests of the Orchard 4 and Garden" by Levi R. Taft and Gager C. Davis.?’ 182 ..—- M .. _. ( Legend: One Circle Represents One Apple Tree 0 0 '0 00 e-only trees sprayei on July 84 0 000000. 0000006 Plots I&Ia - Potassium Sulphiie-S oz to 10 Gal. H30 3&83 - Sodium Hyposulphite-l lb. to ' ' " 3&3a - Sulphur Solution ol ' ' “ ' " " 4&4a - Capper Carbonate+v -302 ' 32 “ “ Ammonia -lqt. for mixture “ 5&Sa — Bordeaux Mixture+ -21b. Cu804 Soda Carbonate+» -21b. Ammonia -2pt. mix in 83 Gal. H30 " 6&Sa - Unsprayed Figure 6 A,niagram of R.L.Taft'e Fungicide Plots and A List of Chemicals Used. 011 Each P101324 w FIGURE 7 PROFESSUR LEVI R.TnET ~VIEWING A PLAQUE COMMENORATINO HIS PIONEER CHEMICAL CONTROL OF APPLE SCAR. THIS PHOTO- GRAPH WAS LOANED TO THIS WRITER,AND PERMISSION GRANTED FOR ITS REPRO- DUCTION, BY HOWARD TAFT, SON OF L.R. TAFT AND FRUIT GROwER, EVELINE OR- CHAHDS, EAST JORDAN, MICHIGAN. 164 C. Qhemigal_§gntrol_of insects and Plant Diseases in the Southwestern Michiganinruitbelt". About 1890, a few of the apple growers in the southwestern Michigan "fruitbelt" began using hand Spray pumps to apply Paris green and Bordeaux Mixture for the codling moth and apple scab, respectively. About 1895, severe outbreaks of the codling moth and cankerworms im- pressed growers with the fact that to avoid crop losses they would have to spray. Besides simple hand pumps mounted in barrels on wagons, pumps were used which were powered by the movement of wagon wheels, steam, and carbonic acid gas. Mr. Buskirk at Paw Paw, Michigan and the Marsh Spray Pump Company at Battle Creek Michigan (now the American- Marsh Pumps, Inc.) both built steam powered sprayers between 1886 and 1900. The presence of San Jose Scale, Aspidigtu§,nepnig1ggu§ Comstock, being recorded in Michigan for the first time in 1896, instigated the use of a home-prepared Lime Sulphur Spray. This was made by boiling quick lime and flowers of sulphur together. This mixture was applied to trees while it was hot. If it was allowed to cool, it crystalized and could not be forced t rough spray nozzles. It even clogged hoses and pipes when it was cool. The hot lime—sulphur mixture was universally used and the mixture was considered the best control for scales, by both the growers and the Michigan Agricultural College. CHAPTER XI THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS IN MICHIGAN SINCE 1900 It is believed that the first factory-built gaso- line-powered sprayer was used in Michigan in 1904; at least the first one used in the southwestern 'fruitbelt" was in- troduced in 1904.1 This sprayer was purchased by Mr. Roland B. Collis, spraying equipment dealer at Benton Harbor, for about 200 dollars, and was manufactured by the Hardie Spray Pump Company, Hudson, Michigan. In fact, this sprayer was the first of its kind manufactured by the Hardie Company.2 Mr. Collis sold three of the Hardie gasoline-Operated sprayers to his neighbors, Lott Sutherland, John Downing, and James Jakway, in 1904.3 Figure 8 illustrates the first factory- made power sprayer used in the fruitbelt. It took con- siderable effort to keep the 190h Hardie Sprayer working, but it did the spraying better and more rapidly than the hand pump.4 Gasoline engines had been attached to hand pumps prior to 1904 but the results were unsatisfactory because the relief valves, used to take care of the liquid when the spray was shut off, frequently failed to work and serious breakage occurred.5 Relief valves were the primary problem 156 in the development of power spray pumps.6 The greatest difficulty was the collection of spray liquid sediment in valves; thus the valves were prevented from openirg or closing. The origin of the present pressure regulator occurred in Michigan in 1909.7 That year, Mr. Dwight Wadsworth of Fennville invented a balanced valve and used it on a Meyers.Spray Pump. Prior to 1920, Les Tyrell of Bridgeman, Michigan built a number of atomizer type Sprayers. The pressure for these Sprayers was furnished by an engine-driven air- pump and both air and spray liquids were carried through separate hoses which Joined at a single nozzle.8 These atomizer sprayers failed to gain popular approval because the amount of liquid delivered was small. The spray left the nozzle as 5 very fine mist but did not go far beyond the nozzle and did not penetrate dense foliage. If a blower could have been installed on this atomizer sprayer to force the spray to tOps of trees and the spray chemical made four to 81X times Stronger, s.oonoentrate Sprayer would have been produced. Since 1920, the development of spraying and dusting equipment has been based on the designing of pumps or blowers capable of producing higher pressures and increasing the size of tanks and engines for more rapid and efficient spraying. Airplanes have even assumed an important role in spraying and dusting. Since early in the l9h0's the airplane has FIGURE 8 FIRST FACTORY-MADE POWER SPEAKER IN FRUITBELT. PURCHASED BY MR. R.B. COLLIS, FARMER AND LOCAL AGENT FUR HARDIE HAhD PUMPS, HUDSON, MICHIGAN IN 1904. THIS SPRAYER WAS FIRST DEMONSTRATED AT SPINKS CORNERS, BAINBHIDGE TOWNSHIP, BERRIEN COUNTY ABOUT MARCH 12,190h 157 158 been used for the insecticidal d’tzsting; of blueberries, corn, muck moms, and forest insects. Enveriments in the air— plane spplicstian oI" irsecticidrl rind. fungicidal dusts on SUUP cherry and persch were made in liichifj‘rn for the first time in 1941; and were continued in 1945.10 Tree results of these tests indicated that the cost of airplane dusting is 1101: unreasonable compared to Operations on the ground, 0nd tliat airplane dusting could be more effective if better equipment and dusts were available. Insecticidal GXpeleGntS with a helicopter were made in Michigan for the first time in 1945. In October Of that year, a Sikorsky B-6a heliCOpter, piloted by Captain Harold H. Hermqns of Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, dusted test plots on the campus of the Michigan State College.11 .The reader is referred to the appendix of this thesis for a pictorial history of the development of spraying; 591161 dusting equipment since 1883. B . WW 2' C, 1. Fruit Insects. Apple losses due to the codling; moth, W Komonella Linne, were so extensive in the United States by J‘90v9 that the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (at that time, the Bureau of Entomology.) under- tQQh the establishment of temporary field stations in apple I‘%gions for the study of the life-history and control of 159 the codling moth. One of these stations was located :1 Douglas, Michigan. The activities of this station rmlged within the "fruitbelt" along the western boundary of the State from Benton harbor to l’enthlter. Insecticidal studies for the codling; moth were begun at this station in 1909 by Ilr. B. W. Braucher,12 assisted by Mr. w. PostiffEB. Mr. Breucher continued his studies until 1911 when Mr. Eugene M! - Scott replaced him.11+ In 1910, Mr. A. G. Hemmer was assigned to the station to direct its activities and to study the life-history of the codling moth.l5 In 1911, Mr. E. H. Siegler Joined the staff at Douglas to aid in the codling moth research.16 In 1910 and 1911, Mr. Earl R - Van Leeuwen served as a summer research assistant.17 All the personnel at Douglas, except Mr. Van Leeuwen and Mr. Postiff,were regular employees of the Bureau of Entomology. Between 1909 and 1911 considerable effort was ex- IDelmded in demonstrating to orchardists the spraying of lead aJI‘Senate for the control of the codling; moth, plum curculio and other fruit insects, and determining whether a "one- SDr-aty method" for codling moth control was more desirable than a series of three to five summer Sprays used in d"arraonstrations. The demonstration sprayings convinced growers that the codling moth could be satisfactorily controlled with several sprayings. The success of the .. Ql'leuspray method" was found to depend on thorough EBpraying immediately after petal-fall to fill the calyx 160 cups of fruit with lee-d arsenate; thus killing; the first brood of the codling; moth. An analysis of one-spray re- sults in Michigan, Delaware, Virginia, and. Kansas indicated that such a method yielded higher percentages of codling, moth damage than several sprays. In 1911, the spray tests made by the Douglas Station were compared with similar tests in New Mexico to determine the condition of numerous varieties of apple after being sprayed at petal-fall under humid and arid climates, res- pectively. In 1912, headquarters for the Bureau of Entomology fruit insect activities in Michigan were transferred, to Benton Harbor. This station remained in operation until about 1920.18 The personnel at Benton Harbor between 1912 and 1920 ‘( and t1"leir dates of employment) includedzl9'20v21 (1) Eugene W. Scott (1912 - 1914, in charge;(2) E. H. Siegler (1912 - 1913); (.23.) J. H. Paine (1913); (4) Howard G. Ingerson (191a - 1916); (5 ) F. L. Simanton (1915 - 1920); .(6) A. J. Ackerman (1915 -- 19 18); (7) D. M. Hamilton (191“; and (8) Earl R. Van Leeuwen. In the years 1912, 1913, and 1914, the investigations at Benton Harbor were directed toward the discovery of sub- s"zictutes for arsenate of lead for the codling moth and other czlqewing insects. Field and laboratory experiments were made with a variety of homemade and preprietary insecticides and 0“inner chemicals. They were tested alone and combined. In 1912, thirty-two materials were tested.‘22 among these Were aI‘aenate of iron, arsenate of zinc, arsenate of lime, calcium arsenate, and lime—sulphur. At the and of 1914, the following conclusions were made concerning the insecti- cidal trials at Benton Harbor:23 1. Arsenite of lead was the most consistent and valuable stomach poison. 2. Arsenate of lime was a better insecticide in some respects than other arsenicals. 3. Arsenate compounds were dangerous to use on foliage. 4. A combination of limewsulphur, arsenate of lead and nicotine made a good spray to kill both chewing and piercing—sucking insects. 5. Calcium arsenate gave satisfactory control of the codling moth. It was through experiments at the Benton Harbor Field Station that calcium arsenate received its.first com- mercial promotion and ultimately became an outStanding in- secticide against the cotton boll weevil (anthgngmu§.g£gndiz Boheman).2u The first calcium arsenate analyzed by the United States Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D.C., was prepared by E. H. Siegler in the laboratory of the Benton Harbor Field Station.25 In 1915, the Benton Harbor Station made extensive tests with insecticidal dusts for the control of the plum curculio on peach. These tests were compared with similar ones made in Maryland and Virginia that year, and the re- sults indicated that lead arsenate dust was the best insecti- cide for the plum curculio and it gave very satisfactory control. 162 From 1916 t) 1920, it appears that efforts were concentrated on investigating nicotine sulphate as a codling moth insecticide. Nicotine sulphate had been so promising in the apple reaions of the Yakima Valley, Washington, that "in 1917 --— ex>eriments were conducted by the United States , , "25 Bureau of Entomolosy in Colorado, Michigan and New Mexico. In 1918 the Bureau studied the effect of calcium arsenate, arsenate of lead, sulphur and other chemicals on 27 pome and stone fruits and grapes. 2. Vegetable and Field Crop Insects In the years 1904 and 1905, the United States Bureau of Entomolosy conducted wheat-sowing eXperiments in Michigan to ascertain the best time to sow wheat to avoid damage by the Hessian Fly, Phytoghaga destructoz (Say).28 In 1916 the Bureau studied the cabbage maggot, Hylemyia brassicge (Bouche), and the onion maggot, fiylgmyig antique Meigan, in Michigan.29 In 1917, it studied melon, sQuash and cucumber insects. Particular attention was given to the transmission of cucurbit diseases by cucumber beetles, 30 ‘ Lhaysomelidae. C. Investigations by Personnel at the Michigan State College 1. Mode of Action of Contact Insecticides From 1908 to 1915, Dr. George D. Shafer, Research EntomOIOgist of the Experiment Station made an extensive study on the subject "How Do Contact Insecticides Kill Il—_ 163 Insects?" This work is believed to have been the first thorough research of its kind. The results, published in 1911}1 and 1915,32 probably have been quoted more than those from any other source on the subject. It is important to note that Dr. Shafer observed that lethal concentrations of contact insecticides adversely affected enzymes in intact tissues of living insects. The enzymes, evidently being of vital importance to insect life processes, were believed to be a determining factor in the death of insects treated with contact insecticides. Dr. Shafer’s study of insect enzymes and insecticides appears to have been the pioneering wvrk of that kind. Despite Dr. Shafer‘s enzymol- ogical studies, it has been only recently, with the develcp- ment of parathion and other anticholinesterases,_that the study of insect enzymology has been considered necessary for a better understanding of the killing action of insecticides. The investigation of how insects are killed by con- tact insecticides was financed with funds provided by the Adams Act of 1906. The latter had been enacted by Congress for the further endowment of EXperiment Stations. 2. Nicotine One of the first trials with nicotine-bentonite (Black Leaf 155) for control of the codling moth on apple was conducted by the Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station.33 This occurred in the years 193u and 1935 when James M. Merritt, a graduate student in.entomology 164 at the Michigan State College, investigated the effect of environmental conditions in Mic igan on various nicotine Combinations which had been shown to be toxic to the codling moth in other states. This interest in nicotine was prompted by the fact that entomologists were seeking a substitute for lead arsenate, the application of which was necessitated so frequently in most apple regions for the satisfactory control of codling moths.that excessive lead and arsenic residues occurred on harvested fruit. These residues were considered dangerous to consumers. Mr. Merritt's eXperi- ments were made in the vicinity of Benton Harbor in 1934, and at mason in 1935. In both years, nicotine-bentonite and summer-oil combinations and nicotine-bentonite dusts gave good control of the codling moth, with little or no injury to foliage. Nicotine-sulphate and summer-oil com- binations also provided satisfactory control. The results of Mr. Merritt's trials with nicotine-bentonite were used to deveIOp the final formula for nicotine-bentonite.3u 3. ”Dinitro" (DN) Compounds35’36 From 1934 to 1938 the EXperiment Stations of the Michigan and Iowa State Colleges cooperated with the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan in the thorough in- vestigation of the insecticidal properties of 4,6-Dinitro- o-cyclohexylphenol. This chemical was placed on the market in 1938. It was recommended as a dormant spray for aphid eggs, and was the first of a long series of “dinitro” insecti- cides. 165 D . Minnow W3 00 P 7' QMW 1. InSect Emergence and Timing of Sprays a. Cherry Fruit Flies, ghaggletis cingulata .ngewl and H,£agsta_Osten Sacken. Through information on the emergence of cherry fruit flies provided annually by the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry and private citizens, the Entomology Department re- commends the best dates for applying insecticidal sprays to cherries and also recommends the most satisfactory insecti- cides, and the amount to be used for control. This advice is given to orchardists over the radio, in newspaper re- leases, by telephone, and through letters to county agents and district horticulture agents. The importance of this service lies in the fact that a State Law prohibits the canning of cherries infested with maggots of cherry fruit flies and requires growers to burn or bury infested cherries. Violations of the law result in either fines or imprisonment or both; thus both the canner and the grower rely on the aspraying service to provide consumers with maggot-free cherries. The originator of the Michigan cherry fruit fly spraying service was Professor Rufus H. Pettit, head of the Michigan State’College Entomology Department from 1906 to 1934. The timing of sprays by the emergence of flies in cages began.in 1925. In 1927, Professor Pettit reported to the Michigan State Board of Agriculture that ”the exact 166 time for best results in controlling the cherry maggot in canning cherries was like-wise determined."38 By 1932 canners were refusing to buy cherries that had not been sprayed as recommended by Michigan State College. The spray dates are established according to the emergence of adult flies from infested cherries placed in the soil over winter and by observation of trees infested the previous season. Flies emerging from cherries in the soil are trapped in screened cages placed over the cherries. The cages and field observation points are located at several sites in the cherry growing regions from Berrien County to Cheboygan County along Lake Michigan. Because fruit flies in the most southern tier of cherry counties in the state frequently emerge about two weeks prior to those in the most n(31"1:hern tier of cherry counties, the scattering of fruit fly cages and observation points provides a more accurate kn~<3Mrledge of general emergence; hence a more. optimum spray date can be issued. This date is different for the s >uthern, °°nt ral, and northern tiers of counties. Since 1930, the annual emergence of the first cherry frui 1: fly in cages has been observed as early as Flay 31 and as J~£ite as June 23.39 These first emergences have been re- °°rq6donly in Berrien County, Van Buren County , and Kent “Hui-33y. Since 1941, the spray date for cherry fruit flies has I‘anged from June 10 to July 15 in the six southern tiers of eOuntiesand June 17 to July 2 in the remaining tiers of c“Mantlest ' . ll.l.|l .l " III II! II 167 Besides instigationg the cherry fruit fly spray service in Michigan, Professor Pettit was the first to sug- gest to Michigan canneries that they soak cherries to vats of cold water to detect curculio infested cherries.‘+1 The latter would float onthe surface of the water. b. ngligg Moth Spraying and insecticide recommendations are also provided orchardists for control of the codling moth on apple and other pome fruits. The emergence of codling moths and the timing of sprays is done almost like that for cherry fruit flies. The important feature of this service is that recommendations are made for two broods of the codling moth; one in the Spring and the other about mid-summer. The emer- gence of codling moths is reported by orchardists upon whose 'premises cages have been placed by the Entomology Department. Spraying for the spring brood of the codling moth depends upon the blooming date. Data for the years 1941, 1942, 1948 and 1950 to 1953, indicate that the summer brood of codling moth has emerged in cages as early as June 26 at Paw Paw and as late as August 9 at Traverse City.‘"2 Moths of the summer brood usually emerge between July 15 and August 9.“3 Investigations concerning the emergence of codling moth broods and the timing of sprays were initiated at the Michigan State College in 1903 by Professor Rufus H. Pettit. Emergence cages for the codling moth were used by Professor Pettit for the first time in 1920. 168 c. Wed“ Fly emergence operations and spray recommendations are made in practically the same manner as for the cherry fruit fly and codling moth. The timing of sprays for the apple maggot by emergence of flies in cages began in Michigan in 1925, but for the past twenty years has been made from orchard observations of the adult flies. Data for the years 1941, 1943 to 1946, 1948 and 1950 to 1953 indicates that the adult apple maggot fly be-' gen its emergence as early as June 24. The dates upon which first sprays should have been completed for this insect 4 range from June 24 to July 21. 5 2. Answers to Letters of Inquiry About Insects and Related Pests. Several thousand requests for insect and related pest identifications and controls are received from private individuals, county agents, district horticultural agents and other sources in Michigan and many other states each year. In 1953, about 3,200 letters were sent in reply to such requests."6 In addition about 1,900 circular letters on special topics were mailed to private individuals, county agents, district horticultural agents, and other interested 47 persons. Since 1925, a record has been kept of all corres- pondence concerning insects sent in reply to letters of , inquiry. This writer has selected 45 economically important 169 insects and related pests, and has tabulated the average number of letters sent in response to inquiries about them each year for five five-year chronological periods from 1925 to 1950 and one four-year period since 1950. This data is presented in Table IV. 3. Radio and Television Programs. A rise in the number of inquiries about many of the pests in TableIV“probably is due to the fact that through more publicity on the control of certain pests with the newer organic insecticides, the public has become more insect control conscious. Some of the fluctuation in numbers of inquiries probably is due to the effects of amount of rain- fall and variations in temperature. Information on insects, especially their chemical control, is regularly dispensed by radio. Every Friday, a staff member Speaks to the public on insects for about ten minutes during a “Farm Service Hour” broadcast by Radio Station WKAR, Michigan State College. The Farm Service Hour originated about 1923 and entomological talks on the program began at that time. Talks on insects are also made at other radio stations in Michigan. Programs on insects are also featured on WKAR Television. ,The latter began Operations in January, 1954. Entomological programs are presented on other Michigan.television.stations too. In 1955, five television appearances were made by entomology staff members. 170 4. Extension Entomology A program of extension entomology designed to help the farmers and other residents of Michigan solve their in- sect problems is given special consideration. Although not officially designated as extension entomology, this service was begun by Albert John Cook when he became Professor of Entomology at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1867. He answered numerous letters requesting information on in- sects and made trips to farms and orchards to recommend control measures. He even attended Farmers Institutes to dispense entomological information. Professor Cook was noted for his apicultural work, much of which was of an extension-like nature. His teaching of the first course of beekeeping to be offered in any college, in 1867, and his aid in organising the Michigan Beekeepers' Association, in 1869, which provided a better means of informing bee- keepers about the control of foulbrood diseases of bees and the improvement_of apiary management, appears to have made Professor A. J. Cook the first extension apiculturist in the United States.50 In addition, Professor Cook probably was the first to do entomological extension work of any kind in the United States. The first worker designated as a full-time extension apiculturist at the Michigan Agricultural College was Mr. Edwin Ewell. He was appointed May 18, 1918.51 Since 1918, the following personnel (with their dates of tenure) have been associated with extension apiculture at the Michigan 171 m.: :.H m.m :.mH m.a m.H uwcmodo o.ma e.mm ~.ma o.am m.mm m.: usages o.as m.mm :.me N.mm s.mm mm. nondisca m.n :.wm N.om 0.:N N.mH m.m mLcQQOSunwao o.mm o.mN e.oe :.Hs «.mm o.m nmnomopxoou s.Ha o.om e.mm «.ma s.ea e.a guacam>aam m.am m.mH 0.0m :.a 0.0a m.ma aame aoeemam_oagu: s.ma :.na :.~H m.~ «.3 m.m .oadz popoao o.m: m.sm m.ma 0.0m o.m: o.ma nouaz dopoae access .mpaz Ha< m.ma :.m e.m. m.e m.a o.~ noeacdpcoe N.NH m.s o.m :.e m.s m.m madman : uwsam mmnomma menmema eecoema mntmnma entomma mmummma .BOHmmE OZH3§0m man. mom EN mmm WMHMHDGZH Emmm 393% 924 Bowman mo mag OH. @3944 mo mmmzbz m¢§m>< >H mums: 172 N.:o :.ms 0.:: e.mm m.a~ m.: .mapmom poem amazon 0.3m ¢.mm m.am 3.3m m.wm o.ma uaommno cnom. N.qm m.am a.sm o.s~ 0.:e e.m .nsne mafia: s.mH e.om m.aa e.s m.ma . n.2H annexes”: s.ma m.m o.m e.m m.m o.m .oaasopsu seam s.ss o.am e.me e.mm m.mm o.m noapmom panama E 3 3 0.. s. same. s.m m.s :.m :.ma m.ma o.ma .mapmomumoam s.ms a.sm m.:m o.nm 0.3m o.o .wsm soeaoxom m.m a.sa «.ma :.ma m.m¢ o.~ .msm sumsum n.0m m.am m.mm o.mm s.sm m.am coacom m.mm a.mm :.mm m.:oa ~.eaa m.ms neasd< m.a~ m.Hm m.ma o.a o.m o.~ swam massage mmtomma asumsma asaosaa mmunmmfl :m-omma omummma Auodfiapnoov >H qudm. 173 s.a o.m 3.3 m. o.ma e.a upmaaom mama eoeqmmremm m.om m.3m 3.sa m.m s.ma w.a nape: poosm . . 22m summon?“ n.3a N.Nm 3.0m m.sm m.om m.oa capo: nogpoae 0.0m m.mN m.mm m.m m.ea o.ae usoaom choc nwcnoazm N.aa m.~a o.sa e.am s.m3 m.mm .asoSpso s.o~ e.mm w.am o.oa m.oa we. .awaom osa> nausea 0.3 3.3 «.ma m.ma ~.em o.ma nanoznmm shoe 0.0 e.ma e.mm o.o~ s.am o.m capo: aazpm.aspnmaao m.m m.3m o.m~ N.em m.mm m.ma unogom mops nomad o.s 3.ma 0.3m 3.mm m.me m.om .npoz wnaaeoo m.aa m.3a 3.3 o.~a s.a3. o.m umapomm seem mmsomma m3cm3ma 33no3ma mnummma 3mn0mma amummma Aeosnapncoe_sH mange i7u 00.000a 30.000H N.00HH N.00HH 00.003H HH.000 mampoa 0.33 0.00 0.Hs 3.00 0.00H 0.0a 00020000 Ucaopm :0 upucm 0.00 3.sm 0.HN 3.s0 s.0a 0.0 moaadzmm 0.33 0.0a 0.0a 0.0 0.0 00. mwaaeaasm ca 0000: cam woom honor 0.03 3.00 0.00 0.0a 0.0 0.0 00:4 gmpcocnmo 0.00 3.H0 0.00 0.00 0.00H 0.03 00:4 cmpnoaamo pcooxm 00:4 HH< 0.HH N.Hm 3.s3 0.03 0.00 0.HH awoam 0.00 0.00 0.00 .N.0a 0.0 0.0 Hoppnoe opaseuoz 0.00 «.03 0.0a 0.0m 0.00 0.s .nnmm one nonsom ma Hoaaaoo ham 0.03 3.30 0.00 0.0a 0.03 0.00 upommaz Haom 0.0, 3.0 3.0 m.m 0.00 0.0 .maam passe undone 00:000H 03:030H 33:030a 00:000a 30:000H mmu0~0a Aemsnapnooe sH mamf fly papers or flykillers containing arsenic or other poisons in quantities dangerous to human life, unless the fly papers or fly killers could be made or protected so that they would be inaccessible to peOple that might eat, drink, or swallow them. Violators of Act 269 were subject t) fines and imprisonment. In 1921, Legislative Act 13 "-—-- transferred to the state department of agriculture, and vested therein, the powers and duties of the state board of agriculture with reference to ---~ the testing and examination of insecticides, ----".lOO In 1940, the Michigan Legislature enacted "The Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act." This Act was patterned after the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 rnd includes recommendations of the council of state governments.101 A copy of the l9h9 Michigan Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is included in this texttfollowing'this page). 6. The Michigan Insecticide and Fungicide Institute The Michigan Insecticide and Fungicide Institute (frequently called the M.I.F.I.) has held a conference, annually at the Michigan State College since abut 1945. This conference, which lasts abgut two days, is conducted in 000peration with the Departments of Entomology, Botany and Plant PathOIOgy, and Horticulture. Its purpose is that of informing and educating dealers concerned with insecticides, i 1 I l w“ STATE OF MICHIGAN 65TH LEGISLATURE REGULAR SESSION OF 1949 Introduced by Reps. Cavenagh and Hutchinson ENROLLED HOUSE BILL No. 362 AN ACT to regulate the distribution, transportation, sale of insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, larvicides, ovicides, herbicides and other “economic poisons” and devices, to prohibit adulterated and misbranded economic poisons and devices; to provide for registration and fixing a fee therefor, guarantees, and labeling of all economic poisons and devices; to authorize the expenditure of such fees; to authorize seizure of mis- branded, adulterated or unregistered economic poisons and devices and to fix penalties for the violation of this act, and to repeal all acts or parts of acts in conflict. The People of the State of Michigan enact: Sec. 1. This act may be cited as “The insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act of 1949.” Sec. 2. For the purpose of this act: _ a. The term “economic poison” means any substance or mixture of substances in- tended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other forms of plant or animal life or viruses, except viruses on or in living man or other vertebrate animals, which the director shall declare to be a pest. b. The term “device” means any instrument or contrivance intended for trapping, destroying, repelling, or mitigating insects or rodents or destroying, repelling, or mitigat- ing fungi or weeds, or such other pests as may be designated by the director, but not including equipment used for the application of economic poisons when sold separately therefrom. c. The term “insecticide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects which may be present in any environment whatsoever. (1. The term “fungicide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any fungi. e. The term “rodenticide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating rodents or any other vertebrate animal which the director shall declare to be a pest. f. The term “herbicide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any weed. g. The term “larvicide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any larvae which may be present in any environment whatsoever. h. The term “ovicide” means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any ova. (187) l. The term “insect” means any of the numerous small invertebrate animals generally having the body more or less obviously segmented. for the most part belonging to the class Insecta. comprising six-legged, usually winged forms. as. for example. beetles. bugs. bees, flies, including eggs, larvae. and immature forms. and to other allied classes of arthropods whose members are wingless and usually have more than six legs, as. for example, spiders. mites. ticks. centipedes. and wood lice. j. The term “fungi" means all non-chlorophyll-bearing thallophytes (that is, all non- chlorophyll-bearing plants of a lower order than mosses and liverworts‘) as. for example. rusts, smuts, mildews, molds. yeasts, and bacteria, except those on or in living man or other vertebrate animals. k. The term “weed” means any plant which grows where not wanted. 1. The term “ingredient statement" means: (1) A statement of the name and percentage of each active ingredient, together with the total percentage of the inert ingredients. in the economic poison. (a) Or. in the case of “economic poison". household disinfectants or household germi- cides, for preventing. destroying. repelling. or mitigating common household pests. a state- ment of the name of each active ingredient together with the name of each and total percentage of the inert ingredients. if any there be, in the economic poison (except option 1 shall apply if the preparation is highly toxic to man, determined as provided in section 6 of this act); and (2) In case the economic poison contains arsenic in any form, a statement of the percentages of total and water soluble arsenic, each calculated as elemental arsenic. m. The term “active ingredient" means an ingredient which will prevent, destroy. repel, or mitigate insects. fungi. rodents. weeds. or other pests. n. The term “inert ingredient” means an ingredient which is not an active ingredient. 0. The term “antidote" means a practical immediate treatment in case of poisoning and includes first aid treatment. p. The term “person” means any individual. partnership, association, corporation, or organized group of persons whether incorporated or not. q. The term “director" means the director of the Michigan department of agriculture. r. The term “registrant” means the person registering any economic poison pursuant to the provisions of this act. 5. The term “label” means the written. printed, or graphic matter on, or attached to; the economic poison, or device, or the immediate container thereof, and the outside container or wrapper of the retail package, if any there be, of the economic poison or device. t. The term “labeling" means all labels and other written. printed. or graphic matter— (1) Upon the economic poison or device or any of its containers or wrappers; (2) Accompanying the economic poison or device at any time; (.3) To which reference is made on the label or in literature accompanying the economic poison or device, except when accurate. non-misleading reference is made to current official publications of the United States departments of agriculture or interior. the United States public health service, state experiment stations. state agricultural colleges. or other similar federal institutions or official agencies of this state or other states authorized by law to conduct research in the field of economic imisi'ms. u. The term “adulterated‘" sliail apply to any emnomic poison if its strength or purity falls below the professed standard or quality as expressed on its labeling or under which it is sold, or if any substance thS been substituted wholly or in part for the article. or if any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted. v. The term “misbranded” shall apply-— (1) To any economic poison or device if its labeling bears any statement. design. or graphic representation relative thereto or to its ingrulients which is false or misleading in any particular; (2) To any economic poison—— ex ea: destroy “ {"116 fill'fd .t’Cl 58 Ol 'kl‘tliflfiilbl "tuiiillm 0i \Ul it of assaults: ...... . 01' annual l0 ad the outsidc mornic poison 01 {fl ”lb: 1‘. m-SlLEl" ‘rc‘o lthYF, i g the econmf L \t “K to (UV :he hlritcd ‘ILW‘ Y \lml lil ("V OL 1k 3 5' 0! 0l flt‘ utltnrized by ‘13“ math or pull} :01 urdet whiff .r the nude 01‘ acted. itenent (learn or A W] or mildew“: (a) If it is an imitation of or is offered for sale under the name of another economic poison; (b) If its labeling bears any reference to registration under this act, except as pro- vided in Sec. 3, a, (6); (c) If the labeling accompanying it does not contain instructions for use which are necessary and, if complied with. adequate for the protection of the public; ((1) If the label does not contain a warning or caution statement which may be neces- sary and. if complied with, adequate to prevent injury to living man and other vertebrate animals; (e) If the label does not bear an ingredient statement on that part of the immediate container and on the outside container or wrapper. if there be one through which the ingredient statement on the immediate container cannot be clearly read. of the retail package which is presented or displayed under customary conditions of purchase; (f) If any word, statement, or other information required by or under the authority of this act to appear on the labeling is not prominently placed thereon with such con- spicuousness (as compared with other,words. statements, designs. or graphic matter in the labeling) and in such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by the ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use, or (g) ’If in the case of insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, larvicide, or ovicide, when used as directed or in accordance with commonly recognized practice. it shall be injurious to living man or other vertebrate animals or vegetation, except weeds, to which it is applied. or to the person applying such economic poison. Sec. 3. a. It shall be unlawful for any person to distribute, sell, or offer for sale within this state or deliver for transportation or transport in intrastate commerce or be- tween points within this state through any point outside this state any of the following: ( 1) Any economic poison which has not been registered pursuant to the provisions of section 4 of this act, or any economic poison if any of the claims made for it or any of the directions for its use differ in substance from the representations made in connection with its registration, or if the composition of an economic poison differs from its com- position as represented in connection with its registration: Provided, That in the discretion of the director. a change in the labeling or formula of an economic poison may be made within a registration period without requiring reregistration of the product. (2) Any economic poison unless it is in the registrant’s or the manufacturer’s unbroken immediate container, and there is affixed to such container, and to the outside container or wrapper of the retail package, if there be one through which the required information on the immediate container cannot be clearly read. a label bearing: (a) The name and address of the manufacturer, registrant, or person for whom manu- factured; (b) The name, brand, or trade mark under which said article is sold; and (c) The net weight or measure of the content subject, however. to such reasonable variations as the director may permit. (3) Any economic poison which contains any substance or substances in quantities highly toxic to man. determined as provided in section 6 of this act. unless the label shall bear, in addition to any other matter required by this act: (a) The skull and cross bones; (b) The word “poison” prominently, in red, on a background of distinctly contrasting color; and (c) A statement of an antidote for the economic poison. (4) The economic poisons commonly known as standard lead arsenate, basic lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, magnesium arsenate, zinc arsenate, zinc arsenite. sodium fluoride, sodium fiuosilicate. and barium tluosilicate unless they have been distinctly colored or dis- colored as provided by regulations issued in accordance with this act. or any other white powder economic poison which the director, after investigation of and after public hearing on the necessity for such action for the protection of the public health and the feasibility of such coloration or discoloration, shall, by regulation, require to be distinctly colored or discolored, unless it has been so colored or discolored: Provided. That the director may exempt any economic poison to the extent that it is intended for a particular use or uses from the coloring or discoloring required or authorized by this section if he determines that such coloring or discoloring for such use or uses is not necessary for the protection of the public health. (5) Any economic poison which is adulterated or misbranded, or any device which is misbranded. (6) Any economic poison which has been registered under protest unless each package bears a label printed in bold face on a strongly contrasting background the words “WARN- ING: REGISTERED UNDER PROTEST IN MICHIGAN.” b. It shall be unlawful—- (1) For any person to detach. alter. deface, or destroy, in whole or in part, any label or labeling provided for in this act or regulations promulgated hereunder, or to add any substance to. or take any substance from, an economic poison in a manner that may defeat the purpose of this act. Sec. 4. Each and every manufacturer. importer, jobber, firm. association, corporation or person manufacturing. distributing or selling any economic poison as defined in section 2 of this act, shall pay to the director of agriculture on or before the first day of November, 1949, and annually thereafter, a registration fee of $5.00 for each and every brand or sepa- rate economic poison sold, offered or exposed for sale. or distributed in this state: Provided That for each and every registration in excess of 10 in any year by the same person, the registration fee shall be $2.00. Fees so collected shall be paid into the state treasury and credited to the economic poison control fund hereby created. The moneys so collected shall be used to defray the expense incurred in collecting and analyzing samples of economic poisons, publishing results of analysis and all other expenses incidental to carrying out the provisions of this act, including the establishing and maintaining of chemical laboratories. Any surplus from registration fees remaining on hand at the end of the fiscal year shall be credited to the general fund. (1) Provided, That whenever a manufacturer, importer. jobber, firm, association. cor- poration or person manufacturing or selling a brand of economic poison, shall have paid the registration fee as provided for in this section, no other agent. importer, jobber, firm, association, corporation or person shall be required to pay such fee upon such brand, nor is registration required in the case of an economic poison shipped from one plant within this state to another plant within this state operated by the same person; (2) Provided, That the provision of this section requiring registration shall not apply to economic poisons that have been discontinued by manufacturers or to stocks of economic poison in the possession of dealers until 1 year after the effective date of this act. Sec. 5. Should any economic poison be registered in this state and it is afterward dis- covered that such registration is in violation of any of the provisions of this act, the said director shall have the power to cancel such registration. The director shall have the power to refuse to allow any manufacturer, importer, jobber, firm, association, corporation or person to lower the guaranteed analysis or change the active ingredients of any brand of his or their economic poison during the term for which registered unless reasons satisfactory to said director are presented for making such change or changes: Provided, That a person who has been denied a registration of an economic poison or whose registration has been can- celled may be granted an appeal hearing before the commission of agriculture, whose finding of fact shall be justification for sustaining or overruling of the director. If it does not appear to the commission of agriculture that the article is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it or if the article and its labeling and other material required to be submitted do not comply with the provisions of this act, the director shall notify the regis- trant of the manner in which the article, labeling, or other material required to be submitted fails to comply with the act so as to afford the registrant an opportunity to make the cor- rections necessary. If, upon receipt of such notice, the registrant insists that such correc- v.._-'. \\ .‘ tions are not necessary and requests in writing that it be registered, the director shall reg- ister the article, under protest, and such registration shall be accompanied by a warning, in writing, to the registrant of the apparent failure of the article to comply with the provisions of this act. Sec. 6. a. The director is authorized, after opportunity for a hearing (1) To declare as a pest any form of plant or animal life or virus which 15 injurious to plants, men, domestic animals, articles, or substances; (2) To determine whether economic poisons are highly toxic to man; and (3) To determine standards of coloring or discoloring for economic poisons, and to sub- ject economic poisons to the requirements of section 3a (4) of this act. b. The director is authorized, after due public hearing, to make appropriate rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this act, including rules and regulations pro- viding for the collection and examination of samples of economic poisons or devices. Rules and regulations promulgated under the provisions of this act shall be subject to the provi- sions of Act No. 88 of the Public Acts of 1943, as amended, being sections 24.71 to 24.82, inclusive, of the Compiled Laws of 1948. Sec. 7. a. The examination of economic poisons or devices shall be made under the direction of the director for the purpose of determining whether they comply with the re- quirements of this act. If it shall appear from such examination that an economic poison or device fails to comply with the provisions of this act, and the director contemplates insti- tuting criminal proceedings against any person, he shall cause appropriate notice to be given to such person. Any person so notified shall be given an opportunity to present his views, .either orally or in writing, with regard to such contemplated proceedings and if, thereafter, in the opinion of the director it shall appear that the provisions of the act have been vio- lated by such person, then the director shall refer the facts to the prosecuting attorney for the county in which the violation shall have occurred with a copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article. b. It shall be the duty of each prosecuting attorney to whom any such violation is reported to cause appropriate proceedings to be instituted and prosecuted in the circuit court without delay. c. The director shall, by publication in such manner as he may prescribe, give notice of all judgments entered in actions instituted under the authority of this act. Sec. 8. a. The penalties provided for violations of this act shall not apply to— (1) Any carrier while lawfully engaged in transporting an economic poison within this state, if such carrier shall, upon request, permit the director or his designated agent to copy all records showing the transactions in and movement of the articles; (2) Public officials of this state and the federal government engaged in the performance of their official duties; (3) The manufacturer or shipper of an economic poison for experimental use only. (a) By or under the supervision of an agency of this state or of the federal govem- ment authorized by law to conduct research in the field of economic poisons, or (b) By others if the economic poison is not sold and if the container thereof is plainly and conspicuously marked “For experimental use only—Not to be sold,” together with the manufacturer’s name and address: Provided, however, That if a written permit has been obtained from the director, economic poisons may be sold for experimental purposes subject to such restrictions and conditions as may be set forth in the permit. b. No article shall be deemed in violation of this act when intended solely for export to a foreign country, and when prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the purchaser. If not so exported all the provisions of this act shall apply. Sec. 9. Any manufacturer, importer, jobber, firm, association, corporation, or person, who shall sell, offer, or expose for sale, or distribute in this state, or who shall take or receive from any firm, association. corporation, or person in this state any order for the sale of any economic poison or device as defined in section 2 of this act, or who shall directly or indirectly contract with any manufacturer, importer, jobber, firm, association, corpora- tion. or person in this state for the sale of such economic poison or device to be delivered in this state by common carrier or otherwise. which has not been registered as required by the provisions of this act. or without complying with the labeling requirements of this act or who shall impede. obstruct, or hinder such director or his authorized agents in the per- formance of his or their duty in connection with the provisions of this act. or who shall violate any of the rules or regulations promulgated by the director as provided herein. shall be deemed guilty of a violation of the provisions of this act and. upon conviction thereof. shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not more than $200.00. or to imprisonment of not more than 60 days in the county jail. or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court: Provided. however, That nothing in this act shall be construed as requiring the director to report for prosecution or for the institution of libel proceedings. minor violations of the act whenever he believes that the public interest will be best served by a suitable notice of warning in writing. Sec. 10. The director. his deputy. or any person by said director duly appointed for that purpose. is authorized at all times to seize and take possession of any and all economic poisons or devices. substitutes therefor. or imitations thereof. kept for sale. exposed for sale. distributed. or held in possession or under the control of any person. which are contrary to the provisions of this act. 1. The person so making such seizures as aforesaid. shall take from such goods as seized a sample for the purpose of analysis and shall cause the remainder thereof to be boxed and sealed and shall leave the same in the possession of the person from whom they were seized. subject to such disposition as shall hereafter be made thereof according to the provisions of this act. 2. The person so making such seizure shall forward the sample so taken to the chief chemist of the department of agriculture for analysis. who shall make an analysis of the same. and shall certify the results of such analysis. which certificate shall be prima facie evidence of the fact: or facts therein certified to in any court where the same may be offered in evidence. I 3.. If upon such analysis it shall appear that said economic poison or device is adulterated. nusbranded. a substitute or imitation within the meaning of this act. said director. or his deputy or any person by him duly authorized, may make complaint before any justice of the peace or police jttstice having jurisdiction in the. city. village. or township where such goods were seized. and theretn‘ncn said justice of the peace shall issue his summons to the person from whom said goods were seized. directing him to appear not less than 6 nor more than 12 days from the date of the issuing of said summons and show cause why said goods should not be condemned anddisposed of. If the said person from whom said goods were sc‘ized cannot be fcund said summons shall be served upon the person then in possession of the goods. The said summons shall he scr‘.'e=.l at least 6 days before the time of appear- ance. trientioncd therein. If the person ftetn whom said gm’ids were seized cannot be found, and no one cm he found in possession of said goods. and the defendant shall not appear on the return day. the said justice of the peace shall pt‘ou'eed in said cause in the same manner provided by law where a writ of a tachment is returned not personally served upon any of the defendants and none of the defendants shall arqiear upon the return day. 4. Unless cause to the contrary therecf is shown. or if said goods shall be found upon trial to be in violation of any of the provisions of this act or other laws which now exist or which may be hereafter enacted. it shall be the duty of said justice of the peace or police justice to render judgment that said seized property be forfeited to the state of Michigan. and that the said goods be destroyed or sold by the said director for any purpose other than to be used for economic poisons or devices. The mode of procedure before said justice shall be the same. as near as may be. as in civil tjiroceedings before justices of the peace. Either parties may appeal to the circuit court as appeals are taken from justices courts. but it shall not be necessary for the people to give any appeal bond. 5. The proceeds arising from any such sale shall be paid imo the state treasury and credited to the general fund: Provided, That if the owner or party claiming the property or mtg—.5)“ ~— goods so declared forfeited can produce and prove a written guarantee of purity. signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer or other party from whom said articles were purchased. then the proceeds of the sale of such articles, over and above the cost of seizure, forfeiture, and sale, shall be paid over to such owner or claimant to reimburse him, to the extent of such surplus, for his actual loss resulting from such seizure and forfeiture. as shown by the invoice: And provided, further. That upon payment of costs and execution and delivery of a good and sufficient bond conditioned that the article shall not be disposed of unlawfully, the court may direct that said article be delivered to the owner thereof for relabeling or reprocessing as the case may be. 6. It shall be the duty of each prosecuting attorney when called upon by said director or by any person by him authorized as aforesaid, to render any legal assistance in his power in proceedings under 'the provisions of this act, or any subsequent act, relative to the adulter- ation, misbranding, substituting, imitating or selling economic poisons or devices. Sec. 11. All authority vested in the direOtoi' by virtue of the provisions of this act may with like force and effect be executed by such employees of the department of agriculture as the director may from time to time designate for said purpose. Sec. 12. The director is authorized and empowered to cooperate with, and enter into agreements with, any other agency of this state, the United States department of agriculture, and any other state or agency thereof for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act and securing uniformity of regulations. Sec. 13. Jurisdiction in all matters pertaining to the distribution, sale and transportation of economic poisons and devices is by this act vested exclusively in the department of agri- culture and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby expressly repealed. Act No. 254 of the Public Acts of 1913, being sections 286.151 through 286.160 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, is hereby repealed. Clerk of the House of Representatives. ““s'gaagr; an. sagas." Approved ___________________________________________________________________ - Governor. 4;:"3-‘7‘? ,mt 190 fungicides, and other agricultural chemicals about control recommendations, legislation, and hazards of chemicals, application equipment, and other special topics. The con— ference provides dealers with the opportunity to discuss their problems with each other. Insecticide conferences conducted by the Michigan State College EntomolOgy Department originated in 1935.102 At that time, a series of district schools on insecticide and fungicide dealer training was instituted by the exten- sion entomologist and plant pathologist. The work was con— tinued, with some interruption during World War II, until l9h5; in 1945, the M.I.F.I. was organized and incorporated. The success of the M.I.F.I. has been mediocre ‘during recent years. Although supported by agricultural chemical manufacturers, commercial dealers have taken little interest in the Institute. Even those local dealers (op- erators of drug stores and hardwares at which agricultural chemicals are sold) who can easily reach the Institute meetings do not attend. The dealers, like the farmers to whom they sell, are quite dependent upon the college ex- tension Specialists for information. The attitude of dealers toward the M.I.F.I. probably has resulted from the following facts: I "1. Both the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 19b? and the Michigan Insecticide,Fungi- cide,and Bodenticide Act of l9h9 have eliminated false claims 191 and misbranding on pest control chemical containers and have insured the listing of the ingredients in the contents of containers; whereas dealers before 1947 were frequently requested by their customers to provide much information about the contents of pest control chemical containers. Since 1949 the labels on such containers have provided the essential facts that dealers frequently sought at the M.I.F.I. 2. ” ---- housewives each year purchase upwards of 100 million dollars worth of the so-called household type ".103 Most of these purchases are prob- insecticides, --—- ably made at drug, hardware, and department stores, and the present labels probably are sufficient, without asking too many questions of salespeople, to inform one of their nature and use. 3. Since about 1935, the total number of farms in Michigan has decreased from about 196,000 to about 155,000, and the total number of farmers who work off the farm has 104 This situ— increased from about 56,000 to about 72,000. ation has decreased the number of growers seeking detailed information on pest control from agricultural chemical dealers. 7; Commercial Pest Control Operators in.Michigan The commercial pest control Operators of Michigan have organized two associations for the purpose of dis- seminating information on pest control to the individual 192 members of each association. These are: a. T W C 105 This organization originated on March 5, 1951. On that date, seven pest control operators attended an organizational meet- ing in the Dime Building, Detroit, Michigan. The first of- ficers were: (1) J. Watkins - President. (2) Charles Wells - Vice-president, and (3) Myron Sempliner - Secretary and Treasurer. At present, there are about 20 members and the officers for 1953 - 54 are (1) Charles Wells - President; (2) Harlem Ives - Vice-president; and (3) J. Watkins - Secretary and Treasurer. Although most of the Wolverine members are members of the National Pest Control Association, 30 Church street, New York 7, New York, the Wolverine Associ- ation itself is not directly affiliated with it. The Wolverine Association does not issue any pub- lications. It does keep its members posted on pest control developments, and believes that any matter affecting the pest control industry should be discussed Openly. Non-members are invited to all meetings of the.Association. b. The Mignigan Pest Control Association, Inc,106 This organization originated on February 12, 1945, at Lansing, Michigan. The first officers were: (1) Harold Smitter - President; (2) Oscar Potter - Vice-president; and (3) Edward Van Core - Secretary-Treasurer. The organization had eight members at its origin. The purpose of the Michigan Pest Con— trol Association is to promote a closer relationship between the members of the industry,seeking the promotion, advancement, 193 and betterment of the ethics oftdw?pest control industry. The Association presently has fifteen members. The present officers are: (1) Oscar Potter - President; (2) Harry Sinclair - Vice-president; and (3) Edward Van Core - Secre- tary—Treasurer. J}.(n’ CHAPTER XII ENTOMOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE1 The discovery of San Jose Scale in Michigan in 1897 led the Legislature to pass a bill which required the in- spection of all nursery stock offered for sale in the State, whether grown in or out of the State, and compelled the in- spection and treatment of all fruit trees suspected to be infested with pests. This action was taken in 1897 and in the same year, Professor Ulysses P. Hedrick of the Michigan Agricultural College Horticultural Department was appointed State Inspector of Orchards and Nurseries. Present inspection and control activities of the Michigan Department of Agriculture are conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry, a part of the Department. The Bureau is concerned with the following insects: A. Japanese Beetle Extensive trapping and control operations for this insect have been conducted in the Lower Peninsula since 1930. For a more detailed accountflof this work the reader is re- ferred to Chapter IX, Co-operative Survey and Control Pro- grams, Section A. B. Cherry Fruit Flies Since a State Law prohibits canneries from canning Il.i III I 195 cherries that are infested with cherry maggots, annual summer inSpection and eradication campaigns for cherry fruit flies are canducted in 22 cherry growing counties.‘ These campaigns, conducted since 1929 and financed entirely by State funds, are authorized by Act 86, Public Acts of 1929, the Cherry Fruit Fly Act. Each campaign benefits not only the canneries but also the cherry growers. The cherry fruit fly service consists of providing cherry inepectors for each county. The principal duties of the inspectors are: a. To prepare and watch cherry fruit fly cages for the emergence of adult flies and to scout orchards for the adult insect. These observations are made in the spring and the presence of flies in cages and orchards is reported to the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing. The Bureau Chief in turn, reports such information to the Michigan State College Entomology Department, East Lansing. The Ento— mology Department uses the dates of fly emergence or fly observance to establish Spraying dates for the cherry fruit flies. The fruit fly emergence cages, which the inspectors watch are 3 to 4 feet square, about 1 foot high, and have wooden sides over which a l6-inch mesh fly-proof screen is stretched.' The cages are set over maggot-infested cherries which have been placed on cultivated soil. The fruit—fly cages are illustrated by Figure 9. Since these cages are 196 prepared at harvest time for the following Spring, a light cover of arsenate of lead is applied to the fruit to pro— tect it from rodents and other pests until the maggots have entered the soil, and leaves or hay are placed on top of the cherries to protect the overwintering fly puparia. The leaf or hay mulch is removed early in the spring. The emergence cages are scattered at various points from Berrien County to Chegoygan County. b. To visit growers during the growing season and inspect samples of cherries from their orchards for the pre— sence of maggots. Cherry samples are also collected for the official verification of maggot-infested fruit by a traveling laboratory operated by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The traveling laboratory moves frem the southern portion of the State to the northern portion, with the progressive south to north cherry harvest. The traveling laboratory had its origin in 1931. c. To inspect samples taken from loads of cherries entering canneries. d. To condemn cherry orchards infested with maggots. A State Law requires growers to destroy condemned cherries either by burying them with lime at least two feet in the ground, or by burning. The cherry inspector must witness this procedure. The burying of cherries is illustrated by Figure 10. e. To collect and label specimens of cherry maggots and other fruit pests. Records are kept by the Bureau of 197 Plant Industry on the apple maggot, plum curculio, rose chafer, cherry case bearer, cherry aphid, fruit tree bark beetle, cherry slug, cherry leaf beetle, cherry leaf roller, cherry leaf spot, cherry yellows, and brown rot of stone fruits. f. To prepare classified lists of approved and condemned cherry orchards. A summary of various cherry fruit fly statistics, averaged for three five-year periods and one four-period for the years 1931 to 19h9, inclusive, are presented in Table V. The original data was collected by State Cherry Inspectors. C. EurOpean.Corn Borer The reader is referred to Chapter IX, Co~operative Survey and Control Programs, Section B. D. Grasshoppers The reader is referred to Chapter IX, Co—operative Survey and Control Programs, Section C. E. Insects Attacking Ornamental Shade Trees and Forest Trees 1. Christmas Tree Insects. All Christmas trees shipped into the State are carefully inspected to determine whether they are infested with the Gypsy Moth,,§22thgtnia . dispar (L.), the Brown.Tail Moth, yygmia phaeogghgea (Donov.). and other insects. These inspections occur at road blockades established on main highways and at railroad freight depots. County agents, county sheriffs” the Michigan Department of 198 Conservation, and the Michigan State Police co-operate with the Bureau of Plant Industry on the Christmas tree inspection work. 2. Qgtgb Elm Disease and Bank Beetles. Since 1950 when Dutch Elm Disease (caused by the fungus Qeratostomella ,glmi) was first found in Michigan,in the eastern Detroit- Grosse Point area along the Detroit River, considerable co- operation has been given many Michigan communities in con- ducting community-financed surveys to determine the extent of Dutch Elm Disease infections and to find infestations of the EurOpean Elm Bark-Beetle, Scolytu§.multistziatug (Mar.), the principal vector of Dutch Elm Disease. In 1952, the City of Detroit alone Spent 27,000 dollars for Dutch Elm Disease surveys and controls. In 1953, Detroit spent #1,000 dollars for sprays to protect elms from_Dutch Elm Disease. In 1953, the Legislature appropriated 10,800 dollars for a Dutch Elm Disease Survey. This survey was made in most of the municipalities from Mount Clemens south to Monroe and as far westward as Ann Arbor. Some entire town- ships were also covered in the survey. TABLE V 199 AVERAGE ANNUAL CHERRY FRUIT FLY STATISTICS, 1931-1949 1931-35 1936-40 1941-45 1946-49 No. Properties Inspected 2353 3694 3630 3u96 No. Inspections 3326 5001 4650 4394 Ne. Cherry Trees Sweet 59406 110518 190983 197223 Sour 828512 146599 1603702 1768336 No. Sprayed - Properties 1520 2315 2428 2676 No. Unsprayed Properties 960 1382 1173 816 Ne. Cultivated . Orchards 1184 1969 2070 2065 Ne. Uncultivated Orchards 1252 1681 1573 ---- No. Tests For AMaggots 1314 .2304 1918 ---- No. Preperties Infested with Cherry Maggots 283 311 265 122 Ehrliest Fly Observation Date June 4' June 3 June 2 May 31 Latest Fly Observation Date Aug. 5 Aug. 8 Aug. 9 Aug. 14 Earliest Maggot ‘ Record June 14 June 17 June 19 June 7 Latest Maggot Record . July 28 Aug. 10 Aug. 7 Aug. 14 Largest No. Maggots In.a Pint Sample 185 160 99 115 200 FIGURE 9 CHERRY FRUIT-FLIES BEING REMOVED FROM AN EMERGENCE CAGE 201 FIGURE 10 BURYING MAGGOT—INFESTED CHERRIES TO CONTROL THE CHERRY FRUIT FLY il'lillllllllllilll! III-lull; ll CHAPTER XIII SOME MICHIGAN MANUFACTURERS OF PESTICIDES AhD APPLICATION EQUIPMENT A. Spray and Dust Equipment 1. M P Co I B c e k.1 0 : . As the Battle Creek Machinery Company, this organization began the manufacture of Simplex Steam lumps in 1880. The first successful eXperiment with a steam sprayer, which occurred in 1894, was made with a steam pump manufactured by the Marsh Steam Pump Company, Battle Creek.? This manufacturer also has been known as the Battle Creek Pump Company and the American Steam Pump Company. At present it manufactures pumps for a wide variety of uses. 2. Morgill and Morley Company, Benton Ha;§gz.3 Or : l8 . This organization manufactured spray pumps and spraying apparatus until about 1916. In the 1899 Benton Harbor Directory the company was listed as “Pump Manufacturers”; in 1902, as producers of "Eclipse Spray Pumps and Atomizers'; in 1904, as “Sprinkler Manufacturers"; from 1907 to 1908, as “Sheet Metal Workers“; in 1915 - 16, as producers of “Eclipse Spray Pumps“ and 'Jobbers of Spray Apparatus". In 1894, Morrill and Morley introduced quite a re- volutionary type of spray pump. A cylinder containing a piston was placed at the bottom of the pump; hence, the 2C3 pump needed no priming.“ The new pump was reported to be quite simple and powerful and quite popular. This pump is illustrated in Figure 11. 3. Unixensal Meta; Pngdngts Company Sananag.5 0r : . Hand-Operated dusters are the principal agricultural products of this company. a. Champion Snrnygn Company, 093291;.6 ongggn: 1233. This company manufacturers hand-operated knapsack sprayers and dusters, hand dusters, slide sprayers, wheelbarrow sprayers, self-loading compressed-air sprayers of several mounting styles, and a power sprayer. 7 5. Universa Stam i and Ma Co mo . Origin: _1233. This company was organized as the Universal Power Sprayer Company. It ceased the manufacture of sprayers in.1941. 6. Acmeline Manufacturing Company, Traverse City.8 Origin: 1885. Hand-operated dusters are made by this Company. 7. Lowg11:Mannjacturing,Comngny, Lowell. This company is one of Michiganualargest manufacturers of sprayers and dusters. 8. The Hnrdie Manufacturing Company, Hudson. Origin: 1203. This company was established for the manu- 9 facture of paint coating machines. Prior to 1903 its founder, Mr. Harry Hardie, was engaged in making hand spray-pumps at Detroit. The company started the manufacture of gasoline- FIGURE 11 A NEW TYPE OF SPRAY PUMP INTRODUCED IN 1894 BY THE MORRILL AND MORLEY COM- PANY, BENTON HARBOR (REPRODUCED FROM E. G. LODEMAN, THE SPRAYING OF ELANTS. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 1 16, P. 192. (COPYRIGHTED, 1896, BY THE MAC- MILLAN COMPANY). THIS WRITER WAS GRANTED PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS PHOTO BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 204 205 powered sprayers in 1904. In 1908, a manufacturing branch of the Hardie Company was established in Portland, Oregon. Another such branch was established in Les Angeles, Cali- fornia in 1912. St. 21mL1Emd1§L_Eindmi11_andIEmankxmxunu_1ansins- Origin: 1892. This company was a leading spray manufacturer of Spray pumps in 1895.10 10. flA1éumaaL1kunuZunanuJuLIEmnxunuclsnnzuu;o Origin: 1895. This company was first called the Cady and Hildreth Company. It was a leading manufacturer of spray pumps in 1895.11 11. iaaaL;;IBuaflsaflJm.Manafaaiuzins_QamaanlllflnhxxL Origin: About 1890. This company made pneumatic spraying pumps that used a force to compress air in a reservoir for their Operation rather than using a force from a movingpiston.12 The company no longer exists. It was also known as the Cham~ berlin Manufacturing Company, and Hazen Pump Company,13 Bean- Hook Company, and Hook-Hardie Company}!+ Figure 12 illus- trates a spray pump munufactured by the Chamberlin Company. John Bean (who started the John Bean Spray Pump Company at San.Jose, California in 1884) and his son, Roscoe Bean started the Bean-Chamberlin Company prior to 1883.15 Roscoe Bean continued making pumps at Hudson after John Bean.went to California in 1883.16 His pumps were used primarily for white-washing chicken cOOps, barns, and other buildings.17 12. The Jo Be M ct L . Origin: 1884. This company had its beginning at San Jose, 206 California. In 1884 Mr. John Bean invented the first hand- Operated continuous spray force pump.18'19 This pump is illustrated in Figure 13. Mr. Bean had worked on pumps since early in thelSSO's and was the inventor of the first well pump in which the cylinder was carried by the disé charge pipe.20 This was a double-acting force pump.21 The 1884 invention was prompted by an invasion of San Jose Scale, Aspidiotng nerniciosns Comstock,in California citrus orchards in 1883. Mr. Bean, who had lived in Hudson, Michigan for many years prior to 1883 and had gone to California because of ill healthzz, had begun work on a spray pump that would be forceful enough to spray San Jose Scale for a thorough kill. He tested his pump in his own infested orchards. In 1884, Mr. Bean's pump was shown at fairs throughout California and such a demand was made for the pump that Mr. Bean started to manufacture it at San Jose. His fac- tory was called the John.Bean Spray Pump Company. In 1908, the company sold manufacturing rights to Bean Spray Pumps to the Ohio Rubber Company of Cleveland. The rubber com- pany which manufactured the pumps at Berea, Ohio, suffered severe financial losses and,in 1914, the John.Bean Com- pany bought the Berea production facilities. These weremoved to Lansing, Michigan in 1915. Increasing sales of sprayers in Michigan and surrounding states influenced the move to Michigan. In 1911 the Dean Company had perfected a pressure regulator thatwms to be one of the greatest single improvements l!;li;l any; :3 :lllll" ‘ \nuwwm'lw ‘ ‘ H.UHHIIIHHHH‘Imlvm M‘l ‘HHI IIIIHIIIIIHIHI' FIGURE 12 A SPRAY PUMP MADE BY THE CHAMBERLIN MANU- FACTURING COMPANY. (REPRODUCED FROM E. G. LODEMAN, THE §PRAYING OF PLANTS. NEW YORK. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 191 P. 193. COPY- RIGHTED, 1896 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. THIS WRITER WAS GRANTED PERMISSION TO BE- PRODUCE THIS PHOTO BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 2C7 FIGURE 13 JOHN BEnN AND HIS INVENTION OF 1884. THE FIRST CONTINUOUS HIGH PRESSURE SPRAY PUMP WITH AIR PRESSURE (THIS PHOTO wAS LOANED To THE WRITER, AND PERMISSION GRANTED FOR ITS REPRODUC- TION BY THE JOHN BEAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LANSING, MICHIGAN.) 208 (II (11 ill 1|. i 209 in the development of modern spray equipment. Since 1915 the Lansing Plant has been a division of the Food machinery and Chemical Corporation, San Jose, California. By 1928, the John Bean Company was producing such a Variety of agri- cultural products that its name was changed to the “John Bean Manufacturing Company". This company now manufactures vari- ous types of sprayers, crop harvesters, fire engines, car- washers, wheel alignersa and numerous other products. 13. The Move Engine Cgmpanx, Lansing.23 Origin: ,1889. This organization began under the name of Cady and Glassbrook and specialized in the manufacture of gasoline engines having horizontally moving pistons in horizontal cylinders. The name NOVO was adopted in 1907, at which time the company changed its horizontal engine to a verti- cal position;thus the pistons moved vertically. Novo engines were used in all types of farm machinery. The company ended Operations on December 31, 1953. l#. The Church Manufacturing Company, Adrian. Origin: Prior to 1900 this organization made a variety of sprayers. B. Chemicals 1. The E—Z Flo ChemicalCompgylxlzl+ Lansing. Origin: 12 8. From 1928 to 1951 this company was known as the Michigan Fertilizer Company. Until 1945, fertilizers were its only business. In l9u5, Mr. B. C. Manker, the Ill. [(1 210 me ager, conceived the idea of selling insecticides and fungicides with fertilizers, for the company salesmen were dealing closely with the farmers and knew of their pest problems. The E-Z Flo Company is a division of the Consoli- dated Chemical Company, the home office being the Diamond Fertilizer Company at Sandusky, Ohio. The E-Z Flo Com- pany represents 25 national manufacturers of agricultural chemicals. It sells insecticides, fungicides, week killers, seed protectants, wood preservatives, and fumigants. The company formulates a number of pesticide dusts of its own. The chemicals handled by E-Z Flo make up one of the largest varieties of pesticides under one roof in Michigan. The distribution of E-Z~Flo chemicals is done through 800 dealers in Michigan and Indiana. 2. Michigan Chemical Congrgtign, St. Lguis. Origin: This company entered the organic pesticide field 25 in l9hO. By July, 1944, it was one of the largest pro- ducers of DDT for the United States Armed Forces. Michigan Chemical DDT, sold under the Pestmaster Trade Mark, is known throughout the world because of its extensive use in agricultural and public health campaigns. 3. T e Dow Chem 0 Co a M .28 Origin: 1820. Until 1897 this company was successively known as the Midland Chemical Company and the Dow Process Company. The Dow Coupany's interest in insecticides and other agricultural chemicals was instigated by Dr. Herbert 211 H. Dow, founder of the company. Mr. Dow was interested in fruit orchards and noted the insect and disease damage to trees in his own apple orchards. His business inclined him to think in terms of chemical control. In 1910, Dow began the manufacture of lime-sulphur and lead arsenate for pest control. These were Dow's first agricultural pro- ducts. In 1922, Dow Scientists began a systematic study of chemicals in an effort to develop new and better insecti- cidal and fungicidal sprays and dusts. The Dow Orchards were used as an experimental farm. What is believed to have been the first synthetic organic substance ever used as an agricultural chemical was tried eXperimentally in the summer of 1925 when E. C. Britton and V. R. Veazey used butyl pyrrolidine from the Dow Labora- tories as a substitute for nicotine in the control of aphids. Its toxicity alone ruled it out of commercial production, but the idea of synthetic organics as pest control materials had had its origin. Dinitro-orthocyclohexyl-phenol, devel- Oped by Dow and used as a dormant ovicide as early as 1937, probably was the first synthetic organic'chemical manu- factured for pesticide use in the United States that did not contain arsenic or lead. At present the Dow Chemical Company manufactures a large variety of insecticides, fungi- cides, nematocides, week killers and defoliants. For the testing of its pest control.chemicals, Dow maintains an agricultural research station at South Haven, Michigan. I‘III. 'lv il’l ( 1' ll. 212 t 27 4. California,Spray_Chemica1500rporationg Fennville. Qzlglflfi__jflggflL;EZLZL This is a branch of the home office in Richmond, California. Although a warehouse and office had not been established in Michigan until May, l9u8( at South Haven) the company had warehoused its products at the Michigan Supply Company in South Haven. In March, 1950, the Company purchased the Sanocide Spray Company in Fennville, and in May, 1950, moved into a new building at Fennville. In May, 1952 the headquarters for this branch was moved to Maumee, Ohio, where it includes an agricultural chemical research department. 5. The Tanglefoot Company, Grand Rap1d§.2§921gxn; 1885. "No history of entomology in any part of the world would be complete without a mention of Tanglefoot, as this Company was once the world's largest manufacturer of sticky fly-paper, and distribution was on a world-wide basis." Tree Tanglefoot, a sticky banding compound used to control climbing insects on orchard and ornamental shade trees, has provided the Tanglefoot Company with considerable fame. It was first produced in 1906. The most extensive sales of Tanglefoot occurred prior to the advent of DDT and other synthetic organic insecticides. IIn the field of insect control by means of toxic chemicals, Tanglefoot was one of the first to market a steam vaporizer type sprayer for applying pyrethrum insecticides.I The company also once Operated a pyrethrum extracting plant and marketed a com- plete line of pyrethrum sprays. 213 6. Parsons Chemical Works, Grand Ledge.29 Origin: lfllé. This company was a pioneer in "Pyrethrum and Rotenone Insecticides, Veterinary Medicinal Chemicals and Sanitation isinfectants.' This company formulates a wide variety of "small-package" pesticides which are widely distributed in a number of states. CHAPTER XIV MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON ENTUMOLOGY IN MICHIGAN A. Bibliography on Michigan Insects In 1903, Professor Rufus H. Pettit and his assist- ants began compiling a bibliography of writings on Michigan insects. Considerable effort was eXpended on this project, and the entries were complete up to about 1940. The refer- ences were put on index file cards, of which there are several thousand. B, EntomOIOgy Department Photographic Work In 1905, Professor Pettit started making blueprints of numerous photographic negatives of insects and historical pictures of the Michigan Agricultural College. In fact, the Entomology Department assumed the status of campus photo- graphic headquarters. Evidence of this is that the Entomol- ogy Department presently possesses several thousand glass- plate negatives and blueprints of pictures. Professors Pettit and McDaniel did mom;of the photographic work. Many of the insect pictures taken by these two workers presently appear in numerous entomological textbooks. C. BiOIOgical Control of Insects in Michigan Professor Pettit was one of the first American entomologists to be interested in the biological control 215 of insects. While a student at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, he made a study of entomogenous fungi for an under- graduate thesis. The excellence of his work prompted the University to publish it as an Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 97, titled “Studies In Artificial Cultures of Entomo— genous Fungi", 1895. After coming to the Michigan Agri- cultural College in 1897, Professor Pettit made extensive eXperiments in the control of various economically important insects with fungi. This work continued until about 1911. D. Cultural Control Studies of the Hessian Fly Wheat is the most valuable crop in Michigan. Unless the Hessian Fly( a very destructive insect or autumn - sown wheat) 13 controlled , Wheat can not be grown in the State. Since the expense of controlling the insect by spraying would be I unprofitable and probably not very practical, a cultural control consisting of adjusting the planting date of wheat in the autumn to avoid the Hessian Fly has been used since about 1900. The planting date of wheat, which is referred to as the "fly-free date" varies in a progressive manna: from the southern counties to the northern counties of Michigan. The warmer southern counties have later planting dates than the cool northern counties. A grower in a ‘ county south of a grower in a more northern county will probably have a planting date at least one day later than that of the more northern grower. Investigations of the fly-free date for wheat regions in the United States was 216 begun by the United States Department of Agriculture about 1885. In Michigan, investigations of this type appear to have been emphasized by Professor Rufus H. Pettit about 1905. The fly-free dates are published in newspapers and are provided over the radio and by county agents and ex— tension agents. The establishment of the fly-free date in Michigan probably is the most important accomplishment by the Michigan State College Entomology Department. E. Beekeeping in Michigan Beekeeping came to the forefront in Michigan in 1868 when Professor Albert John Cook of the Michigan Agricultural College started beekeeping. This instruction was the first of its kind in a college in the United States.1 After 1873, when "Gleanings in Bee Culture"2_was established, Professor Cook‘s frequent contributions about his bee investigations made him well known to American beekeepers. The most noteworthy of Professor Cook's contributions, to the field of beekeeping were the following: 1. In 1875, he claimed success for the practice of placing packing around bee hives early in the autumn and retaining it until late in the spring for the winter pro— tection of bees. 2. Identification of insects pertaining to the apiary. 3. In 1880, he convinced the United States Postal Officials to lift a ban on shipping live honeybees through ' the mails. The bannwaa instigated by poor shipping cages 217 which allowed bees to escape, and spilled honey which was put in the cages for bee food. Professor Cook, chosen to represent the beekeepers of America, showed postal officials in Washington, D.C. secure bee cages and solid bee candy that would correct the difficulties encountered in handling bees; and bees were re-admitted to the mails. u. Pointed out the necessity of providing wintered bees with at least 30 pounds of food stores and a uniform winter temperature. 5. Tested honey plants to determine the most desirable ones for honey production. 6. Advised the addition of honey to sugar syrup for its inversion. 7. Bred bees to secure superior stocks. 8. Made analyses of honey to ascertain whether a reliable test could be secured for honey. In a publication on ”Honey Analyses“,3 he reported that glucose, which as used to adulterate honey, is easily detected in honey. He also described a method of distinguishing between honeydew and honey adulterated with glucose. This constituted a great contribution to beekeeping because the adulteration of honey continued until 1006 when the Federal Food and Drug Act was passed. 9. Pointed out the danger of poisoning honey bees by spraying trees while they were in bloom. 10. Made tests with sugar syrup and found that bees inverted it to a product similar to honey. 218 ll. Advocated legislation for the control of bee dis- eases. The first apiary law was passed in 1931, and Pr:— fessor Cook was quite influential in obtaining this legis- laticn. Unfortunately, beekeeping in Michigan suffered a severe setback when Professor Cook left the Agricultural College in 1893. The teaching of apiculture and bee re- search at the College soon ceased and were not resumed until 1914. While Professor Cook was in Michigan, the State had taken a leading role in the field of beekeeping. In 1895, the following statement was made before the Michigan Bee Association: "We have been accustomed to contemplate with the position which our State has held among agricultural communities. It has been her want to be at the front; shall she because a Cock has gone be suffered to lose that posi- tion."4 . Other individuals in Michigan who have done con- siderable to further beekeeping, or have become noted bee- keepers include the following; 1. B. L. Taylor, La Peer. 2. W. Z. Hutchinson-publisher of the Beekeepers Review at Flint- 3. T. P. Bingham-inventor of the Direct Draft Bee Smoker in 1878. Mr. Bingham was a jeweler in Ostego and Alma and a keeper of bees. 4. Lewis C. Woodman. 5. A. G. Woodman. 219 6. G. Kirkpatrick. 7. Elmer Carroll~publisher of the Beekeepers Magazine at Lansing. 8. Jack Deyeel- 9. Dave Running; 10. Russell H. Kelty. ll. Hubbard Bros. 12. Others-Bartlett, Heddon, Gordon, Jaquays, Coulthard, and Chapman. The progress of bee disease control in Michigan has been slow. From 1881, when the first apiary inspection law was passed, to 1917, no forceful legislation was available to insure good control of bee diseases. Begining in 1917, laws for the suppression of bee diseases were passed in the fol- lowing years (the Act No. is appended): l. 1917 (87); 2. 1921 (13); 3. 1923 (136); a. 1927 (60); 5. 1935(26); 6. 1937 (86); 7. 1943 (101); 8. 1945 (12); and 19a? (276). Prior to 1021, the inspection of apiaries was directed by the State Board of AgriCulture. Since 1921, such work has been directed by the Michigan Department of Agriculture, Division of Apiary Inspection, Lansing. Up to 1927, bee inspection in Michigan was on an ”area clean-up basis". This method consisted of individual counties undertaking bee inspection and eradication work. Before 1921, counties appropriated funds themselves for such activity. After that date, State-appropriated funds were provided. The northern counties of the State were 220 the most interested in eradicating bee diseases. by 1926, the three northernmost tiers of counties in the Lower Peninsula were all making separate efforts to control apiary diseases. In 1927, legislation finally came forth making it mandatory to burn all diseased colonies throughout the State. Such action was prompted by the fact that area cleanups were too slow. actually the latter had shown that American Foul Brood alone had gained such a foothold in Michigan that some counties had almost 70 percent of their bee colonies infested. Since 1027, except for the depression years of 1931 to 1935 when monetary appropriations were small, intensive state-wide cleanup measures have been taken against bee diseases. The State Apiary Division renders the following services to beekeepers: 1. Makes regular and special request inspections of apiaries. 2. Makes microscopical examinations of all disease samples submitted. 3. Inspects rented bees that are moved from one locality to another. 4. Inspects apiaries of those who wish to ship honey into states requiring a statement of certification. 5. Administers quarantines where needed. 6. Inspects queen-breeder apiaries. 7. Provides information on a variety of bee problems. Table VI presents a summary of honey production 221 statistics for Michigan since 1939. 'F. Organizations Interested in Entomology 1. St' C e E o . An entomology club was organized at the Michigan State College in December 1940 with a total membership of 23. There were 12 undergraduate students, 4 graduate students, and 7 faculty members. This club suspended activities in 1943 for the duration of World War II and was never reactivated. 2. Wfi ThisSocxety was organized in 1942 and continued until 1931. At its inception, it had 12 charter members, among whom were the following: (1.)George W. Rawson;(2.) George Steyskal;(3o) A. W. Andrews;(4.) John Newman;(5.) W. W. Newcomb;(6.) Wilbur 3. Mc Alpine;(7.) Philip E. Moody; and(8.) Arthur Yates. 3. The Detnoit Academy Q: Sg]enge,7 This organi- zation was formed about 1938 through the efforts of H. B. Baker. No other details are available. 4. The Qetroit Natuge C;ub.8 many years ago and became inactive a number of years prior This club was organized to 1938. W. W. Newcomb, Arthur w. Andrews, and Sherman Moore were among the entomologists participating in its activities. 5. Michigan Beekeepezs' Association. This associa- tion had its origin in 1865 and is yet in existence. Pro- fessor Albert John Cook of the Michigan Agricultural College played a large part in its inception. The purpose of this MICHIGAN HONEY PRODUCTION STATISTICS SINCE 1939 TABLE v15 0) No. Colonies Honey Value of Year (:EOESSZGB) Pfggggt;;? gigiieggrs (Igggys) 1939 155 11780 ---- --~- 1940 152 10557 _—-— -_-— 1941 160 10240 ---- -—-- 1942 175 7920 ---- 1156 1943 172 8600 9973 1471 1944 ' 198 6732 9067 1171 1945 198 8910 8727 1746 1946 222 5550 8304 1560 1947 204 7140 8313 1749 1948 173 8650 7871 1280 1949 183 9699 7224 1338 1950 192 9984 7481 1418 1951 184 10120 7364 1417 1952 175 8575 7626 1269 1953 I l‘u.lllnl II. I I l I I ‘1‘! .IIIIIIII ‘ I ‘ I [2‘ I, II .I.‘ I III l l {\1.‘ 223 organization is to advance and protect the interests of bee— keepers both commercially and socially. In 1946 the Associa- tion had 581 members. 6. A S e Ad .' Organized in 1905. ‘ . I A 7. WWM. Organized in 1905. i ' 9 8- Wham. 9. hi ‘ Ac 3 e . This organization was permanently organized on December 26 and 27, 1894 at Lansing. In.1899,the Legis- lature provided for the publication of its papers reported at meetings. These are published under the title 'The Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters". Entomol- ogical papers are frequently presented at the annual meetings. These are presented in the section on zoology. ‘ Horticultural Societies. The horticultural societies of Michigan warrant mention here for they have been quite in-‘ fluential in promoting entomology in the State. They have continually requested and promoted entomological research, held well organized meetings which have provided excellent places for dispensing insect control information, and have published proceedings of their meetings that have served as a vehicle for the publication of a considerable amount of insect research. . The following is a list of the horticultural so-. cieties of Michigan: 224 Michigan State Horticulture Society-organized in 1870 Lenawee County Horticulture Society-organized in 1850 Kalamazoo County Horticulture Society Antrim-Charlevoix Horticulture Society Leelanau Horticulture Society Benzie-Manistee Horticulture Society Mason County Horticulture Society Oceans County Horticulture Society Berrien County Horticulture Society Ionia-Montcalm Growers Kent—Ottawa Horticulture Society-organized in 1934 Southeastern Horticulture Society South Haven-Casco Horticulture Society-organized in 1870. G. Publishers of Entomological Books. 1. Edward Brothers, Inc. Ann Arbor H. Distributors of Entomological Films 1. Cosmopolitan Films 3248 Gratiot Avenue Detroit 2. Educational Film Service 180 North Union Street Battle Creek SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Geological evidence indicates that land inhabiting insects first appeared in Michigan about 235 million years ago. The foundations of the scientific study of entomology in Michigan were established in 1837 when the State Legis- leture appropriated funds for a State Geological and Bio- logical Survey. In 1850, the Michigan State Agricultural Society requested the Legislature to establish an agricultural college and recoommended that ”insects and their habits” be among the things studied. In 1855, an agricultural col— lege was established at Lansing and its operation began in 1857. Entomology was first taught at the Michigan Agri- cultural College in 1858. The first teacher ofentomology at the College was Dr. Henry Goadby. He taught entomology and zoology from a book called "A Textbook of Vegetable and Animal Physiology". The latter had been written by Dr. Goadby upon the request of the Michigan State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and was one of the first of its kind in America designed for instructional purposes. By virture of its teaching entomology in 1858, the Michigan Agricul- tural College perhaps was the second school in the United 226 States to teach entomology. (The first was Harvard University, 1832 - 1842, Cambridge, Massachusetts). In 1863, entomology became a separate course at the College. In 1867, Albert John Cook, who had graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1862 and who was to make magnificent contributions t0 the field of entomology was appointed to teach entomology at his Almaliater. Mr. Cook's teaching of entomology is recorded in the literature as a pioneering effort in the teaching of the subject. It appears that heretofore no published record has been made of the fact that the Michigan Agricultural College actually pioneered in the teaching of entomology in 1858. Further- more, contrary to literature stating that economic entomol- ogy was first taught at the Kansas State College, Manhattan, in 1866, this writer believes that such a distinction belongs to the Michigan Agricultural College and at an earlier date. Such a claim for 1863 is warranted by the fact that entomology became a separate course that year and constituted a study of insects injurious to vegetation and their control. Such a claim for 1850 is Justified by the fact that entomology lectures and recitations that year were on "noxious animals and insects which infest fields or crops". By 1891, through the entomological achievements of Professor Cook and excellent study facilities provided for entomolOgy, entomological instruction at the Michigan Agri— cultural College had gained national recognition. After 1893, when Professor Cook left the College, the entomological status 22? of the College faltered and little was done to enhance the position of entomology until 1906. That year entomology was made a separate department at the College and was placed under the direction of Professor Rufus Pettit. Professor Pettit put new emphasis upon the teaching of systematic and economic entomology and upon the dispensing of insect control information to the residents of Michigan. Since 1906, the Michigan State College Entomology Department (directed by Professor Pettit until 193“ and by Professor Ray Hutson since 1934) has been an immeasurably great factor in the welfare of Michigan. An assay of the biOgraphies of former students of entomology at the Michigan State College shows that many of these students have performed important activities in ento- molOgy or have made excellent contributions to the field of entomology. Besides the Michigan State College, only twelve other colleges in Michigan appear to have ever offered a course of entomology. One important place of such instruction is the University of Michigan Biological Station, Cheboygan. Since most small schools in Michigan can not afford to employ trained personnel for entomology only, several professionally trained entomologists have become biology department heads or teachers of biology in these small schools. Organized interest in the collection of insects and other natural objects in Michigan appears to have occurred for the first time in 1837 when a State Geological and 228 Biological Survey was undertaken by Dr. Douglass Houghton. A Department of Zoology and Botany, directed By Dr. Abram Sager, was a part of the Survey. The first extensive col- lecting of insects in Michigan by a resident of the State was probably done by Albert John Cook, Professor of Ento- mology (1867 to 1893) at the Michigan Agricultural College. Messrs. Harvey G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz of’Detroit were among the first private individuals having no official bi- ological status who collected insects extensively_in Michigan. They started collecting about 1874. Numerous collectors of insects in the State have contributed considerable knowledge to the field of entomology. The Michigan State College Insect Collection, which was started in 1871 by Professor A. J. Cook, presently con- tains about 91,000 specimens. The insect collection at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor is estimated to contain 2,000,000 specimens. Co-operative pest survey and control programs, under- taken by various local, State, and Federal organizations, - have played an important part in the development and appli- cation of entomology in Michigan. Extensive programs have been conducted for the Japanese Beetle, European Corn Borer, grasshoppers, Chinch Bug, Oriental Fruit Moth, forest in- sects, flies, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick, and mos- quitoes. Attempts to control such pests or to gain more knowledge about them have been very successful. Considerable emphasis has been placed on forest 229 entomology in Michigan since 1927. Much work in the further— ance of forest entomOIOgy in the State was done by employees of the ”Emergency Conservation Work Program" and the "C1- vilian Conservation Corps“ between 1933 and 19u3. In 1947, forest insect survey and cwntrol programs in Michigan and other states were given a much needed impetus by a Federal "Forest Pest Control Act". As a result of this Act, a State Division of Forest Entomology was established in 1950. This- Division presently maintains over 600 insect and disease observation areas in the forests of Michigan. In IQAS, as a result of Michigan being one of the first states to have access to DDT for civilian use after World War II, a widely publicized community fly-control program was held on Mackinac Island. The success of this program, which involved both spraying and sanitation mea— sures, induced other communities in the State and other states to undertake such projects. The first systematic investigation of the chemical control of insects in Michigan was made by Professor A. J. Cook of the Michigan Agricultural College. This study was made with Paris green against the Colorado Potato Beetle in 1868. Professor Cook's discovery, in 1877, of a kerosene oil-soap emulsion which was harmless to foliage marked the beginning of research for contact insecticides. In 1878, Professor Cook conducted what is believed to have been the first recorded eXperiment in Michigan for the control of the codling moth on apple by chemical sprays. The first 230 successful control of apple scab by chemicals was achieved at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1889 by Professor .Levi H. Taft of the Horticulture Department. Hand spray pumps for insecticides were first used in the southwestern Michigan "fruitbelt" about 1890. A factory-built gasoline- powered sprayer was first used in the "fruitbelt" in 190“. The deve10pment of spraying and spray equipment since 1883 is depicted by pictures. Between 1909 and 1920, when the United States Bureau of EntomOIOgy and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C. was con- ducting spraying eXperiments and doing "demonstration” spraying for the control of fruit insects in southwestern Michigan, tests with calcium arsenate at Benton Harbor resulted in the first commercial promotion of that material as an insecti— cide. Calcium arsenate eventually became important in the South for cotton boll weevil control. Fundamental research on the killing action of contact insecticides and some first trials with nicotine-bentonite, nicotine sulphate, and “dinitro” compounds has been done at the Michigan State Col- lege. The recommendation of insect Spray dates, answering letters of inquiry about pests, and dispensing information on insects by radio, television, group meetings, and exten- sion workers are some of the public services provided by the Michigan State College Entomology Department. An account is presented of developments concerning the regulation, sale, and transportation of pest control chemicals in Michigan. The entomological activities of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing, some historical notes about a number of Michigan manufacturers of pesticides and application equipment, and miscellaneous notes on entomology in Michigan are also included in this work. Chapter 1. Chapter 1. Chapter 1. 3. chapters I, II,and III LITERATURE CITED 0H CUNSULTED A. Footnote References I. William A. Kelly. Professor of Geology, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, November 13, 1953. Helen M. Martin. The Biology of the Past: Prehistoric Life in Michigan. Ne ro olita. D S R ew 6 (1946), pp. 14-17, cont., b6-47; 7 (1946;, pp. 32-35, cont., #3. II. A Thomas C. Blaisdell, ed. Semi-Centennial Celepra- tion of the Michigan State Agricultural College. East Lansing: Michigan State College, 1908, p. 42. Bela Hubbard. Memorial for a State Agricultural Col- lege in Michigan. Transactions of the State Agricul- tural Society with Reports of County agricultural Societies for 1850, Lansing: Published by the State, 1851, pp. 56-57. III Joseph R. Williams. Report of the President of the Agricultural College. Annual report of the Superin- tendent of Public Instruction of the State of Michigan with the accompanying Documents for the year 1858. Lansing: Published by the State, 1858, p. 55. John M. Gregory (Secretary of the State Board of Ed- uCation, ex officio). Twenty-third annual report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of Michigan for the year 1859. Lansing: Published by the State, 1860, p. 127. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1858, 313 pp. 450 illus. (partly colored). Robert F. Johnstone, ed. The Agricultural College. The Michigan Eggggz. 15 (June 1857), p. 18#. 10. ll. 12. 130 14. 15. l6. 17. 18. Chapter III 233 William J. Beal. H s va A” lelege.. East Lansing: Published by the College, 1915, p. 398. Walter B. Barrows. Sketch of Manly Miles. Second Report of the Michigan Academy of Science for the year ending June 30,1900. Lansing: Published by the State, 1901, p. 103. Anon. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the State Agricultural College, 1863. Lansing: Published by the State, 1863, p. 17. ' Ibid, p. 24. Thomas C. Blaisdell, ed. S -C Ce of the Michigan Stéte Agricultural College, EaSt Lansing: Michigan State College, 1908, p. 77. A plaque commemorating this event is on the second floor of Agricultural Hall, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Leland 0. Howard. A History of Applied Eptogology. .Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 8h. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1930, p. 7#. Thaddeus W. Harris. A Treatise on Some of the Insects of New Eggland Which are Injurious to Vegetation. 2nd. ed. Boston: Printed by White and Potter, 1852, 513 pp. TheOphilus C. Abbot. Report of the President, State Agricultural College, Michigan, 1866.Cata10gue of the Officers and Students of the State Agricultural College, 1866. Lansing: Published by the State, 1866, p. 20. Leland 0. Howard, op. cit., p. 73. George A. Dean. The Contribution of Kansas to the Science of Entomology. Transact ns of t e K s Academy of Science. 41 (1938), p. 51. Roger C. Smith. The CourSes in Entomology Offered in American Colleges. Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas, Bulletin. .XII (No. l). 1928, p. 3 cont., 6. Leland 0. Howard., op. cit., p. 75. Alpheus S. Packard. Salem, Mass.: Naturalists' Book Agency, 1869, 702 pp. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 3o. 31. 32. 33. Chapter III 23b Thomas C. Blaisell, op. cit., p. 77. Henry Valentine Clark. Presbyterian Clergyman, Clear- water, Kansas (student of Professor Cook and an 1878 graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College). Written correspondence, May 23, 1953. Wilbur 0. Hedrick. Professor Emeritus of Economics, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communi— cation, August 9, 1953. Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior. Son of Albert John Cook and an 1893 graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College. (A resident of Newport, Michigan). Oral communication, June 4, 1953. Katherine Cook Briggs and Dr. Lyman.J. Briggs. Daughter and Son-in-law, respectively, of Albert John Cook, and both 1893 graduates of the Michigan Agricultural College. (Residents of Washington, D.C.) Oral communication, June 6, 1953. Kent L. Pellett. A J. Cook, 1842 to 1916. .225 American Bee Journal 78(1938) pp. 545-547. Henry Valentine Clark, op. cit. Katherine Cook Briggs and Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, op. cit. Edward A. Chapin. Curator of the Division of Insects, United States National Museum, Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington 25, D. C. Written correSpondence, July 16, 1953. Ernst A. Bessey. Dean Emeritus, School of Graduate Studies, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, June 6, 1953. Ernst A. Bessey. Ibid. Oral communication, December 11’ 19530 Albert J. Cook. Report of the Professor of Zoology and Entomology. Kifteenth annual report of the Secre- tary to the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, for the year ending September 30, 1876. Lansing: Published by the State, 1876, p. 91. Henry Valentine Clark., 0p. cit.. Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior., 0p. cit. Moses Quimby. New Stereotyped and Illustrated Edition. New York: 0. Judd and Company, 1866, 3&8 pp. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. [+00 #1. 42. 43. at». #5. Chapter III' 235 Albert J. Cook. Report of the Curator of the General museum. Fifteenth annual report of the Secretary to the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, for the year ending September 30, 1876. Lansing: Pub- lished by the State, 1876, p. 93. Albert J.;Cook., op. cit., p. 90. Albert J. Cook. The Apiary. Fourteenth annual re- port of the Secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture of the State of Michigan for the year 1875. Lansing: Published by the State, 1876, pp. 315-359. (three thousand copies of this treatise were sold in 1875 under the title “A Manual of the Apiary”; a 3rd edition, revised, enlarged and mostly rewritten, with 286 pp. was published in 1878 by T. G. Newman and Son, Chicago). . Insects Injurious to the Farm, Garden, and Orchard. Thirteenth annual report of the Secre- tary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan for the year 1874. Lansing; Published . by the State, 1875, Pp. 106-152. (Injurious Insects of Michigan. Lansing, 1875, #8 pp.). John Hunter. London: R. Hardwicke, 1875, 281 pp; 2nd. ed., London: Hardwicke and Bogue, 1876, 339 pp.. Alfred Neighbour. London: Kent and Co., 1865, 134 pp. From a personal letter written by Charles Fuller Baker to his father, Joseph S. Baker, on April 21, 1891. This letter was loaned, and permission granted for its use, by Mr. James Stannard Baker, #33 Woodlawn Avenue, Glencoe, Illinois, on June 29, 1953. Albert John Cook. Report of the Department of Zoology and Entomology, Thirty-second annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan from July 1, 1892 to June 30, 1893. Lansing: Published by the State, 1898, p.36. Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior., op. cit. Katherine Cook Briggs and Lyman J. Briggs., 0p. cit. Katherine Cook Briggs. Written correspondence, October 29, 1953. Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior. Oral communication, .Iune h, 1953. 46. Chapters III and IV 236 The loan of this letter was made by Mr. Albert Baldwin Cook, Junior, of Owosso, Michigan, who kindly permitted this writer to reproduce it. Chapter IV 1. 10. Ernest A. Bessey. Dean Emeritus, School of Graduate Studies, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, June 1, 1953. Walter B. Barrows. Animal Life and Structure. The M,A,C,‘Regorg II (No. 21), p. 5, col. 1, June 1, 1897. Jessie A. Pettit. Widow of Rufus H. Pettit, former ,Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, June 24, 1953. Ernst A. Bessey., 0p. cit. Rufus H. Pettit. Some insects of the year 1897. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bull. 160, 1898; . Some insects of the year 1898. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bull. 175. 1899; . Some insects of the year 1899. Michigan 'Igricultural EXperimental Station, East Lansing, Bull. 180, 1900; . Some insects of the year 1901. Michigan Agricultural ExperimentStation, East Lansing, Bull. 200, 1902. . Insect and animal life on the Upper Peninsula EXperiment Station, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bull. 186, 1900, pp 0 28",‘2. . The codling moth in Michigan. Michigan Agricultural EXperiment Station, East Lansing, Bull. 222, 1904. Jessie A. Pettit., 0p. cit. George D. Shafer. PPOfeSS)r Emeritus of Physiology and Entomology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cali- fornia. Written correspondence, July 8, 1953. Eugenia I. McDaniel. Former Associate Professor of EntoEolo y (l9lO-19h9) at the Michigan State College, ast ans ng. Oral communication, August 11, 1953, ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. 17. 18.‘ Chapter 1. Chapter 1. Chapters 1V, V, and VI 237 George Shafer., 0p. cit. Kenneth Arbuthnot. In charge of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations (sub-laboratory of Ankeny, Iowa) 'for the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma A. and N. College Stillwater, and former instructor of entomology (1926-1928) at the Michigan State College. Written correspondence, February 5, 1953. John H. Comstock and Anna (Botsford)Comstock. fig 0 to E to 010 . Ithaca, New York: Pub- lished by the Authors, 1888, 234 pp. Jessie A. Pettit., op. cit. Louis C. Plant. Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communi- cation, June 29, 1953. E._I. McDaniel. Rufus Hiram Pettit 1869-19h6. Jourggl of Ecogomic Entomology 39 (August 1946), p. 554. B. C. Lott. County Agricultural Agent of Genesse County, Michigan, Courthouse, Flint 3, Michigan. Written correspondence, January 18, 195#. A. D. Morley. County Agricultural Agent of Allegan County, Michigan, Courthouse, Allegan, Michigan. Written correspondence, April 1, 1954. V Irving R. Wyeth.. A Study of the Agricultural Grad- uates of Michigan State College. Unpublished Master of Science Degree Thesis. Michigan State College, East Lansing, 1953, p. 26 and p. 28. VI Harry Hansen. "American Colleges and Universities". T e W0 A an o d Book of F ct o . New York: he‘New‘York World-Telegram and The Sun, 1952. PP- 55u-573. Luther S. West. ‘Head of the Department of Biology, Northern Michigan College of Education, Marquette. Written correspondence, November 12, 1953. 10. Chapter 1. Chapters VI and VII 238 Samuel A. Graham. Pringjples Qfl Forgst Entgmolggy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1929, 339 PD- 1 W. 3rd ed-. New York: 11 cCraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1952, 351 pp. This summary was provided by Herbert B. Hungerford, Professor cn‘ Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Written correspondence, December 11,1953. ProfessorHungerford has taught entomology at the University of Michigan Biological Station since 1923. Written correSpondence with registrars and other faculty members of Michigan colleges, 1953. William J. Gilbert. Associate Professor of Biology, Albion College, Albion, Michigan. Oral communication, August 12, 1953. Ibid. L. P. Coonen. Chairman of the Biology Department University of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan. Written correspondence, November 17, 1953. C. M. Loesell. Head of the Natural Science Depart- ment, Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti. Written correSponuence, October 12,1953. VII E.O. Essig. A History of Entomology.' New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931, pp. 578-581. Ibid, p. #32. T e Natio l C c o d 0 er 0 B 0 Vol .XIIfié New York: James T. White and Company, 1906, p. 7. Herbert Osborn. Fra e of o o c H Columbus, Ohio: Published by the Author, 1937, p. 262. Ibid, pp e 106-107 e J. M. Cattell (ed). Amgrican Men of Sgigngg. 2nd ed. New York: The Science Press, 1910, p. #75. Ibid, p. 268. Chapters VII and VIII 239 8. J.Pi.Cattell and Dean d. Brimhall(eds.). Amenigan Men 92 Sgiengg. 3rd ed. New York: The Science Press, 1921, p. 146. 9. T N o C o A B 7 . Cur- rent Volume A. New York: James T. White and Company, 1930. : 10. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 680 pp. 11. I M. Cattell (ed.) American.Men of Science. 1st ed. New York: The Science Press, 1906, p. 339. 12. The National Cyclongegia of gmeg1gag Biography. v61. XXXIV. New York: James T. White and Company, 19b8, p. 196. 13. E. O. Essig., op. cit., pp. 542-548. 14. Anon. Charles Fuller Baker (Obituary). Entomological News 38 (1927). pp. 261-262. 15. Various authors. In.Memoriam, Charles Fuller Baker, 1872—1927. The Philippine Agricultggigt 16, Special Number, 1928. University of the Philippines Pub- lications, Series A). 16. E. 0. Essig. Charles Fuller Baker (Obituary). Journal of Economic Entomology 20 (1927), p. 750. 17. R. A. Cushman. The Charles Fuller Baker Collection. The Philippige Agriculturist 16, Special Number, 1928, p. 39. University of the Philippines Publications, Series A). ‘ Chapter VIII 1. Charles S. Wheeler. The Early Flora and Fauna of Michigan. Michigan Pioneer ggd Histozica; Sggiety Collections. 32 1903 , p. 355. - ' 2. Jonathan Carver. Travel Thro t e I er or P r of North Amer ca he Y rs . London: Printed for the Author, 1778, 5A3 pp. 3. Alexander Henry. ngvels gnd Adventgres in nggdg and the Ingian Territories Bgtweeg the Ygazs 1260 and 12 8. In two parts. New York: Printed and Published by I. Riley, 1809, 330 pp. 4. John R. Forster (Translator and editor). Trrv (3 volumesi. inia_Nazth.AmannnLJuLlEumm;Ealm. London: Printed for the Editor, 1770-1771 vol. l (500 pp), vol. 2 (352 pp.), vol. 3 (310 DD . 10. ll. 12. 13. 1h. 15.’ 16. 17. 18. 19. Chapter VIII 240 Isaac Weld. WW.W america+hpndlthe Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Dunlnglthe Years I795Ll179él,and.1792. London: J. Stookdale, 1799,E64 pp. John L. LeConte. (ed). The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of NortheAmerica. New York: Bailliere Brothers, 1859, II, p. 374. . The Complete Writings_of Thomas Sav on the EntomOIOgy of North Amerlsa. New York: Bailliere Brothers, 1859, I, p. 2u5. Ibid, p. 249. Dumas Malone. "Thomas Say". Dictionary of Ameplsan Biography. vol. XVI. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935, p. 401. Helen M. Martin. A Hundred Years of Geological Survey in Michigan. Michigsh Cohsezvstlph. 7 (August-September 1937 . p. 3. Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. Lake Superior. Its Physical Character, ngesaslon, and Ahlmsls. Boston: Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln, I850, #28 pp. "General Remarks Upon the Coleoptera of Lake Superior." Charles C. Adams. "The Coleoptera of Isle Royals, J«eke Superior, and Their Relation to the North American Centers of Dispersion.” Ah Ecologlgsl Survey_of Isle Roysls, Laks fihpsnjgn. Report of the Board of Geological Survey for 1908. Lansing: Pub- lished by the State, 1908, pp. 157-215. John.B. Smith. Entomology and Entomological Col- lections in the United States. Ehsohologica Amehlcsha. # (1888), p. 106. Ibid. Robert R. Driesbach. Chemist, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Written correspondence, September 10, 1953. Ibid. Eugenia McDaniel. Former Associate Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, August 11, 1953. " 21. Ibide Chapters VIII and IX 241 22. J. Speed Rogers. Director of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Written correspondence, November 18, 1953. 23. Frank L. DuMond. Director of the Grand Rapids Public Museum, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Written correspond- ence. October 5, 1953. Chapter IX 1. Order ColeOptera, Family, Scarabaeidae. 2. Cyrus A. Boyer. Summary of the Japanese Beetle Control Program for the Season of 1952. Inter-Office Com- munication of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Michigan State Department of Agriculture, Lansing, January 5, 1953 D 3ppe 3. . Summary of the Japanese Beetle Control Program for the Season of 1953. Inter-“ffice Com- munication of the Bureau of Plant Industry Michigan State Bepartment of Agriculture, Lansing, January 5. 195 . ‘ 4. Ibid, p. 1. 5. Details of construction can be found in: Frederick W. Metzger. Trapping the Japanese Beetle. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Misc. Publ. 147. 1932. 6. Cyrus A. Boyer. Summary of the Japanese Beetle Control Program for the Seasons of 1950, 1952, and 1953. Inter-Office Communications of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Michigan State Department of Agriculture, Lansing. 7. C. L. Marlatt. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932. U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D. 0., Sept. 30, 1932, p. 8. 8. Lee A. Strong. Report of the Entemologist, for the Fiscal xear Ended June 30, 1936. -United States Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 15. 1936, p. 16. 9. Ada ted from Tables Occurring: (a .Paul N. Annand. Japanese Beetle Trapping and Control 0 erations in 1942. United States Government Pginting ffice, Washington, D.C., December 21, 1942, 1 pp- 10. ll. 12. l3. l4. 15. 16. l7. l8. 19. Chapter IX 242 (b) . Report of Japanese Beetle Scout Inspection Outside Federal Regulated Areas, Positive Results, 1943-1947. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 3 pp. (0) Reports of Japanese Beetle Surveys and Control Programs in Michigan (1950 to 1954), provided by C. A. Boyer, Chief of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing. January 5, 1954. Lee A. Strong. Report of the Entomologist, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1938. United States Government Printing Office, September 26, 1938, p. 7. . Report of the Entomoligist, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 15, 1936, pp. 16-17. Ibid, p. 18. Lee A. Strong. Report of the Entomologist, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1935. United States Government Printing Office, Washigton, D.C., Sep- tember16, 1935, p. 19. Paul N. Annand. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1944. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 15, 1944. Excluding the Years 1948 and 1949. No records are available for these years. The Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry files are incomplete due to a fire in 1951. Paul N. Annand. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1945. United States Government Printing Uffice, Washington, D.C., September 15, 1945, p. 25. Order LepidOptera, Family, Pyralididae. Leland 0. Howard. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1922. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., August 22, 1922, pp. 8-9. Ibid. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Chapter IX 243 Leland 0. Howard. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, for the Eiscal Year Ended June 30, 1925. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 20, 1925p p. 11. Quarantine Number 126. L. Whitney Watkins. Rules and Regulations Governing the Control and Spread of the European Corn Borer. Mimeograph, Bureau of Agricultural Industry, Michigan State Department of Agriculture, July 27, 1925, p. 1. Walter F. Morofsky. Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communi- cation, December 18, 1953. Leland 0. Howard, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, for the 1“iscal Year Ended June 30, 1927. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 1, 1927, pp. 12-13. 29. Ibid. Lee A. Strong. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology,for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 15, 1936. Avery S. Hoyt. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1952. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 15, 1952. J. R. Parker. Grasshopper Outbreaks During the Last 100 Years. Mimeographed report written for a con- ference of grasshopper control leaders in 1940. Unpublished. United States Bureau of Entbmology and Plant Quarantine, Bozeman, Montana, p. 1. Ibid, p. 4. R. L. Shotwell. Species and Distribution of Grass- hOppers Responsible for Recent Outbreaks. égungal oz Ecohghlc Entgmglggx 31 (Oct. 1938), pp. 02- 10. Claude Wakeland. Grasshopper Control. Agricultural, Chemicals 1 (Aug. 1946), p. 16. Lee A. Strong. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1934. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, ILC., August 31, 1934, p. 7. 37. 380 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. ea. 45. 46. 1+7. us. [+90 50. 51. 52. Chapter IX 241+ Ibid 0 This table was supplied by Dr. Claude Wakeland, Entomologist (GrasshOpper Control Project) of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar- antine, Denver, Colorado. Order Hemiptera, Family, Lygaeidae. Claude Wakeland. Entomologist, Grasshopper Control Project, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Denver, Colorado. Written correspondence, August 19, 1953. Order Lepidoptera, Family Olethreutidae. Ray Hutson. Michigan State College Entomology Depart- ment Correspondence with Stanly 5. Slater, Moorestown, New Jersey, June 26, 1939. Ibid. H. W. Allen. Entomologist in charge of the Oriental Fruit Moth Investigations Laboratory, Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, Moorestown, New Jersey. Written correspondence, September 24, 1953. Ibld . H. W. Allen, and others. Importation, Rearing, and Colonization of Parasites of the Oriental Fruit Moth. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Circular 561, (June 1940), p. 36. Ibid, pp 0 31.44. H. W. Allen. Entomologist in charge of the Oriental Fruit Moth Investigations Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Moores- town, New Jersey. Written correspondence, Sept- ember 24, 1953. Ibid. Walter F. Morofsky. Professor of Entomology, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, December 18, 1953. Ibid. Samuel A. Graham. Professor of Economic Zoology, Univ- ersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Written correspond- ence, November 23, 1953. 53. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. Chapter IX 21.5 - 54. Ibid. H. J. Mac Aloney. Entomologist in charge, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Forest Insect Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Written correspondence, August 24, 1953. Walter F. Morofsky. Professor of Entomology, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, December 18, 1953. From annual reports on Insect Control (3, 8-9) to the Chief Forester in Washington, D.C., prepared by Directors of the Forest Insect Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1934 to 1953, unpublished. Forest Pest Control Act. 6lst. Statute, 80th. Con- gress, lst Session, Chapter 141, June 25, 1947 8.597), Public Law 110. United States Statutes at Large, Vol. 61, Part I. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1948, p. 177. Digest of the 1952 Conference on Forest Insect Surveys in the Lake States. Mimeographed Reports from the Forest Insect Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Unpublished, p.l. Ibid. Herman L. King. .Associate Professor of Entomology, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Written correspondence February 22, 1954. From numerous newspaper articles and letters of cor- respondence between the Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing, and the United States Public nealth Service at Chicago, Illinois and Atlanta, Georgia, and the Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Michigan, 1945. This material was loaned to this writer by Mr. LaRue L. Miller, Chief of the Section of Environmental Sanitation, Division of Engineering, Michigan State Department of Public Health, September 11, 1953. Summarized from numerous letters of correSpondence between the Muskegon County Department of Public Health, Muskegon, the Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing, and the United States Public Health Service at Chicago, Illinois and Atlanta, Georgia, 1948, 1949, and 1950. These letters were loaned to this writer by Mr. LaRue 4. Miller, Chief of the Section of Environ- mental Sanitation, Division of Engineering, Michigan State Department of Public Health, September 11, 1953. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. Chapters IX and X 246 Class Arachnida, Order Acarina, Family Ixodidae. Summarized from an unpublished compilation of data concerning Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Michigan. This data was compiled by Mr. Robert W. Menges of the Division of Veterinary Public Health, United States Public Health Service, and was sent as written correspondence, from the Hixon Memorial Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, to Dr. Fred S. Leeder of the Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing, August 9, 1949, 24 pp., 5 tb., and 17 references. he data compiled by mr. Menges was from the files of the Michigan State Department of Public Health. Mr. Menges was formerly assigned to the Division of Disease Control, Records and Statistics in the Michigan State Department of Public Health. The unpublished data on Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Michigan was loaned to this writer by Dr. Leeder on July 15, 1953. Curtis W. Sabrosky. Occurrence of malaria Mosquitoes in Southern Michigan. Michigan Agricultural EXperi- men; Station, East Lansing, Technical Bulletin 202, 194 . Alexander MacVittie. Notes on the Mosquito Survgy in Michigan. Metro 01 De - e (December 19 5 , pp. 14-15, cont., p. 46. Ibid. . Calvin E. Pederson. The Distribution of Michigan Mosquitoes. Unpublished Master of Science Degree Thesis. Michigan State College, East Lansing, 194?. 34 numb. leaves,lR3maps.. Fred S. Leader. Michigan State Department of Public Health, Lansing. Oral communication, August 9, 1953. Chapter.x l. 2. Albert John Cook. ”Remarks on Some Insects Injurious to Vegetation in Michigan." Seventh annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Arriculture of the State of Michigan for the Year 18 8. Lansing: Published by the State, 1868, p. 166. ‘ H. L. Heller and Ruth L. Busbey. The Chemistry of DDT. Yearbook of Agriculture, 1943-1947. W. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington,, 1947, p. 616. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1! Chapter A 247 Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior. Son of Professor Albert John Cook and an 1893 graduate of the Michigm Agricultural College. (A resident of NeWport, Michigan). Written correspondence, August 19,1953. Justus Gage. "The Colorado Potato Beetle."Eighth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture )f the State of Michigin for the year 1869. Lansint; Published by the State, 1869, p. 118 Albert John Cook. “Insects Injurious to the Farm. Garden, and Orchard.“ Thirteenth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, for the year 1874. Lansing: Published by the State, 1875, p. 108. "Fruit or Insects - Which? Fourteenth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, for the year 1875. Lansing: Published by the State, 1876, pp. 91- 920 . Insecticides. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bul. 58, 1890, p. 5. Ernest G. Lodeman. The S ra in of Plants. New York. . The MacMillan Company, 1916, p. 18. Clarence M. Weed. Spraying Crops - Why, When, BBQ HQH New York: The Rural Publishing Company, 1892, pre- face. Albert John Cook. The Codling Moth and bark louse. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing. Bul. 14,1886. Roland B. Collis. Spraying and Dusting Equipment Dealer at Benton Harbor, Michigan, and former sales- man for the Hardie Spray Pump Company, Hudson, Michigan. Written correspondence, July 17, 1953. Ibid. Charles F. Faker. Quoted from a letter written by Charles F. Baker to his father, Joseph S. Baker on April 21,1891. This letter was loaned to the writer of this thesis by Mr. James S. Baker, nephew of Charles F. Baker, 433 Woodlawn avenue, Glencoe, Illinois, July 14,1953. L. 0. Howard. W. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1933, p. 30. Ibid, pp. 29‘32. Chapters X and XI 248 16. Albert Baldwin Cook, Senior. Son of Professor Albert John Cook and an 1893 graduate of the Iiichigan Agricultural College. b(A resident of Newport, Michigan). Oral communic=tion, June 4,1953- 17. nrnest O Lodeman New York: The MacMillan Company, I 18. Albert John Cook and Gager C. Davis. Kerosene Emul- sion, Some new insects. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bul. 73, 1891, pp 0 “‘6. l9. Ernest G. Lodeman. The . r P . New York: The MacMillan Company, 191 , p. 08. 20. Ibid, p. 76. 21. Ibid, p. 105. 22. Gager C. Davis. Insects injurious to fruits. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Special Bul.4a, Part II, 1896, p. 65. 23. andrew S. Wing. He Planted Fruit and Rea ed pHonor. The Country Home Magaz ing 60 (April 1936 , p. 26. 24. Levi R. Taft. Report on the experiments made in 1889 in the treatment of apple scab in Michigan. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing. Bul. 59, Part II, 1890, pp. 30-31. 25; Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bulletin 121, pp. 558—559. 26. Roland B. Collis., 0p. cit. Chapter XI 1. Jerry Krieger. Area' 8 'Mr. Sprayer' Retires. .Eng_fleg§; . . Benton Harbor, Michigan: The Palladium Pub- lishing Company. Vol. 68, No. 25,.Ianuary 30,1953. 2. Roland 3.601118. Spraying_and Dusting Equipment Dealer, 3. The R. B. Collis Company, Route M-139, Benton.Harbor, Michigan. Written.correspondence,.Iuly 17, 1953. - 9. Ibid. 10. ll. 12. 13. 19. 20. 21. 22. .23. 24. 25. 26. F. C. Chapter XI 299 Strong and E. J. Rasmussen. Airplane Dusting for the Control of Orchard Fruit Diseases. Seventy- fourth annual report of the Secretary of the State Horticultural Society of Michigan for the year l9bh. Lansing: Published by the State, 1945, pp. 53-59. Anon. First Helicopter Dusting in Michigan. Lansing 9 5. pp. 1- 2 signgslgnzngi. ‘Vol. 91(No. 180), Oct. 26, 1 Earl R. Van Leeuwen. Entomologist for the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Beltsville Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, and former summer assistant at the Bureau of Ento- mology Field Station at Douglas, Michigan. Written correspondence, August 27, 1953. A. G. moth Bul. Hammar, Life history studies on the codling in Michigan. United States Bureau of Entomology, 115, Part 1, 1912. Earl R. Van Leeuwen, op. cit. 17. Ibid. David G. Hall. In charge of the Division of Infor- mation, United States Bureau of EntomOIOgy and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C., Written cor- respondence, August 10, 1953. Ibid. E. H. Siegler. EntomolOgist for the Japanese Beetle Investigations Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Moorestown, New Jersey. Written correspOndence, August 19, 1953. E. W. Scott and E. H. Siegler. Miscellaneous in- secticide investigations. United States Bureau of Entomology, Bul. 278, 1915, p. 1. Ibid. Ibid, E. H. Ibid. F. B. p. 43 Siegler, 0p. cit. Herbert and M. D. Leonard. Observations on the Oil-Nicotine Combination for the Control of the Codling Moth and Other Apple Insects in the Pacific Northwest. figurna; cg Egonomig Entgmglggy 22 (Feb. 1929), p. 72. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 340 35. 36. 37. 38. Chapter XI 250 L. 0. Howard. Report of the Entomologist, for the fiscal year ended September 19, 1918. Annual re- ports of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1919, p. 235. Report of the Entomologist, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906. Annual reports of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1905, p. 290. . Report of the Entomologist for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. Annual reports of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1917, p. 230. Ibid, p. 231. George D. Shafer. How Contact Insecticides Kill. Michigan Agricultural EXperiment Station, East Lansing, Tech. Bull. 11, 1911. Ibid, Tech. Bull. 21, 1915. Charles Chandler Taylor. Owner and manager of the Ne-Ru—Bar Farm, Albion, Michigan, and former ento- mologist, field manager, and advertising manager (1909-1920 and 1922-1935) for the Tobacco By-PrOducts and Chemical Corporation, Louisville, Kentucky. Oral communication, July 13, 1953. Ray Hutson. Professor of Entomology, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Oral communication, April 8, 1954. Walter S. Bough and A. Freeman Mason. §pza11ng, Dustigg BBQ Pgfiiggging g: Plggtg. rev. ed. New York: he a illan ompany, 1951, p. 10. Harold H. Shepherd. The Chemistry and Act1on of Iggggtiginggg New York: McCraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1951, pp. 282-283. Order Diptera, Family Trypetidae. Rufus H. Pettit. ”Entomology Extension Report.“ Sixty-sixth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan and the thirty-ninth annual report of the EXperiment Station from July 1, 1926 toiJune 30, 1927. Lansing: Published by the State, 1928, p. 24#. .‘l all-II} 1y i . 1.3! fall-ll 1" 1’: III III ll!!! ‘ illiillll II‘ ll.l|ll| [l i 1'" Ilullllll" l! j I . 39. #0. 41. b2. 43. at». 45. b6. 47. 48. #9. 50. 51. 520 Chapter XI 251 From annual reports on the cherry fruit fly activities conducted by the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing, 1929—1953. Mimeographs on file in the office of the Michigan State Bureau of Plant Industry. This data was obtained from the files of the Michigan State College Department of Entomology. Permission for the use of such files was granted by Ray Hutson, Professor of EntomolOgy and Head of the Entomology Department. Rufus H. Pettit. Control of cherry fruit fly. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Cir. B1111. 86’ 1926, pp. 5-8. This data was obtained from the files of the Michigan State College Department of Entomology. Ibid. Order Diptera, amily Trypetidae. This date was obtained from the files of the Michigan State College Department of Entomology. Ray L. Janes and E. C. Martin. 1953 Annual report for the extension project in entomology. Statistical summary of extension activities in insect control work in Michigan, December 1, 1952 through November 30, 1953. An unpublished manuscript, p. 22. This manuscript W98 loaned to this writer by the Michigan State College Department of Entomology. Ibid. Th. insects and related pests in this table are listed according to the arrangement of “The Subclasses and Urders of the Hexapoda occurring in the publication 'An Introduction to Entomology“ by John Henry Comstock, 9th. rev. ed., Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., Ithaca, New York, l9h7, p. 211. Ray L..Ianes and E. C. Martin., loc. cit. Anon. History of co-operative extension work in Michigan, 1914-1939. Michigan Agricultural Experi- mentBStation, East Lansing, Ext. Bull. 229, 1941, p. 5 . Ibid. Ibid. Pp. 58‘590 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 6#. 65. 66. .67. 68. 69. 70. Chapter XI 252 E. C. Martin. Extension Apiculturist, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, February 15, 1954. Anon. History of cooperative extension work in Michigan, l9lh-1939. Michigan Agricultural Experi- ment Station, East Lansing, Ext. Bull. 229, 1941, p. 59. Ibid. Ibid, p. 61. Ibid, summary of “Insect Control", pp. 61-6“. Ray L. Janes and E. C. Martin.,op. cit., pp. 22-23. Ibid, p. 6#. Ray L. Janes and E. C. Martin., 0p. cit., p. 22. Ibid. Importance of the Extension Organization in Dis- semination of Entomological Information. A mimeo- graph distributed by the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C. Ibid. Charles Chandler Taylor. Owner and manager of the Ne-Ru-Bar Farm, Albion, Michigan, and former ento- mologist, field manager,.and advertising manager (1909-1920 and 1922-1935) for the Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation, Louisville, Kentucky. Oral communication, July 13, 1953. Ibid. Order Homoptera, Family Chermidae. Charles Chandler Taylor., op. cit. Horace A. Cardinell. Associate Professor of Horti- culture, Michigan State College, East Lansing. (On leave of absence and serving with the United States Technical Cooperation Administration at the Instituto Agronomico do Sol, Pelotas, Rio Grande do 501, Brazil, South America). Written correspondence, September 21, 1953. - I Order Homoptera, Family Aphididae Ibid. 71. 72. 78. 79. 87. 88. 93. 9“. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. Chapter XI 253 ‘Charles Chandler Taylor., 0p. cit. - 77o Iblde Horace A. Cardinell., 0p. cit. "‘ 86. Ibid. Charles Chandler Taylor., 0p. cit. "' 92. Ibid. Ray Hutson. Professor of EntomolOgy, Michigan State College, East Lansing. Oral communication, July 10, 1953. Jessie A. Pettit. Widow of Rufus H. Pettit, former Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State Col- lege, (1906-1934). East Lansing. Oral communication, June 24,1953. J. H. Muncie and W. F. Morofsky. Results of spraying _ and dusting trials with fungicides and insecticides on potatoes, 1938-45. Michigan Agricultural Experi- ment Station, East Lansing, Tech. Bull. 204, 1947. CrOp Report for Michigan, January-February, 1946. Annual Crop and Livestock Summary. Michigan Depart- ment of Agriculture, Lansing, p. 28. CrOp Reports for Michigan, 1946-1953. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Lansing. George C. Decker. Insects in the Economic Future of Man. Agricultural Chemicals 9 (Feb. 1954). pp. 38-39, cont., 111 Eugene F. Sharkoff, and others. The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan II. Ann Arbor: Published by the State 1948, p. 5088. Wilber M. Brucker. The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, 1929. Lansing: Published by the State, 1930, p. 1965. W. C}. Geagley. State Chemist, Bureau of Chemistry Laboratories, Michigan Department of Agriculture, Lansing. Oral communication, February 18,195u. Anon. History of c00perative extension work in Michigan, 191u-1939. Michigan Agricultural Experi- menguStation, East Lansing, Ext. Bull. 229, 1941, p. . Chapters XI, XII, and XIII 254 103. George C. Decker., 0p. cit., p. 113. 104. Ray Hurley. United States Bureau of the Census. United States Census of Agriculture: 1950. I. Counties and State Economic Areas, Part 6, Michigan. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1952, pp. 3 and 5. 105. Data on the history of the Wolverine Pest Control Association, Inc., was provided this writer by Mr. J. A. Watkins, Secretary-Treasurer of the Wolverine Pest Control Association. Written correspondence, August 15, 1953. 106. Data on the history of the Michigan Pest Control Association, Inc., was provided this writer by Mrs. Edward Van Core, wife of Edward Van Core, present Secretary-Treasurer of the Michigan Pest Control Asszciation, Inc., Oral correSpondence, April 27, 195 . Chapter XII l. Swmnndzed from various reports on entomological activities issued by the Michigan Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing 1929-1953. 2. C. A. Boyer. The Cherry Fruit Fly Control Project, 1944, and Accumulative Cherry Fruit Fly Data from 1931 to 1944, inclusive. Report issued by the Michigan.Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing, 1944, unpublished, no pagination. 3. . The Cherry Fruit Fly Control Project, 1949 and Accumulative Cherry Fruit Fly Data from 1939 to 1949, inclusive. Report issued by the Michigan.Bureau of Plant Industry, Lansing, 1949, unpublished, no pagination. Chapter XIII 1. M. R. Bailey. General Sales Manager of the American- Marsh Pump Company, Battle Creek, Michigan. Written correspondence, November 6,1953. 2. L. 0. Howard. The use of Steam Apparatus for Spraying. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agri- culture, 1896. U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, 1897. PP. 71-72. . 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 18. 19. Chapter XIII 255 Don C. Stewart. Executive Secretary of the Benton Harbor Chamber of Commerce, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Written correspondence, September 14, 1953. Ernest G. Lodeman. The SDEBYJDE gfi Plants. New York: The HacMillan Company, 1916, p. 192. J. C. Armstrong. Salesmanager of the Universal Metal Products Company, Saranac, Michigan. Written cor- reSpondence, September 30, 1953. Vincent Santarelli. Manager and Owner of the Champion Sprayer Company, Detroit, Michigan. Written cor- respondence, September 15, 1953. W. E. Richwine. Treasurer of the Universal Stamping and Machine Company, Plymouth, Michigan. Richard S. Clarage. Acmeline Manufacturing Company, Traverse City, Michigan. Written correspondence, October 8, 1953. W. Lyle Palmer. President of the Hardie Manufacturing Company, Hudson, Michigan. Written correspondence, October 30, 1953. Levi R. Taft. When and what to spray. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Special Spraying Bulletin, 1895, p. 3. Ibid. Ernest G. Lodeman., op.cit. David G. Knox. President of the Junior Chamber of Commerce, Hudson, Michigan. Written correSpondence, October 28, 1953. John D. Crummey. Chairman of the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation (of which the John Bean Manu- facturing Company, Lansing is a division) and grand- son of John Bean. Written correspondence, July 24, 1953. "" 17. Ibid. Walter S. Rough and A Freeman Mason. S r . New York: The MacMillan Company, 1951, p. 13. Arthur R. Lauder. W. New York: American.Book-Stratford Press, Inc., 194?, p. 186. I?! I I ‘F III I.‘ ... "I! 1 .. 26. 27. 28. 29. Chapter 1. 2. Chapters XIII and XIV 256 22. John D. Crummey., 0p. cit. Arthur R. Lauder., op. cit., pp. 100-104. Frank T. Parmelee. Sales Manager of the E-Z Flo Chemical Company, Lansing, Michigan. Oral cor— respondence, August 6, 1953. Albert E. Deline. Technical Service Department, Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Michigan. Written correspondence, October 1, 1953. Thomas J. Page. Public Relations Department, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Written cor- respondence, September 23, 1953. Owen R. Thorpe, Manager of Information Service, California Spray-Chemical Corporation, Richmond, California. Written correspondence, September 10. 1953. N. H. Battjes. Secretary of the Tanglefoot Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Written correspondence, October 9, 1953. Permanent catalog of the Parsons Chemical Works, Grand Ledge, Michigan, 1953. XIV Kent L. Pellett. A. J. Cook, 1842-1916. Th§_Amezigan B22_lasznsl (1938). p. 545. A bee Journal published by the A. I. Root and Company, Medina, Ohio. This Journal is still published. Bulletin 96, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station East Lansing, 1893. . R. L. Taylor. Work at Michigan's Experimental Apiary. The Beekeepers Bexieu 8 (1895), p. 6. From the files of the Michigan Department of Agri- culture, Division of Apiary Inspection, and summa- rized records of the Michigan Department of Agri- culture, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. George Steyskal. Entomologist, Grosse Ile, Michigan. Written correspondence, September 18, 1953. "' 8. Ibid. Anon 1864 Anon 1876 Anon 1953 Anon 1900 Anon 190A 257 B. General References Dr. Henry Goadby Dies. Ehe.fliluaukead§snninel Vol. 21, p. 1, col. 8, April 2. Review of Cook's Manual of the Apiary. In§_gmgnlggn Naturalist 10, pp. 621-622. The Kellogg Gull Lake Biological Station Of Michigan State College. News Bureau Release, Department of Information Services, Michigan State College, East Lansing, November 2. Walter Bradford Barrows. Educators ofl Mighigan. Chicago: J. H. Beers znd Company, pp. 208-209. Abstract of History of the Michigan Academy of Science. Sixth report of the Michigan.Academy of Science. Lansing: Published by the State, pp 0 7-80 Adams, Charles C. 1908 1952 List of Isle Royale Beetles. Michigan Geological Survey Report for 1908. Published by the State, .pp. 192-203. Agricultural Statistics. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1906-1949 American Men of Science, eds. 1-8. New York and Pennsylvannia: The Science Press. Andrews, A. W. 1911 1915 Results of the Mershon EXpedition to the Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Preliminary report on the Coleoptera. Thirteenth report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 168-170. Ibid.: Coleoptera. Michigan Geological and Bio- logical Survey Publication 20, Biological Series 4, Ibid. pp. 67-108. 1859-195“ Annual catalOgues of the Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, East Lansing, Published by the College. uw.‘lll\(_11 I «I (3'1 .II I II III II ‘1 ll‘ll' 258 1894-1920 Annual reports of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing: Published b3 the State. 1862-1954 Annual reports of the State Board of Agri- culture of the State of Michigan. Lansing: Pub- lished by the State. Bailey, Liberty H. ‘ 1909 The Experiment Station Mavement in the VUnited States. Cyclopaedia of American Agriculture, New York: The MacMillan Company, pp. 422-427. Barrett, Don P. 1949 Legislative History of Apiary Inspection. Inter- office Communication to Lawrence-O'Neill from Don P. Barrett, State Apiarist, Michigan State Depart- ment of Agriculture (Written communication, July 25 Barrows, Walter B. 1897 The present Status of the San Jose Scale in Michigan. United States Bureau of Entomology, Bull. 9, ns. Washingtonz. Government Printing Office, pp. 27-29. 1900 Sketch of Manly Miles. Second report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 101-107. Bonnell, Daniel E. 1942 Some Factors in the Development of Northwestern Entomology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State College, Corvallis, 259 numb. leaves. Bradish, Alvah 1889 Bruner, 1897 Memoig of Dggglggs go ougnthD engit: Published by the Author, 302 pp. Lawrence ' Grasshopper report for 1895. United States Bureau of EntomOIOgy, Bull. 7, ns. Washington: Govern- ment Printing Office, pp. 31-35. 1897' 1931 Grasshopper report for 1896. Ibid, pp. 36-39. Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of the Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science for the Years 1857 to 1930.A1umni Bulletin Vol.25, n36 11.East Lansing: Published by the College. 2 pp. ([7! Iull lf.‘ I. I‘i .' ‘I'[(fl 259 Cook, Albert J. 1883 EXperiments with Insecticides. Sixteenth annual report of the Ohio State Horticultural Society for the year 1882-83. Columbus: Published by the Society, pp. 138-140. 1888 Ibid. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Bull. 39, pp. 217-233. 1889 Spraying with the arsenites. Ibid, Bull. 53, pp. 3‘80 1889 1924 1926 1930 1935 1937 1940 1953 Arsenical Poisons as Insecticides. Proceedings of the 10th annual meeting of the Society for the Pro- motion of Agricultural Science. Columbus: Pub- lished by the Society. pp. 27-32. Directory of field activities of the Bureau of Plant Industry. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Bureau of Plant Industry’Misc. Cir. 30. Directory of field activities of the Bureau of Ento- mology, Ibid, Bureau of Entomology, Misc. Cir. 80. Ibid, Misc. Pub. 83. Directory of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Misc. Pub. 220. ‘ Ibid, M180. Pub. 220. Ibid, rev. Directory of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. DeKleine, William 1945 DeLand, 1925 The use of DDT as a health measure. An unpublished manuscript used on a radio program sponsored by the Michigan State Department of Public Health. This talk was presented over Radio Station WKAB, Michigan State College on September 19. Charles J. .EnhllQlAQLs_Q£ L _the__ezislatnna_Q£_the_fitats_aiquishissn iggsstJnLJauzJ? S o o - Lanains= blished by the State, 8 2 pp. 1951 1952 1953 Digest in the United Forest Digest in the Digest in the 260 of the 1951 conference on forest insect surveys Lake States. A mimeographed report from the States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Insect Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 3 PD. of the 1952 conference on forest insect surveys Lake States. Ibid, 3 pp. of the 1953 conference on forest insect surveys Lake States. Ibid, 6 pp. Dreisbach, Robert T. Chemist for the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, and amateur entomologist (Written correspondence, September 10). ~ 1953 DuMond, 1953 Frank L. Director of the Grand Rapids Public Museum, Urand Rapids, Michigan (Written correspondence, October 5). Essig, E. 0. 1927 Charles Fuller Baker (Obituary). QSAuzxu.4uLkannunic Entomology 20, pp, 748-754. 1931 A History of Entomology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1209 pp. Flint 1934 Flynt, R. C. M. 1946 Student War Loans Program, Final Report. Forbes, W. P. Codling Moth Control by the Use of Insecticides in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Jogrngl of Economic Entomology 27, pp. 141-143. States Washington: 3. A. United 1946, no. 14. Uovernment Printing Office, 40 pp. Office of Education, Bull. 1909 Aspects of Progress in Economic Entomology. glggnnal 9; Economic Egtomolggy 2, pp. 25-35. Fuller, George N., 1928 Geolo is 1 Re 0 ed. s o D H . Lansing: The Michigan Historical Commission, 691 pp. Gregory, John B. 1931 H stor of w uke W o . Vol. IV Chicago- Milwaukee S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, pp. 261 Grover, Wayne C. 1953-54 United States Government Organization Manual. rev. July 1, 1953. Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. Washington: Uovernment Printing Office, pp. 596-597. Hammar, A. G. 1912 Life-history studies on the codling moth in Michigan. United States Bureau of Entomology, Dull. 115, Part 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 86 pp. Hankinson, Thomas L. 1908 Biological Survey of Walnut Lake, Michigan. Report of the State Board of Geological Survey of Michigan for the year 1907. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 161-288. Hatch, Melville H. 1924 A List of Coleoptera from Charlevoix County, Michigan. -P are 0 e I . Academ S A Letters 4. Lansing: Published by the State, pp- 543-586. 1928‘ A Geographical Index of the Catalogues and Local Lists of Nearctic Coleoptera. Jonrnal of tne New York Entomological Society 36, pp. 335-354. 1949 A Century of Enton010gy 1n the Pacific Northweet. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 43 pp. Hatcher, Harlan 1944 22? Great Lakes. New York: Oxford University Press, 384 pp. Hedrick, Wilbur O. 1953 Professor Emeritus of Economics, Michigan State College. (Oral communication, August 9). Hemans, Lawton T. 1906 History of Michigan. Lansing: Hammond Publishing Company, Limited, 278 pp. Herbert, Frank B. 1931 History of the Oil and Nicotine Combination. Journal of Economic Entomology 24, 991-997. Howard, L. 0. 1911 Address at the Dedication of the Entomology and Zoology Building of the Massachusetts Agricultural College November 11, 1910. ,Entgnelegleal_flene 22. pp 0 9 “107. 262 1930 A History'of Applied Entemolqu. Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collection 84. Washington: The Smithsoniwn Institution, 564 pp. Hubbard, H. G. and E. A. Schwarz 1878 List of Coleoptera Found in the Lake Superior Region. Preceedings of_the American Philosophical Society 17, pp. 627-743. 1878 Contribution to a List of the Coleoptera of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Ibid, pp. 643-666. James, Edmund J. . . 1910 The Origin of the Land Grant Act of 1862. University of Illinois, University Studies. Bulletin, Vol IV (no. 1) Urbana-Champaign: The University Press, 139 pp. Kaye, Orin 1939 Cassidy Lake Resident Work Project. Chelsea, Michigan. Lansing: Michigan National Youth Administration, Division of Research and Publications, 12 pp. Kelly, Fred J. 1952 Land Grant Colleges and Universities. United States« Office of Education, Bull. 1952, no. 21. Washington: Government Printing Office, 27 pp. and Ella B. Ratcliffe 1941 Financial Aids for College Students. United States Office of Education, Bull. 1940, no. 11. Washington: Government Printing Office, 35 pp. Knight, Paul , 1928 The Development and Present Status of Entomological Courses in American Colleges and Universities. Jonrnal of Ecenonic Entonelogy 21, pp. 871-877. Krieger, Jerry 1953 Area's 'Mr. Sprayer' Retires. .2he_fley§;2a11adinm Benton Harbor, Michigan: The Pallidium Publishing . Company, Vol. 68, no. 25, January 30. Maris, W. Homer ‘ 1918 A Brief Study of American Entomology. Unpublished ‘Master Degree Thesis. Oregon State College, Corvallis. 67 numb. leaves. 263 Martindale, Prederick C. 1909 Mayhew, 1858 Pnhlje Aet.§ of the Lehjelatnre gt the State QI Miehigan pas SSQQ at the Be gnLer Seeeio on of 190 9. Lansing: Published b/ the State, pp. 173-174, cont., 329- 330. Ira Annual report of the Superintendent of Public In- Struction of the State of Michigan, with accompanying documents for the year 1858. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 11-62. , and others 1859 The Agricultural College of the State of Michigan. Trgnseetions of the State Agricultnrel Society of Michigen. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 3’58- McDaniel, Eugenia I. 1946 Rufus Hiram Pettit,1869 1946 (Obituary) Jamal or Ecenomic Entomology 39, pp. 554- -555. 1953 Former Associate Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing. (Oral communication, August 11). Mc Indoo, N. E., and others 1921 Effects of nicotine sulphate as an ovicide and larvicide on the codling moth and three other insects. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Bull. 938. Merritt, James M. 1937 The toxicity of combinations of nicotine, under Michigan conditions, to the tree and to the codling moth, Cerpocapsa pomonella, Linn. Michigan Agricul— tural Experiment Station, Tech. Bull. 154. Metcalf, C. L. and W. P. Flint 1939 1953 Monroe, 1947 Destructive and Useful Insects 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 981 pp. Michigan Agricultural Statistics, May, 1953. Lansing: Michigan Department of Agriculture, p. 13. C. O. The Early History of the South Haven-Casco Pomo- logical Society. Seventy-sixth annual report of the Secretary of the State_Horticu1tural Society of Michigan for the year 1946. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 11 -121. 264 Needham, James G. 1908 Notes on the aquatic insects of Walnut Lake with special reference to a few species of considerable importance as fish food. Report of the Michigan Geological Survey for 1907, pp. 253-271. Osborn, Herbert 1937 F m s E o o c Hietery. Columbus: ublished by the Author and printed by The Spahr and Glenn Company, 394 pp. 1952 A Brief History_of Entomology, Columbus: The Spahr and Glenn Company, 303 pp. 1921-1950 Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan; New York: The MacMillan Company, Vols. 1-36. Parker, J. R. 1939 Grasshoppers and their control. United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, Farmer's Bull. 1828.. Parrott, P..I. 1914 The Growth and Organization of Applied Entomology 1n the United StateS- WW egy 7, pp. 50-64. Pellett, Kent L. 1938 A. J. Cook, 1842-1916. American Bee Jenrnel 78, pp ‘ 545-547 0 Pettit, Jessie A. 1953 Widow of Rufus H. Pettit, former Professor of Ento- m010gy at the Michigan State College, East Lansing. (Oral communication, June 24). 1905 Public Acts of the Legislature of the State 9: Michigan Passed at the Regular Session 9: i205. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 523-524. Quaintance, A. L. 1905 Some present-day features of applied entomolOgy in America. United States Bureau of Entomology, Bull. 52. Washington: Government Printing Office, pp. 5-25- ‘y_ and Eugene W. Scott 1912 The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio. Ibid, Bull. 115, Part 2 , pp 0 87-112 0 265 1900-1921 Reports of the Entomologist. Annual reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1921-1928 Reports of the Entomologist. United States Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 1929-1934 Reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Ento- mology, Ibid. 1934-1954 Reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, Ibid. Rogers, J. Speed 1948 Report of the Director of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1946- 1947. University of Michigan Official Publications Vol. 49, no. 89. ,Ann Arbor: Published by the University, 40 pp. Russell, I. C. ‘ 1904 Bela Hubbard. Fourth report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing: Published by the State, 227 pp. Ruthven, Alexander 0. 1911 The Mershon EXpedition to the Charity Islands, bake Huron. Science 33, ns., PP. 208-209. 1912 Report of the Chief Naturalist of the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Fourteenth re- port of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing: Published by the State, pp. 42-44. ' Sabrosky, Curtis W. ' 1953 Former Assistant Professor of Entomology at the Michigan State College, East Lansing, and presently Entomologist in the Division of Insect Detection and Identification, United States National Museum Washington. (Written correSpondence, September 4). Say, Thomas . 1824 America Entomolo o Desc o of North America. Philadelphia: Published by Samuel A. Mitchell, Philadelphia Museum, no pag- ination,18 p1. 1825" Tb'id, pls. 19-36. 1828 151d, pls. 37-54. 266 Schwarz, E. A. 1876 List of Coleoptera Collected in Michigan. Peyehe 1, pp. 145-148. 1890 Notes on the Comparative Vitality of Insects in Cold Water. Preee eeQinge of the Entomologieai Seeiety sfgflashiastan 1. pp. 208~ 215 Shortt, Adam and Arthur G. Doughty, eds. 1914 Cenada and Its Provincee Vol XII. Edinburgh Ed. Toronto: The Publishers Association of Canada Limited, pp. 511-520. 1917 —Ibid, Vo1.:xfTTfT‘fb1d, pp. 327-328. Smith, J. Edwards 1880 How to See With the Microeeepe. Chicago: Duncan Brothers, 410 pp. Strong, F. C. and E. J. Rasmussen 1945 Cost Studies Show Airplane Dusting is Practical. Food Packer 26, pp. 63- 64, cont., 66. Stack, Joseph W. 1953 Director of the Michigan State College Museum, East Lansing. (Oral communication, July 15). Stefferud, Alfred 1947 Yearbook of Agriculture, 1943-1947. Seience in Earning. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. 944 pp. Strong, Lee A. 1937 Summary of season's scouting to obtain information as to the distribution of the Japanese Beetle. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, Mimeo,,15 pp. ‘ 1938 Ibid, 12 pp. Taylor, Alexander ~ 1859‘ GrasshOppers and locusts of America. Annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1858. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, pp. 200- 213. True, Alfred C. 1929 A H 3 O o '9 _ ; oo o 173 - 92 . nited tates Department of SP cu ture, Washington, Misc. 36. 207 Tuttle, Charles R. 1873 General History of the State of Michigan. Detroit: R. D. 8. Tyler and Co., 730 pp. Van Duzee, M. C., and others. 1921 The Dipterous Genus Dolichonus Latreille in North America. United States National Museum, Bull. 116. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 304 pp. Weiss, Harry B. 1936 The Pioneer Century of Anenican Entomglogy, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Published by the Author, 320 pp- White, B. T. 1941 DeveIOpment of Milky Disease on Japanese Beetle Larvae Under Field Conditions. ignznal_gfi_§ggngmlg Entomology 34, pp. 213-215. APPENDIX A. A List of Theses for Entomology Degrees At the Michigan State College. B. A Pictorial History of the DeveIOpment of Spraying and Dusting Equipment Since 1883. C. Biographies and/or Photographs 269 t A. A List of Theses for Entomology Degrees At the Michigan State College. Beltz, Harold Frank. A Comparison of Methods and Materials Used in Greenhouse Pest Control. M.S., 1952. Bloomer, Arthur Warren. Effects of Various DDT Formulations on the Control of Insects Common to Potatoes and Beans. M.S., 1953. Bradley, George Arthur. Some Common Sawfly Larvae Attacking Conifers in Northeastern North America. M.S., 1939. ' Bray, Dale Frank. An Investigation of the Number and Volume of Aquatic Insects in Ponds in Relation to the Use of Fertilizer. M.S., 1949. Cath, William Stanwood. Studies on Control of the European Pine-Shoot Moth, fihynnignia‘nnnllana (Schiffermiller). M.S., 1953. . . . Chapman, Harold Clyde. A Systematic Study of Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Hemiptera Occurring in Lower Michigan. ”.8. 1953. w Chaudhry, Ghulam-Ullah. The DevelOpment and Fecundity of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholithn [Cygigz molesta (Busch) Under Controlled Temperatures and Humidities. Ph.D., 1951. Collins, William Erle. The Extension and Refinement of a Laboratory Technique for Evaluating Contact Insecticides. M.S., 1952. Coppel, George Edward. The External Anatomy of Enlangnnfi commnnis, Gyll M.S., 1948. Costas, Luis Adolfo. Some Effects of Mass Parasitization of the Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotndgn ngngalnlla, Oliv; by trichogramma. M.S., 1937. * Apiculture theses in the Horticulture Department are recorded at the end of this list. I! (I! laIlII 1:} 1|} ‘l lid“ IIIII..II‘ . {1" ‘lll 270 Craig, Albert George. Relations of Insects to the Pollina- tion of Pears and Apples. 8.3., 1902. Dibble, Charles Bradford. Life—history of the Hemlock Measuring Worm, Ellgpia fiscelleria. M.S., 1727. Dominick, Harvey John. Laboratory Comparisons of the Effects of Wheat Protestants on Stored Grain Insects. M.S., Spring, 1953. Farleman, Merwyn Gale. Standards for Comparison of Insects Infesting Fruit in Michigan. M.S., 1930. Farr, Thomas Howard. A Survey of the Insect Fauna of Goldenrod LSQlidagQ spp.) M.S., 1948. Fischer, Roland Lee. The Cicindelidae of Michigan. M.S., 1948. Frank, J. Lyall L. A Study of the Comparative Efficacy of Various Louse Powders. M.S., 1922. Gallum Robert Louis. Distribution and Economic Importance of Some Important Sawflies Attacking Conifers in Eastern North America. M.S., 1950. Gleason, Gale Robert, Jr. A Winter Survey of Insects Infesting Polyporaceous Fungi in Four Southern Michigan Woodlots. M.S., 1951. Guyer, Gordon Earl. A QuantitatiVe and Qualitative In- vestigation of the Adult Midges of the Family Tendipedidae in Fertilized and‘Unfertilized.Ponds, M.S., 1952. Hanna, Murray K. Michigan Spittlebugs. M.S., 1951. Harrison, Robert Doak. Control of Onion Maggot by Seed Pelleting with Insecticides. M.S., Fall, 1950. Houk, Wallace Eugene. Studies on the Mineola moth (Mineola scitulella) and other Northern Michigan Fruit Insects. M.S., Fall, 1950. Khan, Mushtag Ahmed. Control of the Common Ectoparasites Causing Damage to Hides and Skins in Pakistan. M.S., 1948. Kuhn, Frederick Alfred. Key for the Identification of the More Important Fruit Insects of the Northern and Eastern United States. M.S., 1933. Lee, Cecil Su-Sen. One Year's Hand and Trap Collection of Insects on the Michigan State College Grounds. M.S., 1941. Lowe,Victor Hunt. The New York Plum Lecanium. M.S., 1898. 271 Lugthart, Garrit J. Jr. Studies of Lyctid and Scolytid beetles Infesting Seasoning Lumber. M.S., 1951. Merritt, James M. A Study of the Development of the Angoumois Grain Moth on Various Foods. M.S., 1932. . The Toxicity of Combinations of Nicotine, Under; Michigan Conditions, to the Tree and to the Codling Moth, Carpgcapsa pomonella, Linn. Ph.D., 1936. Milliron, Herbert Edward. A Study of Some Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Encarsia formosa Gahan, an Aphelinid Parasite of the Greenhouse White Fly, Trialeurodes vapor- ariorum. (Westw). M .S.,1938. Morofsky, Walter Frederick. The Elm-leaf Beetle. M.S., 1930. . The Correlation of Bark Beetles and Wood Borers to Slash Disposal in Michigan. Ph.D., 1952“: Namba, Ryoji. The_Trypetidae of Michigan. M.S., 1950. Parmelee, Frank Thomas. A Study of Some Wood- -boring Coleoptera Attacking Fire-killed Coniferous Trees in Michigan. M .S., 1940. Pederson, Calvin Ernest. The Distribution of Michigan Mos- quitoes. M.S., 1947. ‘ Reed, Charles 0. The Peach and Its Enemies. "B.S., 1901. Ries, Donald Timmerman.‘ The Control of Insect Pests In- Jurious to Field CrOps. M .S., 1926 (a minor thesis). . The Life- -history, Habits and Distribution of the Apple Maggot. M .S., 1926 (a maior thesis). Shaw, William T. The Economic Importance of Insects Hiber- nating in Rubbish. M.S., 1901.! . . Shea, William. A Laboratory Comparison of the Phytotoxicity of Several DDT Formulations, and an Evaluation of the Method Used. M .S., Spring, 1953. ' Simmons, R. D. A Study of the Species of Agrilus (Coleoptera) Infesting Michigan Raspberries. M .S., 1933. * This thesis actually was done as a project in the De- partment of Forestry, but its entomological nature and the fact that Walter F. Morofsky is a member of the Entomology , Department warrants that it be included in this list. i... It .Il...lul'.1 [.1'. I|.'I 1‘ }.l‘l’ 272 Sone, Geary Masami. A Study of the Effect of Hydrogen-ion Concentration on the Toxicity of Certain Insecticidal Sprays. M.S., Fall, 1951. Steele, Clara Mathilde. Some Coccidae of the Greenhouse. 8.3. r 1898. Toboada, Oscar. Some Effects of Radiant Energy on the Beetles, Triboliuq confnsun Duv; S o s grananins (L) and Acanthoscelides optectus Say M.S., Fall, 1953. Tolles, Goodwin S. The Use of oils for Control of Insects. M.S., 1928. Tuttle, Donald Monroe. A Study of the Insect Fauna of the Cultivated Blueberry, Vgccinium c3r mbosum, Linnaeus. M.S., 1947. Wilkinson, Robert C. Jr. Some Factors Involved in a Method for Rearing the Boxelder Bug, Leptocoris trivittatus. Say. M.S., 1950. Wilson, Bruce Vernon. Contributions to a Study of the Butterfly Fauna of Ingham County, Michigan. M.S., 1943. Wong, Horne Richard. Sawfly Larvae of the Subfamily Nematinae Attacking Conifers in the Forests of the Canadian Prairies. M.S., 1950. Zia-ud-Din. Studies on the Biology and Control of Lygus oblineatus (Say) Ph.D., 1950. APICULTURE THESES IN THE HORTICULTURE DEPARTMEhT 1. Jorgensen, Carl Jens Christian. Weather Factors In- fluencing Honey Production. M.S., 1945. B- A Pictorial History of the Development of ‘ t Spraying and Dusting Equipment Since 1883. i The following series of photographs was kindly loaned to the writer of this thesis, and permission given for their reproduction, by the John Bean Manufacturing Company, Lansing, Michigan (a division of the Food Machinery Corporation, San.Jose, California.)' No his- torical photographs of this kind‘could be secured from other commercial agricultural chemical application equipment manufacturers. mmuunmu—ulm-muuiqmna- nan-um}... sun-Mum”. crudely-pinch poured by I Q I. F. cache delivered the syn; need-1 at 200 p.l I. 274 1918. Powered by a 3 H.P. engine, the Bean Tri- plex Pump now delivers 8 g.p.m. at 250lbs. pressure. The tank has been increased to 200 gallons and spray guns which came into general use that year have replaced the long bamboo rods and small nozzles. hwflllehmle—um-lm—nmmhm‘ ma.5;.m~dfiu.~hhmmmm:i_ 'na-nsopngu-rumuwu-«mm 276 1921+- - £634 5 1‘ z W .4“ ‘ » Add,“ ‘L: ‘3'!) 1 Using a light weight 6 H.P. engine for power, the Triplex Pump now delivered 12 g.p.m. at 300 - 350 lbs. pressure. 277 1925. This model had a 5V3 g.p.m. pump and a 2 a H.P. engine for 250 lbs. pressure. The tank had 100 gallons capacity. 278 1 I lull.lll.l 1!... 4‘ " ‘I! 1927. One of the first attempts at a tractor power take-off sprayer. It was a stan- dard four wheel outfit with a power take—off shaft. 280 1928. Broom type guns came in that year. Here is one of the first six nozzle models. 1930. Super Giant, 3O g.p.m. at l+00 - 500 lbs. pressure, 1+ cyl. 16 H.P. engine with option of 300 - “-00 gallon tank. 281 282 1933. The advent of the Royal Pump and a very modern sprayer. A 20 g.p.m. Royal Pump and a b cylinder 12 H.P. engine for 600 lbs. pressure; 300 gallon wood tank on steel wheels with cut-under truck, most— ly horse drawn. 193“. Featuring the enclosed Royal Pump which was introduced in 1933. This model 3208 was a popular model sprayer that year. 283 - 1 V.‘ I 1935. The transition from wood to steel tanks. These two 1935 models, side-by side, both have #00 gallon tanks and show the differ- ence in compactness. 2R4 L1 shrine rmrei cut-und-r armoured lvnpr of Chit year has been modified " 1‘. ‘-,‘. . n‘lrn. 285 ‘ _'.‘ It ‘ _= lie-L- ”91'1"" v1- "“3- 286 287 ‘ 1 . an ",M , . a - “Arr—c. ’irh! {1.ws. _ 288 L3_ -§533d Sprayer E}?£§ifi§“§3§3§éé’d¥ rate of l 8 acres per hour, 75 to 100 acres per day The first succesful airblast sprayer was used in Florida citrus orchards in 1937 but was not introduced in the Northern States until about l9hl. 3; “mlcmnmuufly-hlsmmsmflm-Ih supuuymtwdmmoM-mmdsmm. 289 raster pour take-off sprayer, 85 ppm. pup hr coo-s00 lbs pressure. To 53': fall's. tank 17.-r1.“ is mm: m lsrr- men-tie tins. 291 quuwnsuusnt E olnusnsuw . .l 1 . 4 .. 2 . ’ ”H 1" V’IIIWDSIXKIES unmmmmm usuunmuv n.- I... susuunsnnvuus ‘1III ornusnnan I ) it ' a ‘.-..' 1 .‘V {“1113 Number of Acres Sprayed Per Day For the Years 1883, 1900, 1910, 1928, 1933, and 19h5. C. Biographies and/or Photographs \IO\U\ Cb.) N r-‘ Henry Goadby Manly Miles Albert John Cook Walter B. Barrows Rufus H. Pettit George D. Shafer Eugenia I. McDaniel 293 Henry Goadby Little is known about Henry Goadby. In 1849, he came to the United States from England where he had been "primary dissector of minute anatomy" at the Royal College of Surgeons, London. His journey to America was prompted by the need of rest and recuperation for his eyesight which had become impaired through extensive microsc0pical researches. Until 1858, when he was appointed to the faculty of the Michigan Agricultural College, Dr. Goadby spent considerable time giving lectures on anatomy and microscopy. In 1855, he presented several lectures in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Between 1856 and 1858, Dr. Goadby was a resident of Detroit, Michigan. On June 10, 1858, he married Sarah B. Kinman of Jonesville, Michigan. While at the Agricultural College, Professor Goadby contributed numerous articles on insects to the “Michigan Farmer”. He also helped edit the "Medical Independent”, a monthly magazine published at Detroit. Professor Goadby's departure from the College in 1859 evi- dently was due to poor health. At that time, he went to Milwaukee to live with a daughter, and it was there that he died - on March 31, 186#. Professor Goadby was fifty- eight years old at the time of his death. He had been asso- ciated with the Linnean Society of London, Albany Institute of New York, and the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. 294 Manly Miles Manly Miles was born in Homer, New York on July 20, 1826. In 1837, he moved to Flint, Michigan and in 1850, obtained a medical degree at Bush Medical College, Chicago. While practicing medicine in Flint in 1859, Dr. Miles Was appointed Assistant State Geologist of Michigan. In 1860, he became Professor of Zoology and Animal Physiology at the Michigan Agricultural College. In 1865, he was given the additional duties of “Professor of Practical Agriculture" and "Superintendent of the Farm". In 1869, Professor Miles began devoting all his time to the teaching of Agriculture at the College. His agricultural professorship of 1865 was the first of its kind given to anyone in the world. His scientific eXperiments in agriculture and his writings gave him a noteworthy reputation. The scholarliness and enthu- siasm of Professor Miles made him popular with his students. In 1875, he left the Michigan Agricultural College. Until 1886, Dr. Miles occupied himself with the conducting of private scientific experiments and with teaching at the Illinois State University, Galesburg and at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst. In 1886, Dr. Miles returned to Lansing, Midhigan where he did private researches until his death - on February 15, 1898. For further details of Professor Miles' life, the reader is referred to the following reference: Barrows, Walter B. Sketch of Manly Miles. Second report of 295 the Michigan Academy Science. Lansing: Published by the State, 1900, pp. 101-107. Professor Manly Miles 4 296 297 Albert John Cook Albert John Cook was born at 0wosso, Michigan on August 30, 1842. After graduating from the chhigan Agri- cultural College in 1862, he managed a fruit farm near Sacremento, California, and in 1867, returned to Michigan to teach at his Alma Mater. As Professor of Zoology and Entomology (1869 - 1893) and Entomologist for the Experi- ment Station (1888 - 1893) at the College, he made successful pioneering efforts in the teaching of economic entomology and in insect investigations. The latter pertainedprimarily to life-histories, insecticides, and bees. -His entomological activities in Michigan made the State a leader in the field of entomology. In 1893, he left the Michigan Agricultural College to accept the Chair of Biology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. He remained in that position until 1911, at which time he was appointed California State Com- missioner of Horticulture. Between 1911 and 1916, Professor Cook's entomological accomplishments in California brought him more national recognition. In 1916, poor health re- sulted in his return to his home in Owosso, and he died there on September 29 of the same year. For further details of Professor Cook's life, the reader is referred to the following reference: Essig, E. 0. A History of Entogology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931. PP- 578-581- 298 Professor Albert John Cook in 1888. This Photograph was Loaned to This Writer, and Permission Granted for its Reproduction, by Albert B. Cook, Jr. of Owosso, Michigan 299 Walter Bradford Barrows Walter Bradford Barrows was born at Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts in 1855. In 1876, he obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree in natural history at the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology. Prior to his coming to the Michigan Agricultural College in 1894, Mr. Barrows had been employed for eight years as the "first assistant ornithologist" of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. While at the Agricultural College, Professor Barrows published a noteworthy book titled "Michigan.Bird Life" (Lansing: The Michigan Agricultural College, 1912, 822 pp.). Professor Barrows died unexpectedly in East Lansing on February 26, 1923. At the time, he was yet Professor of Zoology and Physiology and Curator of the General Museum at the College. For further details of Professor Barrows' life, the reader is referred to the following reference:. Anon. Walter Bradford Barrows. Educators of Michigan. Chicago: J. H. Beers and Company, 1900, pp. 208-209. Professor Walter B. B arrows 300 301 Rufus Hiram Pettit Rufus Hiram Pettit was born in Baldwinsville, New York on January ll, 1869. He graduated from Baldwinsville Academy in 1887, and from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York in 1895. From 1895 to 1897, Rufus Pettit was employed as Assistant State Entomologist of Minnesota. He was appointed as an Instructor of Zoology at the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege on January 1, 1897. In 1906, Mr. Pettit became head of the Entomology Department at the College. Entomology itself had been made a separate Department the same year. Professor Pettit remained in charge of the Entom010gy Department until 1934 when illness forced his retirement from the College. He was a popular teacher and a recognized world authority on entomology. As “EntomolOgist of the Experiment Station”, Professor Pettit did his utmost to aid the residents of Michigan with their insect problems. His private entomo~ logicalinterests concerned the scale insects, biological control of insects, and the preparation of insect illustra- tions. His ability at the letter was superb and many of his illustrations were used in entomological publications pre- pared at other places than in.Michigan. In 1931, the College awarded Professor Pettit an honarary Doctor of Science Degree for his entomological accomplishments. Professor Pettit died in East Lansing on June 1, l9#6. For further details of Professor Pettit's life, 302 the reader is referred to the following reference: McDaniel, Eugenia I. Rufis Hiram Pettit, 1869 — l9u6 (Obituary) Journal ofl_§ggnomic Entomology 39 (1945), pp. 554-555. George Daniel Shafer _George Daniel Shafer was born in Muncie, Indiana on December 25, 187h. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Indiana University, Bloomington in 1900; a Master of Arts Degree at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California in 1906; and a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Entomology at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York in 1908. He served as an Assistant Entomologist for the Michigan Agricultural College EXperiment Station from 1908 to 1917. Between 1913 and 1917, his status was associate research professor. From 191% to 19u0, he taught entomology and animal physiology at Stanford University. In 1940, he retired from Stanford as a professor emeritus. Professor Shafer was a member of the Michigan Academy of Science (Sevretary from 1909 to 1912), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Naturalists Society, Entomological Society of America, Society of EXperimental Biologists, Western Society of Naturalists, and the California Academy of Science.’ Pro- fessor Shafer presently resides in Palo Alto, California. 301+ Dr. George D. Shafer 305 Eugenia I. McDaniel Eugenia I. McDaniel was born in LaCrosse, Kansas on June 27, 1884. She graduated from the LaCrosse High School in 1902. In 1908, Miss McDaniel obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, and on April 10, 1910 was appointed to the staff of the Michigan Agricultural College Entomology Department as an instructor. Miss McDaniel served the College until July 1, 1949, at which time she retired. At her retirement, she held the rank of associate professor. Throughout the 39 years of her tenure, Professor McDaniel voluntarity devoted almost all her evenings (often late into the night) and weekends to the systematic work and “curatorship' duties of the Michigan State College Insect Collection. Considerable thanks must be given Miss McDaniel for her efforts and thoroughness in her work on the collection. Perhaps never again will the Entomology Depart- ment have as an industrious a worker as she. Professor McDaniel made numerous contributions to the fields of tax- onomic and economic entomology. Her work on the Coccidae and Orthoptera brought her national recognition. Professor MaDaniel was a member of the American.Association of Economic Entomologists, American Entomological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ”188' McDaniel presently resides in Kansas. Professor Eugenia I. McDaniel 306 307 Bay Hutson Ray Hutson was born in Salem, West Virginia on October 6, 1896. From 1917 to 1919, he served in the United States Navy. He obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree in Agriculture at West Virginia University, Morgantown in 1922, and a Master of Science Degree in Entomology at Rutgers Univ- versity, New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1930. From 1922 to 1928, he was an Assistant Entomologist for the New Jersey Agricultural EXperiment Station, and as Associate Entomol- ogist at the New Jersey Station from 1928 to 1930. From 1926 to 1930, Mr. Hutson was an instructor of entomology at Rutgers. In 1930, he was appointed to the staff of the Michigan State College Entomology Department as an associate professor of teaéhing and research. In 1934, Professor Hutson was placed in charge of the Michigan State College Entomology Department. He still retains this position. Professor Hutson is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Entomological Society of America,and the Ontario Entomological Society. ”I q ..,a\ '3 I» ‘1‘: - JI lun19’56 \! .- b If HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES \lHIWIIMillllllWHIWIHIIHWIDIWIHIWIIIHI 31293101208787