fit 9 llllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllJLlHl lllLlllfllfll L. L m a R y 311293 This is to certify that the thesis entitled EFFECT OF BORON, MANGANESE AND FERTILIZERSON YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRITION OF SUGARBEETS (Beta vulgaris L.) presented by RICHARD DAVID VOIH has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Soil Sciences Ph ' D ' degree in V” r‘_\\ L (\vowC/Q : ( bLEAU’wM‘K Major professor Date 12/16/77 0-7639 Michigan State University ‘—€-sw~ev*?mw4-tmwsw—v “3"""‘$"- ‘9‘ - *1- 1...]. ”em-«.9 .,1L’1i|il. \.ll. «1.. . (r. i EFFECT OF BORON, MANGANESE AND FERTILIZERS ON YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRITION OF SUGARBEETS (BETA VULGARIS L.) By Richard David Voth A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Crop and Soil Sciences 1977 ABSTRACT EFFECT OF BORON, MANGANESE AND FERTILIZERS ON YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRITION OF SUGARBEETS (BETA VULGARIS L.) BY Richard David Voth The occurrence of B deficiencies on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) has gone from frequent to nonexistent over the past four decades. The two possible reasons for this are the use of improved varieties, and the increased use of B fertilizers with a subsequent buildup of soil B levels. The boron studies were designed to test the responsiveness of an open pollinated multigerm variety (Sp 633269-0) to the currently used monogerm hybrid variety (US H20), and to test the effect of soil and foliar applied B on the yield, quality and B concentration of sugar~ beets. The two varieties were not found to respond differently to applied B. In the soil applied boron studies, 2-4 kg B/ha was found to produce the highest yields. Plant B concentrations were found to reflect treat- ment. No response was found to foliar applied B. Mn deficiencies occur sporadically on sugarbeets even though Mn fertilizers are commonly used. Environment, fertilizer source and placement and Mn source have all been implicated as affecting Mn avail- ability. The Mn studies were designed to determine the effects of Mn and fertilizer source, Mn and fertilizer band placement, N-Mn inter- actions and foliar applied Mn on the yield, quality and Mn nutrition of sugarbeets. Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies were used. In a soil—fertilizer incubation study, banded fertilizer depressed band pH and increased extractable Mn after three weeks. At a seven week sampling, the level of extractable Mn had decreased markedly even though the pH levels remained depressed. Band pH was significantly correlated with 0'1.§ H3PO4 extractable Mn but not with DTPA extractable Mn. Banded monocalcium phosphate and banded Mn both increased extract- able and plant available Mn in a greenhouse study, however, the greatest availability was produced when the fertilizer and Mn were banded to- gether. Plant available Mn was found to be more highly correlated with 0.1_N_H3PO4 extractable Mn than with DTPA extractable Mn. In field studies, MnEDTA tended to be less available than other sources of Mn. In one study, petiole Mn was higher for an alkaline source of fertilizer than for an acid source. Increasing N decreased Mn uptake in a hydroponics study with constant substrate pH while various Mn levels had no effect on N uptake. The same results were observed in three years of field data. In a fertilizer-Mn placement study, a band placement of 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed was found to be equal to placing the band 7.6 cm directly below the seed. Foliar applied Mn was not reflected in beet yields, quality or petiole Mn concentrations. To Mary ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. Donald Christenson, major professor, for his help, guidance and friendship during all phases of this course of study. Gratitude is also expressed to the members of the guidance committee, Drs. Bernard Knezek, Boyd Ellis, Art Wolcott and Clifford Pollard for their expert contributions. Appreciation is extended to the Farmers and Manufacturers Beet Sugar Association for providing the financial support that made this project possible, and also to Royster Company and Agrico Chemical Company for their support. Thanks is also extended to the individual members of F and M, Monitor Sugar Co. and Mighigan Sugar Co. who cooperated in the research phase of this course of study, and to the farmer-cooperators who donated time and land for many of the research projects. Gratitude is extended to the many people who helped with the field and laboratory work, especially C. Bricker and J. Reisen, for their expert contributions. A special thanks is extended to my wife, Mary, for her support and encouragement during the course of this study. iii Table of Contents List of Tables Key to Abbreviations and Unique Quantities Chapter 1. Introduction References Cited Chapter 2. Responses of Sugarbeets to Applied Boron Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Summary References Cited Chapter 3. Effect of Fertilizer Reaction and Mn Source on Plant Available Mn Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Summary References Cited Chapter 4. Nitrogen-Manganese Relationships in Sugarbeet Nutrition Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Summary References Cited Chapter 5. Effect of Fertilizer and Mn Band Placement and Foliar Applied Mn on Sugarbeets Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Summary References Appendix iv Page vi H ll 13 18 19 22 27 31 45 46 49 52 54 63 64 65 67 69 76 77 78 Table List of Tables Chapter 2 1. 2. Effect of applied boron on sugarbeets. 3. Effect of foliar applied B on sugarbeets, DuRussell farm, 1975. Chapter 3 l. The effect of several fertilizer sources on soil character- Chm-PLAN 10. Simple effects of fertilizer reaction and Mn source on sugar- beets, Abraham farm, 1976. Chapter 4 1. Simple effects on whole sugarbeet plants after two weeks of growth, hydroponics study. 2. Simple effects on sugarbeet tops after four weeks of growth, hydroponics study. 3. Simple effects on sugarbeet roots after four weeks of growth, hydroponics study. 4. Simple effects of carryover N and row N and Mn on sugarbeets, 1974. 5. Simple effects of carryover N and row N and Mn on sugarbeets, 1975. 6. Simple effects of carryover N and row N and Mn on sugarbeets, 1976. Chapter 5 1. Effect of fertilizer and manganese band placement on sugarbeets. 2. Effect of foliar applied Mn on sugarbeets, Bierlein farm, 1975. 3. Effect of foliar applied Mn on sugarbeets, Schmidt farm, 1975. 4. Effect of foliar applied Mn on sugarbeets, DuRussell farm, 1975. 5. Effect of foliar applied Mn on sugarbeets, 1976. Appendix 1. Soil characteristics of research sites. 2. Mean soil boron levels for boron research sites. 3. Treatment effects, greenhouse fertilizer-Mn placement study. 4. Treatment effects, fertilizer-Mn source study, 1975. 5. Treatment effects, fertilizer-Mn source study, Abraham farm, Effect of applied B on sugarbeets, BeanBeet Research Farm. istics, incubation study. Correlation for Mn(extractable)=b +b (pH). Incubation study. Simple effect results in the greenhouse study. P placement and added Mn interactions, greenhouse study. N source and N and P placement interactions, greenhouse study. N source and placement and Mn added interaction, greenhouse study. N and P placement interactions, greenhouse study. Simple correlation matrix, greenhouse study. Simple effects of fertilizer reaction and Mn source on sugar- beets, 1975. 1976. Page 14 15 17 32 33 35 35 36 38 4O 41 42 44 55 56 57 59 60 61 70-71 72 73 74 75 78 79 80-82 83 84 Key to Abbreviations and Unique Quantities Abbreviations AN = Ammonium nitrate AS = Ammonium sulfate DAP = Diammonium phosphate MAP = Monoammonium phosphate MCP = Monocalcium phosphate CJP = Clear juice purity Unique Quantities Amino N = Alpha amino nitrogen, (meq/lOO ml beet juice) 100 CJP = (52 mm polarity x 100)/(RDS x Density) 52 mm polarity = Z sugar in juice by weight RDS x Density = refractometric dry substances (volume) x density total dry solids (weight) Recoverable sugar/t = [(19.6 x Z sugar) - 14)] [2.5 - 150 ](O.5) Recoverable sugar/ha = (yield, t/ha)(recoverable sugar/t) vi Chapter 1 Introduction The inclusion of B and Mn in sugarbeet fertilizers has been recom- mended in Michigan for approximately four decades. These two micro- nutrients have become an integral part of the fertilizer programs of most Michigan sugarbeet farmers and thus the subject of this disser— tation is in the area of B and Mn fertilization of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.). The current recommendations for B are not based on routine soil testing, rather on a blanket recommendation for all sugarbeet production where soil pH levels are above 6.8. Michigan State University recommends 2.2 to 3.3 kg B/ha while Michigan Sugar Company recommends a fertilizer containing 0.25 percent B (Warncke, Christenson, and Lucas, 1976 and Michigan Sugar Company, 1976). Under such a program the recommendations need to be periodically evaluated to determine their accuracy. Thus, the objective of the research on B was to determine the influence of soil and foliar applied B on yield, quality and B content of sugarbeet plants. Recommendations for Mn are based on soil test levels and applica- tions of Mn can be tailored for a particular field's requirement. However, there are numerous factors other than the amount of extractable Mn present that can influence the availability of Mn to plants. These factors can be instrumental in determining whether adequate Mn is avail- able for optimum plant growth, even if Mn has been applied. It has been observed that fertilizer placement can have an influence on the early Mn status of sugarbeets and that fertilizer source can influence the Mn content of sugarbeets. Environmental factors also influence Mn availability. The research on Mn falls into three categories, with the following objectives: 1) to determine the effect of fertilizer and Mn source on the yield, quality and composition of sugarbeets and on the pH and extractable Mn of the soil closely associated with the fertilizer band; 2) to determine the effect of carryover and applied N and Mn on yield, quality and composition of sugarbeets as well as the direct influence of N on the availability of Mn; and 3) to determine the effect of fertilizer and Mn soil placement, and foliar applied Mn on the yield, quality and composition of sugarbeets. Field, greenhouse and laboratory studies were included in the research on Mn. References Cited Michigan Sugar Company. 1976. Sugarbeet Growers' Guide. Caro, Mich. Warncke, D. D., D. R. Christenson, and R. E. Lucas. 1976. Fertilizer recommendations for vegetables and field crops. Mich. Coop. Ext. Chapter 2 Responses of Sugarbeets to Applied Boron Boron was found to stimulate plant growth as early as 1910, but it was not proven to be an essential element until 1923 (Hewitt and Smith, 1974). Kotila and Coons (1935) reported that in 1931 Brandenburg of Germany was the first researcher to demonstrate that the disease of sugarbeets commonly known as heart rot was a B deficiency symptom. Since that time, the symptoms of B deficiency on sugarbeets have been well documented (Ulrich and Hills, 1969 and Cook, 1940). Boron deficiencies on sugarbeets in Michigan were first observed by Kotila in 1932. At that time, symptoms were found to be "here and there" in fields in a rather large area in Michigan and "occasionally" in Ohio (Kotila and Coons, 1935). The discovery of B deficiencies led to attempts to characterize problem soils. Kotila and Coons (1935) observed that in Michigan and Ohio, B deficiencies were most prevalent on sandy or gravelly loam soils underlain by a porous subsoil. These observations were supported by Cook (1937) who also reported that wherever deficiencies occurred on rolling or hilly fields, it always occurred in soils near or at the top of the hills or ridges. Later research showed that B availability was related to soil pH and Ca content as well as texture. Cook and Millar (1939) did an exten- sive study in Michigan to determine the soil factors that effect B availability by analyzing soil samples from deficient and nondeficient beet fields. They observed that heart rot was more severe where a sandy layer was near the soil surface or a thick sand layer occurred in the soil profile. Heart rot was also found to be more prevalent on alkaline than on acid soils; however the greatest correlation was found between exchangeable Ca and B deficiencies. Deficient areas were found to have greater exchangeable Ca than nondeficient areas, regardless of the pH of the soil. Wear and Patterson (1962) found that as the pH of the soil decreases, each unit change in the water soluble B of the soil causes a greater change in the plant B concentration. They also found that a greater change in plant B concentration per unit change in water soluble B was obtained for coarser than for finer textured soils. The former authors found no correlation between heart rot and readily soluble soil B while the latter authors concluded that the water soluble B content of soil is a good indicator of available B only if soils of similar texture and pH are compared. Liming of acid soils has a significant influence on plant available B (Naftel, 1937a, 1937b). Studies on Coastal Plains soils show that over-liming could occur and that at pH values greater than 6.8 injury occurred to the plants. The causative agent was found to be B deficiency and that the injury could be corrected with B additions. The water soluble B content of the soil decreased directly with the amount of lime added. Similar results have been found by others. Jones and Scarseth (1944) report that when a soil is limed, B uptake increased less with each increment of added borax than at the lower pH values. Gupta (1972) found lime to reduce B availability to barley. Deficiencies were increas- ed with lime while toxic levels of B were reduced with additions of lime. Cook and Millar (1939) tested the relationship between lime and B by applying borax to soybeans, a sensitive crop, and observing toxicity symptoms. It was found that CaCO3 applied to the soil reduced the toxicity symptoms, but that Na2C03 used in place of CaCO did not have 3 the same affect, even though the pH was increased. From this study, they concluded that B fixation is not entirely a matter of pH. In another study, they compared carbonates and sulfates of Ca, Mg, and Na. Magnesium carbonate had the same influence as CaCO but toxicity symptoms 3, were more severe than the B only treatment when NaZCO3 was used. Sodium sulfate had no effect and Ca and Mg sulfates were partially effective in controlling toxicity. The authors suggest that the fixation of B is purely chemical since Ca and Mg borates are less soluble than Na borates. They also concluded that pH does have some effect on B availability since the sulfates were less effective than carbonates. Fox (1968) came to the same conclusion using sand culture techniques. He found that an increase in pH and Ca concentration lowered B absorption in cotton more than did an increase in either factor alone. Using the same technique, Chandler (1944) reported that B deficiency symptoms of broccoli were more common and more severe in solutions with high Ca, but that 3 levels of N, K and Mg had no effect. Colewell and Cummings (1944) report that low soil moisture, high pH, and a high concentration of cations, particularly Ca, all tend to accentuate B deficiencies in plants and also tend to favor the formation of condensed borates. They suggest that the slow dissolution rate of Ca metaborate is responsible for reduced B adsorption by plants whenever a soil medium undergoes pronounced fluctuations in moisture. The acid radical of Ca metaborate is reported to be an endless chain of B03 groups, whereas the acid radical of Na and K metaborate is smaller and of discrete size, thus more B is tied up by Ca than by Na and K. At low levels of hot water soluble B, the degree of brown-heart in rutabagas was found to be more severe at high soil pH than at low soil pH, while at high B levels pH had no effect (Gupta and Cutcliffe, 1972). It was concluded that a higher level of hot water soluble B was necessary with increasing pH levels of the soil to give equal plant uptake. Berger and Truog (1945) observed that organic matter influences B availability more than pH. They found that available B increased as the pH increased from 4.7 to 6.7 and decreased from pH 7.1 to 8.1, and that organic matter content and available B were positively correlated at pH values less than 7.0, but were not correlated above 7.0. They concluded that pH and available B are correlated at pH values less than 7.0 because the organic matter content decreases with increasing acidity and that in alkaline soils, organic matter fails to keep B in an available form as pH increases. In a greenhouse study on Norfolk sand, Drake, Sieling and Scarseth (1941) found that B deficient and normal plants had the same B con- centration but that the B starved plants had higher levels of Ca. They also observed that where a high concentration of sulfate ion was present, the Ca adsorption by the plant was lower and resulted in a healthier plant. When soil pH levels were varied from 4.1 to 11.5 with Ca(OH)2, all added B as H 303 was recovered by the Truog and Berger method. They 3 concluded that H3BO3 did not form insoluble complexes with Ca(OH)2 in solution. They also concluded that B is not fixed by soil humus or by the clay fraction and is not rendered insoluble by the Ca in the soil. Rajaratnam (1972) found B adsorption to be positively correlated with pH and soil A1 content. Adsorption was increased by the removal of organic matter and by liming. Using samples from AP’ B2 and B3 horizons of podzolic soils, Catani, Alcorde and Kroll (1971) found that sorption of B increased with increasing B content in an equilibrium solution at constant pH, and with increasing pH at constant B concentration. On an amorphous soil, a maximum in adsorption was found at pH values of 8 to 9 by Bingham, et al. (1971). Under pH 5, adsorption decreased while little change occurred between pH 5-7. Ortho boric acid predominates in the pH range 5 to 7 with a buildup of H3B04- from pH 7 to 9; however the authors feel that part of the increased adsorption could be due to increased adsorption sites under alkaline conditions. Boron adsorption was highly correlated with Al but not with Fe O or $10 . On hydro- 203’ 2 3 2 morphic soils, Oliver, et al. (1974) found that raising the soil pH aided in the fixation of applied B and sometimes caused B already present in the soil to become available. Biggar and Fireman (1960) conclude that B probably forms surface compounds with soluble Al, Si, and Fe and that an exchange of borate ions for hydroxyl ions on the soil surface results in the fixation of B to the Al, Si and Fe of the crystal lattice. Working on the adsorption mechanism for B in layer silicates, Sims and Bingham (1967, 1968a, 1968b) concluded that B is adsorbed in soils by hydroxy Fe and Al compounds. They established that hydroxy Fe and A1 materials have a marked, though pH dependent, affinity for B by precipi- tating Fe and Al from solution in the presence of B. They also found that B retention in nine soils at pH 6 was mainly a response to their free Fe and Al oxide contents. For a more complete discussion in this area, Hodgson (1963) and Ellis and Knezek (1972) should be consulted. Certain plants have been found to tolerate much lower levels of plant available B than others. Differences between genotypes and varieties have also been observed. Harris and Gilma (1957) reported that B is more beneficial for one variety of peanuts than another. Cotton was found to have a lowered B adsorption with a combined increase in the pH value and Ca concentration of the soil but no effect was observed on alfalfa (Fox, 1968). The variance in absorption was report- ed to be a difference in the physiological response of the two species to high pH and high Ca concentrations. Oertli and Roth (1969) found that B sensitivity is in the order of soybeans greater than cotton greater than sugarbeets. On identical treatments, the B content in the tops was highest for soybeans and lowest for sugarbeets. Response to B was found to be the result of B uptake rather than of different tissue sensitivities. The site of the differential uptake has been found to be in the root. Haas (1945), using grafting experiments with citrus trees, showed that the rootstock regulated the boron content of the leaves regardless of whether they were a part of the budded scion or a part of the original seedling. Similarly, Brown and Ambler (1973) found the controlling mechanism of B uptake in tomatoes to be in the root. An efficient and inefficient cultivar, with respect to B uptake, were found to have the same B requirement in the tops for optimum growth. Further- more, Oertli and Kohl (1961) found that the minimum B concentration in the tissue that caused toxicity symptoms was of the same order of 10 magnitude for 29 species tested, regardless of their ability to accumu- late B. Early recommendation of B on sugarbeets in Michigan were for 7 to 10 pounds of borax per acre (Cook, 1948). Recommendations later called for 0.25 percent B in sugarbeet fertilizers (Cook, et al., 1957). These recommendations have largely remained unchanged. Currently, Michigan Sugar Company recommends 0.25 percent B in the fertilizer while Michigan State University recommendations call for 2.2 to 3.3 kg B/ha (Michigan Sugar Company, 1976, and Warncke, Christenson, and Lucas, 1976). Since these recommendations are based on past research and not on routine soil tests, they need to be periodically reevaluated to determine their accuracy. The objectives of these studies were to evaluate the effect of soil and foliar applied B on yield, quality and B concentra- tion of sugarbeets and the effect of applied B on two varieties of sugarbeets. 11 Materials and Methods A study to evaluate the response of two sugarbeet varieties to applied B was conducted at the Saginaw Valley Bean and Sugarbeet Research Farm in 1973 and 1974. The study was a split plot design with main plots of 0 or 3.36 kg B/ha as sodium pentaborate and subplots of either variety US H20 or SP 633269-0 (269). Applied N, P205 and Mn was 22.4, 224 and 8.9 kg/ha, respectively. The fertilizer along with the B was applied with belt applicators in a band at planting. From 1974 throughxl976, several studies were conducted throughout the sugarbeet growing areas and consisted of B treatments of 0, 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 kg/ha. The treatments were all applied as liquid Solubor (NazB4O7°5H20 + Na2B10016°10H20) injected into the fertilizer band at planting. All plots received 530 kg of 8-32-16 + 2% Mn per ha. In 1975 a foliar B study was conducted at the Ben DuRussell farm. The basic fertilizer was 8-32-16 + 2% Mn at 530 kg/ha. Boron was applied with a hand carried applicator as liquid Solubor. Treatments consisted of B rates of 0, 0.112, 0.224 and 0.448 kg/ha. Times of application were June 13, September 8 or both dates. The characteristics of the soils and soil B levels for all of the B studies are given in Appendix Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The fertilizer band placement was 5 cm below and 5 cm to the side of the seed. A row spacing of 71 cm was used in all studies. At approximately 12 weeks of growth, plant tissue samples were collected for B analysis. Petiole samples were taken in 1973 through 1975 and leaf blade samples were taken in 1976. The samples were collect— ed in plastic bags, dried at 60°C in a forced air oven and ground in a 12 Wiley mill. The 1973 through 1975 samples were dry ashed for four hours at 500°C and the ash taken up in lN_HCl. The HCl solution was filtered and stored in plastic bottles for analysis. All 1976 plant samples were analyzed by emission spectroscopy at International Minerals and Chemicals, Libertyville, Illinois. Soil samples were taken from the plow layer shortly after planting. Boron was extracted from the soil by the hot water method of Jackson (1958). A modified carmine method was used for B analysis (Hatcher and Wilcox, 1950 and Technicon Auto Analyser II, 1973). The color reagent consisted of 0.5 g of carmine dissolved in 2 l of concentrated H2804. The reagent was maintained near 0°C to minimize the heat of reaction when the reagent and sample were mixed and to slow degradation during storage. For color development, 1 m1 of sample was pipetted into a plastic beaker and 10 ml of color reagent slowly added. With the hot water extract, one drop of concentrated HCl was added to the 1 m1 of sample before the color reagent was added. The color was allowed to develop for at least 45 minutes before readings were made on a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer at 585 nm. Because of the low B concentration in the samples from the soil extracts, a Beckman DB-G grating spectrophotometer with 4 x 1 x 4 cm matched rectangular cuvettes was used to determine B concentration. The readings were compared to standards ranging from 0 to 10 ppm. 13 Results and Discussion The B study at the Saginaw Valley Bean and Beet Research Farm in 1973 and 1974 was designed to evaluate the response of two sugarbeet varieties to applied B. The first variety (US H20) is a monogerm hybrid that is currently used in Michigan. The second is an open polli- nated multigerm variety (SP 633269-0 or "269") that was used in Michigan before monogerm hybrids came into use. The lack of a significant response to added B at the Bean and Beet farm shows that no deficiency occurred for either variety, thus no conclusions can be drawn about the responsiveness of the two varieties to added B (Table 1). However, the results would suggest that the two varieties do not differ in their abilities to accumulate B since the plant B levels of the two varieties did not significantly differ. These observations are in agreement with Christenson (1973) who, by using sand cultures in the greenhouse, found the two varieties to respond the same to applied B. However, in a greenhouse study using soil, he did observe that variety 269 developed B deficiency symptoms with no applied B on a low B soil, whereas, no symptoms developed on variety US H20. Both years variety US H20 produced a significantly higher yield of beets and sugar per hectare than variety 269. It also had a significantly higher recoverable sugar per ton and clear juice purity in 1974 and for the combined data for both years. The sugar percentage in the beets was the same for both varieties (Table 1). Data for all off—station B studies are given in Table 2. These studies were designed to test the influence of soil applied B on yield, quality and plant B concentration of sugarbeets at several locations in 1974 through 1976. 14 Table 1. Effect of applied B on sugarbeets, Bean-Beet Research Farm. Applied Petiole Variety B Yield Sugar CJP Recoverable Sugar B kg/ha t/ha % kg/t kg/ha ppm 1973 US H20 0 54.0 19.0 95.3 164 8835 26.8 3.36 56.7 19.4 95.9 169 9547 26.8 269 0 36.3 19.1 93.7 160 5784 28.8 3.36 37.6 18.8 94.7 159 5964 31.3 LSD (0.05): ns ns ns ns ns ns LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Boron Level 0 45.2 19.0 94. 162 7309 27.8 3.36 47.0 19.1 95.0 164 7756 29.0 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Variety US H20 55.3 19.1 95.6 166 9191 26.8 269 37.0 19.0 93.6 159 5873 30.0 LSD (0.05) 3.6 ns 0.6 5 599 2.4 1974 US H20 0 37.2 18.4 95.6 160 5929 37.0 3.36 40.1 18.2 95.5 158 6335 35.7 269 0 30.7 18.0 95.0 154 4720 35.3 3.36 31.4 18.3 95.0 157 4920 36.7 LSD (0.05): ns ns ns ns ns ns LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Boron Level 0 33.8 18.2 95.3 157 5324 36.2 3.36 35.7 18.3 95.3 157 5627 36.2 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Variety US H20 38.8 18.3 95.6 159 6132 36.3 269 30.9 18.2 95.0 156 4819 36.0 LSD (0.05) 1.8 ns ns ns 450 ns Combined Analysis US H20 0 45.9 18.7 95.5 162 7461 32.0 3.36 49.0 18.8 95.7 163 8025 30.8 269 0 33.9 18.5 94.3 157 5312 31.5 3.36 33.0 18.6 94.6 158 5365 33.8 LSD (0.05): ns ns ns ns ns ns LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Boron Level 0 39.3 18.6 94.9 159 6387 31.8 3.36 41.5 18.7 95.1 160 6695 32.3 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns Variety US H20 47.4 18.7 95.6 162 7743 31.4 269 33.9 18.6 94.5 157 5339 32.7 LSD (0.05) 2.3 ns 0.5 2 465 ns a b For the comparison of two B rates within a variety. For the comparison of any two means. 15 For the comparison of B rates within a location. For the comparison of any two means. Table 2. Effect of applied B on sugarbeets. Location Applied (year) B Yield Sugar CJP Recoverable Sugar kg/ha t/ha Z kg/t kg/ha ppm Abraham (74) 0 47.2 17.4 94.7 147.6 6965 26.5 2.24 52.8 17.4 94.3 147.2 7780 29.5 4.48 53.4 17.3 94.5 146.2 7822 30.3 6.72 50.1 17.5 94.6 148.8 7450 31.3 Schmidt (75) 0 52.1 17.6 97.0 156.4 8141 34.0 2.24 53.3 17.5 96.4 153.8 8808 34.5 4.48 56.9 17.7 96.8 156.4 8893 37.5 6.72 56.3 17.3 96.9 156.8 8839 36.3 DuRussell (75)0 58.0 14.9 96.4 129.4 7511 36.5 2.24 63.9 14.5 96.2 125.6 8045 36.0 4.48 62.7 14.6 96.2 126.3 7936 35.3 6.72 58.5 14.1 95.9 121.1 7101 37.5 Abraham (76) 0 47.9 19.9 96.4 175.8 8415 46.3 2.24 50.9 19.9 96.1 174.8 8905 53.3 4.48 46.2 19.5 95.9 169.9 7845 54.3 6.72 47.6 19.8 96.2 173.4 8273 60.8 Hecht (76) 0 34.0 17.4 96.8 153.8 5239 56.8 2.24 35.1 17.4 97.0 154.9 5426 56.8 4.48 31.9 17.5 96.8 154.5 4934 72.5 6.72 33.3 17.4 96.9 153.8 5129 94.8 LSD (0.05): ns ns ns ns ns 25.4 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Boron Rate Simple Effects 0 47.8 17.5 96.3 152.6 7254 2.24 52.0 17.4 96.0 151.3 7793 4.48 50.2 17.3 96.1 150.3 7486 6.72 49.2 17.3 96.1 150.8 7360 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns Location Abraham (74) 50.9 17.4 94.5 147.0 7507 Schmidt (75) 55.6 17.7 96.8 155.9 8670 DuRussell (75) 60.8 14.5 96.2 125.6 7648 Abraham (76) 48.1 19.8 96.2 173.5 8359 Hecht (76) 33.6 17.5 96.9 154.3 5182 LSD (0.05) 2.8 0.5 0.5 9.7 392 : Petioles in 1974 and 1975, leaf blades in 1976. 16 No significant differences were produced due to added B, however, there was a strong trend for differences in yield of beets (P = 0.053). At all locations the highest yield of beets and recoverable sugar was with 2.24 or 4.48 kg of added B/ha. The results suggest that there was an increase in yield with applied B but that 6.72 kg/ha was an excessive rate. The plant B concentration tended to increase at all locations with applied B, especially in 1976. In 1976, leaf samples were taken as opposed to petiole samples the previous two years which could account for differences in response. Since different parts of the plant were sampled, combined statistical analysis were not possible for plant B content. Significant differences occur for all parameters from location to location. This reflects differences in other properties and probably is not related to the B status of the soils. The results of this study suggest that the current MSU recommended rate of 2.24 to 3.36 kg B/ha is optimum for sugarbeet production in Michigan. In 1975, a foliar B study was conducted at the DuRussell farm and was designed to test B rate and application date effects on beet yield, quality and plant B content. All parameters were unaffected by foliar applied B (Table 3). l7 Table 3. Effect of foliar applied B on sugarbeets, DuRussell farm, 1975. Application Boron per Recoverable Petiolea Dates application Yield Sugar CJP Sugar B kg/ha t/ha Z kg/t kg/ha ppm 0 61.3 14.8 96.4 128.7 7046 31.0 June 13 0.112 55.9 15.3 96.5 133.7 7500 June 13 0.244 57.3 15.0 96.4 125.9 7239 32.5 June 13 0.448 58.4 14.6 96.6 126.9 7404 32.0 Sept. 8 0.224 56.9 14.8 96.5 128.6 7316 Sept. 8 0.448 59.9 14.7 96.9 129.4 7765 June 13-Sept. 8 0.112 55.2 14.4 96.0 124.4 7352 June l3-Sept. 8 0.224 55.8 14.3 96.3 123.8 6902 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns ns a Samples were taken after the first application only. 18 Summary The results of the studies at the Saginaw Valley Bean and Beet farm did not show that an Open pollinated multigerm variety of beet (Sp 633269-0) responded differently to applied B than the currently used hybrid variety (US H20). Variety US H20 was found to produce a much higher yield than Sp 633269-0. The off-station research shows that beets tend to respond to added B in the 2-4 kg/ha range but that rates higher than 6 kg/ha have a tendency to reduce yields. No response was found to foliar applied B in one study. 19 References Cited Berger, K. C., and E. Truog. 1945. Boron availability in relation to soil reaction and organic matter content. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 10:113-116. Biggar, J. W., and M. Fireman. 1960. Boron adsorption and release by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24:115-120. Bingham, F. T., A. L. Page, N. T. Coleman and K. Flach. 1971. Boron adsorption characteristics of selected amorphous soils from Mexico. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:546-550. Brown, J. C., and J. E. Ambler. 1973. Genetic control of uptake and a role of boron in tomato. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 37:63-66. Catani, R. A., J. C. Alcorde and F. M. Kroll. 1971. Boron adsorption by soils. Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". 36:322. Chandler, F. D. 1944. Nutrition of brassica and potatoes. Soil Sci. Christenson, D. R. 1973. The importance of manganese and boron in sugarbeet production. Proc. Seventeenth Regional Meeting, Amer. Soc. Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern U. S. and Eastern Canada. E. Lansing, Mi. p. 28-35. Colwell, W. E. and R. W. Cummings. 1944. Chemical and biological studies on aqueous solutions of boric acid and of calcium, sodium and potasium metaborates. Soil Sci. 57:37-49. Cook, R. L. 1937. Boron deficiency in Michigan soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 2:375—382. Cook, R. L. 1940. Borax as a control for heart rot of sugarbeets. Better Crops With Plant Food. 24:12-16. Cook, R. L. 1948. Symptoms of nutritional disorders in sugarbeets. Proc. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech. 5:316-328. Cook, R. L., J. F. Davis, M. G. Frakes, Grant E. Nichol and Perc A. Reeve. 1957. Fertilizers for sugarbeets. Quarterly Bull. Mich. Ag. Exp. Sta. 39:524—535. Cook, R. L., and C. E. Millar. 1939. Some soil factors affecting boron availability. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 4:297—301. Drake, M., D. H. Sieling, and G. D. Scarseth. 1941. Calcium-boron ratio as an important factor in controlling the boron starvation of plants. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 33:454-462. 20 Ellis, Boyd and Bernard D. Knezek. 1972. Adsorption reactions of micronutrients in soils. p. 59-114. 'lp J. J. Mbrtvedt, P. M. Giordano and W. L. Lindsay (ed.) Micronutrients in agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Inc. Madison, Wisc. Fox, R. H. 1968. The effect of calcium and pH on boron uptake from high concentrations of boron by cotton and alfalfa. Soil Sci. 106:435-439. Gupta, U. C. 1972. Interactive effects of boron and lime on barley. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 36:332-334. Gupta, U. C., and J. A. Calcliffe. 1972. Effects of lime and boron on brown-heart, leaf tissue calcium/boron ratios, and boron concen- trations of rutabaga. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 36:936-939. Haas, A. R. C. 1945. Boron content of citrus trees grown on various rootstocks. Soil Sci. 59:465-479. Harris, Henry, C., and R. L. Gilman. 1957. Effect of boron on peanuts. Soil Sci. 84:233-242. Hatcher, John T., and L. V. Wilcox. 1950. Colorimetric determination of boron using carmine. Anal. Chem. 22:567-569. Hewitt, E. J., and T. A. Smith. 1974. Plant Mineral Nutrition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Hodgson, T. F. 1963. Chemistry of the micronutrient elements in soils. '12 A. G. Norman (ed.) Advances in Agron. 15:119-159. Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Jones, H. E., and G. D. Scarseth. 1944. The calcium-boron balance in plants as related to boron needs. Soil Sci. 57:15-24. Kotila, J. E., and G. H. Coons. 1935. Boron deficiency disease of beets. Facts About Sugar. 30:373-376. Michigan Sugar Company. 1976. Sugarbeet growers' guide. Caro, Mi. Naftel, James A. 1937a. Soil liming investigations: V. The relation of boron deficiency to over liming injury. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 29:761-771. Naftel, J. A. 1937b. The influence of excessive liming on boron deficiency in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 2:383-384. Oertli, J. J., and H. C. Kohl. 1961. Some considerations about the tolerance of various plant species to excessive supplies of boron. Soil Sci. 92:243-247. 21 Oertli, J. J., and J. A. Roth. 1969. Boron nutrition of sugarbeet, cotton and soybean. Agron. J. 61:191-195. Oliver, R., M. Damour, J. Velley and J. B. Razafindramonjy. 1974. Study of pH-boron deficiency relationships on three hydromorphic soils of the high plateaux in Madagascar. Agronomie Tropicale. 29:28-42. Abstracted in Soils and Fertilizers. 37:330. Rajaratnam, J. A. 1972. Boron adsorption by some Malagsion soils. Malaysian Agricultural Research. 1:98—102. Sims, J. R., and F. T. Bingham. 1967. Retention of boron by layer silicates, sesquioxides, and soil materials. 1. Layer silicates. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 31:728-732. Sims, J. R., and F. T. Bingham. 1968a. Retention of boron by layer silicates, sesquioxides, and soil materials: II. Sesquioxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:364-469. Sims, J. R., and F. T. Bingham. 1968b. Retention of boron by layer silicates, sesquioxides and soil materials: III. Iron and aluminum coated layer silicates and soil materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:269-373. Technicon Auto Analyzer II. 1973. Boron in water and wastewater. Industrial method No. 202-72w/. Technicon Industrial Systems. Tarrytown, N. Y. Ulrich, Albert, and F. Jackson Hills. 1969. Sugar beet nutrient deficiency symptoms. A color atlas and chemical guide. Div. of Ag. Sci. U. of California, Davis and Berkley. Warncke, D. D., D. R. Christenson, and R. E. Lucas. 1976. Fertilizer recommendations for vegetables and field crops. Mich. Coop. Ext. Ser. Bull. E550. Wear, J. 1., and R. M. Patterson. 1962. Effect of soil pH and texture on the availability of water-soluble boron in the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:344-345. Chapter 3 Effect of Fertilizer Reaction and Mn Source on Plant Available Mn Soil pH can significantly influence plant available Mn and con- siderable literature has been published in this area. Reduced avail- ability after liming is adequately documented, however, the specific concern in Michigan sugarbeet production is insufficient Mn availability related to high pH soils. The effects of an acidic fertilizer band has shown promise in liberating unavailable Mn to an available form and warrants specific consideration in Michigan (Murphy and Walsh, 1972). The Mn solubility - pH relationship is produced by the effect of H ions on MnO2 according to the following equation: 2+ Mn02(s)+2H+: Mn +1/20 +HO. 2 2 Manganic oxide is the most stable oxide of Mn in the soil and its solu- bility can greatly influence plant available Mn2+. It is apparent from the above equation that increasing acidity drives the equilibrium to the right and increases Mn2+ concentration. Manganese (II) in solution increases 100 fold for each unit decrease in pH and helps explain why Mn can be toxic in acid soils and deficient in neutral and alkaline soils (Lindsay, 1972). With respect to Mn, liming is generally used to reduce toxicity. White, Doll and Melton (1970) found that liming an acid soil to pH 6.5 or above, reduced Mn toxicity symptoms on potatoes. Similar results were reported by Parker et a1. (1969) in a greenhouse study. They also found that Mn toxicity only occurred in the field when commerical ferti- lizer was applied and that the toxicity was less severe when lime was 22 23 added. Follett and Lindsay (1971) found Mn fertilizers to remain avail- able in highly acid soils but became unavailable under neutral and alkaline conditions as measured by DTPA extractions. Sanchez and Kamprath (1959) reported that the addition of lime resulted in a smaller increase in the exchangeable Mn content following the addition of Mn than when no lime was added. Associated cations have also been found to influence Mn availability. Parker et a1. (1969) reported that associated salts, as well as the pH of applied fertilizer, was correlated with Mn availability. Exchange- able Ca and Mg, along with exchangeable and easily reducible Mn and pH, were found to correlate with plant leaf Mn by Rich (1956). Salcedo (1976) found pH and the (Ca + Mg)/K ratio were correlated with available Mn as measured by several extracting agents. Mehlich (1957) researched the area of associated cation effects on Mn solubility. He found that when saturated Ca(0H)2 was added to 0.13 MnSO4, Mn was precipitated above pH 8.5. When normal concentrations of FeSO FeCl CuSO or ZnSO were included in the 4’3’ 4’ 3’ 4 4 MnSO4 solution, Mn precipitation occurred at pH levels 8.5, 5.8, 6.8, H2S04, A12(SO 5.8, 7.8, and 7.8 respectively. A comparison of Al/Mn ratios showed that Mn in solution decreased with an increasing ratio at pH levels between 6 and 8.5. Also, H+, Al3+ and Fe3+ saturated soils were compared with respect to (NH SO4 extractable Mn. Liming of the H-soil to pH 6, 4’2 7 and 8 resulted in a slight reduction in the exchangeable Mn level at pH 7 and 8, while in the case of the Al3+ and Fe3+ soils, a very substan- tial suppression of the exchangeable Mn level was found. The author concluded that the precipitation of Mn at lower pH levels in the presence of Al and Fe oxide hydrates is due to an effective supply of OH ions at pH values as low as 5.8. 24 Much work has been done on the effects of banded fertilizers on Mn availability. On an unlimed acid soil, White et al. (1970) found that plant Mn concentration was unaffected by an acidic fertilizer band. However, increased Mn uptake by plants is generally found when an acidic fertilizer is banded in a soil with a pH near neutrality or above. Mortvedt and Giordano (1970) found that banding ortho and poly- phosphate in a soil with pH 6.8 eliminated Mn deficiencies and improved Mn uptake. Similar results were obtained by Randall, Schulte and Corey (1975) using mono— and diammonium phosphate in greenhouse and field studies. Kroetz et al. (1977) report that the plant Mn level can be increased by applying a fertilizer high in P and that the inclusion of Mn in the row fertilizer did not increase yields over row fertilizer alone. The added Mn did increase plant Mn concentration. Elemental S has also been used as an acidifying agent to increase Mn availability. Tisdale and Bertramson (1950) reported that applied S increased the Mn content of plants more than applied MnSO while Ludwick, 4 Sharpee, and Attoe (1968) found that Mn sources fused with S produced higher levels of plant available Mn than the Mn sources alone. It is suggested by the latter authors that S granules could increase Mn avail- ability for several months, or even years. Carey and Barber (1952) found that added S increased yields in proportion to changes in pH but that the Mn content of the plants showed an additional increase over that due to pH. They suggest that the oxidation of S by S bacteria causes an accompanying reduction of manganic Mn and a subsequent increase in availability. Sulfate ions had no effect on the Mn concentration of the plants. 25 Another area of Mn fertilization that has received considerable attention has been the effectiveness of various Mn carriers. Manganese sulfate is the most common carrier and is usually used as the standard by which others are judged (Murphy and Walsh, 1972). Considerable work on Mn carriers has been done in Michigan on a Houghton muck soil. Shepard, Lawton and Davis (1960) found Mn carriers of sulfate, oxide, frit, EDTA and sulfate-carbonate to all be effective in increasing yield when the soil was limed to induce Mn deficiency. In another study, Knezek and Davis (1971) found MnSO to be superior to MnO 4 in increasing plant growth, Mn concentration, Mn uptake and yield. In a greenhouse study, Rumpel et a1. (1967) found MnSO4 and MnO to both be effective, however, the sulfate form tended to be superior to oxide. The same general results were observed in the field, however, MnEDTA was not found to influence yields when banded with an acid fertilizer but was found to significantly reduce yields when banded with a moderately acid or neutral fertilizer. The yield reduction was related to a lowered Mn uptake. It was later reported that the ineffectiveness of MnEDTA was due to a rapid substitution of Fe for Mn on the chelate molecule which greatly increased Fe availability while Mn was complexed by soil organic matter (Knezek and Greinert, 1971). On a mineral soil, Kroetz et al. (1977) found 0.58 kg Mn/ha as EDTA to be less effective than 8.96 kg Mn/ha as sulfate in increasing Mn content of soybean plants. M'nCO3 was reported to be superior to MnO2 in increasing plant available Mn when fused with S (Ludwick et al., 1968). For soil applied Mn, MnSO4 is generally considered the most effec- tive, followed by MnO, MnCO frits and MnO . MnEDTA has not generally 3’ 2 been found to be an effective Mn carrier. Murphy and Walsh (1972) should be consulted for a more complete discussion of Mn carriers. 26 This paper reports on the influence of fertilizer and Mn sources on plant available Mn. Field, greenhouse and laboratory research is included. The objective of the field research was to test the influence of fertilizer acidity and Mn source on yield, quality and Mn concentra- tion of sugarbeets at several locations. The objective of the green- house study was to determine the influence of N source, N placement, P placement and added Mn on dry matter production and elemental concentra- tion and uptake of sugarbeets and on the extractable Mn level of the soil. The influence of specific fertilizer sources on the pH and extract- able Mn content of the soil with time was tested in a laboratory incuba- tion study. 27 Materials and Methods Incubation study A soil-fertilizer incubation study was conducted to test the influ- ence of fertilizer source on pH and extractable Mn of soil. The soil was from the Cliff Stockmeyer farm and had a history of Mn deficiency (Appendix Table l). The study was carried out in the laboratory using 40 x 16 cm plastic window boxes as containers and arranged in a randomiz- ed complete block design. Treatments consisted of a control and four fertilizer sources mixed in a 1-1-1 (N, P K20) ratio to give the 205 ’ equivalent of 67.2 kg of nutrient/ha in a band based on a 71 cm row width. Fertilizer sources were: 1) DAP, urea and KCl; 2) MAP, urea and KCl; 3) ammonium nitrate, monocalcium phosphate and KCl and 4) ammonium sulfate, monocalcium phosphate and KCl. The fertilizer was added to the soil in a band and covered with 5 cm of soil. At two week intervals the pots were weighed and water added to obtain a soil moisture tension of 100 cm of H20 (42Z soil moisture). At the end of the two week watering cycle the soil moisture was at approximately 22Z. Soil samples were taken at three, five and seven weeks from a 4 cm layer of soil containing the fertilizer band. The soil samples were air dried, ground with a plastic pestle and extracted with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and 0.1 N_H3P04. The DTPA extractant consisted of 3.96 g of DTPA (90% acid free), 2.22 g CaClZ, 29.84 g triethanolamine and sufficient H20 to obtain a volume of 21. Soil-extractant ratio and shaking time for the DTPA extractant was 1:4 and 2 hours, respectively, and 1:5 and 1 hour, respectively for the H3PO4 extractant. Soil pH levels were determined on a 1:1.5 soi1:water mixture. 28 Greenhouse study A greenhouse study was conducted to test the influence of N source, N and P placement and added Mn on dry matter production and nutrient status of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants and on soil pH and extract- able Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. The same soil source and containers used in the incubation study were used in this experiment, however, extensions were added to the pots to increase the soil depth to 18 cm. Four replications were used and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The experiment was a complete factorial set of treatments consisting of N sources of urea and ammonium sulfate, N and P placements of band and mixed, and Mn treatments of with or without banded Mn. Mixed treatments were blended with the entire volume of soil and band treatments were added in the same manner as in the incubation study. Fertilizer rates were figured on a soil volume basis for the mixed treatments and a rate/linear unit basis for the band treatments. Thus, the amount of nutrient added to a pot for the band treatments were greater than for the mixed treatments. Nutrient rates are equivalent to 100.8 kg P/ha, 50.4 kg N/ha and 13.4 kg Mn/ha. Fifteen beet seeds were planted in a row over the fertilizer band and thinned to nine plants per pot after emergence. Water was added as necessary to maintain the moisture content near field capacity. The plant leaves and petioles were harvested six weeks after emergence, dried in a forced air drier at 60°C, weighed for yield and ground for plant analysis. At the same time, soil samples were taken above, through and below the fertilizer band. The soil samples were extracted with DTPA and 0.1‘N'H3PO4 and tested for pH using the same procedure as for the incubation study. The wet oxidation procedure of Parkinson and Allen (1975) was used to digest the plant tissue. 29 The large differences between the with and without Mn treatments for DTPA and 0.1.NH3PO4 extractable Mn produced significantly unequal cell variances. In this case, a student's t test for unequal variances was used to test for significance (Steel and Torre, 1960). Differences that are not indicated by the LSD but are significant by the t test are denoted in footnotes in the appropriate tables. Field studies Two fertilizer - Mn source field studies were conducted in 1975 at the Ben DuRussell and Don Abraham farms (Appendix Table 1). Ten treat- ment combinations consisting of an initially acid (33-0-0, 0-46-0, and 0-0-60) and an initially alkaline (18—46-0, and 0-0-60) fertilizer source and five Mn sources (no Mn, granular unso4, MnEDTA solution, Mangasol and granular MnO). N-PZOS-KZO rates of 22-56-28 kg/ha were applied. Manganese was applied at 8.96 kg/ha for all sources except EDTA, which was applied at 1.12 kg/ha. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All fertilizer except MnEDTA was weighed out before planting and applied with belt applicators at planting in a band 5 cm below and 5 cm to the side of the seed. MnEDTA was applied as a liquid with the same placement. Row spacings of 71 cm were used in all field studies. In 1976 a similar fertilizer - Mn source study was carried out at the Don Abraham farm (Appendix Table l). The basic procedure was the same as the 1975 studies, however, an initially slightly acid (12-62-0, 45-0-0, and 0-0-60) fertilizer was also used. A l-l-l fertilizer ratio applied at 56 kg nutrient (N, P K20)/ha was used. Fritted Mn at 205 ’ 8.96 kg Mn/ha as a Mn source, and MnSO at 4.48 and 13.44 kg Mn/ha with 4 the slightly acid fertilizer source were included. 30 All field studies were planted at approximately 5 cm seed spacings and thinned to 20 cm after emergence. Pyrimin and TCA herbicides were applied post-plant and pre-emergence at the recommended rates (Meggitt, 1976). Plant tissue samples (petioles in 1975, leaf blade in 1976) were taken at approximately 12 weeks after planting, dried in a forced air oven at 60°C, ground and stored in plastic bags. The plots were mechan- ically harvested, the beets weighed for yield and 10 representative beets saved for quality analysis. Juice for quality analysis was extract- ed from the 10 beets by sawing the beets lengthwise and squeezing the juice from the resultant pulp. The juice was kept frozen until it was analyzed by Michigan Sugar Company's analytical laboratory. The soil samples were extracted with DTPA and analyzed for Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu using the same procedure outlined above. The plant samples were analyzed by International Minerals and Chemical Corporation in Libertyville, Illinois using emission spectroscopy. 31 Results and Discussion Incubation study The fertilizer incubation study was designed to determine the effect of several fertilizer sources on DTPA and 0.1.N_H3PO4 extractable Mn and soil pH. Soil pH was significantly depressed and extractable Mn significantly increased by banded fertilizer at the three week sampling (Table 1). There was a significant correlation between soil pH and H3PO4 extractable Mn, but not between soil pH and DTPA extractable Mn (Table 2). A factor in addition to pH appears to be influencing extractable Mn since the fertilizer sources containing MCP produced the lowest pH levels but not the highest level of extractable Mn. This factor could 2+ vs NH4+) as described by Mehlich be due to the associated cations (Ca (1957) who found that Mn+2 in solution precipitates at a lower pH when in the presence of certain cations. Bingham and Garber (1960) also found that Mn was more available when NH4H2P04 was banded than when Ca(H2P04)2 was banded, however, they found a lower pH for the NH4H2PO4 than for the Ca(H2PO4)2 treatments. Associated salt effects were also observed by Hamilton (1966). Extractable Mn decreased with time (Table 1). This most likely reflects reprecipitation of Mn, possibly as manganese phosphates or manganese ammonium phosphate as the acid soil solution very near the fertilizer band equilibrates with the alkaline soil solution (Hossner and Richards, 1968 and Hossner and Blanchar, 1968, 1970). At the seven week sampling, DTPA extractable Mn for both treatments containing MCP were significantly lower than the control, even though the pH remained 32 .ofiumu Acme .mon .Zv HIHIH m CH Umxfia HMNHHfiunm m H.o ma N~.o H.o Hoa.o qm.o H.o Hua.o mH.H Amo.ov 9mg N.n ooq.o mq.H a.“ mum.o mm.N H.n omm.o mH.m Huxlmozlm< q.m mum.o mq.a m.n mn¢.o mw.H N.n ooo.o ma.m Huxlmozlz< m.m mmq.o mm.H N.n mmm.o 0H.m m.n omm.o mq.m Hoximm mo acummm 65H .H manme 33 Table 2. Correlations for Mn(extractable) = 60 + bl (pH). Incubation study. Extractant week b0 b1 R2 DTPA 3 42.8 -5.05 0.06 5 12.0* -l.28 0.13 7 0.30 0.20 0.01 0.131 H3P04 3 9.76** -l.24** 0.51** 5 3.68** -0.44** 0.61** 7 l.47** -0.15* 0.29* *, ** Significance at the 5 and 1% levels, respectively. 34 significantly depressed. This is unexpected, however, Mehlich (1957) pointed out that freshly dissolved A13+ and Fe3+ were effective in precipitating Mn at pH values as low as 5.8. In this case, the very acid nature of the MCP fertilizer band could have solubilized A1 and Fe near the fertilizer band. Later, as the fertilizer band pH increases, Mn2+ would be precipitated. In the control, no freshly dissolved A13+ or Fe3+ would be present to promote Mn2+ precipitation. Only DTPA extractable Mn for the DAP-urea-KCl treatment was significantly higher than the control. This most likely reflects the residual acidity of DAP and urea. Greenhouse study The greenhouse study was designed to test the effect of N source, N placement, P placement and added Mn on growth and nutrient uptake by sugarbeet seedlings and on the level of extractable Mn in the soil. Overall treatment effects are given in Appendix Table 3. The fertilizer band pH was significantly affected by all simple effects (Table 3). The pH levels for the various treatments were: urea > A8, mixed N > banded N, mixed P > banded P, and no banded Mn > banded Mn. Extractable levels of Mn with DTPA and 0.1.NDH3PO4 were higher for banded P than for mixed P for both levels of Mn, however, the magnitude was much greater when Mn was added (Table 4). Added Mn increased DTPA and 0.1.NIH3PO4 extractable Mn at both P placements, however, the difference was significantly greater for banded P than for mixed P. Manganese levels extracted with 0.1 N_H3PO4 are higher for banded P than for mixed P for both N sources and placements (Table 5). When P 35 Table 3. Simple effect results in the greenhouse study. Simple Band Dry Effects pH Weight Plant N grams Z mg/pot N source UREA 7.49 12.0 4.11 596 AS 7.39 12.2 4.15 506 LSD (0.05) 0.08 ns ns ns N placement Band 7.37 13.4 4.19 558 Mixed 7.51 10.9 4 07 444 LSD (0.05) 0.08 0.7 ns 34 P placement Band 7.27 12.3 4.15 511 Mixed 7.61 11.9 4.11 491 LSD (0.05) 0.08 ns ns ns Mn added Yes 7.38 12.7 4.16 526 No 7.50 11.6 4.10 476 LSD (0.05) 0.08 0.7 ns 34 Table 4. P placement and added Mn interactions, greenhouse study. P Mn Extractable Mn Plant Mn Placement Added DTPA H3PO4 Concentration Uptake 1313111 1313111 ppm ug/ pot Band Yes 191.2 20.8 75.2 948 No 3.29 0.844 24.3 304 Mixed Yes 52.6 1.68 20.7 292 No 2.68 0.650 12.3 136 LSD (0.05) Interaction 37.4a 2.476"b 5.7 78 a Banded P significantly different from mixed P by t test (lZ). See b materials and methods for procedure. Added Mn different from no Mn for mixed P by t test. 36 Table 5. N source and N and P placement interactions, greenhouse study. N P H PO Plant Mn P N source Placement Placement 8n Concentration Uptake Uptake ppm ppm ug/pot mg/ pot UREA Band Band 9.70 42.6 543 31.5 Mixed 1.84 14.8 199 38.5 Mixed Band 11.7 49.4 593 29.2 Mixed 0.775 16.0 169 30.6 AS Band Band 14.6 61.6 856 35.3 Mixed 1.23 17.8 244 38.4 Mixed Band 7.40 45.3 512 28.5 Mixed 0.825 17.4 186 34.0 LSD (0.05) Interaction 3.49a 8.1 110 3.8 a Banded N significantly different from mixed N for urea and mixed P by t test (5%). See materials and methods for procedure. 37 was mixed, banded urea produced a significantly higher level of 0.1 N H3PO4 extractable Mn than mixed urea. No significant differences occurred between N sources or placements for 0.1NH3PO4 0.1NH3PO4 extractable Mn was higher for banded AS than for mixed AS or banded urea. Mn. When P was banded, Added Mn increased 0.1 N_H P0 extractable Mn for both N sources 3 4 and placements (Table 6). When no Mn was added, N source and placement had no effect on extractable Mn. With added Mn, these levels were uneffected by urea placement, but were by AS placement. Extractable Mn was greater for banded AS than for mixed AS or banded urea. Dry weights of the sugarbeets were higher for banded N than for mixed N and for added Mn than for no Mn (Table 3). Plant N uptake was significantly increased by the same factors but N concentration was not affected by any of the treatments. The N placement response is most likely a reflection of the greater amount of N in the pots for the banded treatments than for the mixed treatments. Added Mn caused an increase in growth which was reflected in N uptake. The Mn concentration and uptake in the plant was significantly increased by added Mn vs no Mn and by banded P vs mixed P, however, added Mn with banded P increased Mn concentration more than either factor alone (Table 4). Mn uptake was greater for AS than for urea when N and P were both banded, and was greater for banded P vs mixed P regard- less of the N source or placement (Table 5). Ammonium sulfate produced a higher P uptake than urea but only if N and P were both banded (Table 5). Phosphorus uptake was higher for banded vs mixed N for both N sources if P was mixed, which reflects the increased growth with banded N. Mixed P produced a significantly higher P uptake than banded P only when urea was banded or AS was mixed. 38 Table 6. N source and placement and Mn added interaction, greenhouse study. N N Mn H3PO4 Source Placement Added Mn PPm UREA Band Yes 10.8 No 0.713 Mixed Yes 11.8 No 0.675 AS Band Yes 14.9 No 0.863 Mixed Yes 7.44 No 0.738 LSD (0.05) Interaction 3.49 39 Mixed P produced a higher P concentration in the plant than banded P and mixed N produced a higher concentration of P in the plant than banded N only when P was mixed (Table 7). Simple correlations show that a significant relationship exists between soil band pH and plant Mn, Mn uptake and extractable Mn (Table 8). The results agree with Salcedo (1976) who also found that 0.1 N H3PO4 is superior to DTPA as an extracting agent for plant available Mn. The results of the greenhouse study suggests that the greater amount of N present in the band placement promoted growth over that for mixed N and resulted in a lowered level of some nutrients in the plant due to a dilution effect. Mixed P proved to be more available than banded P under the conditions of this study. This is most likely a result of more plant roots coming into contact with the fertilizer P for the mixed placement. The results of the incubation study would suggest that initially there was an increase over the control in Mn availability with banded MCP but that this effect would have diminished at soil sampling time (six weeks). On the other hand, the concentration of Mn in the plant still reflected this early increased availability and is significantly higher for banded P vs mixed P with no added Mn. Added Mn increased plant available Mn in all treatment combinations, however, the Mn remained much more available when applied with an acidic P band. Field studies Mn applied as MnSO4 tended to be the most available to plants in both fertilizer - Mn source studies in 1975 (Table 9). At the Schmidt farm, the alkaline source of fertilizer produced a higher plant Mn content than the acid source. This is opposite of what was expected but 40 Table 7. N and P placement interactions, greenhouse study. N placement P Placement Plant P Z Band Band 0.251 Mixed 0.288 Mixed Band 0.255 Mixed 0.312 LSD (0.05) Interaction 0.012 41 00.H 00.0 aHm.0 «amm.0 eaon.0 «sm0.0l «xwm.0 «a00.0| No.0 wamm.0 oxmums ax 00.H «a00.0 no.0: 00.0: 00.0 no.0: aamm.0 no.0 aam~.0 oxmuaa m 00.H 0H.0 H0.0 0N.0| 0N.0 «0m.0| aawq.0 ««00.0 oxmums z oo.a aaam.o aaoe.os aamw.o aaam.ou no.0 aa.o scam: 00.H Hm.01 aaow.0 ~N.0I 00.0: 50.0 dz ooom 000 umwsm was“? muommmm maaafim coaumuuamocoo uamfiuusz uamHm .050H .mummnumwsm :o mousom a: 0cm cowuommu uoNHHHuumm mo muommmw mamafim .0 manme 43 does agree with the results of the incubation study where the initially alkaline source of fertilizer (urea - DAP - KCl) produced a higher level of extractable Mn than initially acid fertilizers. This is also a function of the P carrier since ammoniated phosphates promote Mn avail- ability over monocalcium phosphate (Bingham et al., 1960 and Hamilton, 1966). Overall treatment results are given in Appendix Table 4. In a fertilizer - Mn source study in 1976, an alkaline source of fertilizer tended to be inferior to a slightly acid and acid source with respect to beet yields (Table 10). A fritted Mn carrier tended to be the superior Mn source while EDTA produced the poorest results. Overall treatment results are given in Appendix Table 5. 44 0.04 44.0 mu m: m0 m0 m0 0 00 mu w: 500.00 004 0.00 00.4 04.4 00.0 440.0 00.0 0000 004 0.00 0.04 0.50 4u00440 504 00.4 40.4 40.0 540.0 00.0 0550 004 0.00 0.04 0.00 04o< 001H0N444unmm 500 0 0004\0oa m£\0x u\0x m£\u a: 0: mo M 0 z 0048< “M050 m4nmum>oomm 000 um050 04mww muomwmm o40840 GOHumMucmocoo uam4uusz uam40 .0504 .8000 Emnmun< .mummnumwam no mousom a: 000 :04uomwu umu444uumm mo muommwm m40840 .04 aHaae 45 Summary In a soil-fertilizer band incubation study, banded fertilizer was effective in depressing band pH and increasing extractable Mn after three weeks. The lowest pH levels were produced by fertilizers contain- ing monocalcium phosphate but the highest level of extractable Mn was produced by ammoniated phosphates. After seven weeks, the level of extractable Mn had decreased markedly even though pH levels remained depressed. Band pH was significantly correlated with 0.1-NH3PO4 extractable Mn but not with DTPA extractable Mn. Band placement of monocalcium phosphate increased extractable and plant available Mn in a greenhouse study. Banded Mn increased plant available and extractable Mn, however, banded Mn along with an acidic fertilizer source proved to be superior to either factor alone. Plant available Mn was found to be more highly correlated with 0.1_N_H3PO4 than DTPA extractable Mn. Results of the 1975 fertilizer — Mn source field studies show that MnSO4 tends to be superior to MnEDTA, Mangasol and MnO as a Mn source. At one location, an alkaline fertilizer source produced a significantly higher Mn content in beet petioles than an acid source while in 1976 an initially alkaline source of fertilizer tended to be inferior to an acid and slightly acid source with respect to beet yield. In 1976, plant Mn concentration was greatest for a fritted source of Mn and lowest for EDTA.while MnSO4, MnO and Mangasol were intermediate in effectiveness. 46 References Cited Bingham, F. T. and M. J. Garber. 1960. Solubility and availability of micronutrients in relation to phosphorus fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24:209-213. Follett, R. H. and W. L. Lindsay. 1971. Changes in DTPA-extractable zinc iron, manganese and copper in soils following fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:600-602. Garey, C. L. and S. A. Barber. 1952. Evaluation of certain factors involved in increasing manganese availability with sulfur. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 16:173-175. Hamilton, H. A. 1966. Effect of nitrogenous and potassic salts with phosphates on the yield and phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and manganese contents of oats (Avenna sativa L.). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:239-242. Hossner, L. R. and R. W. Blancher. 1968. An insoluble manganese ammonium pyrophosphate found in polyphosphate fertilizer residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:731-733. Hossner, L. R. and R. W. Blanchar. 1970. Manganese reaction and avail- ability as influenced by pH, and pyrophosphate content of ammonium phosphate fertilizer. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34:509—512. Hossner, L. R. and G. E. Richards. 1968. The effect of phosphorus source on the movement and uptake of band-applied manganese. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:83-85. Knezek, B. D. and J. F. Davis. 1971. Relative effectiveness of manganese sulfate and manganous oxide applied on organic soil. Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2:17-21. Knezek, B. D. and H. Greinert. 1971. Influence of soil Fe and MnEDTA interactions upon the Fe and Mn nutrition of bean plants. Agron. J. 63:617-619. Kroetz, M. E., W. H. Schmidt, J. E. Beirlein, and G. L. Ryder. 1977. Correcting manganese deficiency increases soybean yields. Ohio Report. 62:51-53. Lindsay, W. L. 1972. Inorganic phase equilibria of micronutrients in soils. p. 41-57. _13 J. J. Mortvedt, P. M. Giordano and W. L. Lindsay (ed.) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Inc. Madison, Wis. Ludwick, A. E., K. W. Sharpee and O. J. Attoe. 1968. Manganese— sulfur fusions as a source of manganese for crops. Agron. J. 60:232—234. 47 Meggitt, William E. 1976. Weed control in field crops. Coop. Ext. Mehlich, A. 1957. Aluminum, iron, and pH in relation to lime induced manganese deficiency. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 21:625-628. Mortvedt, J. J., and P. M. Giordano. 1970. Manganese movement from fertilizer granules in various soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34:330-334. Murphy, L. S., and L. M. Walsh. 1972. Correction of micronutrient deficiencies with fertilizers. p. 347-388. 12 J. J. Mbrtvedt, P. M. Giordano and W. L. Lindsay (ed.) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Inc. Madison, Wis. Parker, M. B., H. B. Harris, H. D. Morris and H. F. Perkins. 1969. Manganese toxicity of soybeans as related to soil and fertility treatments. Agron. J. 61:515-518. Parkinson, J. A. and S. E. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. and Plant Analysis. 6:1-11. Randall, G. W., E. E. Schulte and R. B. Corey. 1975. Soil Mn avail- ability to soybeans as affected by mono and diammonium phosphate. Agron. J. 67:705-709. Rich, C. I. 1956. Manganese content of peanut leaves as related to soil factors. Soil Sci. 82:353-363. Rumpel, J., A. Kozakiewicz, B. Ellis, G. Lessman and J. Davis. 1967. Field and laboratory studies with manganese fertilization of soy- beans and onions. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bull. 50:4-11. Salcedo, Ignacio Hernan. 1976. Manganese availability as measured by crop uptake, soil extraction and isotopic dilution. Ph.D. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Sanchez, C. and E. J. Kamprath. 1959. Effect of liming and organic matter on the availability of native and applied manganese. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23:302-304. Shepherd, L., K. Lawton and J. F. Davis. 1960. The effectiveness of various manganese materials in supplying manganese to creps. Soil Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York. p. 81. Tisdale, S. I. and B. R. Bertramson. 1950. Elemental sulfur and its relationship to manganese availability. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 14:131-137. 48 White, R. P., E. C. Doll and J. R. Melton. 1970. Growth and manganese uptake by potatoes as related to liming and acidity of fertilizer bands. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34:268-271. Chapter 4 Nitrogen-Manganese Relationships in Sugarbeet Nutrition The impetus for this research was primarily from field observations where Mn nutrition of sugarbeets is found to be improved by row fertilizer and where Mn deficiency and N deficiency can be confused, but Mn deficient plants test high in nitrate. The concept that a high plant N level is necessary for efficient Mn uptake has been expressed by personnel within the sugarbeet industry (personal communication) as well as by researchers (Kroetz, 1975 and -Kroetz and Schmidt, 1977). This would imply a N - Mn interaction within the plant which would be independent of fertilizer effects in the soil. Another opinion that has been expressed is that N is not efficiently utilized by sugarbeets if Mn is in short supply. Any direct effect of Mn on N uptake or nitrate reduction by the plant is unlikely, however Mn does effect many aspects of metabolism which could indirectly influence N metabolism. Specifically, Mn effects oxygen evolution by chloroplasts which could lead to nitrite accumulation and a feedback repression of nitrate reductase. Manganese is also prominent as an activator of enzymes mediating reactions of the Krebs cycle as well as other enzymes in the plant (Epstein, 1972 and Hewitt and Smith, 1974). Nitrogen has been implicated in affecting Mn toxicity. Ouellette and Genereux (1965) found that fertilizers containing high levels of N reduce Mn toxicity. Cheng and Ouellette (1968) found that applied KCl favored the development of Mn toxicity symptoms over the other K sources because the plants were low in N when in the presence of a high chloride concentration. 49 50 The anions associated with N and K salts have been found to in— fluence Mn uptake. Cheng et al. (1968) reported that Mn uptake was greater for KCl and K2804 treated plants than for K2C03 treated plants. Hamilton (1966) found Mn uptake of N treated plants to be in the order NH C1 > (NH4)ZSO4 > NH N0 Both authors suspected a relationship 4 4 3' between high fertilizer chloride and greater Mn uptake. Cheng felt that the interaction of KCl and Mn toxicity depended largely on the level of available N in the substrate. Further proof that N can influence the uptake of Mn by plants is presented by Cheng and Ouellette (1970). In sand cultures with constant pH they found that plants supplied with neutral and basic N compounds contained appreciably less Mn than those receiving acid compounds. Furthermore, it did not make much difference whether N was in the nitrate or ammonium form. Cheng and Doiron (1974) found that NH4NO3 had a positive effect on the exchangeable Mn level in the soil but a negative effect on the easily reducible Mn. Rinne, et a1. (1974) reported that heavy applica- tions of N reduce Mn concentration in ley grass but that uptake was increased due to stimulated growth by the added N. Reaction products between ammonium and Mn have been found in soil (Hossner and Blanchar, 1968 and 1970). When ammonium phosphates and Mn were reacted with soil a water insoluble ammonium phosphate manganese product was obtained. Decreased availability of Mn was observed with increasing pH and pyro- to orthophosphate ratio. Reaction products formed at the site of placement were found to be available to the plants when blended with the soil. 51 The objective of this research was to test the direct interactive effects of N and Mn in sugarbeet nutrition. 52 Materials and Methods Greenhouse hydroponics study A hydroponics study with N levels of 70, 140 and 210 ppm and Mn levels of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm was conducted using a complete factorial set of treatments. The treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two liters of a Hoaglands nutrient solution was used in each pot and the pH was maintain- ed near 6.0 with NaOH or H2804. The nutrient solution was changed after two and three weeks and the solution pH was adjusted every two days. Sugarbeet seeds were germinated in vermiculite and 21 seedlings transferred to each pot. After two weeks of growth, 12 plants were harvested and after four weeks the remaining nine plants were harvested (eight leaf stage). The harvested plants were rinsed in deionized water, dried in a forced air oven at 600C, weighed for dry matter produc— tion and analyzed for nutrient concentration. Field studies A split-split plot design was used to evaluate two carryover N levels, four row N levels and four row Mn levels. Carryover N level was the main plot, row N level the subplot and Mn level the sub-subplot. Row N and Mn rates were 0, 22.4, 44.8 and 89.6; and 0, 4.48, 8.96 and 13.44 kg/ha, respectively for all years. Carryover N (previous year's N) rates for 1974, 1975 and 1976 were 0 and 67.2; 67.2 and 189.2; and 28 and 95.2 kg/ha following beans, corn and beans, respectively. Fertilizer carriers were ammonium nitrate, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash and manganese sulfate. The treatments were replicated four times. 53 All treatments were applied with belt applicators on a four row planter. The row spacing was 71 cm and the beets hand thinned to 20 cm after emergence. Plant tissue (petioles in 1974 and 1975, leaf blades in 1976) samples were taken from each plot at 12 weeks of growth, dried at 60°C, ground and analyzed for Mn concentration. Two 8.06 meter rows per plot were mechanically harvested, the beets weighed for yield and 10 representative beets taken for quality analysis. Quality analyses were done by Michigan Sugar Company's laboratory. Appendix Table 1 lists the characteristics of the soil used in this study. Laboratory procedures The method of Parkinson and Allen (1975) was used to digest all plant samples. Total N and P were determined colormetrically using an autoanalyzer, K determined by flame photometry and Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 54 Results and Discussion Hydroponics study The hydroponics study was designed to determine the interactive effects of N and Mn without the complicating influence of soil factors or pH effects due to fertilizer treatment. Plant samples were taken after two and four weeks of growth. No interactive effects were observed between N and Mn after two weeks of growth (Table 1). Increasing N rate had no effect on N concen- tration and uptake while increasing Mn increased the Mn concentration and uptake of the plants. Dry matter production was significantly greater for the 140 ppm N treatment than for the 210 ppm N treatment. Applied Mn had no significant effect on dry matter production. After four weeks of growth (eight leaf stage), fresh weight and dry weight of leaves and petioles were both significantly increased with increasing N and Mn (Table 2). The N concentration of the plants decreas- ed while N uptake was unchanged with increasing N. Increasing Mn had no effect on the N concentration of the plant tops but caused an increase in N uptake. This is primarily a reflection of increased growth. The Mn content and uptake in the plant tops was reduced by increasing N, however, the Mn level was high in all cases. Plant Mn also increased with increasing substrate Mn. Similar results were obtained for the root samples at the four week harvest (Table 3). Results of the hydroponics study indicate that Mn has no direct effect on the N nutrition of the plants. N uptake was increased by increasing Mn, however, this reflects increased growth. 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The same results were observed by Rinne et al. (1974). Field studies The field studies were designed to evaluate the effects of carry- over N, row applied N and Mn and the interactive effects of N and Mn on sugarbeets. The results are given in Table 4, 5 and 6. Beet and recoverable sugar yields increased with increasing row N all three years of the study. Increasing carryover N increased beet yields two of the three years and increased recoverable sugar per ha one of the three years. Increasing row applied Mn had no effect on beet yields but did influence the yield of recoverable sugar in 1976. The yield data shows that the beets responded to carryover and row applied N. Yields generally were not affected by row applied Mn which would indicate that no severe Mn deficiencies occurred in the plots. Leaf blade Mn levels in 1976 would support this contention (Table 6). The quality components of sugar percentage, clear juice purity and recoverable sugar per ton were generally reduced by increased row applied N but were largely uneffected by carryover N and row applied Mn. Amino N in the beets was significantly increased with row applied N but was not significantly altered by carryover N or row applied Mn. Row applied N increased plant N all three years. Plant N was increased by carryover N one of the three years while Mn had no affect. Plant P was significantly influenced by row N all three years. Plant Mn decreased with applied N and increased with row applied Mn. The results of the field study show that sugar production responded to applied and carryover N and that the highest level of applied N was 59 05.0 HH0.0 ma ma mu m: mu m: ma 500.00 00H 0.HH 000.0 50.H 00.0 0000 0H0 5.00 0.5H 0.H0 00.0H H0.0 000.0 00.H 05.0 00H0 0H0 0.00 0.5H 0.H0 00.0 H0.0 000.0 00.H H0.0 5000 0H0 5.00 5.5H 0.H0 00.0 00.0 000.0 00.H 00.0 0000 0H0 0.00 0.5H 0.H0 0 muommmw a: 300 00.H 0H0.0 0H.0 00.0 000 0 0.0 ms 0.H A00.0v 004 05.0 000.0 05.H 00.0 5000 000 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0.00 00.0 0H0.0 00.H 00.0 0000 0H0 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0.00 0.0H 5H0.0 00.H 00.0 00H0 5H0 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 0.00 0.HH 500.0 00.H 00.0 H005 0H0 0.00 5.5H 5.50 0 muommmm z 300 ms ma ma mu m: ma mg mg m: A00.00 00H H0.0 000.0 00.H 00.0 0000 0H0 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0.50 00.0 H00.0 00.H 00.0 0005 HHO 0.00 5.5H 5.00 0 muummmo z um>00Humo Ema IIIINIIII m00H\0oE m£\0x u\0x N m;\u m:\0x a2 0 z z oaHa< umwsm oHanm>ooom 000 umwsm UHme fix 2 z m.ummz muamHuusz mHoHumm 300 300 msoH>oum .050H .mummnumwsm do a: 00m 2 Boy 0cm 2 um>o0uumo mo muommwm mHaSHm .0 mHnme 60 00.0 mu m: mu m: as m: ma ma A00.0v 00H 0.0 0H0.0 00.0 5.HH 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H H.00 00.0H H0.0 000.0 00.0 0.HH 0050 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.00 00.0 0H.0 500.0 00.0 0.HH 0H00 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 00.0 00.0 0H0.0 00.0 0.HH 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0 muommmm a: 300 5H.0 000.0 0H.0 0.H 050 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 A00.0v 00H 00.0 0H0.0 0H.0 0.0H 0000H 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.05 0.00 05.0 00H.0 00.0 0.HH HOHOH 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0.00 50.0 000.0 00.0 0.0H 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0.00 0.0 000.0 00.0 0.0H 0500 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.50 0 muomwmm z 300 00.H ma H0.0 ms 500 we ma 0.0 0.0 A00.0v 004 00.0 000.0 00.0 0.0H 00HOH 00H 0.00 5.5H 0.50 0.05H 0.0 0H0.0 00.0 H.HH HH00 00H 5.00 0.0H 0.00 0.50 muoommm z uo>omuum0 Ema IIIINIsII m00H\Uma m:\0x u\0x ms\u m:\0x IIIIIIIIII a: m z z osHE< umwsm mHnmum>ooo0 who ummam uHme a: z z m.ummm muanuusz mHoHuom 300 300 m=OH>mum .050H .mummnumwsm do as 0am 2 Sop 0cm 2 um>o>uumo mo wuomwwm mHmsflm .0 anm8 61 0.0 as m: ms 000 m: mu m: m: A00.00 00H 0.H0 000.0 00.0 00.0 5005 50H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 00.0H 5.00 000.0 05.0 00.0 0055 00H 0.00 H.0H 0.00 00.0 0.00 000.0 00.0 05.0 0005 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 00.0 0.00 500.0 00.0 00.0 H505 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0 muommwm GE 300 H.0 HH0.0 0H.0 00.0 0H0 mm 0.0 ms 5.H 500.00 00H 0.H0 000.0 00.0 00.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0.00 0.00 H00.0 H0.0 00.0 0055 00H 0.00 H.0H 0.00 0.00 0.00 5H0.0 00.0 00.0 0H05 50H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0.00 0.00 000.0 00.0 00.0 0000 50H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0 muowmmm z 300 mm mm m: ma ma ma mm m: 0.0 500.00 004 5.00 000.0 00.0 00.0 0005 50H 0.00 0.0H 0.50 0.00 0.00 000.0 05.0 05.0 0005 50H 0.00 0.0H H.00 0.00 muomwmm z um>o>uum0 Ema IIIINIIII m00H\doE m:\0x u\0x N m:\u mn\0xn IIIII III: :2 m z z ocHa< umwsm mHnmum>oomm who umwsm vaHw a: z z m.umm% mucmHuusz wmem mama 300 300 m30H>mum .050H .mummnumwsm so a: 05m 2 30“ 0cm 2 um>o>uumo mo muommmm MHmeHm .0 mHan 62 not enough to maximize yields. Applied Mn generally did not influence sugar production. Plant analysis results indicate that Mn has no effect on the N uptake and utilization by the plant but that increased applied N reduces the Mn content of the plants. These results agree with the results of hydroponics study. 63 Summary The results of this research indicates that Mn has no direct effect on N uptake by the plant but that increased N tends to reduce the Mn content of the plants. Under conditions of the field study, sugar production was increased by nitrogen applications up to at least 89.6 kg/ha but was not influenced by applied Mn even though beet petiole Mn was only 8-10 ppm at 12 weeks of growth. Increased carryover N tended to increase sugar production. Quality components tended to decrease with applied N but were unaffected by row applied Mn. 64 References Cited Cheng, B. T. and E. B. Doiron. 1974. Manganese, iron and copper availability in soils as effected by N, P and K fertilization. Agrochimica. 18:463-471. Cheng, B. T. and G. J. Ouellette. 1968. Effect of various anions on manganese toxicity in Solanum tuberosum. Can. J. Soil Sci. 48:109-115. Cheng, B. T. and G. J. Ouellette. 1970. Effect of various nitrogen fertilizers on manganese and iron availability as measured by incubation and sand culture studies. Can. J. Soil Sci. 50:163- 170. Epstein, Emanual. 1972. Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. Hamilton, H. A. 1966. Effect of nitrogenous and potassic salts with phosphates on the yield and phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and manganese contents of oats (Avena sative L.). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30:239-242. Hewitt, E. J. and T. A. Smith. 1974. Plant Mineral nutrition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Hossner, L. R. and R. W. Blanchar. 1968. An insoluble manganese ammonium pyrophosphate found in polyphosphate fertilizer residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:731-733. Hossner, L. R. and R. W. Blanchar. 1970. Manganese reaction and availability as influenced by pH, and pyrophosphate content of ammonium phosphate fertilizer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34:509- 512. Kroetz, Marion E. 1975. Row fertilizer for sugarbeets. Proceedings of the eighteenth regional meeting. American Society of Sugarbeet Technologists. Eastern United States. Feb. 5 and 6. pp. 27-29. Kroetz, Marion E. and Walter H. Schmidt. 1977. Maximizing beet response from specific formulations of row fertilizer. Proceedings of the nineteenth regional meeting. Am. Soc. of Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern United States. Feb. 2—3. pp. 33-37. Parkinson, J. A. and S. E. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. and Plant Analysis. 6:1-11. Rinne, S.-L., M. Sillapaa, E. Huokuna and S.-L. Hiivola. 1974. Effects of heavy nitrogen fertilization on iron, manganese, sodium, zinc, c0pper, strontium, molybdenum and cobalt contents in ley grasses. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 13:109-118. Chapter 5 Effect of Fertilizer and Mn Band Placement and Foliar Applied Mn on Sugarbeets The most critical period for Mn deficiencies on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) in Michigan is early in the growing season. This implies that the limited root systems of the young plants must come into contact with the fertilizer band Mn to obtain optimum benefit from its increased availability. This has led some people to advocate placing the fertilizer band directly below the seed to insure good root-fertilizer band contact early in the growing season (Kroetz, 1973, 1975 and Kroetz and Schmidt, 1977). However, there are some possible detrimental effects of placing the fertilizer directly below the seed, i.e. reduced germination from fertilizer salts and unfavorable soil physical properties resulting from the fertilizer opener disturbing the soil where the seed will be placed. Thus, the objective of the fertilizer-Mn placement study was to compare the effects of placing the fertilizer directly below the seed to placing it below and to the side of the seed. Another method that is frequently used to correct Mn deficiencies is foliar treatments. Foliar sprays are usually considered effective, however, differences exist in the literature on the number and frequency of applications necessary to correct Mn deficiencies (Murphy and Walsh, 1972). Kroetz et al. (1973) found that two or three sprays on soybeans was not superior to one spray while Christenson (1973) recommended that repeated applications may be needed on sugarbeets. The number and frequency of sprays undoubtedly depends on whether the expanding roots intercept adequate Mn as they grow. 65 66 The distribution of foliar applied Mn within the plant is different from soil applied Mn. Jaham and Amin (1967) showed that in cotton added Mn only moves in an acropetal manner and that foliar applied Mn will not move to the roots or to lower parts of the plant. Substrate Mn was found to move to all parts of the plant. A similar response was observed by Labanauskas (1962) who reported that foliar applied MnSO4 corrected Mn deficiency symptoms on the foliage sprayed but was not translocated to new growth. Many Mn carriers have been evaluated for foliar sprays but MnSO4 and MnEDTA are the most common. Both sources are reported to be effective by many researchers (Murphy and Walsh, 1972), however, there is not universal agreement. Labanauskas (1962) and Kroetz et al. (1973) both found MnSO4 to be effective and MnEDTA to be ineffective in correction Mn deficiencies. Ozaki (1955) found the relative effectiveness of Mn carriers as foliar sprays dependent upon the source and the crop, i.e. sulfate was superior to EDTA, oxide and oxysulfate on beans but all sources were equal on peas. The purpose of the Mn foliar studies was to evaluate the effective- ness of MnSO4 and MnEDTA as foliar sprays at several rates and frequencies of application. 67 Materials and Methods The Mn-fertilizer placement studies were located at the Ben DuRussell, Dale Smith and Wally Koeppendorfer farms in 1975 and at the Don Abraham and Kenny Hecht farms in 1976 (Appendix Table 1). All studies were identical and consisted of six treatments; two with row fertilizer only with placements of either 7.6 cm below the seed or 5 cm to-the-side and 5 cm below the seed with the remaining four treatments consisting of all combinations of placing the fertilizer and Mn at the two possible placements. The below0the-seed fertilizer placement was accomplished by positioning an extra fertilizer opener directly in front of the seed opener. Mn was applied as liquid MnSO4 at 9 kg Mn/ha. Boron was applied to all plots at 2.24 kg/ha as liquid solubor. Location and fertilizer sources were as follows: Koeppendorfer, 16-41-23 consisting of 21-53-0 and 0-0-60; Smith, manufactured 6-24-12; DuRussell, 8.3-23—15 consisting of 33-0-0, 0-46-0 and 0-0-60; and Hecht and Abraham, l4.5-14.5-14.5 consisting of 33—0-0, 0-46-0 and 0-0-60. All were applied at 530 kg fertilizer per ha. The foliar Mn studies were located at the Gordy Bierlein, Ike Schmidt and Ben DuRussell farms in 1975 and at the Don Abraham and Kenny Hecht farms in 1976 (Appendix Table 1). All studies were planted with row fertilizer at 530 kg/ha and 2.24 kg B/ha as liquid solubor. Row fertilizer was 6-24-12 in 1975 and 12-12-12 in 1976. The foliar treat- ments were applied using a hand held two row applicator consisting of a spray boom, 3 12 £ stainless steel source tank and a small CO tank as a 2 pressure source. The solution was applied at 187 R/ha. Approximately 68 one gram of laboratory detergent per 10 R of foliar spray was used as a wetting agent. All research plots were planted with a 5 cm seed spacing in 71 cm rows. After emergence, the plants were thinned to a 20 cm spacing. The Mn placement studies consisted of four row plots while the foliar studies were two row plots. Harvestable rows were 13.7 m long on all studies. Pyrimin and TCA herbicides were applied at planting at all locations at the recommended rates (Meggitt, 1976). Plant petiole samples were taken 12 weeks after planting from each plot. All plots were mechanically harvested, beets weighed for yield and 10 beets taken for quality analysis. Quality analyses were carried out by the Michigan Sugar Company's Laboratory. Petiole samples were dried in a forced air drier at 60°C, ground and digested using the wet oxidation procedure of Parkinson and Allen (1975). Plant Mn concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy 0 69 Results and Discussion Results for the Mn-fertilizer placement study are given in Table l and results for the foliar Mn studies are given in Tables 2-5. No significant response to treatment was observed in any of the studies. This shows that no significant Mn deficiency occurred under the conditons of these studies and that no conclusions can be made concerning the effectiveness of any of the treatments. No Mn deficiency symptoms were observed in the plot areas. The lack of an increase in the petiole Mn with added Mn in the foliar study is unexpected. Apparently very little of the spray was intercepted by the petioles and any increase in Mn in the leaf blades would not be translocated to the petiole since Mn only moves acropetally in plants. This supposition is supported by other research at Michigan State University where it was found that foliar Mn treatments were reflected in leaf blade samples of sugarbeets and soybeans only if the tissue sampled was present to intercept the spray, i.e. leaves developing after the Mn was applied did not reflect treatment (D. R. Christenson and R. D. Voth, 1977. Efficacy of foliar applied Zn and Mn as compared to inorganic salts. Presented before Div. S—4, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Abstracted in Agron. Abstracts, Amer. Soc. Agron.). 7O 0.50 0.0H 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 >0 ma mg mg ma ma ma ma 500.00 00H H.00 H.HH 0500 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 aonn Son0 0.00 0.0H 0005 HOH 0.00 0.0H H.00 sonn mva 0.50 00.0 H005 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 mva sonn 0.00 5.0H 0505 HOH 5.00 0.0H 0.00 muHm mva 0.5H 00.0 0H05 00H 0.00 0.5H 5.00 III 30Hm0 0.00 0.0H 00H0 HOH 0.00 0.0H 0.00 III mem A050HV Bumm umwuowcmmmoom 0HHm3 0.00 0.HH 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0H >o mu m: m: m: m: ma w: 500.00 00H 0.00 0.0H 0000 00H 5.00 H.5H 0.00 30Hmn 3on0 0.00 5.0H 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 3onn mva 0.00 0.0H 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 5.50 mUHm 30Hm0 0.H0 0.0H 0000 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.50 muHm mva 0.00 0.0H H005 50H 0.00 0.0H 0.50 III 3on0 5.00 0.0H 0000 00H 0.00 5.0H H.H5 III MUHm Am5¢Hv spam nufiam mHmo 0.0H 0.00 5.0H H.0 0.0 0.0 5.5H >0 mg m: mu m: ma ma ma 500.00 00H 5.00 00.0 H000 HOH 0.00 0.0H 0.00 Bonn BOHwn 0.00 50.0 00H5 00H 0.00 H.0H 0.00 BOHmn owHw 0.00 00.0 5000 00H 0.00 0.0H 5.00 mva aonn 0.0H 5H.0 0H05 00H 5.00 0.0H 0.00 mva mem H.H0 H0.0 0055 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 III Bon0 0.00 00.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H H.H0 III muHm Am5oHv sump HHmmmsmsn amm Baa m00H\0mE m£\0x u\0x N mn\u a: oHoHumm z oaHa< umwsm mHnmuo>oomm 000 umwsm 0Hme ommammamz umNHHHuumm n unmamUMHm 6‘1 .muompumwsm co ucmamomHa wean mmmamwcma 0cm umuHHHuumw mo uoommm .H mHan 71 .050H cw cmxmu ouwB mmHaamm mHoHu00 oz 0 .0mmm mnu 3on0 hHuomuHc Eu 0.5 n Bonm .0mmw mnu onmn Eu 0 05m memloSulou Eu 0 n mem m 0.H0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 >0 ma ma ma mu m: w: 500.00 00H 00.0 0H00 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 son0 son0 00.0 0H05 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.50 BOHmn mva 00.0 5000 00H 0.00 5.0H 0.00 mva 30Hmn H0.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 mva mem 00.0 0H05 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 III BOHmn 00.0 0000 00H 0.00 5.0H 0.00 In: wme A050Hv Bumm unomm acamx 0.00 0.HH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0H >0 mu m: mu m: ma w: 500.00 00H 00.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 son0 son0 00.0 0005 00H 5.00 0.0H 0.00 BOHmn mch 00.0 0005 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 mva 3OHmn 00.0 0005 05H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 wva mem 00.0 5005 H5H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 nun sonn 00.0 0005 50H 0.00 0.0H H.00 In: mem AonHv sump amamun< com 500 m00H\0wa w£\0x u\0x N m£\u a: wHOHuom z ocHE< umwsm mHnmum>ouom who umwzm 0H0H» mmoamwamz umuHHHuumm 0 hmeEmomHm .Ac.u:oov .H mHnme 72 .0mu0m umuHm mnu umumm amxmu mums mmHaamm mammHH m ma ma m: 0: ma mm mm 500.00 00H 0.0H 0000H 00H 0.00 H.0H 0.00 0 05.0 0.00 0.0H 0050 00H 0.00 5.0H 0.H0 H 00.0 0.00 0000 00H 0.H0 0.0H 0.H0 0 50.0 0.0H 00HOH 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0 00.0 0.0H 0.00 0050 00H H.00 5.0H H.H0 H 0H.H 0.00 5000 0HH 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 0 0H.0 0.50 0000 50H H.H0 5.0H 0.05 0 00.0 5.5H 5.00 0000 0HH 0.00 0.0H 0.05 H 00.0 oowm 000 umwnm 0HmH» mwaHhmumm wszmumm mouaom mo umnasz pom mumm :2 .050H .Eumm :HmHumHm .mummnumwnm no a: 0mHH00m umHHom mo uummmm .N magma 73 .0mu0m umuHm mnu youmm noxmu mum3 mmHmemm mammHH m we ma ma ma ma mu w: 500.00 004 50.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0 05.0 0H.0 0050 00H 5.00 0.5H 0.50 0 0H.H H.0H 05.0 0H00 HOH 0.00 0.5H 0.H0 H 00.0 00.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.H0 0 50.0 0H.0 5000 50H 0.00 0.0H 5.00 0 00.0 00.0 05.0 0000 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 H 0H.H H0.0 00H0 HOH H.50 0.5H 0.00 0 0H.0 00.0 0000 50H 0.50 5.5H 5.00 0 00.0 00.5 00.0 0000 00H 5.00 0.5H 0.50 H 00.0 oomm who Hmwsm VHmH» mwaHzmuam 0GH0muQm muusom no “00832 Hum mumm a: .050H .Eumw uVHanom .muownumwsm no a: vaHmam umHHom mo uummmm .0 mHan 74 .0mu0m umuHm mzu umumm smxmu mumB mmHmamm mammHH m ma ma ma mm mm mm ma 500.0v 00H 50.0 0000 5HH 0.00 0.0H 0.00 00.0 00.0 H005 0HH 0.00 0.0H 0.H0 0H.H 0.0H 55.0 0005 00H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 00.0 oom0 who umwsm 0HmH> mwaHmmuam waHmmuaw mousom mo umnasz uma mumm a: .050H .Eumm HHmmmsmsm .mummaumwam so a: 0mHH00m umHHom mo uommwm .0 manme 75 ma ma ma ma ma ma 500.00 004 HH.0 0500 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0 00.0 0H.0 0H05 50H 0.50 0.5H 0.00 0 00.0 00.0 0500 00H 0.50 5.5H 0.00 H 00.0 «Hams: 00.0 0000 00H 0.50 0.5H 0.00 0 0H.H 00.0 00H5 00H 0.00 0.5H 0.00 0 0H.H 00.0 0005 00H H.50 0.5H 0.00 H 0H.H 50.0 5000 00H 0.50 0.5H 0.00 0 00.0 0 50.0 0005 00H H.50 0.5H 0.00 H 00.0 00G: 00.0 0005 50H 0.00 5.5H 5.00 0 0 III Eumm unomm 0: ma ma ma ma ma A00.0v 00H 05.0 0000 05H 0.00 0.0H 0.00 0 00.0 H0.0 0000 05H 0.00 5.0H 0.00 0 00.0 00.0 H050 05H 0.00 5.0H 0.00 H 00.0 oow0 000 umwam 0Hme mmcHzmumm waHhmuam wousom mo Hmnasz Hum mumm dz .050H .mummaumwsm co :2 UmHHaam umHHom mo uommmm .m «acme 76 Summary No responses were observed because adequate Mn was available for optimum growth at all locations so no conclusions can be drawn concerning the effectiveness of the treatments. 77 References Cited Christenson, D. R. 1973. The importance of manganese and boron in sugarbeet production. Proc. of the seventeenth regional meeting. Amer. Soc. Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern United States and Eastern Canada. p. 28-35. Joham, H. E. and J. V. Amin. 1967. The influence of foliar and substrate application of manganese on cotton. Plant and Soil. 26:369-379. Kroetz, Marion E. 1973. Row fertilizer. Proc. of the seventeenth regional meeting. Amer. Soc. Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern United States and Eastern Canada. p. 24-27. Koretz, Marion E. 1975. Row fertilizer for sugarbeets. Proc. of the eighteenth regional meeting. Amer. Soc. Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern United States. p. 27-29. Kroetz, Marion E. and Walter H. Schmidt. 1977. Maximizing beet response from specific formulations of row fertilizer. Proc. of the nineteenth regional meeting. Amer. Soc. Sugarbeet Tech. Eastern United States. p. 33-37. Kroetz, M. E., W. H. Schmidt, G. J. Ryder and J. F. Trierweiler. 1973. Correcting manganese deficiency in soybeans. Ohio Report. 58:70- 71. Labanauskas, C. K. 1962. Correction of manganese deficiency in grapefruit trees by foliar sprays on desert areas of southern California. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80:268-273. Meggitt, William E. 1976. Weed control in field crops. Coop. Ext. Ser. Bull. E434. Murphy, L. S. and L. M. Walsh. 1972. Correction of micronutrient deficiencies with fertilizers. p. 347-388. In_J. J. Mortvedt, P. M. Giordano and W. L. Lindsay (ed.) Micronutrients in agirculture. Soil Sci. Soc. of America, Inc. Madison, Wis. Ozaki, L. G. 1955. Effectiveness of foliar manganese sprays on peas and beans. Amer. Soc. Hort. Proc. 65:313-316. Parkinson, J. A. and S. E. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Comm. Soil Sci. and Plant Analysis. 6:1—11. APPENDIX 78 .mmHvsum mmsonnwmuw 0am aOHumnnoaH wSu aH 0mm: HHom m 0H 0500 0000H 500 0 0.5 .H awmamH 00 VHOMHHG mHoomse mummwaxooum .0 mm qmnfi 0050H 000 00 0.“ .Ho >ufiumno 0 xmmuo swam suafiwmm aumm ummm a ammm 00 005 0000 000 00 5.5 .H Goumxooum 0 mHoomDH «Hoomay 050H unomm .0 H0 005 0500 000 00 0.5 .H GHHzmxsmM H0 0H0Hma=H0 3maH0mm 050H amnmu0< .0 H.H 00 000 0500 000 00H 0.5 .H.Ho HHanumm 0H uHoomsa mHoomsa 050H ummuovamaamox .3 0.H 00 000 0000 000 0HH 0.0.H.Hm mwvHumem 0H nomumam uOHumuo 050H auHEm .0 5.0 00HH 0005 000 00 H.0 .H.Ho HHngumm HH umsHamxdmum 0mm 050H uVHenom .H 0.H 000 05 5.5 .H.Hw mHnnHM 00 «Hoomss mHoomSH 050H anHumHm .0 0.H 000 05 0.5 .H.HU HHannmm 00 uuHuumE 000 050H HHmmmsms0 .0 0.0 000 5000 000 00H 0.5 .H :HHamxamM H0 VHmHmasHm 3m0mem 050H szmu0< .0 5.0 00HH 0005 000 00 H.0 .H.HU HHstumm HH umanmemum 000 050H uvHanom .H IIIEQQII IIIIIIII m£\0x IIIIIIIII <0H0 Hum 02 mo M 0 00 make GOHuomm mHnmaBOH 0uaaou ummw Houmuomooo ax HH00 .mmuHm soummmwn mo moHumHumuomumno HH00 .H mHan 79 Table 2. Mean soil boron levels for boron research sites. Standard Location Year B Deviation PPm Bean-Beet Farm 1973 0.63 0.23 Bean-Beet Farm 1974 0.66 0.23 I. Schmidt 1974 1.10 0.15 D. Abraham 1974 1.09 0.16 B. DuRussell 1975 1.11 0.21 B. DuRussell (Foliar) 1975 1.03 0.24 I. Schmidt 1975 1.61 0.25 D. Abraham 1976 0.91 0.24 K. Hecht 1976 0.89 0.13 80 mu m: 5.0 m: 0H.0 «0.0 NHo.o mm 0.0 Amo.ov omq 0.H0 0.00 0.00 000.0 00.H H0.0 00m.o 00.0 0.0H o 0.00 0.HMH 0.~N 00.H 00.H 05.0 o~m.o 5H.0 0.0H 00.H 00x0: 0.00 m.~0 0.0H omm.o 00.H 50.0 000.0 0H.0 0.00 o m.nm 0.00 0.0“ no.0 00.H No.0 m0~.o no.0 0.HH 0o.H 0:00 00x02 0.H“ 0.00 m.~H 00.H 05.H 00.0 000.0 0~.0 H.NH o m.mm 0.00 o.m~ mo.H mN.H 00.0 000.0 MH.0 0.0H 00.H 00x02 n.0m 0.50 0.0m 00.H 00.H 00.0 000.0 00.0 0.mH o 0.mm 0.~0 n.00 00.H 55.H 00.0 000.0 0H.0 0.mH 00.H camm 0amm m0 0.00 ONH o.~H 00.H 05.H 05.0 omm.o H0.0 05.0 o 0.N0 ONH o.o~ m00.o 00.H 00.0 m0~.o NN.0 0.HH 00.H 00x02 0.50 00H o.0~ 00.H 05.H m0.0 000.0 No.0 0.HH o 0.00 0.00 0.05 000.0 00.H 00.0 00N.o No.0 o.~H 00.H wean 00x0: 0.00 0.00 m.~H 00.H 00.H 00.0 mm~.o 00.0 0.0H o 0.00 00H m.5H no.0 05.H 00.0 000.0 00.0 0.0H 00.H 00x0: 0.00 000 o.- 00.H 00.H m0.m 000.0 o~.0 0.~H o 0.H0 000 m.m0 50.H 05.H 0~.0 000.0 00.0 0.NH 00.H wamm mama «my: IIII IIIII EQQIII IIIII N uoa\0 u00\0 cm mm a: 0: mo M m z unwfims 0000 m z muusom coaumuucmocou ucmfiuusz uamHm 000 0quz ucmamomHm z .mwsum ucmEmUMHQ azlumNHkuuwm mmsoncmmuw .muummwm uamEummuH .0 mHan 81 500.0 0.0 mm 0.0 H0.50 00.0 HH.0 m: we A00.0v 00H 050.0 00H 00.0 0.H5 00.0 05.5 05.5 05.5 00.5 0 050.0 00H 00.0 0.00 0.H0 05.5 00.5 05.5 00.0 00.H wmxwz 000.0 0HH 00.0 0.55 0H.0 05.5 00.5 05.5 0H.5 0 0.0H 0HH 00.0 0.05 H.00H 05.5 00.5 00.5 05.0 00.H 00mm 0mtz 005.0 0.00 00.0 0.00 00.0 05.5 00.5 00.5 05.0 0 05.H 0.00 0H.0 0.00 0.H0 05.5 00.5 05.5 00.5 00.H vmtz 00.H HOH 05.0 0.H0 0H.0 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 0 H.00 00H 00.0 0.00 0.00H 05.5 00.5 00.5 05.5 00.H 00mm 00mm 00 000.0 00H 00.0 0.05 00.0 00.5 00.5 05.5 00.5 0 000.0 00H 00.0 0.50 0.00 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.H 0mtz 005.0 0HH 00.0 0.05 00.0 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.0 0 0.00 0HH 00.0 0.05 0.000 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.H 0cm0 umxH: 000.0 HOH 00.0 0.H5 00.0 05.5 00.5 05.5 00.0 0 00.0 0.00 00.0 0.05 5.50 05.5 00.5 05.5 00.5 00.H vmtz 000.0 50H 0H.0 0.H5 00.0 05.5 00.5 00.5 00.0 0 0.0H 00H 00.0 0.00 0.00H 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 00.H 0cm0 00mm <00: 800 800 uoa\0 :2 so :0 mm a: aouuom 00mm momwusm =0 mumm 0 z mouaow 00000 mHnmuowuuxm <0H0 00 H000 uamHm 000:2 ucmEmomHm z .A0.uaoov m mHnma 82 0.0 m: m: 55 0.HH H0 00 5.0 00 A00.00 000 0.05 000 000 omH 00H 50H 000 0.00 500 o 0.05 000 000H H00 0HH 00H H00 0.00 000 00.H 0wa2 0.05 000 000 00H 5.00 00H 000 ~.0N H00 0 0.05 H00 000H 000 00H 00H 0H5 0.00 050 00.H 0:mm 0mtz 5.00 000 0HHH 00H 00H 0H0 000 0.00 000 0 00H m00 550H wmm HmH 000 ~00 ~.m0 0H0 00.H 00x02 0HH 000 000H 500 HOH 000 005 0.00 050 0 “OH 500 000H 0000 HOH 00m 005 5.00 000 00.H uamm wamm m0 0.H0 5N0 NHOH 00H 0.H0 000 com o.m~ mmm o 0.00 500 000H 000 0HH 55H 050 0.00 000 00.H umtz m.00 000 meH H00 0HH 5cm H00 5.00 500 o 0.00 000 000H 000 0HH 000 005 5.00 000 00.H 0:mm 0mtz 0.50 000 ~0~H 00H mmH 0mm 50“ 0.0m «mm o 00H 005 000H 000 00H 000 505 0.00 000 00.H 0mtz 0.00 HHm 0000 5mm 00H 0H~ 505 0.00 000 o 0.00 000 000H 005 00H 0H0 000 0.H0 000 00.H 0:mm 0:m0 «000 uom\0: uom\0a uoa\0 :0 mm aN a: 0: 00 M m 2 «00¢ m z muusom mxmumb u:mHuu:z u:mHm 000:2 u:wEwUMH0 z .A0.uaouV m manna 83 ma ms 0m . 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