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VLADIMIR TENDRYAKOV: A SURVEY AND-
ANALYSIS or HIS WORKS, Q i;
Dissertation for the Degree of Ph. D.‘ :
- MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ‘ 7
mm SAMUKOWICZ 'PACIRA
1975
’5‘?“
\lll\\\l\\\\\\\\\\ ‘ †mm
‘9‘0 Michigan Sun
Univaity
This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
VLADIMIR TENDRJAKOV: A SURVEY AND
ANALYSIS OF HIS WORKS
presented by
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for
__Eh_._D_._degree in _Rus_sian_
y fl? é Lodz
professor
7/ 24/7 5
Date
0-7639
}r-J ABSTRACT
VLADIMIR TENDRYAKOV: A SURVEY AND
ANALYSIS OF HIS WORKS
By
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
The chief motive in the work of Vladimir Tendryakov is
the desire to express contemporary reality in artistic form.
He subjects to observation a broad spectrum of the problems
of life, on focusing on the theme of the village, everyday
family life, education and moral-phi1050phic judgements.
The work at the beginning of the author's career (to 1953)
is a literary reworking of thematic material assigned by edi-
tors. Subsequently Tendryakov discovers his own individual
approach to selection of subject material and to means of
artistic portrayal. He here takes decisive position against
"illustrationism" in his literary approach, a step which
evoked quite negative reaction on the part of official cri-
‘tics. The letter supported the "old" Tendrjakov as opposed
to the "new", especially as represented by his prose from
the sixties.
Tendrjakov concerns himself with a village setting, but
nonetheless at the center of his interest is man, with all
his difficulties, inner and external. Even social conflict
is taken in its moral context, serving as a vehicle for port-
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
raying the mood and spiritual quality of the hero. The pulse
of the work, the origin of the artistic inspiration lies in
the moral-ethic experience of the hero. The problems, the
conflicts of ordinary life, are the essence of Tendryakov's
prose, which bears the clear stamp of actuality.
His prose of the sixties is characterized by a form in
which subjects are worked out on more than one plane, where
plots involve eSpecially dramatic situation which are refracted
prismatically in the fates of the heroes. Interplay of
character and circumstance is the key subject for analysis
in the author's work.
Expression of the theme is in the first place evoked
by sharply posed problem, introduction by an unexpected occur-
rence, with the tissue of events serving only to depict the
human values of the hero. By means of this analytic, psycho—
logical approach to the hero, during the course of events his
views are gradually manifested, as are the personal qualities
of his character, his experience, inclination, habits, his
potential, both positive and negative.
Tendryakov is problematical writer, but not all of the
problems which are depicted lie on the surface of the work,
where they are considered in their psychological and moral-
philosophical dimensions. The author's view is to be sought
in the flow of events below the surface, as is the signifi-
cance of individual occurrences. In this respect Tendryakov
proves himself a distinctive stylist, one who employs varied
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
artistic means toward the end of expressing the truth of
life in art. This distinctive feature of his manner becomes
a constant device of his literary style.
The purpose of this study is to present a critical
analysis of the representative works of Vladimir Tendryakov,
and to detail the means of their exposition by the author.
In detailing essence of the contradiction of the hero, the
interpretation of the author and his position toward the
fates of his heroes is defined. The analytical method of
analysis developed permits to indentify conflicts between
man and society and interpersonal relation in his works.
The truth of the expression in images of the complexi-
ties of life is the main factor in Tendryakov's realism.
Conscience serves as a strict criterion in the evaluation
of the human character, which undergoes testing by the act-
ion of the dramatic situation of the work.
The element of tragedy plays an important role in the
exposition and testing of character. One can observe a pro-
gress of the tragic element in the following sequence: from
the decisively crucial shift in the socio-economic condi-
tions to phenomena of an internal character evoked by the
contradiction in the hero himself.
New tendencies are observed in the representational
works of Tendryakov, tendencies which define his individual ‘
approach to the problems of literature, the wealth and dis-
tinctivness of his stylistic means. The author consciously
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
avoids dogmatic norms requiring presentation of the posi-
tive side of both Soviet reality and contemporary heroes.
Naturalness of description becomes a basic characteri-
zing feature of his style. Exactly depicted detail has a
definite significance for the poetics of all of Tendryakov's
prose style. His manner of writing is characterized by an
objective style of narration, a clear distance taken from
value judgement and conclusion on the part of the author
himself. His emotional values are implicit in the literary
form itself and thus do not require explicit statement. This
causes Tendryakov's work to resemble that of the Russian class—
ics, specifically of Chekhov.
His interest in concrete portrayal of phenomena of
daily life is clearly evident in his portrayal of nature.
Psychological elements appear in such portrayals to the
extent that they are given in terms of the perception of the
disturbed hero, and thus as the expression of his mood.
The structural composition of Tendryakov's work is
simply the entire exposition of his subject, and thus co-
incides with his system of thought; conclusions therefore
follow from the logic of the development of events and of
the heroes conduct. This analysis permits enhanced appre-
ciation of Tendryakov.
VLADIMIR TENDRYAKOV: A SURVEY AND
ANALYSIS OF HIS WORKS
By
Lidia Samukowicz Pacira
A DISSERTATION
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of German and Russian
1975
To my sister 01a
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer wishes to express her gratitude to Professor
Alexander Dynnik for guidance and valuable suggestions
and to Professor William N. Hughes, Munir Sendich, Denis
Mickiewicz, and to Professor Anton Kovac for graciously
advising and aiding at the completion of the program.
iii
COHEPMAHHE
BCTYHHEHHE
PHABA I HpooneMm nepeBHH B TBopquTBe B. TeanHKOBa
1. Bosneï¬craue oécroarenbcra Ha xapaKTepm
repoeB
2. Pepon — npncnocoonenum
3. Cemeï¬Ho—Gmroeoï¬ Koumnnxr
FHABA II Bropmeune B mnsnb n npoéneMH mKonm
l. Hperpanw Ha nyrn oï¬uoenenma nenaroru—
qecxnx unefl
?. Pennrna « npoonema B mKorbHOM BOCUH-
TaHHH
PHABA III Hpoï¬neMm MOpaano-®Hnoco®cxoï¬ yrnyonen-
HOCTH
1. Ponoc coeecrm
2. HymeBHme oopeuna
3. Koa®nHKTm uneï¬
PHABA IV Cneun®uxa TBopquKoro meTona B. Tennpaxoea
l. KomnoeuuHOHHo-cmxernme upweMm
2 Ocooeuuocru ncnxonornaecxoro yrnyonenna
3. MaHepa HHCbMa
4
Upnpona, KaK cpencreo oGpaanoro empa—
Kenna
FHABA V TBOpquTBo B. TeanaKoea B CBeTe nHTepa-
Typuoï¬ KpHTHKH
BAHHDHEHHE
UPHflOKEHHE
iv
vi
13
2M
32
32
41
50
50
64
73
87
87
93
108
123
136
167
173 u
CHOCKH 176
BMBHHOPPAQHH 185
BCTYHHEHHE
BnanHMup ®enopOBHq TeanaKoB (p. 1925 r.) Hanan nHTe-
paTypHym neHTenBHOCTB B 1947 Pony 0 HGOOflbmHX CTaTeï¬ nna
mecrnoï¬ neqarn. Hoone oxonqanua Hnreparypnoro HHCTHTyTa mme-
HM M. PopBKoro B Moche B 1951 Pony on numer cepnm OHepKOB
Ha Banannym penakuneï¬ TeMy, craparenbno @HKCprH ©axrm. Ero
nemee paccxaam: MKonbumï¬ HHCHeKTOp, Onnamnm BeqepOM, §_Qgr
Hoï¬ ceMBe, Cocenn, UOHBMBmHeCH B "OPOHbKe" B 1952 Pony,
npencraBann coooï¬ onHocropOHHe HnnmcrpHpOBaHHme nponsBe—
Henna.
C 1953 rona xapaxrep TBopquTBa TeanHKOBa sameTHo me-
Haerca, B ero nponssenenuax oénapyanaeTca paBHOponHaa Te-
marnxa, OXBaTHBammaa mnpoxnï¬ prr XHBHeHme npooneM oomecr-
BeHHOPO H HHnHBHnyanBHoro xapaKTepa. CBoeoopaaHmï¬ nonxon
xynomnnka K npoonemaM COBpeMeHBoï¬ neï¬chHTenBHocrn BHBHBaeT
y Hac ocoomï¬ unrepec K ero TBOpqechy.
Cnaqana cnenyer npocnennrb paaBMTne xapaKTepOB Teunpa-
KOBCKHX nepconaxeï¬, a Taxme noaBneHHe K0H®HHKTOB, BHSBaHHHX
BHemHHMH OOCTOHTeanTBaMH HHH BHyTpeHHnMH nooymnennamn ca-
moro repoa.
B nuTepaTypHoï¬ neHTenBHOCTH TeanaKOBa quKo anena-
IOTCH HepHOIIbI 8P0 TBOpquKOI‘O paSBHTHH, KOTOpre OOYCJ'IOBJIGHBI
onpenenennoï¬ remarnxoï¬. C 1955 no 1956 non B ueHTpe Bnnma-
HHH nucarena Guna Tema nepeBHH, Koropaa Bomna B OCHOBy upo—
HBBeneHnï¬ Uaneune HBaHa flynpOBa (1955), HeHaCTbe (1954),
ï¬g 50 gBopy (1954), Tyroï¬ yaen (1956), YXaGH (1956).
HTaK, B nepBoï¬ PnaBe eroï¬ pa6orm saï¬memca anannaom
TBOpHeCTBa anaTenH nanuoro nepnona, B KOTOpOM npocnennM
orpameune HBneHHï¬ neï¬chMTenbaocrn m nepenomneana ee B xy—
nomeCTBeHHHx 06pa3ax. Tema nepeBechoro 6mra Gyner pacemar-
DHBaTbCH B paannqnux acneKTax: counansno-exonomnqecxom,
ncnxonornquKOM n HpaBCTBeHHOM.
HponeBeneHHH TeanHKOBa 1956-1961 ronoe HynOTBopHaH,
§QI6erymnM nHeM, Hpeaquaï¬uoe orpaBHnH HOBme aKTyanBHme
TeMH, noncxasannme mnenbm H BpeMeHeM. Hpoénemm mxonbnoro
06yqenna n Bocnnranna Gynyr PnaBHHM 06BeKT0M Hccnenosanna
B0 BTOEOH rnaBe. Tema Bocnnranna Haxonnrca B cnnerennn c
anemeHTaMH pennrnosuux Beannï¬, cymnocrb n HBneHne KOTOpHX
pacxpuBamrca B ®0pMHp0BaBHH MHpOBOBSpeHHH H nnqnocrn repoa.
HponeBeneHHa nucarenfl 60-x P0n0B 06BenHHeHm 06meï¬ Te-
MOï¬ HpaBCTBeHHO-¢HHOCO®CKOPO xapaKTepa. B Tperbeï¬ PnaBe
00060 Bunenaerca 0B0e06pa3ne nannoï¬ HpOOHSMH c TquH spenna
npoaBneHna 00Becru B n0BecrH 93g, ncnxonoruqecxoï¬ HeypaBao-
Bemennocru H HpaBCTBeHHOPO Bospomneuua B Haxo Ke,n pennrn-
oano-¢Hnoco®0KHx y6emnennï¬ B Anocrongcxoï¬ RomaHnHBOBKe.
B 0BoeM TBopqeche TeanaKOB crapanca neenqu n3 mne-
HH Te KOH¢HHKTH,B KOTODHX c nanéonbmeï¬ canon paCKpHBaeTCH
npouecc CIDODMPIDOBaI-IHH OOIIqueJIOBe‘IeCKI/IX OTHOIIIeHI/Iï¬ B IICPIXOJIOI‘PIPI
v11
repoeB. HOBeneHHe repoeB, HX mmcnu H cymneHHH coanamr BHyT-
peHHmm Temy anaTenH eroro nepnona.
B quBepToï¬ rnaBe npoanannanpyeM Te crnneBme HpHeMH n
xynomecheHHO H306paanrenbnme cpencha, nocpenchOM K0T0pmx
pacxmeaerca BHyTpeHHHï¬ MKD repoeB 00 BCGMH HX cnomnocramn.
PeanHBM oécroarenBCTB H cooraocamaaoa c HHM npaBna xapaKTepa
HBnHmTCH nocneHOBaTenbnoï¬ Kouuenuneï¬ Teopqecha nmcarena.
HHH UHCbMa TeanHKOBa CBOHCTBGHHO paCKpHTHe xapaKTe-
p0B He TOHBKO 0n00060M BHyTpeHHHx M0H0n0r0B n onncaHneM ny-
meBHux nBHmeBHï¬, HO Taxme nonqepKHBaHHeM BnHHHHH 0prmammeï¬
Quenqecxoï¬ openm. B naHHOM HccneBOBaHnH He06x0nHM0 anennrb
aneM Heoxnnannoro cnyqaa H ponB neï¬sama, KOTOpHe y Tennpa—
KOBa qacro oxasmBamTca aKTHBHHMH KOMHOHeHTaMH neï¬chna B
nponssenennax H namr BoeMomnocrb nonHee pacxpmrb B qen0BeKe
TO rnaBnoe, qro onpenenaer ero Bernanm H MOTHBpreT nocryn—
KK.
Cnocoé aHanMTquCKoro nonxona K nponsBeneHHHM Tennpa-
KOBa noaBonHT oGHapyMHTB ornnqurenbnme H 0Boe06pasame qeprm
ero nureparypnoro TBOpqecha. B Baxnmanenbnoï¬ rnaBe npocne-
nHM OTSHBH COBeTCKHX H BananHHx KDHTHKOB 0 nponsBeneHnax
nHoaTenH. 3T0 nononHHT 06paa TBopqecxoro HCCflenOBaHHH TeH-
npaKOBa B 00BemeHHn 00BpemeHH0ï¬ neï¬chMTenbnocrn, OTpaBHB-
1118171082 E XYJIOJKSCTBBHHBIX 06pa3ax 81"0 HpOHC-BBGJIGHPII‘JI. ,
V111
PHABA I
Hpoénemm nepeBHn B TBOpqeche B. TenanKOBa
1. Boaneï¬chne oécroarenbcre Ha xapaxrepm repoeB
XynoxecheHHoe n remarnqecxoe onnooépaane B COBercxoï¬
nnreparype, Haqnnaa c 50-x POBOB, Bce game Hapymaerca mono—
nmmn nncarenamn, B TB0pqe0TBe K0T0pmx 06HapymnBaeTca unrepec
K paaanHuM mneHeHBuM HBHBHHHM, orpaxammnm BBemHne H BHyTpeH-
Hue npoonemm B mnsnu qen0Bexa. CB0e06pa3ue nx xynomecheHBoro
nonxona B TOM, qro MHOFHe n3 an crapawrca nnrn no HOBOMy
Henaénromy nnreparypnomy HyTM, orxnonaaob OT yxpenannxca
Tpannunï¬ B neoopameumn - "naxnpOan". B CBHBH c 3THM 00BeT0Knï¬
nnreparypoeen P. @nm yxaean Ba cnenymmee:
BonpexnruxIDBeBOBaBmeï¬ca co MHOPHX aMBOHOB "Te0pun OeCKOH-
@nnxraocrn", Hacroamne xynomnnxn He mornn cnen0BaTB en B
ceoeM rBopqeche. Bo-nemex, peanbnaa mnenb Hsoï¬nnOBana
Kon¢nnxTaMH. BO-BTOpHX, anxomy eme B noropnn nnreparypm
He ynanOCB cosnarb nonnnaao xynomecreeuuoe nponaeenenne,
B KOTOpOM He 6mno 6m ocrporo nnn crnamennoro, 6pocamme-
roca B rnaea Hnn sanparannoro K0H®hHKT&.l
HepeBHH crane PnaBHHM 06BeKT0M BaHHTepeCOBaHHOCTH unornx
2
xynoxnnxoa, cpenn KOTOpmx B. OBqunH , P. Tpoenonboxnï¬z,
4 H B. Teanï¬KOBS Banana TBOpquKOe Hccnenoeanne XH3-
E. HOpom
HeHHHX cnoxnocreï¬ Konxoanoro cena B paannqnmx acnekrax: coun-
aflbHO‘SKOHOMquCKOM, HpaBCTBBHHOM H UCHXOHOPHHSCKOM.
HpoGneMm n Konmnnxrm, Koropue no BenaBHa B nureparype
KaaanHCB HOBerHOCTHHMH H nerxo paspemMMHMH, B neï¬chHTenB-
HOCTH ropasno cnomnee n Tpeéymr or nncarena CBonODaBHHX
cpencra xynomecheHBoro naoï¬pamenna.
Hrax, B TBopqeche BnanHMHpa TeanHKOBa naTHnecarmx
ron0B Tema nepeBHH 6mna Banéonee snoéonHeBnaa n ocrpaa, ona
orpasnnBCB B ero paHan nponsBenenuax n HOTOM Hamna nponon-
Keane B HOBeCTHX "HoneHKa - BeK Koporxnï¬" (1965) n "Konqnna"
(1969). B HHX nncarenb He orpannanan CBOH sanaqu Geccrpacr-
Hum KonnpOBaHneM neï¬chnTenbaocrn, a Bropranca B caMHe Gnom-
HHS n cxpmrme aBneHHa mnsnn nepeBHH H repoeB, BHHBan npnqm-
HH Boannkammnx KOH®HHKTOB. OénapymHB HBneBne B Baponume, Ten-
npaKOB crapanca npocnennrb BeCB cnomnuï¬ H nporueopeuanï¬ nyTB
ero paaenrna H Baneqarnerb CBOH Haénmnenma B 06pasax n Kap-
THHaX.
H He npeTeHnym Ha Bcecroponnnï¬ ananns counanbnmx npo6neM
B nponaBeneHnax B. TennpaKOBa 0 Konxoanoï¬ nepeBHe. H3 Boero
prra BonpOCOB, KOTOpHe pemaer nncarenb B CBOHX oqepxax, pac-
cxaaax n HOBeCTHX, anenm HHMB Han60nee cymecheHHme nna nonu-
Manna rnaBHoro — Beaumoornomeana xapaKTepOB H 06croarenbcre.
Horne He6narononyuuoe monomeune B cenBCKOM xoaaï¬cree,
GencheHHoe cocroaane MHOPHX Konx030B n ax prmeHHnKOB Guno
CKpmro non nenenoï¬ Kasennux panopTOB o "He6mBanmx ycnexax",
- B. TennpaKOB cmeno, TqumMH n CKYHHMH crpoxamn eBonx nep-
BHX nponaBeneHHï¬ 06Hamnn peanbnym mHaHB Konxoauoro cena.
B oqepxe "Uaneane HBaHa HynpOBa" HCTOHHHKOM K0H®nHKTOB
oxaaamdcr, marepnamanbte Henoc'ra'rxn B KOJ’IXOBG, KOTOpre PYOHTBJ’IB-
HO noneï¬chOBann Ha cynbéy repoa. B paccxase "HeHacrbe" CTH-
xnï¬noe éenCTBne - nponnBHme nomnn nononbeymrca Kan cpencho
nna oénamenna xosaï¬cheHme npoéneM nepeBHn n pacxpmrna non—
XHKH ornenbamx ee repoeB. KaK B nepBOM, Tax w B0 BTOpOM npona-
Benennn 3TH curyaunn nocnymunn sasaakoï¬ ocrpo-npamarnqe0K0r0
cmxera, K0T0pmï¬ ycnomaaerca B npouecce paanTna nocpenchom
BKnmquHa B Hero npoï¬neM manannyanBHoro nopanxa.
TenepB npencraBHM cmmer oqepka "Hanenne HBaBa gynpOBa":
HBaH MapxenOBHq HynpOB — npencenarenb Konxoaa, 0BoeBna0TH0
npaBnT n0BepeHHuM emy xoaaï¬chOM. Sueprnqnmï¬ H npennpnnmanmï¬
xoaann Hemano cnenan Bnaqane nonesnoro nna Konxosa. Hpn noémqe
crponrenbuoro marepnana nnH Konxoanoro xosaï¬cha OH nner Ha
cnenxy c SaPOTOBMTeflHMH n noxynaer ero HeneranBHmM nyTeM, a
Taxme oGecneanaeT CBOH nnqnme norpeénocrn. B BTOM nene n0M0-
raer emy 6yxranrep, K0T0pmï¬ nmeer B Bnny nnqnym nonBBy H Ha-
mnBy. erosa paeoGnaquna CTaBHT qupOBa B oesBmxonuoe monome-
Hne n on 0 rcpa npenaerca nBHHCTBy.
3T0 npoueBeneHne BHSBaHO Gypnym nonemnxy B KpHTHHeCKMX
prrax: aBTOpa ynpexann B HeonpaBnaHHOM crymeann Mpaqamx xpa-
COK npn OOpHCOBKe cnryaunu B nepeBHe, a npnqnny nuquro mane-
HHH 0am npnnncmBann TOHBKO Heymenomy pyKOBonchy Hynpoaa n ero
Broncrnqecxomy, 0B0eBnacrnomy xapaxrepy.
B neï¬crenrenbnocrn n3 paccxaaa BHTGKaeT cnenywmee: neo-
6pamenne 6mra Konxoanoro cena He aBnHeTca ocnoaaoï¬ xynomecr-
BGHHOH uenbm aBTOpa, a cnymnr HHMB ®0H0M nnn oanM H3 @aKTOpOB
Bnnammnx Ha xapaKTep HOCTyHKOB repoa. Bnnmaune B. TeanHKOBa
cocpenoroqeno Ha MCTOpHH M0panbnor0 "nanenna" HynpOBa, B npo—
uecce K0T0p0ro OH crapaerca npocnennrb Te ncuxonormqecxne n0-
Oymnenna, KOTOpHe anBenn repoa K mnsnennoï¬ Karacrp0®e.
BBnmaTenbaoe Haénmnenne nncarena 3a BOBeneHMeM repoa n03—
Bonnno BHHBHTB npOTHBOpeanocrb xapaxrepa HynpOBa, KOTOpmï¬
pacxmeaeTCB TeanaKOBmM HGTOpOUflHBO, nocnen0BaTenBH0, HO y6e-
nnrenbno npaBnnBo n pro. Henaune HynpOBa cnymwTB nwnam, M B
T0 me BpeMH n0p0qucrb MGTOHOB cnyxenna: Bce 3T0 BMeCTe BSHTOS,
oéaapymMBaeT B ero 06pa3e npoaBneHne orpnuarenbamx Tennenunï¬.
Eng npnmepa npuBeneM ero BmoxaamBaHMa:
ynaanBee mean Bpan nu Gynemb! Hoxa qero BOGBecha, COflb
Ha onuHe Bmcrynnr. 6
Onaaxo, TeanHKOB HMBHHO anenaer, HTO BHemnne oï¬croa—
TenBoTBa GKOHOMHHGCKOPO nOpana napannsywr nearenbnocrb gyn-
p0Ba n CTaBHT ero B nonHym saBHCHNOCTb or paï¬onamx H 06nacr-
me Bnacreï¬. Hna pemeHnH 3THX pruuocreï¬ OH Bcrynaer Ha HyTb
"Heneranbmnnm" M cnenox, m BOT Tyr KpOGTCH eme onna onacnocrb
- HaBHK n caMoyBepeHHOCTb B CBonx "cnocoonocrax", ®0pMMp0Ba-
Hue qenOBeKa ocoï¬oro cxnana, "HapbKa".
Tax nemeï¬ "ycnex" naer emy Hpaeo Bnnerb B ce6e HBBOpOT—
nnBoro "npnoï¬perarena", camoyBepeHHO nonqepKHBammero cnoe "H":
UDHOaBHHOCB B Hem "a pemy", na "H cnenaw".
Konxoa - 3T0 H!
CnepBa prnno ornennrb 0965 or Konxoaa, a n0T0M - 0B0e
or Konxoauoro (T. I, crp. 15).
O n00T0BepH00Tn nonOCBoï¬ cnryaunn B COBeTCKOM Gary POBO-
pnr B CBoeï¬ Knure T. Hyrynoa:
H0 yCTaHOBHBmeHCH Tpannunn, HaqaflbHHK npexne Boero sa-
Hnmanca Opraunaauneï¬ caMOCHaomeHnH. OH 6pan Bce n3 Kon-
xosumx cxnan0B n ®epM, onOBHO n3 CBOHX COOCTBGHHHX aM-
6ap0B.7
3TH CHOBa, cmeno Bucxaaaname aBT0p0M Ba Banane 0 00BeTcxoï¬
neHCTBHTeanOCTH, cn0BH0 Bunyrm as nponsBeneHna TennpaKOBa 0
npnqnaax BOSHHKHOBBHHH Tparnqecxoro B nepeBechoï¬'mnenu.
Henocpen0TBeHHo B ouncanua Konxoeuux Gynneï¬ BCTaBneHm
TeanpaKOBmM 0Tnenbnme qepTqun n neTann, KOTOpHe namT noqu—
0TB0BaTB Heacaym eme nna repoa, Haanrammymca Ben36emnyw
npamy.
AKCHHBH - POCTB y Hac.
H OH enaanenBBO n0Ben ODOBHMH B CTOpOHy onnHOKO CTOHB-
mero Ha TpOUHHKe ryca. AKCHHBH nonnmamme nonxana ryém
(T. I, CTp. 10).
Cmmcn n0BeneHnH AKCHHBH B TOM, HTO ryCB BenB 06me0TBeH—
Hoe n00Toanne n npencenaTenB He nmeeT npaBa noxymaTBca Ha Be-
ro. 3TB HeeuaanenBBaa neTanB nononbeyeTca aBTOpOM nna paaBu—
Tna cmmeTa H BaOCTpeHHH cuTyaunM. TOHBKO c Kaxan HOBHM 006m-
THeM, npen0TaBneHHMM TeanaKOBmM, oénapymnBaeTca Hanpamennaa
aTM0c¢epa nponeaenenna. H Torna Gonbmym ammonOByw Harpyexy
npnoï¬peraeT ennaon - paar0B0p HynpOBa c nanHnueï¬. flocne BToro
nncaTenB eme nBamnm ynomnaaeT 06 ennsone c ryceM, nonqepKnBaa,
BTo npencenaTenB yéexnen, HTO OH anomy He nonorquen B ceonx
neï¬chnax.
mar 3a maPOM pncyeT nncarenb HanBurammymca onaBHoeTBinnn
HBaHa HynpOBa, noxaamBaa numb y3n0Bme, eTanHme MOMBHTH ero
neHTeJIbHOCTPI Id aKTHBHOCTPI, TGM caManx SECTaBJIHeT ‘IHTaTeJIH CO-
cpenoroanBca Ha rnaBHOM, pemammem B cynboe repoa. Ha cnoao
Henbsa BepHTb HynpOBy, BTo OH CTapaeTca He "nna ce6a". C Kakoï¬
TpeBoroï¬ n HenOBepHeM CMOTDHT Konxoeunkn Ha npenanannBOCTB
npencenarena n Ha coépannn 6pocamT emy capxacrnquKym pennnxy:
Jlmmca CTapaemBofl Mapxemaiq! Tax CTapaecha, qro penxo Tpea-
BHM yBHnnt Hmuqe! (T. I, 0Tp. 22).
B pacexase qacro nonqepKHBaeTca caM0n0B0nBCTBne repoa.
Emy HOHpaBHHaCb armocmepa 6e0K0HTp0nBB0r0, "Be crecnennoro"
noéuBaHna - "Tm MHe, a T858", nocroaunme anMan "3a.3HaKOMCTBO",
"3a ycnex". Toqno Ba®nxcnp0BaBHme 060ToaTenB0TBa nosBonnnn
nncaTenm npOHMKHYTb B xapaxTep repoa n BCKmeb OTTeHKH ero
anHBMnyanbnoï¬ ncnxnxn. Hpemnaa HECTHOCTB n 3a60TnHB00TB ome—
HHHHCB Bmcoxomepnem n BPOMCTBQBOCTBB, noeTomy Kaxnmï¬ HOBmï¬ mar
ero "neHTenbaoï¬ mnsnn" osaaqaer oqepennym CTeneHB HpaBCTBeHHOPO
06Hnmanna H nanenna repoa.
3T0T MOMeHT nononbayer 6yxranTep, K0T0puï¬ maBTamnpyeT
npencenaTenH:
meOKmï¬ Tm qenoeex, HBaH MapxenOBnq. Onnomy r0T0B my6y
n3 COTeHHHX MHTB, a npyromy - xycox 6pocnt, H To c
OPOBOpKaMH (T. I, 0Tp. 36).
Hocne eroro HynpOB n caM ocoanan, HTO BanyTanca oxonanenbno.
CTapaHCb Barnymnrb 0B0e rope H XOTb Ha BpeMï¬ yï¬TH OT rpoanoï¬
nna Hero neï¬CTBHTeHbHOCTH, OH nBeT H Bce Gonbme onycxaerca,
He Tonbxo KaK pyKOBOnHTeHb, HO n xax qen0BeK B006me.
OCTpOTa KOH®HHKTa B "Haneunn HBaHa qupOBa" HanpaBneHa
He Ha pasoGnaquHe npencenaTena nepen Baxonom, a Ha n306pamenne
ero mopanbnoro naneana. KynBMHHauneï¬ B nponaBeneHHM HBnaeTca
npomanbaaï¬ CHSHa repoa CO CTaprM HDYPOM BSCCOHOBblMt
BOT aneï¬, HHKHTa. aneï¬ 3a momma hymn CBOGPO npyra,
npencenaTenH Konxoaa HBaHa HynpOBa.
Bm-n—neï¬! (T. I, 0Tp. 57).
Tema nepeBHn 0 ea 00Tp0-KOB®HMKTHBMM CHTyauMHMH pacxpm-
BaeTca npn nomomn onncarenbnoro MBOCyBBeHnH, a Taame nocpen-
CTBOM ornenbnmx BETaHeH. Ho-Hnomy aBrop pwcyeT 06pa3 repoa,
xapaKTep KOTOpOFO pacxmeaeTca B ero noaeneanu w Beaumoorao—
meHwa C HDYFHMH nwnbmw. Eme onHMM n3 CHOCOOOB xyflOHeCTBeH-
HOFO n306pamenua OKaBMBaeTCfl OT-aBTOpCKafl pegb, Bmpameanaa
B pacexase "HaneHMe HBaHa HynpOBa" BOUpOcaMH—paBMHmfleHHHMH:
"A MOKBT HpaB HyUBOB?" Benb BaKOHBmM n0pHnK0M HHHBTO He no-
flyHHMB. "Hoqemy {prOB He MOKBT pasnoCBTB ByBHme maTepnanm
nna Konxosa HOpMaflbHMM nyTeM, Cea BCHKHX "nocraBan"?"
"Hoqemy Ha ero HyTH BosnwkaeT cronbxo GmpoapaaneCKnx npe-
HHTCTBME?"
Ha 3TH BOHpOCH aBTOp He naeT UpHMHX 0TBeT0B, OHM TonBKo
npenyranBBamTca B onncannnx Tex mnaaenumx 060T0HTenBCTB, B
K0T0pmx KHBBT M pa60TaeT repoï¬. COBeTCKnï¬ nucaTenB n nMTepa—
TypOBen B. flynnnueB CTapaeTca OTBETHTB Ba 3TH BOHpOCM, yxa-
smBaH, HTO:
Cryénn HynpOBa paemax ero TB0pqecxux BaMNCHOB, nna
ocymeCTBneHnH KOTopmx paBuonymHme pyKOBonMTenu pan-
onnmx Opranneaunï¬ He mornn HpSflOCTaBHTb maTepnanBme
BOBMOMHOCTeï¬.8
B CBHBH c 3THM COBeTCKHe Kpurnxu ynpexann TeanHKOBa B Beac-
HOCTH GPO I'IOBI/ILLI/Il/I B HBOGDELKGHI/lI/I M BbIBOKaX, HOKBSbIBaH, HTO
nanaH KaTaCTpoma repoa HBnHeTca ero COGCTBennoï¬ BHHOH. H3
ananaaa naHHoï¬ npoénemm B CBeTe aBTOpCKOPO npencraBneBma
BmTeKaeT cnenywmee eaxnmqenne: "naneHne" repoa - 3T0 He
TonBKo ero BHHa.
B pa3BHTHH neï¬chna paccxaaa nnTepec TennpaKOBa sameTno
nepememanca 0T n306pameana maTepnanBme yen0Bnï¬ mnann Konxos—
HOPO cena, K 0Tpamennm npoéneM HpaB0TBenH0-ncnxonornqecxor0
xapaxTepa. Upemne Bcero nncaTena nHTepecyeT npouecc neaTenB-
HOCTH repoa, B KOTOpOM OH BHHBflHeT CBOH BHyTpeHHHe npOTnBo—
pequa H nameneuna, a pesynBTaT HBHHSTCH BaKOHOMepHHM CHERCTBH-
eM, BHTeKammHM us xona co6uTnï¬.
CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, qTo chmeaa 0TpnuaTenBH0e B oxpymam—
meï¬ neï¬chnTenBHOCTn n xapaxTepax repoeB, TeanaKOB n36era—
eT aKueHTHpOBaHHH TOHbKO TeHeBHX CTOpOH mnean, a Bapany 0 0T—
pHuaTeanHMH HBHGHHHMH nsoopamamTca n nonomnTenBBme CT0p0Hm
BaTypm BenOBeKa.
Cnoco6 BnneTeHMa nonomnTenbuoro npu OOpHCOBKe xapaKTepa
repoa sacnyanaeT Bnnmaana. UncaTenB nenaeT mTpnx B npomnoe,
QTOOH nonqepKHyTB Hannqne HpKHX qenoeeqecxnx Kaqech B Hynpo-
Be, KOTOpHe HOCTeHeHHO naMeHannob non BHHHHHeM BHeman oï¬croa-
Tenbcre. BHaqane repoï¬ He sameqaeT 3THX Tpch¢0pmaunï¬, nponc-
xonannx B HeM caMOM. Tonbxo B MOMeHT nymeenoro Kpnanca MN
BHnHM npoonecxn nonomnrenbnoro, Korna OH HaqunaeT COBHaBaTb
ymepo CBOBPO 06pa3a mnaan n HOCTynKOB.
Taxne MOMBHTm nncaTenB chmeaeT npn nomomn npnponm, n0-
Morammeï¬ OTpaBHTb nymeBHue cnenrn, npodymneane qenOBeqecxoro
HYBCTBa:
Hanexo, nanexo eme Becna. EHTB H MeTeHHM, 6mTB a Tpec-
qunM M0p03aM. H0 Taxon sanax - aanax Becnm. 3T0 y
0TB0na pHOHHH nononpen caemox, pasmoqnn KOpy, n K0pa
POpbKOBaTO naxueT...9
C0Be0TB TpeBOKHT ero n B mononore pacxmeaeTca muons repoaz
KaK OHHCTHTB CBOH? BHMHTB HYMY, COCKOOHHTB 0 Bee Fpï¬sb,
QTOOH MOMHO Guno xonnTB n0 Konxoay, Bax paHBme xonnn,
6e3 0Tpaxa H 0Tmna rnaneTB B rnaea nmnHM (T. I, 0Tp.58).
Haanym Temy nepeBHn B "Hanennn HBaHa HynpOBa" TennpaKOB
npononmaeT, paanBaeT n nononHHeT B 0BoeM cnenymmeM paccxase
"HeHaCTBe", HOHBHBmeMCH B "H0B0M MHpe" 3a 1954 Fox. B OCHOBy
eToro paccxasa BsaTo 0Tuxnï¬noe 6en0TBHe, CBHBaHHoe c nponnB-
HHMH nonnamn. Ha ®0He 3THX cypOBmx npnponnmx HBHBHHH TeanH-
KOB oceeTnn npoonemm Konxoenoro XOSHHCTBa H ero mnTeneï¬, HBH
cynBGa oxasanaCB B nonaoï¬ saBHCHMOCTH OT Heoanaoro, TmecnaB—
Horo OereTapH napTHï¬uoï¬ Opranusaunn Hnna CTenaHOBnqa Pnyxape-
Ba.
CmmeT paccxaaa paanBaeTca Tax: B pasrap Becennero ceBa
BaqaCTnnHCB nomnn, KOTOpHe Banana nona, npeBpamaH HX B osepa.
CereTapB naann, PnyxapeB - BomnB paï¬onnoro macmTaoa, HeCMOT-
pa Ba HeHaCTHym norony, HaCTaHBaH npononmaTB ceB, HTO oaaaqa-
no: 6eccmucneHH0 TpaTHTb ceMeHa, nmncxoï¬ prn. Hpencenarenb
Konxosa MaanHH nuTanca 06pa3yMHTB ero n0BonaMH anpaBoro
cmucna, HO PnyxapeB noonnca 0B0er0 - ceB B paï¬one aakouqen.
Onnaxo eTa "noGena" n0por0 ooomnaCB nmnHM, ona paBHanaCB "T0-
memy" prnonnm Konxosnnxa. Paccxaa BaKquHBaeTca noeanxoï¬
PnyxapeBa B o6na0TB c 0quT0M,H aBTOp OCTaBnfleT repoa B nyTn,
B crpaxe Id DBBIIYMBHX.
10
C caMOPO Banana HOBeCTBOBaHHH B paccxaae nncaTenB yme-
no BaprpyeT OOBOBHOn maTepnan: TO rposnme chyaunn cnymaT
anmymeï¬ canon cmmeTa, To OHM aBnancn npnqnnon npamaanecKnx
cyneo repoeB HHH npOOTO OKaSHBamTCH Tonom:
H BOT Ha neBaTmn neBB ceBa, B camuï¬ erO pasrap, ynapnna
nepBan rpoaa. Tamenmï¬ nnOTnuï¬ nHBeBB npononmancn qacOB
mecTB. Ha Bcnaxannmx nonnx Bemnn npeBpaTnnaOB B rpnsb,
B nnmx mecTax no namne pasnnnncb HaOTonmne rnnnucro-myT-
Hue osepa. C eTorO nan n nomno — rposa 3a rposoï¬, nu-
BeHB 3a HHBHGM...10 .
SnecB KaanBa OTnxnï¬Bmx OenCTBnï¬ Be npocTO @OH, OH& ony-
an BaBHBKOn npamaTqucknx chyaunï¬ B Konxoenoï¬ mnsnn, a Taxme
OpenCTBOM pacxmena ncnxnxn ee repoeB. flanbneï¬mnn xon OOOHTnï¬
noxaamBaeT, qTO prnHOCTn maTepnanBHOPO nonomeann KonXOBHnKOB
oxasanncb He TOHBKO cnencTBneM OTnxnnumx Gen, a caMOnychBa
pyKOBonnTeneï¬.
B pachase "HenacTBe" HOQTH TOT me qynpOBcKnn xapaxTep,
ToanO HeoépamaeTcn B nHOï¬ c®epe. C TDGOOBaHHHMH PnyxapeBa
ceaTB B rpaab He MOPnH cornacMTBca Te, KTO Gun ï¬nnme K peanb—
HOH mnaun Konxoea. H TyT nncaTenB OOpaTnnca K cnomHuM mne-
HGHHHM BonpocaM, Kacammnmcn ycnOBnï¬ 3aBHCHMOCTH qenOBeKa, n
pacxpmn Boannxammne KOH¢HHKTH Ha BTOï¬ noqae. OH noxaaan, Kax
0Tonknynncb B HepaBHOï¬ 60p56e nBa pyKOBonMTena: npmï¬ npeBep-
xeneu HeyKnOHHorO anonHeHna "cnymeHme" OBepxy nnaHOB, cen-
peTapB paï¬xoma PnyxapeB n npencenaTenB Konxoaa MaanuH, 6e0—
noxoamnï¬ca o nonoxennn Konxosanxa. MaannH OTapanoa yGennTB
PI 1103283835:
H Ha Boï¬ne yMHmM reaepanaM npnxonnTca Bpemenno OTOTy-
naTB. y Hac npaxa c npnponoï¬, noqemy 6n n HaM He OT-
11
CTyHMTb BpeMeHHO, HTOO nOTOM ynymennoe HaBepCTaTb (0Tp.
68).
3TH cnOBa PnyxapeB npunumaer sa namepenne BpennTB, Ha-
npasnennoe ea cme nnaBa. PnyxapeB pa60nennmï¬ ncnoanTenB nm-
Goï¬ nupeKTMBm csepxy H OH Tpe6yeT Toro me OT Tex, Romy cam
naeT yKasaBHH. Hpnxas, ecnn OH nae CBepxy, o6nanaeT, no ero
MHeHnm, 6onee MOquen cnnoï¬, qu cnnm npnponm n nmneï¬â€”ncnonnn—
Teneï¬. HOSTOMy Pnyxapes nenaeT Bce, HTOOH 6necHyTB nepen Ha-
qanBCTBOM paHOpTaMH O anonneunn nnana, name Ha 6ymare.
Hponsson PnyxapeBa nOBen no HHmBTH xosaï¬cTBo n 6enCTBeB-
HOPO cocroanna KonxoanKOB:
...npnxonMTca ypesmBaTB prnonenb Konxosnnxy, Konxosnnx
HaqnnaeT nornanmsaTB Ha CTOpOHy: Henbsa nu yanHyTB us
Konxosa? Ypoxan Ba nonnx CTaHOBHTCH see same H Hume,
rne ym TyT rocynapCTBeHHaH erona... (0Tp. 82).
He ynanTenBHO, HTO nonmeqeanmï¬ B paccxase Konxosamï¬ prn
OTan BparOM paOOTHHKa, a pa6OTHnK - BparOM prna: "... prn
cran nonnnBHmM npOKnHTHeM nmneï¬", - 3T0 ocrpo nonqepKnBaeT B
csoeï¬ Knnre T. HyryHOB.
Amepnkanckne counonoru C. mBapu, H. DrOB H npyrne O6Bac-
HamT npnqnnm neqanbnoro COCTOHHHH nepeBHu B HeOUHTHOCTH ee py-
KosonnTeneï¬, KOTOpHe csoeï¬ nonnruxoï¬ n ornomeuneM x nmnaM sm-
smsann @epmeHT cpenn KOHXOSHHKOB:
... kolhoz administration staff were composed chiefly
of persons alien tO rural life and without knowledge Of
local conditions or Of the people among whom they had
to work.1l
HOCTeHeHHO pasO6naqaa anOBamuse—6wpoxparuqeckym HaTypy
PnyxapeBa, TeanHKOB, c npncymnM nnn ero nponssenennï¬ naKOHHB-
MOM: naeT OTIIeJIbeIe CKyane csenennn H3 I'IpemlleCTBYIOIIIBFI )KPIBHH
repos, 0 uenbm yBMneTB sno B saponume. HTaK, B ycnosnax Kynb-
Ta nnquocrn, npn OTOpBaHHOH OT mnsnn 6mpoxparnqecxoï¬ CHCTeMe
XOEHHCTBa, Ha HOBerHOCTb annmn Tnn HGOHHTHOFO HCHOHHHTBHBHO-
r0 pyKOBonnTenH. Tennpnkos noxasan, Kan HOCTOHHHaH 60nsHB sa
csoe MeCTO npeBpaTnna PnyxapeBa B "BHHTHK" 06mero mexannsma,
6esnyMHO anonnnmmero nnaHu n npncsansammero ceCe npaBo npe-
BpamaTB B mnsnb rocynachBeHHme yxasaunn.
B KOHue paccxasa repoï¬ OCTaBmHCB onnHOKnM nmeT'Bmxona:
"BOSMOMHO Be noxnnancb, HOKa cunmyT, camomy OTHpOCHTbCH?" Ho
HpHSHaTbCH B csonx npecrynnmx 0mn6xax nosnno, n emy memaeT
prcocTB, a cosecTB Tax n He BaPOBOpHfla B HeM no KOHua.
PnaBHmï¬ HaTHCK B STOH Teme 6mn cnenaH Ba nsoGpameHne OT—
pnnaTenBan nsnennï¬, Ha chpmrne npnqnn, cosnammnx KOH®HHKTM
n nepepacrammmx B mnsHeHHym Tparenum repoeB. ABTOp Be orpann—
anaeT B neï¬crsnu csonx repoeB, KOTOpme CBOHMM HOCTYHKaMH
pacxpmsamr caMB ce6n. A c npyroï¬ CTOpOHm, TennpaKOB MeTKHMH
neTanHMH O6pncOBmBaeT MCTMHHyB HaTypy repon, B xapaKTepe KOTO-
poro paannMcB n yKOpeHHHHCb onpenenennme OTpuuaTenBHme qeme.
HTaK, B KpaTKOM naccame O pranBOï¬ 6epese, ynasmeï¬ BO
BpBMH rposm, pacxmeaeTca BByTpeHHaa CTOpOHa xapaKTepa repOH:
...Be moana c6nna ee, Her, He CTHXHH BnHOBaTa.
Cepennnka c PHHHBHOH y sToï¬ 6epesm...
Hpn nepBOM HecqacTBe csannnacs (0Tp. 85).
STOT 06pas 6epesm BCKDHBaeT HyTpO repoa, npama KOTOpOPO HBna-
eTcn ero co6cTBeHBOï¬ BHHOH. OOpaTHM Bnnmanne Ha upnqnnm BHyT-
peHHerO xapaKTepa, KOTOpue npnBenn repoa x KaTachooe.
BronsM n HeCTOHmOHe Gunn anxymeï¬ cnnoï¬ B xapaKTepe Pny-
N .
13
xapeBa. Ecnn B Hanane ero "meocTBa" Han KonxosaMM OH Ks—sa
OTpaxa npeBpaman KaKnoe cnOBo nanasa B KcnonHeHMe, TO B
KOHne, qecroanne H manna Bnacrn CTaHOBHTCH nOMMHaHTOï¬ B ero
xapaKTepe. B npouecce ero neHTenBHOOTK Ha6nmnaerca nOCTeneH—
Hoe 06Hnmanne qenOBeqecKoï¬ nymn, pachaTa 06meqenoseqecKnx
mopanBme nennocreï¬ BO MMH KapBepusma.
Ha, OH 6mn B0 BnaCTH npyrnx, HO nOTOM emy CTana nmnonn-
pOBaTB BnacTB Han npyrnMH m BOT TaKan MGTaMOp®OBa npKBena K
neqanbnomy saKnmquMw PnyxapeBa. H B sTn KpnaneCKne momenrm
CHHTHH ero c paOOTH, TeanHKOB OOTaBnaeT repoa Bosne 6epesm.
Taxoï¬ Koneu ï¬es HpHPOBOpa B BeKOTOpoï¬ crenenn onpenenaeT He—
BMCKaBaHHOB OTHOmeHHe nncaTenH K repow, KOTOpmï¬ Bmecro nonc-
Bennn BBonnT numb snaqnmyw neTanB.
PaccmannBaa pasnnqume xynOKeCTBeHHme KOMUOHGHTH npons-
Benennï¬, COBOKyHHOCTb KOTOpHX naeT OCHOBaHHe FOBOpHTb O Tpa-
rnqecKOM sByannM TOH nnM KHOï¬ curyannn, cnenyeT HMeTB B Bnny
anKeHKe KOHQnHKTa BO Bpemenn. Ha OCHOBaHMM nccnenOBaBme
nponsseneunï¬ cnenyeT Bmson, HTO aBTOp BmcrynaeT B an He B
ponn yanenH, a passenuna n npOBOanKa, Benymero csonx repo—
eB TeM prnamm KnsHeHHMM nyTeM co BceMK ero UpeHHTCTBHHMM,
KOTOpmï¬ OTKpMBaeT cospemeuuan neï¬cTBnTenBHOCTB.
2. Pepon-npncnocoGneHuu
B npOKsBeneHKHx TeanHKOBa Ha Temy nepeBeHCKorO OHTa pn-
nOM c nso6paKeHKeM OOTpo-npamarnqecxnx chyanHï¬ B xnsnn cena,
14
aBTOp BBOnuT Temy npousBOncTBeHHOPO yKnana u O6meqenoseqec-
Kux oraomeuuu. B sTOu TeMe OH yrny6naeT ncuxonoruqecKuu ana-
nus npOTuBOpequu u KOH®HHKTOB meKny reponMu pasnuqumx conu-
anbumx cnoeB. HpoussonCTBeHHaa neHTenBKOOTB repon HBnHeTcn
Tou naKmyCOBOu 6ymaKKOu, KOTOpaH cnoco6cTByeT anBuTB ero
HpchTBeHHmu O6nuK. He Bcerna y repoeB npouseeneuuu Teunpn-
KOBa BCTpeqaeTca npamoe coornomeuue nponssonCTBeHme ycnexOB
c ux BHCOKHMH MOpaflbHHMH KaqecTBamu:
POBOpa o npoussenenuax HenaBBux neT o HOBaTOan npous-
BOncTBa u prna, rne y repoeB OKnantanKCB numb neno-
Bme CBHSH no pa60Te. B aux KOH¢HHKTH 0TpaKanu He 6OpB—
6y xapaKTepOB, a Ty unu uuym Tquy speuua Ba npousBOn—
CTBeBHmu npouecc.l2
B. TeunanOBa npeKne Bcero BOHHyeT Bonpoc o Bnunuuu cno—
Kusmuxcn couuanbuo-sKouomuquKux ycnOBuu OOBeTCKOu neKCTBu-
TenBHOCTu Ha xapaKTepm u cynB6m repoeB. Emy ynaeTcn coquaTB
B OBoux npousBeneHuax Toquuu auanus BHemHHX ycnOBuu nusuu c
npuCTanBHuM BaumauueM K qenOBeKy, K ero BHyTpeBHuM neuuoc-
THM:
KeM 6m HH 6mn repoï¬ COBpeMEHHOPO nuTepaTypuoro npous-
Benenun no sBaHum, npooeccuu, MM pOBHO BocnpuuumaeM
ero no ornomeuum K Kusuu, K nmnaM, K neny; cynuM O
HeM no ero nocrynKaM u neKCTBuHM, B KOTOpHX u Bunsnn-
cha qeprm xapaKTepa.15
HucaTenB, ynOBuB uHTepeCHuu xapaKTep B paMKax nonHHTOu
UpOOHeMH, npocneKuBaeT ero naane. 3T0 qaCTO BeneT K usmeue—
Hum cheTa, BOBnequum B ero Op6uTy uenoro pana COGHTHK,
BHemBe He umemmux npnmoro OTHomeHun K nepBOHaqanbnomy KOH-
@nuKTy. HacTO B 6uTy xapaKTep qenOBeKa BnuHeT Ba cosnanue
Kou¢nuKTOB u npamaTuquKux cuTyanuu, HO Ha6nmnaeTca O6paTHoe
H.
U‘
‘.
‘ n
15
aBneHue, rne ycnOBuH Kusau u npoussonCTBeHBan neHTenBHOOTB
HBanTca rnaBHOu npuqunou Tparenuu qenOBeKa. MueHBO, Bsaumo-
eBasB sTux pasHOBunuocTeu u KOH®nuKTOB ucnonBsOBan B. Teunpa-
KOB B OBoux npousBeneHuHx "Tyrou ysen" (1956) u "YXa6m"
(1956).
B neHTpe nOBecTu "Tyrou ysen" (B KypHanBHOM BapuaHTe oua
HaSMBaHaCb "Came OTHpaBnHeTCH B nyTB") HaBen MchypOB, saBe-
nymmuu OTnenOM nponaraunm, a BnocnencTBuu cereTapB pauKOMa
napTuu. 3T0 qenOBeK, Bunntmuu KaK pas Ha BonHe nocnenHerO
Bpemeuu 50-x ronOB, BOprr KOTOporO pasBuBaeTcn neucTBue.
BDGMH cnoco6cTBOBanO MaucypOBy B ocymecTBneHuu erO nnaHOB
OTaTB paï¬OHHmM napTuuHmM pyKosonuTeneM: yMep ero npenmeCTBeH-
HHK Komenes, npu Kusnu KOTOporO MchypOB co6upan maTepuanm O
HenOCTaTKax ero pa6OTu. CnyqaunocTB u npennpuumqusocTB anecnu
MaucypOBa Ha HOBerHOCTb. Bynyqu BO rnaBe pauona, OH Bsan
BnaCTB B csou pyKu u Tenepb x0Ten 6necHyTB nepen OOflaCTHHM
HaqanBCTBOM. EPO "ycnex" OTpaKanu TonBKO OBOnKu O anonneuuu
nnaHOB, HO neucrsurenbuocTB 6mna uHaa. OnHaKO, OBou Heynaqu
ynaBanocB MchypOBy csanuBaTB Ha npyrux, a nocpencTBOM yrpos
on nOBen no ru6enu npencenaTena Konxosa Mypruna.
O6uqHO B npenmnymnx npousBeneHunx TeanaKOB uso6paman
onus unu HecKonBKO snusonOB nepeBeHCKou Kusuu. B "TerM ysne"
nucaTenB nomen no nyTu usyqeaun uenoro KOMnneKca npo6neM mus-
Hu nepeBHu, rnaBHmM O6pasOM npo6neM ee pyKosonuTeneu. TaK
B rnaBHOM repoe aBTOp nOKasan Be KapBepucra, KOTOpuu npuxonuT
K DYKOBOIICTBY, a poxcneuue npucnoco6neHua-Kapbepuc'ra M3 H8110-
l6
BeKa, OTpeMuBmeroca Buaqane pa6OTaTB c nmnbmu u nna Hux.
O6paTuM Buumauue Ha Komnosuuum nOBecTu, KOTopaa HeceT
pasnuqnym cmmcnosym HarpysKy. B KaKnou us Tpex qacTeu npous-
Beneuua xapaKTep MancypOBa pacKmeaeTcn B csoux HOBux rpannx,
B HOBHX ornomeuuax c O6cTonTenBCTBamu. B nepBou qacTu 3T0 qe-
nOBeK, Henosonbumu HpHMHpeHHeCTBOM, OH CTpeMHTCH K neHTenB-
HOCTu; BO BTOpOu — MchypOB pyKOBOnuTenB pauoua, B TpeTBeu -
ero BpchTBeunoe naneuue.
XapaKTep MchypOBa nan B cnOKme npoasneuunx. BnecB cne-
nyeT O6paTuTB Bauuauue Ha csoeo6pasue aBTOpcKOu xapaKTepucTu-
Ku repoa, KOTOpaH nepenKO paCKmeaeTcn uM camuM:
HO cux nOp OH numb TpesBo nonmeqan - TaM nnoxo, 3T0
Hex0pomo, nonmeqan u He OTBOpatuancn c pasuonymueM.14
OH sapauee npurOTaBnuBan ce6e anBy, BaHHTb MeCTO napTuuuorO
pyKosonuTenn pauona, npOTuB KOTOporO BosBuKnO neno — "qepnaa
nanKa". BaueTuM, HTO nucaTenB ucnonBsOBan snecB 0B0eo6pasumu
npueM onuueTBOpeHuH neonymeBneHme npenMeTOB, B xone pasBu-
THH nOBecTBOBaBuH npeo6peTammux ponB "neucTBymmux nun". TaK,
"qepuaa nanKa" nonanaeT B O6KOM u npeBpamaeTcH B neucTBymmee
nuno, KOTOpoe pa6OTaeT Ha HaBna MaucypOBa u B Kouue smnocur
ero Ha "Bepmuay": "... He nononequmï¬ Homenesa, caM ce6e xo-
snua u npyruM ronOBa".
Hepsuï¬ mar ero "xosaucKOu" neaTenbuocTu, sTO npueM B
pauou CKOTa 6es yqua BosMomuocTu conepKaTB erO, cpasy me
OKasanca onpOMeTtuHM. HucaTenB nonBonuT quTaTenH K mucnu:
rnaBuoe, HTO onpenenHeT nuquocTB repoa - He aKTuBHOCTB, Bonn,
a To, qeuy OH cnyKuT: "Her cun uM nonquHuTBca, BHSBaTb pasc-
17
qapOBaHue BeBOBMOKHO!"
TennpaKOB CTapaeTCH npocnenuTB cnOKHmu ncuxonoruquKuu
KOH®HHKT repoeB, pasMOTaTB "Tyrou ysen" nmncKux BsauMOOTuome-
nun, uamm TunuquKoe u B ero sapomneuuu, K B pasBuTuu, u B
ero pesynBTaTe. UOKasmBaa onHy sa npyrou cepsesume Beynaqu B
Kusuu u pa6OTe MchypOBa, TeannKOB pucyeT ux He KaK nenb cny-
qauuocTeu, a KaK BHyTpeHme ueus6eKH0cTB, onpenenaemym qepTamu
xapaKTepa qenOBeKa, OTuomeHueM ero K csoeMy neny.
CamoysepeusocTB, npeue6pemeuue peanBHOOTBm HaqunaeT MOTuTB
u mchypOBcKuu nnau HOCTeHeHHO pymuTca. HO cux nOp CKpuTmu
sneueHT HananeHHOOTu HOCTeHeHHO BuxonuT HapyKy, Kamnoe Hosoe
co6mTue B Kusuu repoeB ycunuBaeT ero CTeneHb. Korna HaquHa-
eTcn naneK CKOTa, aTmocoepa CTaHOBHTCH Kpauue Hanpameuuou:
MancypOB mequca u HaqunaeT BumemaTB Heynaqy Ba nmnax. OH 06-
BHHHeT npencenaTena Konxosa @enocun Mypruua sa xanaTnoe OTHO-
meuue u HenOCMOTp CKOTa B csoeM xosaucTBe, rposuT euy CHHTHeM
c pa60Tu u KCKnmquueM us napTuu:
HpOCTuTB, no rOnOBKe nornanuTB? HTOO npyrue Hepanusme
rnnnenu Ba 3T0 u panOBanucB - Huqero, M0n, B pauKome
no6peHBKue cunHT, Bce cnumyT. He-eT, samumaTB TeCH He
6yny! Byny HaCTauBaTB, HTOO cuanu c npencenaTeneu!
Ha KaK Te6e He OTmnHO, TOBapum Mypruu ornHHuCB - npu—
men MHnOCTu BunpamuBaTB (T. I, OTp. 288).
MypruH He anepxan Besacnymeuuoro 06BuHeHua u yrposu - HayTpO
on nOBecuncn. Hcherna yxona us Ka6uHeTa cereTapa, OH O6po—
Hun KapTys. 3a6meu KapTys - "BemecTBeuuoe nOKasaTenBcTBO",
KOTOpoe HaqunaeT TpeBOKuTB Bequcrym cosecTB MaucypOBa.
KapTys nocne cuepTu Bnaneana npeBpamaeTca B csoeo6pasumu
nepcouaxc 1108801314, E PDOSHOFO OOJIH‘IHTGJIH. Hpoxonamaa CKBOSB
18
ch nOBecTB xynOKecTBeHHo—ncuxonoruqecKan neTanB BmsmsaeT
nenmï¬ KOMnneKc qucTB u TpeBory, u OnHuM csouM BunOM paspy—
maeT Bow cucTemy O6OpOHm KapBepucTa.
OCTaBneHHmu KapTys Mypruua, HaBen cnpaTan B ceuo, HO u
OTTyna KapTys rpmser coseCTB MaucypOBa: "MOKeT, nerqe 6m
npusHaTBcH... OTCTynaTB noanO!" UaBen 6pocaeT KapTys B
Heï¬-TO orOpon: "HeKu snecb, Heno6pan HaMHTb, nOKa He cruuemb
OT nomneu". H yKe OBHTmu o paCOTm, HpHHaCb noma OT nmneï¬, OH
CHOBa sameTun Ha onHOM us maanuKOB sHaKommu KapTys. MchypOB
He Conncn, qTO KapTys onosHamT u BaFOBOpHT O BuHOBHuKe ru6enu
Mypruua, a 6onbme Bcero OH GOOHOKouncH O csoeu "eronnou npo—
oeccuu", unou OH He npuoOpen B Kusuu:
HonpoCyu-Ka npusHaTch - PpHHeT PDOM us 06K0Ma, nuns
nouneT... CKOT, 6eCKOpMuny, name cuepTB Mypruua npu-
HOMHHT. Tyrou ysen saanancH, KaK pacnyTaTb ero?
(T. I, OTp. 505).
B.TeannKOB nosonuT no npenena BByTpeHHuu KOH®nuKT Pepon,
O6BapyKuBammuuca B mmcnnx MaucypOBa O caM0y6uKCTBe: "Ha 6ynB
npOKnnTa TaKaa KusHB! He nque nu nOOTynuTB, KaK Myprun..."
OnBaKO OKBosB sTu neccumucTuqecKue mmcnu npo6uBaeTca HaneKna
Ha cnaceuue "csepxy", BenB OH Gun aBTOpuTeTHmM nquM nnn Bep-
xymKu. HusOB OH He 6onncn, camoyBepeHHOCTB ero 6mna HenOKone-
6uma:
Bce Hananu! Honmxammero menBenn u TenOK 6onaeT. Ha
HrHaTa y Hasna 60nbmoï¬ sno6m HeT. Hpanucs. OKasancn
ggnbuggg)cnoman xpe6eT emy, HaBny, B qecTBOM 60m (T. I,
p. .
STa BmpasuTenBHan neTanB "MenBenH" 6es numHux cnOB pacKpmsaeT
ncuxonorum ce6anm6ua, KOTOpmu He cquTaeTcn c MHeHueM snammux
19
neno nunsmu u nw6oï¬ neuou CTapaeTcn ynepKaTBcn Bo BnBCTu.
XapaKTepm npyrux nepcouameu pacKmeamTcn B nponecce co-
npOTuBneHun c NchypOBHM. Hunusunyanbnue oco6eHHOCTu Pmmsuna
ME Bunum uepes npusmy aBTOpCKux onucanun. HpOTusonocraBneHue
qusuna MchypOBy npqe OTTeHfleT nonOKuTenBHHe KauecTBa onnoro
u BHHBHHGT orpunaTeanyw cymuocrb flpyroro.
Hponecc MOpanbuoro nOpaKeBun MchypOBa nepenau B "TyFOM
ysne" B nonuon mepe xynOKecTBeHHOu nOCTOBepHOOTu. OCHOBHHM
cnoc060M ero paso6naqeuun CTaHOBHTCH ncuxonoruquKuï¬ aeanus,
paCKpHTMe BHyTpeHHero mupa HGHOBeKa.
HaneKnm Maucyposa onpasnanucs: nerKuM OKasanOCB "uaKasa-
Hue", nquero Buxona OH u can He MOP 6m npunymaTB - nonyqun
Hanpasnenue Ha yqe6y B napTutuw mKony. Hocne sToro OH nounn,
HTO "He CTouno MyHKTbCfl, OTqauBaTbcn BnnOTB no mmcneu O camo—
youucTBe".
Bnemnue o6cTonTenBcTBa cnocoCcTBOBanu pasBuTum OTpuna—
Tenbnoro B xapaKTepe repon: onHu 0mu6Ku pomnanu npyrue, us
onHOu KpauuocTu OH Bnanan B npyrym, u TaK c®0pmuposancn KapBe-
pKCT—npucnoco6neuen. ABTOp Be sauuMBeTcn nenamu o6naCTu, HO
OKBOBB KOpOTKue sapuOOBKu npocaqusamTca xapaKTepHme oco6eH—
HOCTH ee pyKOBonuTeneï¬, B KOTOpHX Hamen nonnepKKy MchypOB.
B. TeansKOB He cnyuauno pacmupun nuanasoe KOH®HMKTOB,
BHemHerO u BHyTpeHHeFC xapaKTepa, HTOOH nOKasaTB repon B 60nB-
meM KOHHHGCTBG cnOKKmx cuTyanuï¬, BHBECTH ero sa npenenm onno—
PO snusona, onuou cynb6m. B pesynBTaTe qero OGBapyKuBaeTcn
He npocTO 6ecn0nesHOCTB unu BpenHOCTB nonO6Horo Tuna, HO ero
F0
0
pOKOBaH ponB B qenoseqecKux cynBCax npyrux repoeB. Ecnu OH
Bumen noGenuTeneM B csoeu cnyme6uou Kapbepe, umen B pyKax
saBeTHym 6ymary: "... sa6msaems, HTO ecTB BenuKaH cnacaTenB—
Han cuna-6ymaKKa c nonnucnmu", - To c rymauuTapHOu TOHKH spe-
HHH — HpaBCTBeHHO naBmuM qenOBeKOM, HOHTH y6uuneu.
B sTOM KOHTpaCTe pacKmeaeTcH anpo npamaTuqecKoro c0—
nepxauun nOBecTu. H Ha sTOT pas He B KoueqHOM cnOBe saKnmqun
nucaTenB csoe oruomeuue K repom, a nocpencTBOM npyroro nepcona—
Ka, KOTOpmu cnocchTBOBan O6HaKuTB ucTuHHym uaTypy Maucyposa,
B KOHue OCTaBflHH ero caMOPO.
TparuquKan ru6enB MypruHa ocranacs KneuMOM Ha OOBecTu
Mancyposa, XOTH u Teqeuue ero nanBHeKmeu Kapbepm nOBepHynocB
B npyryw CTOpOHy, no:
Bra CKpOMHaH CTapeHbKaH Bemb CTaHOBHTCH TqumM MepunOM
HpaBCTBeHHOFO yponcTBa Mancyposa.15
OCTpo-npamaTuquKue UpOOneMH nonHaTme B. TeunanOBmM B
ero HepBHX npousBeneHunx, HanpaBneHme npOTuB Gesnymuoro OT—
HOMSHHH K nenOBeKy, eme rnyCKe paccmanuBamTcH B pachase
"YKa6m", HaneanaHHOM B 1956 Pony.
CwKeT pachasa orpauuqen paMKamu onuoro HecqacTHOPO cny-
qan: npousomna aBTOMO6unBHan KaTachooa, noru6 qenOBeK, erO
MOKHO 6mno 6m cnacru, ecnu 6m nupeKTOp MTC, K KOTOpomy O6pa-
THHHCB sa nOMOmBm, nan TpaKTOp, HTOOH nOBesTu paHeHoro K Bpa-
qy. OH no6onnca HapymuTB uHchyKnuw, sanpemammym nonBsOBaTBcn
rocynachBeHHmM TpaHCHOpTOM B qacTme cnyqaax.
BmecTo mupOKorO onucauua co6uTuu B "Yxa6ax", KpaTKan
SKCHO3HHHH Cpasy BBOIIUT tJPITElTeJL‘I B HaI'lpHXCeHHYIO aTMOccbepy.
ll'
«
...,
a...
21
Dane nepBue cnOKouHue CTpOKu nOBBCTu nouocunu TpeBomuoe npen—
omymeuue 6enm, TparuqecKoro cnyqan; TOCKnuBoe nuno mo®epa,
KOTOpOMy npenCToano exaTB no pasGuruM noporaM, "EHMOK co sno-
Bemeï¬ cuHeBou", BmpMBanmuucH us rnymuTenH ero pa36uTou mamu-
Bu, He npenBemanu x0p0mero.
In the "Potholes" Tendrjakov seems to have been trying
his hand at something more ambitious, seeing if he
could escape the kolhoz environment successfully and
explore more universal themes.l6
B sTOM paCCKase 06BeKT0M sauHTepeCOBauuocTu TeuanKOBa
CTaHOBHTCH usonaKeBue ncuquu npOBanuanBHOPO pyKOBonuTenn-
-cnyK6ucra. Banaqeu aBTOpa anaeTcn He TonBKO pacKmeB xapaK-
Tep repon, HO u uccnenOBaTB HCTOKH u npuquuu, pOKnawmue TaKux
nmneu. BaMeTHO TaKKe 0TpaKeHue K0H®nuKT0B, BmTeKammux us Bsau-
MOOTHomeHHH TaKOFO Tuna FepOH c npyrumu nmnbmu.
"flOpora. Ox, nopora!" - sTO BocKnunaHue, KaK CTOH, nOBTo-
pneTca c nepBux OTpaHuu paCCKasa. H TyT BHesanHan npamaTuqec—
Kan curyauun - Ha yxa6ucTou nOpore nepeBepHyncn rpysOBuK u
onuH us naccaKupOB OKasanca Tnneno paBeHuM. 3T0 cnyqauuoe co—
CuTue OTaHOBuTca ucxonHHM HyHKTOM nnn nanBHeumero pasBuTun
TparuqecKoro cheTa, ycnomunwmerccn B xone UGHUTBHH. Pasuue
nperpanm OTanu Ha nyTu cnaceuun qenOBeqecKOu Kusuu. H He Tonb—
KO onna nnoxan nopora OKasanaCB npuquuou ru6enu qenOBeKa,
XOTn caM TenanKOB He cnemuT c6pocuTB sTo npenHTCTBue co cue—
Ta.
POKOBym pone B sTOM paOCKase cmrpan nupeKTOp MTC KHaKeB,
OJIHH M3 I'IaCCaXCI/IDOB PpYBOBIdKEi. XOTH B MCMeHT Hecqacrbn OH .118"
nOBuTO nomoraeT OpFaHMBOBaTb nomomB paneuomy: "9T0 Mm, qpra—
|
. ...-
I
.i- u-
up
.‘I .-
._~
.6
.
..
V
‘5
.,
V
22
um 6ecqucTBeHHue? Homomem". HO O npu6uTuem Ha @ensnmepcKuu
nyuKT KouqaeTca erO rymauuan mucous, OH OCTaBnHeT paueuoro
Ba npousson cynb6m BmecTe c 6ecnomomummu nmnbmu, OBuneTennmu
sTOu KaTaCTpO®u.
HO OTouno emy ceCTB sa csou OTon, OKa3aTbCH nepen Heo6—
xonuMOCTBm caMOCToaTenBuoro pemeHuH, unymerO-Bpaspes
c 6yKBOu ®0pmanBuor0 npennucauun, KaK B ero nOCTynKax
Bnpyr npOHBunucB OTTanKuBanmue KaqecTBa, xapaKTepuue
nnn 6prKpaTa-nepecTpaxosmuKa. OH KaK ynuTKa B paKOBtu,
npaquca sa nupKynap, npoaBnaa nosOpHoe pasuonymue K
qenOBeKy.l7 -
TaKoe npeBpameuue KHHKeBa nOKasauo aBTOpom B nonuom npama-
TuquKom nponsneuuu. chaTenB csonuT BmeCTe pesKO KOHTpaCTume
qepTu xapaKTepa u nOBeneuua Kusmesa, u B sTom 0T0nKHOBeHuu
paCKmeaeTca ero "©unoco®un":
H Bce cnenan, BTO OT menu saBucenO. HO TyT He moe, TyT
a He pacnOpaKaBCB... Honpo6ym cornacOBaTB, OTKaKyT -
He HesonBTe. y mean u 6es sToro rpemKOB nOCTaTOqHO no
pa60Te Ha6panOCB. Eme pas noncTaBnHTB rOnOBy, qTO6m no
ueu csepxy OTyKuynu, Kenauua HeT.18
CoqucTBue qymou 6ene, ueo6xonumocTB nomqu ymupammemy qenose—
Ky - Bce sTO ucqesno, Korna nepen Hum nOHBunca 0Bon yCTaBOB.
KuaKeB He qucTBOBan yrpuseuua OOBeCTu, Buuosuum on ce6n Tons-
KO cquTan nepen HaHaHBCTBOM sa uapymeuue saKoua.
B paCCKaSG "YKa6u" aBTOp oco6eBHO BunenaeT u uamumaeT
Ba CprHy qenoseqecKou OOBeCTu. HonBcKuu nuTepaTypOBen Peue
CnuBOBcKu B csoeu pa6OTe "HouonuKTu cOBeCTu" nonmeTun sTy
0c06eHHOCTB TBOpqecrsa nucaTenn, yKasuBan, HTO nOKnouuuKu Ta-
naHTa B. TeunpaKOBa qacTO HasuBamT erO "OOBeOTBn HapOna":
To nieco patetyczne Okreélenie trafia w sedno sprawy,
wydobywajac naJistotnierzy rys spOZecznoetyczny
aspirach pisarstwa. Jakiegokolwiek dotknalby‘ten
pisarz tematu, tak czy inaczeJ wdziera sie wen niezmiennie
23
problematyka moralna. GlOwnym wiec Jest tu sumienie
ludzkie. 19
B pachase "YXa6u" nucaTenn BonHyeT TO, qTO ecnu Ha rna-
sax y Bcex npoucxonuT y6uu0TBO, To BquBaTu B sTom 6esOTBeT-
OTBeuHme nmnu. HO eme 6onee CTpamuO, HTO Buuosuuu B ru6enu
qenOBeKa He BunuT sa co6ou uuKaKOu Buum.
OnuOBpemeHHO B 6OpB6e sa cnaceuue musuu qenOBeKa pacKpu-
BaeTcn nymesuan KpacOTa OOTanBHux nmneu, OTaBmux Besonbuumu
yqacTHuKamu BecqaCTuoro npoucmeCTBua. Homepa Bacm Hepraqesa
6ynyT cynuTB no Bceu CTporOCTu saKoua, u span nu OH cam cmo-
KeT CKasaTB qTo—Hu6yns B OBoe onpaBnaHue:
Hyman, He coscem nouaTuan, HO HaBepunKa CTpamHaï¬ 6ena
B ynop rnnnena Ha Hero myTBmm Bsrnnnom. He KanocTB,
sTO cnumKom nerKoe cnOBO, CKOpeu OTanHue, 60nesueuuoe,
OCTpoe, OKBaTunO Bacunua, - HTO OH uanenan? Cuny 6 0Bom
BHHyTb, 6onb Ha ce6n HpHHHTb, HO KaK...?2O
OnHaKO nucaTenB He orpauuqusaeTcn TonBKO nonpo6umm onucauuem
ru6enu HGHOBeKa u Tex co6uTuu, KOTOpHe sTomy cnocoGCTBOBanu.
CO6mTue paOCKasa - sTO CKOpee cpencTBo nna pacKmeua nymeB—
Hou cymuocTu repon u 0H0 aBnHeTca TaKKe BuyTpeHueu nBuKymeu
cunou KOHQnuKTOB meKny nmanu.
HecqacTBe c napuem, nonaBmum non mamuuy, Tpesora sa musHB
qenOBeKa, CTOnKHOBeHue c 6npOKpaTom Knamesum saCTaBunu mo®epa
sanymaTBca Han Kusubm csoeu u qymou. B CMHTeHHH u TpeBore OT
csoeu 6ecnom0mBOCTu, Bacunuu ocymnaeT ce6a sa 6esnymuyp npem-
umm Kusus. Bcemu OOOCTDHBmHMHCH mmcnamu u quCTBamu OH KuBeT
B Tpesore sa cynB6y ymupammero. Cuna u 6naroponcTBO ucTuHBO
HGJIOBG‘IGCKPIX HYBCTB, OTKprBIIIHXCH B nyme mocbepa B MHHYTbI
uecqacTBa ycunuBamT mepy npecTynHOCTu u paBHOnymua 6prKpaTa,
24
O6neqeuu0ro BnaCTBm KunKeBa.
Becs npouecc pasBuTua neucTBua B pachase paccmanuBa—
eTcu Ha nByx nnocKOCTHx: Ha onuou - "nepeBeHCKue napBKu",
KOTOpHe c nBenecTana csoero nonOKeHun neHCTBwa nporpammuo,
OTpuuan Bce qenOBeqecKoe; Ha npyrou - ux KepTBm, an Kusub u
cynB6a B pyKax 6esnymuux pacn0pnnuTeneu. O
Ha cquy KaK y MaucypOBa, TaK u KunKeBa cmepTB qenOBeKa
- sTO npenenbuan Tqua 6esnymun. He HamnocB cpencTB TpOHyTB
OOBeCTB KHHKeBa: nu OTqaauume npocB6u nonquuKOB, Bu OTpana-
Hun paneuoro He BusBanu B Hem quOBequKOFO OTronocKa. HosTomy
crporuu npurosop 6pocaeT emy onuu us repoeB npousseneuua:
"EmpOKpaT! no y6uunu Bupocmuu 6mpOKpaT!" B sTOu pennuKe sByuuT
TaKKe ronoc aBTOpa, KOTOpmu He OKpuBaeT csoeu BssonBOBaHHOCTu
u He npuuumaeT nosu 6esyqacTuorO nOBeCTBOBaTenn.
any6nnncb B cmmcnosue uCTOKu B HOBeCTHX "Tyrou ysen" u
"Yxa6u" cnenyeT yKasaTB, qTO snO, KOTOpoe uauecnu MchypOB u
KunKeB csoum nonquueuuum nmnum, ucxonHT us KOppynnuu ux nymu,
us-sa KapBepusma. Hpuuuman BO Baumauue Bcesosmoxume @aKTOpu,
BosneucTBymmue Ha xapaKTep repoeB, B sTom yKnane OHu camu OKa-
sanucs pa6amu cnomusmuxcn OOCTOHTeHbCTB, KOTOpue npeBpaTunu
ux B 6esmusueuume HaTypu.
5. CemeuHO-6mTOBOu KOHQHHKT
OCTDOTa COLIPIBJIBHOPO 383111438. )KHSHH nepeBHu HpOHBHJlaCb y
B. TeanHKOBa B paso6naqeuuu nOpOKOB cucTemu pyKosoncTBa, 6m-
25
pOKpaTusma, a TaKme ncuxonoruu nmneu npucnoco6nennecKorO OKna—
na. flansme nucaTens nanpaBnaeT csou unTepec na uccnenosanue
npOGnem cemeun0—6HTOBOFO xapaKTepa u 0TapaeTca nponuKnyTs B
cnomnuu ncuxonoruaeCKuu KononuKT, BosnuKammuu na nonse Bnemnux
u BnyTpennux 06cToaTenBCTB. On ne cmarqaeT KOH®HHKTOB B OBoux
npoussenenuax, a pucyeT cnomnue u nocTOBepnue momenTm us nun—
nou musnu repoeB.
Cnomnum npo6nemam B cemeunmx OTnomenuax, csasannux C 6n-
Tom cena, TennpaKOB nOOBaTun nOBecTs "He KO nBOpy", naneanan-
non B mypnane "HOBuu mup" 3a 1954 ron. Kpome Toro, Tema cemen-
nnx npOTuBOpeauu u KononuKTOB BHOTynaeT napannensno c npyrumu
Temamu B cnenymmux npoussenenuax: B nOBeCTu "Tyrou ysen" c
"nepesenCKOu" Temou, B pomane "3a 6erymum nnem" c Temou mKons-
noro 06ynenua, a TaKme B nOBeCTu "AnocTOnscKaa KomannupOBKa"
c Temou nyxosnmx 60penuu repoa.
B ocnOBy cmmeTa nOBecTu "He KO nBOpy" BsaT cnenymmuu
musnennuu @aKT. Mononou TpaKTOpucT GenOp ConOBeuKOB menunca
na CTeme PaMKunOu u nepeexan muTs B nom ee ponuTeneu. Ho
BCKOpe OKasanacs KOpennaa pasnuua BO Bsrnanax ConOBeuKOBa u
CTemu na cospemennym musns: QenOp us 6ennou erCTsancKOu
cemsu, a y PamKunmx COXpanunucs eme npuanKu co6CTBennuKa—xo-
sauna. 3T0 npuBenO K cemeunomy paspuBy: ConOBeuKOB ymen us
noma PamKunux, OCTaBuB many 0 pe6enKom.
Cyns6a @enOpa ConOBeuKOBa npocnemusaeTca nucaTenem ne
Bnemne, "HOTOpua nymu qenoseneCKOu" rny6OKO uccnenyeTca aB-
Topom nOBecTu "usnyTpu". TennpaKOB npencTaBun nam, nTo Qenop
26
csasan CBom cyns6y c cyns6ou CTemu ne cnyaauno, 0n nm6un ee
u panosanca cemeunomy ymTy: "BOT ona u naaanacs - cemeunaa
musnsl He xonocTanKoe crpananue, cemsa - csoe rnesnmmKo".
Hmenno nosTomy TennpaKOB cnaaana naeT smouuonansno 0600-
Tpennoe uso6pamenue cemeunoro ymTa ConOBeuKOBmx. HO Korna O6—
pucosmBaeTca uCTOpua paspusa GenOpa co CTemeu, TO B KonTeKcTe
noaBnamTca unue xynomecTBennue unronanuu, unue KpaCKu. TOCKnu-
BO na nyme QenOpa, Korna on ocosnaeT csoe onunoneCTBO, BosBpa-
maacs nomou us 6onsnunu, rne naBecTun OBOB meny: "Hanan pen-
Kuu cnemOK. Ornu samrnucs B OKnax, aTO nu oroneK, To cemsa".
TennpaKOB nepenocuT KOH®HHKT B cemsm u HOKaBHBaeT, aTo
ucTOK ero nemuT B necosmeCTuMOCTu xapaKTepOB. Pasnuann ux
Bsrnanu na musns, 0co6enno na npo6nemm Konxosnoro xosaKCTBa.
Hapannensno c @enOpom u CTemeu npenCTaBnenu ee ponuTenu, KOTo-
pue csoum BmemaTenscrsom chOpamT xon neucTBua B ncuxonorunec—
Kom u co6mTuunom nnane, u nOBonaT ux no OTonKnOBenua.
CBoeo6pasnO nepenaeT nucaTens comnenua u nymesnym npamy
@enopa, KOTOpuu OKasanca "ne KO nBOpy" B sTOu cemse. HuaneK—
TuKy nyBcTB repoa aBTOp nonqepKuBaeT ®pasouz "C0 CTemeï¬ muTs,
as CO OTapuKamu". MnorOKpaTno nOBTOpennaa B nOBecTu sTa @pasa
Kamnmn pas paCKpuBaeT nOBuu nwanc BO BnyTpennem mupe repoa.
HepBonanansnO on CTapaeTca ne samenaTs pamKuncKoro 06oco6nen-
noro mupa, nOTom OTapaeTca y6enuTs ce6a, nTO Bce ynanuTca, no
KaK cnencTBue Bcero on pemaeTca naKonen na paspuB c menou.
HpKOCTu O6pasOB repoeB conchTByeT xapaKTepnocTs u Tu-
I'IH‘IHOCTB OHI’ICBHHM, IICI/IXOJIOPPI‘IGCKaH OHpaBflaHHOCTb CHTyaqu/I,
ilï¬
27
OCTpmu cmmeTnmu pucyn0K, snaaumaa neTans. flame menKaa, na
nepBuu Bsrnan Bems, npuo6peTaeT B nOBecTu rny6OKuu u KonK—
peTnmu cmncn. ®enOp npunec c coOou panuonpuemnuK "KonxosnuK"
- sTO erO BKnan B cemeunoe xosaucTBO. CTema Bnecna "orpomnmu
cynnyK, nenOBCKoe xpanunume xosaucKorO n06pa, ocnOBa noma B
6unme ronu". 3TH nBe ONTOBHG neTanu aBnamTca KaK 6m cumsona-
mu nByx mupOB. Hmenno cynnyK BusBan nepsoe cronKnOBenue @e-
nopa c PamKunmmu: emy ne nymno 6uno conepmumoe,.KOTOpoe naKan—
nuBanocs ronamu. BTOpOu pesKuu unnunenT npousomen us-sa Kon—
xosnou nomanu, KOTOpyw Bsan OTeu CTemu nna O6pa6OTKu csoero
oropona. PemuTensnoe neucTBue TenOpa B samuTy Konxosnux no—
panKOB u npOTuB xosaHCTBennOu nOTpe6nocTu PamKunux, saneno
CTemy u ona co snocrsm 6pocaeT enKue ynpeKu mymy:
Hpumen, Bpamuna? A sanem? HTO Te6e TyT? Te6e Becs OBeT
muneu, aem mu! Pnasa TepneTs ne moryT Te6a, nOCTunorO!
CBasanacs a! KaKOu me Tm mne mym! H aero a na Te6a,
nypaKa, nosapunacs (T. I, CTp. 91).
HTaK, ConOBeuKOB nenocpencTBenno CTonKnynca c PamKunumu
ne B c®epe npousBOncTBennorO yKnana, a B cemse:
Teneps-TO Bpone ne Bparu, a memamT. BOT ym uCTunno — 6o-
ponaBKu. Bonu OT nux oco6ou neT, a nocamnamT (T. I,
CTp. 98).
Hpo6nemm B cemeunom 6uTy repoes ycnomnamTca c Kamnum nOBum
unuunenTom. TyT nenssa 6mno us6emaTs TennpaKOBy uso6pamenua
npo6nem couuansno-sKonomuquKorO yKnana B coseTcKOu nepeBne,
na nque KOTOpnx pasBuBaeTca cemeunaa npama. OnnaKO rnaBnoe
Bnumanue aBTOpa O6pameno K nuqnum npo6nemam repoeB, K ux ce-
meunum Kon®nuKTam, a ne K uso6pamenun 6Ops6u nocuTeneu nOBorO
nOpanKa c samuTnuKamu CTapHX ycToeB. TennpaKOB npunepmuBaeTca
28
co6cTBennux npunnunOB xynomecTBennorO uso6pamenua, OTapaacB
ne nonycTuTs couuonoruaecKux nepenepmeK. flame OKBOBB ONTOBHG
cnenu B nOBecru npo6uBaeTca m0TuB nuanux nyBcTB repoeB:
CTema BCTpeqaeT erO Tamenmm monaanuem, unorna sacraBan
nnanymeu. Uo-nenOBenecKu, KaK mym meny, nonmen 6m cnpo-
cuTs, nounTepecOBaTsca: nTO sa cnesm, KTO O6unen? Ha
KaK TyT unrepecOBaTsca, ecnu 6es cnOB acno - musns ux
necypasnaa, OTTOPO u cnesu! (T. I, OTp. 108)
Younua coxpanuTB cemsn ne onpaBnanucB: nacTynaeT paspuB
c menou u @enOp yxonuT us noma. CynB6a CTemu Tome nenansnaa,
conyBcTBue co OTOponm ponuTeneu ne momeT O6nerauTB ee nonomenua,
a csoeu pemuTensnOCTu y nee ne xBaTaeT. TonsKO B Konne nOBecTu
ona ocosnana csom cemeunym Tparenum u 6pocaeT pesKuu ynpeK
OBoum ponuTenam sa ux BmemaTenscTso: "HuTs EH mne ne naeTe..."
Huqnuu KononuKT BuxonuT sa npenenm musnu nByx nenOBeK:
06uny na myma mena BunocuT u OTnaeT B pyKu neonuTnomy cere-
Tapm pauKoma Komcomona, Hune Pnasuqesou. C TpeBOPOu mu OMOT—
IHTM Ha nmneu, asa cyns6a pemaeTca cnymeénum nOpanKom. Bens
pussecTnm yme npenmecTBennuKu Pnasuaesouz Pnyxapesu, Mancypo-
Hy6KOBu, KOTOpux O6nuuan aBTOp B OBoux npousBenenuax
BB1,
'WdeenacTBe", "Tyrou ysen", "Hpessuaaunoe" sa ux 6esnymue, ux
‘ursunsnuqse-6mpOKpaTuqecKoe npuchacTue K 6yKBe saKona, sa
KO'I‘opsImu onu ne-BunaT .muBOI'O nenOBeKa:
Bu nonmnm nepeBocnuTaTs meny u OTua ee, u maTs — Bcex!
Hy ym, camoe nosOpnoe, HTO momno npenCTaBuTB - sTO pac-
nucaTBca B 006cTBenn0m 6eccunuu (T. I, 0Tp. 122).
He 0Tpax nepen saKonom unu ny6nunnuu OKannan, a cosecTs
3aCTaBuna repoa nepeocmsrcnuTB CBOIO cyns6y, OBasannon c cyns-
60†JifCeHbI PI DGOSHKa. COBMeCTHaH MCI/13H!) repoeB CO BCGMH PIX
29
BnyTpennumu u Bnemnumu neBernamu nossonuna pacKpuTB ux un-
nuBunyansnuu xapaKTep, npununu u ucronnuK cemeunoro necorna-
cua.
YXOn @enOpa OT menu u BosBpamenue ero 06paTnO K neu cBu-
neTenBcTByeT O ero cunsnom quCTBe K CTeme. On nuTaeTca c6e-
peas cemsm, umea B Buny ne TonsKO ce6a. OnnaKO co croponu
menu na6nmnaeTca O6paTnoe, x0Ta Bpemenamu np06uBaeTca y nee
muons O cemse, no ona pyKOBOncTByeTca OTpaxom u 6ecnomom—
nocrsm: "Ha, KaK me mne muTB-TO c pe6enKom 6es myma? Bce nans-
uem TuKaTs 6ynyT (T. I, 0Tp. 154).
nna pacKpuTua BnyTpenneu npamu ©enOpa aBTOp BsonuT n0-
nonnuTensnuu snemenT: meaTu u BOO6pamenua repoa, KOTOpue OB-
naneBamT um B momenT yxona us noma. Mucns erO ne BuxonuT sa
npenenu cemsu, on cosnaeT ce6e OBeTnue KapTunu 6ynymeu musnu
cnacTnuBorO OTna. BuchO menacha Tona KpacOK B onucanuu,
Korna nepenaeTca cmena ayBCTB unu npencTaBnenuu. Korna on ny-
meBnO cnOKoen, peansnaa musns BnocuT nOByn Tpesory. Ha 6ons—
nuanou KOuKe B momenT ponOB cnumaTca Bonnu CTemu: "He xony!
He xoqyl" 3TH KpuKu 6unu ne TaK us-sa Oonu, a saqem on em,
6pomennuu mym.
B sTom npOTusonocTaBnenuu nucaTenB ynOBun pasnunue‘ncu~-
xonorunecKorO CKnana nByx nenOBeK, KOTOpoe npuBenO K Kara—
OTpo®e B ux cemeunom yKnane. HocpencTBOM KapTun npuponu Ten—
npaKOB yTanun rny6uny npamu, KOTOpym nepemuBamT repou. Heon—
nOKpaTnO nOBTOpammueca cnOBa "nnaayT OKna" u BBenenue ocenne-
r0 neusama, c nonnepKuBanuem cnOBa "ocens", nepenamT ne Tons-
KO PpYCTHOe HECTDOBHHB, HO YCPIJIHBBIOT napacTanue FpOBI—IOI‘O B
30
ux cyns6ax. B camom naqane ux cemeunou musnu "nacTynuna
ocens", Kpome TorO "nnan OKon" - meTa¢OpuneCKoe Bupamenue
TauT B ce6e npamaTusm BnyTpennerO COCToanua repounu. CKBosB
"nnanymue OKna" nOKasana 6ecnepcneKTuBnOCTs ee nansneumeu
cyns6u.
STa BupasuTensnaa sapucOBKa nOBTOpaeTca eme pas B camom
Konue nOBecTu, Korna ©en0p B Kny6e na Tannax prmuTca B Bux—
pe cnuBammeuca mysuKu, a "... cnapymu, sa Temnum MOKpum OK-
nom, npumanocs K OTeKny cmyTnoe nuno CTemu...". UnacKa TenOpa,
sTO "6penOBuu prrOBOpOT": "HOTecnucB napon! flyma na npocTOp
BupBanacs!" A c npyrou OTOponu, sTOT me momenT O6napymuBaeT
BnyTpennee nanpamenue repoa: "nOTnoe nuuo ero mennenno crana
sanuBaTB 6nennocTB". H BOT B sTom KonTpacTe apKO npoaBunacB
pasnsoennocTB nymesnoro OOOToanua repoa.
Bnanumup TennpaKOB cymen qepes xapaKTepu, nepes cyns6u
repoeB OOBeTuTB mnomecTBO npo6nem cospemennou nepeBnu B cs0-
ux pannux npoussenenuax. On men no nyTu yrny6nenua Kon®nuK-
TOB, csasusaa mopansnue u couuansnue npo6nemu u 0Tapaacs
norny6me ocseTuTs npouecc @Opmuposanua nenOBeqecKOFO xapaK—
Tepa non Bnuanuem O6cToaTenscTB u cpenu.
Csoeo6pasnum OKasanca u ero cnoco6 xynomecTBennorO ana-
nusa neucTBuTensnocTu. Bo-nepBux, nucaTens nocnenOBaTensnO
pasBepTuBaeT uens musnennux cuTyanuu, KOTOpue nepenomnamTca
B musnu u cyns6a repoeB. Bo-BTOpux, cpenCTBamu ucKyccTBa aB-
TOp rOBOpuT O nenocTaTKax u omu6Kax pyKosoncTBa, KOTOpoe
npusonuno K necqacTsam repoeB. TennpaKOB paso6nanaeT ux mus-
nu.»
......
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31
nennoe erno, BOKpuBaeT u Tunocooum npucnoco6nenqecTBa TaKux
repoeB.
C ncuxonoruqecKou nponuKnOBennocTsm ananusuposanu Bnemnue
npo6nemu, KOTOpue OTKnanuBanucB B nunnou musnu repoeB. Bes
O6mupnux aBTOpcKux xapaKTepucTuK npencTaeT nepen namu ranepea
O6pasOB repoeB: HBana Hynposa, Pnyxapesa, MancypOBa, KnameBa,
COnOBeuKOBa, KOTOpue Tem ne menee BcecTOponne pacKpuTu B npo-
uecce ux neaTeanocTu, nOBenenua u BsauMOOTnomenua c nmnsmu.
TaKum O6pasom Bsaumoornomenue OOOToaTenBcTB u xapaKTepOB, a
TaKme camoro repoa c npyrumu nepconamamu aBnaeTca Bamnum @aK-
TOpOM B paCKpuTuu ocnOBnorO cmucna nannou Temu.
PHABA II
BTOpmenue B musns u npo6nemu mKonu
l. Uperpanu na nyTu O6nOBnenua nenaroruneCKuxguneu
Poman "3a 6erymum nnem", KOTOpuu noaBunca B mypnane
"Mononaa rBapnua" sa 1959 ron csuneTenscTByeT O naaane nepe—
xona TennpaKOBa K cosepmenno nOBum Temam u O6pasam. Ecnu
pansme B nenTpe Bnumanua nucaTena 6unu npeumymecTBenno Kon-
@nuKTu nepesencKOu musnu, TO Teneps on cocpenOToqun csoe
Bnumanue na @OpMHpOBaHHH BnyTpennerO "a" repoa u erO OTanOB-
nenua.
ABTOp snaKomuT nac c rnaBnum repoem pomana Annpeem Bu-
meOBum - censcxum ynuTenem, KOTOpuu Bsanca sa nepechouKy
mKoanOu nporpammu, HTO s Koneanom cque OKasanocs 6Ops60u
npOTuB pyTunepOB. HO conepmanue pomana rOpasnO mupe csoeu Oa-
6ynu, snecs u @unocomcKue Bonpocu, u pasmumnenua 06 ucKyccTBe,
nenaroruneCKue u sTuaecKue npo6nemu.
Cam cnmeT pomana nOBonsnO cnomen. Annpeu BumeOB nocne
Bounu nOOTynaeT B uncTuTyT KunemaTorpaOuu, na xynomecTBennuu
®aKynsTeT. OnnaKO cnoco6nOCTeu K musonucu y nero ne OKasanocs,
a ynOpCTBO samenuTs TananT ne morno. On OOTaBnaeT xynomecT-
Bennuu maKynsTeT u nOOTynaeT B nenarorunecKuu uncTuTyT. Bynyau
CTyneHTOM OH )KBHHTCH na OIIHOKYDCHHIIB Tone PI BMBCTB, nocne OKOH"
32
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33
aanua uncTuTyTa, yesmamT na pa60Ty B cenBcKym mKony. H TyT
repoa mneT monoronnOCTs mKoanux sanaTun, pyTuna nOBcenneB—
nOCTu. HpoxonuT mecTs neT "cnyme6nou naMKu", 6es snTysuasma
u nm6Bu K neny, ero pa6OTa npeBpamaeTca B mexanuaecKoe ucnon—
nenue O6asannocTeu. HO TyT pomnamTca y nero nOBue uneu, on
samumnaeT KOpennym nepeCTpOuKy O6ynenua B mKone. Ha nyTu ero
neaTeanOCTu BOTamT 6onsmue nperpanu: ynuTena BO rnaBe c nu-
peKTOpom npOTuBOOTanu emy. Kpome Toro, cnomnue co6uTua npouc—
xonaT B erO nunnou musnu, KOTOpue OTpasunucs TaKme B npooec—
cuonansnou pa60Te repoa.
B camom naaane B TKans npousBenenua BnneTenu cnOBa: "6y-
nymee", "Tpesora", KOTOpue aacTO nOBTOpamTca u conepmaT rny-
6OKuu cmucn, pacKpuBammuuca nocrenenno B xone co6uTuu. "KaK
npomuTs mne csoe saBTpa?" u sTO nanonnaeT 6ecnOKOucTBom musns
BuppKOBa.
nOBoano cmaTO npencTaBnaeT nucaTens nepBue neynannue
nonuTKu BumeOBa B npuo6peTenuu cneuuansnocru. XOTa xynomecT-
Bennoro TananTa u npusBanua K uCKyccTBy y nero ne OKasanocs,
no OTaTs "prnonw6usou 6esnapnOCTsm" on us namepeBanca:
H npesupan Tex, qsa musns nycTa u 6ecnnonna, a mnan 6y-
nymero, nycTs Tpumnu Tamenoro, Tpumnu neychoennorO,
no sanonnennoro 6onsmumu nenamu.1
Yme sTO B nOOTaToanOu CTenenu csuneTenBCTByeT O xapaKTepe
repoa, O ero OTpemnenuu u 0 cune Bonn. Hpu BOTynnenuu Bumeo—
Ba B camocToaTeanym musns, B nem O6napymuBaeTca nenpumupu-
mocTs u Tpe6OBaTeanocTs K ce6e. BTu CBOHCTBGHHHG nepTu erO
xapaKTepa, KOTOpre OIIHaKO HOHBJIHIOTCH ne CBMOHDOHSBOJ’IBHO, a
54
¢OpmupymTca u pasBuBamTca 6naronapa musnennomy onuTy.
OKonauB nenaroruaecKuu uHCTuTyT, 0n nonanaeT B "06pas-
nOBym" mKony, rne rnaBnoe B pa60Te ynuTena - sTO ucnonnenue
06asannocTeu "OT" u "no", u BucOKue HH@pOBHe nOKasaTenu. Byn-
nu cenBcKorO ynuTena BumeOBa npenCTaBun aBTOp npu nomomu Bu—
pasuTeanux neTaneu: "... TponunKa, B Tenenue mnorux neT npo-
6uTaa OT Kpunsna noma K mKone, nepnaa nocKa c Kchom mena u
MOKpOu TpanKOu".
Annpem nano 6uno nonyBcTBOBaTs npecumenue 0nn006pasuem
u OKyKOu OBoeu pa60Tu, nTOEu nonaTs, HTO on npeBpaTunca B
ynuTena-nonenmuKa u BnanuT To 6esnapnoe cyueCTBOBanue, OT Ko-
Toporo 6eman us uncTuTyTa KunemaTorpa®uu. C sTorO momenTa
naqunaeTca aKTuBnOCTB mucnu, KOTOpaa sacTaBnaeT erO nonaTB,
nTO crpemnenue noucKOB TBOpaecKOu neaTensnOCTu neo6xonumo.
HeynOBneTBOpennOCTs BumeOBa, ero pasnymsa pomnenu Tpe~
BOPOH O pasBuTuu OBOGOnnOu mucnu ynuTeneu u yaamuxca, npOTuB
6esnymnoro, mexanuneCKorO ycsoenua snanuu — sy6pemKu, npunym—
nenua. HepeonenKa npemnux OBoux mucneu O nennocTu musnu u no-
nesnou neaTeanOCTu nocnymuna TonnKom K sTomy naaany. B nem
napacTaeT BnyTpennuu 6ynT, KOTOpuu BeneT K OTKpuTum Kon®nuKTam
memny num u Temu, KTO OTporO nepmuTca npunnunOB 6essonsnoro
ucnonnenua na6pacusaemux CBume uneu:
CymeCTBOBanue ne musns. CymecTBOBanue TonsKO Torna OTa-
nOBuTca musnsm, Korna ecTs meun u TBepnu pacquu, KaK
nansme muTs, nTO nansme nenaTB (T. II, 0Tp. 8).
3TH rny6OKO @unocoTcKue np06nemu sanaruBacha aBTOpom
ne nna TorO, nT06u BusBaTB s®®eKT BosBumennorO naTeTunecKorO
35
Tona, a nna panuonansnoro paspemenua ux, ynuTuBaa npu sTOm
nperpanu Bnemnero u BnyTpennerO nOpanKa. He cnyqauno Tennpa—
KOB Bu6pan OBoum repoem ynuTena, u6O
...nuKTO ne sameqaeT TaK OmyTumym cmeny nOKonenuu, nuKTO
ne nyBcTByeT c TaKOu OOTpOTou nenpeKnonnoe nBumenue Bpe-
menu, KaK ynuTenB.2
TO, qTO EumeOB cam pachasuBaeT O ce6e, O OBoux noucKax na-
cToamerO mecTa B musnu, O OTpemnenuu OTOpBaTBca OT Cecnensnux
Dynneu, Bce Oonsme ycnomnaer BnyTpennuï¬ Kon®nuKT repoa. On cam
ocosnaeT, qTO Bca ero npenunymaa pa6OTa B mKone 6una nOTepeu
Bpemenu:
H ecnu a nansme crany paGOTaTB TaK, KaK pa6OTam ceuqac,
TO nenue CToneTua no moeu Bune 6ynyT pranenu y neTeu.
CTpamna neaTensnOCTB ynuTena-nonenmuKa.5
TennpaKOB npenCTaBun OBoerO repoa nymammum O musnu, O ee
nenerKux nOBOpOTax u cnomnocTax. Ero unnuBunyaanaa mucns nea-
Tensna, ona Bupamena B noucKax TOPO nOBoro, ocnosannoro na
npunnunax aKTuBnOCTu u camocroaTeanocTu ynamuxca, B nonro-
TOBKe ux K musnu "6erymero nna". HpOOnema uKoanorO BocnuTa-
nua umeeT 06muu xapaKTep, OnnaKo mu Bocnpunumaem ee nepes un—
nusunyansnoe ocmucnenue repoa. HocpencTBom TaKOFO xynomecr-
Bennoro npuema nannaa npo6nema 60nsme KonerTusupyeTca u B
nponecce ee pasBuTua pacKpuBaeTca nenOBeaecKuu xapaKTep.
B Kon®nuKTe repou npoaBnaeT ce6a ne KaKOu—TO onncu cy-
ry6o usonupOBannOu CTOponOu. Bce, qTO ecTB B nenOBeKe,
- mupOBosspenue, ym, xapaKTep, Bona, onuT, OKnonnOCTu,
TananTu, npuBuaKu, - Bce nonmno npoaBuTBca B K0n¢nuKTe,
06ycnOBuB ero pasBuTue u ucxon.4
BMSCTO HpOBEquCKOFO HBHOKBHHH 0 BOOK Tpesorax Pepoa,
CBHSaHHHX C GPO USHaFOPquCKOM HGHTEHBHOCTBH, aBTOp MCHOHB-
syeT KOpOTKoe onpenenenue B necKOnBKux cnOBax "cnacTnuBuu
erCT". HTOCu nonaTB snanenue sToro Bupamenua, neoOxonumo
pa306paTBca B Tex Kon®nuKTax, KOTOpue OOOTaBnamT sepno poma—
na. Bcnu B naaane npouseenenua KOH®HHKT nocun npeumyueCTBen—
no BnyTpennuu xapaKTep, OTpamammuu GOpBGy Pepoa c camum c0-
Cou u CBoeu naccuBnocTsm K musnennum nOTpeCnOCTaM nna, TO B
nocnencTBuu na nyTu repoa BosnuKaKT Bnemnue Hperpanu.
chee nna nac cTanOBuT33 oOpas EupKKOBa B conocTaBnenuu
ero c Oprmammum nepconamem. Hepen namu nupeKTOp mKonu Xpy -
TOB, KOTOpuu 60uTca "BsaTB ma ce6a cmenocTB omuGuTBca", sa—
60TnuBOcTB ero 06 ynurene — cKOpee Bcero TuecTaBue pyKOBonu—
Tena u nosTomy BoaKoe nOBOBnenenue B mnonsnym CVCTGNy on cau-
TaeT nenosnonennum u onacnum. HpenaTcTBua Ha nyTu nenaroru-
necKou neaTeanocTu BupKKOBa OTanOBaTca prnno npeononumumu,
Korna nareps npOTuBnuKOB Bce yBenunuBaeTca. Basenymmaa pano—
no "...nuKorna npOTuB Teuenua He nnuBeT u na OTOpone Tex, neu
ronoc rpomne", a uncneKTOp O6non0 umeeT TonBKO nunnym nens
"...nna nonnepmanua x0pomux OTnomenuu c nnnsmu, Becomumu B
TOM prry, rne npOTeKaeT ero cnyme6naa neaTensnocrs.
HepeBec npOTuBOOOchByuuux cun co OTOponu pyKOBonamerO
annapaTa 6un npuqunou ycnomnenua B musnu u pa6OTe BuprOBa.
Kpome Toro, on ne namen nonnemeu co OTOponu ynuTeneH-"ypOKo-
naTeneu": onnu OKasanucB naccuBnumu na6nmnaTennmu, a npyrue
npucoenununucs K mnenum nupeKTOpa.
OGnapymuBacha eme u TaKue npenaTcTBua B TBOpnecKOu pa-
60Te BumeOBa-nenarora, KOTOpue ucxonaT us npoCnem cemeunux
37
OTnomenuu u nuqnux ayBcTB repoa. BnyTpennaa noruKa pasBuTua
cmmeTa nepasnensno csasusaeT nenaroruqecKym aKTuBnocTs repoa
c ero 6narononyquem u neynaaamu B nunnou musnu. HOOTenennO
pacKpuBaeTca, nTO Kamnuu us cynperB muBeT OBoeu nuqnou, O60-
c06nennou musnsm u pasnunnumu unrepecamu. Annpeu ne naxonuT
nu nomomu, nu nonnemeu c0 CTOponu menu BO Bpema OBoux nena—
rorunecKux uCKanuu. TonBKO snaKochBO c Baneu, maTean ymep-
meu ynenuuu, a nOTom nBOOBB K neu, 6una nna nero neomunannum
u cnacTnuBum OTKpOBenuem. HOSTOMy BumeOB en, a ne mene pac-
CKasuBan O OBoux noucKax, comnenuax, nnanax.
O6napymusaeTca, nTO aBTOp BO BnacTu nOBorO cwmeTa, no
"nuqnaa nunua" repoa OpranunecKu csasana c ocnOBnOu mKonsnOu
Temou. B 3Tom yKnane nymeBnuu mup repoa aBnaeTca nononnuTens-
num OpenCTBom, cnoco6cTBywmum BuaBuTs BnyTpennue cnomnOCTu
na nyTu TBOpneCKux nouCKOB repoa.
Cunsnum TOHHKOM nna BumeOBa B npunaTuu mep B nepeCTpOu—
Ke pa6OTu mKonu OKasanca necnacrnuu cnynau - cmest ynenunu
Anu BamenKOBOu OT nenocunsnou narpysKu OTnensnumu yne6numu
nnanamu. 3T0 sacTaBunO repoa ne TonBKO nnanupOBaTB u paccym-
naTs, no u neucTBOBaTB npOTuB yKOpenuBmeuca pyTunu, npumenaa
nOBue aKTuBnue meTOnu O6ynenua. BumeOB cocpenOTonun csou
nenaroruaeCKue noucKu B O6nacTu meTOnuKu Benenua ypOKa: naTB
BosmomnocTs ynenuKam aKTuBnO yqacTBOBaTs B ycsoenuu nannoro
npenmeTa u OBO6OnnO BupamaTs csou mucnu.
B sTom npo®eccuonansnom noenunKe BumeOB n06enun, a nu-
peKTOpy IIIKOJIbI HDHIIUIOCB l'IOILIIaTbCH PI name YCTYI'IPITI: CBOG MGCTO.
38
B Teaenue mnoroneTneu npaKTuKu B mKone XpycTOB pa6OTan non
nuKTOBKy, Bunonnan saaBKy OBume u cam Tpe6OBan nonnunenua OT
OBoux cocnymuBneB. HO Korna on OKasanca sa 6OpTom nenaroru-
neCKOu Kapsepu, TO me nananBcTBO cpasy cmenuno OTnomenue K
nemy - Buronnee um 6uTB na OTOpone cunsnoro:
...naBupOBanue KOKOBunOu, Bnesannoe "aneqenue" HaBna
CT0n6uOBa uneamu BuanOBa u TaKoe me Bnesannoe ero
OTOTynnuneCTBO.5
XOTa B ocnOBy pomana Bomnu np06nemu MKOHBHOFO O6yqenua,
no aBTOp ne npeTennyeT cosnaTB OBoe npoussenenue meTOnunecKum
noco6uem. Cam BumeOB npenynpemnaeT O OBoux Bosmomnux omu6Kax
B sTOu o6naCTu, no nna nero Bamen npemne BcerO cam npunuun
nouCKOB. Y6enuTeanum aBnaeTca TOT @aKT, HTO npo6nemu, uso6pa—
maemue xynomnuKom B pomane "3a 6erymum nnem", nocnenOBaTensnO
paCKpuBamTca B nponecce nyxosnoro pasBuTuagnepoa.
HOBeCTBOBanue BeneTca OT umenu camoro repoa, ne nna Toro,
qTO6u pachasaTB O OBoux nenarorunecKux onuTax u 6Ops6e, coupo-
Bomnammeu ux. Cmucn snecs rOpasnO cnomnee u snaquTeanee: Bam-
nO ne TonBKO nOKasaTB neynOBneTBOpennocTB O6unennou prnOBOu
neaTeanocTsp,nO BupasuTB rnyGOKue pasnymsa, KaK npomuTB musns,
KaKOu cnen B neu OOTaBuTs nocne ce6a.
Hso6pamaa pasnunnue momenTu B musnu BumeOBa, TennpaKOB
BeneT nOBecTBOBanue B pasnom Temne, c neonunaKOBou nonnOTOu
nonp06n0cTeu. 3T0 saBucuT OT Bneannenuu u nepemuBanuu repoa,
OT unTencuBnocru unu samennenua ero nnyBnorO pocTa. Hennum
aBnaeTca TaKme H To, nTO nucaTens nOBepun OBou uneu O6uKno—
Bennomy tISJ‘IOBBKY, ne nanenaa BFO CBer'beCTeCTBeI-IHBIMPI KaquT"
39
Bamu, u aepes nero on cymen peanusOBaTB csou samucen npous-
Benenua - npencTaBuTB 6ynnu B Kon®nuKTe c 6ynymum.
ECTB momenTu, Korna y BumeOBa ocna6eBamT cunu u on Te-
paeT Bepy B ce6a. Bnanumup TennpaKOB c TonKOCTBm ncuxonora
nponuK BO BnyTps OBoerO repoa u O6napymun ero nyXOBnym cuny
u cna6ocTs:
Hepen namu BoneBOu nenOBeK, TO Bnpyr on no OTpannocTu
menaeTca, nanaeT B peoneKcun, mynuTensnO nymaeT "6uTB
unu ne 6uTB" Tomy unu HDYPomy erO nOOTynKy, unu non-
pOCTy OTnaeTca na Bonn muTeucKux Bonn.6
OnnaKO nenanonro repoem OBnaneBaeT npumupennecTBO. Bam—
noe MeCTO B erO ncuque sanumaeT y6emnenue B npuechBennOCTu
ero neanuu:
H a ne Bce csou menTu Bunonnm csoumu pyKamu. Hx noana-
TaT Te, KTO OTaneT muTs nocne mena... B sTom moa 6ec-
cmeanocTs, B sTom cmucn moeu nunemneu musnu, c ee OT-
KpOBennumu n06enamu u neynaaamu, c panocTamu u rOpecTa—
mu, neusOemnumu sa6nymnenuamu, - cmucn musnu O6unnoro
cenBcKorO ynuTena.7
Mucns Annpea O6 ynamuxca u 0 csoeu nonepu sacTaBnaeT erO ceps-
esnO nonymaTs O ux 6ynymem, O nonsse OBoux uneu. HosTomy on
OBoum prnom xoaeT cnenaTB co6cTBennym naCTuuy nonesnoro ne—
na: "KaKumu cnoco6amu npupona nepenana Tsoe npyromy?.. Bce,
aTO ceunac nenam, a nenam panu nee..."
HOKOunaa musns u nOOToannaa TpeBora, npumupennecTBO u
aKTuBnocTs cosnanua - CTonKnOBenue sTux nanan COOTaBnaeT cnsos-
nym nanpamennocTs npoussenenua. 3T0 oco6enno O6napymuBaeTca
B mononorax repoa, KOTOpue npo6ymnamT B ce6e "BnyTpennee spe-
nue". Cama ®Opma ucnOBenu npennonaraeT nacumennocTB TaKorO
npousBenenua cmucnom MOpansno—OunocomcKoro yrny6nenua.
. ...—q-
_'—
4O
POBOpa O np06nemax u Kon®nuKTax BuprOBa, csasannux c
ero nenarorunecKou neaTensnocTsm, nano OTnaTB nonmnoe nuca-
Tenm, aTO on namen u onpenenun n06ymnammue ®aKTOpu u BOKpun
npenaTcTBua, TOpmosuBmue ero unnuBunyansnym TBOpnecKyp mucns.
TennpaKOB ne nosTusupyeT nannym npomeccum u pons ynuTena—Boc—
nuTaTena. Yeunua u "myKu TBOpnecTBa" BumeOBa pacKpuTu nuca—
Tenem BO Bceu ux cnomnocTu u npaBnuBOCTu.
Hpuxonum K saKnmnenum, nTO aBTOp pomana "3a 6erymum
nnem" ne OTapanca nonnunuTs csoero repoa TOnBKO uneam OOmecT-
Bennoro nonra. HenarorunecKaa neaTeanocTB BumeOBa B Tecnom
cnneTenuu c ero mopansnou OTBeTCTBennOCTsn nepen HDYFumu sa
cosepmaemoe, ona TaKme OBasana c unnuBunyansnumu Bsrnanamu na
musns u ee aKTyaanumu nOTpe6nOCTamu nenOBeKa.
Bamnum OKasanocs TO, nTO nucaTenB ne usonuposan csoero
repoa-uCKaTena OT naTypaanOu Cpenu u O6unnou nenOBeaecKOu
musnu. B TOT momenT, Korna BumeOB OKasanca no6enuTenem B
npo®eccuonansnou 6Ops6e c nupeKTOpom mKonu, BBenena pesKaa
nepemena cuTyauuu: nupeKTOp cnacaeT Tonymym B penKe nons
Annpea. Hpu nomomu sTorO npuema nanpamenue ocnOBnOu Temu pas-
pamaeTca, Tem camum samennaeTca xon neucTBua u O6BeKT uccne-
nOBanua nepenocuTca B pycno MopaanO-HCHXOHOPHHGCKOH nanpaB-
nennocru.
STOT nOOTynOK nupeKTOpa mKonu OTKpun B nem camom BucOKO
nenosenecKym nepTy u on ne ymen 6es yneTa npyroro repoa, na—
cToamerO "npOTuBnuKa". Ks Bcero OKasannorO Bunno, nTO Tennpa—
KOB ne TonBKO ocymnaeT nupeKTOpa XpyOTOBa sa erO samum 0B0—
41
6Onnou mucnu npyrux, no u conyBcTByeT emy B ero nemunyemom
nopamenuu. B Konue repou cam ocosnan OBom cyns6y u npu nomo—
mu cpaBnenua c TpaKTOpom, nOKpuTum pmanunou, KOTOpuu OToan
BO nBOpe mKOnu 6es ynOTpeOnenua, pacKpuBaeTca npama nenOBeKa.
STa xynomecTBennaa neTans yTonnaeT samucen nucaTena, nTO "ca-
mo Bpema OTmenO repoa", a nOBue mucnu u npunuunu O6ynenua,
BBenennue BuprOBum, chOpunu npouecc prmenua uneu nupeKTOpa.
2. Penurua-npo6nema B mKOanom BocnuTanuu
BocnuTanue nenOBeKa - sTO ne menee cnomnuu nponecc, nem
BsauMOOTnomenua nByx unnuBunyymos. BocnuTanue npoucxonuT
B npouecce BsaumoneucTBua uenoro KomnneKca Bnemnux u
BnyTpennux @aKTOpOB.8
Bnanumup TennpaKOB ocseTun sTy np06nemy B nOBecTax "Hy-
nOTBOpnaa", KOTOpaa noaBunacB B mypnane "Bnama" 3a 1958 ron
u "Hpessunaunoe npoucmBCTBue", ony6nuKOBannou B mypnane "Hay-
Ka u penurua" sa 1961 ron. B sTux npousBenenuax O6napymuBa-
eTca OBOKCTBennoe OTpemnenue nucaTena nocTaBuTs u O6cynuTs
OCTpue musnennue Bonpocu, KOTOpux us6eranu sanaruBaTs OOBeT-
OKue xynomnuKu: peas uneT O penuruu.
B ocnOBy nOBecTu "HynOTBOpnaa" Bomna ne06unnaa u nonnaa
npamaTusma HCTOpua: PonBKa PynaeB, nBenanuaTuneTnuu mansnuK
us cena Pymnumu, namen na 6epery peKu uKony, panu KOTOpOu 6u-
na BosnBurnyTa nepKOBs mnoro neT Tomy nasan. Hocne saKpuTua
sTorO xpama B 1929 Tony ("KaK nepemuTOK OTaporO") uKOna uc-
qesna u TonsKO Teneps cnynauno 06napymun ee PonsKa. TO, qTO
I'IpOPISOIIUIO 11851151118 C MaJIB‘II/IKOMi I'IOI'IbITKa UpHOOHII/ITB 8P0 K Bepe
42
cemseu u Bepymmumu cena, BuxonuT ym sa npenenu cnynaunocTu.
BmemaTenscTBO aTeucTOB B cyns6y PonsKu ycnOmnaeT ch cuTyauuw.
Ocrpo-npamaTunecKue KOH®HHKTH u ux pasBuTue y TennpaKo-
Ba Bcerna ocnOBanu na peanuCTunecKom maTepuane. nucaTens Kon-
nenTpupyeT csoe Bnumanue BOprr cemsu mansnuKa, KOTOpaa OKa-
sanacs nepBum ucroqnuKom ero BocnuTanua. Penurua nna maTepu
6una nnyBnum npu6emumem, musnennue nOTpacenua u 6enCTBua
onunOKOu menmunu npuo6munu ee K Bepe B Hora, KOTOpyn ona OTa-
panacs npuBuTB csoemy cuny:
H BOT cama neBepymmeu 6una u... naKasana. Mym 6pocun.
HerKO nu, nonymau, c nBannaTu naTu PonOB muBy 606uns-
Kou. Bnpyr na sa rpexu napnn moemy Tome nenonxonamaa
nona BunaneT?9
EnuHCTBennaa nanemna na nomoms Bora noaBnaeTca Torna,
Korna ocna6na Bepa B nenOBeKa. Konenno, sTO OKasanocs cme—
num marom TennpaKOBa, KOTOpuu ne no6oanca OTKpuTs Ty cropony
musnu, OBasannym c prennenuem penuruosnux BepOBanuu u Tpa-
nuuuu B nmnax.
HOBecTs "HynOTBOpnaa" naeT 6oraTuu maTepuan nna pac-
cymnenuu, nomoraeT BnuKnyTs B Te npOTuBOpeaua u 60ps6y,
KOTOpaa BeneTca B nenOBeneCKOu nyme na anBe penuruu. Panom
c sTum apKO npenCTaBnenu Te npOTusoneucrsywmue cunu aTeuCTu-
necKorO samuma, Bnocamue pasnan BO BnyTpennuu mup repoa.
H ne ynuBuTensno, nTO penurua sanumaeT B HCTOpuu neno-
BeqecTBa orpomnoe mecro. HO penurua — sTO ne npOCTO
mupOBosspenue, sTO onpenenennuu mup nyBcTB, sTO onpe-
ï¬gnignaa Opranusauua ncuquu nenOBeKa, OKnan erO ny-
He cnynauno TennpaKOB nocTaBun B nenTp paccmanuBaemou
npo6nemu musnenno neonuTnorO repoa—pe6enKa, nT06u npocnenuTs
43
BocnpuumnusocTB cnomnoro nonaTua penuruu neTcKum ymom. Pons-
Ka OBom npamy, csasannym c naxOnKOu uKonu u ee nocnenCTBuamu,
nepemuBaeT OOBepmennO no-neTcKu u xynomnuK nurne ne napymaeT
omymenua ee npaBnuBocTu. Hacunsnoe Bnymenue 6a6Ku, nOBepuTs
B 60mecTBennue Taunu, BusBanO OCprm peaKnun y mansuna. Bna—
nane on samumaeTca nepen ee naBasnuBumu Tpe6OBanuamu naneTB
ercTuK u monuTsca Bory, no nOOTenennO y nero camoro saKpanu-
BamTca comnenua u menanue nponuKnyTB B neKOTOpue Taunu, Tpe-
Bomamue ero neTcKym nymy.
3TB 60pB6a nByx nanan BnyTpu repoa pasBuBaeTca c ycunu-
Bammeuca OOTpOTOu u noxonuT no npenena, oco6enno, Korna B
erO cyns6y BmemuBaeTca mKona. B sTOu cnomuBmeuca cuTyauuu
BocnuTanue B mKone u B cemse aBnaeTca Kpaune nonapnum. chu-
TuBaa na ce6e nBa npOTuBononomnux Bnuanua, ne nerKO nBenanna—
TuneTnemy nepeBeHCKomy mansnuKy pemuTs camomy sTy cnomnym
np06nemy. TaKaa nenocunsnaa narpysKa nOBOnuT ero no nonuTKu
camoyOuHCTBa, snanuT, orpanunennuu ym pe6enKa ne BunepmuBaeT
nByCTOponnerO naTucKa.
neTcKaa noruKa noncKasuBaeT, nTO TauncTBennue sByKu,
pasnammueca B nonnoas B CTapOu paspymennou nepKBu, csasanu
c cymeCTBOBanuem Bora. 3T0 nepBuu TOHHOK, KOTOpuu napymun
ero BnyTpennuu nOKOu, a comnenua TonKnynu mansauKa na npo—
BepKy u nonTBepmnenue sTorO. BTOpum 6onee y6enuTeanum TaK-
Topom OKasanocs Bepoynenue HsBa ToncTorO, O KOTOpom on cnu—
man ne pas B mKone:
Tumu neT nmnu B Bora Bepunu. He Bce me Torna 6unu ny-
paKu. A B mKone npO HsBa ToncTorO pachasuBanu: Bora
ucKan. Pas ucKan, snanuT Bepun... (OTp. 125).
“v- ~71 -—mvmm-#—mvw
1+4
HTO6u nonnepKnyTB cymecTBOBanue Bepu B nnnax, aBTop Tpumnu
ynomunaeT uma H. ToncTOPO. O nem, KaK O 6oroucKaTene nymaeT
mKonsnuK, u sTOT maKT y6emnaeT erO 6onsme Bcero.
TyT omyTuma nepeKnunKa B. TennpaKOBa c H. Typrenesum B
ucnonssOBanuu uppauuonansnoro snemenTa B usOOpamenuu ncuquu
neTeu u pasBuTuu npamaTunecKoro cmmeTa. Comnenue u y6emnenue,
CTpax u Bepa ne nasanu nOKoa KaK mansnuKam us pachasa "Bemun
nyr", TaK u PonBKe: ux Bcex BneKna mamna nOCTquneBunumoe.
Bca ucTOpua c PonsKou nocnymuna curnanom nna ynuTeneu B
ux BocnuTaTensnOu pa6OTe c usmuBanuem penuruosnux BepOBanuu:
B 60ps6y sa PonsKy BucTynaeT ynuTeanuua, KOTOpaa CTouT
sa aTeucrunecnoe BocnuTanue, OBoucTBennoe OOBeTcKomy
nyxy. Ona - KommynucTKa, OTcmna ee BouncTBymmuu aTe-
usm. 11
MnoroneTnuu onuT nOKasuBaeT, aTO nacunsno nenssa nepechouTs
nyxanuu mup nenOBeKa, usmenuTB ero ncuquy. Hsmenenua cosna-
nua u mupOBosspenua unnuBunyyma ne uneT napannensno c usmene—
nuamu uneonoruu rocynapCTBa u ero maTepuanBno-npousBOncTBen-
nou 6asu.
Cyns6a PonsKu cranOBuTca npenmeTom cnopa, KOTOpuu Buxo-
nuT naneKO sa paMKu uCTOpuu c uKonOu. B TKanB nOBecTu BKnmne—
nu ny6nuuucTunecKue snemenTu: cnOBecnue nucnyTu, pasmumnenua
repoeB - Bce 3T0 OOOTaBnaeT nBumymyw cuny npousBenenua. B
TOT momenT, Korna cnOpu uneonoruqecKoro TonKa Bencha memny
ynuTenem PonsKu u csamennuKom , nanpamennocTs nOCTuraeT npe-
nensnou OOTpOTu.
HDKHM HpOTHBHHKOM DBHHFHH H ee BHHHHHH na @ODMHDOBaHHe
xapaKTepa H BSPHFHHOB MKOHBHHKE BucTynuna TOHBKO onna qu-
54
n-
n‘i
.- a
uh
‘I
(
~v
ID.
'-
II!
I
I“
.
Ii
.
45
Teanuna. Ee 6eccunue ne B KonuaecTBennux OTnomenuax. Enun—
OTBennum ee "Opymuem" B uneonorunecKOu 6Ops6e — yrposa. Onna-
KO pesynBTaT 6Ops6u nByx uneonoruu OCTaeTca sa npenenamu no—
BecTu, aBTOp cosnaTeanO us6eraeT usOOpamenua "cunsnoro" n0-
6enuTena. Sacnyrou TennpaKOBa aBnaeTca TO, nTO on nOOTaBun
OBoux repoeB B TaKoe nonomenue, B KOTOpom onu npoaBunu csom
aKTuBnOCTB u nonnocTsm pacKpunu ce6a. Ba6Ka O6napymuna csou
@anarusm, ynuTeanuua - npunuunuansnocTs u BouBCTBennuu aTe-
usm, maTs PonsKu - sameny nmnCKorO 6ecqucTBua Bepou B Bora.
CBamennuK pacKpuBaeT penurum B nByx nnanax: B cuCTeme normaTOB
(B nepKOBnom ynenuu) u B monuTBe (KOTOpaa aBnaeTca smonuonans-
nou ocnOBOu penuruu).
TennpaKOB nan repom OBOOOny Bu60pa no OTnomenum K penuruu,
on ne naBasuBaeT emy FOTOBOPO pemenua. Bca nOBecTs B uenom, u
cyns6a PonsKu B OTneanOCTu, nana BosmomnOCTB sameTuTs, nTO
anTupenuruosnoe naCTaBnenue OOBeTcKOu mKonu B BocnuTanuu mo-
nonemu BOTpenaeTca u na ceronnamnuu nens c 6onsmumu npenaT-
CTBuamu. 3T0 csuneTenscTByeT 0 Tom, nTO penurua cnymuT nyxos—
nou nOTpe6nOCTsm, KOTOpaa B nOBecTu "HynOTBOpnaa" csoeo6pasno
unTepnpeTupyeTca B saBucuMOCTu OT unTenneKTa repoa. ABTOp 0r—
panuqun paccm0Tpenue nannou npo6nemu onpenenennumu paMKamu:
Bce co6uTua penuruosnoro TonKa npencraBnenu B nOBecTu nepes
BocnpuaTue mansauKa.
TennpaKOB nansme npononmaeT uccnenOBanue npo6nemu mKons-
noro BocnuTanua, csasannoro c penuruosnum Bnuanuem B nOBecTu
"Hpessunaunoe npoucmecTBue". Bnecs sTa Tema eme 6onee cnomna,
46
nem 6una npencTaBnena B "HynOTBOpnou", ynuTenB OKasanca
y6emnennum npusepmenuem K penuruosnum uneam.
H BOT "Hpessunaunoe npoucmeCTBue" B mKone. Onun us ne—
caTuKnaccnuKOB namen non napTOu nneBnuK Tocu Hy6KOBOu, nonepu
napTuunoro pa6OTnuKa. Hs nneBnuKa OTanO acno, nTO ynenuua
namna npu6emume B Bepe B Bora. A aTO npuBneKnO Tocm K Bepe,
nucaTenB OTapaeTca npencTaBuTs na OTpanunax nOBecTu. nocne
sTorO pens uneT O6 ucKnmnenuu ee us Komcomona u name-uKonu.
BTOT cnynau nocnymun Tpesomnum na6aTom nna nupeKTOpa mKonu
u ynuTeneu uCKaTs nOBue @Opmu BocnuTanua, a B nannuu momenT
OTucKaTs saponum "6onesnennoro" aBnenua. O6napymuBaeTca,
nTO ynuTenB maTemaTuKu Mopmuxun rny6OKO Bepywmuu. B naKasa-
nue Mopmuxuna cnumamT c pa6OTu: "...Bepynmuu ynuTenB panom
c neTBmu cnacen, 6yneT cnOKOunee, ecnu erO ynanuTB".
B. TennpaKOB CTapaeTca pacKpuTs Te ucToanuKu u npununu,
KOTOpue OKasanu Bnuanue na @OpmupOBanue nnyBnorO CKnana re-
poeB — npu6emuma K penuruu. Tocm npuBenO K penuruu omymenue
OBoeu nenonnonennocTu, BnyTpennee nyBcTBO onunonecTBa, nOT-
pe6nOCTs nw6Bu. nna nee BOP - sTO ®Opma no6pa u Cnpasennusoc-
Tu, sTO samuTa OT nepCTBOOTu u rpy6ocTu Oprmammux ee nmneu.
B cemse ona ne naxonuT nymeBnOu nomomu u nonnemeu: ee OTeu,
napTuunuu pa6OTnuK, ne cnoco6en pa306paTBca u nonaTs nOTpe6-
nocru nenosenecnou nymu, on OMOTpuT na musns OKBOBB npusmy
onpenenennux napTuunux norm.
BnecB nanpamennocTs nocTuraeT npenensnou OOTpOTu BBene-
HHBM Y‘IHTGJIFI penur'uosnor'o MHDOBOSBDGHHH, EBI‘GHHH HBBHOBH‘IB
47
Mopmuxuna, na KOTOporO nepenocuTca nenTp nananenua. HepBum
npOTuB nero BucTynaeT OTen ynenunu, Hy6KOB:
... sa necaTs neT ne paCKycunu, - 60K 0 60K muBeT u
pa6OTaeT mpaKO6ec. A mu-TO ranaem: OTKyna, mon, penuru—
osnaa sapasa B mKone.12
OnnOBpemenno sTO nanpaBnenO npOTuB nupeKTOpa mKOnu MaxOTuna,
KOTOpuu ne sananca pansme "HpO¢HHaKTHKOH".
"HpesBunaunoe npoucmeCTBue" BuaBunO "Kpusuc" B nyme nu-
peKTOpa mKOnu. H BOT snecs ero O6pas pasnBauBaeTca. C onnou
croponu, on KaK nenocpencTBennuu ucnonnuTens Bcex yCTaBOB,
nacTauBaeT npunaTs cepsesnue mepu c Bepywmumu B mKone. A c
npyrou OTOponu, B nem OTsuBaeTca BnyTpennuu ronoc nenOBeKa
u on y6emnaeT ne ucKnmuaTs ynenuuy us mKonu: "OTTOnKnem OT ce-
6a..." "He y6uBaem nu mu 0 Bamu nenOBeKa?"
TOT me nonxon y nerO u K ynuTenm:
Bce y6enaTca, aTO neT B nem nu TauncTBennocTu, nu Opu-
runansnocTu, nu unTpurymmeu OTBepmennocTu. HTO on npoc-
TO cna6aa, sanyTaBmaaca nunnOCTB, nocTOunaa CKOpee ma-
nocTu, nem yBamenua (H 10, crp. 61).
HO B sTom nene nupeKTOp ne mor y6enuTB apux npOTuBnuKOB pe-
nuruu O "6esonacnocTu" TaKOPO asnenua B mKone. 3Ty samuTy
MaXOTuna onu nasusamT "unTennurenTCKumu myTonKamu". HosTomy
mopansnoe ynumenue B naKasanue onu cauTamT nenOcTaToanO cy-
pOBum u nacTauBamT cnaTB c pa6OTu ynuTena maTemaTuKu.
CnomnOCTB anTupenuruosnorO nacTynnenua OOOTouT B Tom,
nTO nosuuun Bepymmero sanumaeT nyxosno cunsnuu u ycTounuBuu
xapaKTep. B sTom cnynae cpencrsom usmenenua nenOBeKa B c0-
BeTCKOu cuCTeme - "nepesocnuTanue", OKasanocs 6ecn0nesnum,
KaK yKasuBaeT A. HnacTunun:
48
...nanemna na nepesocnuTanue MOpmuxuna nuKaKaa. H TaK
me, KaK y TOnCTOBcKorO KapaTaeBa BO Bpema ero npe6u-
Banua B nneny nunero ne ocranocs OT connaTa, TaK y
Mopmuxuna nuqero ne OCTanoos OT ynuTena.l5
A 3T0 Bce noromy, qTO Mopmuxun ne npunan npennomenua ny6nunn0
OTKasaTsca OT OBoux penuruosnux BsrnanOB u BucTynuTB c anTu-
penuruosnou nponarannou.
Bce me rnaBnoe snecs ne B Bonpoce O6 omuBnenuu penuruu,
a B cucTeme paccymnenuu repoa, B nOTpe6nocTu u "nenOKOpMKe"
erO nymu. Kpome BucKasuBanuu repoa na Temy penuruu u Bocnu-
Tanua qucTByeToa ronoc aBTOpa. TennpaKOB ne nonnepKuBaeT
csoero aTeucTunecKorO mupOBosspenua, a Bcerna 6nume K mucna-
mum repoam, ymemmum OTcroaTB csou Bsrnanu, name eonu onu
pacxonaTca c npunuunamu OOBeTcKOu uneonoruu.
HosTomy ucTOpua c Toceu Hy6KOBOu nocnymuna TonsKO saBas—
Kou npaMaTHHeCKOPO cmmeTa: nepecnyp nerKO ona paocTanacs o
Bepou, KaK TonsKO us6asunacs OT onunoneCTBa, Korna Bumna
samym. Hs KomcomonKu npespamaeTca ona B "6oromonKy", a nOTOM
B naccuBnoe cymeOTBO, ynosneTBOpennoe munumymom maTepuansnux
musnennux nOTpe6nOCTeu.
B yCTa nupeKTOpa mKonu aBTOp BKnanuBaeT csom muons, Ko-
Topaa BupamaeT npespenue K 6eccmucnennomy u nOBepxnocTnomy
OTnomenum yqenuuu K musnennum nOTpe6nocTam: "nymaeT ne nymaeT,
ne BepuT. Ym nynme 6u Bepuna, na nymana". 3T0 nnon BocnuTanua
cemsu, sa HTO TennpaKOB 6seT OTua yaenuuu ny6KOBOu Opasou
rny6OKorO cmucna: "Bnamennue numue nyxom, ne BenaIOT, nero
TBOpaT," - B neu cypOBuu npurOBOp Tomy, KTO CTapanca onycTO-
IIIPITB nymy tIGJIOBGKB. .
49
Hecm0Tpa na ycunennym 6Ops6y c penurueu, KOTOpaa aBna—
eToa onnou us 6onsmux nperpan na nyTu mKonsnOPO BocnuTanua,
B COBeTCKOu neucTBuTeanOCTu BOTpeaamToa eme npusepmennu
sTOPO nanpaBnenua. nna repoa Mopmuxuna penurua aBnaeTca ne-
Bunumou munou, nammeu nOnKOpMKy aenoseneOKOu nyme. C Ton-
Kocrsm ncuxonora TennpaKOB nponuK BO BnyTpennuu mup csoero
repoa u nOKasan, HTO penurua OKasanacB o6nar0pamuBammum
cpenCTBOM nenOBenecKorO xapaKTepa. YnuTens MOpmuxun OKasanca
nnyBno cunsnum repoem, cymen no Konua OToroaTB OBou penuru-
osnue uneu. Cmucn saKnmnenua nOBeCTu ne B nOpamenuu repoa,
a B nponnOOTu ero y6emnenuu:
XOTuTe yrposamu saCTaBuTB nymaTB unaqe? He nonynuTca.
erosamu momno sanyraTB nenOBeKa, on onenaeT Bun, nTO
nymaeT KaK Bam yronno. Momno nanKou nonnaTs o nOOTenu
OOHLHOEO, no OT sTorO on us OTaneT snOpOBum (N 10,
CTp. 6 ).
FHABA III
Hpo6nemu MopaanO-®HHOCO®CKOH yrny6nennOCTu
1. Fonoc cosecTu
Hpo6nemu npchTBenno-Qunoc00cKorO xapaKTepa namnu OTpa-
menue B cnenymmux npoussenenuax Bnanumupa TennpaKOBa: "Tpou-
Ka, cemepKa, Tys" ("HOBuu mup", 1960, N 5), "Cyn" ("HOBuu
mup", 1961, H 5), "KOpOTKoe samuKanue" ("3nama", 1962, H 5),
"HaxonKa" ("HayKa u penurua", 1965, MN 1 - 2) u "AnOOTonBcKaa
KomannupOBKa" ("HayKa u penurua", 1969, NH 8 — 10).
3Tu npousBenenua O6BenunaeT O6maa Tema, onnaKO Kamnoe
OTnensnoe us nux npenCTaBnaeT co6ou OBon6pasnuu BapuanT
npo6nemu HpaBCTBeHHOPO nOpanKa: OTsByKu cOBeOTu, ncuxonoru-
necKym neypaBnOBemennOCTB, nnyBnue nOTpacenua. yquTuBaa
sTO, mu npocnenum npuaunu BosnuKnOBenua u pasBuTua nymeBno-
r0 pasnana u BnyTpennux 60penuu repoa B pasnux acneKTax na
maTepuane nannux npousBenenuu.
Hpo6nemu, KOTOpue craBuT B. TennpaKOB B OBoem npousBe-
nenuu "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", ne ucaepnuBamTca oo6uTuunOu
OTOponOu, a OTnuaamTca ncuxonorunecKOu u MOpansnOu nacumen-
nocrsm. CmmeT nOBeCTu BKnmnaeT cnenymmee: naneKO, na ceBep—
nou peKe, pacnonomen cnnasyaaOTOK BO rnaBe c macTepom ny6unu-
num, rne pa6OTamT TpunnaTs nBa nenOBeKa. 06unnuu xon musnu
50
51
napymaeT noasnenue B nocenKe yronOBnuKa Bymyesa: erO BuTamun
us 6ypnameu peKu onun us cnnaBmuKOB HemKa ManunKun. BymyeB
nOOTenennO pasmuraeT B nnnax asapT K KapTemnOu urpe, O6urpu-
Baa ux neneornum nyTem. KapTemnuu noenunOK memny BymyeBum u
onnum us cnnaBmuKOB KonnaeTca KaTachO®Ou: Buurpannue y HeTy-
xosa nensru, BymyeB npaneT y HemKu. B momenT BonumKu rneBa
B pyKax y Bymyesa OKasanca TonOp, no on cam noru6aeT OT nO-
ma BO Bpema OTonKnOBenua c Hy6ununum. HeMOTpa na To, nTO
fly6unun B camosamuTe y6un nenOBeKa, cnenOBaTenB nonospeBaeT
y6uucTBO panu KOpucTnOu menu, a HemKa OKpuBaeT OT Bcex, nTO
nensru naxonaTca y nero.
B chnosuuuu nOBeCTu "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys" OTneTnuBO
BupuoosusaeTca npoGnema:npupOna - nenOBeK. PasmamucTum, Ton-
num masKom O6puoosana nucaTenem rnyms u CTpamnaa nuns, rne
B mecTOKOu 60ps6e o neymonumou npuponou muBeT u pa6OTaeT rpyn—
na nmneu. ABTOp apKO npenCTaBun O6pasu OTqaannux nmneu, mac-
TepOB cnnaBa neoa y nOporOB rposnou peKu:
TeneT ceBepnaa peKa. MecTamu ona csou nenuBO cypOBuu
xapaKTep menaeT na apocTnuu - KunuT cpenu Kamneu,
6pusmeT, neceT xnonsa menTOu nenu... Hacenenue ma-
nensKorO nocenKa cymecTByeT nna TOFO, aTO6u 6ecK0nea—
noe mecTBue neca no peKe ne OCTanaBnuBanocs.l
CmmeTnoe nBumenue cosepmaeTca B pamax "apessuqaunoro",
Toanom K nemy nocnymuno noasnenue Bymyesa B nocenKe cnnaB-
muKOB. 3T0 OKasanO Bnuanue ne TonBKO na xon c06uTuu, no u
na nepemeny xapaKTepa Kon®nuKTOB, rne nenOBeK BucTynaeT npo-
TPIB tISJIOBeKa. .
B eTou nOBeCTu aBTOp BusonuT nBa nonapno npOTusononom-
_.~.. FD “m _—.—~
....v— -.
52
nux xapaKTepa: Camu fly6ununa u Bymyesa, KOTOpue no—pasnomy
oosemawT xapaKTepu npyrux repoeB. OTnomenue fly6ununa K nnnam
Bupameno B ero nOOTynKax, ocnOBannux na 06menenOBenecKux nOp-
max:
HonnaTB ynaBmerO, ycnOKouTs OTqaaBmerooa, samuTuTs cna-
6or0, nyBcTBOBaTB npu sTOM, 3T0 Tu onoc06en panOBaTs
npyrux, Tu menpuu, Tu cunsnuu - sTO nu ne cnacTBe.
(0Tp. 67).
Bce nansneumee neucTBue onponepraeT STOT Tesuc fly6ununa. Ero
nOBepue nBamnu OKasanocs O6manyTum: na OOBeCTB Bymyesa nenssa
6unO mnoro paconuTuBaTB, no npenaTenscTBO HemKu 6uno 6u 6onee
cunsnum ynapom, no, KOTaTu, 06 sTom Hy6unun TaK u ne ysnan.
HocuTenem snou u Temnou cunu npencTaBnen BymyeB, TOnBKO
nTO OT6uBmuu chK naKasanua. CKOpO on npoaBun OBou "onoc06-
nooTu", c nomomsm urpu "B onKO" BymyeB npuo6peTaeT neorpanu-
nennym BnacTB nan npocTumu nnnsmu onnasynaoTKa. Pposnaa cuTya-
uua pacKpuBaeToa npu nomomu xynomeoTBennux cpencTB u B manepe
usOOpamenua nucaTenem. TennpaKOB cam, To ycTamu repoeB Bce
Bpema OPOBapuBaeTca: "KaKOu-TO neynannuK, nerKaa nena, KOTOpym
Bu6pacuBaeT musns..."
TparunecKuu cnynau npuocTanaBnuBaeT pasBuTue neucTBua u
Bce Bnumanue aBTOpa nanpaBnenO Teneps na pasmumnenua O npo6—
nemax m0pansnoro xapaKTepa, O nenOBenecKOu OOBeoTu. He cny-
qauno non ynap ucnuTanuu OOBBCTu nOOTaBnenu nBoe: fly6unun u
HemKa. BunOBnuK noru6, no sru nBa repoa nenocpenOTBennO OBa-
sanu cnynaem y6uucTBa Bymyesa.
COBGCTB ne naeT I'IOKOH IlyOununy PI B MOHOJIOI‘S paCKprBaIOTCH
erO BnyTpennue npOTuBOpenua: "He BunOBaT! Henssa 6uno nOOTy-
53
nuTB unane. HucTa OOBeCTB! HO - neT npomenua Tomy, KTO npu-
nocuT cmepTB". HemKa OTpanaeT sa pruTue npaBnu, OTpax sa
ce6a nenaeT ero npenaTenem: "OTKpOBennO, 6es oTecnenua, pu-
nan HemKa".
HTaK, B momenT csepmuBmeroca BnyTpennerO anura, OTsBy-
Ka nenOBeneOKOu OOBecTu, TennpaKOB OCTaBnaeT OBoux repoeB.
B nOBeCTu "TpouKa, cemepKa, Tys" aBTOp orpanunuBaeT rny6uny
ncuxonoruneOKoro nponuKnOBenua BO BnyTps repoeB OTenean ux
cosnanua. Onu ne cnoco6nu @0pmynupOBaTs OBou sTuaecKue Bos-
spenua, nenOBeaecKaa @unocomua npoaBnaeTca B ux nOOTynKax.
B onucanuu KonerTnux cuTyanuu sameTnou OKasuBaeTca npuTne—
Baa unTonauua:
Ynap noma... npeBnaa, KaK cama musns, uOTOpua- nenOBeK
ne nonanun c nenOBeKom. H OTO, u nBecru, u mnoro Tuoan
neT nasan TaKue BOT Bymyesu nonumanu nom u TonOp na
npyrux, sacTaBnanu u na nux nonumaTB nom. Heymenu sTO
npOKnaTue Benno, neymenu OT nero nenssa us6aBuTBca?
(0Tp. 100).
B sTOM OTune Bunepman aBTOpcKuu KommenTapuu, ooxpanam—
mun mnorosnaauTensnym muons, KOTOpaa aBnaeTca TonKOBanuem
nooTynKOB repoeB: nananenua u camosamuTu.
- "HepuneTua..." Ha sTom onOBe 06puBaeToa nOBeOTB, u
Bce ee conepmanue cnOBa, KaK B OOKyce, KonuenTpupyeTca na
onnom nonaTuu, npunasaa emy nOBuu OTTenOK cmucna. 3neos "ne—
puneTua" osnanaeT c00Toanue nymu, ronoc OOBecTu, KOTOpue B
onnom cnyaae npoasunucs B OTKpuTOu @Opme, B HDYPOM — saTaen-
nou, no BusBaBmeu BnyTpennue myqenua repoa.
I‘OBOpH O mopansnux Ka‘IeCTBaX HBJIOBeKa, TGHIIDHKOB CTpe"
muTca npunaTB nOBoe nanonnenue Teme "cyna OOBecTu", KOTOpaa
54
aBnaeTca onnum us Bamneumux anu6yTOB BnyTpennux uennocTeu
repoa. 3TOT BOnpoo 6un mupOKO paspa6OTan TaKme nucaTenem B.
cnenYEMeu nOBeoTu "Cyn".
B ocnOBy sTOu nOBeCTu nonomen penKuu cnynau, nossonuB-
mun nucaTenm nocTaBuTB Bonnymmuu ero Bonpoc npenensno OCTpoz
"HO KaKOu npaBne muTB?" Ha OXOTe cnynunoos necnacTse: y6unu
nenOBeKa, KOTOpuu npoxonun mumo oxOTnuKOB B momenT noronu sa
menBenem. Oxorunucs BTpoem: TeTepun - Bpomnennuu OXOTnuK,
"CBOu" nenOBeK B necy, MuTarun - ®ensnmep us 3TOPO cena u Hy-
nupeB - nanansnuK OTpouTenscTBa B sTom pauone. CTpenanu Mu—
THPHH u HynupeB: onnou nyneu 6un y6uT menBenB, npyrou - neno-
BeK. Cnomnuu Bonpoc: nsa nyna nonana B nenOBeKa, Koro npuBne-
KaTs K cyny? Ha mecTe O6onenOBanua Tymu menBena u prna neno—
BeKa nynu ne namnu. A nansme npousomno neomunannoe: Cemen Te-
Tepun npu ocsemeBKe menBemBeu Tymu nOTom cam namen "csunuosuu
KomoneK", pacKaTan ero, npumepun K OTsony pymsa u OKasanocs,
nTO sTa nyna nonxonuT K CTBOny pymsa MuTaruna. BnanuT, nyneu
us pymsa flynupesa 6un y6uT nenOBeK.
BOT semecTBennoe nOKasaTenscTBO, Ta ucTuna, KOTOpym ne
ynanocs ycTanOBuTs na mecTe TparunecKorO cnyaaa. Bnononyanaa
nyna 0onomnaeT npusunnym nna cnenOBaTena "npocTOTy u acnocrs":
emy yno6nee, nTO6u y6un MuTarun, TOT - nenOBeK "manensKuu",
erO momno u non cyn OTnaTB. Hynupes me - nanansnuK prnnoro
CTpouTenBcTBa, npuneTca umeTs neno c pauKomom, c O6nacTBm.
TennpaKOB nonpO6nO usnaraeT paconenosanue TparunecKorO
cnynaa, npucmanuBaeToa K nOBenenum ne TonsKO ynacTnuKOB 0x0-
Tu, no u nmneu, csasannux c0 cnencTBuem. CnenOBaTens nuTaTuneB
55
BeneT cnencTBue Kpaune neno6pooosecTnO. 0n sanyran oxornuKa,
KOTOpuu ne snaeT, nTO npOTusonocTaBuTB nmu u cam OKasuBaeTca
B nonomenuu nmeosuneTena. Cnena cyna saBepmaeT KapTuny Tpare-
nuu npocTOu nenOBenecKOu nymu OXOTnuKa. 0n na nonpoce OTKasu-
BaeTca OT OBoux npemnux nOKasanuu, OT npaBnu: TeTepun saaBna-
eT na cyne, aTO nuKaKou nynu on us namen. Cyn BunocuT onpaBna-
Tensnuu npurOBOp MuTaruny u onpaBnuBaeT BunOBaTorO naqansnuKa
OTpouTenBCTBa. Hem oneBunnee OTanOBuTca samuTa necnpasennu-
BOCTu, nonnepmusaemaa saKonom, Tem OTpamnee nymesnaa npama
TeTepuna.
H Cemen TeTepun BnepBue ucnuTan 6eccunsnym nenaBucTB u
K HynupeBy u K cnenOBaTenm: "Onu—TO cnomTca..." Onu-TO
OTurpamTca. H na Kom?.. (CTp. 151).
HecnacTnuu cnynau OKasanca sapanom nna nansneumero pas-
BuTua namenennou Temu, OBasannOu c npo6nemou nenOBeaeCKOu oo—
BeCTu. C sTorO momenTa cnmeTnaa nunua npousBenenua pacxonuTca
B nByx nanpasnenuax: nunua TeTepuna u nunua flynupeBa c erO
samuTnuKamu. B sTom yKnane napymeno paBnOBecue B pasmemenuu
cun repoeB. OnnaKO sTu O6e nunuu BucTynamT BO BsaumocBasu,
nacTO cxonaTca, nepeceKamTca u pacxonaTca. Hpu TaKom yKnane
TennpaKOB ucnonssyeT pasnuanue xynomecTBennue npuemu OpaBne-
nua, npOTusonooTaBnenua u KonTpacTa nna O6napymusanua nymeB-
nux nenOBenecKux'nennOOTeu u BceCTOponnerO ananusa ux.
Yme B camom naaane nOBecTu nyBcTByeTca naTuCK aBTOpa na
OTsuBnuBocTs repoa, necTnOOTB u ero OOBecTB. Cnynaunaa cmest
napna 6una rny6OKum nOTpaoenuem u npOBepKOu quOBeHeCKHX Ka-
necTB repoa: "...c TaKOu 06unn0u cmepTBw Cemen BoTpeTunca
BnepBue" (129). OTsuBnuBOOTB K nmncKOMy rOpm npoaBun TeTe-
56
pun K OTuy y6uTorO, KOTOpuu csoum 6esmonBuem u rny6OKO pruTOu
OKOp6Bm Bunenanca cpenu coOpaBmuxca nmneu, 6onee saunTepecO-
Bannux onynaem co sBepem, nem nymesnumu 6onamu nenOBeKa:
"...ne npuoTaBan nu K Komy c Bonpooamu, u 0 nem KaK-TO sa-
6unu" (155).
3TOT mano sameTnuu mTpux oOnapymuBaeT BnumaTeanOCTB u
OTsuBnuBOOTB B nyme Cemena no OTnomenum K OTpananum nenOBeKa.
He manOCTB aKuenTupyeToa B sTom nOBenenuu 0x0TnuKa, a rny6OKoe
nonumanue nmncKorO rOpa:
TeTepun na BTOT pas nyBOTBOBan B nyme nenonaTnuu pasnan.
On nOCToannO omyman npucyTCTBue Muxaunu, 60anca BsrnanyTB
B erO CTOpony... HanpuBaeToa nyma, KunaT cnesu...
(0Tp. 156).
TennpaKOB ne ooTaBun sTOT momenT nymeBnorO pasnana repoa
nesamenennum, a nOBTOpaeT erO neCKonBKo pas B xone co6uTuu,
c uensm nonnepKnyTs uennoe KanecTBO nenosequKorO xapaKTepa.
Bespasnunue nmneu K nymomy rOpm npununaeT 6ons TeTepuny u sa-
muraeT B nem BnyTpennuu 6ynT, KOTOpuu Bupamen B cnOBax Bos-
mymenua:
Ha BosmyTucB me, O6unsca, sa npyroro - muBaa nyma ma-
eTca. Hpumu ee 6ons, KaK csom. Momems nomoas - nomoru,
ne momems - npOOTO noumu nenOBeKa. HonaTs — sTO, noma-
nyu, camoe Bamnoe (0Tp. 158).
ABTOp naman na OOOTBeTcTBymmym crpyny cosecTu, KOTOpaa
usnana munOpnuu sByK. HO sTO TonsKO BCTynnenue, repou B na—
nane nOBeCTu cam co OBoumu mucnamu, co OBoum nyBcTsom. Ten-
npaKOB ycunuBaeT nymeBnue OTpananua repoa OTnensnumu cnOBa-
mu, BKpannuBaemumu B nOBeCTBOBanue: "Xyno B 6ene 6uTs enu-
Hy!"
nansme xon neucTBua ycnomnaeTca O6napymennou nyneu B
57
Tyme menBena: 0x0TnuK nuTaeTca OTKpuTB Ty npaBny, KOTOpym
ne cymenu O6napymuTB na mecTe KaTaOTpO®u. TyT saBasuBaeTca
cnomnuu cmucnOBou ysen u B sTom mecTe cxonaTca nBe cmmeTnue
nunuu.
B npOOTOTe csoeu Cemen OTnpaBnaeTca c naxonKOu K nanans-
nuKy crpouTenBcTBa Hynupesy, no TOT ne OKnonen 6paTs Buny na
oe6a onnoro, ne namepen pemaTB no OOBecTu. "Henosoe uma"
OTaymnaeTca OT nenOBeKa, OT ero npchTBennoro conepmanua:
HynupeB na mur ucnyranoa Tou npaBnu, KOTOpym npunec
Cemen, ucnyranoa u ... OTpeKca OT nee non BunuMOCTBm
"neBmemaTensoTBa".2
STa nepBaa nonuTKa OKasanacs o6manausou, 0x0TnuK yxonuT OT
flynupeBa pasoqaposannum, no eme ne c6uTum c npaBuanoro nyTu.
Hyna mrna nanons Cemena. ManenBKuu KyconeK csunua, xpa-
namuu B ce6e Tauny. Ecnu sTa Tauna ne 6yneT pacKpuTa,
cyn momeT npurOBOpuTs MuTaruna K saKnmaenum. HecnpaBen-
nuBO me... Pas Hynupes ne xoqu nomoqs, nTO m... Xonems
ne xoqems, a nano unTu K cnenOBaTenn.5
CnenOBaTens nuTaTuneB nosopatuaeT neno TaK, aTO 6oaTBca
naunennou nynu nano ne Hynupesy, a npemne Bcero camomy TeTe-
puny. Ero BonnyeT To, nTO ucTuny snaeT 0x0TnuK, KOTOpOPO OTa-
paeTca sanyraTB, nTO6u OTpeKca OT npaBnu: "KaK snaTB, ne npu-
neTca nu nam u npOTuB Bac Bos6ynuTs neno".
Hoone sTorO B nymy repoa saKpanca mquO6 OTpaxa sa ce6a,
noaBunocB comnenue B npaBunsnOOTu TorO nyTu, no KOTOpomy nomen
u o KOTOporO ne co6upaeToa OBOpanuBaTs. H cnenOBaTens BupacTa-
eT B cosnanuu 0x0TnuKa B neKym 0Tpamnyn, rnyxym K nmnCKOu co-
BeCTu, Kposomannym cuny. HOKOpnO yxonuT TeTepun us npOKypaTypu,
ucnuTuBaa "6eocunsnym nenaBuCTB u K nynupeBy u K cnenOBaTenm:
58
"Onu-TO cnowToa. Onu-TO OTurpamTca! H na Kom?.. 3x!"
C Bepou B npaBny Cemen nenaeT eme Onny nonuTKy — uneT
pachasaTs O60 Bcem npencenaTenm Konxosa BOpOBuKOBy. TOT Be-
puT 0x0TnuKy, no OTouT nu sTy npaBny OTOTauBaTB? nynupes -
nenOBeK nymnuu pauony, a npaBna TeTepuna TonsKo B0 Bpen np—
nam. Bonsme Toro, on coscem nO6uBaeT 0x0TnuKa OBoumu paccym-
nenuamu o "nByx npaBnax":
...Kpome muTaruHOKou npaBnu, KOTOpym Tu BuKOBupan us
menBena BmecTe c nynBKOu, ecTs u npyraa. Pas nenOBeKa
y6unu - Bepno, nna OCTpacTKu HDYPum cnenyeT naKasaTB.
HO Bens ne mu o TOOOu saKonu Bunymusaem (crp. 160).
Bce nonuTKu TeTepuna nOKasaTs npaBny, nauTu nonnemey
B nmnax, OKasanucs nanpacnumu u onu napymunu ero nymeBnoe
paBnOBecue. OnpOBepmenue npaBnu npenCTaBuTenamu OOBeTcKOu
saKonnocTu pomnaeT B 0x0TnuKe nenOBepue, npOTuBOpenue u
Kon¢nuKTu OOBecTu, KOTOpue 06pasymT Tpemuny B uensnou u npa-
Bou naType repoa. HpuxonaT B muons cnOBa, panee BuCKasannue
repoem: "Xyno B 6ene 6uTs enuny!" — pansme onu Kacanucs onu-
nOKorO B 6ene OTna napna, a B nacToamee Bpema ux cmucn non-
TBepmnaeTca rny6OKumu nepemusanuamu TeTepuna.
Kasanocs 6u, 6uorpa®une0Kuu u ncuxonoruneCKuu nOpreT
TeTepuna ne OOTaBnaeT comnenuu B Tom, aTO nepen namu cuns-
naa naTypa nenOBeKa no csoum ucTOKam u npoucxomnenun. Onna-
KO nanyrannuu nonospenuamu u yrposamu cnenOBaTena, ysepennuu,
nTO on u flynupes "cnocha", c6uTuu c npaBunsnoro nyTu paccym-
nenuamu npencenaTena Konxosa O "nByx npaBnax", — 0x0TnuK 6po—
caeT nynn B 60nOTo: "KyCOK csunua, xpanuBmuu B ce6e npaBny,
ucnes nna nmneu". TeTepun BnepBue OTOTynun nepen co®uCTuKOu
59
nonmnOOTnorO nuna, ucnyranoa yrposu, "nOTepan ce6a" — OTpax
onepman no6eny, no BOT nonemy:
l
ZrOdIem udreki starego Tietierina Jest strach, wywOZany
zetknieciem z organami sprawiedliwosci, lek przed ich
karzaca siIa, przed insynuacyjnymi, pozornie logicznymi
oskarzeniami, bezwzgledna przewaga ludzi umiejacyoh pos-
I V S I
lugiwaé sie grozna bronia - slowem, ktbre moze brzmiec
I v
zastraszajaco, stac sie w kazdej chwili nieodwracalnym
oskarieniem.4 '
PesKuu nOBOpOT K pasnonymum repoa MOTusupOBan erO 6eocu-
nuem npOTuBOCToaTB npencTaBuTenam BnacTu, a TaKme mucnsm sa
csom 6esonacnocTB.
HonaT BopOBuKOB ne nymaeT, Hynupes ne TpaBuT ce6a, a
on, Cemen TeTepun, xoqu 6uTB nynme HDYFux, 3K0. Bny-
manoos 60namero XpucTa us ce6a KOpnuTs. CnuTau, BeK
npomun, a n0 cux nOp B ym ne Bossmems, nTO nneTBm 06y—
xa ne nepemu6ems. Manou maBKe ne cnen na maTepux Bon-
KOB naaTB (0Tp. 164-165).
Mopansnaa necooToaTensnOCTs TeTepuna npoaBunacB B ero OTOTyn-
nuqecTBe OT npaBnu. H nem cunsnee 6una ero yBepennOCTB B 006—
oTBennOu nenorpemnocTu, Tem myquTeanee oTanOBunocB oosnanue
csoero npenaTenBCTBa. Camoananus CBoePO nOCTynKa ne usmenun
nonomenua, TonBKO 6onsme yrny6un nymeBnyw npamy Cemena.
TonKO ananusupya npOTuBOpenuBue nyBcTBa OOBecTu repoa,
nucaTens nepenocuT pemenue.Kon®nuKTa B O6nacTB ncuxonoruneo-
Kym. On OTapaeTca BuaBuTB npununu, no KOTOpuM necTnuu, n06-
puu nenOBeK cosepmaeT OTCTynnenue OT npaBnu. Onu nemaT ne
na nOBepxnocTu co6uTuu, a KpomTca B mucnax u nyme repoa. Yme
B camom naaane nymeBnuu Kpusuc repoa naspesan usnyTpu, no Kyna
cunsnee sByqan m0TuB npenonpenenennOOTu ero OTOTynnunecTBa
nocTynKamu npyrux nmneu.
Mucns O nouque u npchTBennocTu "ecrecTBennorO" neno-
6O
BeKa, cmusmeroca c naTypOu u ee saKonamu, 6una Onna us nenT—
pansnux B nOBeCTu "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", ona BO mnorom O6Bac-
naeT BnyTpennuu Kpusuc repoa "Cyna", TeTepuna. Hepen oypOBum
saKonom nuBunusOBannorO mupa TeTepun OKanuTynupOBan, ucnons—
sOBan noms nna camosamuTu, nepeqepKuBaa Bce csou npemnue ycu-
nua nonecTu npaBny no Konna. PacKpuBaa npchTBennym neyOTOu-
nusocTs repoa, TennpaKOB sacTaBnaeT ero cosnaTBca B OBoeu
6eoneCTnocTu: "HeT 60nee TamKorO cyna, nem cyn csoeu OOBecTu".
Hocnenya Bcesosmomnue npenacTBua u npununu, KOTOpue
TonKnynu repoa na nomnuu nyTs, cnenyeT O6paTuTB Bnumanue na
nononnuTensnue OBenenua, Kacanmueca nOBenenua u xapaKTepa
Hynupesa. Hpu nomomu conOCTaBnenua OTneTnuBO onpenenaeTca
nonapnaa nosunua HynupeBa c ero camoysepennocrsm u BucOKo—
mepuem, no cpaBnenum c KpOTOOTsm u npocTOTOu TeTepuna.
CBanuB TamecTB csoero npecTynnenua na 6ecqupOCTnym
naTypy 0x0TnuKa, HynupeB nna ycnOKoenua OBoeu COBeOTu npu6era-
eT K CO®HCTHH€CKOMy BuBepTy. Ha cyne on cnenan "6narOpOnnoe"
saaBnenue: "no6posonsno pasnenun Buny MuTaruna", npurOTOB-
nennym emy sapanee — cyn onpaBnan "BunOBaTorO" @ensnmepa.
CnenOBaTensno, npasocynua ne csepmunocs: npaBna TaK u ne 6una
ycranOBnena, Bepx onepmana ne OOBecTB, a c0®ucTuKa.
HO B rny6une nymu HynupeB snaeT, nTO pOKOBOu Buchen ero,
u on, nycTs nenaannuu, no nos me y6uuna. 3T0 OOOToanue nBy-
pymnunecTBa TennpaKOB nanucan c TaKOu xynomeCTBennOu y6enu-
TensnocTBm, aTO Boe ero nOBenenue Bocnpunumaem, KaK noms, u
noms ne6eCKOpuOTnym:
61
flynupeB, BucTynammuu npOTuB HynupeBa, - neKuu nw60-
nuTnuu napanOKc, nynannuso nhoennorO nenOBeKa, yBe-
pennoro B osoeu 6esonacnocTu (OTp. 166).
COBecTB... Becnomannuu cyn nenOBeKa nan camum co6ou, no 6ons-
me Bcero HynupeBa yrneTana muons, nTO npquuTBca cna6um, 6es-
samuTnum - npOCTO npOTuBnO.
Koneu nOBeCTu Kasanca 6u npocT: nuKorO ne sacynunu, On—
naKO B "Cyne" pacomanuBaeTca naKasanue sTunecKorO nOpanKa,
ne CBasannorO c oyne6num KoneKoom, a c06OTBennOu OOBecTsm,
KOTOpoe ucnuTuBaeT 0x0TnuK:
Semen Teterin who knows better, is truly punished
after the trial. He is violated truth feels the deepest
guilt.5
HeycrounuBocTs 0x0TnuKa ne TonBKO Buna ero, no u 6ena, nOKa-
suBan TennpaKOB B nepBOu nacTu, cmmeT KOTOpOu pasBuBanca so-
prP nenTpaanOu npo6nemu: "HonaTB - sTO, nomanyu, camoe
Bamnoe". BO BTOpOu naCTu pacKpuTa ne TonsKO ncuxonoruneCKaa
npoGnema, no npaBOTBennaa, onpenenaemaa coseOTsm: "Camoe
Bamnoe - ocynuTs".
Mopans B xynomecTBennom nosnanuu ne cson mepTBux npa—
Bun, ne Kasennaa mepKa, 6esnymn0 npunaraemaa K Tomy
unu unomy nOOTynKy, 3T0 ne oTOpom 6nar0npasua, a 0T0-
pom npaBnu B nyme nenOBeKa.6
HTaK, rnaBnuu unTepeo TennpaKOBa CKonnenTpupOBan BOprP Kon-
OnuKTOB COBeCTu repoeB u KaK ona 6ynOpamuT ux. OTsByKu cosec-
Tu no-pasnomy pesonupymT y Hynupesa u TeTepuna, snanuT pasnue
enunuuu cpaBnuBamTca B nOBeCTu.
nna yToqnenua npo6nemu u pasnunua OOBecTu y TennpaKOB-
CKux repoeB oomnemca na unTepecnue BucKasuBanua E. @pomma,
KOTOprFI POBOpuT O DBSJIPIQHLIX BHHaX COBBCTPI, IIOIIDBSIIGJIHH H8.
62
aBTOpuTapnym u rymanuTapnym. ABTOpuTapnaa OOBecTB OOOTouT B
onenymmem:
The contents of the authoritarian conscience are derived
from the command and taboos Of the authority; its
strength is rooted in the emotions of fear Of, and
admiration for the authority.7
3T0 Bun cosecTu npucym flynupeBy, KOTOpuu ucnuTuBaeT CTpax
u nOBunOBenue Tomy, KTO aBnaeTca Bume u aBTOpuTeTom nna nero.
BnyTpu on TauT OTsByKu OOBecTu, BusBannue y6uucrsom, x0Ta u
cnynaunum. HO Bce me 6ecnOK0uT ero npennamepennoe snOneanue
no OTnomenum K TeTepuny, O KOTOpom npusnaeTca on ne O6umen—
nomy, a OBoum samuTnuKam: "HynupeB npOTuB flynupeBa". 0n BucTy—
naeT npOTuB OBoerO, usBecTnorO Bcemy pauony, umenu. 0n sac-
TaBnaeT ux ucKaTB yno6nue nyTu onpaBnanua, ucKaTs uCTuny
"non monapem".
B ocnOBe rymanuTapnOu OOBeoTu npe06nanaeT snemenT unnu—
Bunyansnoro xapaKTepa:
... conscience Judges our functioning as human beings;
knowledge Of our success or failure in the art of
living. It is the expression Of man's self-interest
and integrity.8
B neHCTBHTeanOCTH, sTu nBa Buna OOBecTu neOTnenumu u nacTO
BuCTynamT BO BsaumocBasu. Hapymenue 6ananca B xapaKTepe ne-
nOBeKa na6nmnaeTca sa cneT nepeBeca onnoro Buna nan npyrum.
Ecnu HynupeB ne npusnaeT OTBeTcTBennOOTu sa csou noc-
TynKu, a npquuBaeTca nums OBoum aBTOpuTeTnum nonomenuem,
TO TeTepun nyBchyeT ce6a BunOBaTum nepen OBoeu OOBecTsm sa
prHTHe npaBnu. HO OTSBYKH COBeCTH sarnymaeT CTan, KOTOpHï¬
BHSHBaeT B 6P0 cosnanuu HBDGOHBHKy npemnero OTHONGHHH. BHHH
63
6eon0nesnoors conpOTuBnenua "cunsnum", TeTepun nonnaeTca
nmu u Tem camum napymaeT nopmu nenOBeaecKOu MOpanu.
flynupeB B npouecce OBoeu neaTensnocTu OKasanca paspymu-
TeanOu cunou, On ynunTomun mopansnoe BnanunecTBo TeTepuna
ne TonBKO nan npuponou, no u nan num camum. 3T0 OTonKnOBenue
nByx npOTuBononomnux cun y6uno B 0x0TnuKe Bepy B ce6a:
TennpaKOB sTOu KonchyKnueu npOTuBonocTaBun npupony
O6mecTBy, 6uonoruqecKoe naqano - couuansnomy. CTano-
BuToa oneBunnum, nTO sTu nBa nanana B KOH®HHKTe-H "ec-
TecTBennaa" MOpans, noncKasuBaemaa nenOBeKy npuponou,
OTOTynaeT nepen mopansm, cosnaBaemou B nponeoce pas—
BuTua nusunusauuu.9
OOTaBmucB cam co csoeu OOBecTsm,HynupeB pasmumnaeT 06
0x0TnuKe, nonaBmem B ceTu m0pansnou KasyucTuKu, u on KaK 6u
onpaBnuBaeT ero nOBenenue BOT sTum "ycnomnenuem musnu":
"... nmnu menamTca mennennee, nem cama musns". 06pas TeTepuna
npuo6peTaeT neKOTOpoe cumsonuaecKoe sByqanue, nocTurammee
csoeu Kynsmunauuu B mononore Hynupesa: "Cemen TeTepun! Men-
BemaTnuK! Kasanocs 6u, BOT onuueTBOpenue napona..." Onna-
KO OTnomenue naqansnuKa OTpouTenBOTBa K npooTomy menBemaT-
nuKy npOTuBOpenuBO, on 6onsme Tpe6yeT OT Cemena, nem OT
camoro ce6a. Hosromy erO npusnanue BocnpunumaeTca c orOBOp-
Kou, flynupeB cnoco6en cynuTs npyroro, OTpuuaa camoocymne—
nue.
B Konne oyne6nor0 npouecca HynupeB, Kasanocs 6u, onepmu-
BaeT npchTBennym n06eny, KOTOpaa saKnmnaeToa B ero "camo-
npusnanuu" nepen cynom. HO sTa n06ena nunromnee nOpamenua
TeTepuna. HpaBna Hynupesa ne TOnBKO nonynpaBna, a cosna—
Tensnoe monrnechBO OBoum aBTOpuTeTom u cunou. 0n ne B
64
oocroanuu nonnaTsca na TaKym npaBCTBennym BucOTy, nTO6u
cmeno OKasaTB 060 Bcem.
TeTepun npoaBun cna6ocTB, no erO npaBna 6onee nuoTaa,
x0Ta on na Bpema nepeCTan 6uTB c060u. 0n onepmuBaeT npeBocxon—
cTBO nan OBoum npOTuBnuKom csoeu Tpe6OBaTeanOCTBm K oe6e u
6ecnomannum cypOBum cynom nan cO6Ou:
Xyno B 6ene 6uTB enunyl Ecnu mup nanpoqs sa6yneT sTu
cnOBa, TO KaKue- To neonaOTsa npome 060uTu, a nemunye—
mue - BuneCTu (0Tp. 158).
B nOBeCTu "Cyn" 6una cosnana TparuqeoKaa cuTyanua, B KO-
TOpOu Boenuno coenununuos BnyTpennuu npamaTusm c musnennou
npaBnuBOCTsm. SKcnpeccua cmmeTa nOBeCTu BosnuKaeT us nanpa—
mennocTu nooTaBnennOu aBTOpom npaBoTBennOu npo6nemu, a co6u-
Tuunaa TKanB cnymuT yacnenuw nymeBnux ueHHOCTeu repoa. 3T0
cnomnaa nunemma nocnymuna cpencTsom ucnuTanua nenOBenecKOu
oOBecTu u ee ycTOunuBOOTu.
HeOMOTpa na oosnaBmueca OOTpue npOTuBOpenua BO BnyTpen-
nem mupe TeTepuna, aBTOp nonnepKuBaeT B nem To nonomuTeanoe,
KOTopoe TpeBomuT repoa no Konua - 3T0 rny6OK0e nyBCTBO csoeu
Bunu nepen OOBeCTsm. Hocnennaa mpasa sTorO BnyTpennerO mono-
nora onens BnanuTensnaa, B neu saKnmnen npurOBOp, Bunecen
camum repoem, B KOTOpom TaKme nyBOTByeToa aKuenT aBTOpcKorO
ronoca: "HeT 6onee Tamenoro cyna, nem cyn csoeu oOBecTu".
2. Qymesnue 60penu§
HnTepeo B. TennpaKOBa K npo6nemam nenOBeneOKOu OOBecTu
65
6un onnum us rnaBnux B ero npenunymux nOBeOTax u on ne 0c-
na6eBaeT B nansneumem npouecoe erO TBOpneOTBa. Hamenennym
np06nemy nucaTenB CTapaeToa paspemuTs no Konna na OTpanu-
uax Onnoro npousBenenua, x0Ta na6nnnaeTca npononmenue ee B
cnenymmux pa6OTax, no yme B HDYPOM acneKTe u na nOBom maTe—
puane. HosTomy, nonTu Kamnoe, OTneanO Bsaroe npousBenenue
TennpaKOBa aBnaeTca TemaTunecKu nOBum u csoeo6pasnum B cnoco-
6e xynomeCTBennorO uso6pamenua.
COBecTB, KaK KaTerOpua sTuKu, B Tecnom cnneTenuu c rnaB—
nou np06nemou nymeBnux 60penuu repoa, namna OTpamenue B nO-
BecTu "HaxonKa", noaBuBmeuca B 1965 Tony. B paocmanuBaemom
npousBenenuu nucaTens KonnenTpupyeT csoe Bnumanue na ananuse
nepemuBanuu, npoucxonuBmux B nyme repoa, KOTOpue 6unu BusBa-
nu pasnoro pona muTeucKumu, nacTO neomunannumu O6cT0aTenB-
OTBamu. B KOH®HHKT€ BnyTpennux npOTuBOpenuu xapaKTepa OTsByK
cosecru aBnaeTca yKasaTenem npaBuanorO nanpaBnenua B musnu
nenOBeKa.
3Ty np06nemy aBTOp pacomanuBaeT na maTepuane neo6uqno-
r0 npamaTunecKorO cnynaa - naxonKa mnanenua, OOTaBnennorO
Kem-TO B necy. HucaTens ucnonssyeT sTOT cnynau c naxonKOu,
nTO6u nOKasaTs nymesnym 6Ops6y repoa u npo6ymnenue B nem OT-
suBnuBOCTu K nenOBenecKOu 6ene.
3TB npaBOTBenno-ncuxonorunecKaa np06nema pacKpuBaeToa
B nOBeCTu na npumepe npocTorO nenOBeKa c pacneTom na erO
ucrunno nenoseqecKue qucTBa. CymnOCTB xapaKTepa repoa u ero
BnyTpennue l'IpOTI/IBODB‘IPIH paCKprBaIOTCH B 8P0 HOCTynKaX Id IIOBe-
66
nenuu. HOBeOTs "HaxonKa" unTepecna u Tem, nTO ona naneKO
ymna OT nen O6mecTBenno—conuansnoro nOpanKa, a B nenTpe
Bnumanua unnuBunyaanaa nunnOCTs u conepmumoe ero nymu.
Pepou nOBeCTu "HaxonKa" - Tpomum PycanOB, ucnonnuTe-
nen B OBoux cnyme6nux O6asannocTax uncneKTOpa pu6nor0 nan—
sopa, nanpaBnaeTca B Te' meCTa, rne nacTO pu6aKu nonssOBa-
nucs neneransnou nOBneu pu6u. Ero noaBnenue 6uno rposou
nna nonnunennux, KOTOpue nenapom nposBanu ero Kaprou sa
ero cypOBocTB u nechBOOTB. C noumannumu pu6aKamu on pac-
npaBnanca na mecTe mecTOKO — oamoynpaBno, a Kpome TorO eme u
000pmnan npOTOKonu no saKony.
HonospuTensnocTs PycanOBa K nmnam ne naBana emy nOKoa;
onnamnu paonpaBuBmucs c onnumu pu6aKamu, on naanunca nans-
me B nec B noucnax sa nOBOu "nO6uueu". Bnymnaa no necy, on
naTKnynca B rnyxou necnou us6ymKe nna 0x0TnuKOB na mnanenua,
saBepnyTorO B TpanKu. Bnecs sa necaTKu KunomeTpOB OT nenOBe—
necKorO munsa, nosnneu ocensm maTB 6pocuna nOBOpomnennym ne-
BonKy na npousBon cyns6u. B Teqenue neTupex nneu on c puCKom
nna musnu Bunocun us necnou rnyxomanu nOBOpomnennym. H x0Ta
Tpomumy PycanOBy ne ynanocs nonecTu no munsa musoro pe6enKa,
no TO, nTO on cnenan, nOTpe6OBanO OT nero nonnunnou neno-
BeanOCTu. OKasanocs, aTO Bamnee, BnanuTensnee BTux neTupex
nneu B necy c pe6enKom y nero B musnu ne 6uno. OnnaKO,sTOT
6nar0ponnuu nOOTynOK Tpomuma saTemnaeT sno6a u mamna meCTu
sa cmepTB pe6enKa. HoucKu maTepu - npecTynnuuu O6epnynucs
nna nero BOTpeneu c neonBOTnOu, y6uTOu rOpem neBymKOu. Ona
67
pemunaos OOTaBuTB csoero "nesaKonnorO" pe6enKa us-sa OTpa—
xa nepen ocymnenuem, KOTOpoe mnano ee noma, B OTapOBepnec-
Kou nepeBne. 3T0 yme nOBaa npo6nema, nepen KOTOpou OTan
repou B ponu cynsu.
Tpomum PycanOB nenOBeK "BsrnanOB TBepnux", y6emnennuu,
nTO TonBKO on snaeT npaBny u muBeT no neu. 0n npuBuK K
KnunKe - Kapra, Toano TaKme cmupunoa c Tem, nTO ero ne nm6aT
B napone: "Hpans napon, csonons na csononu", - sTo ero OnenKa
u OTsuBu O nmnax.
BOT sTa ucxonnaa TonKa, c KOTOpOu naqunaem paccmanuBaTs
xapaKTep u nOBenenue repoa, BnuKaa B ero nymeBnue uennocTu
unu nenOOTaTKu. Hpoussenenue "HaxonKa" nOOTpoenO na OOTpux
cnmeTnux cuTyauuax, nossonammux BusBaTs pesKue nouxonorunec-
Kue nepemuBanua repoa. Hansneumee pasBuTue ommeTa ocymecT-
BnaeTca sa oneT BnyTpenneu snepruu, sanomennou B naType Py-
canOBa. B csasu c sTum O6napymuBaeToa anenenue nOBeCTu na
nBe nacTu u ne TonBKo Komnosunuonno, no u nO npunuunam ncu-
xonorunecKorO yrny6nenua.
nucaTenB ne ynyOKaeT us Buny nu onnoro nBumenua repoa,
name muons ero aBnaeToa Bamnum @aKTOpOM B UCHXOHOPHHBCKOM
pacKpuTuu cnomnocTu xapaKTepa.
nuTepaTypa snaeT nBa npunuunavuso6pamenua BnyTpenneu
musnu repoa - sTO EHHaMquCKHH u ananuTunecKuu npun-
uunu. CyTs nunamuaecKorO nponecca oOOTouT B Tom, nTO
BnyTpennuu mup repoa pacKpuBaeToa B neucTBuax u noo-
TynKax, T. e. nepes Bnemnue npoasnenua.10
POBOpa O6 ananuTuneOKom npunnune, cymnOCTs KOTOporO OOOTo-
uT B Tom, nTO nucaTens "ne orpanunusaeTca usOOpamenuem pe-
68
synsTaTOB ncuxuaecKorO nponecca: erO unTepecyeT camuu npo-
ueoc".ll
B camom nanane nOBeCTu npencTaBnena OOTpo—KonmnuKTnaa
cuTyauua — CTonKnOBenue repoa c pu6aKamu, KOTOpoe saKannu-
BaeTca Tem, aTO Tpomum OOOTaBnaeT aKT "saKonnorO nOpanKa"
na pu6aKOB. B sTOu osasannou c O6unennumu sanaTuamu cuTya—
nuu, yme npoaBnaeTca xapaKTep "cnym6ucTa". flansme nucaTenB
OTaBuT repoa B eme 6onee OTBeTcTBennym u cnomnyp cuTyauum,
KaKOu OKasanacs naxonKa pe6enKa B necy, nT06u npOBepuTB na-
nuque u yCTOunuBOOTs nenOBenecKux KaneCTB.
flame TaKaa neo6unnaa cuTyauua ne cpasy namna OTsByK B
nyme repoa, ona TonBKO 60nsme ycununa sno6y, Teneps nanpaB-
nennym K neusBecTnOu BunOBnuue - maTepu, 6pocuBmeu mnanenua
na npousson oyns6u: "TaKux 6u OBoumu pyKamu... HuBux 6u
TaKux saKanuBaTB B semnro".12
H TyT me Ton ocna6eBaeT: aTo—TO us nyTpu noncKasuBaeT
cnacaTB cymecTBO, cyns6a KOTOporO 6una B pyKax nenOBeKa, oo—
snammero nennOCTs musnu. 0n npurOTOBun OOOKy us xne6a, oo-
TaBnennorO maTeme u "... B Tumune necnou us6ymKu pasnanocs
onanKoe nm0Kanse. H onO pesanyno no cepnny Tpomuma". OnnaKO
nyBcTBO, KOTOpoe TOnBKO nTO OTosBanocs B nyme repoa ne 6uno
eme nponnum, no yme BusBanO BnyTpennuu 6ynT repoa: "... nens-
sa npocTO ycnyTs u sa6uTs, nenssa OTmaxnyTBca". A TyT npu-
Bunnuu ronoc npOTuBOpenun sTomy "... nanaOKynnunana, a a
pacxne6uBau. HanO me naneTeTB". B sTy munyTy on ucnuTuBan
manocTs, no ne K pe6enKy, a K ce6e.
69
BnyTpennuu 6ynT repoa ycunuBaeT muons nOKunyTB snecs
pe6enKa. erusenue OOBecTu u CTan OCTaTbCH anCTynnuKom u
coynacTnuKom c maTean B cmepTu pe6enKa OTBenO repoa OT sTux
ry6uTensnux nnanOB:
Korna yBunen Kpacnoe, no maca conpeBmee Tensue, ne Bupy—
ranca, a saoTonan. H CTOH ero 6un neymenuu, noxonun na
CKynem rononnou 006aKu... BBepu. flymery6nu. Cnacy Te6a...
MomeT, onacy... (OTp. 449).
MnoronneBnue 6nymnanua Tpomuma no necy o naxonKOu, ®H8HHBCKH8
u npchTBennue mynenua, nepemuTue um B OnunoaecTBe, naenune
co OBoeu oOBecTBm, u nocnymunu Temu maKTOpamu, OTKpuBmumu B
xapaKTepa repoa nOBym musnennym Oprm - nenOBennocTs.
H BOT, nonoosnaTensnO nyBcTBya, qTO on nOOTynaeT Bonpe-
Ku nenOBeqecKOu npupone, Tpomum xoneT "xOTB nem-TO KynuTB
COBeCTB". AccouuaTuBnO ero muons O6pamaeToa K nOOTynKam ma—
Tepu mnanenua:
flypnaa maTB, Bepno, nonKynana Tome csom OOBecTB - npem-
ne nem yuTu, muna, Cer6na KOpmuna mnanenua, OOTaBuna
sanac nuCTux TpanOK (CTp. 447).
CTounO repow quCTBennO nonymaTs ne 0 ce6e, a O nDYPom neno-
BeKe, nymnammemca B nomomu, KaK B ero cosnanuu npoucxonuT
sameTnuu nymeBnuu anur.
HTOOu onenuTs Bow snaauMOCTs sTorO OOOuTua nna Tpomuma,
nano 60nsme snaTB O nem, u nucaTens BKpaTue npencTaBnaeT
snusonu us ero npomnou musnu: "H rne 6u on ne mun, Kem 6u ne
paOOTan - Bonny ucnuTuBan Bpamny K oe6e..." 0 npomnom Pycano—
Ba mu ysnaem OT nero camoro; B camopaoKpuTuu xapaKTepa O6na-
DWI/IBaeTCH PI npeOTynnenue na BFO COBECTPI " npenaTenBcTBO B
6ypnue ronu KonneKTuBusauuu.
70
BO BnyTpennem mononore pacKpuBaeToa nymeBnoe nBumenue,
yKasuBammee na TO, nTO repou CTapaeTca cnenaTs nepeouenKy
CBoux npemnux nOCTynKOB, KOTOpue necnu OTpunaTeanuu sapan.
Kamnoe nOBoe nymeBnoe nOTpaoenue repoa aBnaeToa KonunecTBen-
num anurom B ero xapaKTepa, nonPOTaBnuBammum Kaqecrsennym
nepemeny, sameTnym TonsKO BO BTOpOu nonOBune nOBeCTu. HucaTe-
na Teneps unTepecyeT ne TonBKO npouecc ncuxuneOKorO OOOToa—
nua repoa, CKonBKO ero pesynBTaT, Bupamaemuu cnOBOM, mecTom
u nepes erO nOOTynKu.
Bnecs ananuTunecKue npuemu uccnenOBanua BnyTpennerO
mupa repoa ycTynamT mecTO nunamunecKum, a BnyTpennuu
mononor - nuanory KaK onnomy us Bamneumux cpenCTB nu-
namunecKorO nucsma.15
HepemuTaa Tparenua c pe6enK0m B necy cnenana anur B
nyme repoa u TonsKO OTnensnue neTanu OTKpuBamT B nem TO,
nero no cux nOp mu ne sameaanu B nem. Bra nepemena O6napy-
muBaeTca B paerBOpe c nanansnunom pu6nansOpa:
- Hy u cnaBnenBKO, aTO nacKonun. Hepenanum Kyna cne-
nyeT, mTpamanyT nna nOpanKa.
- Tpex-TO neBenuK, npocTuTB 6u momno.
— Pas ne BenuK, sanem ero no mena neo?
- TaK onenau, aTO6 ne 6uno mTpamy. 0 nem npomy?
- TonsKO cm0Tpu, nOpTumsca nTo-TO, BonKonaB, ne CTa-
peems nu? Kons sy6u BunanyT - mne ne nymen (0Tp. 467-
468).
Hocne sTorO Tpomum u cam ne snan, sanem npunec sTOT
aKT Teneps, CKOpee Bcero no npuBuaKe: "nanucana 6ymara -
nymno nonecTu". 0T oonyBcTBennOu muonu on Bce 60nee nanu-
naeT nepexonuTs K neny. Haanuu onomnuu u mynuTeanuu npo-
uecc nymeBnOu nepechouKu nocTenennO naeT pesynBTaTu. Teneps
OH ocosnaeT, tITO npemnaa er‘O )KHBHI: ne 6una HOCTHaï¬, JDOJIH I'lO
71
cnym6e TonKanu ero na 06man u ucnonssOBanu ero npOCTOTy nna
nunnou nonssu: "npooTaK BonK nOBuT xBOOTOM B npopy6u pu6Ky
nna nucunKu". CO6uTua, npomenmue OKBOBB nymy repoa, nossonu-
nu emy cnenaTs nepeouenKy ne TonsKO OBoux npemnux nOOTynKOB,
no u camoro ce6a:
HoxBaTanu HYMY, omynanu, KaK OTapuu nunmaK na 6asape,
nOKasanu - TyT nupa, Tam npOpexa, Tu nopomums, a
BemB-TO nuqero ne CTouT (OTp. 469).
Teneps Tpomum nonyBoTBOBan nOTpe6nocTB B nmnax, on uneT
"na oroneK" ne nna TorO, nT06u cxaaTuTs KOFO-TO, a nTO6u "co-
rpeTBca y muBOu nymu". HO BOT, Korna c nmanu nanamen nymeB-
nuu KonTaKT, B nem cnOBa sarOBOpun ronoc "npaBunsnorO nenOBe-
Ka". HOXOponuB pe6enKa, ucaesno B nem TO, nTO 6yn0pamuno erO
u npo6ymnano nymeBnue nyBcTBa. "... Esmy a, nTO6 sTy npOKna-
Tym Borom neBKy..." MynuTenen nna nero npouecc usmuBanua yKo-
penuBmeuca c mnux neT Bpamnu K nmnam.
HO camoe prnnoe ucnuTanue Bnepenu, K nemy cama npumna
npeCTynnaa maTs u emy nano oOBepmuTs nan neu cyn. Cnomnaa
ramma nyBcTB cmenaeTca B erO nyme: nenoymenue, sno6a, Tynoe
6eccunue, on c 6onsm npousnocuT npyroe: "... unu, ne Tpesoms
nymy. H TaK TomnO". TaKue pesKue nepemenu nachoenua, Bus-
Bannue neomunannumu OTonKnOBenuamu, npoucxonaT nOOToannO BO
BnyTpennem musnu repoa. 3TOT cypOBuu paerBOp omenaeTca
BnyTpennum mononorom Tpomuma, B KOTOpom OTneTnuBO nepenaeTca
ero nymeBnuu Kpusuc.
PycanOB ne B cunax pemuTs TaKym cnomnym np06nemy nmncKo-
r0 neonaOTsa, KOTOpoe nepemuna maTs. flna sTorO nymno Ton-
KOCTB quC‘I‘B PI nonumanue HWOI‘O Pop}! 683 DOSKHX PIMIIYJ'IBCOB,
72
KOTOpue npucymu repom. 0n x0Ten 6u nonaTB Bcem OBoum nyTpom
rope "cnaBmeuca" maTepu, no 6onsme manocTu K neu B nem nu—
nero ne OTosBanocs, "... OKasuBaeTca, ne TaK-TO npocTO ne—
peCTynuTs nepes nmncKym manocTB, rpanuqamym c nenaBucTBm".
flna Tpomuma 60nee nonaTnum 6uno ee onunoqeOTBO, KOTOpoe cam
ucnuTan u ocosnan sa nocnennue neTupe nna. HO B Konne on npu—
numaeT aKTuBnoe ynaCTue B cyns6a maTepu pe6enKa, u sTO ne
aBTOpcKuu namum, a noruKa pasBuTua xapaKTepa: "Tpomum OTnpa—
Bun KnaBnum na neconynKT, nan nener u rpy6OBaT0e nacTaBne-
nue: ne muBu nuKOu—TO".
Cnenya sa repoem no Konna nOBeCTu, prnno O6napymuTs
cpasy Bunenanmueca nymesnue anuru, onu Bcerna B cnneTenuu
c erO onomuBmeuca mpannou naTypOu. Te nennue KaneOTBa xapaK-
Tepa, KOTOpue noasunucs B pesynBTaTe ero nymeBnux KonmnuKTOB,
paccunanu BO Bceu nOBeCTu menKumu sepnamu. TonBKO B camom
Konne npousBenenua xynomnuK co6pan ux BmecTe u060'6mun r‘ny60-
Kou mucnsm, umemmeu oumsonuanKoe snaqenue:
Onu paccTanucs, on maran no qyrynno cmepsmeuca nopore,
6epemn0 nec B ce6e 6naronaTnym ycTanocTs nyTnuKa, no-
menmero no Konua nyTu. H eme c TaKOu ycTanocTBw nocne
noromero Becennero nna BosBpamamTca c nona - Bonaxano,
saceano, rynaT KOOTu (0Tp. 496).
Tpomum PycanOB o nonnum O6nernenuem saBepmun csou mynuTens-
nuu nyTB nymeBnux 60penuu, BO Bpema KOTOporO cymen npuo6pec-
Tu uennue nenOBenecKue KanecTBa. OTsquusocTs K nmnam u 000-
snanue no6pa camum repoem OKasanuos Bamnou naxonKOu B ero
)KPISHH.
Hepemena nachoenuu B nOBeCTu O6unno nonnunena nenOBe—
73
necnum nyBcTBam. TaK OOTpaa sn06a, mecTs cmenamTca Tuxum To-
nom conyBOTBua u manocTu, TO K pe6enKy, TO K maTepu. 3T0
csuneTenBCTByeT 0 Tom, nTO B repoe rne-TO rny6OKO Taunacs uc—
Kpa nO6pOTu, no cux nOp nunem ne BusBannaa napymy. Humennuu
BoaKOu cenTumenTaanOOTu, nenOBeK BnepBue B musnu o naxonKou
pe6enKa OmYTHH B ce6e nBumenue ucTunnO nenOBenecKorO nyBCTBa.
Ha mone npomnou musnu nepemenu B nyme repoa OTanOBaTca 6onee
nonaTnumu u OquTnuBumu.
HucaTenB us6eraeT m0panusupyEMHx nacTaBnenuu unu uso6pa—
menua nepesocnuTanua repoa, a nenaeT naTucK na ocosnanue um
camum n06pa no OTnomenum K nmnam, KOTOpoe npoucxonuT B nponeo-
ce Bnesannux cronKnOBenuu. Hmenno sTa muons OpranusyeT xapaK—
Tepnuu KonTpaOT npousBenenua, nacumennoro BnyTpenneu 60ps6ou,
c ero munanom, uso6pamammum repoa nepemormero oamoro ce6a.
BnyTpennaa musns repoa nOBeCTu "HaxonKa" usOOpamaeTca
KaK npama nnyBnorO nepepomnenua. PycanOB OKasanca ycTOunuBum
nyTnuKom, KOTOpuu Bunepman prnnuu nyTs u cymen nonecTu no
Konua nennym "naxonKy". flpamaTusm nymeBnux 6Openuu repoa
paspemaeTca B munane napamnammeuca rapmonueu nyxa, Korna on
yCTanum musuneoKu, no no6pum nyxosnO, BosBpamaeTca nomou,
paOCTaBmucs c maTeme pe6enKa.
TennpaKOB - xynomnuK cnomnoro nucsma, B KOTOpom coenu-
nunocs Bnumanue K npamaTunecKum nponeccam nymeBnOu musnu
repoa co cmucnOBOu u smouuonansnou nacumennocTBm nonTeKcTOB,
u pasnoo6pasuem ®Opm onoopenCTBennorO uso6pamenua nyBcTB.
3T0 cnoco6cTBOBanO nucaTenn uso6pasuTs Tonnaumue nepepomnenua
74
repoa H paCKpHTb OPO HCTHHHHO HOHOBequKHO KaquTBa, HBHKO—
nna nymu.
5. KOHQHHKnggflOH
Hon yBenunuTensnum OTeKnom xynomeCTBennorO ananusa
Bnanumup TennpaKOB paocmanuBaeT TaKme u nnyBnue npOTuBo-
pequa repoeB, BusBannue CTonKnOBenuem ux penuruosnux Barna-
nos 0 OOBeTcKOu aTeucTunecKou nonuTuKOu. BTy Temy nucaTenB
sanaruBan yme B Konuefx}0cronos B nOBeOTax "HynOTBOpnaa" u
"HpesBunaunoe npoucmecTBue". OnnaKo, B aTux npousBenenuax
paccmanuBanacB Tema penuruu TonBKO B OBasu o np06nemamu
mKonsnorO BocnuTanua.
Hepo nucaTena nonmno 6uTs ne TonsKO pesuom, Baammum
Bnemnuu o6nuK u nOBenenue repoa, no u CKaanenem,
nponuKammum B ero BnyTpennuu mup, O6namammum CKpuTue
nBumenua nymu.14
HosTomy nOBaa nonuTKa nuTepaTOpa, BsaBmeroca sa sTy nenere
Kym npaBCTBenno-munocomcKym Temy, BusBana unTepec K nosna—
nun u OOBemenum ee B pasnux acneKTax: unnusunyansnoro y6em-
nenua, Bupamenua BsrnanOB u OTpamenue KonmnuKTOB BnyTpen-
nero u Bnemnero nOpanKa.
C nau6onsmeu nonnOTOu uccnenyeT xynomnuK Bonpocu mu-
pOBosspenua, Bepu u penuruu B nOBeCTu "AnocTonBCKaa Koman-
nupOBKa", KOTOpaa noaaunacs TonsKO B 1969 rony B mypnane
"HayKa u penurua". TennpaKOB c oco6ou OCTpOTOu u yrny6nen-
HOCTBD CTaBHT B HOHTD HOBOCTBOBaHHH umenno OTOT KDYP BOHpO'
c0B u naeT BosmomnOOTs pemenua ux camomy repom. HucaTens
75
ne nonBsyeTca OTonB snemenTapnum "pasoOnaauTenBOTBom" npuBep-
menues K penuruu, nOKasuBaa manaTuqecKux OTapyx u Bepymmux
nmneu neBemeOTBennumu unu orpanuqennumu.
B "AnocTonBCKOu KomannupOBKe" repou oosnaTeanO npumu-
KaeT K unee Bepu, KOTOporO aBTOp ne orpanunuBaeT B neucTBuu,
a npencTaBnaeT 6Opmmumca CTOponam pasBepnyTB oBOm aprymenTa-
nun. Mu BOTpeqaem repoa co omopmupOBaBmumca xapaKTepOM,
KOTOpuu Bomen B musns o onpenenennum 6aram0m snanuu, nacTaB—
nenuamu u Bsrnanamu na musns. OnnaKO, sTOT sanac OKasanca
nenOOTaTanuM, repou BupuBaeTca us OKOB Bnemneu neucTBuTens—
nOOTu u cm0TpuT na musns c TonKu spenua csoux unnuBunyansnux
y6emnenuu u nOTpe6nOCTeu.
Hocnenya 3Ty np06nemy, neo6xonumo ynecTB Te maKTOpu,
KOTOpue pomnamT nyxosnue npamu repoa. Bo-nepBux,npocnenum
npununu, cnoco6OTBymmue pasBuTum penuruosnoro mupOBosspenua,
u KonmnuKTu, BusBannue @OpMHpOBaHHeM sTorO Bsrnana BnyTpu ca-
moro repoa. Bo-BTOpux, nOKamem 06pas repoa, KOTOpuu B np0-
uecce camoy6emnenua OTapaeToa BunecTu OBou uneu B 6onee mu-
pOKuu mup. STOT sTan nonon npenaTcTBuu, BusBannux cemeunum
OTnomenuem u OOTpumu KonmnuKTamu OTonKnOBenua c nmnsmu,
onnosuuuonno nachoennumu u npOTuBoneucTBymmumu, a TaKme
60ps6a BnyTpu ce6a.
Hon sTum Tpounum naBnenuem repou nanunaeT osom "anoc-
TonBcKym KomannupOBKy". 0n yesmaeT us cronunu B OTnanennyw
nepeBnm, rne cnaqana nano nonrOTOBuTB camoro ce6a, yTBepnuTs
CBOI/I BSPJIHJI na BOJII-IYIOIIII/Ie OI‘O BOI'IpOCbI.
76
CmmeT nOBeCTu "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa" BsonuT nac B
prr oo6uTuu, npoucxonamux B musnu repoa. Mononou @HBHK
Hpuu PunsnuKOB, OOprnnuK naynno-nonynapnoro mypnana B
MOOKBe, Kasanocs 6u, ychounca u na pa6OTe, u o cemseu.
Pa6OTa O6ecnenuBana neKOTOpue maTepuansnue nOTpe6nocTu, no
B nenom ero ne ynOBneTsopana. B cemse sTa BTOpaa CTOpona
musnu repoa ne npunumanacs BO Bnumanue, ero "nenOKOpMKa"
nymu 6una nymna mene. B pasnymsax u comnenuax nacneT.cmuc-
na musnu, nOBepuB B Bora, on ysonsnaeTca c pa6OTu, OCTaBna—
eT cemsm u eneT B neusBeoTnym nans. flepeBna KpacnornunKa
npuBneKaeT ero Bunom nepKBu u PuanuKOB sanepmuBaeTca na Bpe-
ma, TyT npucnoca6nuBaeToa K nenpusunnomy nna nero musuneo-
Komy prny B Konxose. B nepeBencKOu rnymu on naneeToa npuo6-
peCTu nymeBnuu nOKOu, yTBepnuTB OBou Barnanu na penurum u
nauTu OTOponnuKOB sTux uneu.
B Konxose on CTanKuBaeToa c camumu pasnuqnumu nmnsmu,
Bepymmumu u aTeucTamu. Bepymmue 6unu ne B oooToanuu nonaTB
naynno-munocO®OKue Bsrnanu na penurum, a nesepymmue Bonny
onunaKOBO nachoenu, name snecs B rnymu onu eme 6onee OpTo-
nOKcaanu. H TyT on OKasanca B saMKnyTOM prre; Kpome TOFO
meCTnue BnaCTu Bunenu B nem "onacnoro" nenOBeKa u ounou sa-
cTaBunu ero nOKunyTB BTy nepeBnm. Hon BOSfleï¬CTBHeM sTux
060ToaTenBCTB, a TaKme 6ecnOKoucTBa O cemse, PunsnuKOB
BosBpaTunca B MOOKBy.
B nponore K nOBeCTu "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa" oKpuTa
MHCJIB HYXOBHOI‘O conepmanua, PIS-'38. KOTOpOI/I repoï¬ HCHbITbIBaeT
77
BoaKue numenua. TonBKO B snunore OTanOBuTca nonaTnum OOOToa-
nue repoa, nasBannoe "6onesnsm":
CTpannaa 6onesns, ne npusnasaemaa menuKamu. HaBepnoe,
mnorue nocaT ee B oe6e u no nonospeBamT O6 aTom. y
6onsmuncTBa ona npoxonuT KaK nerKoe nenomoranue, no
nopou ona mecTOKO KanenuT, nnona no OBeTy nyx0Bnux
unaanunOB u camoy6uuu... Bpema usnenuBaeT OT sTOu 60—
nesnu, no ne Bcerna...15
C mororpamunecnou TonnocTBm TennpaKOB uso6pamaeT musns Hpua
PunsnuKOBa: ero cemsm, maTepuansnue ycnOBua, KBapTupnue prn-
nocru, prnOBym neaTeanOCTs. HO sTu oouuansno-snonomuneCKue
maKTOpu aBnamTca nononnuTensnum cpencTsom B pacKpuTuu nyx0B-
non yrny6nennocTu repoa. HepBue ocnomnenua BnyTpennerO mupa
PunsnuKOBa nanunamTca c Toro, KaK nocne nonrux neT muTapOTBa
no "cnumaemum" yrnam, on nonyqaeT OTneanym KBapTupy, "...Kon—
qunacs ynusuTensnaa 6Ops6a sa cymecTBOBanue".
HO nocTurnyToe 6narononynue eme ne cnacTBe — 3T0 pasnue
nonaTua. Ecnu 6nar0nonyaue osnaqaeT OTcyTOTBue 6en u crpana-
nuu, a TaKme KomnneKc maTepuansnux 6nar, TO cnacTse nenTO r0-
pasno 6onee mnoroo6pasnoe u npOTuBOpenusoe: "...nenOBeK,
umemmuu KBapTupy, ne O6asaTensnO 6narononynneu 6esnomnoro".
POBOpa 0 Tom, nTO 6naron0nynue eme ne cnacTBe, momno cKasaTB,
nTO nenOBeK Bume cuTocTu, nTO ecnu on nocTurneT maTepuansnorO
nocTaTKa u ynOBneTBOpuTca sTum, TO npeBpaTuTca TonBKO B nac-
cuBnoe cymeCTBO c nonnum OTcyTOTBuem mumnenua.
Hmenno aTa maTepuansnaa O6ecnenennocTs u BusuBaeT y re-
poa neo6unnue @unocomcKue pasmumnenua:
... on OTan sanymuBaTsca O 6pennocTu musnennux 6nar u
npunanca ucKaTs um sameny B nyx0Bnux uennocTax, nema—
mux sa npenenamu namero semnoro cymecTBOBanua.16
78
HOBue nOTpe6nocTu yxonunu nansme OT mupcKux sa60T, cosnasa-
nu np06nemy "nano" 6onee rny6OKorO conepmanua, nOKa eme
coscem neaonym. 3T0 "nano" npeBpamaeTca B CTpaCTnoe menanue
repoa oosnaBaTs, neucTBOBaTB, nOBTOpammeeoa B npousBenenuu
12 pas na onnou CTpanuue.
H a menan co CTpaOTBm, o neucTOBcTBOM, Buoamee nan ro-
nOBOu "nano" 6uno moeu nyTesonnOu sBesnOu, a ne npOK-
naTuem (H 8, OTp. 71).
Hpuu PunsnuKOB B cuny oamux pasnuqnux npunun 06pama-
eToa K penuruu, umeT mecTa B nyxosnom mupe. CnenyeT npocne-
nuTB u npyrue npununu, KOTOpue OKnonunu repoa sanymaTBoa nan
nyx0BnOu musnsm. Ha pa60Te us-sa CTpaxa nepen paso6nanenuem
erO Bosspenuu, on ucnonnan csou 06asannOOTu no npunuuny "me-
xanusma":
... rOTOB cnecTu cmex, usneBKu, 06mee nOpuuanue, O6mee
npespenue, rOTOB BO Bcem co6ou mepTBOBaTB... HO mepT-
BOBaTs-TO npuneTca ne co6ou (N 8, CTp. 85).
0TBeTCTBennocTs nepen menou u nonepsm nponnesana ero
myaenua u meTanua, a "a 6omcs" ycunuBanO BnyTpennee pasnpa-
menue. HO OTKpuTBoa nepen menou 0n ne mor, eu nymnu 6unu
nonaTua penuruu, BOO6me. "... Hnra Bce BuTepnena 6u, ecnu 6
pasnenana mou Bsrnanu". HosTomy,rny6OKO OKpuBaa csou nyx0B—
nue I'IpOOJIeMbI nepen JIIOIIBMH, OH OIIHaI-CO omunan cnynaa OTKprTbCH.
TyT nesonsno Bcnomunaem E. BamaTuna, KOTOpuu B csoeu
CTaTse "H 6omcs" rOBOpun O npununax nono6noro pona monnanua,
TonsKO nucaTeneu, 6oasmuxca BucTynuTs c nOBum maTepuanom u
uneamu.
HucaTens, KOTOpuu ne momeT OTaTs mpKum, nonmen xonuTs
na cnym6y o nOpTQenem, ecnu on xoaeT muTs.17
79
BnanuT, TonsKo "OTmensnuKam, 6esymuam, epeTuKam, menTaTe-
nam, 6ynTapam u OKenTuKam" npunannemuT sTOT omenuu mar OBo-
6onnou muonu u neucTBua npOTuB ycTanOBnennux nOpm. n. Puns—
nuKOB, B moem nonumanuu, npu6numaeTca K Tuny OTmeanuKOB u
6esymues, no nm6OBs K nonepu OTBOnuna ero na Bpema OT sTux
npunuunOB, "... nymum ne ocmenmos nomepTBOBaTs ponnou non—
Kou". HO TyT me:
He mory 6es Bora, no ne mory u noxonuTs na 6u6neucKo—
rO Aspaama, KOTOpuu 6pocun na mepTBennuK csoero cuna
(N 8, CTp. 84).
OOTpOTa BnyTpenneu 6Ops6u repoa ycunuBaeTca B osasu c
6ecnpepusnumu KonmnuKTamu, npoucxonusmumu BnyTpu erO us-sa
pana npunun. Cunsnum ToaKom, anunmeum repoa c mecTa, OKasa—
nacs sanaqa nanucaTs OTBeTnym OTaTBm ynuTenn @usuKu, nOKasu-
Bammemy, aTO nayKa u penurua ne npOTuBocroaT npyP npyry:
"... pesKo, no 6es rpy6OCTeu!" - sTO BusBanO BnyTpu Punsnu-
KOBa OOTpuu npOTecT: nanuoaTs - snanuT ucnonssOBaTB noms,
nOuTu npOTuB OOBecTu; a OTKasaTsca OT nponarannu on eme ne
6un FOTOB. PunsnuKOB namen Konnery, KOTOpuu cornacunca "OT-
croaTs" nayKy u "BunOpOTs" CTapunKa sa peneraTOTBO.
TonsKO nocne cnynusmeroca npnn PunsnuKOB ocosnan csoe
npenaTenBOTso: "H nanan y6uuny na co6paTa no nyxy", - Te-
neps on BnepBue c monuTBOu 06paTunca K Bory. STorO 6unO no-
cTaroanO, nTO6u yuTu us Tex MeCT, rne OOBepmun npecTynnuu
aKT. 0n pemunca:
... nano ucaesnyTs, no ne us musnu, us cemsu. Husns
6es nunnou cso6onu, musns B cosnannou npyr nna npyra
Tmpsme, cemeunoe saernomenue - 6emaTB OT TaKOu mus-
nu, 6emaTs (N 8, 0Tp. 86).
80
CBOu nOCTynOK yxona us cemsu on nasuBaeT nanenuem, no
neo6xonumum, - "0BO6onnum, pacKOBannum", x0Ta eme 6es onpe-
nenennou TonKu cnOpu. Hens erO Buesna TennpaKOB saKnmaun B
camom sarnaBuu nOBeCTu, B "AnOOTonscKOu KomannupOBKe", nT06u
nauTu cso6ony BnuKnyTs B uoTuny penuruu, u umeTs BosmomnooTs
pasnenuTs csou Bsrnanu c Bepywmumu, "... nauTu nymeBnoe paB—
nOBecue - moa nepBana".
HeT nunero OTpamnee neBenensa nna PunsnuKOBa, Kacamme-
roca ocnOB Bepu. Bonpoc O cmuone musnu oc06enno 6ecnOK0un
ero Torna, Korna on, Kasanocs 6u, nOCTur peansnux semnux
6nar. B nepcneKTuBe TaKOu musnu "Konennaa nens — moruna":
... manKuu 6eccmucnennuu xonmuK semnu, Korna B oOOT-
BeToTBymmuu momenT 6yneT ynpaTanO "H" Hpua PunsnuKo—
Ba BmecTe c munnuapnamu npyrux a (H 8, CTp. 72).
Bepa B 6ora ponunaos y nerO ne TonBKO OT onnux noruneo-
Kux ymosaKnmnenuu, Bepa OKasanacs nnyBHOu nOTpe6nocTBm:
"Onun Buxon - O6sacnuTs runOTesOu, nyCTs nenOKasannOu", nTO
BOP e0Ts u ero npucchTBue npeBpaTuTca B peansnocTs. Bnaro-
napa ero Tpessomy yTonnennomy ymy, PunsnuKOB nacTo npaKTu-
neCKu peman Bonnymmuu ero Bonpoc uneanucTuneCKorO nanpaBne-
nna. "Musu, nTO6u muTB", - 3T0 OTpuuan repou u OTBepran
npumupenue c naccuBnocTsm. Hens B musnu — muTs nna npyrux,
no nna Tex, KTO y6enuT erO, nTO ucnonssyeT co cmucnom 0c-
Tasnennoe um nacnenue: A npumu sTO Bosssanue "muBu, nTO6u
muTs", Torna ne nano emy 6oaTsca nonnuans, y6uBaTs npyrux,
nums 6u nna nero npuaTna 6una musns.
TaKoe npumupennecTBO Bos6ynun0 B nem OTBpamenue K 6es-
81
uneunomy O6pasy musnu u nocnymuno TonnKom K noucKam nyx0B-
noro ynOBneTBOpenua. Hon06nue ucKanua Tpe6ymT OT.nerO camo—
OTBepmennOCTu, pemuTensnOCTu u nacTOunuBOOTu, KOTOpue npuxo-
naT na cmeny OTpanaaneOKum smouuam:
HonesaeT cnOKOunoe pasnymse, naKannuBaeTca, eonu ynOT-
pe6uTB Tepmun OTonB nonynapnuu nune Ku6epneTuKu, sn—
Tponua mucnu.18
flna Buaonenua 3Tux BonpocOB Hpuu PunsnuKOB O6pamaeTca
K 6u6neu0Komy nucanum. Bcecunsnaa u 6esrpanunnaa BnacTB Bo-
ra nopamaeT ero csoeu CTporocTsm. Ha npumepe npaponuTeneu
repou npuxonuT K saKnmnenum, aTO "... BOP 6ouToa ux noxo-
mecTu na ce6a". B 6eoene c ABpaamom, samumammum nenpaBen-
nuu Conom, ne OT Bora BuxonuT unuuuaTuBa no6pa, sa nTO on
naKasuBaeT erO npunomenuem B mepTBy cuna. TonsKO nonnym Kom-
nencauum naxonuT PunsnuKOB B nOBosaBeTnom XpuoTe, KOTOpuu
ynuT nm6Bu, Bosnaanum no6pom sa sno: "... npOuTe BparOB Ba-
mux... H60, eonu Bu 6yneTe nm6uTs nm6amux Bao, KaKaa Bam
narpana?" (N8, OTp. 82)
HTO6u nonnOCTsm npuo6muTsca K penuruu u nponOBenOBaTs
ee,PunsnuKOB eneT B nepesnm:
OTKpuTs mne npuneTca ne ucTunu - onu naBnO OTKpuTu, -
OTKpuTs nyTu K oepnny HenOBeHeCKOMy. Hpo6uBaTs Tponu B
cympaanou name nmncKux nym (N 9, OTp. 61).
HOTpe6nocTs Bepu coneTanacs o nOTpeGnOOTBm musnu nna repoa,
KOTOpuu B monuTBe naxonuT ycnOKoenue: "... nepaoe cnOBO K
Bory, Bepnoe nOKasaTenBcTBO, aTO on, mou BOP cymeCTByeT". (61)
BnepBue on rpOMKO npusnanca B Bepe - sTO "Koneu moeu nene-
ransmunu".
82
flO sTorO Bpemenu Bce nyx0Bnue npOTuBOpeaua repoa ume-
nu BnyTpennuu xapaKTep; on OTapaeTca pacKpuTs B oe6e npo6ne-
mu 6uTa u penuruu, nayKu u Bepu. HonaB B nepeBnm, PunsnuKOB
CTanKuBaeTca c rpynnou BepymMux OTapyx u co OBamennuKom, a
B nocnencTBuu c Bparamu penuruu, meCTnumu BnacTamu u neKo—
TOpumu muTenamu KpacnornunKu.
B. TennpaKOB namepenno nan nonapusosannym O6cTanOBKy,
nTo6u npOBepuTB ycTOunuBOOTs nyx0Bnux uennocTeu repoa, ymep-
merO nOKasaTs u OTOToaTs csou Bsrnanu:
HOSTOMy-TO a u npuexan B KpacnornunKy, qTO6 ucKaTs 6es
nomex, ne OKpuBaacs, ne CTpamacs nocnencTBuu (H 9,
0Tp. 60). '
CmaTocTs onucanuu Bnemnux npumeT pasnunnux OTonKnOBenuu OT-
BenaeT namepenuam nucaTena oocpenOToquTsca na ananuse nyx0B-
nou npamu Hpua PunsnuKOBa. KuBa B nepeBne y OTapymKu flycu,
on ne mor pasBuTs OBoux BsrnanOB na penurum: ee Bepa B Bora
6una aKcuomou, a nonaTs Bepy PunsnuKOBa 6uno as non cuny ee
ymy. Pepou npOTuB TaKorO manaTunecKoro npeKnonenua nepen pe-
nurueu, no BOpOBCTBOM nasuBaeT nonuTKu OTnaTB y OTapymKu "ee
"Bora", enuncTBennoro nOKpOBuTena, Komy nOBepana osom cyns-
6y;
Bcrpena co OBamennuKom, Kasanocs 6u, 6esynpeanum CTo-
ponnuKom ero BarnanOB, npunecna pasonaposanue u neonpaanan-
nue nanemnu repom. Hs-non nepa nucaTena Bumen BTOT 06pas ne-
apKum u uneonorunecKu 6eccunsnum: "Bepymmuu, no ne us 6na-
mennux numux nyxom". Hocne sTorO BosnuKaeT Bonpoc: neymenu
mamna Bepu - eme ne Bepa?
83
PunsnuKOB 6onsme CTaBun BonpocOB, nem nasan na nux OT—
BeTu. B onnom on yBepen, aTO penurua ynuT nm6uTs 6numnero,
a "... nacneT nm6Bu nayKa ona6a". STu maKTu OBuneTenBcTBymT
0 Tom, QTO erO OHHOCOOCKO-DGHHFHOBHHS Barnanu Bce Bpema B
npoueoce @OpMHpOBaHHH u eme ne yTBepnunuos OKonnaTensnO acno.
ABTOp BBepaeT repoa B 6onee KpuTunecKue cuTyauuu, npunu-
naemue co OTOponu aBnux npOTuBnuKOB, sTO "ronenue sa Bepy".
Onnum us uenrpansnux CO6uTuu, urpammux pons B pasBuTuu u
yonomnenua cmmeTa, aBnaeTca nacunscTBennuu npuBOn PunsnuKo-
Ba B Kny6 na aTeucTuqecKym neKuum u ero Bunymnennoe BucTyn—
nenue ny6nuano.
B OTKpuTom uneonorunecKom noenunKe O 6eccmepTuu nymu
PunsnuKOB y6enuTensnO nOKasuBaeT, nTO
... npusnam nyxosnoe 6eccmepTue Kamnoro us nmneu, KTO
OCTaBun nocne ce6a B nacnenCTBO npyrum nnonu CBoero
yma, prna (N 10, CTp. 80).
HpOTuBnuKu repoa OKasanuos unTenneKTyansno cna6umu, nTOOu
samuTuTB osom aTeHCTHHeCKym uneonorum, no ayBCTBya nopame-
nue, onu nonssymTca npumenenuem cunu, - "maysep na uneonoru-
neCKom nocTy".
PunsnuKOB, nenOBeK nymammuu, c0 CTporum nesasuoumum xa-
paKTepom, a comnenua ero HBHHETCH TonBKO npusnaKOM pasyma.
Bes ymenua comneBaTsoa neT OTKpuTuu, neT neucTBua: "Cnoco6-
nooTs mucnuTs uneT OT noranKu K y6emnenum TonBKO nepes com—
nenue" (N 10, OTp. 78). Hosromy 6Ops6a PunsnuKOBa ne TonsKO
cnomnaa, no u onacnaa, ero ym BO Bpen emy camomy: "...O6pa-
sOBannuu, snanuT snOOTnuu mpaKO6ec".
84
Cu K B nepeBne OKasanca onunOKum, ne namnocs oosnaTens—
nux npuBepmenueB u nocnenOBaTeneu ero penuruosnux uneu: mu-
Tenu KpacnornunKu 6unu "cnenumu" u nocnymnumu ucnonnuTenamu
uneu aTeusma. B ux rnasax O6pasOBannuu PunsnuKOB, nponOBenym—
mun penurum, 6un "poraTOu nomansm".
B npoueoce uneonoruneOKOu neaTensnocTu PunsnuKOBa nuca-
Tens O6pamaeT Bnumanue ne TonsKO na erO y6emnenua, no u na
nyx0Bnue npOTuBOpenua, BusBannue Bnemnumu u BnyTpennumu O6—
cToaTenscTBamu u OOTpo-KpuTuaecKumu cuTyanuamu. flnyBnaa npa-
ma repoa nOCTuraeT senuTa B Konue nOBeCTu, Korna on neBonsnO
npunumaeT pemenue BosBpaTuTsca O6paTnO B sTy 06cTanOBKy, Ko-
Topym nOKunyn neTupe nenenu nasan. Hpununou Tomy yrposa'mecr-
nux BnaCTeu u Tpesomnaa Be0Ts OT menu, KOTOpue Bnecnu paccT-
poucTBO B nymesnym musns repoa u saoTaBunu ero saKonnuTs, no
ne OTKasaTsca nonnocrsm OT "anocTonscKOu KomannupOBKu".
Hneunaa yrny6nennOCTs saKnmnena TaKme B camom nasBanuu
nOBeCTu. "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa" 6una nponosennunecKou
muccueu repoa, KOTOpym saKannuBaeT on onosom "Amuns". Hesos-
momno 6unO OOTaTsca neucTBymmum npOBOBennuKom B cypOBux yc-
nOBuax cospemennocru, no n06ena, B ucnonnenuu nyx0Bnux 06a-
sannocTeu sa num. B Konne erO "KomannupOBKu" sanaau musnu
nesonsno menamTca u panom OTanOBaTca semnue muTeuOKue npo6—
nemu: nyBcTBO Bunu nepen cemseu, cmupenue u nonyqenue np0-
menua.
3T0 BosBpamenue B cemsm aBTOp csasuBaeT c npuTneu O
6nynn0m cune:
85
HepBum moum onpaBnanuem momeT 6uTs: "HpOCTu!" BTOpum:
"Houmu." HaBepnoe, nm6aa 6onesns nocTOuna npomenua, a
sTa Tem 6onee. flonmna nonaTs, nonmna eme pas mne no-
mons B musnu. CTapaa npuTna O 6nynn0m cune (H 10,
CTp. 87).
Hnorna pesKue nepemenu BO Barnanax repoa momno npunaTs sa
OTOTynnenue ero OT nanaTux ucKanuu. HO B nesameTnO pas6p0-
cannux cnOBax B nOBeCTu mu ynaBnuBaem To nonomuTensnoe, Ko-
Topoe OTOTauBaeT repou.
B nponore TennpaKOB sanaruBaeT mnoro snanumym, no ne-
nonaTnym na nepBuu Bsrnan muons O "OTpannOu 6onesnu", ucnuTu-
Baemou mnorumu. "... Bpema usnenuBaeT OT sTOu 6onesnu, no ne
Bcerna..." Heo6uanoe B OOBeTcKOu neucTBuTensnocTu aBnenue -
npusnanue Bepu B Bora, onuTaeTca 6onesnsm. Hecm0Tpa na pas-
nue "npuemu neaenua - usmusanua", ne ynaeTca "osnopOBuTs"
nenOBeKa, KOTOpuu no Konna OCTaeTCH B ux 06mecTBe "nyx0Bnum
unsanunom". 3T0 aBnaeTca OTBeTom na Bonpoc O KonmnuKTax ny—
xosnou musnu repoa, nornaTuBmerO sTy 6auunny.
BupasuTensnum aBnaeTca snunor K nOBeCTu "AnOOTonBCKaa
KomannupOBKa", rne noasnenue pe6enKa umeeT cumsonunecKoe
snaqenue,.yT0nnaa Ty nosuuum, na KOTOpOu OCTaeTca repou.
Ecnu B nanane npecnenOBana muons repoa O Koneanou uenu - mo—
rune, TO Teneps, Kasanocs 6u, B nOTepneBmem nOpamenue neno-
BeKe, Bunna cuna nyxa, snpaBOPO u muBoro: "...musns, a ne
nanenue, KaK mne Kasanocs pansme", u ero 6eccmepTue B Tom,
nTO "on nanumun B csoeu musnu".
Hecm0Tpa na BnyTpennue npOTuBOpenua u KonmnuKTu repoa,
KOTOpue 6unu BusBanu comnenuamu, Kone6anuamu u name Bpemen-
86
numu OTCTynnenuamu OT penuruosno-TunoooOCKux uneu, nucaTens
nOBen uocnenyemym np06nemy no saKonomepnorO neus6emnoro Kon-
na. CKBOBB rpy6ym O6ononKy neucTBuTeanocTu on cymen O6napy-
muTs u nOKasaTs BO Bceu cnomnOOTu nyxoanym nOTpe6nocTs neno-
BeKa. Hucarens ne omarnun ycnOBuu neHCTBuTeanooTu, a npencTa-
Bun ee B nonnom npoaBnenuu. Pepou OKasanca mepTBOu Bpemenu,'
6ynynu npuaepmenuem K HDYPOH unee, unaKomucnameu unnuBunyanB-
nOCTsm.
XOTa neT acnux BuBOnOB nucaTena, no nOBeOTB "AnOOTons~
OKaa KomannupOBKa" xynomecTBennO saKonnennoe npousBenenua, B
KOTOpom samucen aBTOpa BonnOTunca B O6pasax. TennpaKOB cam
npusnaeTca, nTO paspemenue u nOKasaTenBcTBO sTOu cnomnou pe-
nuruosno-munocomcKOu npo6nemu npunannemuT mucnuTenam-munooo-
mam:
OTKyna mu npumnu? Kyna OBOu nyTB Bepmum? B nem namen
musnu cmucn? 0n nam nenOCTumum.
PHABA IV
CneuucbuKa TBOD‘IOCKOI‘O MOTOIIa B. TOHJIDHKOBB.
1. Komnosunuonno-cmmeTnue npuemu
B npoueoce uccnenosanua npousBenenuu B. TennpaKOBa name
Bnumanue 6unO OOOpenOTonenO na oc06ennocTax npencTaBnenua aB-
TOpom mupOKorO prra npo6nem u KonmnuKTOB repoeB Bnemnero u
BnyTpennerO xapaKTepa. B sTou rnaBe mu saumemca ananusom
TBOpnecKorO meTOna nucaTena u O6paTum Bnumanue na Te npuemu
xynomecTBennorO maCTechBa, KOTOpue aBnamTca Tunuqnumu nna
npousBenenuu TennpaKOBa. Hpemne Bcero cnenyeT paccm0TpeTs
cruneBue npuemu, npunem B Tex ero onOOpencTBOBanuax, KOTOpue
ucnonssymTca aBTOpom nna uso6pamenua cyns6u repoeB.
3a Bce Bpema nuTepaTypnOu neaTensnocTu y TennpaKOBa ono-
munucs onpenenennue u ycToutuue npuemu nucsma: cKnonnocTs
nonaepKuBanua snanumocTu snemenTa cnyaaunocTu, pacKpuTue Kon—
mnuKTOB nyTem ananusa BnyTpennerO mupa nenOBeKa unu ucxona us
nosunuu aBTOpCKOPO "neBmemaTenBcTBa" no OTnomenum K uso6pame-
emum co6uTuam u cyns6am repoeB, nepasnomepnoe pacnpenenenue
aKTuBnux u naccusnux cun B pasBuTuu cmmeTa. Bce sTO 06senu-
naeTca Boenuno neyKnonnum npuCTpacTuem TananTa nucaTena K
npamaTunecKum saocrpenuam CIOXCGTOB. Hosromy npocnenum KaK Id B
87
88
qem npoaBnamToa sTu xynomecTBennue ooo6ennOOTu TennpaKOBa.
a. HpesBunaunoe npouomecTBue, cnynaunocTB xapaKTepnu
TennpaKOBcKOu manepe nucsma u onu cnymaT saBasKOu OOTpo-Kon-
mnuKTnux cuTyauuu BO mnorux erO npousBenenuax. Hanpumep, B
"HenacTse" npununou snononynnux nocnenCTBuu 6unu nponuBnue
Becennue nomnu, B "HynOTBOpnou" - naxonKa mKonsnuKom uKonu,
B "Hpessunaunom" - O6napymenue nneBnuKa ynenuuu, KOTOpuu
pacKpun Taunu Bepu B Bora mKonsnuuu u ynuTena. STu cnynau
aBTOp ucnonssyeT KaK nepsue sBensa TOu menu, KOTOpue npuso-
naT K flpaMaTHHeCKHM usmenenuam B cyns6ax repoeB.
B cyns6a BumeOBa us pomana "3a 6erymum nnem" Bamnym
pons B nouCKax meCTa musnu yneneno cnynam. 3TOT xynomecT-
Bennuu npuem BBenenua cnynaunocTeu B pomane cosnaeT TaKym
aTmocmepy, B KOTOpOu cnOBnO 6u BuKnmnunacB Bona repoa. Cny-
nauno Annpeu BCTpeTun B noesne ynuTena, KOTOpuu OCTaBun B
nem uCpr csoeu npomeccuu. Cnynauno BumeOB nOOTynaeT B ne-
naroruneOKuu uncTuTyT:
Hepeno mnou OKasanca cnygaunuu nenOBeK, c KOTOpum ne
npuneTca 6onsme BOTpeTuTsca... (TI—II: 0Tp. 55).
B 6nOKnOTe, KOTOpuu 6un nanonosuny sanonnen na6poc-
Kamu ronOB u muryp B pasnux paKypcax, 6un sanucan an-
pec sTorO onynaunoro snamomoro (T. II, CTp. 56).
... cnygauno nonsepnysmuuoa nonsesn ne uBCTuT Ta na-
npaBun mena no nOBOu nopore (T. II, ch. 87)
B sTOu cmaTOu un¢0pmauuu O cyns6a Annpea neT oco6enno cuns-
nux smonuu. OnnaKO monOTonnoe Tenenue musnu napymaeTca cny-
naunocTamu, KOTOpue OKasanucs saaunom B npouecce ero musnen-
nux ucnanuu.
89
B npyrom uuKne npousBenenuu: "Yxa6u", "TpOuKa, cemep-
Ka, Tys", "Cyn" u "KOpOTKoe samuKanue" - ucxonnum nynKTom
nna pasBuTua neucTBua ommeTa nocnymun TparuaecKuu cnynau
cmepTu. flpuem Tparuaecnoro cnynaa naeT BosmomnocTs aBTOpy
c nepBux OTpOK npousBenenua nanpaBuTs nunamuKy cmmeTa na
pacKpuTue nymeBnorO mupa repoeB.
CmmeTnuu KonmnuKT B nOBeCTu "Yxa6u" OOOTouT, nanpumep,
B Tom, nTO MOpaanym OTBeTcTBennOCTs sa cmepTB nenOBeKa ne-
ceT nesonsnuu BunOBnuK aBTomo6unsnOu KaTaOTpomu, a ne 6es-
nymnuu 6mpOKpaT-pacnopanuTens TpancnOpTa, no Bune KOTOporO
cnyqunocs neonaCTBe. flpamaTusm oO6uTuu ycunuBaeTca naTucKom
na Cprny OOBecTu, OTsByK KOTOpOu no-pasnomy pesonupyeT B ne—
nOBeqecKux xapaKTepax. TaK nupeKTOp Knames onpaBnuBaeToa:
y mena 6es sTorO rpemKOB nocTaToanO no pa6OTe na6panocs.
Eme pas noncTaBnaTs ronOBy, HTOOH no neu csepxy OTyKny-
nu, menanua Her. 1
B unom Tone sBynuT ronoc momepa Bacu:
KaKaa 6u ynaaa nu cnyqunacs - nyOTs npOCTunu 6u pasOu-
Tym mamuny, ne nepenanu 6u B cyn, OCTaBunu 6u na npem-
neu pa6OTe, - Bce paBnO ne 6yneT panOOTu eonu ympeT
sTOT napens (0Tp. 47).
HocnenOBanue Kpusucnou cuTyauuu nomoraeT aBTOpy nOKasaTs neno-
BeKa B ero ucTunnOm npchTBennom cymecTBe: na6uBanue OOBecTu
momepom flepranesum u npchTBennoe nanenue KnameBa - O6numanu-
em qenoseneCKOu nymu. CKasaB O mnorom B omaTOu mopme, Tennpa-
KOB yKnanuBaeT npousBenenua B 06sem KOpOTKOPO paCCKaBa unu
nOBeCTu.
TparuqecKuu cnynau, y6uucTBO na OXOTe, onpenenaeT nana-
nO nymesnoro pasnana repoa B nOBeCTu "Cyn", KOTODHM OBnane-
90
BaeT comnenue u TO, qTO nna npyrux Kasanocs 6u nOBonsnO ac—
num saKonnennum nenom, onpaBnannum cynom, nna repoa - cynom
oOOOTBennOu oOBeCTu.
Cnynaunaa aBapua na nunuu sneKTponepenanu BneneT sa oo-
60u cmest B nOBeCTu "KOpOTxoe samuKanue". HTO6u TponyTs ne—
nosenecKyw OOBecTB y nmneu sneKTpocucTemu, nonano6unaos Tons-
KO mepTBa:
Hooroannuu ommeTnuu xon, usnm6nennuu um, - npama, aBa-
pua, KaTaCTpoma, naCTO co OTpemuTensnum ucxonom u OBa-
sannue c numu neomunannue nOBOpOTu nenOBequKux cyne6
u rny6OKue pasnymsa repoes, cnocoOcTBymmue npchTBen-
nomy Bospomnenuw unu nanenum.2
STOT ycTouauBuu xynomeCTBennuu u Komnosuuuonnuu npuem
cnocO6CTByeT Buasnenum npOTuBOpequu, KOTOpue BnooaT pasnan
B nymeBnuu mup repoeB. Ocnosnaa mynKuua snemenTa cnynaunocTu
B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa nanpaBnena KaK pas na To, nTO6u
onnum Bsrnanom OKpuToe cnenaTB aBnum. y nero onpenenennuu
unTepec K TaKum cuennenuam neo6unnux OOCToaTenscTB, KOTOpue
saoTaBnamT repoa npunaTs na oe6a OTBeTOTBennocTB sa OOBep-
muBmeeca.
6. flna nansneumero pasBuTua neucTBua B npousBenenuax
aBTOp ucnonssyeT npuem OTpamenua npOTuBOpeauu u Kon¢nuKTOB
memny repoamu BO BsaumocBasu c neucrsuTensnOCTsm. O6paTum
Bnumanue na cymnocTs npOTuBOpeauu u ux neus6emnOCTs B nOB-
cenneBnOu musnu:
Onu npoaBnamTca B nepBym onepens B muBux nwnax u nepes
nmneu, B ux xapaKTepax, Bsrnanax, neucTBuax u OTonKno-
Benuax, B "omu6Ke" sTux xapaKTepOB, TO BOTB B KonmnuK-
Tax, BosnuKammux na ocnOBe npoaBuBmerooa npOTuBOpe-
nua.4
91
Hso6pamaemue oo6uTua u cnomusmueca B npouecoe Bsaumo-
neucTBua O6cT0aTenBcTB u xapaKTepOB aBnamTca uoTonnuKom Bos-
nuKnOBenua Kon®nuKTOB, KOTOpue B csom oaepens cnymaT BnyTpen-
neu nBumymeu cunou pasBuTua ommeTOB npousBenenuu. Oprmam-
maa neuoTBuTensnocTs naeT BosmomnocTs nucaTenm BuaBuTs B
O6uunom, 6ynnunnom OKpuToe npOTuBOpeaue. HpaKTuneOKoe npeTso-
penue sToro npunnuna B TBOpaecTBe TennpaKOBa nacumaeT ero
npousBenenua nonnunno musnennum npamaTusmom, pomnammumca OT
OTonKnOBenua pesKO onepnennux xapaKTepOB c Bnemnumu O6cToa—
TenBCTBamu.
"He KO nBOpy", "HenacTse", "Yanu", "Tyrou ysen", "Ho—
nenKa - BeK KOpOTKuu" - Boe sTO cmaTue, Tyro cnpeccosannue
BO Bpemenu neKCTBua nOBeCTu u pachasu. XOTa B nux nucaTens
us6eraeT npamux onucanuu Toro, nonemy TOT unu unou repou
OKasanca TaKum Tunom, no OTnensnue, unorna mano sameTnue
neTanu pa0KpuBamT npuaunu Kpusucnux cuTyauuu B cyns6ax repo~
_eB pasnunnux conuansnux nonomenuu:
flna 6onsmuncTBa repoeB npousBenenuu Kpusucnue momenTu
ne aBunucs nepuonom nyxosnoro nonsema, no BneKnu sa
co6ou nyxosnue npOBanu u ropecTnue nopamenua. O6napy-
munocs, aTO TennpaKOB ne TonsKO TarOTeeT K ucKnmnu-
Tensnum owmeTnuM nonomenuam, no nm6uT prTue nOBOpOTu
B aenosenecnux cyns6ax, pesKue KonTpacTu.4
B KonmnuKTax 6uTOB0rO xapaKTepa aBTOp naCTO pacKpuBaeT
npouecc MOpansnOu nerpanauuu neKOTOpux repoeB: Pnyxapesa B
"HenacTse", HBana HynpOBa B "flanenuu HBana HynpOBa", Mancy—
pOBa B "Tyrom ysne". BnamenaTensnoe nanenue HynpOBa, nosOp-
nuu nyTs MancypOBa — sTO apKoe csuneTenscTBO cunsnoro Bos-
IIOHCTBPIH OOCTOHTOJIBCTB H8. xapaKTep HOJIOBeKa. HO onnOBpemen-
92
no O6namaeTca Tamenaa cyns6a npOCTux prmennuKOB, KOTOpue
OKasanucs mepTBOu 6mpOKpaTunecKux OTnomenuu B OOBeTCKOu
ouOTeme. HocnenOBanue KonmnuKTOB B sTux nByx acneKTax nos-
Bonuno onpenenuTs xapaKTep samuma u necs06onu, rny6uny ynu-
menuu u 6essamuTnOCTu Tex, KTO ne npunannemuT K us6pannou
anuTe. B nonTBepmnenue sTorO npuBenem sameTKy amepuKancKorO
nuTepaTypOBena K. Pappapna, Kacammymoa np06nem B TBOpnecT-
Be TennpaKOBa:
It is true that the conflict in the stories results
from the "negative aspects" wgich had been attacked
in the Party press, such as careerism and the blind
adherence tO plans, and that, as in orthodox Soviet
literature, virtue is usually synonymous with an
effort tO raise agricultural production.5
B. TennpaKOB — nucaTens umymuu, pasmumnammuu, ero TBOp-
ne0Kue npunuunu naxonaTca B OOOToanuu nenpepuBnorO usmenenua
Bamnym pons B nansneumem pacKpuTuu neraTuBnux acneKTOB co—
B8TOW$IHBHCTBHTGHBHOCTH u onpenenenuu ero OTTenKOB urpaeT
npuem paccTanOBKu cun nepconameu B npousBenenuu. Hapymenue
6ananca B pasmemenuu repoeB, sanumammux Kpaune npOTuBononOm—
nue nosuuuu, npunaeT OOTpOTy 60ps6e u sanacTym npenonpenena-
eT Tparune0Kuu ucxon nna cna6eumux.
HucaTens pacomanuBaeT HpOTHBOfleHCTBHe pacnupammux u
OKOBuBammux cun u nosTomy neucTBue ero npousBenenuu TaK non-
ro sanepmuBaeToa B onnux u Tex me me0Tax. HOBTOpamTca nasBa-
nua: Pycrou Bop - B "YXa6ax", "3a 6erymum nnem", HonenKa -
BeK KOpOTKuu". @amunua cereTapa pauKoma BamenKOBa - B "Hy-
nOTBOpnOu", "Hpessunaunom", "3a 6erymum nnem".
y mecTnux BnacTeu PycTorO BOpa u pauuenTpa Barapse, BO
93
TnaBe c cereTapem BamenKOBum — saKon u cuna. Onu nonasnamT
unuuuaTuBy u oBO6onnym mucs H. BumeOBa ("3a 6erymum nnem),
OTpuuamT ucTunnym npaBny C. TeTepuna nna nonssu nena ("Cyn"),
numamT pa6OTu BepyEMBTO B BOTa ynuTena E. Mopmuxuna ("Hpes-
Bunaunoe npouomecTBue").
Hononssya npuem KonTpacTa B OBoux npousBenenuax, Tennpa-
KOB pacKpun cymnooTs OOBeTcKOTO 6mpOKpaTusma, KOTOpuu napanu-
syeT nOpmaanym musns npocTOTO nenOBeKa u nenaeT eTO cyns6y
6ecnepcneKTuBnou. Kpome TOTO, TennpaKOB napymaeT OTpOTO ycTa-
nosnennue Tpe6OBanua B OOBeTcKom uCKyccTBe - nonnepKuBaTs cu-
ny u npeBocxoncTBO KonneKTuBa. HucaTena 6onsme BceTO unTepecy-
nT KaneCTBennue nOCTouHCTBa unnuBunyaanOTO xapaKTepa Tepoa,
no 0 nux mu 6ynem TOBOpuTB B cnenywmem pasnene, nocBamennom
II CHXOJ‘IOFH‘I e CKOMy ananu 3 y .
2. 0co6ennOOTu ncuxonoruneOKOTO yTny6nenua
flansneumuu unTepec B. TennpaKOBa nanpasnen na uccneno-
Banue xapaKTepa Tepoa, u no TonsKO B TOu O6nacTu, KOTOpaa
Bunna, no 0c06enno B eTO oKpuTux BosmomnocTax u nOTenuuax,
KaK no6pux, TaK u snux. Hepes ncuxonorum Tepoa nau6onee Tny-
6OKO u narnanno, y6enuTensnO u nenocTnO pacKpuBaeToa eTO
BnyTpennuu mup. SameTnum OTanOBuTca nepexon nucaTena OT Bnem-
neTO uso6pamenua K BnyTpennemy ananusy HoopencTsom osoeo6-
pasnOTO xynomecTBennOTO meTona.
Oprmammaa neucTBuTensnOCTs BOO6me, a Bnemne cnomuBmueoa
94
O6CToaTenBCTBa B nacTnOOTu, cnymaT Tem KaTanusaTOpOM, OKsosB
KOTOpuu nponchaeToa xapaKTep Tepoa. Kpome TOTO, conocTaBne-
nue onnOTO Tepoa o npyTum nepoonamem naeT BosmomnOOTs nna
6onee Tny6OKOTO uccnenOBanua BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa u nonno-
TO BceCTOpOHHePO pacKpuTua eTO O6pasa. chona us sTOTO Tepou
nonBepTaeToa npOBepKe ycTOunuBocTu u npoanocTu xapaKTepa
nepes cunsnue nOTpaoenua, BusBannue Bnemnumu OOTpo-npamaTu—
nBOKumu cuTyanuamu unu BuTeKammue usnyTpu caMOTO Tepoa. Ta-
Kaa npOBepKa Bosmomna TonBKO npu nanuquu snaqumoro, KHBHGHHO'
BamnOTO KonmnuKTa.
1. Hs6upaa KaK 6u "Kpaunue" cnynau, TennpaKOB nocTuTaeT
6onee Tny6OKOTO saochennOTO pacKpuTua HCHXOHOPHHGCKHX nepT
OBoux TepoeB. Yme B nepBux eTO npousBenenuax na6nmnaeTca, qTO
06maa cuTyauua 1955-1956 TonOB Kocnynacs npemne BceTO musnu
nepeBnu, nosTomy Bu6Op Tepoa (npencenaTena Konxosa, cereTa-
pa pauKoma) O6ecnenusan yqacTue eTO B onpenenennom couuans-
nom KonmnuKTe.
B "Hanenuu HBana HynpOBa", "He KO nBOpy", "Tyrom ysne"
O6napymuBaeToa onuTnOCTB u saBuoumooTs xapaKTepOB OT napuB-
meu O6cTanOBKu B OTpane u pyKosonameTO annapaTa, Tne onu Buc-
6 Hanenue Hyn-
TynamT "crychom noponusmux ux O6cT0aTenscTB".
pOBa pacKpuTO aBTOpom KaK cnencTBue KonerTnux O6mecTBenno-
~couuansnux ycnOBuu, BTanmeux eTO B ry6uTensnuu prTOBOpOT.
BnuKaa B npununu npchTBennOTO O6numanua Tepoa, TennpaKOB
BunuT TpaTenum Hynposa ne TonsKO B nOpOKax eTO xapaKTepa, a
B napanOKcansnux nenucannux saKonax COBeTCKOI’I )KPISHPI: IdJ'IId cny-
95
muTB HeCTHO, unu ne 6uTB x0p0mum pyKOBOnuTenem. HBan HynpOB
OTpemuTca 6uTs x0p0mum pyKosonuTenem, onnaKO Tem ne menee
BunuT, nTO on csasan mecTOKOu ouoTeMOu KonTpona, TaK nTO
emy: "OTynuTs ne namT, nymaT, TanyT K BOpOBCTBy".
CTpemnenue nucaTena, KaK momno nonnee uccnenOBaTB BnyT—
pennuu mup nenOBeKa u npuqunu eTO musnennux neynan, pomnaeT
y neTO npeo6nanammuu unTepec K npchTBenno-ncuxonoruneOKum
Kon®nuKTam.
Pepou nOBeCTu "TyTOu ysen", HaBen MancypOB nOKasan nu-
caTenem B pasBuTuu, KOTOpoe npoucxonuT OnnOBpemennO KaK ne—
Tpanauua nuqnocTu u pacKpuTue ee npaBCTBennou neOOCToaTens—
nOCTu. Hononssya OBoe nonomenue pyKOBOnuTena napTuunOu Opra-
nusauuu pauona, on nOBen no Tu6enu nonaunennOTO emy npencena-
Tena Konxosa; eTO npousson O6namaeT ncuquy "Bepnoro cnym-
6uCTa", u pacxomnenue eTO c Tymannum OTnomenuem K Oprmam-
mum: "H onnOTO x0Ten - qT06 npyTue cepsesnee K csoum nenam
OTnocunucs" (T. I, CTp. 500).
OnnaKO TpaTuneOKuu cnynau Bnec BnyTpennuu nenOKOu Man-
cypOBy, na Bpema OBnaneBaeT um CTpax u 6ecnOKOucTBO sa csoe
mecTO. "... cmyTnue mynenua, MancypOB nonyBCTBOBan ce6a ne-
nymnum, sa6pomennum" (T. I, CTp. 544).
HO mepe napacTanua neynan B O6meOTBennux nenax u nun-
nux OTnomenuax, B nem OTosBanacs Tny6OKO OKpuTaa OOBecTs:
"Ona npurnymana u OCTpoe quOTBO ynumennocTu, u nponsuTens-
nym O6uny" (T. I, 0Tp. 566). HO oTouno TonBKO yBuneTs emy
munOBaBmym onacnOOTs - "nOKpOBuTenscTBO cBepxy", u Mancypos
96
CTanOBuTca npemnum camoysepennum:
... na yne6y B napTuunym mKony. HaBen ynocun B nyme
neTKoe npespenue:"flepmur mapKy. chyTanca, munuu, HTO
monnaTB ne OTany, Te6a BmecTe c oo6ou BuTamy na auc-
Tym Bony" (T. I, OTp. 569).
C ToanOTsm nepenana nucaTenem ncuxonOTunecKaa neypaB-
nOBemennocTs u npOTuBOpenuBOOTs sTOTO Tepoa nocpencTBOM pes-
Kux nepemen B eTO naType:
UcuxonorunecKuu ananus B nuTepaType npenCTaBnaeT co6ou
uccnenOBanua, TaK OKasaTs, nepes aenoseKa KonerTnOTO
npOTuBOpenua.7
TennpaKOB CTpemunca Tny6me nponuKnyTs B xapaKTep Tepoa, neT-
ae onpenenuTs csass xapaKTepa c O6cT0aTenscTBamu. flna sTOTO
ucnonssymTca xynomnuKom pasBepnyTue aBTOpcKue OTOTynnenua,
nocpenoTaom KOTOpux on momeT npaBnuBO OTpasuTs aBnenua mus—
nu u npenoTaBuTB BnyTpennuu mup nenOBeKa BO Bceu eTO cnomnoo-
Tu.
HpKocTB u nOCTOBepnocTs B pacKpuTuu xapaKTepOB TepoeB
u unTepec TennpaKOBa K Bunenenum npaBCTBennOu np06nemaTuKu
na nepBuu nnan, oc06enno B eTO npousBenenuax "Cyn" u "KOpOT—
Koe samuKanue", uneT sameTnO B ymep6 couuansnomy ananusy.
HosTomy OOBeTCKuu KpuTuK B. CunenKO yKasuBaeT, nTO nucaTenB
cocpenOTonuBaeT TonsKO caoe Bnumanue na uso6pamenuu OTpuua-
Tensnux OTOpon u ymep6nux xapaKTepOB:
YTpanuBaeTca paBnOBecue 6uTOBOTO u ncuxonOTunecKOTO
nnanOB uso6pamenua, nensnue nenoseqecKue xapaKTepu
cmenamTca ncuxonoTuqecKu-npOTuBOpeauBumu. Hneunaa sa-
nannocTs B OTneanux cnynaax numaeT O6pasu muBOu nno-
Tu, npeBpamaa ux B nocuTeneu onpenenennou aBTOpcKOu
uneu (flynupeB, Banum COKOBun u CronapCKuu).8
HO sacnyra nucaTena B Tom, nTO on nepepa6OTan B OBoem cos-
97
nanuu Bcesosmomnue csasu u OTnomenua, KOTOpue ocosnanTca
nmnsmu B Kpusucnue momenTu ux musnu. chxonorunecKoe nOTpa-
cenue y TepoeB nacumeno peansnum, nenaTanyTum conepmanuem.
TaKOTO pona npousBenenua ne OTonBKO usOOpamanT camuu KonmnuKT,
ononsKO BBOnaT nac B cmepy pasmumnenua O nem.
2. B OBoux pannux npousBenenuax TennpaKOB paccmanuBan
nenOBeKa B CTonKnOBenuax u sasucumocru eTO OT Oprmammeu neu-
cTBuTensnOCTu. Hosme, B npousBenenuax 60-x TOnOB on OTapaeTca
nponuKnyTs BO BnyTps Tepoa nocpenOTBom conocTaBnenua eTO c
npyrumu nunsmu, pasnuqnoro ncuxonOTuqecKOTO OKnana u O6meoT-
BennOTO nonomenua. HanO sameTuTs, nTO B. TennpaKOB OTomen OT
OTepeOTunnou OOBeTcKOu KnaccumuKanuu TepoeB na nonomuTensnux
u OTpunaTensnux. Bes naTamKu u uneanusauuu on uso6pamaeT cnom-
nocTu aenosenecKOTO xapaKTepa, onnOBpemennO 06nanammero sTu—
mu nByma KaaecTBamu, KOTOpue nucaTens OTpemuTca pacKpuTs B
nOBenenuu camux TepoeB.
B nnane ncuxonoruaecKOTO uccnenOBanua OTneTnuBO Bunenu—
mTca nBe KaTeTOpuu TepoeB, necymux nonomuTensnuu sapan: nmnu
muonu, unuuuaTuBu u neBCTBua; u Tepou nOKOpnue,Tepnamue. HO
O npyrou OTOponu npencTaBnamTca pesKO npOTuBononomnue Tepou,
ux anTunonu. Bce sTu Tpu pasnuanux Tuna xapaKTepOB qacro cs0—
naTca BMeCTe u sTO nossonaeT O6napymuTs nam CBoe06pasnym TBOp-
necKym 0006ennOCTB TennpaKOBa B ncuxonoruneOKom ananuse neno-
BeanKOu naTypu. TaKOu onoco6 uso6pamenua ycnOBnO momem nas-
BaTs "Tpexnnanosum", pacKpuBammum Tepoa c Tpex OTOpon.
Ha npumepe OTJIOJ'IBHBIX HpOIdSBOlIGHIdId BIdJlOI-I nepexon OT I'Ipld"
98
eMOB KonTpacTa B pomane "8a 6eTymum nnem", K 60nee cnomno-
my aBnenuw Tpounoro npencTaBnenua B "Cyne" u B "HOpOTKom
samuKanuu".
HenOBeKom naCTOuauBum u pemuTeanum OKasanca Tepou po-
mana "3a 6eTymum nnem" BumeOB, KOTOpuu BucTynun npOTuB nu-
peKTOpa mKonu, ernKO nepmaBmeToca nenOKone6umux, ycranOB-
nennux csepxy meTonOB O6ynenua. B sTom noenunKe nupeKTOpa c
ynuTenem BumeOBum pacKpuBamToa xapaKTepu nByx Tepoes, ux
BsTnanu na musnennue aKTyansnue npo6nemu u nOTpe6nOCTu mKo-
nu. BcnencTBue oKOBannocTu unnusunyansnou muonu u neucTBua
BumeOBa nOpamenue B eTO cyns6e OTanOBuTca neus6emnum:
... when he meets with stubborn resistence and is
accused of being a saboteur and even threatened with
dismissa1.9
C npyTOu CTOponu npencTaBnenue nunnou musnu Tepoa pao-
mupaeT nuanason cpenoTB nna ncuxonoruquKOTO ananusa xapaK—
Tepa Tepoa. Hnorna 6es nocTaTonnOu m0TuBupOBKu Tepou npena-
eToa ynunum, Tepsammum eTO nymy comnenuam. Ha npumepax us
nunnou musnu BumeOBa, eTO nyBCTB K mene, a nOTOM K npyTOu
menmune, KOTOpym on nonn6un, Tepou ne 06napymuBaeT nu nocne-
nOBaTensnooTu mucneu, nu nocTynKOB. OnnaKO npu nomomu sTOTO
xynomecTBennOTO npuema TennpaKOB pacKpun npOTuBOpenua memny
pauuonansnumu OTumynamu nOBenenua, ocnOBannumu na cosnaTens—
nom ycsoenuu onpenenennux m0pansnux npunnunax, u eTO smouuo-
nansnum BoonpuaTuem musnu.
Bonee cnomnue npo6nemu ncuxonOTuneOKOTo xapaKTepa pacKpu-
BamToa TennpaKOBum B nOBeCTu "Cyn" nOOpencTsom yTny6nennOTO
99
u BcecTOponneTO ananusa nOBenenua TepoeB B KpuTunecKue m0-
menTu, BusBannue Tu6ensm nenOBeKa BO Bpema OXOTu. HecnacTnuu
cnynau B nOBeCTu "Cyn" OBen TepoeB TeTepuna, nynupesa u OTua
y6uTOTO napna,Muxaunu. Kasanocs 6u, Muxauno nenpunaCTnuu K
snononynnomy cnynam, no umenno aBTOp BKnmnun eTO ne TonBKO
KaK nocrpanaBmeTO OTna, a KaK Tepoa, B KOTOpom OTpamamTca
ncuxonOTuneOKue nepTu xapaKTepa npyTux ynacTnuKOB TpaTenuu:
"3T0 6un Tmenymnuu mymuK, npo KOTOpOTO TOBOpaT - Bonu ne
samyTuT".lo 0n ucnonBsOBan KaK mepuno senOBeneCKOu no6ponym-
nocTu, u OBoeu 6esponOTnOCTsm u cmupenuem ycunuBaeT pasnan
BO BnyTpennem mupe HDYTux TepoeB u npo6ymnenue B neKOTOpux
us nux qucTBa OOBecTu. Kamnaa muons, O6pamennaa K Muxaune,
aBnaeTca Tny6OKO ncuxonorunecKum cpencTBOM, pacKpuBammum
Taunu conepmuMOTO B nenOBeqecKOu nyme. flymeBnaa uensnOOTs
0x0TnuKa nana Tpemuny, KOTna eTO ynapuno nymoe TOpe - TOpe
OTua Muxaunu, "neBuCKasannoe, nenonpaBumoe, 6esponOTn0e".
3ameTnum TaKme OKasanocs OTpamenue ncuxonorunecKOTO coc-
Toanua Tepoa nyTem uso6pamenua neTaneu BnemnocTu. Benpasnu-
nue npucchTBymmux K TOpm OTua pasnpamano TeTepuna:
... on nocToannO omyman npucchTBue Muxaunu u 6oanca
BsTnanyTs B eTO OTOpony... Cemen nepemunanca Bosne ne-
TO c mynuTeanum nunom... (156)
CH C o6unou OMOTpen na napna-momepa, KOTOpuu TonsKO unTepe-
cosanca y6uTum mensenem:
ETO paOCTpaBnana Bosna OKOnO menBena. Heymenu menBens
unTepecnee? HOOOBecTunoa 6u nna Buny Tnasa nanuTs (155).
B sTOT momenT name apKuu conneanuu OBeT 6un sameaen Tepoem,
KaK neymecTnuu anu6yT O6meu flpaMaTHHECKOH cuTyauuu.
100
A c npyrou OTOponu, xnannOKpOBnOCTs flynupeBa O6napymu—
BaeT eTO camoysepennocrs u 6ecnennOCTs:
flynupeB Kasanca cnOKOunum, no eTO cnumKom nenOnBumnoe,
ocynmeeeca, neo6puT0e nuno, ychemnennuu Bnepen us-nOn
TamenOTO n6a sam0pomennuu BsTnan, mannue KOpOTKue saTam-
Ku nanupooou BunaBanu BsBOnnOBannooTs (156).
HosTomy panom o "BnanuKOu" uuBunusOBannoro mupa — flynupeBum,
TeTepun BurnanuT oc06enno manKum, npu6uTum Topem: "aepecnyp
ym necousmepumue Benununu, pasnunnue no npupone Kaqecrsa cpaB~
nuBamTca snecs':ll -
Cunou ncuxonOTunecKOTO pacKpuTua asunoos TO, nTO sTOT
cmepTeanuu cnynau nocnymun ucnuTanuem nenOBeaecKOu OOBecTu
u ee nponnOCTu B nyme TepoeB. "Bucmum Bupamenuem neonaCTBa
aBnaeTca name BceTO 6esmonBue.12
3TB munopnaa nOTa nponusuBana nymy TeTepuna, no nna fly-
nupeBa ona 6una 6essBynnOu, TaK KaK emy ne nonaTs nepemuBa-
nuu nOOTpanaBmeTO OTna u mynuBmeroca TeTepuna, name ne sa OBom
Buny. HO sTO paBnOBecue flynupeBa OKasuBaeTca unnmsOpnum. HOBe-
nenue npyTux TepoeB O6napymun0 B nem pruTym TpeBOTy u napymu-
no eTO BnyTpennuu nOKOu: "flynupeB BucTynaeT npOTuB flynupeaa".
A TeTepun OTpenenuem OT OBoux npemnux nOKasaTenscTB saBepmaeT
npouecc 6Ops6u sa npaBny u sTum camum yTny6naeTca npama B eTO
cyns69.
HTaK,noopenOTB0m OOTpOTO KonTpacTa BnyTpennux npOTuBOpe-
nun nucaTens cymen pacxpuTs nepemusanua TepoeB, nOKasaB ux
mepTBamu HCHXOHOPHHSCKOH neoocroaTeanOCTu u neypaBnOBemennoc-
TH. Bens HCTOHHHK npamu OXOTHHKa ne CTOHBKO B TOM, HTO HDHBHH“
naa nflfl HOPO Oprmammaa OOCTaHOBKa YCHOKHHOTCH, CKOflbKO B TOM,
101
nTO ucKamamTca eCTecTBennue nOpmu TaKOu musnu.
3Tum me meTonom TennpaKOB npononmaeT uccnenOBanue xapaK-
TepOB u ux musnennux nOTpaoenuu B nOBeCTu "KOpOTKoe samuKanue".
HO nOBum u 6onee cunsnum aKuenTom KonmnuKTnocTu B npousBene-
nuu OKasanocs TO, nToz
TnaBnue anTaronuCTu csasanu poncTBennumu OTnomenuamu.
0Ten u oun COKOBunu pacxonaTca B TnaBnom - BO BsTnane
na nenOBeKa.15
Cosnannaa OTuom sneprocucTema — sTO menesnaa 6esnymnaa cuOTe—
ma-monox, KOTOpaa paspymaeT cyns6u nmneu u KanenuT ux xapaKTe-
pu:
Bam menesnuu TananT OKOBan CTansnym nens, ona nocTaTonnO
ernKa, ne nacTO nomaeTca, a nenOBenecKou naType B ee
OTansnux Konsuax TecnOBaTO.14
HemnoroonOBnu.xapaKTepucTuKu COKOBunux, OTua u eTO cuna.
ABTOp pucyeT ux 06pasu nyTem conocTaBnenua, a saTem npOTuBo—
nOOTaBnenua. HnOTna manO sameTnuu mTpux umeeT BupasuTensnoe
snaaenue B npouecce CTonKnOBenua memny OTuom u cunom: "OTeu
nOpuBucT, nanOpucT; cun OKnonen K sanquuBOCTu".
Bena B Tom, nTO neucTBya "macmTa6nO" COKOBun crapmuu
BocneBaeT Tumn 6naronpuaTnomy Bpemenu: "Bpema cnymuT mne, To
eCTs npyTOu 6OT, KOTOpomy Bepno cnymy a. 3TOT 6OT - snepTe—
TuKa" (OTp. 280). Pesonancom OKasanca "cunOBnuu 6ynT" npOTuB
OTnOBcKOu "TeOpuu 6esnymnocTu": "BenuKaa sKonomunecKaa BuTo-
na nonmna OTOTynuTs, KOTna pens uneT O musnu nenOBeKa" (0Tp.
343);
Panom c BTumu Tepoamu TennpaKOB npencTaBnaeT unmenepa
CTOJ’IHDCKOI‘O, Id sanaTaa IdM l'IOBIdIIIdH B HOBOCTId, CHOCOOCTBYOT
102
paCKpuTum eTO camoro, a TaKme cnymuT cpencTBom nna nonneu-
meTO npoasnenua xapaKTepOB npyTux nepconameu. TennpaKOB BKna-
nuBaeT B ycTa CTonapcKOTO O6Bunenue COKOBuna, numuBmeTO OBo-
eTO nonaunennoro unnusunyansnou muBou mucnu. Beqnuu OTpax
nepen naqanscrsom 6un npununou BnyTpenneTO m0paanOTO onycTo-
menua Tepoa. Bnemnaa O6puOOBKa CTonapcKOTO asunacs chnosuuu-
BB K pacKpuTum eTO BnyTpennux nepT xapaKTepa.
Kpome TOTO, aBTOp npquTaeT TaKme K ucnonssosanum npue-
ma cnynaunocTu - Tu6enu OnnOTO paOOquO BO Bpema aBapuu B
sneproouCTeme, aTO6u B sTOu TpaTunecKOu cuTyanuu ucnuTaTs Bo-
nn Tepoa, npOBepuTs eTO OOBecTs. CmepTB nenOBeKa OKasanacs
Kynsmunanueu B nnuBmuxoa cnOpax memny COKOBunumu. Cun pesKO
ocymnaeT OTna, onuTaa eTO TnaBnum BunOBnuKom aTOu KaTaCTpomu:
H TyT npousomna aBapuunaa nepe6panKa xapaKTepOB, nocu-
nanuos uCKpu, OOBeTuB B nmnax, no TOTO saTaennue nep—
Tu.15
3T0 nossonuno TaKme O6napymuTs B CTonapcKom np06nemy
CBO6onu nuqnooTu, BosnuKmeu KaK peaKnua na 6uTOBaBmue nona-
Tua nenOBeKa—"BunTuKa", 6esnymnOTO ucnonnuTena aymou Bonu.
flpama eTO nymu pacKpuBaeToa TaK, KaK ee BocnpunumaeT u nepe-
muBaeT cam CTonapcKuu.
Mucns O6 O6naTOpamuBammeu ponu nepemusanuu nna Tennpa-
KOBa onens Bamna u on BupamaeT ee acno:
Hepemuaanua nomnu na nonssy flynupeBy B "Cyne".
Ecnu 6u HBan COKOBun ne csesnun, nO 0mu6Ke, B MOpT,
ne nepemun 6u npchTBennOTO nOTpaoenua...16
TonsKO cunsnum ynap, KaKum OKasanacs mnumaa cmest cuna BO
Bpema aBapuu, TpOHYH CTDYHy HenOBequKOH COBOCTH COKOBHHa-
OTua:
103
Hepemusanua nuKOTna ne npoxonaT 6eccnenno. Onu sacTaB-
namT nymaTs, onu nenamT nenOBeKa maTne, OTsuBauBee,
Tny6me. HapaxaTBca OT nepemuBanuu, CTunuTBca ux — O6-
KpanuBaTs ce6a, a BmeoTe c co6ou u Bcex.l7
HouxonOTuaecKoe yTny6nenue ananusa xapaKTepOB TepoeB
onoco6cTBOBanO O6napymuTs aepTy, csoucTBennym neKOTOpum Te-
poam - KpOTOCTB u 6e306unnocTs. HOKOpnuu mymuK Muxauno us
"Cyna" u 6esB0nsnuu unmenep CTonapcKuu us "KOpOTKOTO samu-
Kanua" - sTO BapuanTu aenoseqecKOu naocuBnOCTu. Onu ne ono-
co6nu nonnaTs Tonoc, npOTuBuTsca, CTaTB na samuTy ce6a. K
num npuooenunaeTca u @ensnmep MuTaTun us "Cyna", KOTOpuu no-
KOpnO npunumaeT nm6oe naKasanue, KOTOpoe emy TOTOBaT. B sTom
momno sameTuTs, nTO B. TennpaKOB nepeKnuKaeTca c HymKunum u
Poronem B uso6pamenuu cyns6u "manenBKOTO nenOBeKa", o6umen-
nOTO Tepoa:
B BCTeTuqecKOu nomunanTe O6pasa manensKOTO nenOBeKa
BceTna snanuTensnoe mecTO npunannemano TpaTuaeCKomy.
STOT 06pas 6un OBean Bcerna cenTumenTansnum coayBcT—
Buem u Tparusmom.18
B. HuTBuHOB BunuT B TaKom O6pase Tepoa Bonnomenue "6esponOT-
nOCTu", "sa6uTooTu", "mynenunecTBa", "OTpanaTensnOTO Tyma—
nusma".I’g
YnuTuBaa cnomnOCTu musnennux O6cT0aTenscTB, aBTOp on—
paBnuBaeT OBoux TepoeB, a ne OTnocuToa K num o manKum cocrpa-
nanuem: "HepemuTensnumu ne pomnamTca, nepemuTensnumu nena-
10Tca".20 HO 3T0 ne cmarnaeT nonomenua, KaK yKasuBaeT nonsoxuu
nuTepaTypOBen P. CnuBOBcKu:
NanardzieJ zaé boli pisarza "oboJetnOsé - ta naJstrasz-
nierza z ludzkich wad", ktdra rozmnaia zio, Jest Jego
gleba, érodkiem Odéywczym, gruntem, na ktOrym "rosna
nieszczescia".21
104
5. Eme onnum us cpencTB pacmupenua ncuxonOTunecKOTo
ananusa aBnaeTca BBenenue TennpaKOBum 6uOTpa®uu TepoeB, KOTo-
paa nepenaeTca no-pasnomy: OT umenu aBTOpa unu me camum n0-
cuTenem neu0TBua. Yme TO, nTO cam Tepou paccxasuBaeT O ce6e,
cnymuT Tny6OKum nosnanuem eTO BnyTpennux Taun. STOT cn0c06
caMOpaCKpuTua Tepoa namen OTpamenue BO mnOTux eTO npousBene-
nuax, naqunaa c pomana "3a 6eTymum nnem", "CBunanue o Hemep-
TuTu", u 0oO6ennOu BupasuTensnOCTu nocTuT B nOBeCTu "Haxon-
Ka" u "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa".
B TBOpnecTBe TennpaKOBa cnomunacs ®Opma npamaTuneOKOTO
npousBenenua, B KOTOpom Tepou pasnOTO ncuxonOTunecKOTO oKna—
na u BsTnanOB na musns CTanKuBamToa B nenpumupumux KonmnuK-
Tax, a uccnenOBanue xynomnuKom npOTuBopenuu OTnuaaeTca yTny6—
nennum nouxonOTusmom. HuoaTens O6uqno ne pachasuBaeT O mus-
nu Tepoa c nanana no Konna, a nocTaBuB eTO B nenTp npamaTu-
necKux OTonKnOBenuu, saBasuBaeT KonmnuKTnuu ysen, npu pasBas-
Ke KOTOpOTO Tepou npoaBnaeT cuny u cna6ocTs OBoeTO xapaKTepa.
HpuchacTue nucaTena K neomunannum, cnomno-sanyTannum,
sacchennum cuTyanuam coneTaeTca y nero 0 nOBonsnO nonpo6num
ocsemenuem 6uorpa®uu TepoeB. TaK, mu ysnanu OT aBTOpa O musnu
PnyxapeBa us "HenacTsa", TenOpa ConOBeuKOBa - "He KO nBOpy",
HY6ununa - "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", TeTepuna u flynupeBa - "Cyn"
u HBana COKOBuna - "KOpOTKoe samuKanue".
Hacro KDHBHCHHO MOMeHTH B XHSHH Tepoa OKEBHBamTCH TOM
HMUYHBCOM, KOTODHH HpHBORHT B BBHXGHHO MHCHB Tepoa O camom
COOS, O CBOOM HDOMHOM. HMSHHO, MHCHOHHOO BosBpamenue PBDOH K
105
npounennomy B conocTaBnenuu eTO c nacToamumu np06nemamu 06-
napymuBaeT Te nepemenu, KOTOpue npousomnu B nem B npouecce
noucKOB u onpenenenua caMOTO ce6a.
B na6nmnenuax OBoux u uccnenOBanuax aBTop onupaeTca na
paOOKas Tepoa, KOTOpuu cam pacKpuBaeT ce6a. 0 csoeu musnu u
nyBOTBax, O nOOTynKax pachasuBaeT OT OBoeTO umenu Tepou npo-
usBenenua "3a 6erymum nnem". 3T0 onun us @aKTOpOB caMOpacKpu—
Tua Tepoa, KOTOpuu momno nasBaTs ucnOBensm.
Poman "3a 6eTymum nnem", nOOTpoen KaK 6uOTpa®ua, pasBep-
Tusammaaoa B CTpOTOu nocnenOBaTensnocTu u paOOKasannaa OT nep-
BOTO nuua, OT umenu Annpea BumeOBa. Hso6pamaa pasnuanue ne-
puonnu eTO musnu, TennpaKOB BeneT nOBeOTBOBanue B pasnom Tem-
ne; xon fleHCTBHH samennaeTca npu BnneTenuu B pachas O6unua
6uTOBux nonpo6nocTeu, momno oKasaTB, uTO Temn nOBeOTBOBanua
name:
... saBucuT OT 6OTaTcTBa BnenaTnenuu u nepemuBanuu Te-
poa — OT unTencuBnOCTu u samennenua eTO nymeBnOTO poc—
Ta.22
SameTnum OKasanocs CTpemnenue aBTOpa naTs 06pas Tepoa
B nBumenuu, B pasBuTuu, nOKasaTs eTO usnyTpu, B co6OTBennOu
ucnOBenu. 0co6enno apKO% OTpasunacs sTa manepa paCKpuTua
BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa B nOBeCTu "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa".
B nenTpe nOBeCTu Dpuu PunsnuKOB, nsa cyns6a c camoro nanana
no Konua pacKpuBaeToa um camum. HeTKO O6napymuTs BnyTpennmm
npOTuBOpenusocTs Tepoa, BusBannym cnomuBmumuoa npamaTuaecKu-
mu Konnusuamu. prnnum OKasuBaeTca eTO Bocxomnenue K npaBOT-
BOHHOMy uneany, HO B STOM HpOHBJIHeTCH GPO CTOIdKOCTb xapaKTe-
106
pa. flyx 6ecnOKOucTBa aBnaeTca nBumymeu ounou eTO naTypu, B
KOTOpOu O6napymuBaeTca ne TonsKO npaBCTBennuu O6nuK Tepoa,
no u Bce eTO BnyTpennue nepemenu:
fluTepaTypnaa ®Opma nneBnuKa, sanucOK, ucnOBenu, pao-
oKasa OT OBoeTO umenu (Tem 60nee, KOTna pens uneT no
06 OTnensnux snusonax, a O cpaBnuTeanO 6onsmom mus-
nennom nyTu nenOBeKa) Tpe6yeT OT xynomnuKa ne TonsKO
snanua nymu cospemennuKa, no u ayTKocTu KO Bcem mno-
TOO6pasnum npoaBnenuam xapaKTepa.25
4. Manepa caMOpaOKpuTua Tepoa nepenneTaeTca c aBTOpc-
Kum Tonocom, KOTOpuu npunaeT npoussenenum ny6nunuCTuaecKyw
OKpacKy u BO mnorom onpenenaeT Becs eTO smonuonansnuu OTpOu:
"... BOTynau B csoe 6ynymee u muBu nocTOunO", - nanpaBnaeT
aBTOp Tepoa pomana "3a 6eTymuM nnem". HonTu TOT me umnepa-
TuBnuu Ton nucaTena sBynuT no OTnomenum K PunsnuKOBy us
"AnOCTonscKOu KomannupOBKu":
Hoaesnu nOKa ne nosnno! Tyna Tne eCTB noxomue na Te6a.
A onu eOTs Bonny, nucsmo CTapOTO ynuTena - nOKasaTenB-
CTBO Tomy (H8, CTp. 86).
To, K nemy OTpemuTca Tepou B OBoux nouOKax meCTa u cmucna
musnu, TennpaKOB nonernnaeT sTumu y6enuTeanumu cnOBamu.
OTnensnue npumepu nosBOnunu nam O6napymuTs smmeKT, Bus-
Bannuu Kom6unauueu aBTOpoKOTO Tonoca Tepoa. Ecnu BnumaTensno
npocnenuTs poman B. TennpaKOBa "CBunanue c HemepTuTu", TO
CTanOBuTca sameTnum, nTO 6uOTpa®ua Tepoa MaTepuna nepenana
nucaTenem B OTnensnux snusonax. 0 OBoux prnnux ucnuTanuax
u noucnax npusBanua OTaTs xynomnuKom Tepou TOBOpuT cam. AB-
TopcKuu Tonoc yTny6naeT nums ucTunnym naTypy Tepoa u nOMOTa-
GT paCKprTb GPO )KPIBHGHHLIG HGYlIand:
Ax, xonems nenpemenno OTaTs sonOTom, 60umsca 6uTB py-
107
nou, 0T6pocom. HuaeTO ne nonumaems, Bce Tenuamu ne
BupaCTamT, KT0-TO nonmen OKasaTsca u nOpOnOu. Bes no-
ponu neT sonOTa.24
Am6uuua Tepoa npeBumaeT eTO TananTu u cnoco6n0cTu, nosTomy
nucaTens sapanee npenBunuT neus6emnocTB nOpamenuu, KOTOpue
pacKpuBamTca nOOTenennO B nponeooe neaTensnocTu Tepoa:
Hnox TOT OTpaTeT, KOTOpuu uneT K n06ene nauenenno no
TeomeTpuqecKOu npamou, ne nenaa O6xonOB, ne npenycmaT-
puBaa OTCTynnenuu (0Tp. 575).
@Opma TaKOTO pacKpuTua 06napymuBaeT cnneTenue snemenTOB ny6-
nunucTuneoKOTO xapaKTepa c xynomecTBenno-uso6pasuTensnum,
KOTOpue B neKOTOpOu CTenenu saTenamT ncuxonOTusm. Hononsso-
Bannaa nucaTenem @Opma caMOpaCKpuTua—ucnosenu, Tpe6yeT 60ns—
meu unTumnOCTu, 6onee apKOu OKpamennocTu u 6onsme ncuxonoru-
neCKux OTTenKOB B xapaKTepax TepoeB.
B saKnmnenue neo6xonumo OTmeTuTs, qTO ncuxonOTusm O6unno
nanpaBnen B. TennpaKOBum na nocTumenue y6enuTensnOTO u acno-
TO pacKpuTua BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa. HucaTens npencTaBun 6ons-
muncTBO TepoeB co c®0pmupOBaBmumca onpenenennum xapaKTepom u
BsTnanamu na musns, KOTOpue non Bosneuchuem Bnemnux unu BnyT-
pennux O6cT0aTenscTB nepemuBamT nymeBnuu pasnan. B KpuTuqec-
Kue momenTu onnu us nux nonBepTamToa nerpanauuu (PnyxapeB,
Knames, MancypOB, BymyeB), a npyTue ne TonBKO TepamT nenOBe-
necKue nennOCTu, no u npuo6peTamT nOBue, KaK nanpumep: flep-
TaaeB, Pmusun, fly6unun, PycanOB, PunsnuKOB.
IanuKaaracOKpOBennue yronKu aenosenecKou nymu, mu O6na-
DYKHBaGM PGpOGB paaHOFO HCHXOHOFHHGCKOPO OKnana, BBHTHX H3
peansnou CpGHM H BaHHTHX OOHHGHHHMH nenamu. A HCXOHH H3 npen-
108
nocunOK, nTO us nenOBenecKOu musnu ne uCKnmnamTca nepemuBa-
nua, neynaau u nOTepu, TBOpnecTBO nucaTena nponusuBaeT TpaTu-
neCKoe. HOCToannaa TpeBOTa, aKTuBnocTs u nBumenue - OTonKHOBe-
nue BTux Hanan u OOOTaBnaeT OKsosnOu npamaTusm npousBenenuu
TennpaKOBa.
5. Manepa nucsma
TOBOpa O OTune nucsma, cnenyeT yaecTs Te cnaraemue, KOTo-
pue OOOTaBnamT enunoe nenoe B npousBenenuu:
B nonaTue xynomeCTBennOTO cTuna npousBenenua onnaT ne
TonBKO asuKOBue cpencTBa, no TaKme Temu, O6pasu, Komno-
suuua npousBenenua, eTO xynomecTBennoe conepmanua, Bon—
nomennoe cnOBecnumu cpencTBamu, no ne ucaepnusammeeca
cnOBamu.25
B KaneCTBe OTuneBOTO maKTOpa B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa
Bamnym pons quaeT OT6Op co6uTuu n aBnenuu musnu, OTnomuBmuxca
B xynomecTBennux O6pasax. flna TOTO, nTO6u OTuneBue npunuunu
xynomecTBennOu uso6pasuTensnOCTu nonynunu peanusanum B npous—
Benenuax, nucaTens ucnonssyeT csou TBOpnecKuu meTon: OTOOpa-
menue (xynomecTBenno—nosnaBaTenBnun npunnun) u uso6pamenue
unu Bupamenue (Bonnomenue O6pase B maTepuane). CBass Bcex
OTuneO6pasymmux KomnonenTOB u npuemos onpenenaeT manepy TBOp-
neCKOu unnusunyansnocTu nucaTena.
1. Bnanumup TennpaKOB nanan csou nuTepaTypnuu nyTs c
oaepKOB u pachasos ("HenacTse", "BoponaBKa", "nanenue HBana
HynpOBa", "Hon neman Kamens", "Yxa6u" u npyTue), B ocnOBy Ko-
TOpux on BKnnaan KaKOu-nu6o KOpOTKuu snuson 6es cnomnux aBne-
109
nuu u xapaKTepOB. TaKue Bunu manpa nossonunu nucaTenm B
cmaTOu ¢Opme OTpasuTs sno6onneBnue musnennue npo6nemu Bpemenu
u co OTpemuTensnum xonom npencTaBuTs musns TepoeB u ee cnom—
nOOTu.
nosnaKomuBmuos c npousBenenuamu, Tne ynOp 6un cnenan na
uso6pamenue OTpuuaTeanux musnennux aBnenuu, Tne umenno snO
6uno BsaTO B OOKYC c uensm nonpo6nOTO eTO uccnenOBanua, onens
Bamno onpenenuTs u nonaTB aBTOpcKym nosuuuw. HO sTomy npunuu—
ny TennpaKOB numeT OBou nepBue onepKu, paOCKasu u name nOBeOTB
"Tyrou ysen". Yme B sTom manpe nuTepaTypnux npousBenenuu O6-
napymuBaeTca BnneTenue ncuxOnOTusma, aBnammeroca csoeo6pasnum
npuemom pacKpuTua npOTuBOpequu xapaKTepOB u cyne6 TepoeB.
(HBan Hynpos - "flanenue HBana Hynposa", Pnyxapes — "HenaCTse",
MancypOB - "TyTOu ysen"). OnnaKO ®a6yny pachasOB nBumyT ne
OTonsKO aBTOpcKue muonu, OKonBKO xapaKTepu TepoeB, ux np06ne-
mu u KonmnuKTu:
HTO KacaeTca camux TepoeB, To onu muByT nanpamenno, Tpe-
Bomno, nonnOKpOBnO - B 6onsmom mupe, Boocosnannom xynom-
nuKom.26
K Konuy nepuona 1955—1956 TonOB TennpaKOB BuxonuT sa
npenenu onepKOBOTO nOBeOTBOBanua u paomupaeT csou nOBue npo-
usBenenua nononnuTensnumu KOHOHHKTHHMH cnneTenuamu OCTpO-npa-
maTunecKux cuTyauuu c cyns6amu TepoeB. B nOBeCTu "He KO nBo-
py" sameTnu ny6nuuucTuneCKue BCTaBKu, nocpencTBOM KOTOpux xy-
nomnuK OTpamaeT O6meCTBenno—couuansnue aBnenua OOBeTOKOu neu-
CTBuTensnocTu u nepenomnenue ux B ncuxonOTuu TepoeB. HuoaTens
uccnenyeT u BocnpoussonuT nyBOTBa, muonu, neucTBua u nOCTyn-
110
Km HGHOBeKa. OnnaKO on us6eTaeT pHTOpHHeCKHX nacTaBnenuu,
HaBHSHHBOCTH B uso6pamenuu Bcex neynaa B musnu TepoeB. 06
sTom OB0e06pasn0m nonxone nucaTena yKasuBaeT A. HeTpooan:
... on npumen B nuTepaTypy co csoeu Temou, co csoum
TBOpHeCKHM nonepKom u OBoum Bunenuem mupa.27
Hem mupe u BceCTOponne pacKpuTu aBTOpom xapaKTepu u OT—
nomenua TepoeB K npyTum nepconamam, Tem Tny6me u m0TuBupOBan—
nee uso6pamaemuu KonmnuKT. XapaKTep, nonmenennuu TennpaKo-
Bum, BonnomaeT B ce6e ne xosaucTBennue npo6nemu 50-x TonOB,
a npamaTuaeCKuu npoueoo O6numanua nenOBenecKou nunnocTu,
pomnennuu cnomusmeuca cuCTemou. MeTKoe onpenenenue manepu
nucsma aBTOpa naeT A. HunOB, nonnepKuBaa eTO npaMOTy u y6e-
nuTensnocTs:
... TennpaKOB ne onuouBaeT musns, a BocnnamenaeTca em,
saTOpaeTca nOpasuBmeu eTO mucnsm, cnenyeT nOTuKe "pac-
cnenOBanua" npo6nemu no Konua.28
BTOpOu nepuon TBOpHGCTBa TennpaKOBa (1956-1961) xapaK—
Tepen nepexonom K nOBeOTam u pomanam. HpaBna, sa Bpema OBoeu
nBanuaTuneTneu nucaTenscKOu neaTensnocTu, on nanucan BceTO
nBa pomana: "3a 6erymum nnem" (1959) u "CBunanue c He¢epTHTH"
(1965). B eTO prnneumux npousBenenuax mu sameTunu u usmene-
nue xynomeCTBennOTO OTuna nucaTena. Oco6ennocTsm manepu nucs—
ma sTOTO nepuona aBnaeTca nsynnannoe pasBuTue nOBeOTBOBanua.
Hpumepom TaKOTO nucsma OKasanuos nOBeCTu "HynOTBOpnaa" (1958)
u "Hpessunaunoe" (1961).
B "HynOTBOpnOu" onny nunum sanumamT Bepymmue, npyTym —
aTeKCTu. 8Tu nBe nunuu HaCTO cxonaTca, Bsaumno nepeceKamTca,
u B sTom nepecenenuu pacKpuBaeToa 60ps6a nByx uneonOTuu. Ho—
111
nonssOBanue KonTpaCTa B nOBeCTu cnoco6cTByeT O6napymenum
npamaTusma B onomnux eTO npoaBnenuax. Hecm0Tpa na anTupenu-
Tuosnoe OTnomenue B nene OOBeTcKOTO BocnuTanua, aBTOp ne
O6ochaeT npemneBpemennO cronKnOBenuu, a cnenyeT nocnenOBa-
Tensnomy u saKonomepnomy pasBuTum flpaMaTHHGCKHX co6uTuu, Bu—
TeKammux us xona neucTBua.
OnnaKO mecTamu aBTOpcKaa unTonauua, Tonoc nucaTena, KaK
6u OTymeBuBaeTca, samupaeT. OTKnonenuem OT npamoro nocnenOBa-
TensnOTO xona co6uTuu aBnaeTca unOTna mano sameTnaa neTans,
na sTOT pas BCTaBKa us OTuXOTBOpenua C. Ecenuna "BOBBpamenue
na ponuny", KOTOpaa conepmuT B ce6e nenocKasannym muons aB—
TOpa. floaBuBmueca comnenua B Tepoe O cymecTBOBanuu BOTa u Be—
pe B neTO, ycunuBaeTca BBenenuem flBBa ToncTOTO, KOTOpoe yno-
munaeT nucaTenB neonnOKpaTnO B nOBeCTu (na CTpanuuax 125,
126, 127). TaKaa manepa nucsma nosBonuna TennpaKOBy ynOBuTs
Bce TonKOOTu onomnux nymeBnux npOTuBOpeauu u csonOpasnO
paspemuTs ux, ne BunaBaa OBoux OTnomenuu K sanaTuBaemou npo-
6neme.
Kpome TOTO, TaTOTenue nucaTena K pesKO KonTpacTnum no-
nomenuam saoTaBnaeT eTO B nanane nOBeCTBOBanua nonnepKnyTs
na0Tpoenue nOKoa, aTO6u nOTom na sTom mone BO Bceu snaquTens-
nocru BucTynunO neomunannoe "npesBunaunoe". TaKOu cnyaau OKa-
suBaeTca Bamnum maKTOpom nna pasmumnenuu aBTOpa, KOTOpue coc-
TaBnamT anpo nOBeCTu "HpesBunaunoe". 3aBasKOu neucTBua B n0-
BecTu OKasanocs snecs cnynaunoe O6napymenue Bepymmeu ynenunu.
H sTOT momenT nocnymun ucxonnum nynKTom nBynnannOTO xona co-
6uTuu, pasBuBammuxca B OOTpou 6Ops6e BsTnanOB TepoeB. TaKOu
112
csoeo6pasnuu aBTOpcKuu npuem nosBonaeT nocTaBuTB TepoeB B
6ecKomnpomuccnoe nonomenue, B oamue npamaTuaecKue cuTyauuu.
Bnecs nanpamennOCTs u OTpemuTensnOCTs pasBuTua neucTBua no-
Benena no npenena BBenenuem nuanOTOB ynuTena penuTuosnOTO
mupOBosspenua c apumu aTeucTamu: "Hoaemy a ne mory OTBepT—
nyTs aKcuomy maTepuanucTOB u ne nOBepuTs B nyxosnym cuny,
cosnaBmym mup" (H10, CTp. 57).
SameTnum OKasuBaeTca maKT, HTO nanpamennOOTs u nuna-
MHHHOCTB, naqunaa c nOBeCTu "YKa6u" u npononmaa ee B "Tpon—
Ke, cemepKe, Tyse" u B "Cyne", ycyry6naeTca nanmepnou paCTa-
nyTOOTsm B nepenucnenuu u nonpo6nom OOBemenuu maKTOB u npo6—
nem, BuCKasuBaemux pasnuqnumu neucTBymmumu nuuamu u camum
aBTOpom. B OBasu c sTum neucTBue ne BoeTna csonuTca K nOTu-
neCKomy sasepmenum, KOTOpoe nonCKasuBanO naaano.
TennpaKOB aBnaeTca ne TonsKO maCTepom 6uTOBOTO u ncuxo-
HOPHHGCKOPO manpa, no B TO me Bpema eTO npuBneKamT u npchT—
Benno-munocomcnue np06nemu. B sTom cnenyeT ucKaTs npununu
OpPaHHHeCKOPO coenunenua u nepenneTenua B eTO TBOpHeCTBe sne-
menTOB nOBeCTBOBaTensnux u onucaTensnux.
B nOBeOTax "KOpOTKoe samuKanue", "HaxonKa" u "AnOOTons-
OKaa KomannupOBKa", u BOO6me npousBenenuax nocne 1961 Tona,
O6napymuBaeTca npeBocxoncTBO pasmumnenua nan neucTBuem, Ko-
TOpue OOOTaBnamT anpo cmmeTa. Pasmumnenua TepoeB BupamamToa
B nucKyccuax u cnOpax memny nepoonamem npousBenenua u name
HaCTO Tepou BeneT cnOp c camum co6ou.
Hono6nuu BnyTpennuu cnOp O6napymuBaeTca B xapaKTepe me-
nymeroca PycanOBa us nOBeCTu "HaxonKa":
113
... maTepu ona ne nymna, TaK Komy nymna? Hy cnacy, a
Kyna neBaTB, KTO 06panyeTca? MomeT numnuu prs ce6e
na men nOBeouTB, BuKOpmuTB, BupacTuTs?...
- A BnpyT na muBal Husym 6pocun!29
H. PunsnuKOB B "AnOOTonscKOu KomannupOBKe" BeneT nonemuKy c
camum co6ou, B nponecoe KOTOpOu O6napymuBamTca eTO BnyTpen-
nue HpOTHBOpeHHH. Bamnum cpencTBOM B caMOpacKpuTuu Tepoa
aBnamTca asuKOBue oco6ennocTu, KOTOpue B sTom onyqae OOOT-
BeTcTBymT xapaKTepy nunnOCTu PunsnuKOBa. Hanpumep, nonaB-
nennuu Ton eTo cnopa, BupamennOTO B mononOTe, cmenaTeoa 0n-
penenennou pemuTensnOCTsm u BuBOnamu:
Bes pasyma 6un 6u, nomanyu, cnacTnuBuu...
Henssa sanpeTuTB oe6e - ne nymau O nem nymaeTca. Pano
nu nosnno ne Bunepmums neneTaanunu, yoTanems npuTBo-
paTBca. ch musns npuTBOpaTBca neaosmomno (H9, CTp.
63).
TaKOu npuem OTuna nosBOnaeT BuaBuTB nymesnue Taunu Tepoa.
ApTymenTu u nepemusanua eTO ne BucKasuBamTca nonnOCTsm, a
namTca nynKTupnO. HTaK, cmaTuu u 6uCTpO pasBepTuBammuuca
mononOT aBnaeTca nomunupywmum npusnaKom B TBOpHeCTBe Tennpa-
KOBa nocnennero nepuona.
I‘OBOpa O caMOpacKpuTuu ne06xonum0 yKasaTB na To, HTO B
nem HyBCTByeTCH BnyTpennee BsauMOOTnomenue aBTOpcKOTO Tono-
ca 0 O6pasom Tepoa. B momenT nanpamennou cuTyauuu neKOTOpue
Tepou aBnO BupamaeT BsTnanu aBTOpa, onu aBnamTca pynOpom aB-
TOpCKux uneu: Annpeu BumeOB ("3a 6eTymum nnem"), Banum Co-
KOBun ("KOpOTKoe samuKanue"), Bpuu PunsnuKOB ("AnOOTonBCKaa
KomannupOBKa").
Heo6x0numo OTmeTuTs eme Onny Bamnym oco6ennocTs B 06-
naCTu xynomecTBennOu nBynnannOOTu npousBenenuu TeanHKOBa-
114
B eTO npousBenenuax 50-x TonOB npunnun nBynnannOCTu npoaB-
nanca B Komnosuuuonnom nOCTpoenuu u 3T0 naBanO BosmomnocTs
uso6pamaTs xapaKTepu TepoeB u ux npo6nemu B nByx pasnunnux
acneKTax: nunnOTO u couuansno-OOmecTBennOTO nOpanKa. B 60ns-
munoTBe cnynaeB yKnan sTux nunuu ocnOBan na pesKux KonTpac—
Tax, O6ycnOBnennux pasnou oouuansnou npunannemnocTsm TepoeB,
HTO cnoco6cTBOBanO oosnanum OCTpo-flpaMaTHHeCKHX Konnusuu B
ux BsauMOOTnomenuax.
B npousBenenuax 60-x TOnOB nBynnannocTB nOBeOTBOBanua
OTanOBuTca cemanTuKo-cTuneBOu manepou, 6naTOnapa KOTOpOu
pacKpuBaeToa OKpuTaa snanumocTs OOBepmammeTOOa.
B xynomecTBennOu nuTepaType BosnuK cneuuansnuu Tepmun
nna OOOsnaqenua TOTO, HTO npamo ne Bupameno cnOBamu -
nonTeKCT.50
Hacro B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa nanunaeT sByanB BnyTpen-
naa Tema, OmymaeTca OKpuTaa chnosuuua ocnOBnOTO KonmnuKTa.
Ecnu O6paTumca K npumepam, TO B nOBeCTu "TpOuKa,‘cemep-
Ka, Tys" naKan napacTammeTO nanpamenua cosnaeTca uso6pame-
nuem quu B KapTu, KOTOpaa conepmuT B ce6e OKpuTym snaqu-
mocTs. 3Ty ooo6ennocTs nonmeTun TaKme amepuKaBOKuu nuTepa-
TypOBen flm. Pappapn:
If we can point to a reason for the tragedy, it would
have to be the love Of money, a voice as Old as the
Bible, which warns us that the love of money is the
root Of all evil.3l
Kpome TOTO, B sTOu nOBeCTu cnOBO "nepuneTua" umeeT onpene-
nennoe omuonosoe snanenue, ono nOBTOpaeToa onnum us TepoeB
npu BHDaXGHHH BOBOYXHGHHH. CGMaHTHKa CHOBa HGQHHGTHH (H3
FDGHGCKOFO) OHpGnGflHGTCH, KaK BHGSBHHaï¬ nepemena, neomunan-
115
noe ocnomnenue, nOBOpOT B musnu, cyns6e, coOuTuu. 8TB saTa—
noqnaa cnOBecnaa neTanB nonaepKuBaeT TO ne06unnoe, KOTOpoe
HDOI’ICXOIII/IT B )KIdSHId CHJIaBIlIPIKOB:
Banons OmepOKym npopBanO.
— 3x-ma, nepuneTua...
Hon Kypenesum menBenB 6a6y sanoman.
Hy u ny, ne-pu-neTua.
H BOT onun us TepoeB OTanOBuTca cBuneTenem napacTammux
ocnomnenuu B musnu OBoux OOTOBapumeu:
- HepuneTua... Hy—Kocs, KTO no TpuBennunKy, a a B0B
OTyKny. ynana ne6ocs puCKOBux nm6uT (74).
Cmucn cnOBa nepuneTua OTanOBuTca acnum TonsKO nocne onacnoro
noenunKa, B KOTOpom nOTu6 cam nananammuu.
HOnO6naa manepa uononssosana TennpaKOBum nna paCKpuTua
cymnocTu BnyTpenneTO oooToanua Tepoa B nOBeCTu "Cyn" - "HeT
60nee TamKOTO cyna, nem cyn csoeu OOBecTu". BmecTO aBTOpcKux
Buacnenuu, nucaTens BsonuT BnyTpennmm Temy, KOTopaa snecs sBy-
HHT B Bune HpHTHH. PacmumpOBKa snanumocTu cnOB B sTOu mpase
pacKpuBaeT nBOunoe omucnosoe snanenue, KOTOpoe c onnou OTOpo-
nu onO o6pamaeTca B OTTonocOK nenOBeqecKOu OOBecTu, a c npy-
Tou — BBYHHT KaK O6BunuTensnuu aKT.
B "AnOOTonscKOu KomannupOBKe" npuTna O "6nynnom cune"
aocumunupyeTca c meTanuamu B noucKax mecTa B musnu Tepoa, u
TonsKO aKuenTupOBanue 3HaHHMOCTH nosBOnaeT ynOBuTs BnyTpen-
nuu nonTeKcT sTOu nOBeCTu. BBenenue BnyTpenneu Temu B 06unnuï¬
xon nOBeOTBOBanua B npousBenenuu aBnaeTca cpencTsom paCKpuTua
npunun, npuBenmux K prmenum nanemn Tepoa, OKasaBmeroca mepT-
Bou npuBepmennocTu npyTOu unee. (Mopmuxun - "HpesBunaunoe",
116
PunsnuKOB - "AnOOTonBoKaa KomannupOBKa");
2. Cnenywmum npuemom OTuneBOu ooo6ennocTu aBnaeTca pas-
BuTue CO6uTuu u nOTuKa oymnenuu uso6pamaemoTO B npousBenenuu.
flna manepu nucsma B. TennpaKOBa OTanOBuTca xapaKTepna Bunu-
maa OTOTpanennocTB aBTOpa — aBTOpcKoe "neBmemaTenscTBo" B
xon CO6uTuu u oneBOK ux. Smoqunaanue onenKu ne BupamamTca
nenocpencTBennO, onu BKnmnenu B 06pas. OTnomenue nucaTena K
npoucxonamemy OTMeHaGTCH BO Bceu TKanu npousBenenua, B neTa-
nax, unTonauuax u nonTeKcTe. XynomnuK us6eTaeT nunaKTuKu u
Tonux neKnapanuu, u sTO npunaeT npousBenenum flHHaMHHHOCTb.
0n nO6uBaeTca pacKpuTua cymnocTu npOTuBOpenuu u KnmnuKTOB ne-
pes nOOTynKu TepoeB, KOTOpue nonnunenu cypOBOu musnennou npaB—
rne. TennpaKOB ne oTpemuTca npocnenuTB Bow neaTensnocTs Tepoa,
a pucyeT OTnensnue snusonu us nee, KOTOpue B OOBOKynnocTu
cosnamT nenocTnym KapTuny. B aTom KpuTuK B. HanKOB BunuT
nenOOTaTOK:
HepenKO B npemnux pa6OTax TennpaKOBa oosnaBanacs BnyT-
pennaa HpOTHBOpeHHBOCTb: uso6pamenue ne BoeTna cosna-
nano c Busonamu. TaKaa BnyTpennaa HpOTHBOpeHHBOCTB OKa—
sanacs B "TpouKe, cemepKe, Tyse", B "Cyne".52
06 OTpanuqenuu TBOpnecKOu OBo6onu OOBeToKOTO nucaTena
TOBOpuT amepuKaHCKuH nuTepaTypOBen fl. PmeBoKuu:
060uTu sanpeTnOOTs nesosmomno, onavycTanaBnuBana nepe-
nens Tex TBOpHeCKHX Tem u pacKpuTuu, KOTOpue nna co-
BeTcKOTO nucaTena OOOTaBnanu 6esycnOBnoe Ta6y.55
OnnaKO B. TennpaKOB B OBoeM nuTepaTypnom TBOpHGOTBe cymen
BuuTu sa npenenu ycTanOBnennux nOpm nocpencTsom ucKyconOTO
Bnanenua pasnoponnumu xynomecTBennumu cpencTBamu u csoeo6pa—
suem OTuneBux oco6ennocTeï¬ B uso6pamenuu neucTBuTensnooTu
u cyne6 TepoeB.
117
Cymmupya oco6ennooTu nucaTenBOKou manepu TennpaKOBa
momno nonnepKnyTs onenymmee:
a. Onnum us usnm6nennux npueMOB nucaTena B saBepmenuu
npousBenenuu aBnaeTca, TaK nasusaemaa, "OTKpuTaa KonuOBKa" -
sTO snaquT. nenocKasannocTs muonu, Bnesannoe nperamenue n0-
BeOTBOBanua. B KaqecTBe unnBCTpanuu momeT cnymuTs pachas
"nanenue HBana HynpOBa". Cnenya sa Tepoem nepes Bce npousBe-
nenue, nucaTens ooTaBnaeT eTO B Konue onunOKum, pacTepannum,
onycTomennum: "... HTO TOBOpuTB - Bce 6uno acno!"
Cemeunaa npama ConOBeuKOBa u eTO menu CTemu B nOBeCTu
"He KO nBOpy" OCTaBnena 6es saKnmnuTensnOTO paspemenua: "Cna—
pymu, sa Temnum, MOKpum OKnom, npumanoos K OTeKny cmyTnoe nu-
uo CTemu...". TparunecKuu cnynau B nOBeCTu "KOpOTKoe samuKa-
nue" OKasanca Kynsmunauueu B OCTpO-flpaMaTHHGCKHX cnOpax mem-
ny OTuom u ounom, KOTOpue ooTamTca nesaKonnennumu:
Hepes naTB munyT HOBuu Ton, TpuOTa mecTsnecaT naTs nOBux
nneu. KaK ux npomuTs? CTouT nonymaTs. (556)
HTaK, npomnoe aBnaeTca csepmusmumca maKTOM, no nesaKonnennaa
np06nema OTnoouTeanO nenOBeaecKOu OOBecTu nepenaeTca B 6yny-
mee, KOTOpoe nonmno 6yn0pamuTs Tepoa.
TaKaa manepa nucsma nosBonuna nucaTenm: BO-nepBux, ne
oKasaB nocnenneTO cnOBa,ymenO BuuTu us—non O6chena normaTu-
HeCKOH KpuTuKu, a Bo-BTOpux, us6emaTs saKnmnuTeanux cy6seK-
TuBnux onenOK, u mopanusupymmux BuBOnOB, npenOCTaBnaa peme-
nue nuTaTenm.
6. TennpaKOB HaCTO npu6eTaeT K nByomucnennomy OKOHHa-
nun csoux npousBenenuu. Hpuem npennonomenua (morno 6uTs TaK,
HO CJIY‘IPIJIOCB nnane) IlaGT BOBMOHCHOCTB paSBGpHYTI: Id npyFIdG BG"
118
poaTnOOTu. Hpumepom TaKOTO npencTaBnenua aBnaeTca "HynOTBOp—
naa", neuchue KOTOpOu KonnaeTca cnopamu ynuTensnuuu co csa-
mennuKom 6es aBnOu ee no6enu, BOHDeKï¬ sapanee yCTaHOBHeHHOMV
O6asaTensnomy ucxony B 6Ops6e c peflMPHeï¬i "Hy5flHHH09 HOHONB‘
nue nuKomy ne nOCTaBnaeT ynosonBCTBua".
B "AnOOTonBCKOu KomannupOBKe" BosBpamenue PunsnuKOBa O6-
paTnO nomou ne snaquT, HTO on usmenun csoum npchTBenno-muno-
OOOCKum BsTnanam, KOTOpue B CBGTG oospemennooru OKasanucs
npuqunou eTO nyxosnou npamu. "MneT nons, npononmaeTca musns.
Husns, a ne nanenue, KaK mne Kasanocs pansme". Bnanenue sTux
cnOB momno nonaTs nsycmucnenno. OnnaKO meTanua, noucKu u nac-
Tue nOpamenua Tepoa prenunu B nem Bepy B nyxosnym nOTpe6—
nocTs, muBymym BnyTpu eTO.
TennpaKOB TonBKo B penKux cnynaax saBepmaeT csou npous-
Benenua snunorom. CTpemaos nepenaTs musns Tepoa B nBumenuu,
on OOTaBnaeT nenOCKasannumu ux cyns6u, namenaa nums ux nans-
neumee pasBuTue manosameTnumu mTpuxamu.
B. CnenyeT yKasaTs eme na onun BapuanT OKOHHaHHH npous-
Benenua - yCKOpennaa pasBasKa. Ha npOTamenuu pasBuBammeToca
neucTBua B npousBenenuax TennpaKOB BnuKnuBO cnenuT sa Kamnum
musnennum nOBOpOTom Tepoa, OTapaacs BuaBuTB npuuunu u nocnen-
cTBua eTO musnennux neynan. HO nucaTenm ne OBOucTBennO Buno-
cuTs TOTOBue npuTOBOpu, on ne KneumuT name OTpunaTensnoe, a
HaCTO nOBonuT Becs npouecc no Bucmeu TOHKH nanpamenua u 06-
puBaeT neucTBue. STy oc06ennOCTs B TBOpHGCTBG TennpaKOBa non-
nepKuBaeT amepuKaHOKuu nuTepaTypOBen T. Mepau na ocnOBanuu
119
nOBeCTu "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys":
Who is being accused? Why, he is not accusing anyone.
He is only describing, telling a story.34
YoKopennaa pasBasKa flGHCTBHH na6nmnaeTca B nOBeOTax
"TyTOu ysen", "3a 6eTymum nnem", "HaxonKa". TennpaKOB acno
npencTaBun, KaK Tepou MancypOB ("TyTOu ysen") sanyTanca B cny-
me6nux u nunnux nenax, u KOTna B nOBeCTu B onun ysen 6unu
csenenu Bce OOTpeumue npOTuBOpenua u KOH®HHKTH - B pauon npu-
esmaeT cereTaps O6Koma napTuu no sTomy neny.
E. CTapuKOBa CHHTaGT, HTO TaKaa pasBasKa naeT mnumoe
paspemenue KonmnuKTOB:
... nucaTenu yme npu6eTanu K cnacaTeanomy npuesny "na-
nanBoTBa us nenTpa", KOTOpoe KaK deus ex machina npus-
BanO paspemaTs Bce KonmnuKTu.55
TennpaKOBy Bamno 6uno nOKasaTB "npeCTynnenue", a "naKasanua"
nano 6un0 nouCKuBaTsca B OKpuTOM Tenenuu uso6pamaemux aBne—
nuu.
B pomane "3a 6eTymum nnem" B momenT OOTpOTO nanpamenua
B CTonKnOBenuax memny nupeKTOpom mKOnu u Annpeem BumeOBum,
BnpyT O6puBaeTca neucTBue 6es KommenTapueB aBTOpa. flupeKTOp
mKOnu cnacaeT nous BumeOBa, yTonammym B peKe, u nocne TaKOTO
nocTynKa cuna O6OCTpennOTO KonmnuKTa paspamaeTca u K Konuy
npousBenenua aKTuBBOOTs BumeOBa OBOnuTca K smouuonansnum
nyBcTBam.
BupasuTensnum u Tny6OKO ncuxonOTunecKum snusonom B no-
BecTu "HaxonKa" aBnamTca noucKu Tepoem PycanOBum maTepu—npe-
CTynnuuu. H BOT ona cama npumna K PycanOBy, cnanacs B eTO py-
Ku, na eTO OOBecTs. STOT momenT cpasy nOBepnyn Tenenue neucT-
120
Bun B npyrym CTOpOHy, nanpaBnaa eTO Bceneno Bo BnyTpB nymu
Tepoa, a c npyrou CTOponu on yCKOpun pasBasKy ocnOBnOTO Kon-
@HHKTa B npoussenenuu. B OBasu 0 Tem, HTO B npousBenenuax
TennpaKOBa oxsaTuBaeTca neéonsmou OTpesOK Bpemenu, sa KOTOpuu
Tepou ne MOTyT nepemuTs cymecTBennux usmenenuu, on O6unno na-
eT nanano nepemenu.
T. Pu6ens nenOBeKa, KaK camoe pasuTensnoe nOKasaTens-
CTBO anTunenOBeqecKou cymnocTu paBnOnymua, 6mpOKpaTusma ne
pas paccmanuBanacs xynomnuKom. B ocnOBnom aBTOp ne nm6uT
csonuTB KonuOBKu K cmepTu, KOTopaa B eTO uso6pamenuu aBna-
eToa nocnenCTBuem npoussona, a 0n "musnenm6", u nosTomy Boa
nanpaBnennocTs npousBenenuu musneyTBepmnammaa.
HucaTens yTny6naeT npoussonsnuu cmepTeanuu onynau O6-
nuaenuem eTO HpHHaCTHHKOB npu nomomu KonTpaCTa - panom OTa-
BuT TepoeB nonomuTensnOTO OKnana: KnameBy npOTuBocrouT Ba-
cunuu flepTaqu ("YXa6u"), MancypOBy — Pmusun ("TyTOu ysen"),
BymyeBy - fly6unun ("TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys"), HBany COKOBuny
- cun Banum ("KOpOTKoe samuKanue").
5. B. TennpaKOB O6pamaeTca unOTna B CBoux npousBene-
nuax K Tpanuuuam pyOCKux nucaTeneu munysmeTO OToneTua. Hpem-
ne BceTo on B0 mnOTom nepeKnuKaeTca c A. HexOBum. Bo-nepBux,
B csoeo6pasnom saKnmaenuu npousBenenuu c "OTKpuTOu KonnOBKOu".
Bo-BTOpux, KaK sameTun flm. Pappapn:
... with the sin Of "ObJectivism", Just as Chekhov in
his time was charged with not taking a moral stand in
his stories.36
H Kpome TOTO,
121
... OTcyTCTBue npamux aBTOpcKux smouuonansnux OnenOK,
TaTOTenue K BemecTBennomy conepmanum 06pasa csuneTens-
OTByeT O 6nusooTu K neXOBCKOu nuTepaTypnOu Tpanunuu.57
B camom sarnaBuu u BnyTpenneu Teme nOBeCTu "TpOuKa, ce-
mepKa, Tys" mu naxonum napannenu c "HuKOBOu namou" A. HymKuna.
TpaTunecKoe B nux BusBanO KapTemnou quOu, mannocTsm O6oux K
nenBTam: Pepmanna u Bymyesa. Kpome TOTO, nuKaa muTypa Bymyesa,
B KOTOpom npeOOnanaeT sno, mecTOKocTs, nanomunaeT umymeTO mec—
Tu AneKO us nosmu "Huranu". Ecnu cpaBnuTB neonnOKpaTnO nOBTo—
paemue TennpaKOBum cnOBa, BuTaTyupOBannue y Bymyesa: "Pona
unyT, a CHaCTbH neT", - TO onu aBnamTca nhou npamum OTronoc-
Kom nymKuncKux cnOB: "HO onacTsa neT u memny Bamu, npuponu
6ennue cunu..."
HeKOTOpue snemenTu nymKuncKOu manepu, uononssosannue B
pacKpuTuu MonapTa u Cansepu, O6napymuBamTca y TennpaKOBa B
pomane "CBunanue c HemepTuTu", no snecs npamaTuaecKaa‘nanpa—
mennocTs umeeT 6onee 6naTOponnym 00pmy, 6es mecTOKOOTu u y6un-
CTBa. He npeCTynnaa peBnocTs Cansepu aBnaeTca nBumymeu cunou
B nunnou TpaTenuu MaTepuna, a 6eCTanannocTs, nenossonuBmaa
emy OTaTs nacToamum xynomnuKom.
Panom c MaTepunum npencTaBnena necqacTnaa cyns6a cens-
CKOTO ynuTena puCOBanua, CaBBu KonneBa: TananTnuBOOTs u 6es-
napnOCTs, smouuonansnOCTs u 6ecn0momnocTs Bsaumno nepenneTa—
mTca B nem. Hepen aynom TananTa npyTux on ocosnaeT csoe 006-
OTBennoe y6OT0e nunTomeCTBO. BTOT manKuu 06pas neynannuKa-xy-
nomnuKa accumunupyeTca c O6pasom "manenBKOTO nenOBeKa" us
npousBenenuu H.B. POTOna "munenu", a oco6enn0 "HOpreTa".
122
Hecomnenno, sTa Bems POTona nana Ton u conepmanue Bceu aTOu
manpOBOu nunuu, npoxonameu nepes Becs poman TennpaKOBa "CBu-
nanue c HemepTuTu".
Fepou TennpaKOBa: MypTun us nOBeCTu "TyTou ysen", MuTa-
Tun u Muxauno us "Cyna" OBoeu KpOTooTsm, nOKOpnOOTsm u cmupe-
nuem BusuBamT conyBcTBue, manocTB u oooTpananue K ce6e co 0T0-
ponu npyTux TepoeB u name camoro aBTOpa. B sTom ux cxonCTBO c
AKaKuem AKaKueBuneM, TonsKO nBanuaTOTO BeKa. Ha6nwnaeTca TaKme
cymeOTBennaa pasnuua B npencTaBnenuu musnennux npo6nem sTux
TepoeB. TennpaKOB oOBepmennO us6eTaeT CaTHpHHGCKOFO Tona na-
me npu 06pucOBKe OTpuuaTeanux TunOB.
Eme onna napannens K ToroneBcKOu manepe nucsma, BsaTOu
us "PeBusOpa" — sTO chOpennaa pasBasKa neucTBua, npuesn "na—
HaanTBa". (HypTanOB - cereTaps O6Koma B nOBeCTu "TyTOu ysen").
B saKnmnenue cnenyeT nonnepKnyTs, HTO Bnanumup TennpaKOB
nOKasan OBoe xynomeoTBennoe macrechBO u B Bupa6OTKe unnuBuny—
aanOTO CTuna. y neTo csou nonxon K uso6pamaemou neucTBuTens-
nOOTu, csou "nonepK". Pnasnoe nna neTO, ne TonsKO "np06nema",
no u xapaKTep. Hmenno, nepes Tny6OKO pacKpuTue xapaKTepu Tepo-
eB nucaTens cymen O6napymuTB Bce cnomnOOTu musnu u Bpemenu,
KOTOpue OTKnanuBamTca B cyns6ax nmneu.
Ha npOTamenuu BceTO TBOpHGCTBa nucaTena O6napymuBamTca
Bunousmenenua B eTO OTune, KOTOpue OTBenamT Tou unu unou mo-
numuKanuu cruneo6pasymmux maKTOpOB, onnaKO enunCTBO xynomeCT-
Bennou saKonomepnocTu y neTO coxpanaeTca. flame TeneBue OTOpo-
HbI .IIGIdCTBIdTGJ'IbHOCTId Id I~1GJIOBGHGCKOFO xapaKTepa HpGIICTaBJIGHbI
123
TennpaKOBum 6es naTneTammeTO ymaca. flna sTOTO on ucnonssyeT
0B0e06pasnuu non6op CTuneBux cpencTB, KOTOpue nOMOTnu emy B
OTpanunennux ycnOBuax nucaTenBCKOu OBo6onu 6uTs npaBnuBum B
uso6pamenuu u TonKum B paCKpuTuu musnennux cnomnocTeu, oc0—
6enno BnyTpenneTO xapaKTepa. Peanusm O6cT0aTenscTB u OOOTnooa-
maaoa c num npaBna xapaKTepa aBnaeTca nocnenOBaTeanOu Kon-
uennueu nucsma nucaTena.
Hpunuun co6nmnenua O6BeKTuBnocTu nOBeCTBOBanua-nossonun
TennpaKOBy npu6nusuTsca K BHYTpeHHeH "oKpuTOu" TOHKG spenua
Tepoa: npoucxonuT OBoeTO pona BmuBanue B xapaKTep Tepoa, B
ooo6ennocTs eTO mupoomymenua. STOT npunuun Tpe6yeT OT nuca-
Tena TaKux usOOpasuTensnux cpenCTB, KOTOpue c nocTOBepnocTsm
MOTyT nepenaTB nouxonOTum Tepoa. A O6pamenue nucaTena K TOu
unu unou nacTu nuTepaTypnOTO naonenua ne npousson xynomnuKa:
onO O6ycnOBnenO KaHeCTBOM TananTa u musnunnum maTepuanom,
KOTOpuu B KaKOu-TO mepe oosByqen maTepuany, yme 6uBmemy npen-
meTom uso6pamenua.
4. Hpupona, KaK cpencTBO O6pasnOTo Bupamenua
Cnoco6nocTs TennpaKOBa "sapamaTs HyBCTBaMH" nuTaTena,
HCHXOHOFHHGCKH BOBnens eTO B pycno aBTOpCKOu ananusupywmeu
muonu, sanomena B cruneBOu OpTanusauuu npousBenenuu. 0n pen-
KO O6pamaeTca K npamomy onucanum quCTB u nepemuBanuu neno-
BeKa, no OTpemuTca muBO u nnaCTunnO napenaTs ux nocpencTsom
uso6pamenua neï¬samnux sapucOBOK unu aBnenuu npuponu, nOKasu-
BaIOIIIIdX BHYTDGHHGG COCTOHHIdG I‘GpOH I'IO HpIdHLIIdI'IU, KOHTpaCTa IdJIId
124
napannenu:
Heusam B npousBenenuax cosnaeT musnennym cpeny Tepoa,
neo6xonumym O6cTanOBKy neucTBua, onens HaCTO cnymuT
smonuonansnum monam neuoTBua u nononnuTensnum cpencT-
Bom xapaKTepucTuKu Tepoa, Bunonnaa npu sTom cs0eo6-
pasnym pons nonTeKCTa.58
3CTGTHHGCKOG BoonpuaTue aBnenuu conpuKocaeToa o 60ns-
mum prrom pasmumnenuu u nepmuBanuu nenOBeKa. Pepou Tennpa—
KOBa naxonaTca B nOOToannom O6menuu c usmennusou npuponou,
KOTOpaa HaCTO yTpomaeT nenOBeKy, BucTynaa npOTuBOneucTBymmeu
emy cunou.
a. Hpupona B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa aBnaeTca aKTuBnum
KOmnonenTom npoucxonamux co6uTuu, TOHHO nouxonOTunecKu MOTu-
BupOBana u nonnunena O6memy samuony npousBenenua B nepenane
nBCTpoenua. XapaKTepnum npumepom aBnaeTca pachas "HenacTse",
B KOTOpom Becennue connennue 6necKu u apKue KpacKu ycTynamT
mecTO mpannum u Tposnum 6ypam:
C yTpa no Benepa na uncrom ne6e nemypuT no—Becennemy To-
paaee connumKo; saKaTu HHCTH — cnOKounOTO sonOTucnOTO
uBeTa...59
H BnpyT pesKaa nepemena B npupone, OKasaBmaaca nepBum npen—
BecTnuKom HGCHaCTbH:
... ynapuna nepBaa Tposa. CnOBa BuBOpanuBammue nymy
pacKaTu Tpoma; cnOBa neocha BO Bce CTOponu myTnue ny-
supamueca pynsu (0Tp. 66).
CTuxuunaa npupona BnaCTnO Bmemanacs B musns prmennuKOB cena,
yTpomaa um nemunyemum 6enOTBuem:
... nnuByT, npu6uBaacs K camomy Kpam myTnOu nymu, cyxue
sepna, 6pomennue npOTnmeeu pyKOu OTapuKa - ceaTena na
sanuTym nomnem pasm0Kmym 6Oposny (CTp. 78).
3Tu O6peaennue na Tu6ens sepna — Boa cyTs u oco6ennocTs omucna
125
neusama B pacoKase. C onnou OTOponu, 06pas nycTywmeTO nona
accouuupyeTca o ycnOBuamu musnu semnenamna, a c npyTOu, on
cnymuT npuTOBOpom Tomy 00pmanusmy, KOTOpum nonssosanucs py-
KoaonuTenu pauona BO TnaBe c Pnyxapesum, Bunonnammum TonsKO
nnan.
STOT me m0TuB OTuxuunux cun npuponu pasBepTuBaeTca B
sKonosuuuu pachasa "YXa6u", Tne onucanue mynuTensnOu nOpOTu
BO Bpema Becenneu pacnyTuuu BBonuT nuTaTena B nanpamennym
aTmoomepy npousBenenua u cnymuT HeM-TO yTpomammum:
... uCKOBepKana OTpamnumu Konno6unamu, BKocs u BKpuBB
ucoeqena pBanumu Koneamu, KaK nocne 6uTBu KOOTamu, yce-
ana mepnamu, ToncTumu cneramu, usmononennumu OTsonamu
nenaBnO cpy6nennux 6epesOK.40
HaOTpoenue u mynenue TepoeB nepenanu nocpencTBOM KapTunu no-
pOTu, na KOTOpOu mo®ep BeneT nepaBnym 6Ops6y mamunu c yxa6amu.
OTOT,Kasanocs 6u, 6esmoanuu mon KaK 6u neceT npenBemanue
necqacTsa B camom naqane paOOKasa, KOTOpuu ycunuBaeTca nOTom
cnynaem Tu6enu onnOTO us nacoamupOB. KapTuna 6esnOpomsa uc-
nonssOBana KaK onun us oooTaBnux snemenTOB xynomecTBennOu
Konnenuuu pachasa, ona BBenena B cmmeT KaK xapaKTepnaa 6u-
TOBaa nepTa ananusupyemou cuTyauuu u BmecTe c Tem umeeT 6o-
nee mupOKuu BnyTpennuu cmucn, BTOpTammuuoa B nenOBenecKue
BsauMOOTnomenua.
B sTOu O6pasnou neTanu snOBemeu nOpOTu mu naxonum na-
pannens c BnyTpennem Tposnou TpeBOTOu Bcex yHaCTHHKOB co6u-
Tua. A onnOBpemennO ona cnymuT KonTpacTom B OTpamenuu 6naT0-
ponnux nenOBenecKux nepT xapaKTepa "BunOBnuKa" KaTachomu -
momepa. Henpeononumue yxa6u OKasanuos TaKme na nyTu cnane-
126
nua panenOTO: 6ecnenosennocTB nupeKTOpa KnameBa, KOTOpuu
OTKasan naTs TpancnOpT, npuBena K Tu6enu nenOBeKa. Peanusm
npenmeTnOTo onucanua KapTun npuponu BsaumoneucTByeT snecs c
ToanOTsw ncuxonOTunecKOTO OOOToanua nenOBeKa.
6. B unux cuTyauuax, onucusaa npupony, TennpaKOB non—
nepKuBaeT ee 6espasnunue K nepemusanuam TepoeB. He cnynaï¬no
06pas paBnonymnOH npuponu noaBnaeTca B camue OTBeTcTBennue
momenTu B musnu Tepoa, KaK 6u saoTaBnaa eTO paso6paTsca BO
Bcem npoucxonamem BOprT neTO.
KOTna maOTep fly6unun us nOBeCTu "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys"
OOBepmaeT yOHHCTBO, samumaa ce6a, a B TO Bpema: "... ena
Bona, Tnanena csepxy 6esynacTnaa nyna".
Pepoï¬ nOBeCTu "HaxonKa" Tpomum PycanOB MGHGTCH no necy
c naxonKOu, Tonumuu comnenuamu "a momeT OCTannspeOeHKa" B
TO Bpema KaK cnOKounoz
... CHUflHCH C BGTBGH CHGF, paBnOnymnue GflH Oprmanu HG‘
HOBGKa - HM BCG paBHO, na HTO OH DGMHTCH.41
H musuaecKu, u m0pansn0 on ycTan sa neTupe nna 6nymnanua c
pe6enK0m no necy. A panom 6espasnuanaa npupona eme 6onsme yc-
nomnana eTO nymesnyn npamy, OTTenana eTO BnyTpennuu pasnan:
Hpusuano nocepeno ne6O, npuBunnO pacnonsnacs Tpasnaa
mrna, sa6unacs B Tny6s KycTOB, na nno OBpamKa. A cneT na-
nan, nanan, CHpOH, Tamenuu, O6unsnuu (CTp. 458).
TaKOH O6pasnuu non60p KapTun npeBpamaeT spumoe B nepe-
muBaemoe u nna samennenua neucTBua aBTop ucnonssyeT nOBTOpe-
nue OTnensnux cnOB. H Bce sTu: "6esynacrnaa nyna", "paBno-
nymnue enu", "um BcespaBnOV, "npuBunnO" aBnamTca xynomecTBen-
HHMH CpGnCTBaMH, KOTOpHG HCHOHBBOBaHH aBTOpOM ï¬‚ï¬‚ï¬ OTpaKGHHH
127
u ycunenua HCHXOHOFHHGCKOPO KonTpacTa. flouxonorunecKue sne—
menTu B neusame noaBnamTca nums TOTna, KOTna on nepenaeTca
Tnasamu BsBOnnOBannOTO Tepoa, OTpamammeTo eTO nachoenua.
B. HuoaTena saxsaTuBaeT OTuxua npuponu, eTO nOpamamT
neucaepnaemue sanacu saKnmnennux B neu musnennux cun, ne
BoeTna nOKOpnux u no6pux:
Hec nepen nepBumu moposamu KameTca nepnum, sanymnen—
num Kpaem. (459)
... K nonynnm oomen oneT. fleo CToan usmynennuu.Tamenum,
KaK cmepTensnaa 6onesns, nenacTum 0Tp.(449).
HOKasaTensna B sTom cmucne mynKnua snuTeTa B 06puc0BKe neusa-
ma, KOTOpuu O6pasno acoouuupyeTca o BnyTpennum oOOToanuem Te-
poa us nOBeCTu "HaxonKa".
CBenenue oOOTnomenua nenOBeKa u npuponu B npousBenenuax
TennpaKOBa nums K KonTpaCTam unu napannenam 6un0 6u nenOCTa-
TOHHO. Hpupona HaCTO OKasuBaeTca npu6emumem Tepoa B eTO TOpe
u OT TOpa. Cemen TeTepun us nOBeCTu "Cyn" nm6uT cnacaTsca OT
BcaKux neBsron B necy:
H BoeTna us necy Cemen BosBpamanca nomononeBmum, KaKum-TO
HHCTGHBKHM usnyTpu. flec O6muBan nymy, nec nanenan cunou,
BoaKuu pas nocne neoa saBTpamnuu nens Kasanca npuBeTnuBum.
He 6unO nqueTO npyTa y Cemena, nem nec.42
chuTaB necnpasennuBOOTs co OTOponu nmneu, Benymux cnencTBO,
TeTepun y6eraeT nonansme OT nux B necnym Tnyms, B 6onOTO,
nTO6u pasBeaTs OBoe TOpe. UpOTHBOpeHHH BnyTpenneTO OOOToanua
Tepoa oco6enn0 ycunuBamTca nocne TOTO, KaK on paccTanca c
semecTBennum nOKasaTenscTBOM npaBnu — nyneu. PesKOCTs nepe-
MGHbI nachoenua PGDOH O6napymuBaeTca I'IOCDGIICTBOM OTHOIIIGHIdH
eTO K npupone. TOT me TeTepun, nm6amuu nec, Teneps TOBOpuT:
128
HpOKnaTa Ta semna, HTO nnonuT manKuu nec. Hu B KaKom
npyTom meCTe HGHOBGK ne qucTByeT TaK OBoe OflHHOHGCT-
BO. H ne TonsKO HGHOBeK, sBepB o6xonuT OTOponOu 6on0-
TO (CTp. 165).
B TOM, HTO TeTepun nomen B 60nOTO, momno yOMOTpeTs HGHTO cum-
BonuneOKoe. 3Ta Oprmammaa "Tons" HGHCTBHTGHBHOCTH BTaTuBana
eTO Bce 6onsme B cnomnue npo6nemu m0pansnou OTBeTCTBennOOTu,
TpeBomuna OOBecTs.
Hecm0Tpa na O6unue neusamnou musonucu, B npousBenenuax
TennpaKOBa HeHOBeK BoeTna naxonuTca B nenTpe eTO Bnumanua.
Hu onun Tepou nucaTena npocTO TaK ne nm6yeToa, ne BocTOpTa-
eToa npuponou. Hame BceTO on BuCTynaeT c neu B 60ps6y, cm0T-
puT na nee c ynpeKom. "y nac npaKa c npuponou" ("HenaCTse").
flOpOTa CTanOBuToa "qupum, 6ecnomannum" Bparom nenOBeKa B
"YXaOax". flame nonnaa oxora na menBena B "Cyne" ne npocTO yTe-
xa OTnuxammux nmneu.
XynomnuK BnaneeT nonnou Tammou OXOTHHHBHX nepemuBanuu:
O6ochennOCTs nyBOTB u noncTynammuu OTpax nepen npuTaennOu
BO Tsme neBenomou onacnOOTsm.Hmenno OTomna BuTeKaeT snOBemee
npennyBCTBue neus6emnou TpaTenuu, KOTOpoe BspuBaeTca Tynom
nByx BuCTpenOB, saTnymuBmux OTnaannuu npenynpemnammuu KpuK
TeTepuna.
H BOT, OTpamnaa Tumuna, Bnesannaalnymesnaa yCTanocTs, na
eme TomuTensnoe HYBCTBO, ycunuBamT napacTanua BnyTpenneï¬,
nOKa ne06saonumou, TpeBOTu Tepoa:
Pnyxoe sxO BuchenOB ymupano Tne-TO naneKO B necnux
namax. H HeFO-TO ne xsaTanO, HTO-TO ucaesno us BTOTO
OKynnO OCBemennOTO mupa (0Tp. 124).
T. B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa BoeTna namTca pesKue
129
nepenomu B musnu TepoeB, a CO6uTuunocTs nonaunena pemenum
Bamnux ncuxonOTuquKux np06nem. HccnenOBanue nouxonoruu ae—
nOBeKa u nponuKnOBenue B eTO BnyTpennuï¬ mup npoxonuT B cmepe
npuponu, na none ee. Pepou npousBenenuu, OCTaBmuos onun na
onun c OOBecTsm, OOTpee BoonpunumamT Oprmammuu mup, sanac-
Tym mynuTensnO, c nymeBnou 6onsm paccTamTca c npemnumu npen-
oTaBnenuamu O musnu. B TaKux cnyaaax neusam aBnaeTca neTaan—
cumsonom, KOTOpuu OTpamaeT BnyTpennuu mup Tepoa. TaKOu neusam
nocuT smonuonansnym OKpacKy, a cama npupona naqunaeT muTs
HyBCTBeHHOH, nenpepuBnO usmenammeuca musnsm, oKpuBammeu B ce-
6e Taunu.
HpKum npumepom smouuonaanOTO neusama aBnaeTca 06pas
6epesu B nOBeCTu "Cyn". Bepesa - OBuneTens npouomecTBua,
ona ne OTOTynaeT OT Tepoa na npOTamenuu BceTO nOBeOTBOBanua.
y 6epesu 6un npuBan 0x0TnuKOB u nocne cmepTensnOTO cnynaa
y6uTOTO napna nonomunu Bosne Tou me 6epesu. Onucanue 6epesu
aBnaeTca BcnOMOTaTensnum cpencTBOM pacKpuTua nymeBnOu npamu
TeTepuna: "... Knonsamu BucuT mecTKaa KOpa, cynsa - cnOBnO
osenennue oyflOpOPOH KocrnaBue pyKu, nu onnOTO nucToaKa na
nux". (106) Hono6nym napannens O6napymuBaem B nOBeCTu "Ha-
xonKa", Tne nymeBnaa TpeBOTa PycanOBa, eTO OTnaannaa nonuT-
Ka paso6paTsca B TpeBomamux eTO mucnax, KaK 6u OTpasunacs
B O6nuKe npuponu: "pacmennennuï¬ OTson, OTpamnuu usnom cnOBnO
pasBechaa nacTB B nuKom KpuKe".
Heï¬samu-cumsonu uononssymTca nucaTenem KaK cpencTBO xy-
nomecTBennOTO'npenBapenua co6uTuu. O6paTum Bnumanue na nO-
130
Be0Ts "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", KOTOpaa nanunaeToa c onucanua
peKu, necymeu csou Bonu "no ne06muT0my, nuKomy Kpam K nonap—
nomy mopm". Kasanocs 6u, O6uKnOBennaa KapTuna onnaBa neoa no
peKe, no ona OKpuBaeT B ce6e samucen nucaTena, pacKpuBammuuca
B cnenymmux onucanuax:
OTmenu, Tuxue sasonu, npocTO saKpaunu y 6epeTOB 4 Boe
nOBymKu, Bonny momno saoTpaTs. HeTOponnuBo TGHGHHG,
mennuTensnO nBumenue Bnepen. MnOTue us pennux nanom—
nuKOB ne BunepmuBamT. Ha6yxaeT Bonou npeBecunu - y
6peBna yronaeT onun Koneu, nan BOnOu TOpHHT nums Ty—
naa maKymKa. HO 6peBnO ynpamuTca, nonseT Bnepen, TamuT
no nny OTameneBmuu Konen, nOKa ne OprsneT coscem u
Tuxo ne nameT na nno... (0Tp. 56).
OTa 60ps6a neoa o TGHGHHGM peKu BupasuTensna. BmecTO onuca-
nua prnOBOu u onacnou musnu onnasmuKOB, nucaTens yTny6naeT
cmucn nenOBenecKOu cyns6u sTOu neTansm, nonnepKuBaa ux cna—
60CTs, HeyCTOHHHBOCTb, "mnorue us peanux nanomnuKOB ne Bu-
nepmuBamT..." A panom npencTaBnena cyns6a Tex, KOTOpue npe—
ononeBamT Bce musnennue npenaTcTBua, sanumamToa HGCTHHM
prnom:
... A npyTue 6peBna-nanomnuKu nonnuByT Bce nansme u
nansme, nOKa ne nonanyT B sanons nepesanonnou 6asu...
Pacnucanu no Tpamam, pasnomenu no mTa6enam—sa6senue
nemamum na nne nOKOunuKam, nOBaa musns Tem, KTO cy-
men flOHTH no Konua (0Tp. 56).
Hepsonaqansno prnnc O6napymuTB snecs ananOTum c nenOBenec-
Kou musnsm. HO nananenue Bymyesa, B KOTOpom on cam nOTu6,
mucnenno BosBpamaeT nac K O6pasy 6peBen-nOKOunuKOB, KOTOpue
ne nomnu no Konna nyTu u nOKoaTca na nne peKu. Hecm0Tpa na
TO, HTO TennpaKOB ne naeT nasonameu muonu K pacmumpOBKe
sTOu neusamnoï¬ sapuc0BKu, O6pasu 6peBen—nanomnuKOB onuneTso-
pamTca u ynchTBymT B cyns6ax TepoeB.
131
CKsosnum O6pasom - cumsonom B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa
aBnaeTca 6epesa. Ha neu nomuTca OTHeHaTOK Tex nepemusanuu u
TpaTenuu, KOTOpue ucnuTuBamT Tepou. Yme B pannux npousBene-
nuax nucaTena, KaK "Hanenue HBana HynpOBa", "Cpenu neCOB",
"TyPOH ysen", "He KO nBOpy" BCTpeHaGTCH mnOTO "cnynaï¬nux"
neusameu, onnaKO BnymaBmucs, sameTnum OKasuBaeTca nonuTKa
aBTOpa nauTu B onucanuax KapTun npuponu KaKoe-TO cumsonunec-
Koe snanenue, OKpuTuu nonTeKcT.
flna npumepa x0Ta 6u 06pas 6epesu B "HenacTse", KOTOpym
cmu6no BO Bpema 6ypu:
prxnasoe nepeBO, ne monnua c6una eTO, neT, ne OTuxua
BunOBaTa. Cepenuna o Tnunsuou y sTou 6epesu... (OTp.
85).
TennpaKOB nBamnu caen Tepoa paocKasa PnyxapeBa c sTOu 6epe-
sou. Hepsuu pas B nanane pachasa Tepou O6paTun na nee Bnu—
manue TonsKO us-sa TOTO, HTO ona nocne Becenneu Tposu sa-
Banuna nOpOTy u 6una nomexou na eTO nyTu. BTOpOu pas nuca-
Tens ooTaBun Tepoa cam na cam 0 Ton me 6epesou, KOTna TOT
ocensm exan B O6nacTB no neny cnaTua eTO c pa6OTu. Ha sTOT
pas yme PnyxapeB sanymanoa O npuqunax Tu6enu sTOTO nepeBa
- "cepenuna c Tnunsuou". 3necs aBnoe cxoncTBO c nOpamenuem
B cyns6e PnyxapeBa, nanenue KOTOpOTO ne onpaBnuBaeTca Bnem-
numu O6cT0aTenBCTBamu, a npuaunu KpomTca Tny6me B camom xa-
paKTepe.
Eme onun BupasuTensnuu 06pas 6epesKu OpaBnuBaeTca c
cyns6ou Tepoa us pomana "3a 6eTymum nnem" Annpea BumeOBa.
... TneTca non cnerom 6epesKa nume u nume B ynpyrym
nyTy, nOKa ne ynpeTca maKymKou B nOTu KaKOu-nu6yns
132
6ecnenno OToameu enu... Pas ym nonnanacs, pas yme OKa-
sanacs cornyTou - muTs eu u nansme cmupennou KaneKou
ch musns. B cnenymmym sumy eme 6onsme corneT ee oneT,
eme nume npunaBuT K semne - ne TanyTsca BBepx, ne Boe-
BaTB sa connue (T. II, CTp. 189).
Bun nOOTpanaBmeu 6epesKu sanenaTnen y BumeOBa KaK pas nepen
Tem, KaK on pemaeT Bonpoc: ooTaBuTs nu emy csou uCKanua B ne-
naTOTuKe, ycTynuTs nu. Besmoanum COBGTHHKOM BumeOBy OKasa-
nacs 6epesKa, ona csoum O6pasom noncKasuBana emy 6ynymee.
Hpupona nomorna Tepom BoonpanyTs nyxom u na6paTs cun nna npo-
nonmenua HaHaTOFO mKoanOTO nena, nTo6u ne "muTs nansme cmu—
pennou KaneKOu Bop musns".
B nOBeoTu "HaxonKa" mnOTO mecTa OTBenenO onucanum npu-
ponu, cympaanTO neoa nosnneu ocensm. HO TnaBnoe snecs B
oKpuTom snanenuu OTnensnux neusamnux sapuOOBOK, KOTOpue B
conOCTaBnenuu unu npOTuBonOCTaBnenuu c BnyTpennumu KonmnuK-
Tamu Tepoa pacKpuBamT csom snanumocTs.
HTaK, ocennuu neo yKasuBaeT na TO, HTO Bospomnenue ae-
nOBenecKux HyBCTB naoTynunO nOBOnsnO nosnno B musnu Tepoa,
B npeKnonnom BospacTe - "ocensm". Heusam B sTOu nOBeCTu co-
OTBeTCTByeT nymesnum mynenuam u nepemuBanuam Tepoa. 06pas
nenacTnOTO neoa cnymuT snecs ne TonBKO monom, no onnum us
cpencTB OTpamenua nachoenua, HCHXOHOPHHBCKOH neypaBnOBe-
mennocTu: "Hec nepen nepBumu moposamu KamBOTa nepnum sany-
menum Kpaem...". Hnu me: "... nepes KaKux-nu6yns nonnaca
us-non KOpHeH BunonseT MpaK u sanseT mup". B sTom Tposnom
HGCY PyCBHOB OCOSHaGT CTan OHHHOHGCTBa, omymaeT OBOE OGC-
HOMOMHOCTB H TGHGpB nanana TpGBOKHTB GPO MHCHB O HYBCTBaX
133
nenaBucTu K nmnam, KOTOpym nocun B ce6e Tonamu: "KaK nane-
Ku nmnu! KaK nOpOTu onu Boe!"
BTOpum BupasuTensnum O6pasom - cumsonom aBnaeTca Tpacu-
na, us KOTOpou ne momeT BuuTu Tepou, 6nymnaa o naxonKOu-pe—
6enKom no necy:
Tpomum, npumumaa K ce6e pe6enKa, paccnuTuBaa Kamnum
mar, 6oacs npOBanuTBoa B OTynenucTym Tpacuny y 6epeTa,
npo6panca K camou Bone... (455)
TonsKO B Konue nOBeCTu nacTynaeT nepemenu BO BnyTpennem mu-
pe Tepoa, on naxonuT m0pansnoe ynOBneTBOpenue. H Teneps on
Bumen us 6OnOTa u nonyBcTBOBan TBepnym noaBy: "... on maTan
no ayTynno-cmepsmeuca nOpOTe...".
CypOBuu ceBepnuu Kpau o eTO cypOBOu npuponoï¬ aBnaeTca
neusamem B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa. Bo—nepBux, TaKou Bu6Op
ne cnynaen, sTO snanomue u ponnue mecTa, Tne Bupoc nucaTens
u cmunca c ux manOKpacoqnou, y6OTOu npuponou. Bo-BTOpux,
oypOBOOTs naTypansnOu npuponnou O6CTanOBKu OOOTBeTCTByeT eTO
samuony u unTepecy B uso6pamenuu OCTpo-flpaMaTHHeCKHX npo6nem.
HosTomy npupona y TennpaKOBa cnymuT ne TOnBKO 6esynacTnum
monom, no HaCTO OKasuBaeTca npenBecTnuKom TposnOTO unu TpaTu—
HeCKOFO. Ona, KaK xynomeCTBennoe cpencTBO, cnoco6cTByeT O6-
napymuTs BnyTpennue Taunu u npOTHBOpeHHH TepoeB, nepenaTs ux
nachoenua.
Hpo6nemu couuansnue, npchTBennue, mupososspennecKue
xynomnuK uccnenyeT B coornomenuu c npuponou. OnnaKO B OTnens-
nux npousBenenuax on BOO6me us6eTaeT 06pucOBKu 6uTa. ETO Te-
poeB us npousBenenuu "Yxa6u", "Cyn", "HaxonKa" mu BOTpeqaem
154
na nOpOTe, na OXOTG, B necy. TaKoe nochoenue npousBenenuu
OFpaHHHHBaGT Bpema cmmeTnOTO nOBeOTBOBanua, npunaeT nunamua-
nOOTs u nanpaBnaeT Bce Bnumanue na uccnenOBanue OnnOTO co6u-
Tua. Pnasnum snemenTom B neusamax TennpaKOBa aBnaeTca neo;
nepeBBa y neTO muByT nanpamennou musnsm u nenocpencTBenno
csasanu o camum HGHOBGKOM.
Hpu nomomu xynomecTBennux OpenCTB u npueMOB uso6pame-
nua aBTOp HOflHepKHBaeT eMKocTs, mnorosnaauTensnocTs oosnan-
nou um cuTyauuu. Onnum us cpencTB O6pasnOTO Bupamenua aBna-
eTca snuTeT, KOTOpuu B neusamax TennpaKOBa umeeT pasnunnue
@ynKuuu. Hanpumep, npunaTaTensnue o6osnanammue nBeT cnymaT
cpencTsom nna pacKpuTua nuaneKTuKu nymu Tepoa. HpKumu npume-
pamu aBnaeTca neusam o pasnunnumu CBeTOTenamu B BoonpuaTuu
flynupeBa u TeTepuna us nOBeCTu "Cyn":
flynupeB nm6un saoTuBmue, Kasanocs, nanoennue ne Bonou,
a Tamenum munKum meTannom osepa na paccseTe, KOTna
nyTKue Kamumu cnaT, TOTna sanyTaBmuuca B nux Tyman Ba-
sOK u nenOnBumen. (151)
flymeBnuu pasnan TeTepuna CTanOBuTca 60nee BupasuTensnum u
nonaTnum na Tone TaKOu npuponu:
HaBepnoe, ne 6uBaeT na cseTe nenansnee mecTa, nem nec-
noe 6onOTo B connennuï¬ nens. Hons eme KaK-TO npaneT eTO
ychamammym ynunocTs. B KOHKaX u BmaTunax mmucTaa semna,
OBCKOHGHHHH nacTOKon paquunnux, sacymennux O6unuem
BnaTu enoneK. Hx OTaonu Tomu, mepmaBu... (165)
Ha npamoe snanenue npunaTaTensnOTO (nepnosemnuu MpaK, Tpas-
naa MTna, BHSKHH Tyman, OTonenno-nepnuu) naonauBaeToa nepe—
nocnoe O6pasnoe snanenue, xapaKTepusymmee BnyTpennee oooToa-
nue TepoeB, HaCTO nyBcTBymmux CBoe OflHHOHeCTBO, 06uny, 6ecno-
135
momnOOTs.
Mup npuponu nepenaeTca nepes TepoeB, KaK OKBOBB npusmy
ux BnyTpennux nepemen. Hon6op OOOTBeTCTBymmeTO neusama aBna-
eTca cpencTBOM, nomorammum O6napymuTB O6pasno-acoouuaTuBnue
c6numenua npuponu c nenOBeKom. XynomecTBennaa manepa Tennpa—
KOBa menpa B BupasuTeanux onucanuax npuponu. SOTeTuneCKoe
BoonpuaTue aBnenuu npuponu conpuKacaeTca c 6onsmum prrom
pasmumnenuu u nepemuBanuu. Heusamnue nonpo6nocTu, uso6pamae-
mue B. TennpaKOBum, OTKpunu ne TonsKO KpacOTy u cyposocTs
npuponu, no onu nOMOTnu pacKpuTs nymy nenOBeKa, nOBnuaTs
na GPO nachoenue Id xapaKTep.
PflABA V
TBOpHeCTBO B. TennpaKOBa B CBGTG nuTepaTypnOu KpuTuKu
l. Hpoussenenua TennpaKOBa, KOTOpue nananu nenaTaTsoa
nocne 1953 Tona, cpasy me npuBneKnu Bnumanue OOBeTCKOu KpuTu—
Ku. Hoxona us OTsuBOB, B. fluTBunOB sameTun cnenymmue 0c06en-
HOCTH:
0 TBOpHeCTBe TennpaKOBa nanucano mnOTO 6onsme, nem
nanucan on cam. flm6onuTna eTO 6u6nueTpa®uaz.pemurensnue
KDHTHHGCKHG "neT" no anpeoy nucaTena aepenymToa co
OTons me pemuTensnumu KpHTHHGCKHMH "na". Onun peuen-
senT xsanuT y TennpaKOBa KaK pas To, HTO naKanyne
OTBepTan npyTOu.1
TaKoe pasnOTnacue B mnenuax KpuTuKOB onpenenaeTca Tem, HTO
pasnunnue KpuTepua, 0B0e06pasnuu unnusunyansnuï¬ nonxon u
yron spenua 6unu npumenenu OOBeTCKumu KpuTuKamu K pa6OTam
nanunammeTO nucaTena.
Cnanana mu npocnenum BucKasuBanua KpuTuKOB, KOTOpue
Kocnynucs pannux npousBenenuu nucaTena, OTpasuBmux OKsosnym
np06nemy, ucxonamym us conuansno-sKonomuneCKux Hanan. ("Ha-
nenue HBana HynpOBa", "HenacTse", "He KO nBOpy", TyTOu ysen",
"Yxa6u"). Kpome O6sOpa u onenKu npousBenenuu nucaTena OOBeT-
oKOu KpHTHKOH, mu BKnmnum sameTKu u OTsuBu O eTO nuTepaTyp-
nom TBOpHeCTBe, KOTOpue noaBunucs na Banane. 3T0 nosBonuT
nam BHHBHTB BCGCTOpOHHHH KPHTHHGCKHH HOflXOn HHTGpaTYDOBGnOB
156
137
u KpuTuKOB, KOTOpue paccmanuBamT npousBenenua TennpaKOBa B
pasnunnux acneKTax: couuansnom, npchTBenno—ncuxonOTunecKom
u xynomecTBennom. H na ocnOBanuu cnenannOTO namu ananusa npo—
usBenenuu, OTsuBOB u peuensuu KpuTuKOB, mu cmomem ycTanOBuTs
pons u mecTO B. TennpaKOBa, KaK xynomnuKa B OOBeTCKOu nuTepa-
Type.
HpousBenenua TennpaKOBa panneTO nepuona (1955-1956) OTpa-
sunu sno6onneBnue npo6nemu cena u cyns6u TepoeB, csasannux c
ycnOBuamu musnu Konxosa. 3necs nau6onee OOTpum Bonpocom nna
OOBeTCKux KpuTuKOB OKasanocs uso6pamenua xapaKTepa Tepoa,
npuqunu eTO musnennou TpaTenuu u unTepnpeTanua sTOTO nucaTe-
nem. B sTom nynKTe cxonaTca pasnunnue mnenua KpuTuKOB, O6na—
pymuBamTca npuqunu ux HpOTHBOpeHHH, HaCTO unymue Bpaspes c
samuonom aBTOpa u eTO peanusauueu.
Onnn us KpuTuKOB OTpuuanu aBTOpcKym m0TuBupOBKy npunun
TpaPHHeCKOH cyns6u TepoeB, BOTaB na nyTs necxonnuu c npaBnou
uso6pamenua. B. Knmcos O6BacnaeT neus6emnOCTs nanenua Hynpo-
Ba, BusBannOTO oosnanuem Tepoa, Kopnu KOTOpOTO Tny6OKO B "ne-
pemuTKax npomnOTO"; a B nOBeCTu "He KO nBOpy" - "OOTaTKu nacT-
HOCOOCTBGHHHHBCKOPO yKnana mopansno KanenaT ne TonBKO npyPux,
no u csasannux c numu nloneu".2 BTOTO me mnenua A. HaKOBcKuu,
KOTOpuu nasuBaeT HynpOBa "xumnuKom, nenOBeKom c 6ypmyasnou
3
mopansm", a B. flyKameBun B CTaTse "Peanusm 06pasa" nucan:
B. TennpaKOB O6 HBane HynpOBe nonmen 6un nucaTs unane:
c Tny6OKum ananusom Bnuanuu, noneucTBOBaBmux na usmene-
nue xapaKTepa B xynmyw OTOpony.4
B I'IpOTIdBOBGC MHGHIdHM 3TldX KpId'I‘IdKOB BbICTYI'IIdJIId .IIDYPIdG, KO-
158
TOpue onpOBepTanT onenKy, uoxonamym TonBKO us Bunu camoro Te-
poa, a YKEBHBaMT na Bnemnue npununu, aBnammueca TnaBnumu B
npousBenenuax O nepeBne. B. flynunueB HOflHepKHBaGT, HTO HynpOB
- "mepTBa neynaqno onomuBmuxca O6cT0aTenscTB",5 B. HnaTonOB
CHHTaGT, HTO KpHTHHeCKOG maTepuansnoe nonomenue B nepeBne "sa-
6
oTaBunO sanumaTsca Tepoa "6naTnumu maxunauuamu". C aTumu Kpu-
TuKamu cnOpuT H. nyOBunKuu, OTpuuaa Bnuanue Bnemnux O6cT0a-
TenBCTB na cosnaBmymca TpaTenuu B cyns6e Tepoa: "HynpOB - Tu-
nuanuu neneu, a eTO nunnaa ununuaTuBa onens nanomunaeT Kanu—
TanucTunecKym co6CTBennocTs".7
3Ta onnonanpaBnennOCTs oKasuBaeTca B Tom, HTO KpuTuK ne
ynen npuqunu Tex nepemen, KOTOpue npousomnu B HynpOBe. Tennpa-
KOB nOKasan eTO B nanane OqepKa x0p0mum xosaunom: "B xosau—
oTBe qupOOTB nymna, ... ne nm6nm py6nu B 6anKax nepmaTs.
Py6ns-sepnumKO". (10) flansme yBepennOOTB eTO onpenenaeTca
nocTuTnyTum neneTaan0: "a pemy" na "a cnenan". "Hopa 6u na-
ynuTsca yBamaTs HynpOBa" (27). H B Konue on cam ocosnaeT,
KTO u HTO npuBenO eTO K nerpanauuu: "Bnepa - camoe OTpamnoe
Bpema. Onun! Passe a x0Ten nnOXOTO?" (56)
Hpu ocsemenuu cymecTBymmux npo6nem B Konxosnoï¬ nepeBne
u uso6pamenuu npamaTuneOKux cyne6 TepoeB mu O6napymunu y nu-
caTena xapaKTepnue OTuneBue oco6ennOCTu u csonOpasnue xyno-
meCTBennue cpenCTBa (naTypansnOCTs onucanuu, nnaCTuqecKaa
nenKa xapaKTepOB, ncuxonOTuaecKuu ananus nocpencTsom co6u-
Tuu).
OnnaKO sTa ounsnaa CTOpona B TBOpHeCTBe TennpaKOBa oc-
Tanacs manO samenennou KpuTuKamu, KOTOpue us6eTanu nuTepa-
139
TypnOTO ananusa npousBenenua. TonsKO B. CypTanos nonnepKu-
BaeT pons neusama, KaK cpenCTBO xynomecTBennOTO pacKpuTua
samucna u nBuTaTena cmmeTa. Hpumepom momeT cnymuTB Knmqesaa
neTans B "HenacTse" - "oOpenennue, 6pomennue sepna na sanu-
Tym nomnem 6Oposny". TaKue mnorosnanuTensnue neusamnue BOTaB-
Ku paccunanu u B "Hanenuu HBana HynpOBa", pacKpuBaa oepKOBym
npupony npousBenenua: "HynpOB HOHTH sanoxnynca cupum Bosny-
xom, B KOTOpom 6un paOTBOpen TOpBKOBaTuu sanax..." (55),
"cnOBa ycnuman pacmymeBmuxca K 6onsmou OTTenenu BOpO6BeB,
cnOBa Bnoxnyn TOpBKOBaTuu sanax..." (54)
HO KpuTuK oBen sTu neusamnue BOTaBKu u unTepnpeTanuu
TonsKO conuansnux np06nem, yxona B OTOpony OT paoKpuTua BnyT-
penneu cmuonOBOu SHaHHMOCTH:
...B nux Boe-TaKu TnaBnoe — ny6nuuuoTunecKaa OTOpona,
OOTpOTa u npuuen, aKTyansnOCTs sanonyrou nucaTenem
onepennou O6me0TBennOu np06nemu.8
HononssOBanue aBTOpOM nByx nnaCTOB OTuneBOTO Bupamenua (no-
BecTBOBanue u O6pasn0cTs) nano nOBon onnum KpuTuKam onpene-
nuTs TennpaKOBa KaK xynomnuKa (P. mamypsuna, H. ByHeHKOB),
npyTum - KaK couuonOTa (E. CTapuKOBa, 3. EOTycnaBOKaa, B.fluT-
BunOB).
B 06man sameTKe, Kaoammeuca cruna, E. CTapuKOBa TOBOpuT:
fly6nuuuCTa unTepecyeT npemne BceTO O6meCTBennoe nanenue,
nna xynomnuKa Bamno nepenomnenue sTOTO aBnenua B mupo-
Bosspenuu, ncuxonOTuu u nOOTynKax TepoeB.9
Ona nenaeT Busonu, HTO B npousBenenuax nucaTena sameTnO npe-
BocxoncTBO ny6nunuCTa nan xynomnuKom.
O TennpaKOBe KaK O xynomnuKe TOBOpuT P. mamypsuna:
140
Mup Oprmammuu unTepecyeT TennpaKOBa KaK nouxonOTa,
nosTomy name B oaepKax y neTO na nepBom nnane xapaK—
Tepu.10
A. HaBnOBOKuu BunuT B TennpaKOBa xynomnuKa, ymenmeTO aBnenua
neucTBuTensnocTu BonnOTuTs B xynomecTBennyw @Opmy npousBene-
nua:
06mecTBennue npuaunu BonnymT eTO, no on npennonuTaeT
O6napymuTB ux B nymeBnux nBumenuax, KOTOpue ne Bunnu
c nepBOTO BsTnana, u B Tex nOOTynKax, HTO KamyToa Bnem-
ne O6uanumu, ne BucKasuBaa npu sTom OTKpuTO csoeu TOH-
Ku spenua.1l
fleHCTBuTensnO, TennpaKOB nOKasan ce6a xynomnuKom: nnOTs
u KpOBs eTO npousBenenuu nmnu co Boemu ux np06nemamu. Upon-
num sBenom nposu nucaTena aBnaeTca oOOTnomenue memny xapaKTe-
pamu u CO6uTuamu, cosnammumu npo6nemu. B sTom yKnane nepBOOTe-
nennum aBnaeTca ne pemenue O6mux npo6nem couuansnOTO nOpanKa,
a pacKpuTue u usmenenua HGHOBGHGCKOPO xapaKTepa, B KOTOpom,
KaK B @OKyce, nepenamnuBamToa musnennue aBnenua Bpemenu.
flna sTOTO TennpaKOB BBonuT meTon ncuxonOTuneOKOTO ananu-
sa napannensno c Benymum cnoco6om xynomecTBennOTO nOBeOTBOBa-
nua, npucymum nna OHepKOBOPO manpa, ny6nuuucruneCKumu snemen-
Tamu. He6onsmoe KOHHHGCTBO pa6OT, nOOBamennux ananusy xyno-
meCTBennOu manepu nucaTena, TOBOpuT 0 Tom, HTO neKOTOpue Kpu-
TuKu, urnopupya oneuumuKy TBOpHGCKOPO Bupamenua TennpaKOBa,
npensaBnanu emy nesacnymennue O6Bunenua B neacnocTu BuBonOB.
KpuTuK H. TonnenOBa O6BunaeT aBTOpa sa "npumupenueOKym"
KonuOBKy B npousBenenuax "TYPOH ysen", "Yxa6u", ycnomnennux
Tu6ensm HGHOBeKa. B sTux snusonax TonnOOTs mopansnou onenKu
PGDOGB HOCTHPaGTCH HG aBTOpCKHMH neKnapauuamu, a YMGHHGM OO‘
napymuTB HCTHHy HGflOBGqGCKOH naTypu B camux xapaKTepax, HX
141
nocTynKax u cronKnOBenuax o npyTum nepoonamem. PnyOOKO npo—
ananusupOBanO u m0TuBupOBanO mopansnoe nanenue MancypOBa
Tu6ensm Mypruna ("TYPOH ysen") u paso6nanenue 6esnymnOCTu
HnameBa cmestm naccamupa ("YXa6u").
0630p peuensuu nosBonun sameTuTs, HTO COBeTcKaa KpuTuKa
cosnaTensnO ynyCKana us Buny npununu, ucxonamue us nenOOTaT-
KOB B cucTeme pyKosoncTBa u xosaucTBa, a son Buny BosnaTana
na TepoeB u ux xapaKTepu. 06napymunocs, HTO OTnensnumu mTpu-
xamu nucaTens nOKasan npoueco u npununu Tpanc®Opmauuu Tepoa,
BnumaTeanO npocnenuB, KaK naKannuBaeTca OTpuuaTensnoe B eTO
xapaKTepe, KOTOpoe BsaumoneuoTBya c onpenenennumu OOOToaTenB-
CTBamu, paspymaeT HHHHOCTB nenOBeKa.
B csoeï¬ peuensuu A. TamapnenKO npuxonuT K BuBOny, nTo:
"Kasenmuna ne TonsKO OKOBuBaeT unuuuaTuBy u cnoco6nOOTu, no
usBpamaeT xapaKTepu, nanpaBnaa ux snepTum B pycno Kapsepus-
12 KpuTuK B. fluTBunOB OTaBuT sanaqy "60ps6u co snom"
ma".
nepen Tepoamu npousBenenuu nucaTena u c sTOu TOHKH spenua
naqunaeT onenKy ux "uneonOTunecKOu cosnaTensnocTu u aKTuB-
nOOTu".
musnennue TpaTenuu TepoeB BcnenCTBue Bnuanua na nux
OTpuuaTeanux maKTOpOB, KpuTuK npunucuBaeT ux cna6ou naType,
KOTopaa ne morna npOTuBocroaTs aBnomy sny. 3T0 OOOToanue
TepoeB on nasuBaeT "CTpanaTensnum Tymanusmom", sa HTO pesKO
ocymnaeT OTnomenue nucaTena, KOTOpuu, no eTO mnenum, Boone-
BaGT IIOODOTy, BGJIIdKOJIYUIPIG CBOIdX PGpOGB PI HG OCWJIBGT PIX sa
po6ocTs, nepemuTensnocTs B fleHCTBHH:
142
"CTpanaTensnuu Tymanusm" ne momeT 6uTs nanemnou ono—
pOu musnu. Tu onens npocTo - co Bcemu OHOHGHCKHMH sa-
nOBenamu u no6pumu sanaTKamu - momems OKasaTBca eonu
ne y Kpaa nponacTu, KaK MypTun, HOKOHHHBmHH camoy6uu—
CTBOM ("TyTOu ysen"), TO no Kpauneï¬ mepe B Tu6ensnou
Tpacune, KaK Tepou pachasa "Hanenue HBana HynpOBa".15
C sTOu mepKOu KpuTuK nonxonuT K onenKe HDYTux TepoeB
npousBenenuu TennpaKOBa, B KOTOpux on naxonuT nunnocTs ne-
nOBeKa - cna6OTO, TepnameTO, 6uTOT0: Maanuna ("HenacTse"),
ConOBeuKOBa ("He KO nBOpy") u nOTom B npousBenenuax 60-x To-
nOB. TaKOu nonxon fluTBunOBa K onenKe nuTepaTypnux O6pasOB
TepoeB aBnaeTca Tpe6OBanuem K nucaTenm oosnaBaTB TepoeB "une—
ansnux". STOT maKT TOBOpuT sa ce6a, HTO KpuTuK ne OTOTynaeT
OT Tpanuuuu ooupeanusma.
HTaK, onnu B paOOTax TennpaKOBa uCKanu ucTOpum 60ps6u,
B KOTOpOu TnaBnuu Tepou OKasanca cna6, npyTue onuTanu, HTO
nonomuTeanum nananom, npOTuBOpenamum OTpuuaTensnomy, aBna-
eToa aBTOpCKaa nosuuua. HO TyT me B. CunenKOB yKasuBaeT,
HTO "aBTOpcKoe OTnomenue ne samenaeT aKTuBno nencTBymmux
TepoeB".19
CnenOBaTensnO, KpuTuKu ymnu B CTOpony OT BuaBnenua xy—
nomeoTBennux uennocreu B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa, B KOTOpux
mu o6napymunu 0B0e06pasue SCTGTHHGCKHX npuemos, yrny6nennuu
nouxonorunecKuu ananus, nosBonuBmuu nucaTenm npu uso6pamenuu
aBnenua nonnocTsm nOBepaTs xynomecTBennOu muonu, nOTuKe pas-
BuTua 06pasOB.
HOBeOTs "He KO nBOpy" BusBana camue pasnopenusue OTsuBu
KpuTuKu BTOTO nepuona. KpuTuKu cnopunu o KpuTuKamu, no camaa
TamecTs O6Bunenua nana na aBTOpa. P. HenoceKun, onenuBaa no-
BeCTs, nasBan aBTOpa "O6BeKTuBuCTom, OTOponnum na6nmnaTenem,
145
6eccrpaCTnum mchaTOpom musnu".15 B. flopomeeB OBOnuT Konnen-
nun nOBeCTu K Tpanunuonnou neo6xonumooru 6Ops6u nOBOTO coBeT—
oKOTO co OTapumu npuBquamu, u BOTpeTuB Tepoa B cemeuno—6u—
TOBOH O6CTanOBKe, a ne na HfleOHOPHHeCKOM nOOTy, onuTaeT eTO
"muTypOu HHCTO 0TpanaTeanOu",16 KaK sTO yKasuBan pansme
B. HuTBunOB. H. flanana yTBepmnaeT: "ABTOp ucKasun uCTunnoe co-
OTnomenue cun couuanuCTunecKOu u ooTaTKOB 6ypmyasn0u m0pa-
31H" . 17
B cyTB samucna xynomnuKa, sanaBmeToca onpenenenuem npu-
nun cemeuno—6uTOBux KonmnuKTOB, nponuK A. HeTpocan u onno-
Bpemenno OTBeTun KpuTuKam csoeH CTaTseu "0 nOTmaTusme u Kpu-
TuKe":
K comanenum KpuTuKu 6panu nums "mepTBuu OKeneT", OOTaB-
naa B nOBeCTu musns u nymy. TaK conepmanue nOBeCTu OBe-
neno umu K Onnonuneunomy, Bnemnemy, 6uTOB0my TonKOBa-
num ucTOpuu neynannou nm6Bu u menuTBOu @enOpa ConOBeu-
KOBa. Hmenno nyma npousBenenua, onpenenammaa Becs smo-
uuonansnuu OTpou eTO, Bunanana us nona spenua KpuTu-
KOB.18
HucaTens ymenO ucnonssOBan 6uTOBue np06nemu B nOBeCTu "He KO
nBOpy" nna OTpamenua ux B xynomecTBennux O6pasax. ConeTanue
Bnemnux 06cToaTenscTB c nunnon musnsm Tepoa, yonomnennou
smouuonansnumu HyBCTBaMH, 6unO nOBum Bapuanrom B TBOpHeCKOH
npaKTuKe nucaTena.
CKpuTaa aBTOpoKaa nosunua B npousBenenuu ucKyccTBa 6u-
na "TyTum ysnom" nna mnOTux KpuTuKOB. Hoaromy TaK mnOTo u
OCTpO TOBopunu onu O nepBux npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa, yKa—
suBaa npocneTu, no nano OKasaTs, BuTeKammue us oouuansno—no-
nuTunecKOu ocnOBu. TeOpeTuneoxaa OTaTsa nucaTena O BsTnanax
11m
eTO na nuTepaTypy aBnaeTca TaKme OTBeTom B cnOpax KpuTuKOB:
Uycrs ne noumyT mena TOBapumu, HTO a BucTynan npOTuB
nonomuTeanux naqan B namen nuTepaType. H BucTynan B
ux samuTy, u6O TOBOpuTB O nonomuTensnom u sa6uTs, HTO
ne momeT onO cymeOTBOBaTB 6es csoeTO anTaronuCTa, -
snaauT OKasuBaTB mensemsm ycnyTy nucaTenam, KOTopue
CTpGMHTCH cosnaBaTs musnennux, neaTensnux TepoeB.19
TennpaKOB BoeTna OTnocuToa o npesBunaunOu cepsesnocTsm
u Tny6OKOu OTBeTcTBennocTBm K asnenuam musnu, KOTOpue OTKna—
nuBanucs B eTO TBOpHeCTBe. HosTomy aBTOp ne TonsKO OTpuuaeT
neo6xonumocTs BusonOB B xynomecrsennom npousBenenuu "nono-
muTeanOTO" Tepoa u 6naT0nonynnue KonuOBKu, nO yTBepmnaeT,
HTO Bosmomnu u nymnu pachasu u nOBeCTu c OTpuuaTeanumu
aBnenuamu u Tepoamu, BsaTumu us neucTBuTeanOOTu.
OTsuBu sanannux KpuTuKOB u nuTepaTypOBenOB O TBOpHeCTBe
TennpaKOBa nosBonamT nam nononnuTB u yTonnuTB 06pas TBopnec—
KOTO macTepCTBa nucaTena. Hanunaa c 1959 Tona, noaBnamTca
nepBue sameTKu na Banana 0 paOOTax TennpaKOBa B conOCTaBne-
nuu ux c O6mumu Tennennuamu B OOBeTcKOu nuTepaType. 3T0 cpa-
sy nosBonunO sameTuTs OTnunuTensnue nepTu TBOpHeCKHX npuemos
nanunammero nucaTena.
KpaTKue sameTKu aHPHHHCKOPO nuTepaTypOBena T. CKpuBena
O npousBenenuax, OTpamammux oonuansno-sKonomunecKue np06nemu
ne namT nOnBOTO 06pasa TBOpHeCTBa TennpaKOBa, no, Tem ne me-
nee, uennu onu, HTO ne unyT Bpaspes c samuonom nucaTena B
onpenenenuu npunun u KonmnuKTOB, BuTeKammux us cucTemu pyKo-
BoncTBa u BsauMOOTnomenua nmneu pasnunnOTO couuansnOTO OKna-
na:
...realistic approach to the question which his
145
predecessors handled so gingerly: the relationship
between Officialdom and peasant, the interaction
between state policies and peasant attitudes.20
ABTOp OTaTBu "HuTepaTypa u erCTsane" ne npeTennyeT na Boe-
CTOponnuu ananus nuTepaTypnux npousBenenuu, OOTaBnaa B OTo-
pone BuaBnenue xynomecTBennux oc06ennocTeu.
06sOpnaa CTaTsa amepuKancKOTO nuTepaTypOBena @. HapKepa
O TBOpHeCTBe TennpaKOBa yKasuBaeT na To, HTO Bu60pom TemaTu-
Ku u cnoco6om uso6pamenua as B nuTepaTypnux npousBenenuax,
nucaTenB BnocuT nOBym 0prm B OOBeTCKoe nOKyOCTBO. POBOpa O
ooeo6pasuu TBOpHeCKOPO macTechBa TennpaKOBa, sameTna Ta me
06man csass xynomnuKa c nacnenuem npomnOTO B ucKyOCTBe. 0
TaKOu napannenu TOBOpuT A. PaeB:
The principal characteristics Of the pOputohiki were
their independent views on social problems and their
great ability have been revived by V. Tenfryakov.21
Hccnenya TBOpHeCTBO TennpaKOBa, T. BauTnuu nonnepKuBa-
eT B eTO pa6OTax npuchacTue K TnyOOKomy ananusy nenOBeqec-
Kux KaHeCTB:
...he has carried his search further and further away
from prpaganda. He is one of the most serious questions
and problems in a slow serious manner.22
Kpome TOTO, xynomecTBennue npuemu nuTepaTypnOTO OTuna saun-
TepeoOBanu peuensenTa. 0n yKasuBaeT na ucnonssOBanue nucaTe-
nem snanumon neTanu, Tennenuuu K npeyBenuqenum u mnOTocno-
Bum. HO neucTBuTensnO, neTans non nepom nucaTena omuBaeT u
CTanOBuTca unOTna neHcTBymmum O6pasom. TaKOu cnoco6 uso6pa-
JKGHIdH OPpaHquIdBaGT IIIIdeKOG I'IOBGCTBOBaHIdG, KaJKIIbIPI IIITpIdX same-
naeT mpasy. flna npumepa npuBenem OTnensnue neTanu, KOTOpue
146
necyT cmuonOBym nanysKy: PnyxapeBy us "HenaoTBa" conyCT-
ByeT 06pas onomannou 6ypeu 6epesu, MancypOBy us "TyTOTO ys~
na" - KapTys y6uTOTO MypTuna, @enOpy ConOBeuKOBy us nOBeCTu
"He KO nBOpy" - panuonpuemnuK "KonxosnuK", a eTO mene CTe-
me - OTapuu cynnyK.
BmecTO npuCTpaCTua K npeysenuaenum y nucaTena na6nmna-
eTca unTepec K OCTpO-flpaMaTHHeCKHM cuTyauuam u prTum mus-
nennum nOBOpOTam, umenno, BsaTum us Tymu 06unennou cOBeT-
OKOu;m§knBuTensnOOTu. Hecm0Tpa na uso6pamenue OTpuuaTensnux
aBnenuï¬ u xapaKTepOB TepoeB (PnyxapeBa - "HenaoTBe", PamKu-
na - "He KO nBOpy", ManoypOBa - "TyPOH ysen"), O6pasu sTux
TepoeB napucOBanu O6BeKTuBnO, 6es snoynOTpe6nenua Temnux
KpaCOK, nocpenCTsom BuaBnenua nonomuTeanux HGpT B ux xapaK-
Tepax.
B saKnmnenuu KpuTuK yKasuBaeT:
Tendryakov is perhaps farthest away from Western
contemporary tendencies in term and style. As a
consequence some Western readers may find him slow-
moving, perhaps even tedious.23
Bnonne onpaBnanu prnnocTu B nonumanuu sanannumu nuTaTena-
mu TOTO sapana, KOTOpuu B ocnOBe pannux npousBenenuu Ten-
npaKOBa - Bsaumocsass couuansno-nonuruneoKux npo6nem o nun-
numu np06nemamu nenOBeKa. Bo-nepBux, TonsKO HaCTb npousBe-
nenuu 6una nepesenena na anTnuucKuu asuK u sTO ne nano Bos-
momnocru yBuneTs B TBOpHeCTBe nucaTena npyrue OTOponu eTO
macrechBa. Bo-BTOpux, no cux nOp manO sanannux nuTepaTypo-
BenOB nponuKnO B TBOpneCKym na6OpaTOpum xynomnuKa, ooo6enno
B eTO pa6OTu 60-x TonOB, a OTpanunuBanucs nums uccnenOBanuem
147
eTO nanansnOTO nepuona, Bpemenem eTO nouoKOB u npaKTHHGCKO-
To yooaemeHOTBOBanua.
Bonee O6mupnuï¬ maTepuan O npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa
npenoTaBun amepuKaHCKuu nuTepaTypOBen H. Pappapn, O6pamaa
Bnumanue na TGMaTHHGCKHG u SCTGTHHGCKHG oco6ennooTu. 0n sa-
meTun, HTO B pannux npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa na6nmnamToa
eme OTsByKu flOPMaTHHeCKHX Tenenuu OOBeTCKOu nuTepaTypu, cTa-
Bameï¬ B nenTp Bonpocu couuansnOTO nOpanKa, a OTonBuTammeu
na BTOpOu nnan BOTeTuaecKue oco6ennocTu. "flanenue HBana Hyn—
pOBa", "Cpenu neCOB", "HenaoTse" ETO cnenymmue npousBene-
nua: "He KO nBOpy", "TyTOu ysen", "Yxa6u" cBuneTenscTBymT O
TOM, HTO aBTOp OTapaeToa BupBaTsoa us OKOB CTaHHHCKOH Tpanu-
uuu u BoonpoussecTu neucTBuTensnOCTs, OTpasuBmymca B cyns6ax
TepoeB. 0n pucyeT O6pasu TaKumu, KaKue onu eOTB, a ne KaKumu
onu nonmnu 6uTs u nanpaBnaeT OBoe uccnenOBanue BO BnyTpennuu
mup Tepoa.
Even in his early works Tendryakov was playing a dual
role. He was commenting on his society, stressing his
need for moral behavior, but he was also ignoring tenets
Of socialist realism, and hence importance was, and.
remains, partly social,partly literary.24
2. flansneumee TBOpHeCTBO TennpaKOBa B pycne nOBux Tem
u npo6nem, OTnocamuxca K unnuaunyansnocTu xapaKTepa, mumne-
nua u BsTnanOB TepoeB. HpO6nemu BnyTpenneTO xapaKTepa Tepoa,
pacKpuBammueca B acneKTe npaBOTBenno-ncuxonorunecKom, yTny6-
namTca Bonpocamu munocO¢CKOTO nOpanKa B nOBux npousBenenuax
nucaTena, KOTOpue noaBunucs B nepuon 1956-1961 TonOB ("Hyno-
TBOpnaa", "3a 6erymum nnem", "HpesBunaunoe npouomecTBue").
148
Poman "3a 6eTymum nnem" BusBan 6ypnyw u npOTuBOpenuBym
nonemuKy ne TonsKO B prrax nuTepaTypnOu KpuTuKu, no u ope-
nu ynuTenen. CoaeTanue nunnux u npomecouonansnux npo6nem Te-
poa, a TaKme cnoco6 ux uso6pamenua B xynomecTBennom npousBe-
nenuu, 6unu nOBOnom mupOKOTO 06cymnenua. YnuTena paccmanu—
Banu poman c TOHKH spenua MeTOflHHGCKHX u HeflaPOPHHeCKHX
nOpm. Hx npuchaCTnaa KpuTuKa OTpouTea: nO Becsma npocTOu
cxeme: npuem "OpTanusOBannOTO nuanOTa" na ypOKe ne npuemnem,
snanuT, Boeu KnuTe OTKasanO B xynomecTBennocTu (H. 0Koemosa,
K. KOBaneBcKuu, E. Ppomos). Hpunuun aKTuBnOCTu Tepoa npOTuB
sacToa B mKone ono6panu npyTue (E. fly6nOBa, P. HaBnOB).
Hac 6onsme unTepecymT OTsuBu nuTepaTypnOu KpuTuKu, TaK
KaK poman "3a 6eTymum nnem" ne aBnaeTca MGTOflHHeCKHM noco6u-
em. Peuensuu KpuTuKOB xynomecTBennOTO npousBenenua pasnOpe-
nuBu: B onnux, B nenTpe Bnumanua ®OpMHpOBaHHG nuanocTu Tepoa—
"cospemennuKa", B npyTux, ananus neaTensnocTu Tepoa, aBTOp-
cKoe OTnomenue u cnoco6 uso6pasuTensnOCTu.
OuenuBaa 06pas BumeOBa, KpuTuKu P. BpOBman u E. CTapu-
KOBa npuxonaT K BuBOny: "3T0 TBOpHeCKaH HHHHOCTB, n0 neBepua
B nem 6onsme BceTO", - TOBOpuT BpOBMaH.25 E. CTapuKOBa Tou
me muonu u yKasuBaeT, HTO "Annpeu OKasanca ne panOBum, a
manensKum nenOBeKom SPOHCTHHGCKH oocpenOTonennum na co6cT-
Bennou nunnocTu".26
TaKaa OnenKa xapaKTepa Tepoa npOTHBOpeHHT neucTBuTens-
nomy O6pasy us pomana. HucaTens ne saMKnyn eTO B npenenax
nunnon musnu u npo6nem, a BuBen na meOKHH prT O6mecTBennOu
149
neaTensnocTu, c sananuem KOTOpOu onpaBunca BumeOB. ("B na-
meu mKone onuTanu: a ununuaTOp, a BunOBnuK CO6uTuu..."
(287), "eCTs Onun umymuu, on nuTaeTca maTnyTs Bnepen, on
npOTuB sacroa"). (380) flna nonTBepmnenua sTOTO oomnemca
na pa60Ty H. BunOTpanOBa: "3a 6eTymum nnem" (8ameTKu 0 pc-
mane B. TennpaKOBa), KOTOpuu Kpome ananusa u OBoux ouenOK
npousBenenua nan OTBeT mnOTum KpuTuKam:
...nepen namu ucKyccTBO, a ne unnchpupOBannoe-conu-
nuTenBcTBO. 3a Tepoamu u KonmnuKTamu croaT y xynomnu-
Ka peansnue musnennue aBnenua u npemne nem npenBaBuTs
aBTOpy npeTensuu, nymno nonaTs, HTO sTO sa aBnenue u
B nem eTO cmucn. He nonuTaBmuos BnymaTBca B conepma-
nue 06pasa, sapanee snaem, HTO x0Ten nOKasaTB aBTOp...27
Bepnemca eme K peuensuu CTapuKOBOu, B KOTopOu Ona yKa—
suBaeT npocquu nucaTena B O6naCTu asuKa u OTuna npu 06pu-
cOBKe 06pasa Tepoa. chona us mpas: "a yme ycnen xne6nyTs
OTynenaecKux cnOpOB..." unu "a Tnanen na Bemu no TpamapeTy...",
KpuTuK nasuBaeT "pens Tepoa "ny6OBOu, pr6ou" u TyT me yn-
peK nucaTenm:
... eonu Tepou, ne O6pemenennuu 60nsmou KynsTypOu,
name u TOBOpuT TaK, TO nucaTens O6asan KaK-TO OTTe-
nuTs nono6nue npomaxu. (195)
3TH cnOBa nunyTs ne napymamT KynsTypy penu Tepoa, a cny-
maT nums Bupamenuem smouuu BumeOBa, OTynenTa xynomecTBenno-
TO uncTuTyTa. Hecm0Tpa na nepeBeHCKuu unTepsep B npousBene-
nuax nucaTena, on ne BunenaeT xapaKTepnux asuKOBux 0c06en-
HOCTeH nannOTO pauona. HsuK eTO TepoeB O6pa6OTannuu, nopmupo-
Bannuï¬, nosTomy onens HaCTO prnno OTHHHHTB eTO OT asuKa ca-
MOPO aBTOpa; a B 3TOM HDOHSBGHGHHH PGpOGM HBHHGTCH quTGflB
DYCCKOPO HSHKa.
150
OonOBnum cpencTsom pacKpuTua BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa
"3a 6eTymum nnem" aBnaeTca mononOT-"uonOBens". E. CTapuKO-
Ba nasuBaeT sTy mopmy asuKOBOTO Bupamenua "puTOpuKou, Tpa—
mapeTnOu neKnamauueu, nasounusumu noynenuamu" xynomnuKa, Ko-
Topue saTnymamT nOBeOTBOBanue Tepoa. "Ha HTO me Tu nane-
emsca? OTnanucs na ce6a!" (25), "BOTynau B csoe 6ynymee u
muBu flOCTOHHOI... (59) - TaKue aBTOpcKue BOOKnuuanua mu na6—
nmnaem B momenT, KOTna Tepou naqunaeT comneBaTsca, OTOTynaTs
OT OBoux musnennux nnanOB.
B sTom meCTe H. BunOTpanOB cornamaeToa c sameTKOu E. CTa-
pHKOBOH, yKasuBaa na cna6ocTs nucaTena, sanaTuBmeTO Bupasu-
TensnooTs nepexonOB:
...On ne cymen HGTKO OTnenuTs Tepoa OT ce6a, panuona—
nucTuqecKaa, necKonsKO neKnapaTuBnaa aTmocmepa ucno-
Benu Tepoa, onpenenuna ssynanue pomana, nanana Boonpu-
numaTsoa KaK co6cTBennoe aBTOpcKoe "a".28
POBOpa O oTune nucaTena, KpuTuK fl. @OMeHKO B csoeu KOpOTKOu
sameTKe yKasana, HTO: "TnaBu pasmuBamTca OeCKOHEHHOH pemneK—
cueu Tepoa, u B camou CprKType Bemu omymaeTca KaKoe—TO 6ec—
cunue".29
CnneTenue pasnuanux TGMaTHHeCKHX nnacTOB B pomane n ma-
nepa pacKpuTua nameqennux npo6nem npu nomomu xynomecTBennux
cpencTB u npuemos OKasuBaeTca nna nucaTena eme onomnocTsm.
BananuBaeTca BupasuTensnOCTs cmucnOBOTO OTTenKa npu nepeme-
ne unTonauuu: pesKuï¬ nepexon OT naTeTuKu, npu Bupamenuu muo-
nu O 6ynymem, K npurnymennomy Tonocy, coo6mammemy O 6ynnax
Tepoa. ("Moe 6ynymee nananoos n0 moeTO pomnenua. 3aBTpa -
., n ..
mou nens! u "...BeTep 6ynnunnou musnu pasBean Te6a u O6na-
151
mun na0Toamee 6ynymee".)
OnnaKO OTuns TennpaKOBa unTepecen Tem, HTO OTHHHaeT
mupOKoe ynOTpe6nenue neoo6cTBenno—npamou penu. Bo-nepBux,
sTa @Opma cnoco6na cunTesupOBaTs panom o asuKOBumu nnaCTamu,
Te BnyTpennue pasnuqua B sKonpeccuBnom BoonpuaTuu musnennux
asnenuu, KOTOpue pasnenamT aBTOpa u eTO Tepoa. Bo-BTOpux,
ynOTpe6nenue neco6cTBenno—npamou pequ cosnaeT Bneannenue
nooToannOTO peHeBOPO O6menua c nepoonamem. B ®Opmy necoOcT-
Benno-npamou peau O6neKamTca BnyTpennue mononOTu TepoeB.
0 xapaKTepnux ooo6ennocTax.xynomecTBenorowusoï¬pamenua
TennpaKOBa mu momem cynuTs n0 Tomy pesonancy, KOTOpuu BusBa-
nu npousBenenua nucaTena: "...pasTOBOp O KnuTax nucaTena ne-
pexonuT na npo6nemu couuansnue, 6es oKonBKo-nu6yns nnuTenB-
nOTO TOpmomenua na pas6ope nposu", - yKasuBaeT H. ConOBse-
30
Ba.
Ha npumepax penensuu KpuTuKOB mu sameTunu Ty pasnorono-
cuny ux oymnenuu, KOTOpue 6unu cnenanu npu paccm0Tpenuu
npchTBennOTO oKnana Tepoa u OTnomenua aBTOpa K nemy.
XapaKTep Tepoa, KaK onpenenaeT H. ©0menKO, numen nens-
nocTu u nOCTynKu eTO npOTuBOpetuu:
aBTOp HG I'IpPIOGPaGT K XYIIOHCGCTBGHHOPI MOTIdBPIpOBKG, HG
ananusupyeT, KaK l'IpPIIJIGJI MOJIOIIOPI Y‘IIdTGJIB K mamne TBOp-
HeCTBa...
Hneanuu HGHOBGK, BnpyT CTanOBuToa neucTBennum 6Op-
ucm.5l
P. BpOBman CTapaeTca nOKasaTB, HTO "...nenssa npusnaTs peB-
nuTenem nepenOBux uneï¬ HGHOBeKa, KOTOpuu numen BnyTpenneu
2
399“ B â€paBOTy H OCymeCTBumocTs CBoux uneanOB..."3
152
HpOTusononomnym onenKy 06pasa Tepoa u eTO nOOTynKOB
naeT B. HanKOB: "6ecnOK0unum u mucnamum HeHOBeKOM, ne npu-
BuKmum K npumupenum K manum", 33 — npenoTaBnen B pomane Bu-
meOB. n. CypOBneB cornacen c nannumu ouenKamu B. HanKOBa,
nonaepKuBaa acnOCTs samucna nucaTena B uso6pamenuu npoueoca
pasBuTua HeHOBeHeCKOH HHHHOCTH u ananusa ee nocTynKOB.
HuTupyemue cymnenua u onenKu KpuTuKOB MOTyT BBecTu B
sa6nymnenue, eonu mu camu ne BnuKnem B cymnocTB aBTOpcKOTO
samucna u eTO peanusauuu. HaOTunnO OTBeT KpuTuKam mu momem
naHTu B sameTKax H. BunOTpanOBa: "...B OBoux npeTensuax aB-
TOpy KpuTuK onepupyeT snecs ne musnennum KpuTepuem, ne peans-
num conepmanuem 06pasa, a anpuopno BsaTOu cxemou-sTanonOM".3u
HosTomy neno cnOpa ne TonBKO B KonerTnux onenKax, a B
npunuunax nonxona K O6pasy. H sTO pasnOTnacue csuneTenBCTBy-
er 0 TOM, HTO mnOTue KpuTuKu OTBneKnucs OT OpuTunana npous-
Benenua u nananu conunaTB npyroe. A Bens mu umeem neno 0 xy—
nomnuKom-peanucTom, uso6pamammum nepconam, KOTOpuu nano n0—
numaTs TaKum, KaKum on sanyman y aBTOpa. PasTOBOp O neo6xo—
nuMOCTu cosnaTs 06pas "nonomuTeanOTO" Tepoa, csuneTenBCTBy—
eT O Kanonax unnmCTpaTuBnOu nuTepaTypu, KOTOpumu pyKosonOTBo-
Banuos OTnensnue KpuTuKu.
ABTOp neonnOKpaTnO nonnepKuBaeT B pomane, HTO BumeOB
"OOHKHOBGHHNH, pHflOBOH" Tepou, unymuu cam nepes musnennue
cnomnocTu (npuo6peTenue npomeccuu, nenaTOTunecKaa neaTens-
nOCTB, cemeunaa musns, nm60Bs K npyToï¬ menmune). He "naccuB-
nocrs u 6eccunue" (P. BpOBman), a nenpumupumocTs u Tpe6OBa-
TensnOOTs K ce6e anunynu BTOT xapaKTep c mecra, u OT neynaq
153
B uncTuTyTe KunemaTOTpamuu Tepou npumen K pemenum nOBux sa-
naa B mKonsnOu pa6OTe cam 6es nonnemeu.
fleuCTBuTensnO, B nenax HyBCTB u nm6Bu npoaBunacs eTo
cna60cTs naTypu. HepemuTensnOCTB BupamaeTca B nocTynKax Tepoa,
a nachoenue paoKpuBaeTca B eTO npusnanuax. H BOT cnOBa: "cnu-
cxonuTeanOCTs" TaKme nymna, KaK "nenpumupumocTs", BuCKasan-
nue B momenT nymeBnux 6Openuu Tepoa, KpuTuKa ucnonBsOBana
nna onpenenenua nOCToannOu nepTu xapaKTepa BumeOBa.- "ma—
nensKOTO HGHOBeKa" us TOToneBcKux npoussenenuï¬, a Bca eTO
neaTensnooTs, KaK Teopua "manux nen" (E. CTapuKOBa). OTu cno-
Ba KpuTuKa B pesKom KonTpaCTe c aBTOpcKumu "nOOToannoe 6ecn0-
KOucTBO", "nymeBnuu map", KOTOpue nOBTOpamTca BO Bcem npous-
Benenuu c cunsnum aKuenTom. Bnaronapa BnneTenuu pasnuqnux mus-
nennux nepexonOB B cyns6y Tepoa, nucaTenm ynanocs 06napymuTB
60TaTcTBO OTTenKOB BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa, eTO nOOTynKu, muc-
nu u naCTpoenua.
Hpo6nema mKonsnOTO BocnuTanua ycnomnaeTca npoaBnenuem
penuruosnux m0TuBOB B nOBeOTax "HynOTBOpnaa" u "Hpessunau—
noe". AnTupenuTuosnaa OOBeTcKaa nonuTuKa 6una HOHTH enun0T—
nennum KpuTepuem nna Tex KpuTuKOB, KOTOpue pemunu BucTynuTs
o onenKamu sTux npousBenenuu. Hx Tennenuua npoaBunacs B Tpe-
6OBanuax K nucaTenm sanaTsca Bonpocamu nponaTannucTcKOTO xa-
paKTepa, aBnOu 60ps6ou npOTuB penuTuu:
XynomnuK nonmen ne TonsKO nOKasuBaTs uCKnmnuTensnue
maKTu, no u naBaTs um BCTeTuanKu saochennym xapaK—
TepucTuKy, u6O eTO npennasnanenue B musnu - 6uTs 60p-
uom u BocnuTaTenem, nponaTannucrom u aTuTaTOpom.55
HOBecTs "HynOTBOpnaa" ne MOTna OTaTB O6pasuom TaKux
154
Tpe6OBanuu, nosTomy KpuTuK A. flpemos cpasy CTaBuT O6Bunenue
nucaTenm, HTO on nOKasan Bnuanue penuTuu na ®OpmupOBanue mo—
nonOTO xapaKTepa, a ne usmuBanue ee. Pepou nOBeCTu,mKoanuK,
nonmen 6uTs 6es6omnuKom, ucxona us sTOTO flpeMOB cnOpuT c
A. maponOBOu, HTO KacaeTca nasBanua ee OTaTsu "CBHTOH OTpOK...
nuonep PonsKa" u Kpome TOTO, OTcyTCTBua sBynanua B neï¬ anTu-
penuTuosnOTO nanpasnenua. "HeT 6Ops6u npOTuB penuTuu", - yT-
BepmnaeT P. CaBnenKo, A. TypKOB, B. manomnuKOBa. nucaTens oo-
na6un aKTuBnocTs napTuunOu OpTanusanuu - onuTamT nenOOTaTKom
H. BunOTpanOB, E. CTapuKOBa.
06 sTux npousBenenuax BeneTca cnOp KpuTuKOB c nucaTenem
Bne prTa xynomecTBennOTO usoOpamenua, a nums c TOHKH spenua
uneuno-nonuTuquKOu nanpaBnennOCTu. Cpenu nemnOTux KpHTHHeC-
Kux pa6OT nums E. CTapuKOBa Kocnynacs HHTepaTypOBeflHeCKOPO
ananusa. OnnaKO u ee ananus oaonuTca K Tem me Tpe6OBanuam:
"nucaTenB snoynOTpe6naeT BnyTpennum mononorom", "emy KaK 6u
ne xBaTunO Bpemenu nna noucKOB nynmux pemenuu".
To, HTO OKasanocs csoeo6pasuem xynomecTBennOTO macTep-
CTBa TennpaKOBa, Bupa6OTannOTO TBOpHeCKOH npaKTHKOH, KpuTuK
onuTaeT nenOCTaTKom (camopaoKpuTue Tepoa, "OTKpuTue" KonuOB-
Ku). BnaTOnapa BnyTpennemy mononOTy mu OMOTnu O6napymuTB
mumnenua TepoeB u ux OTnomenue K np06nema penuTuu. Hanpumep,
B Tonoce ynuTensnuuu sBynuT uneunaa nanpasnennocTs: "Ynucs,
CTapuu nenaTOT, na npocneTax! He nonyOTu, HTOO PonsKa Bu-
poc noxomum na csom maTs!" BucKasuBanua maTepu pacKpuBamT
OTpax, 6eccunue: "B BeHHOH TpeBOTe muBy. Homoru u O6pasyms
mena..." "Comnenuam nonnanacs maTB-TO... HeT nam cnacenua...
155
Monucs POHyOHHK..." B BocKnunanuax PonsKu apKO npencTaBnena
eTo TpaTenua: "YMpy — ne oneny ercTuKa! Pe6aTa ysnamT - na-
HHCTO saomemT". "Hy, a HeB ToncTOu, on KnumKu nucan, on u
HpaoKOBsu HeTpOBnu ymneu 6u.".
Hecm0Tpa na pasnunnuï¬ unTenneKTyansnuu ypOBenB TepoeB,
B ux unTonauuu u cunTaKouce neT pasnuuu. TennpaKOB nocpen-
CTBOM cunTaKouca cymen OTpasuTs OTenens cnomnocTu mumnenua,
a B sTom onynae TaKme Tny6uny HyBCTBa. Hs6eTaa nunaKTuqec-
Kux npuemos nOBeOTBOBanua, nucaTens OTomen OT CXGMaTHHHOCTH
u unnBOTpupOBannOOTu npousBenenua.
0TpuuaTeanue OTsuBu KpuTuKOB O "HynOTBOpnOu" ne OT-
TonKnynu nucaTena OT nannou npo6nemu penuTuosnux BGpOBaHHH,
KOTOpyp paccmanuBaeT B 6onee Tny60Kom nnane B nOBeCTu
"HpesBunaunoe" (1961). H OT BTOu nOBeCTu OTOTpanunacB nuTepa—
Typnaa KpuTuKa, namnucs nums "aTuTaTOpu".
"UOHTH Kamnoe eTO npousBenenue - ynap no OTmuBmemy,
36 Onna-
cTapomy", - CTapaeTCH nOKasaTB KpuTuK P. mamypsuna.
KO ne O6 "OTmuBmem" paccymnanT Tepou TennpaKOBa (MOpmuxun,
Toca Hy6KOBa), a 06 "omuBmem", KOTOpoe 6yn0pamuT ux nymu,
cnymuT nyxosnou nOTpe6nocTsm.
BnanumocTs u BupasuTensnocTs nannou npo6nemu nucaTens
pacKpun B cnOpax, KOTOpue cnymaT nBumymeu cunou cmmeTa
(ynuTens MOpmuxun - nupeKTOp mKonu MaXOTHH, nupeKTOp - nap-
THHHHG pa6OTnuKu Hy6KOB, BamenKOB). B mononOTe pacKpuBaeToa
mupOBosspenua Tepoa:
H nonan Bepy csoeï¬ maTepu, no cam eme ne nOBepun. H
nOKasan cam ce6e. KOTna mne nymno KaK—TO BupasuTs csou
156
BGDY, a uny K uKone, nonssymcs sayuennumu monuTBa-
mu... (252—255)
Ta me y6emnennocTB 3ByHHT B nuanOTe:
- Bu nonmnu OTaTs csoeTO pona aTuTaTOpom aTeusma.
COTnaouTecs nu Bu BunonnuTs TaKym pons?..
- HeT, KpuBuTs nymou ne 6yny. (248)
HO nonmnocTu nupeKTOp mKonu nonmen OTaTB TnaBnum onno-
nenTom Bepywmero ynuTena, OnnaKO B eTO nOOTynKax pacKpuTO
Tny6OK0e oomucnenue nannOH penuTuosnon npo6nemu. OTa muons
ooo6enno BupasuTensna B BBenenuu nuOKyccuu nupeKTOpOm O
"musuKax" u "nupuKax" cpenu ynuTeneH u ynenuKOB:
PaKeTu, neTamue na Mapc - "musuKu" npeBume BceTO. (216)
"HupuKu" yTBepmnanu, HTO saKonamu nayKu nenssa nOKasaTB
OKnan nymu, onpenenuTs BnyTpennuu nOTpe6nocTs nenOBeKa:
- HayKa momeT cnenaTB musns HGHOBeKa yn06n0u — camoneTu,
Tenemonu... HO yno6naa musns eme ne snanuT onacTnuBaa.
CereT CHaCTbH B camom nenOBeKe, B eTO BnyTpennem mupe.
HayKa BO BnyTpennuï¬ mup BKnanuBaeT nums snanua, a sTOTO
HGHOCTaTOHHO. (220)
B BTOH unTepnpeTauuu pacKpuBaeToa TaKme aBTOpCKoe OTno-
menue K sanaTuBaemou np06neme, KOTOpoe OTanOBuTca Bupasu-
Tensnum B csasu c no6enoï¬ "nupuKOB". Kpome TOTO, OTsByK aB-
TOpCKux mucneu B Tonoce nupeKTOpa mKonu, KOTOpuu B saKnmnu-
Tensnou @pase O6napymun csou BsTnanu na penuTum, BucKasannue
nO anpeoy ynenuuu: "flymaTs ne nymaeT, ne BepuT. Ym nynme 6u
Bepuna na nymana. He nymaeT, ne comneBaeTca, ne TpeBomuTca.
Pne ym 6eccmepTue nymu, mupnO nOTanyTs no morunu, c mupom
HOHHTB naBeKu". (271)
Monaanue KpHTHKOB HBHHGTCH CBOGPO pona OOBHCHGHHGM HG“
OOHHHOPO aBTOpCKOPO nucsma H HpOOflGM. OCOOGHHO B 3THX HOO-
157
nennux npousBenenuax muonu TepoeB npe06nanamT nan ux neucT-
Buem. He MHOPOCHOBHGM pacKpuBaeToa aBTOpCKHH samucen, a
cpenoTBamu xynomecTBennOï¬ uso6pasuTeanooTu. HpKum u Bupa—
suTensnum npumepom aBnaeTca BBenenue aBTOpom B camom nanane
nOBeCTu "HpesBunaunoe" KapTunu HeBuTana "Han BGHHHM nOKoem".
HuKTO us KpuTuKOB ne pacKpun cmucna sTOu BOTaBKu, ne nuTanca
nponuKnyTs B samucen xynomecTBennOï¬ neTanu. Bens cmucn mus-
nu yTBepmnaeT KapTuna HeBuTana, B BGHHOM nBumenuu, B 6ecn0- eâ€
KOHCTBG.
Cyna no KpHTHHeCKHM paOOTam O npousBenenuax TennpaKO-
Ba nannOTO nepuona, mu sameTunu, HTO onu mano usBecTnu na
Banane. B 1965 Tony noaBunaos OTaTsa nemeuKOTO nuTepaTypo-
Bena A. mTaunTepa O HOBeCTH "HpesBuqaunoe npouomecTBue",
KOTOpHH B 06mux nepTax Kocnynoa nums cmmeTa, KaK ne06unno-
TO maTepuana nna oOBeToKOu nuTepaTypu. AmepuKancKuu nuTepa-
TypOBen H. Pappapn nan TonsKO O6mym xapaKTepucTuKy TBOpnecT-
Ba TennpaKOBa nannOTO nepuona, ne OCTanaBnuBaacs na nonpo6—
nom uccnenosanuu sTux npousBenenua. B eTO BucKasuBanuax mu
namnu nonTBepmnenue namux sameTOK O Tennenuuu TennpaKOBa K
ny6nunucrunecKum snemenTam, BnneTennum B poman "3a 6eTymum
nnem", nna pacmupenua nposaunecKOTO nOBeOTBOBanua.
TaK KaK B pannux npousBenenuax OHepKOBOPO manpa ny6nu-
uucTuKa cnymuna cpencTBOM uso6pamenua np06nem couuansno-
SKOHOMHHeCKOPO nOpanKa, TO B Tonu 1958—1961 npeo6nanammum
B npousBenenuax nucaTena aBnaeTca muons, mupOBosspenue Te—
poa, eTO npo6nemu nyxosnoro xapaKTepa. OTKpuToe paspemenue
sTOTO Bonpoca onens cnomno B ycnOBuax OOBeTCKOu neucTBuTens-
158
nOOTu, TonBKO 6naTOnapa 06pasnooTu xynomecTBennOTO uso6pa-
menua u manepe nucsma, TennpaKOB npoaBun ce6a macTepom pao—
KpuTua HeHOBeHeCKOH nymu.
Eme yKamem na 06mue sameTKu O OOBeTOKom BocnuTanuu,
KOTOpue npuBonuT mrocnaBCKuu HepeBOflHHK pa6OT B. TennpaKo-
Ba M. MuxaunOB us pasTOBOpa c aBTOpom neTom 1964 Tona. Ten—
npaKOB "c mapom samuman snamenuToe BocnuTanue "nOBOTO neno-
BeKa..."
Bonpoc BocnuTanua eme B Tenenue nonTux neT 6yneT 6ons—
num Bonpocom OOBeTcKOTO 06mecTBa. UpOTHBOpeHHH prn-
no npeononeTs nonnOOTsm. C onnou CTOponu, "HeHOBeK
BOTB pesynBTaT O6mecTBennux OTnomenuu" u, CHGHOBaTeHb‘
no, ne eTO nymno BocnuTuBaTs u menaTB, a TonBKO OTno-
menua; c npyTOu OTOponu, nao6OpOT, "neo6xonumo Bocnu-
TuBaTs nOBOTO nenOBeKa - nyOTs name cunou".57
B npamom OTBeTe na Bonpoc O BocnuTanuu Tonoc TennpaKOBa
Omuuuanen, 0n nonssyeTca usOuTumu mpasamu, TOTOBumu pennu-
Kamu. @Opma xynomecTBennux npousBenenuu nosBonuna nucaTenm
BupasuTB csou muonu u BsTnanu nocpencTsom O6pasOB TepoeB,
6naTOnapa nemy OTupaeTca O¢HuHaHbHHH flHflaKTHHeCKHH aKnenT.
5. npousBenenua B. TennpaKOBa 60-x TonOB 06senuna-
mTca B onpenenennuu nuKn CKBOSHOH npo6nemoï¬ HpaBCTBeHHO-
HCHXOHOPHHGCKOH nanpaBnennocTu, KOTOpaa B csom onepens yT-
ny6naeTca snemenTamu munocomcKOTO cymnenua. CnneTenue sTux
npo6nem u cnoo06 ux OTpamenua na maTepuane npousBenenuu
("Cyn", "HaxonKa", "AnOCTonscKaa KomannupOBKa") OKasanucs
nunemmou nna mnOTux OOBeTcKux KpuTuKOB.
BOHbmHHCTBO us nux paccmanuBanu xynomecTBennue npous-
Benenua nucaTena sTOTO nepuona o TOHKH spenua "uneunou na-
npaBnennocTu", mepunom KOTOpOH aBnaeTca "COHHaHHCTHHeCKOG
159
cosnanue","TpamnaBCKaa OOBecTB". He naxona sTux snemenTOB
B npousBenenua TennpaKOBa "Cyn", onu OTpunanu B nem xyno-
meCTBennocTs: A. mumKuna, P. mamypsuna, B. HanKOB, B. Cu—
nenKO, B. HuTBunOB. KpuTuKa npOTuB KpuTuKu Benacs memny
H. Bopucosou u B. HuTBunOBum, mamypsunou u B. CypTanOBum.
YnuTuBaa SCTGTHHGCKHG npunnunu B pacKpuTuu aBTOpCKOTO
samuona, fl. HuKonaeB, M. Pyo, B. CypTanOB nanu uennue Kpu-
THHeCKHe sameTKu O nOBeCTu "Cyn". B CBasu c pesKum pesonan—
com B KpHTHHeCKHX OTsuBax A. flummun BunuT npununu nenooTaT-
KOB B onoc06e uso6pamenua u OTune nucaTena:
TennpaKOB B csoeu nOBeCTu c onens HGHGTKHMH "pemenua-
mu" m0pansnux npo6nem, nan nOBon "HerHTHHeCKOH" Kpu—
TuKe eme 6onsme ycunuTs eTO neBepnue mucnu.58
A. HumKuna onpenenaeT nenOOTaTOK nOBeCTu TaKme B aBTop-
cKom neacnom OTnomenuu K uso6pamaemomy: "on OCTanOBunca na
nonnOpOTe, ne nomen no BuaBnenua BnyTpennux ucTOKOB Bssonno-
BaBmeTo eTO aBnenua".39 3T0 osuneTenBcTByeT O6 onnonanpaB-
nennom ananuse npousBenenua TennpaKOBa, B KOTopom ne Bce
npununu nemaT na nOBepanOTu c06uTuu, a O6napymuBamTca B n0-
Benenuu u cymnenuax Tepoa.
B oymnocru, KpuTuKu cnopaT O nByx pasnux Tepoax, KOTOpue
sanumamT nonapnue nosuuuu, acno Bunenennue aBTOpom. HO onu
ne Boonpunumamr TepoeB TaKumu, KaKumu uso6pasun nucaTens, a
no-csoemy nanenamT ux HaCTO necBOucTBennumu um nepTamu. B.Cu—
nenKO yKasuBaeT na cna6ym OTOpony TennpaKOBa B uso6pamenuu
06pasa TeTepuna u eTO musnu, BuKnmnennOu us Bpemenu: "neona-
)KGHHOCTI: IICPIXOJIOPPIId xapaKTepa HGCOBMGCTPIMa C O6pasom COBpG"
160
40 n
P. mamypsuna O6BunaeT nucaTena sa eTO passen-
mennuKa".
nuBanua unnusunyanusma TeTepuna, - TOT ne nymaeT O npaBne,
a O oe6e".
Hso6pamaa sTy np06nemy, nucaTenB nepenoouT pemenue ee
HOHTH ucKnmnuTensnO B O6nacTB npaBCTBenno-nouxonoruneCKym.
3T0 mecro B nOBeCTu Tny6OKO npoananusupOBanO aBTOpOM u 06pas
"e0TecTBennOTO" nenOBeKa neceT nononnuTeanym mynKuum B pao-
KpMTHH' nepconama:
...ycnomnaeT musns, a nocne BTOTO ynuBnaeToa, HTO Ce-
men TeTepun, OCTaBuB neo, c eTO cypOBumu saKonamu, Te-
paeTca, nyTaeTca... (176).
3T0 BucTynnenue "flynupeBa npOTuB flynupeBa" H. BOpuCOBa
pesKo 06nuaaeT: "una na 06man, cornamaacs c nonynpasnou, on
nyCKaeTca na 6paKonechBO camoro npe0TynnOTO TonKa".L‘l HO
KpuTuK OTKasuBaeT nucaTenm B macTechBe uso6pamenua O6oux
TepoeB, ux OOBecTu, KOpnu KOTODOH naxonaTca B "CTapOH mopanu".
(flynupeB - "pachaBnennuu pemneKcueu", TeTepun - c "m0pansm
HHHHBHHyaHHCTHHeCKOH, npeBneu, KaK 6u6nua").
B. HuTBunOB nonomen K onenKe TepoeB npousBenenuu Tennpa-
KOBa co csoeu Teopueu "oTpanaTensnOTO Tymanusma", saKnmnam-
meuca B OTcyTCTBuu BucOKux uneanOB B xapaKTepe nenOBeKa. 0n
nonnepKuBan "OTpanaTensnuu Tymanusm" B xapaKTepe u nocTynKax
Tepoa COnOBeuKOBa "He KO nBOpy" , npoaBuBmuuca B eTO naccuB—
nOOTu K 6Ops6e o nepemuTKamu npomnOTO, B TeTepune us "Cyna" -
B eTO nenOBepuu K nmnam. KpuTuK BunBuTaeT nanansnuKa OTpou-
TenscTBa flynupeBa na BucOTy nonomenua u npumepa mopanu: "Bce
6onsme OTTenaeTca nunTomnocTs TeTepuna 6naTOpon0TB0m flynupe-
Ba".
161
B sTom sameTna Tennenuua KpuTuKa pacomanuBaTB m0pans-
nue npo6nemu B enuncTBe u saBuoumocTu OT O6meOTBenn0-couuans-
nOTO nonomenua Tepoa. B OBasu c sTum TBOpHGCTBO TennpaKOBa
"OTapOTO" 6onee npuBneKaeT HuTBunOBa, nem cnocO6 uso6pamenua
TennpaKOBa "nOBOTO". TaKoe saKnmnenue eTO ucxonuT us ocnOBu
npousBenenua, sanaauBammeu aKuenT Bpemenu, Tne PHaBHHH ynop
6un cnenan nucaTenem na OTpamenue OOBecTu B xapaKTepe neno—
BeKa.
HpKoe nepenomnenue STOH npo6nemu TennpaKOB OTpasun B
O6pase 0x0TnuKa, KOTOpuu B camom naaane npouomecTBua TOBOpuT:
Hpome BceTO ycnOKouTs oe6a - 3T0 yKasaTs na npyTOTo: ne
a, a on BunOBaT. (159)
PaCI-IPITbIBaH H8. COBGCTI: HPYPPIX, OH OTKprBaGTCH:
BuxonuT, Taoa nyna napna npuKonnuna. BOT sTO a snam. A
Tam ym Tu peman no oOBecTu, KaK 6uTB. (146)
Pemenue cyna sa "neno", a ne sa "npaBny" yTny6unO nyxosnym
npamy Tepoa:
Cemen, CToamuu na OTmqu, nyBcTBOBan ce6a O6BOpOBan-
num. (175)
HOOpencTsom BBenenua pasnunnux cuTyauuu B cmmeT nOBeCTu,
pacKpuTa cnomnOCTs npchTBennux npo6nem B xapaKTepe Tepoa
c0 Bcemu eTO cunsnumu u cna6umu OTOponamu.
YKamem na nonomuTensnym onenKy xynomecTBennOTO maCTech-
Ba nucaTena, cnenannym B. CypTanOBum:
TennpaKOB aneKaeT npemne BceTO OOTpOTOu nocTaBnennux
npo6nem u muBOu y6enuTensnocTsm xapaKTepOB, cmeno ony—
CKaeTca na 60nsmue musnennue Tny6unu.42
0n nasuBaeT nucaTena "nponOBennuKom" u mu B nonTBepmnenuu c0-
IIUIGMCH na I'IpIdMprI P13 HOBGCTId, KOTOprG xapaKTepnu CBOGOOpEBPIGM
162
unTonauuu, snemenTamu Taunonuou, menammeu OKpacKy O6uanTO
nOBeOTBOBanua: "fla BosmyTucB me, O6unsca sa npyTOTO..." "Xy—
no HGHOBGKy B 6ene 6uTB enuny!" "HeT 6onee TamKOTO cyna, nem
cyn caoeu OOBecTu".
Mu O6napymunu, HTO TennpaKOB npoaBun TaKme xynomecTBen-
noe maCTechBO, KaK xynomnuK u ncuxonOT B nOBeCTu "HaxonKa",
paoKpuBaa TonKocTu u usTu6u HGHOBGHGCKOPO xapaKTepa. OnnaKO
npo6nemu BnyTpenneTO mupa Tepoa ne npuBneKnu Bnumanua OOBeT-
CKOH KpuTuKu. fleno snecs B "6esuneï¬n0cTu" npousBenenua, OT-
cyTCTBua B nem O6meOTBenn0-conuansnoro snemenTa.
TonsKO A. HunOB u T. XnunenKO B OBoux ananuTunecKux pa-
6OTax nonomnu c TOHKH spenua screTuKu u paoKpunu 0006ennOOTs
xynomeCTBennOTO TananTa nucaTena B uso6pamenuu npOTHBOpeHHH
u usmenenuu xapaKTepa Tepoa. HunOB sameTun, HTO:
flymeBnoe 6ecnOK0uOTBO, BnyTpennaa TpeBOTa nucaTena ne
mornu ne OKasaTBca na ocnOBnux nonpo6nocTax OTKpuBmerooa
emy mupa. B nOBeCTu OKasanacs Bospocmaa Tny6una nosnanua
neucTBuTeanOOTu cpencTBamu xynomecTBennOu nposu.45
B "HaxonKe" TennpaKOB "OTKpun cs0eo6pasnuu ncuxonorunecKun
Tun, KOTOpuu ne nOBTOpaeT nu onnOTO us eTO TepoeB", - TOB0—
puT P. XHHHGHKO.47
Cnanana u no Konua nOBeCTu Becs unTepec
aBTOpa 6un oKonuenTpupOBan na unnuBunyansnOu nunnocTu Pyca-
nOBa, nponecc eTO nnyBBOTO Bospomnenua. C 6onsmum maoTep-
CTBOM pacKpuT u m0TuBupOBan nucaTenem Kamnuu HCHXOHOPHHBCKHH
anuT Tepoa, BusBannuu BBenenuem cnynaunocru.
HOBecTs "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa" prenuna TBOpHGCKyw
npaKTuKy nucaTena B cnoco6e uso6pamenua npchTBenno-munocom-
OKux npo6nem. CmmeT nOBeCTu nanpaBnen na pacKpuTue nyx0Bnux
163
60penuu Tepoa, HTO OKasanocs necOOTBeTOTBymmeu TeMOH nna c0-
BeTcKux KpuTuKOB.
Q. HysneuOB CKonssuT no nOBepxnocTu usoOpamaemux cuTya-
uuï¬ nucaTenem, 6oacs yTny6uTsca B samucen xynomnuKa. flame B
STOH nOBepxnocTnOu sameTKe on CHHTaGT, HTO "AnOOTonscKym
KomannupOBKy" nenssa OTnecTu K manpy "aHTHpeHHPHOBHOH nuTepa-
Typu". HO eTO mnenum namoc B uccnenOBanuu npunun "60T0ucKa-
TenBOTBa " pacKpuBaeToa B cnope "c ucKymenuem neTKux OTBeTOB
na Te unu unue neynOBneTBOpennue sanpocu nymu nenosenecKOf/i".u5
KpuTuK B. MapKOB nasuBaeT BnyTpennmm 6Ops6y Tepoa 6es-
OcnOBaTensnOu npo60u, u Tem camum onumaeT xynomeCTBennue nen-
nocTu nOBeCTu TennpaKOBa BOO6me:
...nOBecTs pacKpuBaeT anaTomum nnyBBOTO unmanTunusma ~
Tex "npomaxOB nespenoï¬ muonu", npu KOTOpux HeHOBeK, name
ucernne OTpemuBmuuca K nO6py, npununaeT sno; Tanymuï¬ca
K CBeTy, 6nymnaeT B nOTeMKax, mamanymuu uensnOCTu, ny-
TaeTca B comnenuax u BnyTpennux HpOTHBOpeHHHX, BnnOTB
no nonnOTO nymeBnOTO pasnana.46
Honxon MapKOBa K onenKe npouecoa BnyTpennux ucnanuu Tepoa
aBnO nonTanyT non O6muu Kopens aHTHpeHHPHOBHOH nponaTannu.
y neTO PunsnuKOB OKasanca HeHOBeKOM 6essonsnum, nonnammumca
unnmsuam u npenpaccynKam. TaKaa onenKa Tepoa npOTHBOpeHHT
TennpaKOBcKomy O6pasy, KOTOpOTO aBTOp nanenun ymom u cme-
nocrsm OTKpuTB csou BsTnanu, nOKasaTB csoe Bosspenue.
COBeTcKuu KpuTuK T. HeBun B OTaTse "CTpananua mononOTO
PunsnuKOBa" onuTaeT nenooTaTKom nucaTena, nOKasaBmeTO "ucKyc-
CTBennO npunymannym uoTOpum", KOTOpaa nesosmomna B oOBeToKOu
HGHCTBHTGHBHOCTH. Kpome TOTO on OTpuuaeT yMOTBennue cnoco6-
nocTu Tepoa, KOTOpuu us-sa OTpaxa u ona6ocru npu6eTaeT K
164
Bepe B BOTa. Eonu nayKa ne momeT ynOBneTBOpuTs nyxosnym nOT-
pe6nOOTs Tepoa, TO KpuTuK numaeT eTO HGHOBGHGCKOPO paccynKa:
"H TOTna ne Bce nu paBnO, nem HGHOBGK 6yneT oe6a yTemaTs u
onypmanuBaTs: BOTOM, BOflKOH unu napKOTuKamu?"47
YnuTuBaa Bce HpOTHBOpeHHH B xapaKTepe Tepoa, KpuTuK
H. KpuBeneB sameTun nepeBec apTymenTOB B nonssy 6uTua BOTa,
HTO OKasanocs nna neTO cymeCTBennum nenooTaTKom nOBeCTu:
...OTOpnuTensnuu @aKT, HTO TananTnuBuu nucaTens B. Ten—
npaKOB nanucan neynannym nOBeCTB, no u TO, HTO ee na—
neaaTan mypnan, npusBannuu c naynnux nosuuuu BecTu
6Ops6y npOTuB penuTuu, KaK nymnou nam uneonOTuu.48
AnTupenuTuosnue nananenua KpuTuKu O6OOTpanuos Tem, HTO aBTop
B sTom npoussenenuu npencTaBun csenymmero, O6pasOBannOTO ae-
nOBeKa, BonpeKu npunaTomy npencTaBnenum B OOBeTcKOu nuTepa-
Type, usOOpamaTs Bepywmux TonsKO OTapyx.
Ha Banane B "HOBom pyOOKom cnOBe" ea 22 unna 1970 Tona
P. PaKOBCKuu nomecTun sameTKy O npousBenenuax nucaTena, Ka-
capmuxca np06nem penuTuu:
XapaKTepnaa oco6ennocTs TBOpHeCTBa TennpaKOBa — naBas-
nuBaa napTuunaa anTupenuTuosnocTs. Oco6enn0 ona apKO
npoaBunacs B nOBeCTu "HynOTBOpnaa" u "AnOOTonscKaa Ko-
mannupOBKa".
ABTOp sTOu sameTKu OTpuuaTensnO npunan comnenua u Kone-
6anua Tepoa B npouecce eTO nyx0Bnux 60penuu. A c npyTOu 0T0-
ponu PaKOBCKHH ne ynen Tex Bnemnux O6cT0aTenscTB COBeTCKOH
neHCTBuTensnOCTu, KOTOpue 6unu npeTpanOu B npamom uso6pame-
nuu nannoï¬ npo6nemu. 3ameTum, HTO cuna aBTOpCKOH nosuuuu
o6napymunacs B Tny6OKom snanuu uso6pamaem0TO npenmeTa B xy-
nomecTBennOu 00pme.
165
OKasanocs sameTnum, HTO yme nepBue npousBenenua B. Ten—
npaKOBa Bnecnu TBOpHeCKHH mepmenT B nuTepaTypnym KpuTuKy,
KOTOpuu 6un BusBan nOBOu u CBOGOOpaSHOH TemaTuKOu nna OOBeT-
OKOu nuTepaTypu, nenonpamaemoï¬ OOpHCOBKOH TepoeB u cnoco60m
OTpamenua neucTBuTeanocTu B xynomecTBennOï¬ 00pme. CTepmnem
nposu nucaTena aBnaeTca onpenenennoe aBnenue, BsaToe us O6u-
nennon musnu, KOTOpoe npuo6peTaeT xynomecTBennym mynKuum B
nuTepaTypnom npousBenenuu: cnymuT monom, HCTOHHHKOMOKOHO-
nuKTOB, OpencTBom pacKpuTua xapaKTepa HBHOBeKa.
CB0e06pasuem xynomecTBennOTO macTechBa nucaTena OKa-
sanocs TO, HTO BO Bcem eTO TBOpHGCTBe OTcyTCTByeT snemenT
xynomecTBennOTO Bumucna. OnnaKO TennpaKOB, KaK xynomnuK,ne
OPpaHHHHBaHCH B OBoux npousBenenuax nums OTpamenuem OTnens-
nux @aKTOB neucTBuTensnocTu. 0n sanumanca ananusom cymnOCTu
musnennux aBnenuu, Bonnomennux B O6pasu xynomecTBennOTO np0—
usBenenua.
HucaTens ooquaeT Bnemnue cuTyauuu c nunnumu npo6nema-
mu xapaKTepa HGHOBGKa, eTO nepemuaanuamu, KonmnuKTamu. 0T-
cmna naTuCK na ncuxonOTusm, KaK cpenoTBO pacKpuTua BnyTpen-
neTO mupa Tepoa, cnomnOTO B csoen ncuxonorunecKOï¬ OprKType.
3T8 cunsnaa cropona TBOpHeCKOH npaKTuKu nucaTena npoaBunacs
yme B camom nanane nuTepaTypnOH neaTensnOCTu TennpaKOBa,
no oco6ou BupasuTensnOCTu na6pana B npousBenenuax Konua 50-x
TonOB.
HTaK, B nanane TBOpHeCTBa (1955-1956) TennpaKOB-xynom—
HHK HGDGKHHKaGTCH C COHHOHOPOM, KOTODHH peaTupOBan CBOHMH
UpOH3BGflGHHHMH na TG HGpGMGHH, noncKasannue MHBHBE H BDGMG-
166
nem. Hocne 1956 Tona B nem apKO Bunenunacs nOBaa nepTa xy-
nomnuKa-nonxonora, KOTOpaa CTana nomunupywmeï¬ B eTO TBOp-
qecTBe. Hpousaenenuam TennpaKOBa CBOHCTBGHHa np06nemnaa
mnOToacneKTnocTB, B ux TKanu npooTynamT cnenu cmenu onnux
uneunux pemenuï¬ npyTumu B npouecoe camoro TBOpHeCTBa. 3T0
6unO nOBum BKnanom B oOBeTcKym nuTepaTypy, Bnecennum na cme-
ny Tpanunuonnum Temam nocneBoennOTO nepuona u meTonam xyno-
mecTBennOu uso6pasuTensnocTu TonBKO nonomuTensnOTO._
HnTepec K npo6nemam npchTBennoro xapaKTepa prenun
aBTOpcKym nosuuum TennpaKOBa, KOTOpOTO npunaTO nasuBaTs B
nuTepaType "OOBecTBm napona". XynomnuK CKonuenTpupOBan Bce
OBoe Bnumanue na nyx0Bnom 60TaTcTBe HGHOBGHGCKOPO xapaKTe-
pa, nosromy npousBenenua nocnenneTO nepuona TBOpHGCTBa Ten-
npaKOBa Topasno 6OTane pasmumnenuamu TepoeB, nem neHcTBuem.
CnenumuKa TBOpHGCKOPO macTechBa TennpaKOBa npoaBu-
nacs B csoeo6pasuu unnuBunyansnOTO OTuna nucaTena. 0n Bna-
neeT MHpOKOH PaMMOH OTuneOOpasymmux u asuKOBux cpencTB,
KOTOpue BKnmnenu nna pacKpuTua BnyTpenneTO TGHGHHH cmmeTa.
Heï¬sam u OTnensnue neTanu necyT sapan snanumux snemenTOB
npousBenenua, onu HaCTO aKTuBnO ynacTBynT B pacKpuTuu BnyT-
pennux nepT HeHOBeHeCKOPO xapaKTepa. HosTomy manepa nucsma
TennpaKOBa aBnaeTca neOTsemnemuM KomnonenTom eTO nposu B
XYJIOHCGCTBGHHOM OTanCGHPIId JIGPICTBPITGJ'IBHOCTH.
"l
SAKHDHEHHE
Bnanumup TennpaKOB aBnaeTca onnum us nucaTeneH aBanTap-
nucTOB mononOTO nOKonenua, KOTOpuu BocnonBsOBaBmuos nuTepa-
Typnou OTTenean, omeno sanaTuBan Bonpocu O6mecTBennOH u
unnuBunyaanOu snanumocTu u ucKan na nux OTBeTu B musnu co-
BGTCKOH HGHCTBHTGHBHOCTH, u B ncuque cospemennuKa. flame B
camom nanane HHcaTeHbCKOH npaKTuKu, TBOpHGCTBO TennpaKOBa OT-
nunanocs OT nuTepaTypnux Tennenuuu eTO npenmecTBennuKOB cno-
c060m xynomecTBennOTO mupoomymenua, np06nemaTuKOu u ucnons-
sOBanuem Tex cmep neucTBuTeanOCTu, B KOTOpux nanunammuu nu—
caTenB O6peTan ucTOKu csoeTO nuTepaTypnOTO TananTa.
B nonumanuu TennpaKOBa nuTepaTypa nonmna cnenOBaTB sa
musnsm, B KOTOpOu uneT 6esOOTanOBanuï¬ "prTOBOpOT", OTnunam-
muuca OT BeHHOPO prTOBOpOTa B npupone Tem, HTO B neï¬ uCKnm-
neno mexanunecKoe nOBTOpenue npounennoro. HocpenCTBom pasnun-
nux Tem on cmor oxsaTuTB MHpOKHH prT musnennux aBnenuu, OTpa—
suBmuxca B eTO npousBenenuax: B Teme nepeBnu, Teme cemeï¬no-6u-
TOBOTO yKnana, Teme mKoanOTO BocnuTanua u Teme npchTBenno-
—®unoco®cKOH.
B pannux npousBenenuax TennpaKOB coopenOToaun csou unTe-
peo na uso6pamenuu nepeBnu, ee ycnOBuu, OBasannux ne TonsKO o
sKonomunecKumu prnnocTamu, no u o cypOBumu npuponnumu ycnOBua-
mu. HucaTens yxonuT OT 6onsmux unnychuansnux nenTpOB u nepe-
noouT neHcTBue na nepumepum, B OTnanennue ceBepnue mecTa.
167
168
Hanunaa c OHepKOB u pachasOB "Cpenu necoa", "Hanenue
HBana HynpOBa", "HenaoTse", npononmaa B nOBeOTax "YKa6u",
"TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", "Cyn" u saKannuBaa "HaxonKOu", xon
co6uTuu pasBepTuBaeTca B cypOBux npuponnux yonOBuax: Becen-
neu pacnyTuuu, nenpoxonumoro neoa u 60nOTa, 6ypnuBOu peKu, Tne
npuponnym CTuxum ne nOKopun eme HeHOBeK. OTOT cypOBuu mon aB-
naeTca aKTuBnum KomnonenTom cmucnOBOTO enunorBa npousBenenua
B OTpamenuu fleHCTBHTeHbHOCTH u np06nem qenosenecKux cyne6,
OBasannux c nen.
POpOflCKOH ®0n BsaT B ocnOBy npousBenenuu "3a 6eTymum
nnem", "CBunanue c HemepTuTu", "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa",
no on us umeeT ooO6O BupasuTensnOTO Bnanenua. TonsKO B nOBec—
Tu "KOpOTKoe samuKanue" Topon, norpymennuu BO mpaKe, BusBan-
num aBapueu B sneKTpocucTeme, ne 6esynacTen B cyns6ax TepoeB.
0n neceT cmucnosym nanysKy B KonmnuKTax memny Tepoamu u ycu-
nuBaeT nanpamenue BO Bcem npoussenenuu.
XynomecTBennoe maCTechBO nucaTena O6napymunoos B csoe—
O6pasnom ocsemenuu nunnux npo6nem TepoeB, ux musnu, Tne ycu-
nuBaeTca naTuOK na OOBecTs nenOBeKa, KOTOpaa aBnaeTca TnaB-
num OTumynom B TBOpHeCKOM uCKanuu xynomnuKa. fleï¬cTBennaa npu-
pona ananusa nonnepmuBaeTca y TennpaKOBa O6pamenuem eTO K
0006enn0 cnomnum xapaKTepam u cyns6am TepoeB, paoKpuTue KOTo-
pux Bosmomno nums npu BcecTOponnem oxsaTe BceTO mnOTOO6pasua
ux BnyTpenneu musnu. Camum Bamnum nna TennpaKOBa 6unO uaneas
us musnu Te KonmnuKTu, Tne B nau6onsmeï¬ cunou pacKpuBaeToa npo-
uecc mopmuposanua O6meaenOBenecKux OTHOMQHHH B nouxonOTuu nm-
neu.
169
B unTepnpeTauuu npo6nem BuaBnaeTca yron spenua caMOTO
nucaTena, non KOTOpum 0n paccmanuBaeT cnomnocTu musnennux
HBHGHHH. Hpunuun TBOpHeCKOPO uso6pamenua TennpaKOBa OOOTouT
ne B onucanuu ooapemennoï¬ ï¬‚eHCTBHTeHbHOCTH, a B OTpamenuu ee
B xynomecTBennux 06pasax npousBenenuï¬. HosTomy np06nemaTuKa
aBnaeTca Benymum maKTOpom B TBOpHeCTBe nucaTena. flame B pan—
nux eTO npousBenenuax nonaTue "Tema nepeBnu" TpaKTyeTca KaK
npo6nema, KaK ocnOBa TBOpHeCKOPO nonxona nucaTena. 0n ne nu—
TaeTca paspemuTs conuansno-sKonomunecKue npo6nemu nepeBnu, a
uccnenyeT ux Bnuanue TO B mopansno-sTuneCKom OTnomeuu ("YXa-
6u", "TyTOu ysen"), TO B HCHXOHOPHHGCKOM ("He KO nBOpy", "Ha-
xonKa"), TO B @unocomcKom ("3a 6eTymum nnem", "HynOTBOpnaa"),
KOTOpue non nepom xynomnuKa 06peTamT BOTeTuaecKym OKpacKy.
Pepou TennpaKOBa — sTO nmnu npuponu, cpocmueca c ycnOBu-
amu, ne pachaBnennumu nOOTynammuM nporpecoom (Maanun - "He-
nacTse", Pmusun - "TYPOH ysen", TeTepun - "Cyn", PycanOB -
"HaxonKa"). HucaTens BnumaTensnO cnenuT sa Kamnum nymeBnum
usTu6OM Tepoa, eTO OOBeCTsm u OTapaeToa BuaBuTB Bnemne neac-
nue HGDTH eTO xapaKTepa. BOKpuBaa Tny6uny HeHOBeHeCKOH nouxu-
Ku, on ne naeT OBoux HeTKHX pemenuï¬, KOTOpue nesameTnu na nep—
Buu BsTnan. TpeBOTa u nanpamennOOTs HYBCTByeTCH B xone npous-
BGflGHHH, sameTnu pesKue nOBOpOTu B cyns6ax TepoeB, KOTOpux
nucaTenB CTaBuT B OOTpue neomunannue cuTyauuu, HaCTO necymue
TparunecKuï¬ sapan.
C onnou CTOponu O6napymunocs ounsnoe BosneucTBue cpenu u
O6cT0aTenscTB na HHHHOCTB Tepoa, KOTOpuu OTanOBuToa unu 6es-
Bonsnum ucnonnuTenem, unu mepTBOu oymecTBymmeTO.nopHnKa. C
170
npyTOu CTOponu TennpaKOB paoKpun BnyTpennue HpOTHBOpeHHH Te-
poa nocpencTBom eTO pasmumnenuu u oamoananusa. Bnuanue ucKyccT-
Ba na mopmuposanue HHHHOCTH Tepoa OTpasunocs B 06pasax Bupm—
KOBa us pomana "8a 6eTymum nnem", MaTepuna us "CBunanua c He-
mepTuTu". A npusepmenue TepoeB K npyTum uneam penuruosnux Be-
pOBanuu: MOpmuxuna - "Hpessunaunoe npouomecTBue", PunsnuKOBa
- "AnOOTonscKaa KomannupOBKa", 6uno nOBonom BnyTpennux KonmnuK-
TOB, yonomnennux Bnemnumu O6cT0aTenscTBamu Bpemenu.
MnOTue npousBenenua nucaTena nanonnenu TparunecKum sBy-
nanuem, Tne npessunaï¬no eMKuu TOHHOK pacKpuBaeT ch nonnOTy
u HpOTHBOpeHHBOCTb xapaKTepa Tepoa (Tu6ens nenOBeKa B "YXa-
6ax", "Cyne", "KOpOTKOM samuKanuu", cnneTenue cnynaï¬nocTeï¬ B
"HynOTBOpnOu" u "HpesBunaunom"). Cuna xynomBCTBennOH y6enu-
TensnocTu saKnmnaeTca B TOHHOCTH uso6pamenua onpenenennux ou-
Tyauuu, KOTOpue pacKpuBamTca B snanumux menonax, spumux neTa-
nax.
B npousBenenuax TennpaKOBa 06man muons HOHTH nuKOTna ne
@OpmynupyeTca npamo, B Bune TBepnOTO Tesuca OflHOSHaHHOPO u
HOPHHeCKOPO. Ona nynscupyeT BO BnyTpennem nBumenuu npousBe-
nenua, npoaBnaacs B HaCTOHHHBOM nOBTOpenuu neKOTOpux cmmeT-
nux m0TuBOB CHyHaHHOCTH, B npOTuBocToanuu xapaKTepOB H B ca-
mou Tonansnocru nposauneCKOTO nOBeOTBOBanua.
CunTesy npenmecTBOBan ananus, 6naT0napa nemy mu momem
onpenenuTB ooo6ennOCTu TBOpHeCKOH unnuBunyansnocTu nucaTena
u pasnuqnue nunuu eTO nuTepaTypnOTO pasBuTua. POBOpa O OTune
nucaTena, mu umeem B Buny Te onocpencTBOBanua, KOTOpue OBa-
sanu C paCKprTPIGM IICIdXPIKId HpOCTOPO COBGTCKOPO ‘IGJIOBGKa BO
171
BsaumocBasu c oospemennou neucTBuTensnOOTsm.
CKnonnocTs TennpaKOBa K pasnymuam u musnennum 0606menu _.
am, mopansno—munocOOOKomy oomucnenum npoucxonamux BnyTpennux
nepemen B xapaKTepe Tepoa, BupamaeTca B OTune nucsma nucaTena.
B npousBenenuax sameTnO TaTOTenue xynomnuKa K mnorosnannomy
cnOBy u O6pasy, K aBTOpCKum OTOTynnenuam u peaHHCTHHeCKOH cum-
BOHHKG.
Bnanumup TennpaKOB OCTaeTca n0 Konua nucaTenem peanucTom, -a
x0Ta B OTnensnux eTO npousBenenuax sameTna pomanTuaeCKaa Opra
("3a 6erymum nnem", "TpOuKa, cemepKa, Tys", "CBunanue c Hemep-
TuTu", "AnOCTonsoKaa KomannupOBKa"). B cnneTenuu sTux nByx
Tenenuu O6napymuBaeTca accouuaTuBnue csasu TennpaKOBa c Knac-
cuKamu pyOCKOu nuTepaTypu, B HaCTHOCTH c HymKunum. "TpOuKa,
cemepKa, Tys" npononmaeT nunum us npousBenenuu "HuKOBaa na-
ma" u "Huranu". HOBecTB "HynOTBOpnaa" accumunupyeTca c pacoKa-
som TypreneBa "Bemun nyT" B ucnonssOBanuu uppauuonansnoro sne-
menTa, a B onucanuax 0x0Tnunsux nepemuBanuu B "Cyne" Tennpa-
KOBa c "BanucKamu 0x0TnuKa". POPOHSBCKaH manepa Bunna B 06-
pucOBKe "manensKOTO nenOBeKa" B uso6pamenuu cyns6u 6esponOT—
nOTO MuTaTuna us nOBeCTu "Cyn", CTOnapcKOTO us "KOpOTKOTO sa-
muKanua" u ynuTena pucOBanua Konnesa us pomana "CBunanue c
HemepTuTu".
3Ta mKona, KOTOpym npomen TennpaKOB B O6menuu c pychOu
HHTepaTypOH, oquunna TaKme B TOHHOCTH CTHHHCTHHGCKOPO npue-
ma, ucxcnameTO us Tpanuuuu HexOBa: naKonunnocru u nunamunnoc-
Tu co6uTuunou TKanu, OTKpuTOu KonuOBKu, OTcyTCTBua npamux aB-
TOpCKuX OHGHOK.
172
B TBOpHeCKOH manepe nucsma TennpaKOBa sameTnO TaKme npo~
aBnenue xynomecTBennOTO OTuna sanannoï¬ nuTepaTypu. Bnemnaa
OKynocTB u O6puBuCTocTs nuanOTa, ucnonssyemaa B paccymnenuax
TepoeB, a TaKme nonTeKCT umemT Kopnu B TBOpHeCKOH manepe
nucsma XemunTysa. BnaTOnapa eTomy pasnOOOpasum npueMOB Tennpa-
KOB cmor pacKpuTs cnomnOCTu nyx0BnOTO mupa HGHOBeKa, onpene-
nuTs eTO mupOBosspenue, pruToe B cmmeTe npousBenenuu.
3a mupOTOu nuTepaTypnux unTepecOB u anenenuu TennpaKo-
Ba, OBuneTenscTBymmux O6 ycBoenuu um onuTa pasnux MaCTepOB uo-
KyOCTBa, paoKpuBaeTca TBOpHeCKaH uso6pasuTensnocTB unnuBunyans-
nOTO nonxona xynomnuKa: TaTOTenue K smouuonansno-nacumennou
npose, ne TonsKO ooTpOTOu HyBCTB, no u CHHOH muonu, nocpen-
CTBOM KOTOpux on BoonpunumaeT u OTpamaeT mup fleHCTBHTeHbHOCTH.
0 Tny6une TBOpHGCKOPO ananusa TennpaKOBa npuBenem sameT-
Ky us KnuTu "Pychuu COBGTCKHH pacoKas" (Hsn. "HayKa", 1970):
...eTO npousBenenua nepmaT HHTaTGHH B nanpamenuu - u
nepmaT ne cunOu KaKOH-HHOO sanumaTensnOH unTpuTu, a ne-
Tansnum, Tonnum u nouxonorunecKu 060cnOBannum pacKpuTu-
em musnennOTO aBnenua, cnOBno BsaTOTO non HeKHH 6eono-
mannuï¬ penTTen. (582)
HTaK, npousBenenua TennpaKOBa namT BosmomnOOTs omyTuTs
eTO nposy KaK enunuï¬ OpTanusm, HOHyBCTBOBaTb ueneyCTpemnennooTs
eTO nucaTenscKOTO unTepeca, npO6uBammeTooa OKBOBB camuï¬ OOTpuu
musnennuu maTepuan, pasnunnue cmmeTu u cuTyauuu K saKonomepnoc-
Tam npchTBennoï¬ musnu. B Teme PyMaHHCTHHeCKOPO xapaKTepa nu-
caTens pacKpun npouecc MOpansnOTO nanonnenua u mopansnoï¬ neT-
panauuu HGHOBeKa. Yernnenue CBHBeH nuTepaTypu o musnsm nano
BosmomnocTs TennpaKOBy BuaBuTs cymnOCTs UpOTHBOpeHHH u Konm-
JIPIKTOB xapaKTGDOB BO BSaPIMOCBHBPI C OOCTOHTGJIBCTBaMPI.
HPHHOHEHHE
C oamoro Banana uccnenOBanua TBOpHeCTBa Bnanumupa Ten-
npaKOBa a O6paTuna Bnumanue na snemenT TpaPHHeCKOPO, KaK
cpenoTBO u nOCToannuu npuem xynomecTBennOTO pacKpuTua cospe--
mennou neucTBuTensnocTu, KOTOpuu npucyTCTByeT HOHTH BO Bcex
npousBenenuax nucaTena u neceT pasnunnym nanysKy SCTGTHHec-
KOTO u cmuonOBOTO Bnanenua.
XynomeCTBennaa mopma npousBenenuu pruBaeT aBTOpcKuu
samucen u snanumocTs ucnonssOBannux um nuTepaTypnux OpencTB.
Hecm0Tpa na 06namenue npaBnu musnu BO Bcem ee npoaBnenuu u
HaCTO TpaPHHeCKHX nocnencTBuu, npousBenenua TennpaKOBa necyT
musneyTBepmnammuu aKuenT 6es naTneTammeTo ymaca.
Mou unTepec 6un ne TonBKO K npenmeTy uccnenOBanua TBOp-
HeCKOPO macTechBa nucaTena, no u eTO unnuBunyansnux BsTna-
nOB na musns, OTpasuBmymca B xynomeCTBennux 06pasax eTO npo—
ussenenuï¬. 3T0 oKnonunO mena O6paTuTsca K nucaTenm c uensm
noqepnnyTs nononnuTensnue csenenua, Kpome eTO xynomecTBennux
npousBenenuu, KOTOpue Bupamenu um B npamou 00pme ny6nuuucTu-
neOKOTO xapaKTepa.
Hume npuBeny sameTKu Bnanumupa @enoposuqa TennpaKOBa,
KOTOpue 6unu nonynenu mnom B OTBeT na moe nucsmo OT 5-TO
umna 1975 Tona:
173
174
YBamaemaa Hunua MaKcumosna!
Bu numuTe, HTO 6epeTe Temou csoeu nuccepTanuu - snemen-
Tu TpaPHHGCKOPO B moux pa6OTax. flymaeTca, HTO TpaTusm KaK Ta—
KOBOu ne aBnaeTca nna mena camouensm, on - neus6emn0e cnencT-
Bue onpenenennux 06seKTuBnux SaKOHOMepHOCTeH,AKOTOpme cunsnee
moux cy6seKTuBnux HpHCTpaCTHH u menanuï¬.
Bu, ne comnesamcs, u camu OTHHHHO snaeTe, HTO COBeTcKaa
Poccua na nannom OTpesKe BCGHeHOBeHeCKOH ucTOpuu aBnaeTca snu-
nenTpom couuansnux HOTpHCeHHH, conposomnammuxca osepxmacmTa6-
numu musnennumu KonmnuKTamu, OOTpum npamaTusmom BnyTpennux
BsauMOOTnomenuu. H TonsKO npesBunaunO nOBepxnocTnuu nucaTens,
ne cnoco6nuu BuneTs, omymaTs, ocosnOBaTs Oprmammee, naxonacs
BnyTpu TaKOTO nnaneTapnOTO BynKana, KaKum aBnaeTca nama CTpa-
na, momeT 6naT0nymnO us6emaTs TpaTusma B OBoux npousBenenuax.
HosTomy "OnemenTu TpaTusma TBOpHeCTBa" OTnmns ne moa npepOTa-
TuBa, onu B TOH unu unou OTenenu xapaKTepnu nna Bcex nacToa-
mux - no ne mnumux! - BupasuTeneu cospemennou DYCCKOH KynsTypu.
Kpome TOTO, mne KameTca, nna ucKyccTBa BOO6me u xynomecT-
Bennou nuTepaTypu B HaCTHOCTH (nm6ou OTpanu, nm6OTO napona)
nanuaue TpaPHHeCKOPO aBnaeTca KOOBennum npusnaKom BuCOKOTO
KaHeCTBa, 3HaHHTGHbHOCTH, neHCTBennocTu.
HTO6 6unO nonaTnO sTO yTBepmnenue, O6paTumca K KonerT-
num npumepam. Anna Kapenuna OKasanacs B Becsma xapaKTepnOu,
HaCTO cnynammeuca B musnu cuTyanuu - samymnaa menmuna nonm-
6una npyTOTO. Mnorue Tucanu men usmenanu csoum mymsam, no
BGCBMa HGMHOPIdG Id3 HPIX KOHHaJIId 3T0 " BOOOIIIGM-TO TDPIBPIBJIBHOG
175
ocnomnenue crons TpaFHHeCKH, KaK Anna. Honasnammee 60nsmun-
cTBO npuxonuno K 6narononynnou pasBasKe - npononmanu muTs
co OTapum unu nOBum mymem. HO eonu 6 Toncrou, "cnenya npaB—
ne musnu", nOKasan OBom Anny ne 6pocuBmeuca non noesn, TOTna
emy npumnoos 6u O6puCOBaTB ne CTons camosa6sennym, OTpaOTnym
naTypy, Anny, cnoco6nym B nm6Bu na nonymepu, T. e. saypannym,
cepensKym, neBupasuTensnym, cosnaTB saypanno cepensKoe, ne
smouuonansno BosneBOTBymmee npousBenenue.
Hnu me... HyBCTBO peBnOCTu npucyme 60nsmuncTBy, n0 OTen-
no ne o6unnuu peBnuBeu, a us pana Bon Buxonamuu, ucKnmnuTenB-
nun, eTO peBnOCTs nopaOTaeT no TpaTusma - npenensno Bosmomna.
Byns nnane, sTOT 06pas ne BonnOBan 6u spuTeneu u yme Konenno
ne mun 6u B BeKax. Kamnomy csoucTBennu nymeBnue meTanua -
"BuTs unu ne 6uTs?" - meTanua PamneTa nepepacnu saypannue nop—
mu, npenensnu, nocTuTamT TpaPHHeCKOPO naKana. KaKoe 6u Bu-
nammeeca npousBenenua Bu ne Bsanu, Bonny Bu yBunuTe, HTO xa—
paKTepnoe BupacTaeT Tam no ucKnmauTeanux pasmepOB, sanaCTym
no OBon6pasnOTO npenena - TpaTusma.
XynomnuK O6pamaeTca K TpaPHHHOCTH TonsKO TOTna, KOTna
ne ynOBneTBOpaeTca 06unnum, saypannum npumepom npaBnu mus—
nu, menaeT nOKasaTB KBunT-sccenuum npaBnu.
BOT mou O6puB0anue coo6pamenua no nOBony BsaTOu Bamu
Temu. Byny pan, eonu onu Bam KaK—To nOMOTyT.
MOOKBa, 25 umna 1975 T. B. TennpaKOB
CHOCKH
PHABA I
1
P. @um, "Ha nepennem Kpae", HOBuu mup, H 4,(l957),
CTp. 205. '
2
B. OBGHKHH, "Konxosnaa musns u nuTepaTypa", HOBuu mup
H 12,}(1955), CTp- 37-39.
F. TpoenonBCKuu, "BanuOKu anonoma", HOBuu MHP, H 5,
(1955), 0Tp. 78-112, "Onun nens", HOBuu mup, H 1, (1954),
CTp. 99-122.
.flOpom, "flBa nna B pauTOpone", HOBuu mup, H 7,(1958),
CTp. 76- -91.
5
B. TennpaKOB, "HenacTse", HOBuu mu , H 2, (1954),
OTp. 66- 85; "He KO nBOpy", HOBuu mup, H 6, (1954), CTp. 42— 94.
B. TennpaKOB, HsOpannue npousBenenua B nByx Tomax:
Hanenue HBana HynpOBa, (MOCKBa: FocusnaT xynomeCTBennou nuTe-
paTypu, 1966), T. I, OTp. 16 (B nansneumem nuTupyeToa sTO us—
nanue c yKasanuem B TeKcTe Toma u OTpanuuu).
B. HyTynOB, flepesna na Ponrome: HeTonucs KommynuCTuqec-
Kou snoxu: OT 1917&19 7‘3, (Mnnxen: Hsnanue aBTOpa, 1968),
0Tp. g57-1587
B. flynunueB, "Ponoc musnu", HsBeCTua, 20 anpena 1954 T.
9
B. TennpaKOB, Hanenue HBana HynpOBa, CTp. 58
10
B. TennpaKOB, "HenacTse", HOBuu mup, H 2, (1954), CTp. 66
11
S. Schwarz and A. Yugov, Management in Russian Industry
and Agriculture, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1948),
p- 113
n. KoncTanTunOB, "KonmnuKT u eTO paspemenue", 3Bes a,
H 11,(1954), CTp. 177.
176
177
13
H. TonnenOBa, "O6pasu cospemennuKOB", OKTHOQB, H 4,
(19514, CTp. 179.
B. TennpaKOB, HsOpannue npousBenenua B nByx Tomax:
TyTOu sen, MOOKBa: FocusnaT xynomeCTBennOï¬ nuTepaTypu,
l 3)) T0 1, CTp. 217.
A. TamapaenKo, "06 OTnomenuu nuTepaTypu K npaBne",
3BGB%8, H 5, (1957), oTp. 185.
J. Garrard, "Vladimir Tendryakov, Slavic and East
European Journal, 9, (1965), p. 7.
17 ‘
A. HunOB, COBpemennuH pachas: ngucnenue oospemennocTu,
(Henugrpan: "XynomeCTBennaa nuTepaTypa", 1969), CTp. 245.
1
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas. With an Introduction
and Notis by J.G. Garrard, (London: Pergamon Press, 1967),
p. 32.
19
R. Sliwowski, Dawni i nowi: Konflikty sumienia,
(Warszawa: PIW, 1967), p. 160.
20
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas, pp. 18-19.
PHABA II
1
B. TennpaKOB, Hstannue npousBenenua B nByx Tomax:
eTymum nnem, (MOCKBa: FocusnaT xynomecTBennOn nuTepaTypu,
), T. II, 0Tp. 48.
2
3a
6
1963
B. TennpaKOB, "HpesBunaunoe npouomecTBue", HayKa n pe—
nuTua, H 7, (1961), 0Tp. 64.
3
4B. TennpaKOB, gs 6erymum nuem, oTp. 87.
H. HonoranTunOB, "KonmnuKT u eTO paspemenue", Sees a,
H 11,5(1954), CTp. 177.
E. CTapuKOBa, "chOBens 06uKnOBennOTO nenOBeKa",
Bnamaa H 5, (1960), oTp. 205.
H. TOMGHKO, "Ha nonOTynax", MOOKBa, H 5, (1960),
CTp. 202.
7
8B. TennpaKOB, 3a 6erymum nem, 0Tp. 589-590.
A. HeTpooan, "0 nOTmaTusme u KpuTuKe", Bnama, H 8,
(1955) .0 CTp. 199.
178
9
B. TennpaKOB, HynOTBopnaa, MOOKBa: Hsn. "Mononaa
TBapnua",(1969), CTp. 121.
10
H. BunOTpanOB, "OHTHMHCTHHGCKaH TpaTenua PonsKu Py-
naeBa", HOBuu mup, H9, (1958), OTp. 251.
11
P. mamypsuna, "COBpemennocTB B npousBenenuax B. Ten-
npaKOBa 1958-1962 TonOB", Ynenue sanuoKu HenunrpanCKOTO
ynuBepouTeTa, H 519, (1962), 0Tp.48.
12
B. TennpaKOB, "Hpessuqaunoe npouomeCTBue", HayKa u_p§-
nuTua, H 9, (1961), CTp. 70.
13
A. HnacTunun, "CToaTB na csoem", HuTepaTypa u musns,
4 anpena 1962 T.
PHABA III
1
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas: yKas. COH.,CTD.56-57.
2
fl. HuKOnaeB, "HO KaKOH npaBne muTB?" Bonpocu nuTepa-
Typu, H 10,(1961), CTp. 99.
3
“V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas, p. 147.
R. Sliwowski, Dawni i nowi: Konflikty sumienia,
(Warszawa: PIW,1967), p.157.
5
J. Holthusen, The Traditionalists: V. Tendryakov.
Twentieth Century Russian Literature, (New York: Frederick
UngersPublishing CO., 1972), p. 240.
3. PyceBa "Smouuonansnuu mup Tepoa", 0KTa6ps, H 11,
(1956), CTp. 174
E. Fromm, Conscience: Moral Principles of Action,
(New gork: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1952), p 180.
9
196 M PVC, "Cyn COBGCTH", HuTepaTypa u_mg§§£, 19 Mag
1 T.
10
P. XnunenKO, "MaCTechBO HCHXOHOPHHGCKOPO ananusa _
B. TennpaKOBa B nOBeCTu "HaxonKa", Ha nue _pynu @pyBBBBOKo-
TO munonorunecnoro maKynsTeTa, H 16, 71970), 0Tp. 98.
179
11
H. gepHHmeBCKHï¬, UonHoe coopawne cquHeHHï¬ p.15 Tomax,
(Mocha: Han. COBeTCKnï¬ nucaTenB, T. III, 1957), CTp. H26.
12
B. TeanHKOB, CBHgaBMe g_He®epIHTM Haxonka, (Mocha:
Man. "COBeTCKHï¬ nucaTenb", 1970), CTp. Huh.
13
MP. Xnmneaxo, TaM me, CTp. 102.
1
3. KapaceB, CTawa g nuTepaType, (TamKeBT: PoanTHB-
naT YBCCP, 1969), oTp. 179.
15
B. TeHBpHKOB, "AnOCTonBCKaH KomasnprBKa", HayKa g
enHTHH, H 8,(1969), oTp. 69.
16
H. KmeeneB, "Tyna n 06paTHO", HBBBCTMH, 27 HmHH
1970 T.
17
E. BaMBTMH, nga: g 60mes, (MmeeH: Meknyaaponnoe
nuTepagypBoe COflpyKeCTBO, 1967), CTp. 188.
1
B. MapKOB, "ABaTOMMB nyXOBHOTo MH®aBTunn3Ma", HnTe—
paTypHaa TaseTa, 3 nexaépï¬ 1969 T.
PHABA IV
1
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas: yKas. coq., CTp. 32.
2
B. CHHeHKO, "Tepoï¬ u KOH®HHKTH B HOBeCTHx B. Teanpa-
KOBa", Yuenme sanuoKu BamKHpCKOPO yHMBepCHTeTa, YQa, (1964),
oTp. 51.
3
p. BopeB, Q Iparwqecxom, (Mocha: Han. "COBeTCKnï¬
nucaweï¬b", 1961), CTp. 307.
A. mHmKHHa, "Ha oonbmnx nOporax u Ba oooqnaax", HeBa,
H 8, (1962), CTp. 163.
5
J. Garrard, "Vladimir Tendryakov", Slavic and East
EurOpean Journal, 9, (1965), p. 51
6
P. mamypsnna, "HpoéneMH xapaKTepa B TBOpquTBe B. Ten-
anKOBa", Bonpocu ®Hnonornn, KapTHBCKwï¬ yHnBepcheT, prHBe,
(1969)? oTp. 35.
B. Baï¬u, Hpoonema HCMXOHOPHSMB §_COBeTCKOfl nuTepaType:
Samerxu g nonxonoruqecxog ananuse 2 COB emeHHoï¬ COBeTCKoï¬
npose, (HeHHHTpan: Han. "HayKa", 1970), oTp. 2 3.
180
8
B. CHHGHKO, "Pepoï¬ H K0H®HHKTH B HOBBCTHX B. TeanB-
KOBa", yqume sanuoKu Bamxupcxoro yHnBepcheTa, Y®a,
(1964), CTp. 64:
9
J. Garrard, "Vladimir Tendryakov? p. 10.
10
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas, p. 135.
11
A. PyTopOB, "OTpamenue HaponHOTo COBHaHMH B TBopquT-
Be B. TBHHDHKOBB", Bonpocu pychoï¬ nuTepaTypa, (1965),
CTp. 49.
12
P. UaMyDBHHa, "COBpeMeHHOCTB B npousBenenuax B. TeH—
ï¬pHKOBa 1958-1962 TonOB", yqenme'sanmcxn HeHHHTpangKoro yHH-
BepcuTa, H 319, (1962), CTp. 61. '
l3
B. TMMO®eeBa, Pepoï¬ Hameï¬ snoxu: Pepoï¬ COBpeMeHHoï¬ nn-
Te aT m, (Mocha: Man. "XynomeCTBeHHaH nuTepaTypa", 1962T:
CTp. 2E.
14
B. TGHHDHKOB, KQpOTKoe BaMHKaHHe, (MQCKBa: Man. "Mono-
nan TBaanB", 1969), CTp. 354.
15
A. PopeHOB, "Tonoc COBeCTH", CH6HQCKMe OPHH, H 8,
(1962%, CTp. 175.
1
H. COHOBbeBa, "HpooneMm nposu", HOBmï¬ MHD, H 7,
(1962), CTp. 248.
17
8B. TennpaKOB, KOpOTKoe sammxaane, CTp. 351.
1
B. BopeB. Q TpaTHBeCKOM, (Mocha: Han. "COBeTCKMï¬ nn-
caTenb", 1961), oTp. 364.
19
B. HHTBHHOB, "TeanHKOB 'CTapmï¬' H TeanHKOB 'HOBmï¬'",
OKTHGQB, H 6, (1961), CTp. 206-297.
20
P maMypsHHa, "COBpeMeHHOCTb B npousBenenuax B. Tea-
anKOBa 1958-1962 TonOB", Yuenme sanuoKu HeBHHTpancxoro ynu-
BepcheTa, (1962), CTp. 63.
l
R. Sliwowski, Dawni i nowi: Szkice g literture ra-
dzieggiej, (Warszawa: 19577, p. 160.
A. TamapquKo, COBeTCKaH nHTe aT a gaggglgggg; flggggg,
COB eMBHHOPO cmmeTa (Mocxsa: PoonanaT xynomeCTBeHHoï¬ nuTepa-
Typm, 1962), CTp. 280.
23
P. BpOBMaH, "XHBHeHHaH nosnuun Tepoa", Bonpocu nuTepa—
Typa, H 7, (1962), CTp. 57.
181
24
B. TSHflpHKOB, CBngaHHe g_He®epTHTH, (Mocha: Han. "Co-
BeTcxnï¬ nucaTenb", 1970), oTp. 177.
25
B. Xupmyacxwï¬, Hpoénemm xxgomeCTBeHme nuTepaTypHgg
CBaseï¬, (HeHHHTpan: Han. HBHHHFpaHCKOFO TocynapCTBeHHOTo yan-
Bepcngera, 1962), CTp. 184.
2
B. CypTaHOB, "TyTMe ysnm", BBaMH, H 2, (1971), CTp. 233.
27
A. HeTpOCHH, "O nOTmaTusme n KDHTHKB", 3HaMH, H 8,
(1958g,CTp.188.
A. HMHOB, Ocmmcneaue COBpeMeHHOCTH: COBpeMeHHHM paccxas,
(HeHHHPpafl: Han. TXyflOMECTBeHHaH nuTepaTypa", 1969), CTp. 238.
29
B. TeBanKOB, Haxo Ka, (Mocha: Han. "COBeTcxnï¬ nuca-
Tenb", 1970), CTD- 1+59-
30
A. COKOHOB, Teopua CTHHH, (Mocha: Han. "chyCCTBo",
1968), CTp.113o
31
J. Garrard, V. Tendryakov, p. 15.
32
B. Haaxos, Tpagngnn B gBHXBHHH: Honcxu H CXGMH,
(Mocha: Han. "COBeTcxnï¬ nucaTenB", 1971), CTp. 19
33
H. PmeBCKMï¬, HphoeBbe TBopquKoro cnOBa, (New York:
New York University Press, 1970), CTp. 22.
3
T. Meray, "Three, Seven, Ace," urvey, H 36, (1961),
p. 119.
35
E. CTapuKOBa, "Hemee ypoxn musnu", 3HaMH, H 6, (1956),
CTp. 183.
36
J. Garrard, Three Novellas, p. XXI.
37
B. CHHGHKO, "Pepoï¬ n KOH®HHKTM B HOBeCTHX B. TeanBKOBa",
CTp. 57.
38
B. BnnbnymHuKOB, "H3 Haonwnennï¬ Han neï¬samaMH B TBOp-
quTBe B. TGHHDHKOBa", Yuenme sanuoKu fleHHHTpancKOTo ne -
MHCTMTyTa, (1968), CTp. 268.
39
B. TeanHKOB, "HeHaCTbe", HOBmï¬ MHp, H 2, (1954),
oTp. 66.
4O
4 V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas, p. 14.
1
B. TeaanKOB, Haxo Ka, (Mocha: Han. "COBeTCKnï¬ nuca-
TGflbzé 1970), oTp. 4
V. Tendryakov, Three Novellas, p. 162.
182
PHABA V
1
B. HHTBMHOB, "TeanHKOB CTapmï¬ H TeanHKOB HOBME ",
OKTflï¬gb, H 6’(1961), CTp. 199.
B. KnmCOB, ï¬g nepenfleï¬ nHHMH: Oqepk TBOpquTBa B. TeH-
ngKOBa, (MMHCK: MHHHCTepCTBO BmcmeTo 06paBOBaHHH BCCP, 1963),
CTp. 27. ‘
3
A. anOBCKMï¬, "CypOBaH npaBna", HnTepaTypHaH TaseTa,
24 Hoaopa 1953 T.
4
B. flyxameBwq, "Peanusm 06pasa", HMTepaTypHaH TaseTa,
22 OKTHGpH 1955 T.
5
B. flynHHueB, "Tonoc staw", HBBeCTHH, 20 anpena
1954 T.
6
B. HnaTOBOB "HOBoe B Hameï¬ KHBHH H nuTepaType",
BBesga, H 5, (1954), CTp. 169.
7
H. KyXOBMuKnï¬, "Cnna mkaueunoï¬ npaBna", Kvpcxuï¬ anBMaHaX,
H 5, £1956), CTp. 275.
B. CypTaHOB, "TyTne ysnu", 3HaMH, H 2,(1971), CTp. 233.
9
E. CTapHKOBa, "Hemee ypoxu musnu", 3HaMH, H 6,(1956),
CTp. 184.
10
P. Mamypswna, UpoéneMm xapaKTepa B TBopquTBe B. TeH-
npaKOBa", Bonpocu anonornn, KMpTHBCKMï¬ yHnBepcheT, @pynse,
(1969i, CTp. 34.
A. Hasnoscxmï¬, "TBOpquTBo B. TeanHKOBa". Bonpocu
COBeTCKoï¬ HHTe aTr m, (MOCKBa-fleHHHTpan: AH CCCP, 1959),
T.8, CTp. 419.
12
A. TaMapquKo, "06 OTï¬omeHHH nuTepaTypa K npaBne",
3BBB%§, H 3,(1957), CTp. 178.
B. HHTBHHOB, "TennpaKOB cwapmï¬ n Tennpakos HOBmï¬ ",
OKTHCEB, H 6,(1961), CTp. 201.
l
B. CHHeHKO, "Pepoï¬ u KOH®HHKTH B nOBeCTHx B. Tennpa-
KOBa", yqenme Banncxu Bamxupcxoro yBMBepcheTa, Y®a, (1964),
CTp. 54.
15
P. HenoceKun, "Tnasamu CTOpOHHeTo Ha6nmnaTenH", Mog-
KOBCKHï¬ Komcomoneu, 17 aBTyCTa 1957 T.
183
16
B. Hopo®eeB, "HyXOBHmï¬ MMD Tepoa", Komcomonbcxas
npasga, 23 OKTHGpH 1954 T.
17
H. Hanana, "MOpanb oTHmaTeneï¬", Mongnaï¬ TBaanH,
H 151§1955)’ CTp. 275.
A. HeTpOCHH, "O nOTmaTHBMe H KpMTHKe", 3HaMH, H 8,
(1955)) CTp. 190.
19
B. TBHHpHKOB, "B BamuTy nonomuTensnoro Tepoa", HOBmï¬
MHp, H 11,(1954), CTp. 209.
20
T. Scriven, "Literature and the Peasant", Problems
oi Communism, 6 (1959), p. 26.
21
A. Gaev, "The Decade Since Stalin". Soviet Literature
19 ï¬he Sixties, (London: Frederick A. Praeger Publisher, 1964),
p. 2.
22
T. Whitney, "An Introduction to Vladimir Tendryakov",
The New Writing in Russia, (Ann Arbor: The University of
Michigan Press, 1964), p. 298.
23
TaM me, CTp. 298.
24
J.Garrard, "Vladimir Tendryakov", Slavic and East Euroge-
an Journal, 9 (1965), p. 17.
25
P. BpOBMaH, "HMBBeHHaH nosnuua Tepoa", Bonpocu nuTepa-
Typm,6H 7,(l960), CTp. 61.
2
E. CTapuKOBa, "HCHOBeHb OGHKHOBBHHOFO ucnOBeKa", Baa-
Mg, H 5,(1960), CTp. 206.
27
H. BHHOTpanos, "8a 6eTymHM nHeM", Bonpocu nuTepaTypa,
H l,(§96l), CTp. 11.
2
TaM me, CTp. 35.
29
4 H. ©0M€HKO, "Ha HOHCTyHaX", Mocha, H 5,(1960), CTp.
20 .
30
H. ConoebeBa, "Hpoonema H nposa: 3aMeTKH o TBOpquTBe
B. TennpaKOBa? HOBmï¬ MHp, H @,(1962), CTp. 235.
31
H. Tomeaxo, "Ha HOBCTynax", CTp. 202.
32
P. BpOBMaH, "HHsHeHHaB nosmunn Tepoa", CTp. 61.
33
B. HaHKOB, "0 HOBaTOpCTBe n CMHCHe musnu", HMTepaTyp-
Baa TaseTa, 3 ®eBpanï¬ 1960 T.
184
34
H. BunOTpanOB, "3a 6eTymHM nHeM", Bonpocu nuTepaTypa,
H l,(1961), CTp. 15.
35
H. HpeMOB "Besoomank nuonep PonsKa", HeBa, H 10,
(1958g, CTp. 214.
3
P. mamypsnna, "COBpeMeHHOCTb B npousBenenuax B. TeH-
HDHKOBa 1958-1962 TonOB", YBeHme Banncxn HeHMHTpancKoro yan-
BepCTHTeTa, H 319,(1962), 0Tp.‘46.
37 .
M. MHXBï¬HOB, "B. TSHHDHKOB", HeTo MOCKOBCKOG 1964 Tona,
(Mmaxga: HoceB, 1967), CTp. 76.
3
A. Humnu, "K HOBHM ycnexaM", HHTepaTypa E_KH3HB,
19 man 1961 T.
39
A. MHmKHHa, "Ha ooanMx HOpOFaX H oéoqusax", HeBa,
H 8,£1962), CTp. 166.
0
B. CMHEHKO, "Pepoï¬ H KOBQHMKTH B nOBeCTHX B. Tennpa—
KOBa", CTp. 0.
41
H. BOpHCOBa, "TaK cnquHOCB..." HMTepaTypHaH TaseTa,
27 aï¬penn 1961 T.
2
B. CypTaHOB, "HenpaBenHmï¬ cyn", HHTepaTypHaH TaseTa,
7 man 1961 T.
43
A. HHHOB, "HccnenOBanue H xapaKTepa", BOHPa, H 7,
196g“, CTp. 169.
P. XnmneBKo, "MacwepCTBo nonxon0THBBCK0To ananusa
B. TennpaKOBa B HOBeCTH "HaxonKa", Hayqume prgm prase -
CKOPO @HHOHOTquCKOTo @axynBTeTa, H 167(1970), CTp. 99.
45
Q. KyBBeuOB, "UHTB nOBeCTeï¬ onsoï¬ KHHPH", HnTe aT —
Baa TaseTa, 24 HmHH 1970 T.
B. MapKOB, "AHaTOMHH nyXOBHOTo HHQaHTunusma", HHTe-
aT Baa TaBeTa, 3 nexaopa 1969 T.
E7
@. HeBMH, "CTpaBaBHH mononOTo BpMH PmnBHHKOBa",
HHTGEETXDHBH POCKHH, 24 umns 1970 T.
H. KmeeneB, "Tyna k 06paTHo", HBBeCTHH, 27 HBHB
1970 T.
BI/IBHI/IOI‘PACIDI/IH
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