.‘1 AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE NEUROTIC CHARACTER CONSTRUCTS OF KAREN HORNEY Dissertation for the Degree of Ph. D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY GILBERT WALTER SCHMIDT 1977 LIBRARY Michigan State University 7‘; This is to certify that the thesis entitled An Empirical Investigation of the Neurotic Character Constructs of Karen Horney presented by Gilbert W. Schmidt I has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Doctorate Counseling degree in (WWW- : Nazism Carla/«00 Major professor Date 2/25/77 @7639 (31040559 ABSTRACT AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE NEUROTIC CHARACTER CONSTRUCTS OF KAREN HORNEY By Gilbert Walter Schmidt This study was designed to accomplish two basic objectives: (T) to develop a psychometric instrument based on Karen Horney's neurotic character constructs specified in her theory of neurosis, and (2) to apply this instrument to the investigation of the validity of Horney's three neurotic character types of "moving towards," "away from," and "against others." Two psychometric instruments were employed in the study. The Inventory of Current Status (ICS) was used as a screening device to refine the sample by screening out individuals suspected of being psychotic, sociopathic, highly inconsistent or lying. The ICS also included the Eysenck Personality Inventory-Neuroticism scale which was used to place subjects on a neuroticism continuum. Neuroticism was used as the criterion variable in the study. The second instrument used in the study was the Inventory of Adjustment Styles (IAS). This instrument was constructed from Horney's writings describing the three neurotic modes of interaction. Test items were assigned, by content, to either the Compliance scale (C) reflecting Horney's "moving towards others" type, or the Gilbert Halter Schmidt Aggression scale (A) reflecting the "moving against others" type, or the Detachment scale (D) or "moving away from others" type. After administration, this l74-item inventory was refined and shortened to 85 items using an item-total correlation technique. The ICS and IAS were both administered to adult subject volun- 'teers from the general p0pulation. Two hundred ninety-five of the 360 subjects were included in the study. Although this sample did not specifically represent any known population, they were diverse in terms of age, education, occupation, sex, and marital status. Three research hypotheses were stated. Hypotheses l and 2 were postulated to examine the relationship of the C, A and D scales to the criterion variable neuroticism as measured by the EPI-N. Hypothesis 1 relates to whether there was a linear relationship between the C, A and D scales and neuroticism. Hypothesis 2 was used to examine the relationship of variability among the C, A and D scales and neuroticism to assess whether scale patterns of one high and two low scale scores were predictive of neuroticism as suggested by Horneyan theory. Regression analysis was used to test Hypotheses l and 2. A third hypothesis was postulated to determine whether an empirically derived structure of items would match Horney's neurotic character constructs. A factor analytic approach specifying a three- principal-components rotation was used to test Hypothesis 3. Further explorations involved rotations of 2, 3, l0 and eigenvalue greater than 1.00. Gilbert Halter Schmidt Results indicated that while scale variance was signifi- cantly related to neuroticism as predicted by Horneyan theory, by far the strongest relationship was between the Compliance scale alone and neuroticism (22% variance explained). Sample bias may have contributed to this outcome. Results of the three-factor rotation produced one factor com- posed of C scale items, one factor composed of predominantly A scale items with some mixture of D scale items, and a third factor of only three items loading over .39 (two D scale, one A scale). Chi-square results indicated strong patterning corresponding to Horney's three constructs. A ten-factor rotation showed eight factors corresponding to ten of Horney's original neurotic needs. A lower bounds (eigen- value l.0) rotation resulted in 25 factors, most composed of items from one scale. It was concluded that (l) the EPI-N scale may be based on a unifactorial concept of neurosis similar to Horney's compliant type, (2) factorial analysis evidence suggest a multifactorial concept of neurosis, (3) results largely favored the Compliance and Aggression concepts (Detachment will require further research). Implications for future research were discussed. AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE NEUROTIC CHARACTER CONSTRUCTS OF KAREN HORNEY By Gilbert Halter Schmidt A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Counseling, Personnel Services, and Educational Psychology 1977 To my wife Dagnija and my parents, Walter and Lillian ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For their many hours of thoughtful assistance in the prepa- ration of this dissertation, the writer wishes to express his appre- ciation to Dr. William Farquhar and Dr. William Hinds, co-chairmen, and especially to Dr. Robert Wilson for his many hours of consulta- tion. The writer would also like to express appreciation to Dr. Norman Abeles and Dr. Sam Plyler for serving on the committee, and to the many friends and relatives without whose aggressive collection of data this study would never have been completed. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES . Chapter I. THE PROBLEM Need Purpose Hypotheses . . Review of the Literature II. THEORY Theoretical Basis of the Present Study. Horney' 5 Theory of Neurosis . . The Moving Toward Others or CompIiant Type The Moving Against or Aggressive Type . The Moving Away From Others or Detached Type. III. DESIGN OF THE STUDY . Instrumentation . Inventory of Current Status (ICS). . Inventory of Adjustment Styles (IAS) . Refinement of the Inventory of Adjustment Styles . . . . . Administration of the Instruments Scoring the Scales Sample . . Hypotheses . Regression Hypotheses . . Factor Structure Hypothesis . Analysis of Data . Regression Model Factor Structure Summary iv Page vi vii Chapter Iv. ANALYSIS OF DATA . Relationship of IAS to Neuroticism Traditional Approach . Pattern Approach . Factor Structure of the IAS. Ten Factor Structure Lower Bounds Rotation Summary V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary Discussion Conclusions . Implications REFERENCES APPENDICES Table bbww CON LIST OF TABLES Scale Alpha and Total Items Geographic Distribution of Sample Age Range of Sample . Correlation Between Variables Summary Table for Multiple Regression for Compliant, Detached and Aggressive Variables Entered Against Neuroticism . Summary Table for Regression with Scale Variance Regressed Against Neuroticism . Summary Table for Multiple Regression Including Variables Scale Mean and Scale Variance Summary Table for Multiple Regression Including Variables Compliance, Detachment, Aggression, and Scale Variance . . . . . . Chi-Square Table for Three-Factor Solution Two-Factor Chi-Square Table vi Page 3T 34 35 44 47 49 50 51 56 60 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A. INVENTORY OF CURRENT STATUS . B INVENTORY OF ADJUSTMENT STYLES . C. SCALE RELIABILITY ANALYSES D SCALE ITEM POOLS E. OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES BY SEX . F. ITEM-BY-ITEM CORRELATION MATRIX ID ITEM-BY-FACTOR MATRICES FACTOR ROTATION COMPARISONS . vii Page 97 l09 121 125 135 T38 lSl l65 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Nggg_ Current psychological and social sciences literature con- tains a wealth of references to the theories and concepts of Karen Horney. Her position in the mainstream of current psychological and psychoanalytic thought is emphasized by the inclusion of reviews of her theories in most texts on personality and counseling theories or psychoanalytic schools. Horney's writings have gained new importance today because they represent neither a simple nor a single theory. Her works, in reality, encompass many theories, including theories of motivation, personality development and organization, and human behavior, both normal and pathological. Her writings also include broad principles of therapeutic technique which still influence psychoanalysis and psychotherapy training today. The Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, an organization founded by Horney and a few of her colleagues and students, still reflects her influence, as does the American Institute for Psychoanalysis.1 Many current widely accepted views of psychic functioning can be traced to Horney's earlier works and were, in the words of Clara Thompson, "things which Horney shouted from the rooftops for years." 1Jack L. Rubins, Developments in Hornengsychoanalysis (Huntington: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Inc., l972), pp. 2-4. More recently, Horney has been recognized by elements of the feminist movement for her early objections to the male centeredness of Freudian theory. Her early papers on feminine psychology were intended to disprove the biologically and genetically given secondary status of women in favor of socio-cultural determinants which could, therefore, be modified.2 It has been over 25 years since the publication of Horney's last book. We are now entering another psychiatric revolution, com- munity psychiatry, which focuses on social conditions which may underlie individual psychopathology in both the family and society. While she could not foresee today's emphasis on social influences, Horney's work bridged the gap between the earlier psycho-biological concepts of man and the socio-cultural concepts of the 19705. Horney's concepts may prove increasingly useful as greater emphasis is placed on application of psychotherapy to broad ranges of personal problems across diverse sub-cultural and social classes. Many of the trends recognized by Horney near their inceptions in the 19405 and '505, such as the lessening influence of religion and family and a heightened sense of personal unimportance in modern society, are even more marked today. Horney's works may prove increasingly useful as a basis for understanding such influences on individuals. An extensive search of current and past psychological litera- ture uncovered only one empirical study of Horneyan concepts. This 2Pat Thompson (unpublished dissertation proposal, Michigan State University, 1976), p. 32; Rubins, p. 21. lack of empirical support for a major psychoanalytic theory of neurosis amply justifies the need for this study. In addition, the development of a psychological instrument based on Horneyan theory of neurosis could prove valuable in psychopathology and psycho- therapy research. Purpose This study will serve two major purposes. First, an attempt will be made to construct a new psychological instrument based on Karen Horney's three neurotic character trends as postulated in her psychoanalytic theory of neurosis.3 More specifically, the instru- ment will reflect her "moving towards others" or compliant charac- ter trend, ”moving against others" or aggressive character trend, and "moving away from others" or detached character trend, and sort neurotic individuals into these three categories. The second purpose or objective of this study will be to provide much needed empirical investigation of the three major constructs of Horney's theory of neurosis. Hypotheses The basic assumption underlying this study was that neurotic individuals hold different conceptions about themselves and their environment that do non-neurotic individuals. It was further assumed, based on Horneyan theory, that there are three basic types of neurotic character structure with their corresponding style or mode 3Karen Horney, Our Inner Conflicts (New York: N. H. Norton & Co., 1945); Karen Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth (New York: N. N. Norton B Co., 1950). of interaction and that neurotic individuals will fall predominantly into one of the three types. The following hypotheses tested in this study are stated in general form. Hypothesis 1: Markedly neurotic individuals will score higher on the Horneyan neurotic style measures than more normal individuals. Hypothesis 2: Markedly neurotic individuals will show a par- ticular pattern of scores on the three Horneyan neurotic style measures showing one high and two low scale scores while more normal individuals will not. Hypothesis 3: A factorial analysis of the items which com- prise the three Horneyan neurotic style scales will form a structure which matches Horney's neurotic character constructs. The above hypotheses will be restated in testable form in Chapter III. Review of the Literature A review of the literature resulted in only one empirical study related to the work of Karen Horney. In that study, Wilkins4 investigated the three interpersonal trends, moving towards, away from, and against others, described in Horney's writings. Wilkins developed a set of forced choice scales which were then used to select 12 men and 12 women subjects from 75 couples living in 4James W. Wilkins, "An Experimental Investigation of Certain Aspects of the Personality Theory of Karen Horney" (Ph. D. disserta- tion, Michigan State University, 1956). married student housing. These 24 subjects (the four highest scorers of each sex on each of the three Horneyan scale dimensions) were then used in a verbal participation experiment to determine whether they would respond in accordance with Horneyan theory. High scores in the towards or against others categories were found to be predictive at the p = .05 level of compliant or aggressive behavior, respectively. High scores on the away from others category was not found predictive of detachment verbal behavior at the .05 level. It was observed that males favored the aggressive style while females favored the compliant style. Wilkins concluded that two of Horney's neurotic character constructs, towards and against, were confirmed by the results. The third, detachment, was not. The Wilkins study suggests normal people (i.e., married people living in married student housing with one or no children at Michigan State University in 1955) were found to be approximately normally distributed in scores reflecting two of Horney's three trends; there was no attempt to relate these findings to neuroticism. Horneyan theory specifically indicated that these trends are predomi- nantly neurotic in nature; therefore, a more adequate test of Horneyan theory might include comparison of a neurotic population with a non- neurotic population. Now, more than 20 years have passed since the Wilkins study and it is possible, since psychopathology is often 5 culturally related, that neurosis may have changed with changes in 5Benjamin 0. Paul, "Mental Disorder and Self-Regulating Process in Culture," Personalities and Cultures, ed. Robert Hunt (Garden City: The Natural History Press, 1967), pp. 150-66. our culture.6 Another weakness of the Wilkins study concerns the narrow population from which is sample was drawn. In the present study neuroticism will be included as a variable under study. A larger, more general population in terms of age, education, marital status, occupation and geographic region will be used for the study. In Chapter 11, Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory of neuro- ses will be reviewed. In Chapter III, the design of the study will be discussed while the results of the analysis will be set forth in Chapter IV. In Chapter V, the study will conclude with a discussion and interpretation of the results followed by a summary. 6Rubins, pp. 293-329. CHAPTER II THEORY Horneyan theory embodies the ideas developed by Karen Horney over the last fifteen years of her life, from 1937 to her death in 1952. While her works are considered a major psychoanalytic theory of personality and behavior, it should be noted that she never directly wrote about personality theory. Her writings and work almost exclusively concerned aspects of neurotic behavior. However, in developing her theories of neurosis, she developed viable concepts and rationale for explaining human behavior beyond the confines of neurotic behavior. Thus, Horney's theory of personality was con- structed by others from her formulations on the psychopathology of neurosis.1 Horney's theories, like those of Freud, underwent constant revision and change throughout her lifetime. Like most analytic theorists, she based her theories on observations from her clinical practice. Hypotheses from her observations influenced her clinical practice which led in turn to new observations and, eventually, new 1Ledford J. Bischoff, Interpreting Personality Theories (New York: Harper & Row, 1964):_p. 310. theoretical changes. Horney was constantly responsive to this clinical psychoanalytic approach to theory building.2 Horney's works, beginning with her 1937 publication of Ihg_ 3 show an evolutionary progression Neurotic Personality of our Time, of her theory and conceptions of neurosis. Each book is clearly based upon the previous works with additions to and reformulations of previous concepts. The progression is apparent in all but her last book, Neurosis and Human Growth (1950). which appeared to be a recapitulation of her previous works. A cursory review of Horney's books is helpful in following this progression. In The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, Horney sets forth several revolutionary ideas marking the beginning of her major life work on the theory of neurosis. The book was written following her arrival in the United States when she observed that many of the problems she saw with American clients were not adequately explained by classical Freudian theory. Many of the concepts and techniques in her work, such as resistance, transference, free association, the unconscious, and so forth, did not deviate from Freud.4 Horney's major contribution in The Neurotic Personality of Our Time was to state that neurosis was a response to cultural and interpersonal factors rather than biologi- cal and physiological-chemical factors as specified by Freud. Horney 2Harold Kelman, Advances in Psychoanalysis (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1964), p. 9. 3Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. , 1937). 4Kelman, p. 11. saw compulsive drives as neurotic in nature and a result of isolation, helplessness, fear and anxiety. She specified that humans' reac- tions were toward safety rather than sexual fulfillment.5 New Ways in Psychoanalysis,6 Horney's second major work, essentially involved a revision of basic Freudian concepts in her own terms. This reappraisal of Freudian concepts more clearly and concisely sets forth her position relative to Freud. Horney's intent was not to criticize psychoanalysis, but to eliminate some of its more questionable elements, to allow psychoanalysis greater potential for development. Horney challenged Freud on several major issues. She denied the dependence of personality development on unchangeable instinctual forces; the omnipotence of sexual factors in personality development; the validity of the Oedipus theory and the hypothesis that neurotic patterns stem from repetitional patterns formed in 7 Basically, Horney shifted the focus of pSycho- early childhood. analysis from id to ego. Her theoretical reformulations largely denied libido theory, a basic construct of classical Freudian theory. New Ways in Psychoanalysis brought Horney both great acclaim and great criticism.8 5Bischoff, p. 314; Horney, Neurotic Personality, pp. 81-85; Kelman, p. 12. 6Karen Horney, New Ways in Psychoanalysis (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1939). 7 8Benjamin Wolman, "Psychoanalysis without Libido," American Journal of Psychotherapy 8 (1954): 21-31. Bischoff, p. 314. 10 Self Analysis9 was rejected by many classical analysts as a do-it-yourself manual of psychoanalysis for neurotics. Horney coun- tered this criticism by pointing out that persons basically had to help themselves, since even with the help of a skilled professional, the patients were the only ones who could resolve their neuroses. Horney continued her elaboration of a theory of neurosis by (1) list- ing ten neurotic needs which drive neurotics, (2) elaborating her ideas of neurotic trends, and (3) defining the concept of incompat- 10 ible attitudes forming the basic core neurosis. Our Inner Conflicts,]] Horney's fourth book, is considered by 12 many to be her greatest work containing her theory of neurosis. Horney argued that there are three ways persons respond to life situ- ations--moving towards people, against pe0p1e, or away from people. Neurotic individuals were described as using predominantly one mode, whereas normal persons use all three appropriately to the situation. Horney's fifth and final work, Neurosis and Human Growth, is seen by a few as her magnum opus,13 but most writers agree that this book is essentially an elaboration of her previous work, Our Inner" Conflicts, and does not really add anything of significance to her 9Karen Horney, Self Analysis (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1942). 10Kelman, p. 15. HHorney, Our Inner Conflicts, 1945. 12 Bishoff, p. 310; Donald H. Ford and Hugh B. Urban, Systems of Psychotherapy (New York: John Wiley 3 Sons, Inc., 1963), p. 485. 13 RUbinSs pp- 2‘8. ll theory. The major contribution of this work appears to be elabora- tion of the "central inner conflict"--the conflict between the real and ideal selves. Horney also developed more explicitly her ideas on a "morality of evolution“ in which she sees man's striving toward self-realization as both a "prime moral obligation" and a "prime moral privilege." Horney moved further into areas often considered ethics, philosophy or religion.14 Her emphasis on such areas brought her severe criticism from some quarters.15 Throughout her life and work,’Karen Horney regarded herself as a Freudian disciple who accepted unconditionally many of the basic principles of classical psychoanalysis. She conceived of her ideas as falling within the framework of Freudian psychology rather than as a new or radically different approach to the understanding of neurosis and human behavior. Horney viewed her work as an attempt to free psychoanalysis from its roots in the biological, mechanistic and instinctual framework laid down by Freud.16 Horney accepted many of the principles of classic psychoanaly- sis. She believed in absolute causality; there is no coincidence in mental life; everything that occurs has a definite cause and, in turn, produces an effect. Horney unconditionally accepted the con- cept of unconscious motivation, the assumption that many's behavior may be guided by factors which are unknown to himself. Horney also 14 15Keith Sword, "Review of Horney," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1951): 609-10. 16 Kelman, p. 16. Horney, New Ways In Psychoanalysis, p. 8. 12 accepted the doctrine that man is a non-rational animal, that emo- tions are the primary driving mechanisms of his behavior. Horney, although she added her own particular emphasis, basically accepted the ego defense mechanisms much as they were laid down by Freud. Both Horney and Freud were non-reductionists, in that neither postulated actual physio-chemical correlates of behavior. Freud felt that it was safer, at that time, to build a non-reductionist theory but expressed a hope that physio-chemical basis for behavior ‘7 Horney, on the other hand, while prais- would eventually win out. ing Freud for explaining in psychological terms what had been attributed to organic stimuli, criticized him for his tendency to regard manifestations as based on chemical-physiological forces. She firmly ascribed psychic phenomena to cultural-environmental influences.‘8 Horney challenged Freud's position on several major issues. She denied that personality development depended on instinctual and relatively unchangeable forces. She shifted the emphasis from an intra-psychic focus to an interpersonal-cultural focus. This posi- tion led Horney to a rejection of libido theory, the concept of psychic energy underlying classical psychoanalytic personality development. Many orthodox analysts considered the discarding of libido tantamount to denial of the very essence of psychoanalysis itself. Libido was seen as one of the most important and basic 17 18 Wolman, pp. 21-22. Horney, New Ways in Psychoanalysis, p. 22. 13 logical constructs in Freudian theory from which many other constructs were derived. According to Freud, libido was the core of personality from which the ego and superego are developed and serves as the framework for the psychoanalytic interpretation of human behavior.19 Horney also rejected Freud's theory of developmental stages and the assumption that the Oedipus complex is universal. Such theories derived from Freud's biological orientation with which 20 Horney viewed sexual problems Horney was in basic disagreement. as a symptom rather than a cause of neurotic adjustment and generally de-emphasized the importance of sexual drives. She saw the need for safety or security as the most fundamental motivating force. Horney made clear her view that the need for safety is socially created. Although Horney agreed with Freud on the importance of early childhood experiences, she varied on several fundamental issues. She contended that how a child deve10ped did not depend upon stages of development, with various possible fixations and regressions, but on how the child was treated in a broad composite sense. From the Horneyan viewpoint, individual events are seen as relatively unim- portant in development. The way a child learned to react to and cope with his environment formed the structure of his personality. On this basis, Horney took issue with Freud's observations on repe- tition compulsion. Horney saw individuals reacting to anxiety situ- ations out of character structure which he learned about earlier in 19 20 Wolman, pp. 22-23. Horney, Neurotic Personality, p. 39. 14 life rather than through repetition of infantile behaviors. Horney promotes a more optimistic view of man's ability to change and over- come neurotic problems later in life. Horney sees man's personality structure as more flexible and changeable in adult life than does Freud. This optimism stems from her denial of instinctual forces and belief in environmental or cultural causation as well as her belief in a human tendency toward growth and constructiveness.2] While Horney valued many of the techniques and concepts of analysis such as free association, transference, and dream analysis which were introduced by Freud, her emphasis in therapy differed from that of Freud. She felt that the revival and illumination of infan- tile experiences did not eliminate neurotic behavior in the adult. Therefore, her emphasis in therapy was clearly on the clarification of current distorted patterns of living and their role in the neuro- sis. Although she believed the early years were important in per- sonality formation, Horney considered them much less important in therapy.. To Horney, the past was important only insofar as it could be used to illuminate the present.22 Despite Karen Horney's marked differences with more orthodox analytic theory, it was apparent that she had many more similarities than differences with Freud. Horney's theory of neurosis is today 21 22Leon Salzman, M.D., Developments in Psychoanalysis (New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1962), pp. 61-62. Wolman, pp. 26-30. 15 considered a major neo-analytic theory with wide applications in both 23 24 group therapy and individual therapy settings. Theoretical Basis of the Present Study The construction of the scale was based on Horney's psycho- analytic theory of neurosis. More specifically, it will reflect her concept of modes of neurotic interaction and character structure described in her 1945 publication, Our Inner Conflicts. The follow- ing is a brief overview of Horney's theory. Horney's Theory of Neurosis Every neurosis, regardless of the symptomatology, is a charac- ter neurosis which as developed from early feelings of "basic anxiety." This anxiety is a reaction to feelings of isolation and helplessness in a hostile environment. The intensity of these feel~ ings varies greatly across individuals, the more intense feelings producing the greater degree of neurotic conflict and anxiety. Anxiety has a wide range of possible external causes including direct or indirect domination, indifference, erratic inconsistent behavior, lack of love or warmth, isolation from other children, overprotection and, most important, a feeling that the parents' love and charity is only hypocritic pretense. 231. Yalum, The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1962), pp. 61-62; Sidney Rose, "Application of Karen Horney's Theories to Group Analysis," Inter- national Journal of Group Psychotherapy 3 (1953): 270-79. 24 1971). Harold Kelman, Helping People (New York: Science House, 16 The child attempts to cope with the disturbing conditions by developing a number of tactics for manipulating the environment. Many of the tactics are shaped by unconscious processes which begin lasting character traits. The traits often lead to development of neurotic trends in the personality. Neurotic trends may at first appear chaotic but, over time, they tend to crystallize into three basic types of interaction with others: (1) the moving toward others or compliant type, (2) the mov- ing against others or aggressive type, and (3) the moving away from others or detached type. All three types are typified by a predomi- nance of particular attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. The elements are compulsive and indiscriminant in character and frequently lead to frustration and despondence when thwarted. All the needs and strivings in each type are aimed at satisfying the underlying need to feel safe.25 The Moving Toward Others or Compliant Type The compliant types stress congeniality and interests in com- mon with others, while disregarding separating factors. The real nature of others is unimportant to them, except for very aggressive persons. Since aggressive persons are frightening to them, they feel it most necessary to seek their approval. The compliant types harbor strong needs to be liked, wanted, desired, loved, accepted, approved of, appreciated and needed as 25Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, pp. 41-42. l7 much and as often as possible. They feel they must be of paramount importance to at least one other person; to be helped, protected, guided and taken care of by that person. To them, anything which is not shared is meaningless. Love is seen as the only goal worth striving for--the goal that will meet all needs. The compliant types automatically try to live up to the needs and expectations of others. They may do this to the extent of losing sight of their own feelings. They become unselfish, self-sacrificing and undemanding except in their desires for affection from others. From their viewpoint, they like everyone, and all others are seen as "nice." The compliant types avoid any kind of competition or quarrels with others. They prefer to subordinate themselves and take second place while appearing appeasing and conciliatory. No matter what others may do to them, they bear no conscious grudge. They repress any wishes for vengeance or triumph. They show a strong inhibition against any kind of direct aggressive or assertive behavior; there- fore, strivings to be assertive, critical, ambitious, demanding or making an impression on others are blocked. Such inhibitions often prevent them from enjoying themselves and attaining goals. The attitude of the compliant types toward themselves is one fraught with pervasive feelings of weakness and helplessness, feel- ings that are in part real because of their avoidance of competition. They further assume that others are superior to them in all ways. This is especially true when they find themselves in the presence of arrogant people. They may underestimate even such concrete things 18 as their own material wealth and possessions. Essentially, then, they rate themselves largely by how they feel others rate them. The compliant types, as with the other neurotic character types, attempt to solve the neurotic conflict by submerging all discrepant elements. The compliant types become even more compliant under stress in order to maintain their unity. If rage or hostility does appear, it is likely to come in the form of a blind rage or fury. They are, however, more likely to convert anger to somatic symptoms such as headaches or stomach disorders. The compliant types cannot tolerate isolation or being alone since to them it represents their failure in being accepted and acceptable to others. Such a failure is felt as the ultimate blow to their self-worth.26 The Moving Against or Aggressive Type I The aggressive types view the world in the Darwinian sense of survival of the fittest. They assume that the world is a hostile place full of hostile pe0ple out for their own best interests. They refuse to admit that this is not always the case. They may cover their constant struggle with others in a veneer of polite fairness and good fellowship although this appearance often represents only expediency on their part. They can afford to be benevolent as long as there is no question of who's in charge. The component of fear is never admitted or displayed; the aggressive types' outward appearances are geard toward being and 26Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chap. 3. Pp. 48-62. 19 appearing tough. They regard feelings, either their own or those of others, as sloppy sentimentality and something to be avoided. Their primary needs lie in the direction of controlling others either directly or though manipulation or obligation. They must constantly strive to achieve success, prestige and recognition in any form. Such strivings are power-oriented in that success and prestige often lead to power. They attain a subjective feeling of strength through their need to outsmart and exploit others which leads to outside acclaim so necessary to their supremacy needs. The aggressive types feel that everyone operates in this manner and therefore they must do it best in order to excel. Love is relatively negligible to the aggressive types. They may choose a mate based on the mate's ability to enhance their own prestige. They frequently show little or no consideration for others, including the mate, since their dominant attitude is one of "let others look out for themselves." Saving one's own skin takes prece- dence over all others--by the aggressive type's standard, anything else would be pure stupidity. The aggressives consider themselves the ultimate realists. They never naively overlook the possible malice and greed of others. They appraise every situation by balancing their own chances of domination against adverse powers and pitfalls. This approach spills over into all areas of functioning including work. They find little enjoyment in any endeavor because of their absence of emotions which might interfere with their well-oiled opportunistic approach. 20 The aggressive types appear to have few, if any, inhibitions since they readily display anger and aggression. Their inhibitions, however, are found in the less apparent affectional areas. Anything which is nonproductive, even if enjoyable, is considered a waste of time. The self-concept of the aggressive types centers about feel- ings of strength and power. Ruthlessness is seen as strength, lack of consideration as honesty, callous pursuit of self-interest is realism, and so forth. The law of the jungel reigns supreme in the aggressive type's continual battle with life.27 The Moving Away From Others or Detached Type Many non-neurotic persons seek periods of isolation from others. Detachment is considered neurotic when there is an intoler- able strain connected with associating with others and the.isolation is used as an escape from this strain. The detached neurotics exhibit trends found to some degree in all neurotics. They feel a general estrangement from themselves, a numbness in their emotional lives, uncertainty about their identi- ties, preferences, hopes, fears and beliefs. They may function like normal people, but they are essentially lifeless, particularly in the emotional realm. The greatest need of the detached types is the need for utter independence from others. This need underlies their conscious and unconscious wish to avoid close interpersonal 27Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chap. 4. pp. 63-72. 21 involvement. For the detached types all needs are directed toward non-involvement; no one can be allowed close enough to become so important as to be indispensable. They will often eat, sleep and work alone, often finding sharing experiences with others a disturb- ing experience. This need for independence, which is both compulsive and indiscriminate, carries an essentially negative orientation--an ori- entation toward ggt being influenced or obligated to anyone or any- thing. They fear anything which might be binding on them. Simple advice may be rejected as domination even when it coincides with their own wishes. Although the detached types may outwardly con- form to rules or conventions, such things are seen as intrusive and repellent. Associated with the detachment is a strong need to feel superior. The detached types abhor competition; therefore, they do not wish to excel through consistent achievement and effort. Instead, they wish to be appreciated for the treasure within them which they expect others to recognize without effort on their part. This feeling of superiority also embraces a feeling of uniqueness which they constantly guard against contamination from outside influence. When this superior feeling is threatened, the detached types may, for short periods, reach frantically toward others. While the emotional life of the detached persons may not fol- low as strict a pattern as for the other types, they have a general tendency to suppress and deny all feelings of both love and hate-- 22 neither being strongly felt. Outside relationships are frequently curtailed because it is difficult to suppress one area alone. The more the detached types suppress emotion, the more they emphasize intelligence. They harbor a strong belief in the power of reason (i.e.., knowledge of one's problem is sufficient to cure it). The detached types, if they become involved with others at all, usually turn to another detached person or to someone who is willing to put up with their distance. Such relationships, while possibly intense, are usually brittle and short-lived. Sexual rela- tionships are a bridge to others, but are usually transitory and therefore unlikely to interfere with their lives. Although detachment has high costs, it also has certain real advantages such as preservation of integrity and serenity, allowance for original thinking and the expression of creativity, if any is present. Should this circle of detachment be broken, panic ensues because the detached types have not developed adequate techniques for coping with life. The panic comes from feelings of being exposed as worthless or a fake, fear of insanity and, worst of all, a fear of losing their uniqueness. While detachment is part of the basic conflict, it is also used as a defense against it. It is a defense against the other two modes of moving toward and moving against others. The use of the detached mode is essentially a solution by evasion.28 28Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chap. 5. pp. 73-95. 23 The scale items were drawn from Horney's descriptions of each neurotic adjustment style as described above. Horney's provocative writings about neurosis appear to have utility and content validity from a clinical standpoint. If empirical investigation substantiates the value of her three major neurotic style constructs of moving towards, against and away from others, then refinement into a usable clinical and/or research scale could prove useful. CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE STUDY This study was designed to meet two basic objectives: (1) to develop a neurotic style inventory based on Horney's psychoanalytic theory of neurosis and (2) to test whether markedly neurotic indi- viduals would be categorized under any one of Horney's three the- oretical neurotic character types. To accomplish the objectives of the study, a repeated measure correlational design was employed. Each subject was screened for inclusion in the sample in order to remove the responses of individuals suspected of being sociopathic, psychotic or highly inconsistnt using four of the sub- scales 0f the Inventory of Current Status (ICS). The Neuroticism scale from the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI-N) administered as a subscale of the ICS was used as the criterion variable in the study. Each subject also completed the Inventory of Adjustment Styles (IAS). an inventory composed of three scales (Compliant, Aggressive and Detached) generated to reflect Horney's three neurotic character styles--the toward, against and away-from-others types. Instrumentation Two instruments were used in the study. The first, called the Inventory of Current Status (ICS), was assembled to identify respondents who would likely respond invalidly and to measure the 24 25 subjects' degree of neuroticism. The second instrument, the Inven- tory of Adjustment Styles (IAS), was constructed especially for this study to investigate the three Horneyan neurotic style con- structs of moving towards, against, and away from people. Inventory of Current Status (ICS) The ICS was assembled, in part, as a screening device to eliminate subjects with certain pathological signs from the sample. Horney's constructs investigated in the study relate specifically to neurosis; therefore, an appropriate sample would consist of persons distributed along a continuum of neurosis unconfounded by other major pathological groupings, particularly psychotic and sociOpathic trends. The 165 items of the ICS included the Lie scale (L), the Psychopathic Deviant scale (PD), and the Schizophrenia scale (Sc) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Neuroticism scale from the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI-N) and a short paired-item consistency scale developed for this study. These true-false items were placed in random order and assembled in a mimeographed booklet keyed to an IBM answer sheet (see Appendix A). The MMPI, from which three of the above scales were drawn, was designed to assess characteristics relating to personal and 1 social adjustment. Although the complete MMPI consists of many scales, the use of the above three appeared warranted since each 1William G. Dahlstrom, George S. Welsh, and Leona E. Dahl- strom, An MMPI Handbook, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972), p. 63. 26 scale was initially constructed and validated independently. Rogers indicated: Anyone scoring above 2 standard deviations (above score 70) from the normal mean could, with the usual 2 1/2 percent probability, be excluded from the null hypothesis of nor- mality and could be classified as a schizophrenic, a hypomanic, a homoerotic invert, a hysteric or what have you. It is the cutting score that is important for this discrimination . . . . Rogers concluded that the MMPI is probably the best instru- ment available for screening psychopathology in a research population;3 Kuder Richardson formula 20 scale reliability estimates based upon the responses of individuals from this study were: Lie scale, .48; Psychopathic Deviant scale, .68; and Schi20phrenia scale, .88. The Eysenck Personality Inventory-Neuroticism scale (EPI-N) was used as a measure of neuroticism. All subjects were placed on a continuum using the EPI-N scale. These scores then became the cri- terion variable in the regression and repeated measures aspects of this study. The EPI-N was chosen because of its short length (24 items), relatively simple vocabulary which allows application to less educationally and intellectually sophisticated populations and its wide acceptance as a research tool.4 Fabian and Comrey5 2David A. Rogers, "MMPI Review," in Burros Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook, ed. Oscar Kristen BurrosTHighland Park: Gryphon Press, 1972), p. 247. 3Rogers, p. 246. 4Richard I. Lanyon, "Eysenck Personality Inventory," in Burros Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook, ed. Oscar Kristen Burros (Highland Park: Gryphon Press, 1972), pp. 163-65. 5Judith J. Fabian and Andrew L. Comrey, "Construct Validation of Factored Neuroticism Scales," Multivariate Behavioral Resarch 6 (July 1971): 287-99. 27 correlated 15 scales from four inventories purporting to measure neuroticism with two neuroticism criteria groups (31 outpatient neurotics, 68 inpatient neurotics and 69 normals) and with each other. The Comrey and Eysenck Neuroticism scales gave the (highest validity coefficients, .53 and .50, respectively, and correlated .764 with each other, the highest correlation of any pair of tests studied. The EPI-N was used because it could be administered in 10 minutes compared to 30-60 minutes for the Comrey. Although the EPI-N's use as a clinical instrument has been questioned, it'hs"as good as any" test for research purposes.6 Kuder Richardson formula 20 yielded an EPI-N reliability estimate of .85 for respondents in this study. Eight consistency items divided into four matched pairs were generated and included in the ICS. This set of items was used to sort out subject test data that were highly inconsistent. The under- lying assumption was that individuals who contradicted themselves on three or four of the pairs of items would not have responded with sufficient consistency to warrant inclusion of their scores in sub- sequent analyses. Each pair of items was similar in content so they should have been answered in a similar manner. For example, the following two items comprise one pair: Item 9. I like seafood. Item 91. I enjoy eating at seafood restaurants. A subject who is consistent would answer both items True or False, particularly if they marked Item 91 true. Basically, what 6Lanyon, p. 164. 28 these four pairs of questions measured was the respondent's ability to read the tests. Inventory of Adjustment Styles (1A5) A basic component of this study was the construction of an inventory to measure the central constructs of Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. The instrument developed for this purpose was named the Inventory of Adjustment Styles. Horney's descriptive writings, particularly those found in Our Inner Conflicts (1945), concerning her three basic modes of neurotic interaction, were used as a basis for item content of the inventory. Descriptive statements about the behaviors and attitudes of each neurotic character type, the towards, against and away-from- others types, were written. These passages were then re-worded into a pool of test items and scaled to a four-point scale: (1) Always, (2) Sometimes, (3) Seldom, and (4) Never. Three persons, two experts in psychometrics and one psychotherapist, read all items. Those items marked as unclear or difficult by any of the three readers were either rewritten for clarification or dropped from the item pool. After several revisions these procedures resulted in a total of 174 items. 0f the 174 items, 57 were designated as the Compliant scale which corresponded to Horney's "moving towards others" type, 65 items were designated as the Aggressive scale which corresponded to her "moving against others" type, and 52 items were assigned to the Detached scale which reflected Horney's "moving away from others" neurotic character type. Each item was generated from one of 29 Horney's neurotic character style descriptions on the basis of con- tent. Different items were phrased positively and negatively to avoid subject response bias. The 174 items comprising the three scales were placed in random order and numbered 1 through 174. Examples of items from each of the a priori classified scales are as follows: 52. I worry about whether other people like to be with me (Compliant scale). 105. The world is full of hostile people (Aggres- sive scale). 165. I do not like to depend on others (Detached scale). One page containing instructions was written to be concise and understandable to a broad range of reader levels. The entire inventOry, including instructions and title page, was stapled together into ll-page booklets (see Appendix B). IBM answer sheets were provided to facilitate recording responses. Refinement of the Inventory of Adjustment Styles A homogeneity-of-items reliability model employing both Cronbach's reliability estimate and an item-total correlation tech- 7were used to refine the three scales of the IAS--the Compliant nique scale (C), the Aggressive scale (A) and the Detached scale (0). The alpha statistic and an item-total correlation were used to 7Lee J. Cronbach, "Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Struc- ture of Tests," in Principles of Educational and Psychological Mea- surement, ed. W. A. Mehrens and R. L. Ebel (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1954). pp. 133-65. 3O (1) increase scale homogeneity for each scale (C, A and D) and (2) to reduce the total number of items which composed the IAS. As 174 scale items were generated from the writings of Karen Horney, each item was placed on the Compliant scale, the Aggressive scale or the Detached scale, according to item content. Coefficient alpha, an estimate of test homogeneity, was calculated for each scale. Alpha is a measure of general and group factors rather than item specific factors, reflected in the test score. Items which reduced the overall scale alpha were deleted to reduce the total number of items on the inventory and to increase the homogeneity of each scale. The final item composition of the three refined scales resulted in each scale being composed of the most homogeneous items from the original scale item pool. Allowance was made for reasonable scale length on the detached scale. More spe- cifically, the reliability analysis for each scale was used to delete items whose (l) corrected item-total correlation fell below .30 (.29 and lower was used for deletion of the Detached scale items to allow for sufficient scale length) and (2) raised the overall scale alpha if the item was deleted. This process resulted in a reduction of IAS items from 174 to 85 and raised alpha coeffi- cients for all three scales as presented in Table 3.1. (See Appendix C for item-total correlation and alphia if item deleted.) The reduction of the total number of items on the IAS was necessary to (1) increase scale homogeneity, (2) reduce the number of item variables below 100 to allow factor analysis in a later phase of the study (practical problems of cost and computer central 31 TABLE 3.1.--Scale Alpha and Total Items. Compliance Aggression Detachment Alpha Items Alpha Items . Alpha Items Initial .88 57 .86 65 .74 51 Final .89 32 .88 32 .77 21 memory requirements prohibit factor analysis in excess of 100 vari- ables), and (3) to streamline the inventory for possible future applications. (See Appendix D for each scale--initial and final items.) Administration of the Instruments The subjects used in the study were given test booklets, the Inventory of Current Status and the Inventory of Adjustment Styles. Each was also given corresponding IBM answer sheets. Information on age, sex, marital status, years of education completed and occupation was requested on the first answer sheet. IBM answer sheets were used to facilitate machine scoring. Instructions on the cover of each test booklet indicated which answer sheet was to be used for that inventory. The test materials were given out to adults 18 years old and older who expressed a willingness to participate in the study. Sub- jects who readily agreed to collect test data from among their friends and relatives were given extra sets of tests. Anyone showing hesita- tion to take the tests was not encouraged to participate in the study. 32 Roughly one-fourth of the data was collected from clients of the Eaton County Counseling Center. All subjects were told before participation in the study that no individual test results or feed- back would be possible because (1) individual identifying information was not requested and (2) the validity of the instrument was not established; therefore, there were no means of adequately interpreting individual scores. Few persons refused to participate because of this absence of individual feedback. Subjects who finished the entire task did so in one to two hours. Length of time between passing out the materials and having the completed answer sheets returned ranged from a few hours to several months. Repeated reminders to complete and return materials were required for many subjects before they finished the task. Of the 10 to 15 persons who refused to participate, a majority were men, most of whom could not read. Approximately 6 % of those persons receiving materials returned them in completed form. Scoring the Scales The total scale scores for the C, A and D scales were obtained by computing the sum of item scores for the scales. The final 85 items of the IAS consisted of items scaled (1) Always, (2) Sometimes, (3) Seldom, and (4) Never. The 85 items were worded such that answering (1) Always or (2) Sometimes would be scored in the direction hypothesized as neurotic according to Horneyan theory while (3) Seldom and (4) Never would be in the direction of health. Scores of zero, one, two, and three were assigned to the above 33 responses, respectively. A zero value would represent the most neurotic; the three would represent least neurotic. Therefore, a high scale score would be interpreted as non-neurotic while a low scale score would be interpreted as more neurotic. Scale variances used in the analysis were obtained by computing the variances among the three scale scores for each subject; the scale mean values were obtained by summing the three scale scores for each subject and com- puting the mean. Sample Three hundred sixty subjects returned completed test answer sheets. Scales of the ICS, described above, were used as screening devices to eliminate test data from respondents suspected of being unsuitable. Subjects who attained a score greater than two standard deviations above the mean (MMPI standard score 70) on either one or more of the L, P0 or Sc scales were dropped from the sample. Data from subjects who gave inconsistent answers on three or four of the four-paired item consistency scale were also excluded from the test data pool. In all, data from 65 subjects were eliminated from the sample using the above four scales of the ICS. The 295 subjects remaining in the sample are described below. The 295 subjects whose test data were used in the study con- sisted of persons found in the general adult population, aged 18 and older. Although this sample did not systematically represent any specified population, an attempt was made to gather a diverse sample in terms of age, sex, education, marital status and occupation. 34 Geographic area: Approximately half of the subjects lived in parts of Eaton County, Michigan. The majority of remaining sub- jects came from other out-state areas of Michigan as presented in Table 3.2. TABLE 3.2.--Geographic Distribution of Sample. Area n % Michigan Eaton County 143 49 Alpena 3O 10 Rogers City 20 7 Lansing 25 8 Kalamazoo 20 7 Port Huron 15 5 Other Michigan 10 V 3 Other San Francisco, Calif. 18 6 Akron, Ohio 14 5 295 100% The figures found in Table 3.2 above are estimates derived from rough tallies kept when data was returned. Accuracy may not be exact because place of residents was not requested from subjects. Age distribution: 0f the 295, 303 or 69% were women ranging in age from 18 to 73 years, 92 or 31% were men ranging in age from 35 8 to 79 years. The mean age for women was 34.2; the mean age for men was 35.3. Comparison of sample to 1970 Michigan census figures indicates the study sample is generally younger than the Michigan population. The age distribution of the samples may be found in Table 3.3. TABLE 3.3.--Age Range of Sample. Mich. Female Male Total 1970 Age Census n % n % n % % 18-24 37 18.2 15 16.3 52 17.6 11.7 25-34 — 91 44.8 39 42.4 130 44.1 30.0 35-44 . 38 18.7 19 20.7 57 19.3 16.7 45-54 19 9.4 12 13.0 31 10.5 16.7 55-64 10 4.9 3 3.3 - 13 4.4 12.4 65-over __§_ 4.0 __4_ 4.3 _12_ 4.1 12.5 203 100.0 92 100.0 295 100.0 100.0 Compared to national statistics which indicate 48. % of the adult population are male and 51.2% are female, the study sample propor- tionally contains more females (69%) and fewer males (31%) than the general United States population in 1970. Marital status: Of the 203 women in the sample, 133 or 55% were married. Seventy or 45% of the women indicated they were unmar- ried. Of these, 35 or 17% indicated that they were single, 21 or 10% were divorced, 8 or 4% were separated and 6 or 3% were widowed. 36 Of the 92 men, 66 or 72% indicated they were married while 26 or 28% indicated they were unmarried. if these 26 unmarried men, 20 or 22% indicated they were single and 6 or 7% indicated they were divorced. I I According to national census statistics, 65% of males and 62.3% of females in the general United States population are married while 28.5% of the men and 22.9% of the women are single, and 5.6% 8 The study sample of men and 14.8% of women are widowed or divorced. includes proportionally fewer married women and proportionally more married men. Educational distribution: Women's years of education ranged from 9 to 20 years with a mean educational level of 13.4. Men's education ranged from 7 to 21 years of education with a mean educa- tional level of 14.5 years. In both men and women, the median educa- tionallevel was completion of twelfth grade. A total of 101 or 34% of the total sample had completed high school and no more. Michi- gan census statistics indicate a median educational level of 12 years, the same as found in the study sample. However, the study sample had a higher mean years of education (national average is 12.2 for men and 12.3 for women).9 Occupational range: An effort was made to obtain subjects with diverse occupational backgrounds. Although the sample appears 8u.s. Bureau of Census, Census of the Population, 1970, Detailed Characteristics, Michigan, Part 24, V. 1 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 68. 9 U.S. Census, p. 70. 37 skewed toward the upper occupational range, compared particularly with males, the subjects represent a wide range of jobs across occu- pational categories (see Appendix E). Hypotheses Regression Hypotheses A major interest of the study was to examine the relationship of the three Horneyan neurotic style constructs and neurosis. The IAS, which consisted of three a priori defined scales composed of items reflecting each Horneyan construct (C, A and D scales) was comapred to the EPI-N scale using a traditional regression method.10 This method consisted of summing scale scores C, A and D for each subject and entering them into a multiple regression equation as pre- dictor variables against EPI-N scale scores used as the criterion variable to test research hypothesis 1: H01: There will be no linear relationship between neurot1c1sm and the three neurotic style measures. H11: There will be a linear relationship between neurot1c1sm and the three neurotic style measures. Horney suggested in her theory that neuroticism was related to a particular pattern of one high and two low scores among the three neurotic style measures because neurotics use one mode of interaction predominantly and indiscriminately while repressing the other two modes. Therefore, to test this assumption, variance IONorman Die, Dale Bent,and C. Hadlai Hull, Statistical Pack- age for the Social Sciences (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), pp. 320- 41. 38 scores across the neurotic style scales were calculated for each sub- ject and compared with the neuroticism score. The second research hypothesis tested was: H02: There will be no linear relationship between neuroticism and variability across the three neurotic style measures. H 2: There will be a linear relationship between I neuroticism and variability across the three neurotic style measures. Factor Structure Hypothesis The third research hypothesis was based on examination of the results of a number of specified factor rotations to determine whether the empirically derived factors were interpretable within the framework of Horneyan theory. H03: There will be no relationship between factorial analysis of neurotic scale items and Horney's neurotic character constructs. H13: A factorial analysis of items of the Horneyan neurotic style measures will form a structure which matches Horneyan neurotic character con- structs. Analysis of Data Because the study involved both validation of a new scale or inventory and the empirical investigation of the three neurotic char- acter styles described by Karen Horney, two distinct methods of analysis were employed--multiple regression and factor analysis. Multiple regression analysis was then used to explore the relation- ship between the three neurotic style scales and neuroticism. 39 The second method of analysis employed the factor analytic model to determine whether the items composing the Compliant, Aggressive and Detached scale empirically clustered to form a struc- ture which approximated Horney's neurotic character constructs. Regression Model Multiple regression analysis, a statistical technique for exploring the relationship between a single criterion variable and a set of predictor variables, was used to examine research hypothesis 1. In this instance multiple regression was used as a descriptive sta- tistical procedure to test the relationship between the EPI-N neuroti- cism scale and the three Horneyan neurotic character scales. The second research hypothesis was examined using multiple regression analysis in examining the relationship between variability across the three Horneyan scales and neuroticism. According to Horneyan theory, neurotic individuals should show a particular pattern of one high and two low scales on the three neurotic style scales. Certain assumptions are made in applying the multiple regres- sion model. The assumptions are the same as those required in applying the product moment correlation or related correlation coeffi- cients upon which both techniques are based. (1) There must be a linear relationship between the criterion variable, neuroticism, and the predictor variables, scale score for compliance scale, aggressive scale and detached scale; (2) each of the variables must be normally distributed; and (3) the relationship among predictor variables must be homoscedastic (i.e., variance about the best-fitting straight line is approximately the same at all levels). 40 The degree to which any one of the three basic assumptions is not met, probability statements about the correlation might not be exactly correct. However, unless one or more assumptions are viola- ted in the extreme, no real problem in accuracy of interpretation is likely.n Factor Structure The items remaining in the Compliant, Aggressive and Detached scales about refinement via the item-total statistics method (alpha delete) were then factor analyzed to determine whether factors, empirically derived, would reflect Horney's neurotic character con- structs. The principal components factor analysis (1.00 in diagonal) with orthogonal rotation was used. Five separate rotations using different N factor solutions were performed using a varimax criterion with Kaiser normalization: all factors with an Eigenvalue in excess of 1.00 were rotated as well as fixed factor rotations specifying N = 2, 3, 4 and 10 factors. Where appropriate, a chi-square statistic was applied to the resulting factor solution to test whether scale items grouped in patterns are consistent with their a priori categorization. The assumptions required for use of factor analysis are the same as those for coefficient alpha, as stated above. 1lJum C. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory(New York: McGraw- Hill Book Co., 1967), pp. 125-26. 12William Hayes, Statistics (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1963), p. 336. 41 Summary This study was designed to accomplish two basic objectives: (1) to develop a psychometric instrument based on Karen Horney's neurotic character constructs specified in her theory of neuoris, and (2) to apply this instrument to the investigation of the validity of Horney's three neurotic character types of "moving towards," "away from," and "against others." Two psychometric instruments were employed in the study. The Inventory of Current Status (ICS) was used as a screening device to refine the sample by screening out individuals suspected of being psychotic, sociopathic, highly inconsistent or lying. The ICS also included EPI-Neuroticism scale which was used to place subjects on a neuroticism continuum. Neuroticism was used as the criterion variable in the study. The second instrument used in the study was the Inventory of Adjustment Styles. This instrument was constructed from Horney's writings describing the three neurotic modes of interaction. Test items were generated from Horney's writings, fitted to a four-point scale and assigned, by content, to either the Compliance scale (C) reflecting Horney's "moving towards others” type or the Aggression scale (A) reflecting the "moving against others" type or the Detach- ment scale (0) or ”moving away from others" type. After administra- tion, this 174-item inventory was refined and shortened using an item-total correlation technique. Reduction of items was necessary (1) to allow factor analysis proCedures at a later point, (2) to 42 increase homogeneity of the three scales, and (3) to shorten the total inventory for more practical future applications. The ICS and the IAS were both administered to adult subjects from the general population. A11 subject participation was voluntary. 0f the 360 test results which were returned and screened, 295 were used for this study. Although this sample did not specifically represent any known population, they were diverse in terms of age, education, occupation and marital status. Women were over-represented, comprising 69% of the total sample. Three research hypotheses were stated. Hypotheses l and 2 were postulated to examine the relationship of the C, A and D scales to the criterion variable neuroticism as measured by the EPI-N. Hypothesis 1 relates to whether there was a linear relationship between the C, A and O scales of neuroticism. Hypothesis 2 was used to examine the relationship of variability among the C, A and D scales and neuroticism to assess whether scale patterns of one high and two low scale scores were predictive of neuroticism as suggested by Horneyan theory. Horneyan theory would be supported by acceptance of H01 and rejection of H02. Regression analysis wasused to test Hypotheses l and 2. A third hypothesis was postulated to determine whether an empirically derived structure of items would match Horney's neurotic character constructs. A factor analytic approach specifying a three principal components rotation was used to provide data to test Hypothesis 3. A chi-square test of goodness of fit of the 43 factor analytic results to an a priori categorization provided the test of Hypothesis 3. Further explorations involved rotations of 2, 3, 10 and eigenvalue greater than 1.00. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data is presented in this chapter. Each research hypothesis is presented followed by the analysis of the results. Five predictor variables were used in several combinations in a multiple regression analysis to test research Hypotheses l and 2. The intercorrelations of the predictor variables are presented in Table 4.1. TABLE 4.l.--Correlation Between Variables. Compliant Aggres. Detached Sc Mn Sc Var Neurot. Aggres. .52 -- Detached .50 .74 -- Scale Mn .79 .89 .87 -- Scale Var -.28 .31 .21 .10 -- Neurot. -.46 -.23 -.31 -.4O .20 -- Horney's theory of neurosis states that neurosis is a matter of degree for any given individual. Her works further propose that persons who are markedly neurotic respond to their environment in one of three modes as described in Chapter II. A regression model 44 45 which entered variables to estimate a criterion variable was deemed most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the three modes of Horney's theory and neuroticism. Relationship of IAS to Neuroticism Traditionally, new scales are tested against a criterion by (1) computing zero-order correlation coefficients between each scale and a criterion and (2) interpreting by inspection or by com- puting least squares regression solutions based on beta weights, or (3) by using the multiple correlation to measure overall relationship between the new scales and the criterion. Horneyan theory does not exactly fit this traditional model. Horney postulates that it is the patterning of scores and the variance among scales which predicts neuroticism, rather than an elevation of a score on a particular scale or on the three scales together. Therefore, multiple regres- sion was used as the statistic for both a traditional analysis and a pattern analysis employing scale variance. However, in the test of Hypothesis 1, the predictors were the C, A and D scales them- selves, while in Hypothesis 2, the predictor was the variance among scales. Traditional Approach The traditional method of relating scales to a criterion involved entering the predictor variables to explore the linear relationship between the new scales and the criterion variable in a regression equation. In the regression model used for analysis of the data, the predictor variables were the scores on the C, A and D 46 scales constructed using Horney's theory. The criterion variable was the EPI-N score, a measure of neuroticism. Horneyan theory suggested that there would not be a strong linear relationship between these three scores and neuroticism. Her theory rests on an assumption about a pattern of the theoretical modes, not the additive quality of one mode to another. The research hypothesis tested employing three neurotic style scale scores against the neuroticism score in the traditional regres- sion method was as follows: H01: There will be no linear relationship between neurot1c1sm as measured by the EPI-N and the three neurotic style measures. H11: There will be a linear relationship between neurot1c1sm as measured by the EPI-N and the three neurotic style measures. The test of this hypothesis was accomplished using a multiple regression approach. Each scale score was entered into the equation with the score accounting for the greatest amount of variance entered first, the next greatest second, and so forth, in descending order. An alpha of .05 was set for overall significance of the prediction equation. The results of the multiple regression entering, C, A and 0 scores are presented in Table 4.2. The Compliant (C) scale variable was entered first on step 1 at a significance of p = .0001. Compliant scale was the variable most highly correlated with neuroticism in the zero-order correlation matrix (r =.47) accounting for 22% of the variance in the Neuroticism score. The second variable entered into the multiple regression equation, Detached scale, produced an improvement at the p = .06 47 TABLE 4.2.--Summary Table for Multiple Regression for Compliant, Detached and Aggressive Variables Entered Against Neuroticism. l Toward 82.49 .000 .47 .22 .22 -.47 2 Away 3.57 .06 .48 .23 .Ol -.32 3 Against 3.17 .08 .49 .24 .01 -.24 *Enter. level. Compliant and Detached, taken together, correlated .48 with Neuroticism accounting for 23% of the variance in neuroticism. Thus Detachment variable contributed an additional 1% of the variance. The Against scale variable was included in the equation at step 3 accounting for an additional 1% of the variance in neuroticism at a significance of p = .08. All three variables entered together in the equation account for 24% of the variance in NeuroticiSm with Aggression accounting for 1% of the variance. The significance of the overall regression equation at step 3 with F = 82.5 (df = 3) with only the Compliant score variable entered is greater than the p = .0001 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Post hoc inspection found the Detached and Aggressive variables singly or in combination made no significant improvement in the prediction of neuroticism scores. The second and third variables entered into the equation, Detached and Aggressive, were not significant at the p = .05 level. The Compliance variable was, in fact, the best predictor of neuroticism, with the Detachment 48 and Aggression variables adding little beyond that accounted for by Compliance. Pattern Approach According to Horneyan theory of neurosis, a particular pat- tern among the three neurotic style measures would be related to neuroticism. Horney suggested that persons who are highly neurotic would react in one, and only one, of the three neurotic styles postu- lated in her writings. The other two modes of interaction would be repressed and, therefore, neurotic individuals would produce a score pattern of one high and two low scores on the three neurotic style measures, C, A and D. In order to test this proposition, variance scores were cal- culated across the C, A and 0 scale scores and compared with EPI-N (neuroticism) in the regression equation. Horneyan theory suggested that there would be a linear relationship between neuroticism and the variance among the three neurotic style measures. The research hypothesis tested was as follows: H02: There will be no linear relationship between neurot1c1sm and var1ab111ty across the three neurotic style measures. H12: There will be a linear relationship between neurot1c1sm and var1ab111ty across the three neurotic style measures. The results of this regression equation for H2 are summarized in Table 4.3. The variable scale variance was entered at a significance level of less than p = .001. Scale variance alone was correlated .21 49 TABLE 4.3.--Summary Table for Regression with Scale Variance Regressed Against Neuroticism. . "i?‘ . Variable . Mult. 2 R Simple Step Entered F to Enter 519’ R . R Chg. R 1 Scale var. 13.27 .001 .21 .04 .04 .21 with neuroticism and accounted for 4.4% of the variance. The sig- nificance of the equation comparing scale variance to neuroticism was less than p== .001 (F = 13.27, df = l). The null hypothesis of no linear relationship between neuroticism and scale variance was rejected. There was a linear relationship between scale variance and neuroticism. Two additional regression equations were used to further explore Hypothesis 2. In the first equation, scale variance and scale mean were entered as predictor variables against the criterion variable, neuroticism. This analysis was performed to test variance while controlling for overall score magnitude. In the second regres- sion equation, scale variance was entered with C, A and 0 scale scores to control for score magnitude on individual scales. The results of the additional regression equation entering both scale variance and scale mean to test Hypothesis 2 are shown in Table 4.4. The scale mean variable was entered in the equation first on step 1 at a significance of p = .001. The scale mean was the vari- able most highly correlated with neuroticism in the zero-order cor- relation matrix (p = -.40) accounting for 16% of the variance in the 50 TABLE 4.4.--Summary Table for Multiple Regression Including Vari- ables Scale Mean and Scale Variance. 2 Variable . Mult. 2 R Simple Step Entered F to Enter Sig. R a R Chg. R 1 Scale mean 55.88 .001 .40 .16 .16 -.40 2 Scale variance 23.23 .001 .47 .22 .06 .21 neuroticism score. The variable scale variance entered the equation second on step 2 with a significance of p = .001 scale mean and scale variance, taken together, correlated .47 with neuroticism accounting for 22% of the variance in neuroticism. The variable score variance accounted for an additional 6% of the variance. The significance of the regression equation at step 1 with only the scale mean variable entered was significant beyond the p = .001 level (F = 55.88). With both variables scale mean and scale variance entered at step two, the equation was still significant beyond the p = .001 level (F = 23.23, df = 2). Thus the null hypothesis of no associ- ation between neuroticism and scale mean and scale variance was rejected. Both variables scale mean and scale variance entered into the equation were significant beyond the p = .05 level. The results of the regression equation entering variables C, A, D and scale variance as predictor variables against neuroticism to further explore Hypothesis 2 are presented in Table 4.5. The compliance variable entered the regression equation first on step 1 with a significance of p = .0001. The compliance scale was the variable most highly correlated with neuroticism in the zero-order 51 TABLE 4.5.--Summary Table for Multiple Regression Including Vari- ables Compliance, Detachment, Aggression, and Scale Variance. Ste Variable F t E t 5' Mult. , R2 Rf: Simple p Entered 0 n er 19' R Chg. R 1 Compliance 82.49 .0001 .47 .22 .22 -.47 2 Detachment 3.57 .060 .48 .23 .009 -.32 3 Scale var. 6.83 .009 .50 .25 .018 .20 4 Aggression .57 .45 .50 .25 .001 -.23 correlation matrix (r = -.47) accounting for 22% of the variance neuroticism. The second variable entered into the equation (step 2) was the detached scale which showed an improvement at the p = .06 level. Compliance and Detachment taken together correlated .48 with neuroticism accounting for 23% of the variance in neuroticism. Thus, Detachment contributed an additional 1% of the variance in neuroti- cism. Scale variance was the variable entered at step 3 with a sig- nificance level of p = .009. Compliance, Detachment and Scale variance entered in the equation together correlated .50 with neu- roticism beyond that contributed by the first two variables C and D. The aggression scale was the fourth variable entered into the equa- tion at step 4 at a significance level of p = .45. All four vari- ables entered into the equation correlate .50 with neuroticism and together account for 25% of the total variance in neuroticism. The aggression scale contributes an additional .1% to the variance in neuroticism. 52 Post hoc examination indicated the significance of the C scale variable entered at step 1 (F = 82.49, df = 4) exceeded the p = .001 level. The Scale variance, entered at step 3 after inclu- sion of Compliance and Detachment, was significant at the p = .009 level (F = 6.83, df = 4). The other two variables entered on steps 2 and 4. Detachment and Aggression are not significant at the p = .05 level. Factor Structure of the IAS A second type of approach to the investigation of Horney's neurotic character constructs involved the use of factorial analysis of items on the C, A and D scales of the IAS. Examination of speci- fied rotations were examined by comparison to the a priori scheme to determine whether empirically derived factors would match Horney's theoretical constructs (for 85 item-by-item correlation matrix, see Appendix F). Research Hypothesis 3 was as follows: H13: The three-factorial rotation will match Horney's three neurotic style constructs. H03: There will be no interpretable relationship between results of the three-factor factorial analyses of Horneyan neurotic scale items and Horney's three neurotic style constructs. Hypothesis 3 was tested by performing principal components factor analysis followed by rotation to varimax criterion of the first three principal component factors. In addition, both two- factor and four-factor solutions were rotated to help illuminate the results of the test of Hypothesis 3. The test of the null hypothesis 53 was the chi square for the match between the empirical classifica- tion of items by factor analysis and the a priori classification of items (for three-factor correlation matrix see Appendix G). Item 64. 82. 136. 158. 58. 96. 77. 168. 106. 46. 159. 135. 156. 119. 166. §p_ Load .66 .55 .51 .51 .50 .49 .47 .47 .47 .46 .46 .45 .45 .45 .44 THREE-FACTOR SOLUTION Factor 1 Everyone is out to get everyone else. Since everyone is out for themselves, I must be best at looking out for myself. The world is geared to survival of the fittest. Everyone approaches situations with an eye for what's in it for them. Others will take advantage of me if they get the chance. I fear that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. I look for dangers and pitfalls in situations where I am involved with others. I despise softness in others. If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my creativity. I believe life is a continual struggle of everybody against everybody else. No price is too high for my success. It is important to control those around me. It is important to appear tough regardless of how you might really feel. Keeping others at a distance helps me to retain my original thinking. People are tools to be manipulated. 54 Item Sp. Load 7. A .44 I show fear. 134. D .44 I am uncomfortable about becoming emotionally attached to another person. 22. A .42 Too many people are out for themselves and don't really care for others. 28. A .42 The most important part of any game is winning. 57. A. .42 I never admit a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. 90. A .42 I really don't know who I can count on. 47. D .41 I do not feel involved with others. 60. A .40 Only a naive person underestimates the malice and greed of others. 35. D .40 No one really understands me. Factor 2 120. C .65 It worries me to think that some of the people I know may not like me. ’ 163. C .58 I worry about how well I get along with other people. 52. C .57 I worry about whether other pe0ple like to be with me. 81. C .57 I feel inferior to most of the people I know. 127. C .57 It is important that others approve of me. 63. C .56 When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. 23. C .55 What others think of me is very important. 140. C .54 I like to be protected and guided by another person. 165. C .53 I like to know that I am not too different from others. 113. C .52 What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. 55 Item §p_ Load 20. C .51 I like to know I belong. 14. C .49 It is necessary for me to feel needed by others. 164. C .45 I want other people to like me. 67. O .44 I live too much by other people's standards. 118. C .43 Everything will be all right if someone loves me. 153. C .43 I feel weak and helpless. 141. C .42 I would rather give in than quarrel with someone. 54. C .41 I do what others expect of me even when it's not what I really want to do. 174. C .41 It is important to me to be p0pu1ar with persons my own age. 19. C .40 Most people are stronger emotionally than I am. 38. C .39 I question my own worth as a person. 112. C .39 I find it difficult to be defiant. 170. C .39 I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. Factor 3 111. A .48 I am a poor loser. 137. D .48 I dislike conforming to rules and regulations. 106. D .40 If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my uniqueness. The three-factor solution was performed to test Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3 would be supported if the factors each contained items of one of the three scales. Chi square in support of Hypothesis 3 would show high contribution to the chi-square value and positive values for (frequency observed - frequency expected) and high 56 contribution to the chi-square value and negative values for (frequency observed - frequency expected) off the diagonal. Chi- square Table 4.6 displays the content of each factor by scale. TABLE 4.6.--Chi-Square Table for Three-Factor Solution. Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 l 2 3 A x = 12 x = -12 x = - 5 scale ob 29 (15.4) ob O (12) ob 3 (4.5) 4 5 6 C x = -15.4 x = 27 x = -1.4 scale ob O (15.4) ob 3O (12) ob 2 (4.5) 7 8 9 D x = 4 x = 4.4 x = 5 3 scale ob 12 (10.1) ob 2 (7.9) ob 7 (3.0) 41 32 12 ob = observed cell frequency. ( ) = expected cell frequency. x = cell contribution to chi-square value; + or - denotes (O = E) value sign. The chi-square statistic with 4 df for the three-factor solution was 78.4 which is significant beyond the p = .001 level, indicating a correspondence between empirical factors and a priori 57 categories. Examination of cell chi-square contribution reveals that the diagonal cells contain the largest positive values while the of diagonal cells contain smaller and/or negative values. There- fore, H03 was rejected. There is a significant three-factor struc- ture which matches Horneyan neurotic style constructs. However, the mixing of items from more than one a priori scale category on the same factor weakens support of H13. Observation of cell frequencies suggests that factor 2 is clearly composed of the C scale. Factor 1 appears to be composed predominantly of the A scale,lmrtshows strong content of the 0 scale as well. Factor 3 contains elements of all three scales, but the 0 scale is clearly represented above expectancy. However, most of the items from scale 0 which appear on factor 3 have loadings below .39. Thus it was concluded that a factor structure matching Horney's three neurotic character constructs did appear, although scale three reflecting Horney's "away from others" mode was relatively weak. The two-factor rotation was performed to help illuminate the three-factor results by determining whether a strong pattern exists in the two-factor solution. TWO FACTOR SOLUTION Factor 1 mauve: 64. A .63 Everyone is out to get everyone else. 46. A .59 I believe life is a continual struggle of everyone against everyone else. 106. A .46 If others get close to me I fear I might lose my uniqueness. Item 96. 168. 135. 160. 166. 156. 28. 82. 58. 136. 119. 134. 77. 158. 131. 57. 159. 47. 78. §p_ Load 0 .57 A .55 A .53 A .53 A .53 A .52 A .49 A .49 A .48 A .48 D .48 D .48 A .47 A .46 A .45 A .42 A .42 D .42 A .41 58 I fear that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. I despise softness in others. It is important to control those around me. If I didn't have such bad luck I'd accomplish much more than I have. People are tools to be manipulated. It is important to appear tough regardless of how you might really feel. The most important part of any game is winning. Since everyone is out for themselves, I must be best at looking out for myself. Others will take advantage of me if they get the chance. The world is geared to survival of the fittest. Keeping others at a distance helps me to retain my original thinking. I am uncomfortable about becoming emotionally attached to another person. I look for dangers and pitfalls in situations where I am involved with others. Everyone approaches situations with an eye for what's in it for them. I find displays of affection revolting. I never admit a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. No price is too high for my success. I do not feel involved with others. I will go out of my way to prove to others that I am right. ‘ AW 59 Item §p_ Load 105. A .41 The world is full of hostile people. 35. D .41 No one really understands me. 53. C .40 I can't take it if someone criticizes me. 16. A .39 To me feelings are sloppy sentimentality that get in the way of winning. 144. D .39 I must strive for my independence in every situation. Factor 2 120. C .64 It worries me to think that some of the people I know may dislike me. 81. C .58 I feel inferior to most of the people I know. 164. C .58 I want other people to like me. 52. C .56 I worry whether other people like to be with me. 63. C .56 When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. 127. C .56 it is important that others approve of me. 140. C .55 I like to be protected and guided by another person. 23. C .54 What others think of me is very important. 165. C .54 I like to know that I am not too different from others. 113. C .52 What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. 20. C .51 I like to know I belong. 14. C .48 It is necessary for me to feel needed by others. 141. C .45 I would rather give in than quarrel with someone. 163. C .45 I worry about how well I get along with other people. 67. D .44 I live too much by other people's standards. 118. C .43 Everything will be all right if someone loves me. 60 Item §p_ Load 54. C .42 I do what I think others expect of me even when it's not what I really want to do. 153. C .42 I feel weak and helpless. 19. C .41 Most people are stronger emotionally than I am. 4. C .40 I would rather subordinate myself to someone than to create friction with them. 112. C .40 I find it difficult to be defiant. 170. C .39 I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. 174. C .39 It is important to me to be popular with persons my own age. The two-factor rotation resulted in factor 2 clearly composed of C scale items (30 C scale, 1 A scale and 2 0 scale items). The A and 0 scale items were compressed on Factor 1 (31 A items, 19 0 items, 2 C items). Table 4.7 presents the chi square for the two factor solution. TABLE 4.7.--Two-Factor Chi-Square Table. Factor 1 Factor 2 Scale 1 2 32 C ob 2 (19.6) ob 30 (12.4) Scale 3 4 32 A ob 31 (19.6) ob 1 (12.4) » Scale 5 6 2] 0 ob 19 (12.8) ob 2 (8.2) 52 33 85 ob = observed frequency; ( ) = expected cell frequency. 61 The chi square of 66.2 with 2 df calculated for the two- factor solution was significant beyond p = .001, indicating the presence of patterning in the data. Examination of cell frequency data indicated that Factor 2 was predominantly composed of the Com- pliant scale. Factor 1 was overwhelmingly composed of the Aggressive and Detached Scales (A scale, 31 of 32; 0 scale, 19 of 21). The following four-factor solution was rotated to determine whether an additional factor might more clearly separate A and 0 scale items. FOUR-FACTOR SOLUTION Factor 1 123192.991 64. A .61 Everyone is out to get everyone else. 46. A .57 I believe life is a continual struggle of everybody against everybody else. 136. A .57 The world is geared to the survival of the fittest. 82. A .55 Since everyone is out for themselves, I must be best at looking out for myself. 158. A .51 Everyone approaches situations with an eye for what's in it for them. 77. A .49 I look for dangers and pitfalls in situations where I am involved with others. 156. A .47 It is important to appear tough regardless of how you might really feel. 71. D .47 One must guard against dependence on others. 119. D .47 Keeping others at a distance helps me to retain my original thinking. 65. A .46 I appraise every situation for chances of control- ling it. 135. 160. much 96. 168. 28. 58. 159. 57. 78. 134. 22. 60. 105. 144. 52. 153. 63. §p_ Load A .46 A .46 D .46 A .45 A .44 A .44 A .44 A .42 A .42 D .41 A .40 A .40 A .40 A .39 D .39 C .64 C .62 C .60 62 It is important to control those around me. If I didn't have such bad luck, I'd accomplish much more than I have. ' I feel that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. I despise softeness in others. The most important part of any game is winning. Others will take advantage of me if they get the chance. No price is too high for my success. I never admit a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. I will go out of my way to prove to others that I am right. I am uncomfortable about becoming emotionally attached to another person. There is little pleasure in work, only in achieve- ment. Too many people are out for themselves and don't really care for others. Only a naive person underestimates the greed and malice of others. The world is full of hostile people. I must strive for my independence in every situation. Factor 2 I worry about whether other people like to be with me. I feel weak and helpless. When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. 63 Item §p_ Load 81. C .60 I feel inferior to most of the people I know. 38. C .57 I question my worth as a person. .55 I worry about how well I get along with other people. ('5 163. 120. 0 .54 It worries me to think that some of the people I know may dislike me. 113. C .49 What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. 128. C .48 I become discouraged when so many people do things so well. 53. C .47 I can't take it if someone criticizes me. 170. C .45 I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. 106. D .45 If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my uniqueness. 84. C .42 I would like to find someone who would tell me how to solve my personal problems. 47. D .40 I do not feel involved with others. 140. C .39 I like to be protected and guided by another person. Factor 3 20. C .61 I like to know I belong. 127. C .60 It is important that others approve of me. 164. C .60 I want other people to like me. 23. C .58 What others think of me is very important 14. C .56 It is necessary for me to feel needed by others. 165. C .55 I like to know that I am not too different. 174. C .52 It is important to me to be popular with persons my own age. 120. C .42 It worries me to think that some of the people I know may dislike me. 64 Item §p_ Load 118. C .41 Everything will be all right if someone loves me. 150. C .41 I would rather do things with others than by myself. Factor 4 137. D .48 I dislike conforming to rules and regulations. 111. A .40 I am a poor loser. A four-factor solution was rotated in an attempt to further clarify the three-factor rotation, particularly if a strong 0 scale factor appeared. Again, there was decisive patterning of the C scale items on Factor 3 (10 C scale items alone) and Factor 2 (13 C scale items, 2 0 scale items). Factor 1 showed a mixture of A and 0 scale items with A scale items predominating (20 A scale items and 5 0 scale items). Factor 4 was a weak factor with only two items above a loading of +.39, one 0 scale item (Load .48) and one A scale item (load .40) and four items loading -.39 or below. All of the negatively loading items were C scale items. A chi-square table was not generated because expected frequencies would have been below acceptable level. However, examination of scale composition of factors indicates definite patterning, but again there was a mixture of A and D with A predominating. 0 scale had few items loading .39 or above; no factor was composed heavily of 0 items. 65 Ten Factor Structure 1 Horney set forth ten neurotic In her earlier writings, needs which she, in later works,2 condensed into her three neurotic styles investigated in this study. As a further exploration a 10-factor solution was rotated to see whether the resulting ten fac- tors would match Horney's original ten neurotic needs. Factor 1 Item §p_ Load 52. C .66 I worry whether people like to be with me. 38. C .64 I question my worth as a person. 81. C .61 I feel inferior to most of the people I know. 63. C .58 When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. 163. C .58 I worry about how well I get along with other people. 120. C .57 It worries me to think that some of the people I t know may dislike me. ' 153. C .53 I feel weak and helpless. 84. C .52 I would like to find someone who would tell melnnvto solve my personal problems. 113. C .49 What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. 128. C .44 I become discouraged when so many people do things well. 53. C .42 I can't take it if someone criticizes me. 67. D .41 I live too much by other people's standards. 170. C .40 I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. IHorney, Self Analysis, 1939. 2Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, 1945. Item §p_ Load 96. 135. 166. 106. 28. 168. 131. 159. 160. 156. 16. 65. 72. 57. 64. 144. 174. 23. U >>>>> .59 .47 .47 .53 .52 .52 .51 .51 .50 .47 .44 .42 .42 .41 .40 .40 .65 .63 66 Factor 2 I fear that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. ‘ It is important to control those around me. People are tools to be manipulated. If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my uniqueness. The most important part of any game is winning. I despise softeness in others. I find displays of affection revolting. No price is too high for my success. If I didn't have such bad luck, I'd accomplish much more than I have. It is important to appear tough regardless of how you might really feel. To me feelings are sloppy sentimentality that get in the way of winning. I appraise every situation for chances of controlling it. Doing things only for enjoyment is a waste of time. I never admit a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. Everyone is out to get everyone else. I must strive for my independence in every situation. Factor 3 It is important to me to be popular with persons my own age. What others think of me is very important. Item. 5.2 LE9 127. 154. 14. 165. 20. 150. 141. 112. 132. 140. 71. 77. 80. 79. 99. 147. C on ('5 .59 .53 .52 .47 .46 .40 .66 .61 .53 .47 .45 .59 .56 .48 .39 .54 .53 67 It is important that others approve of me. I want other people to like me. It is necessary for me to feel needed by others. I like to know that I am not too different from others. I like to know I belong. I would rather do things with others than with myself. Factor 4 I would rather give in than quarrel with someone. I would rather subordinate myself to someone than to create friction with them. I find it difficult to be defiant. I prefer to sacrifice my own wishes to please others. I like to be protected and guided by another person. Factor 5 One must guard against dependence on others. I look for dangers and pitfalls in situations where I am involved with others. It is best never to become so attached to someone that they become indispensable to you. Independence is of great value in itself, regardless of the situation. Factor 6 The little people in the world, like myself, have little chance against the big guys. Work is only a means to an end. 68 Item §p_ Load 51. A .49 Success is more dependent on luck than on any real ability or effort. 24. A .44 It is foolish to believe that you can really influ- ence what happens in our society. Factor 7 60. A .57 Only a naive person underestimates the malice and greed of others. 105. A .42 The world is full of hostile people. 85. C .41 It is torture for me to be alone. Factor 8 16. A .47 To me, feelings are sloppy sentimentality that get in the way of winning. 121. A .47 Everyone likes a winner. 18. A .46 I take pride in excelling over others. Factor 9 137. D .53 I dislike conforming to rules and regulations. 157. D .51 I resent people giving me advice. 101. D .50 I am sensitive to control by those around me. 138. D .44 I do not take others' advice, even when it may be what I want to do. 98. D .41 I resent it when I have to keep a schedule. Factor 10 11. D .61 My peace of mind is preserved by keeping distance from others. 61. D .56 My relationships with others tend to be superficial. 69 Item §p_ Load 103. D .50 I have a strong need for privacy. 37. D .44 I prefer eating alone to eating with others. The ten factors above showed some correspondence to Horney's original ten neurotic needs. Eight of the ten factors above appears related to six of the ten neurotic needs. Factors 1 and 3 seemed related to the "need for affection and approval"; Factor 4 and, to a lesser degree, Factor 1, appeared related to the "need for a partner who will take over one's life." Factor 6 was related to the "need for power." Factor 2 seemed related to the "need to exploit others," and Factor 8 was related to "ambition for personal achievement." Both Factors 9 and 10 were related to the "need for perfection and unassailability." No factors appeared closely related to the "need to restrict one's life in narrow borders," the "need for prestige," the "need for personal admiration," or the need for perfection and unassailability. Thus, it appears that while the overlap between the results of the ten-factor rotation and Horney's ten neurotic needs is not complete, there was, nevertheless, some overlap. Three factors were predominantly C scale, three were 0 scale, and four were A scale. Lower Bounds Rotation An eigenvalue threshold of 1.00 was used to determine the num- ber of factors to rotate. This solution was performed to determine the possible range of factors. Twenty-five factors were rotated as follows: Item §p_ Load 52. .69 63. 120. 163. 38. 81. 113. 84. 128. 170. 111. 67. 46. 64. 82. 160. 96. ('3 000C) .66 .65 .59 .57 .56 .48 .42 .40 .39 .39 .39 .64 .62 .62 .59 .52 7O LOWER BOUND ROTATION Factor 1 I worry about whether other people like to be with me. When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. It worries me to think that some of the people I know may dislike me. I worry about how well I get along with other people. I question my worth as a person. I feel inferior to most of the people I know. What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. I would like to find someone who would tell me how to solve my personal problems. I become discouraged when so many people do things well. I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. I am a poor loser. I live too much by other people's standards. Factor 2 I believe life is a continual struggle of everybody against everybody else. Everyone is out to get everyone else. Since everyone is out for themselves, I must be best at looking out for myself. If I didn't have such bad luck, I'd accomplish much more than I have. I fear that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. 7l 1339.8.ng 166. A .48 People are tools to be manipulated. 159. A .47 No price is too high for my success. 105. A .43 The world is full of hostile people. 0 106. .43 If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my uniqueness. 158. A .40 Everyone approaches situations with an eye for what's in it for them. 60. A .39 Only a naive person underestimates the malice and greed of others. Factor 3 164. C .73 I want other people to like me. 127. C .67 It is important that others approve of me. 23. C .58 What others think of me is very important. 165. C .51 I like to know that I am not too different from others. 174. C .50 It is important to me to be popular with persons my own age. 20. C .48 I like to know I belong. Factor 4 141. C .75 I would rather give in than quarrel with someone. 112. C .55 I find it difficult to be defiant. 140. C .53 I like to be protected and guided by another person. 4. C .52 I would rather subordinate myself to someone than to create friction with others. Item §p_ Load 79. D .74 144. D .55 80. D .42 147. A .68 157. D .75 138. D .53 57. A .40 16. A .70 168. A .57 131. A .52 28. A .44 11. D .76 119. D .46 61. D .42 72 Factor 5 Independence is of great value in itself, regardless of the situation. ‘ I must strive for my independence in every situation. It is best to never become so attached to someone that they become indispensable to you. Factor 6 Work is only a means to an end. Factor 7 I resent people giving me advice. I do not take others' advice, even when it may be what I want to do. I never admit a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. Factor 8 To me, feelings are sloppy sentimentality that get in the way of winning. I despise softness in others. I find displays of affection revolting. The most important part of any game is winning. Factor 9 My peace of mind is preserved by keeping distance from others. Keeping others at a distance helps me to retain my original thinking. My relationships to others tend to be superficial. 73 Factor 10 (Factor 10 contained no items loading .39 or above on the factor.) Factor 11 Ltem§£L>>>a 3’ 3’ > > > > > >> 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 101 Do you often think of your past? I cannot understand what I read as well as I used to. I have more trouble concentrating than other people seem to have. I have never been in trouble with the law. Do you often get butterflies in your stomach before an important occasion? I do not often notice my ears ringing or buzzing. I am sure I am being talked about. I have had no difficulty in keeping my balance ‘in walking. I have little or no trouble with my muscles twitching or jumping. At times I hear so well it bothers me. I liked school. Do you get very bad headaches? Once a week or oftener I become very excited. I do many things which I regret afterwards. The things that some of my family have done have frightened me. I am afraid of losing my mind. I wdsh I were not bothered by thoughts about sex. My hardest battles are with myself. Have you often lost sleep over your worries? At times I have a strong urge to do something harmful or shocking. Sometimes without any reason or even when things are going wrong, I feel excitedly happy "on top of the world." .'> > > > > > >>>>> 42. 43. 44. 46. 47. 48. 49'. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 102 Are you touchy about some things? I have never been in love with anyone. I believe I am being plotted against. My daily life is full of things that keep me in- terested. Once a week or oftener I feel suddenly hot all over, without apparent cause. I believe that my home life is as pleasant as that of most people I know. It makes me uncomfortable to put on a stunt at a party even when others are doing the same sort of things. My speech is the same as always (not faster or slower, or slurring; no hoarseness). Once in a while I laugh at a dirty joke. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job. I like to visit places where I have never been pbefore. Have you often felt listless and tired for no good reason? Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about. I have periods in which‘I feel‘unusually cheerful without any special reasqn. I hear strange things when I am alone. Everything tastes the same. I am against giving money to beggars. There was very little love and companionship in my family compared to other homes. My daily life is full of things that keep me interested. >> l-l 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 103 Do you often feel fed up? I have had periods of days, weeks, or months when I couldn't take care of things because I couldn't "get going". ‘ I am so touchy on some subjects that I can't talk about them. I feel I have often been punished without cause. I have been quite independent and free from family rule. People say insulting and vulgar things about me. If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure I was not seen I would probably do it. These days I find it hard to not give up hope of amounting to something. I get angry sometimes. Have you often got a restless feeling that you want something to do, but do not know what? My people treat me more like a child than a grown-up. Much of the time I feel as if I have done something wrong or evil. Once in a while I put off until tomorrow what I ought to do today. I am sure I get a raw deal from life. At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them. My parents have often objected to the kind of people I went around with. My way of doing things is apt to be misunderstood by others. If people had not had it in for me I would have been much more successful. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 104 Sometimes I enjoy hurting persons I love. My conduct is largely controlled by the customs of those about me. Sometimes my voice leaves me or changes even though I have no cold. I am always disgusted with the law when a criminal is freed through the arguments of a smart lawyer. I loved my mother. I refuse to play some games because I am not good at them. Do you sometimes get so restless that you cannot sit long in a chair? In school I was sometimes sent to the principal for cutting up. Do you worry too long after an embarrassing experience? I am easily downed in an argument. I have had very peculiar and strange experiences. Does your mind often wander when you are trying to attend closely to something? I would enjoy eating at seafood restaurants. I do not read every editorial in the newspaper every day. Many of my dreams are about sex matters. There is something wrong with my mind. Almost every day something happens to frighten me. Do you find it hard to fall asleep at bedtime? My father was a good man. I have been afraid of things or people that I knew could not hurt me. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 105 I do not always tell the truth. I enjoy riding a bicycle. What others think of me does not bother me. Even when I am with people I feel lonely much of the time. I cannot keep my mind on one thing. Peculiar odors come to me at times. At times I have fits of laughing or crying that I cannot control. I wish I were not so shy. Do you ever suffer from nerves? My relatives are nearly all in sympathy with me. I have never been paralyzed or had any unusual weakness of any of my muscles. At times I have very much wanted to leave home. I like to talk about sex. I enjoy the woods. Sometimes at elections I vote for men about whom I know very little. My mother was a good woman. I like to know some important pe0ple because it makes me feel important. I believe I am a condemned person. I would like to own a bicycle. I don't seem to care what happens to me. I have strange and peculiar thoughts. I do not like everyone I know. > > > > 51> > > 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 106 I have never been in trouble because of my sex behavior. Are you often "lost in thought"? Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about. I seem to make friends about as quickly as others do. Do you often get into a jam because you do things without thinking? Most of the time I wish I were dead. Someone has it in for me. I would rather win than lose in a game. When you get annoyed, do you need someone friendly to talk to about it? I have been disappointed in love. Do you ever get nervous in places like elevators, trains or tunnels? When in a group of people, I have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about. Do you sometimes sulk? I have periods of such great restlessness that I cannot sit long in a chair. I have not lived the right kind of life. I am worried about sex matters. I have very few quarrels with members of my family. At one or more times in my life I felt that someone was making me do things by hypnotizing me. No one seems to understand me. Do you sometimes feel happy, sometimes sad, without any real reason. ' ' 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 107 ' I find it hard to make talk when I meet new people. I have had periods in which I carried on activities without knowing later what I had been doing. I like nature study. I enjoy children. During one period when I was a youngster I engaged in petty thievery. I like to travel. Are you moody? I do not mind being made fun of. My hands have not become clumsy or awkward. I loved my father. I am neither gaining nor losing weight. I am happy most of the time. I enjoy going to travel movies. Do you often make up your mind too late? Sometimes when I am not feeling well I am cross. At times I feel like swearing. Do you often feel self-conscious when you are with superiors? I know who is responsible for most of my troubles. I have numbness in one or more regions of my skin. I dislike having people about me. Once in a while I feel hate toward members of my family whom I usually love. > > >>>>>>>> 162. 163. 164. 165. 108 I gossip a little at times. I have very few fears compared to my friends. My parents and family find more fault with me than they should. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be. APPENDIX B INVENTORY 0F ADJUSTMENT STYLES 109 110 "rut-r '3‘ INVENTORY OF ADJUSTMQIT b11913 Copyright applied for 1975 Gilbert W. Schmidt William W. Farquhar East Lansing, Michigan 111 Please rate the following statements as honestly as you can. The statements were designed to measure how you view yourself and life. Try to indicate your beliefs - not what you think you should respond. Work quickly, not spending too much time on any one item. There are no right or wrong answers to these ques:ions. Only your judgements are important. .0 .9 §? “3 '5, G 5? $4 2? a s 9 ~ .9 .J % -% . - ,5} I , ') ' ‘ " ‘ Example: 1. People ShOUlG save money. d3; '2, 3‘ -4: .'- 5 ' , J This person marked the space u: or always indicating that, in their opinion, saving money is always importan;. Turn the page and begin. If a staiehenz or a war; is not clear ask the person administering the inventory to net} you. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 112 Everything can be solved by the power of reason. Intelligence should rule over the emotions. I am realistic. I would rather subordinate myself to someone than to create friction with them. I believe might makes right. Everyone should have someone in their life whose happiness means as much as their own. I show fear. I am sensitive to the needs of others. There is little pleasuge in work, only in achievement. My emotions are the enemy uithin me. My peace of mind is preserved by keeping distance from.others. I have no need to prove my superiority by competing with others. I am stronger than others. It is necessary for me to feel needed by others. I resent being bossed. To me feelings are sloppy sentimentality that get in the way of winning. Being able to understand one's personal problem is sufficient to deal with it. I take pride in excelling over others. Most people are stronger emotionally than I am. I like to know I belong. Many people care for others and not jusr themselves. Too many people are out for themselves and don't really care for others. 9». p~ FJ J-‘J-‘b-b 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 113 What others think of me is very important. It is foolish to believe that you can really influence what happens in our society. People who do things for Others are really doing it for themselves. What other people think about me doesn't really matter. Those who are alone have failed with Others. The most important part of any game is winning. People do not have to have a selfish nature in order to help someone else. I like to share my exp riences with others. I clench my teeth alot. It is important for me to face and overcome all fear. I enjoy long close relationships. I have as much ability as most others. No one really understands me. Losing need not be taken too seriously. I prefer eating alone to eating with others. I question my worth as a person. It is best to tell your superiors what you really think, even if it's something they do not want to hear. I prefer relationships with persons with whom I can become closely involved. I prefer to leave the limelight to others. When I have something to say, i say it. I do not feel a need to outsmart others. #bbb bJ-‘P-L‘ 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 114 Anyone who is sensitive can recognize my inner strengths. I am grateful when someone does me a favor. I believe life is a continual struggle of everybody against everybody else. I do not feel involved with others. My feelings are a drawback to efficiently moving toward a goal. I believe that it's up to others to look out for themselves. I do not mind discussing my personal life with persons close to me. Success is more dependent on luck than on any real ability or effort. I worry about whether other people like to be with me. I can't take it if someone criticizes me. I do what I think others expect of me even when it's not what I really want to to. I grind my teeth at night. Although I have problems that I would like to get rid of, I do not want to basically change myself. I never admit error a mistake unless it is absolutely necessary. Others will take advantage of me if they get the chance. There is great strength in being alone. Only a naive person underestimates the malice and greed of others. My relationships with others tend to be superficial. I have real inner strength in handling things. When someone criticizes me, I feel low and worthless. Everyone is out to get everyone else. b ##9## 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 115 I appraise every situation for chances of controlling it. It doesn't matter to me whether new people I meet like me. I live too much by other people's standards. I never harbor resentment for long. Recognition for what I accomplish makes me feel stronger as a person. I blame myself rather than others when things go wrong. One must guard against dependence on others. Doing things only for enjoyment is a waste of time. I have a lot in common with most people I meet. I enjoy living alone. Others should recognize that I am unique without being told. It is important to me to have a spouse who is seen as desirable by others. I look for dangers and pitfalls in situations where I am involved with others. I will go out of my way to prove to others that I am right. Independence is of great value in itself, regardless of the situation. It is best to never become so attached to someone that they become indispensible to you. I feel inferior to most of the people I know. Since everyone is out for themselves,I must be best at looking out for myself. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 116 -r I do not ask for directions when i am lost. I would like to find someone who would tell me- how to solve my personal problems. It is torture for me to be alone. The world is full of friendly people. I am able to interpret dreams accurately. I enjoy being around people. I do not have as intense emotional experiences as others. I reall don't know who I can count on. Y I feel more and more helpless about what's happening in the world today. I ask others for help when I need it. I make commitments which [carry through. I do everything I can to be a good fighter. I am a very unselfish person. I fear that becoming involved with others will stifle my creativity. I am easy to get along with whether I'm in charge or not . I resent it when I have to keep a schedule. The little people in the world, like myself, have little chance against the big guys. I dislike the use of coercion. I am sensitive to control by those around me. I am at my best when I have my back to the wall. I have a strong need for privacy. 9 «l-‘J-‘bJ-‘b 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 117 I am uncertain about what I like and dislike. The world is full of hostile people. If others get close to me, I fear I might lose my uniqueness. PeOple may do things unselfishly for others. I do not bear grudges. My relationships tend to be short lived and intense. I give in easily. I am a poor loser. I find it difficult to so defiant. What I think of myself depends on what others think of me. I do not like to give orders. The only goal in life is to steeeed. I am p0pu1ar with people my own age. People are important to me whether they can help me or not. Everything will be alright if someone loves me. Keeping others at a dis*anc3 helps me to retain my original thinking. It worries me to think that some oi the people I know may dislike me. Everyone likes a winner. I can view what goes on wit.in me quite objectively. People are generally trustworthy. I dislike competing with others. "5 «L‘J-‘bb b 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 118 I feel that others do not appreciate how much I do for them. I can be anything that I want to be. It is important that Others approve of me. I become discouraged when so many people do things well. I express my opinion whether or not Others agree with me. It is important to me to be recognized for my successes. I find displays of affuztiun revolting. I prefer to sacrifice my own wishes to please others. I can easily forgive others when they behave badly towards me. I am uncomfortable about becoming emotionally attached to another person. It is important to control those around me. The world is geared to the survival of the fittest. I dislike conforming to rules and regulations. I do not take others advice, wven when it may be What I want to do. I have little influence on the fact that this world is run by the few people in power. I like to be protected and guided by another person. I would rather give in than quarrel with someone. I tend to be what people expect me to be. I am an aggressive person. I must strive for my independence in every situation. s~ c~ ¢~ s~ e~ c~ n~ c~ c~ c~ ¢~ 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 119 I take defeat lightly. we I feel uneasy or afraid when i am enclosed in a small space like an elevator. Work is only a means to an end. Being in love adds the greatest zest to my life. I trust other pe0ple to treat me fairly. I would rather do things with others than by myself. I can count on other pe0ple to help me when I need them. I dislike being critical of Others. I feel weak and helple-s. Even when others question my worth as a person, I do not. I am very considerate of Other people. It is important to appear tough regardless of how you might really feel. I resent people giving me advice. Everyone approaches situations with an eye for what's in it for them. No price is too high for my success. If I didn't have such bad luck, I'd accomplish much more than I have. I feel I mm as capable as most of the people I know. I feel I am as worthwhile as my friends. I worry about how well I get along with other people. I want other people to like me. I like to know that I am not too different from others. People are tools to be manipulated. I do not like to depend on others. 9 L‘J-‘J-‘b J-‘L‘bJ-‘J-‘brfi 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 120 I despise softness in others. I change my opinions to please others. I feel weak and worthless around arrogant people. I would never go to a movie alone. I am quite different from my friends and acquaintances. I feel there are many things that I can do well. 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Imoom. “mnnu. acmovrI unnau.- noosa.- mnaau. hvveOwI madam. vacou. moonm. onaau. tango. smo;«.. moaso.I cocoa. m'hau. meow“. vvnvn. wmocu. among. ohunc.I umOau. vvonu. cove". voccw. oommnr' Nouum. vawu. «coa=.- «coma. nm~m«. omnu«.I nsku. Honval noovv.p mnanmtl oooocrI LosumII 23.9.1. nmvmnr nonamr moomvc mnoonl oovanr cmmaa. scout! mace»: novwvt ccmmm: amount .30va mmomu. canon: mooecr ood— oed— oed— omn— and. ema— std— ena— mud— and. «ma— «nan mou— oo. oo— mm— on— us— us— no— vo— n ooovu. ocean. «coco. wanna. us-m.- vnonu. soon“. canna. onos«.I dmcom. anoOc.I Nouoa. omwmaa omsmu.- no~o0.- cavmm. vmnca. oaon~.- conun.- ~.030.- "Econ; ~c~o«.- agnoncu «33.1 amuse. cocoa. ooavu.I ouvam. vvscd.u mvnoa.u nvowd. ¢cvaa. soowd. acmoa. Nunau‘I «conan hoomnfl oceanfl «ovum. ccvv«.I mecca. auto“. mvawvvn cowo '153 «mvno. «cane. acoau. sonao.- 0m.91°. wooua. ocncc. ouoma. orvum. ensue. «vane. soon". n~nmn.. wmmoc. omwctv enema. oonca. ~e«m=.I coax“. nmINc. mansw. vmnoe.c vvaoc.I owned. vmomc. Mmsva. ommmc. msacw. onmva. vn-=.- Image. chum“. mwnvu. nmcom. 3..“an muvww. msnma. nns:o.. «coca. ocumu. wevou.I vmonu. manna. «uhuw. «nvmc. crown. moocm. rowan.1 09;an .eonm. «vac...l bonovwlfl onnoakl nncam. "Inna. occmm. 32m...» cowonrl eaccw. mecnn.1 noon“. Ncccm.\ :6va g0ha0.‘ menav.c cuocw. ¢~¢cmxw 3.33.! 23.1 £03.... «2.3.1 «moov.l cummmrI 393.1 53.1 oacnmrI cnmmvf onmcm. .33an nmoavcu nflmanf wmmcnr. ($3.1 mocac.\ cvnnva uncom‘ omocn.I nmvmof moment ~3ch nammvf uvanhl sma— Ica— and. and. van- odd— can— no"— How. co. co. co" cu~ amu so” do. sv— ca— cca. cca. now— ama— omn— oma~ new” ona~ and" «nu. «ma— «un— mo«~ oo. go. no— on. us— mn— mo— to“ 2: mm— sm— am. cease. mnnoa. ocnnc.I «oanm. onnuw. envnc. mono“. VFNOH 0‘ mooonl «2”va cmonvbI ooommr mmmnvr ”BIT omnnnI o—omnr 0.2.va ongmr ‘Nmfimb mennw. nmncmr «once... atone? ocummf unvaVLI Inc»... omamnl vraonzu vaocnII oncomrI 2.0va clanf 33m... Ghent onvmpI Icamr mouwvrl ~33..- $33.! « cahu 154 noo« . cauau.- mafia“. unvov.l oo_; vcvo II Nsosm.I omNsN. cvnnvrI cm— .vnn . o~nau.- caoma. mom~sr am. noon..- ««v««.- ommmnnI coon“. un_. ”an. .I vows“. unanc. «mmmnnl ov— «mno .I 330... $03. evsnm.I o: vao.~. maoon.- «maze. flocvvnl om. coca .. vane“. on~fipr mooum. I“. vcav~.I wanna. onnxe. unsavrI -_ «mmn~. «ouao. «mama. .omonpu on. sn~a«.I nous“. vnusc. wawovII o— vavc~. no-mII among. «coma. cud. «NV. .I scan". nwmrvr. cmnno. as“. cvo~«.I «mammal omocu. onmmu. no”. sun“ .I vo~oo.I. mnsac.I anew“. vow— moso..I oboen.\. mowmmnu ovv.u. no“. “go. .I nvnnn. unawvr. ahead. mm“— vcn-.I mesonII «mums. e«m«H.I ~ma~ «coo .. «moavII mmnac. Nenvo.r omdu onu~a.o coomn.I. osoaa. mmwsm. «vu— ocmnm.I\ macaw. envww. dance. at“. nnoon.II oaoow. scoevr kccuo. . o¢u. oso~'.sI camam. comma. emcee. a «na— nvoou. mama”. cone.» “~55". . emu. «ono_. nsoco.II omomm. comoo. swa— «-~ .. «o-vpu owvcmv «coco. ow". «uoaa.. nwofiv,II amen“. owflmu. odd. oo~o... choon.\. oumovr mnxuo. nad— oasdn.s\ «doau. omnvu. vanwo.. mg”. snov~.I domed. mmocvr nomad. can. mfioa_. cmve~. nmvoyt cameo. mo. :NON .I conga. ouo~‘l. voofim. co_ ss«:u.. nuumma unvnor. ammo”. «o_ anon .I -~¢~. unmovr camca. no. round.. ~voo~. mn~o~.+ nncmm. In. oom.«. ounce. «nostr omv~n. an. coda . ao~o~. nsoch u~vwc.. ~m~ «ago . nmooa. nvosz ”move. cm. coon“. ~=oompu owomw. maNQo.. nu. o~n¢«.I ~cmuorI vmouc. cmomo.I em— ‘osnu.. macaw. «wman «nova. oa— 1oun . mmoonrt «mung. nnaaw.» «a. oaovmpn nomad. econ“. cums". v. c cnpu 155 v Nnan..| Ohmnm.‘ anon .I .nmmcrI ncuaa. owned. «oodm. vnomw. oonvm. hose . mono“. noon . «coma. navma. omnm,. nacou. nmc~.. Noon”. oomn .I sound. manna. coc-. Nnmoa. «and . «to oo~ max NC! .2 II named. c0h¢.ol mowu onHEbm mowufiumm 159 oaooou- an.n.~. aqua"- sung“ .«ooo» ooaoou onvnau sauce" ananou onvnon oncoaq ooown“ ooanow soova. cavaan coaunal enema" vssoc” ooaaau co.«am no.ea. an copocu on an Inca ca 99 .000 I l K C O O O to I vh-o I 50.09. cvoun. acne”.- avrno. «vmoo. nosocru «came. spoon. ounce. «some. human. “new”. ov«~«.o omooo. vovso. anamur anona. ¢«o'u. ooaao. n33.- sauna. o nohu¢u cumm... ammaum acnnuu rnsoou anosdu .moodu “noun” comma” manna” asunou onowmu gown“. ommao. «oodum ammooq mwanou ¢nnn~u gunman ooama. -¢now anacom o mohucu «macaw omtoe. «ohms? wanna. «SST oonmau n~n~au vmacu“ omooo. von~au comma” who‘d” mfioumu Nudge, uncounm ovomo.4 Nooao.1 unawan “duke" ”mama. noo~.. mnnnonu conga. cnbucu nmsko“ nwwoo. esn.«~ muvsa. soon“. owuwou cannon momma. «somn.I «oosan «onca. o~oma. oosdo” nomoouw uncou. onoau.a sco~ou vwwwowu vssr~u omega»; oanmw. vaw a scene. donoo. gonna. o«¢=~. «anno.. 5.599.. nvsvo.o «atmo. nonac. nance. u=~n«.. guano. co~oo. canoo.I «mooo.o shoaa. guano. -moo. avcno. onooo. «onto. 0 mohu¢u canaaw ocvo. «coo. occuu.r each“. «0000. 933‘ omvoni «cage. namoo.u canoe. sooa~. sauce. 912‘ -u~o. once“. «Nana. .oomo.. oonmo.c .Nooo.u mama. wou~. numuo. svummry vo~=o. oeovu. nouoa. snouw. ocooa. unusw. «wooc. «mama. cacao. cmomvru ~2va oenwa. oomc°.. manna. moouo.c oomoo. oooce. vs~««.m veofio.m m mahucu amoeooI ~oau°.. nu~c°.. omnm0.. oma~°.r onoww. o~.'a. «dead. comma. oo~oo.. vmnmo. nsr¢~. gonna. sn..«.r s-v°. conga. «to»? on~nu. once“. «vooo.m ooonn. osune.m onndd.o -~v«.I mocha. unno~.4 «mud . «goo . them.. somv.. nwvuu.m o«o~..a “H.,“. “noo;o nwmo;. unmo‘. «awn». .owtgol Osman. vauo... o ~m..a muv... cohu no no; .9999. amaon. 999:9. ammao. 09900. 59399. a~999. n99a9. vomvo. «ammo. aavco. woooo. amanm9a 99999.a caooo.a 9nmaa.a cwava.a cocoaaa a9moa.a 99o-9a unvm~9a .999n.a omoon.a 9.9.99a ahaam.a 9aom99a ocmom.a ~9999.a vna99a 9999.a 99999.a ~ooa~9~ ~9m99.~ um9~9.~ av~099~ .avaacn 99999.na maaa>zm999 v-INIOC‘UIOBOO Ichucu oa.oo.a 99.99.a co oo.a oo.oo.a oo.oo.a o9 9°.a oo.co.a o°.oo.a 99.99.a oo,oo.a porno.a co.co.a coloc.a oo.oo.a oo-oo.a cocoo.a oc.oo.a ao-oo.a 99.99.a ca.oo.a canoe.a oo,o°.a oo.oo.a co.oo.a 99999.a accoo.a oo.oo.a oc.oo.a oopoo.a 99.99.a cacao.a oovoo.a 99.99.a oouoa.a oo.oo.a oo.oo.a 999999a >h~4 APPENDIX H FACTOR ROTATION COMPARISONS 165 166 «3‘00!s 9 .— IIICIIIII-‘DU .coEEou ca .5: .989 .93., ‘9 rd 3 000000000009 mama? manuauca mmcaa mamum acmssuoamo macaw coammmgmm< mamum mucmaansou v n a u U arc woo no.1 hp- gape corn Nb- op- hm- .oma- Nm 9:9- mma o:- ena- on on 9a.- N999 0990 mm eon no9u 9°99 papa \\\\\\\ on aaau «0.0 con :9. cm.- ~99 mN- gnaw oops can a.“ 999" oaao 4999 :6. om9- .mm. mm"- 006 who ms. mN- vmr- mar: 99. me. o.- 9699 «u 9m. om9. mo. oo.. om.- 99- 999- cc.- mopu mm. amp. mar. om—l own Nu who no em. ~o- we. no. 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