SPORT PREFERENCES AND PMHCIPATION AMONG KAUXMAZOD MLLEGE WOMEN Thesis far the Degree of M. A MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSH‘! BEVERLEY J. BENNE 1967 ll! IMUIINHII IN 6245 I '7 NH! ”2 l {1 WIN}!!! 9 W2 '1 I! (I! III I.” ' I13 ABSTRACT SPORT PREFERENCES AND PARTTCTPATION AMONG KALAMAZOO jOLLEGE WOMEN by Beverley J. Benne This study is a description of 223 freshmen and senior women at Kalamazoo College. It describes the family back- ground, sport's history, and sports preferences of a homogenius and elite population. Selected variables were examined in terms of how they affect the sport's preferences and participation of the subjects. A questionnaire was constructed and administered in the spring of 1967. Additional information was obtained from the WRA and varsity sport files on which sports and how often the subject participated. The data was subjected to statistical analysis: frequency and percentage tables, Chi-Square test of independent samples, and Fisher‘s exact probalility test were employed. The levels of significance less than .05 are listed at the bottom of each table. Significant relationships were found to exist between WRA, varsity sport participants and certain selected vari- ables. Two important findings exist. First, the WRA and varsity sport participant pOpulations are different from the rest of the pOpulation under study. Family income and Beverley J. Benne thus social class appear to be the major separating factor. Participants are less likely to come from the $16,000 and over income group. Income in turn influences selection of a major field of study, part-time employment, dating and such intangibles as aspiration level, and reasons for participation in sports. Second, the size of the family unit is an important factor in sports participation. If the subject has older siblings she is more likely to prefer to play in sports than to watch them. Differences do exist between the sports selected as favorite activities and favorite activities for exercise. SPORT PREFERENCES ANE PARTICIPATION AMONG KALAMAZOO COLLEGE WOMEN By Beverley J. Benne A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Eepartment of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1967 ACKNOWLEEGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the advice and coop— eration of several people in completing this thesis. First, to my husband, Max, for his encouragement and help and to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Harold Zimmer, and Dr. and Mrs. Erwin J. Benne for their understanding and encouraging words. I am indebted to my advisor, Mr. Harry Webb, for his most helpful assistance and guidance throughout this study. He gave willingly many hours of his time so this study could be completed. And finally, my sincere appreciation to Mr. James Snook for his helpful advice and to the Kalamazoo College women who took part in this study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. THE PROBLEM ................................... 1 Statement of the Problem .......... . ...... l Need for the Study ....................... l Procedures ............................... 2 Limitations .. ............................ 2 Methods .................................. 3 II. FAMILY BACKGROUND INFORMATION ................. 5 III. SPORTS PARTICIPATION BACKGROUND ............... 14 IV. NRA AND VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPANT PARTICIPATION PATTERNS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA.. 20 V. SPORT PREFERENCE PATTERS ...................... 38 VI. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VARIABLES ................ 45 Reasons for Sports Participation ......... 45 Occupational Ranking Scale ............... 48 VII. SUFWIARY O ....... O'COIIOOCOOOOOOICOOIOOIIOOIIOOI 52 iii LIST OF TABLES l—‘ 0 Table 1. Number of Older Brothers ...................... 2. Number of Younger Brothers .................... 3. Number of Older Siblings ...................... A. Number of Younger Siblings .................... 5. Home Location ................................. ~ 6. Father's Occupation ........................... 7. Mother’s Occupation ........................... 8. Father‘s Education ........................... 9. Mother's Education ............................ 10. Family Income ............................... 1. 11. How College Education is Financed ............ 12. Political Party Preference ................... 13. Church Membership ............................ 1A. Church Attendance ............................ 15. Grade Point Averages ......................... 16. Future Plans ................................. 17. Major Field of Study ......................... 18. Dating Frequencies of Subjects ............... 19. Elementary Physical Education Participation 20. Sports Participation Rates for Seniors and Freshmen .................. 21. High School Sports Participation ............. 22. Sport Activities Participated in with the Family ....................... 23. Sports in which the Father Participates ...... 24. NRA Participation by Sport and Number of Participants ........................ iv }__I 0 ll 11 ll 12 12 Table 26. 27. 28. 30. 31. 32. 33- 3A. 36. 37- 38. 39- A0. 41. A2. 43. 44. LIST OF TABLES — Continued NRA Participation and Attitudes Toward NRA NRA Participation and Preference to Play or Natch Sports ..... NRA Participation and Frequency of Dating ..... NRA Participation and Political Party Preference . NRA Participation and Part-time Employment NRA Participation and Family Income ........... Varsity Sport Participation and Attitudes toward the NRA Program ................ Varsity Sport Participation and Preference to Play or Natch .................. Varsity Sport Participation Occupation Varsity Sport Participation Varsity Sport Participation Older Siblings ...... Varsity Sport Participation Older Brothers ...... and Family Income.. and the Number of Number of Older Siblings and the Subjectsx Preference to Play or Varsity Sport Participation of Study ............ Varsity Sport Participation Sport Activity ...... Varsity Sport Participation of Dating ........... Dating and Family Income .. Varsity Sport Participation Encouragement ....... Varsity Sport Participation Encouragement ....... Natch ............. and Major Field 27 28 2'9 29 3O 30 31 33 31+ 35 35 L» O\ LIST OF TABLES - Continued Table A5. Varsity Sport Participation and Father's Encouragement ......................... A6. Favorite Sport Activities .................... A7. Favorite Sport Activities for Exercise ....... A8. Sports Most Appropriate for Nomen ............ A9. Sports Least Appropriate for Women ........... 50. Reasons for Sport Participation .............. 51. Father's Occupation and the Reasons for Sport Participation ......................... 52. Frequency of Dating and the Reasons for Sport Participation .............. . ........... 53. Subject Rankings of the Occupations on the Occupational Ranking Scores ........... 5A. Father's Occupation and Occupational Ranking Scores ................................ 55. Varsity Sport Participation and Occupational Ranking Scores ........................ 56. Varsity Sport Participation and Ranking of Professional Athletes on the Occupational Ranking Scale ............ vi Appendix A. Questionnaire ............. B. Enclosed Cover Letter ..... C. First Follow-up Letter .... D. Second Follow-up Letter ... E. Coding Forms .............. F. Sports Participation Sheet LIST OF APPENEICES vii CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, to describe the freshmen and senior women at Kalamazoo College; their family background, sport history, and sport preferences. Second, to examine certain variables that could influence the participation and the choice of sports. For example: does the number of brothers and sisters influence the choice of sports and reasons for participation; do the father‘s education, employment and family income influence sport choices? Hopefully, by studying the participation patterns and par— ticipants, changes to better accommodate the students can be made. The college sports program for women might be made to function more in the interest of a student body that has come under increased academic pressure. Need for the Study. Research on sociological factors that influence women in sports participation is only in its infancy; perhaps because the number of women participating in sport competition is relatively small and relatively new when compared to the development and organization of sports in which men participate. The change in the status of F0 women in American society has produced more women taking part in sports. It is no longer an activity for men only; women pursue such interests as well. But this is almost’ the limit of our knowledge, for we know little about who the female participant is and what factors influence her choices. It is the aim of this paper to expand information in both of these major areas. Although some work has been done in listing female sport preferences, it was felt that this was an important part of understanding the population under study, and so preference rankings were therefore re- quested of the subjects and included in the study. Procedures. During the spring term, 1967 a question— naire was constructed to investigate the Sport background and sport participation preferences of Kalamazoo College freshmen and senior women. The questionnaire was mailed to the subjects through campus mail; and 223 subjects took part: 133 freshmen and 90 seniors. Limitations. The questionnaire was given to freshmen and senior women at Kalamazoo College. Sophomore and junior women were not available during the spring term. Rather than trying to collect data at a later time it was decided to limit this study to freshmen and senior women. At the same time differences between those beginning and those ending their college experiences were considerably enhanced through this sampling method. The records of the Women's Recreation Association1 1 1Women's Recreation Association will be referred to as the NRA throughout the remainder of this paper. and varsity sport records were the source of participation records. Therefore, participation other than in the formal college program is not included in this study. The conclusions of this study apply only to Kalamazoo College. Methods. Upon completion of the preliminary construc- tion of the questionnaire the dean of academic affairs and director of the office of research were consulted. Several suggestions and revisions were made regarding coding, date for mailing the questionnaire, instructions, contents of the letter to be enclosed, and method of collection. The questionnaire was given to three Western Michigan juniors to check for clarity of questions. Some clarification was 1 necessary before the finalized copy could be printed. The 2 consisted of five and one—half pages with finalized copy a total of forty—four questions. All questions that did not require a sports recall listing were precoded. The questionnaire was coded with a number in the upper-right hand corner. An explanation of this number was included in the letter3 attached to the questionnaire. The final questionnaire was mailed during April of 1967 (spring term) to all of the freshmen and senior women at Kalamazoo College. 267 questionnaires were mailed and 225 returned (8A.6% return); two were determined to be 2See Appendix A jSee Appendix B unacceptable which reduced the final sample size to 223. The questionnaire, letter, and addressed return envelope were sealed in an envelope and placed in dormitory mail boxes. Those girls not living in the dormitories received their questionnaire by U. S. mail. A box was placed in each of the two dormitories where the completed question— naire could be placed. A followup reminder letter1 was sent one week later. A third letter2 and another copy of . the questionnaire were sent a week and one-half following the second letter. A participation sheet3 was also constructed. Each student's record of participation in the N.R.A. and varsity Sports for each sport sponsored was recorded on this sheet. A number was placed on this sheet which corresponded to the number on the questionnaire sent to the subjects. The par— ticipation sheets and the returned questionnaires were then u, matched. The responses were coded by hand and punched on computer cards. Each observation required three cards. Frequency percentage tables for variables, Chi Square test of independent samples, and Fisher’s exact probability test, were employed to determine where relationships existed between certain selected variables through the use of various computer programs. 1See Appendix C 2See Appendix D 3See Appendix F “See Appendix E CHAPTER II FAMILY BACKGROUNE INFORMATION This study is a survey investigation of the family and sports participation background and sports participation preferences. The data was obtained through a survey ques- tionnaire in which 223 Kalamazoo College freshmen and senior women participated. 133 (59.6%) of the students taking part in the survey were freshmen women. The remaining 90 (AO.A%) of the total were senior women. 157 freshmen were sent questionnaires and 133 were returned (87.5%). Eight of those question- naires sent to freshmen were sent via U. S. mail and seven returned (87.5%). I 110 seniors received questionnaires and 90 were returned (81.7%). 12 of the 1A questionnaires sent to senior town women were returned (85.7%). Mailed questionnaires repre- sented 8.5% of the total questionnnaires returned and 8.25% of the total 26 questionnaires sent out. The data presented in this chapter describe the subjects and their family background through frequency and percentage tables. The size of the families is very small (see tables l-A). The mean number of older brothers is O.A22 and 0.731 for 5 total older siblings. The mean number of younger brothers is .650 and for younger siblings 1.305. These figures indi- cate there tend to be more older brothers than older sisters. There appears to be an equal spread of younger brothers and sisters. The number of subjects reporting no older siblings (A9.8%)and no younger siblings (35%) is quite high. Equally important to this picture is the small number of large I" families. F 1 TABLE 1 ‘ NUMBER OF OLDER BROTHERS Rumter Older Brothers Frequency. Pcrcentgg; O 150 67 2 l 59 26.5 2 10 A.5 3 3 l.A A O O 5 O O 6 l .5 TABLE 2 NUMBER OF YOUNGER BROTHERS ITO. “fougqgerfE3roikx3rs I?regpxx.cy VI OPELICtiflang O 123 55.2 i 66 29.6 2 25 11.2 3 7 3-1 4 2 .9 TABLE 3 NUMBER OF OLEER SIBLINGS No. oljer Siblings Frequency Pcrcentu'e O 111 A9.8 l 75 33-6 2 29 13. 3 5 12 2 A 2 9 5 . 6 .. 7 l .5 TABLE A NUMBER OF YOUNGER SIBLINGS No. younger Siblings_ __ Freqqency Percentagg_ o 78 35.0 1 59 26.5 2 A7 21.1 3 2A 10.8 A 9 A.O 5 6 2.7 Table 5 shows the home location by size. One half of the respondents indicated they lived in a city (population: l0,000-500,000). Only 11.2% have homes located in a rural area. Table 6 shows fathers' occupations. United States census classifications were used. The large percentage (66.5%) in the professional or technical category indicates first an "elite" group and second a rather homogenious one (only 15% of the United States population falls into this category, as of March 1966) (8). Table 7 on the mother’s occupation included housewife as the last category. Over half of the respondents‘ mothers were in this category. TABLE 5 HOME LOCATION ". '— Location Frequency_» A Percehtug. Rural 25 11.3 Small town/city A9 22.1 (less than 10,000) City (l0,000-500,000) 111 50.0 Large city (over 500,000) 37 16.7 TABLE 6 FATHER‘S OCCUPATION Occupation ‘Frequegcy PErcehtage Professional/ technical 1A7 66.5 Proprietor or manager 29 13.1 Clerical or sales 15 6.8 Service 2 .9 Craftsman or foreman 16 7.2 Semiskilled 7 3.2 Farmer or farm mgr. A 1.8 Laborer l .5 TABLE 7 MOTHER'S OCCUPATION Occupatiaa 'Frequency Percentag Professional/ technical 67 30.2 Proprietor or manager 2 .9 Clerical or sales 28 12.6 Service 6 2.7 Craftsman or foreman l -5 Semiskilled A 1-8 Housewife 11A 51.A \0 Tables 8 and 9 present parents’ education. These tables also support the fact that this is a homogenious and elite group since only 10% of the U.S. pOpulation over 25 years of age have completed 4 years of college or more. (9) TABLF 8 FATHER‘S ELUCATION aw. ,_.._ wa‘f“ ,- R“. , H LOdCaClOM :lequency rercentage Left school before 8th grade 2 .9 Finished 8th grade 7 3.1 Some high school 7 3.1 Finished high school 26 11.7 Some college 37 16.6 Finished college 144 ff 64.6 TABLE 9 MOTHER’S EDUCATION FELcution Frequelc, PEIC€“‘ :TF: Left school before 8th grade 1 .5 Finished 8th grade 4 1.8 Some high school 11 4.9 Finished high school 48 21.5 Some college 53 23.8 Finished college 106 47.5 Family income is depicted in table 10. 14 people left this question blank. In 1965 the median income for white families was $6,882. (9) Approximately 13% of the re— spondants' family income would be within this range. Approximately 75% of the subjects' family incomes are above this figure. 30% of the families have incomes of $16,000 and over. 8% of the families in the U.S. in 1965 have an 10 income of $15,000 and over.(9) TABLE 10 FAMILY INCOME Income (in thousands) Frequency Percentage 0—4.9 3 1.4 5-7.9 24 11.5 8-9.9 26 12.4 10-11.9 44 21.1 12-15.9 48 23.0 16 and over 64 30.7 The source of educational support is shown in table 11. The respondants were instructed to check as many sources as necessary. Only 7% get no parental support. TABLE 11 HOW COLLEGE EDUCATION IS FINANCEE ’T1 ( I) *‘S 0 m d Source of suEpDrt FTEQJEDCV c a C (T) Scholarship 98 44.0 Parents 207 93.0 Government funds 55 24.6 Part-time work 97 43.5 Other 26 11.6 The subjects were askedwhich political party they would join if requested to register. 15 left the question blank. Table 12 depicts the results. Only the 2 choices, democrat and republican, were given on the questionnaire however, seven subjects chose to write-in a response. A somewhat even split exists between democrats and republicans with the tendency toward the republicans (10% more). From looking at family incomes one might expect large majority 11 to be republican. This does not appear to be the case. 90% of the respondents are protestant (table 13). 13 subjects left the question blank. Because of this very uneven split it was impossible to compare Protestants and Catholics with various sport variables. Only 15% of the respondents attended church on a regular weekly basis. See table 14. TABLE 12 POLITICAL PARTY PREFERENCE Party prefererce iFrequency Perce t; e Democratic 90 43.3 Republican 111 53.4 Nonpartisan l .5 Neither 6 2.9 ,TABLE 13 CHURCH MEMBERSUIP - E e velc Perce c e Protestant 188 89.6 Catholic 11 5.2 Jewish 7 3-3 hone 4 1'0 __ TABLE 14 CHURCH ATTENDANCE FrequeECj‘ Percent e Every week 33 15.0 1-3 times/month 45 20.5 Less than once/month 118 5“.6 L Fever 24 10. \x ) Table 15 show the distribution of grade point averages. than obtaining them through the registrafls office. These were obtained by asking the subject rather Table 16 represents the respondents! future plans after grad— uation. indicated they plan to attend graduate school. TABL [I J [11 t...» Many checked more than one response. GRAPE POINT AVERAGES One half q- we- ch._:t ideaque “c; Pelvcent - e 1.-1.9 7 3.2 2 -2.3 37 16.9 2.4-2.7 52 23~7 2-8-3- 53 24.2 3.1-3.4 34 15.5 3.5—4 36 16.4 TABLE 16 FUTURE PLANS Pfians ‘FleqLe.c:v Percent-ge‘_ Work 105 47.0 Graduate School 110 49.4 Peace Corp 34 15.2 Travel 19 8.5 Marriage within 6 months 42 18.8 None 14 0'3_ Table 17 gives the distribution of majors. English and foreign languages represent 40% of the reSpondents. TABLE 17 MAJOR FIELD OF STUEY '11 J J (D ’{1 4. Art 9 4.0 Biolog 21 9.4 Chemistry 3 1.4 Economics 2 .9 English 42 18.8 Foreign Language 47 21.1 History 15 6.7 Mathematics 11 4.9 Music 8 3.6 Philosophy 1 .5 Political Science 10 4.5 Psychology 18 8.1 Religion 1 .5 Sociology/Anthropology 13 5.8 Theater/speech 4 1.8 Premedicine 2 .9 Undecided 15 6.7 Table 18 gives a breakdown of the response to the question ”to you date?". A married category which had been omitted on the questionnaire was included on this chart because of written in responses. The average for the population would fall between once a week and twice a week. (Table 18) TABLE 18 LAT HG FREQUENCIES OF SUBJECTS ’11 NO 22 10.1 Once/month 29 13.3 Every 2 or 3 weeks 34 15.6 Once/week 43 15.6 Twice week 35 16.1 3-4 times/week 22 10.1 More than 3 or 4 times/wk. 28 12.8 Married 5 2.3 CHAPTER III SPORTS PARTICIPATION BACKGROUND This chapter describes the sports background of the subjects through frequency and percentage tables. The number of students who had elementary physical education, in what grade (s), and the number of days per week is depicted in table 19. A low percentage (17.7%) indicated they had no elementary physical education. Two days per week of physical education predominates: this category received tWice as many responses as any other fre— quency. More subjects had physical education five days per week than one day per week in every grade but the third. Freshmen were asked to compare their present rate of participation with that of high school. Seniors were asked to compare their present participation pattern with their past 3 years in college. As might be expected the mean for the senior women (3.656) was more in the direction of less activity than the freshmen (3.250). Table 20. 155 (70.8%) reported they would rather play than watch a sport activity; 63 (28.8%) would rather watch. If 70% of the population prefers playing, then WRA and varsity sports should be a medium where they can play. However, 123 (55.2%) of the population has participated in WRA which is 15.6% less than prefers playing to watching. Either 14 15 individual evaluations of preferences to play or watch is in error or the program does not offer sports some women are interested in. TABLE 19 ELEMENTARY PHYSICAL EEUCATION PARTICIPATION v—T v—VI v f V v V V number of days per week* Grade Frequency 0 1 2 3 4 5_ lst 121 20.7% 42.2% 13.2% 2.5% 20.7% 2nd 126 20.6 41.3 14.3 2.4 20.6 3rd 138 21.0 41.3 14.5 4.4 18.9 4th 159 18.2 43.4 18.2 1.9 18.2 5th 170 12.9 48.8 20.6 2.4 15.3 6th 172 10.5 51.7 20.4 1.7 15.1 None 40 17.7% *Column numbers represent the per cent of the population who had physical education in that grade. TABLE 2O SPORTS PARTICIPATION RATES OF SENIORS ANE FRESHMEN Seniors Freshmen Rate Percentage Percentage Much Greater 0 8.4 Greater 8.9 12.? Same 35.3 34.8 Less 36.7 33.3 Much Less 18.9 10.6 Table 23 lists the sports the subjects participated in their high school varsity athletic program, intramural pro- gram, and those activities outside the realm of the school in which lessons or some kind of organization existed. These restrictions were placed on the activities outside 16 school to avoid lists of sports that the subject just dabbled in on her own but no real skill or interest was developed. Basketball was the most widely played sport (19.7%) as might be expected since it is not so nearly the regional sport that field hockey is (9.9%). Men coach basketball for women in some situations but rarely coach field hockey which would also make basketball more available. 66.4% listed no high school interscholastic sports. Basketball (32.7%) and volleyball (28.2%) obtained the greatest participation in intramural activities. Team sports are very popular in high school, lend themselves to larger numbers of girls and may have been offered while other sports were not. 50.2% listed no intramural activities. Subjects participated most frequently in swimming (15.7%) and dance (13.5%) of the nonschool sponsered acti- vities. Both of these activities were among those listed most frequently as favorite activities for exercise (see table 47) and favorite sports (see table 46). They are probably not activities taught in the schools to any large degree but tend to be available through YWCA and Teen clubs and private lessons. 65.0% listed no sport activity part- icipated in outside school. 17 TABLE 21 HIGH SCYOOL SPORTS PAR H ICI P. H Sport Interscholastic Intimi— mural 0141.5ch- school Archery Badminton Basketball Backyard games Bowling Cheerleading Camping Canoeing & Sailing Dance Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Hiking Horseback riding LaCrosse Ice Skating Judo Snow skiing Soccer Softball Speedball Swimming and Synchronized Table tennis Tennis Track & field Touch Football _Xolleyball tLUU) txn-4- c>m~ Ho \UO \‘l l\) R:- F—‘Llo 0000 (1). ;_n H . (A)\D\fi\1r\3mi—’mWF—J° O‘\ \fl 0 U) i—lQO\i:- CIlF—JF-JTU' O\l—-‘l\)l—’m' o 0U). om. U10 ..— 18 TABLE 22 PORT ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATEE IN WITH THE FAMILY lst Effiif'” 2nd noel"'?;%ffififififfiiial Activity Frequent Fregucnt Frequent Archery .. .. 2 2 Badminton 10 12 8 30 Backyard games 1 4 5 10 Basketball 4 2 2 8 Cycling 1 6 l 8 Boating/Sailing/Canoeing 5 10 8 23 Bowling 12 7 8 27 Camping 8 4 3 15 Dance 1 2 .. 3 Exercise & Gymnastics 2 .. l 4 Gardening .. 2 l 3 Golf 7- 6 5 l8 Hiking & walking l7 l5 5 37 Hunting & fishing 1 5 4 10 Horseback riding 3 2 5 10 Ice Skating 3 7 4 14 Snow skiing 4 4 4 12 Soccer 1 .. l 2 Softball/baseball 4 7 8 19 Swimming & diving 49 28 18 95 Table tennis 7 6 6 19 Tennis ll 13 9 33 Football/touch football .. 2 2 Volleyball . 2 2 4 Water skiing 6 6 l 13 * Sports listed by more than one respondent are included. Table 22 depicts sport acticities participated in with the family and table 23, sports the father participates in. Those activities listed most frequently were swimming (42%), walking and hiking (16.8%), tennis (14.7%) and badminton (13.4%). 28.7% listed no activities participated in with the family. Sports the father participated in most frequently mentioned were golf (29.6%), swimming (23.2%), bowling (17.9%) and tennis (12.5%). 21.1% listed no activities in which the father participated. 19 TABLE 23 SPORTS IN WHICH THE FATHER PARTICIPATES lSt most 2nd most 3 Activity, Frquent Fregpent Frenlent T F. O (~+ . F4 (. Auto & motorcycle racing Badminton Backyard games Baseball & softball Basketball Bicycling Billards & pool Boating/canoeing/sailing Bowling Camping Exercise/gymnastics Fishing Football/touch football Gardening Golf Hiking & walking Hunting & shooting Handball/squash/paddleball Horseback riding Ice skating Running Snow skiing Swimming Table tennis Tennis Volleyball Water skiing m wNHw-fltm- tH w mmtmrwowwfl©womw [\DMIDWOl—‘P—‘RDIUIUO\CDLA)|-JF—’-l:‘|—’F—’-F—‘O\I—'wu.)O\F—’\fi° H (.1 MMQWCDI-J' tHwKONKO-P‘HOHNWOHPWNI—Jmu) }_: [\3 J: }_.l l---'- \DO\J:‘OT\DI\)IU° [\DIUO OH R) 1.4 . mxlw—ii‘l—‘i—‘o [Di—4W £70001» IUUJ [U OMB-L“: (.4 *Sports listed by more than one respondent are included. 0f the four most frequently listed activities only tennis is mentioned on both lists. Participating in sports with the family apparently means participating much more with siblings than parents, especially the father. CHAPTER IV WRA ANL VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPALT PARTICIPATION PATTERUS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA This chapter presents participation patterns of both WRA and varsity participants and also crosses those categories on several selected variables. A breakdown of participants in WRA and varsity sports by activity is shown in tables 24 and 25. Because of the college calendar peculiar to Lalamazoo College, the number of years of participation is limited for most students to three years and in some cases two years. It is interesting to note that in all sports the number who participate in a sport more than one year is reduced by more than half. This may indicate a willingness to try a sport in the program, but an unwillingness to return, and as such it may be indirect commentary on the program. Some of the sports listed in the recreation program have been but are not currently offered, notably swimming, bowling, and archery. 2O NRA PARTICIPATION BY SPORT ANE NUM ER OF PARTTCIPAMTQ Part1 inants “y Number of leals of P itic1patlon Spprt “Tests: 1 ‘2‘ 3 4' ’Total Hockey 5 l .. .. 6 Tennis 21 .. .. .. 21 Volleyball 53 22 8 l 94 Basketball 60 13 4 .. 77 Swimming 5 2 .. .. 7 Table tennis 22 2 1 25 Badminton 27 8 3 .. 38 Archery 1 .. .. .. l Softball 16 l .. .. 17 Bowling 9 4 .. .. l3 TABLE 25 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPANTS BY SPORT ANE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS Participgnts by Number of Years of Participation Sport Years: 1 2 3 4 Total 11. Hockey 6 2 l l 10 Basketball 12 3 1 .. 16 Tennis 3 .. 2 1 6 Archery 3 l .. .. 4 Table 26 depicts ERA participants by attitude toward the WRA program. Each subject was asked her Opinion of the program. As might be expected the more positive attitudes came from those who had participated. No correlations were run to determine whether those who had participated the most were the respondents that ”strongly” approved. 55% of those that did not participate either indicated they ”don't know” or "don‘t care". This in- dicated a thought-out and honest answer since they would have had little or no direct contact upon which to base an opinion. Because of the diminishing number of parti- cipants in the NRA program, more negative responses were expected, although only one person responded negatively. Apparently, the women prefer noninvolvement to negative response. It was not determined if differences could be noted within the different sports. Table 27 gives WRA participants by their preference to play or watch sports. A 60:40 ratio exists between those WRA participants and nonparticipants who indicated they would rather play. It appears that approximately 30% of the total pOpulation prefer playing to watching but have not participated in the NRA program. This seg- ment through recruitment and a different program might become an active part of the NRA program. Interestingly, one half of those that would rather watch than play have taken part in the NRA program. From the data available it is not known how often they have participated. These may be women who came once or twice because of the in- fluence of their social society or friends. Table 28 shows WRA participants by the amount of dating they do. Because some categories were small, adjacent categories were collapsed (see coding sheet appendix E). In all categories WRA participants have fewer dates than nonparticipants. The greatest differences between participants and nonparticipants are in the dating once a week and every 2 or 3 weeks groups. It appears that women with few or no dates do participate more 23 frequently, since the split in categories 3 and 4 is quite evenly divided between participants and nonparticipants. It is likely that this 25% of the total population dating infrequently do view WRA as an important social activity. These figures dispell the idea that only those women who don‘t have dates participate in NRA. (29% of the total population date once a week or more_§gd participate in WRA.) TABLE 26 WRA PARTICIPATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARD WRA Strongly I’ Don‘t Dis- . Don't _ffi approve Approve know approve care Participant (18) (64) (20) (l) (20) % Across 14.6 52.0 16.3 .8 16.3 Nonparticipant (97) (38) (36) (0) (18) % Across 7.1 38.4 36.4 0 18.2 *The number of cases is given in parentheses above each relevant category. *Cases with no response excluded. TABLE 27 WRA PARTICIPATION AND PREFERENCE TO PLAY OR WATCH SP RT 11 11-1, 1, Play‘g ff watch Participant % Across 74.6 25.4 Nonparticipants % Across 67.0 33.0 *Cases with no response excluded. *When a robability is greater than .05, it is omittedfrom the tab.es. Table 29 crosses WRA participants with political party preferences. Categories 3 and 4 were dropped because of the small number of observations in each category. Re— publicans divided quite evenly between participants and nonparticipants. A very wide split occurs in the demo- cratic party with almost twice as many democratic parti— cipants as nonparticipants. The participants.are evenly divided between the two parties. More nonparticipants are republican than democrat (60% and 36% respectively). It is impossible with the data available to determine the cause of this split. TABLE 28 NBA PARTICIPATION AND FREQUENCY OF DATING 1 - 1'(LeESer) 2 32—I __fi 4" 5(Grea er Participant 10.7% 35.5% 30.6% 21.5% 1.7% Per cent Nonparticipant 9.3 20.6 42.3 24.7 3.0 Per cent Total number (22) - - - (63), (78)--1115O) 15)1. 11 *Collapsed categories: = no dating 2: once/month or every 2 or 3 weeks 3: once or twice /week 4: 3 or 4 times a week or more 5: married *Cases with no response excluded TABLE 29 WRA PARTICIPATION AND POLITICAL PARTY PREFERENCE f'ffi - 1-1 _Iemocratic ‘Républican Participant Per cent across 49.1 48.3 Nonparticipant Per cent across - 35.9 59.8 *Cases with no response excluded. Table 30 gives WRA participants by part—time employ- ment. The split is even (about 50:50) between participants and nonparticipants who do not work. Important differences do exist between working participants and nonparticipants. 63% of those subjects working take part in WRA and 38% do not. 78% of the working pOpulation spend 9 or more hours working per week. For most, working does not prevent participation in WRA because of lack of time. In fact it appears to be the reverse. Managing part time work and studies appears to be conducive to parti- cipation in WRA. Perhaps, by this demanding schedule the student has learned to budget her time. Working may also help the individual to identify strongly enough with the college community that she is willing to become involved in more than just the classroom. Table 31 gives a breakdown of part-time work by family income. A highly significant relationship exists between income and part time work. The lower the family income the more likely the student is to work. This 26 suggests that WRA participants and income are related--the higher the income the less likely the subject is to participate in WRA. TABLE 3O WRA PARTICIPATION AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT v v VF— Employed NotIEmployed Participant Per cent across 56.5 43.6 Per cent down 62.5 48.7 Nonparticipant Per cent across 42.4 57.6 fiPer cent down 37.5 51.4 X2=4.333, P=.O257 (Fisher-one—tailed) TABLE 31 WRA PARTICIPATION AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT Family Income (in thousandsT 16.0 & 0-9.0 10-11.9 12—15.9 over Not employed Per cent 16.5 18.5 23.3 41.8 Employed Per cent 34.0 23.6 22.6 19.8 x2=15.152; P=.001 *Collapsed version of family income *Cases with no response excluded Table 32 crosses varsity sport participants with attitude toward WRA. As with WRA participants those in- volved in varsity sports tend to evaluate the program more positively than the rest of the population. Over half of the varsity participants approved of the program and 27 one-third ”strongly approved”. Because of the small number of varsity sport participants it is difficult to compare the split in each category between participants and non- participants. It was not determined if attitudes were affected by the number of years of participation and if differences could be noted within the different sports. Table 33 distinguishes varsity sport participants by their preference to play or watch a sport. As expected varsity Sport participants would rather play than watch (91%)- TABLE 32 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPANTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE WRA PROGRAM Strongly Don't Dis- Don't Approve Approve Know approve Care Partic- ipant % Across 34.8 52.2 8.7 0 4.4 Nonpar- ticipant % Across g_ 8.5 45.2 27.1 11-5 97.4 *Cases with no response were excluded h) (,0 TABLE 33 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND PREFERENCE TO PLAY OR WATCH Plgyg Watch Participant Per cent Across 91.3 8.7 Nonparticipants _ Per cent Across 68.9 31.1 X2=5.0523 P=.Ol63 (Fisher--One-Tailed) Varsity sport participation is crossed with father‘s occupation in table 34. 48% of the varsity sport parti- cipants come from the professional/technical category, 35% from the proprietor/manager and clerical/sales cate- gories and blue collar workers represent 17%. However, more than half of the participants are drawn from catee gories two through four than the professional/technical workers. This indicates that varsity sport participants are more likely to come from lower occupational levels; 'testimony to the fact that sport participation is often El status producing item for those without it in other areas . Varsity Sport participants by family income(tab1e 35) égives additional support to the previous data that the Kmarticipants do not come from the upper income and CNlcupational brackets. Only one participant comes from a. family with an income over $16,000. 71% are from I ) Fl) families with incomes between 10 and 15.9 thousand dollars. So it appears possible that sport participation is a prestige producing mechanism to some extent for the varsity Sport participants. TABLE 34 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND THE FATHER'S OCCUPATION Higher Occupation Lowe; fi_StatuS 1 2 3 4 Status Participants (11) (5) (3) (4) Per cent 47.8 21. 7 13.0 17.4 Nonparticipant £136) (24) (14) (24) Per cent 8.7 12.1 7.1 12.1 *Collapsed occupation categories: = Professional/technical 2: Proprietor/manager 3: Clerical/sales 4: Blue collar workers TABLE 35 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND FAMILY INCOME .-.-"-------.'W'COOUO'----—." I' I' I' ' "‘ Family Income (in thousands)r 0—0.0 10-11. 9 12— 15. 9 16. 0 & ove jParticipant Per cent 23.8 38.1 33.3 4.8 IVonparticipant fer cent 25.5 19 2. 21.8 33.2 1_ 3<2=9.434; P=.02 "Collapsed version of family income "Cases with no response excluded Varsity sport participants by older siblings and Cfilder brothers are Shown in tables 36 and 37: O30 of the Kmarticipants have one or more older siblings and 48% have fl 7. 3 c) TABIE 36 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND THE NUMBER OF OLDER SIBLINGS L 1 2 or more Participants (8) (11) (3) Per cent across 36.4 50.0 13.6 Nonparticipants (103) (64) (33) Per cent Across 51.5 32.0 16.5 *Collapsed version of older siblings *The number of cases is given in partentheses above each relevant category. TABLE 37 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND THE NUMBER OF OLDER BROTHERS 111 O 1 2 3r tale .Participants (12) (9) (2) Per cent Across 52.2 39.1 1.7 IVonparticipants (138) (50) (12) Percent Across 69.0 25.0 6.0 ‘*Collapsed version of older brothers ‘*The number of cases is given in parentheses above each relevant category. Cuie or more older brothers. Having older Siblings and Iarothers appears to make it more probable that a woman will CHDmpete in varsity sports. The number of nonparticipants 1“leaving no older siblings or no older brothers is consider- afioly higher than participants (15.1% and 16.8% higher IRespectively). This tendency for siblings and brothers to improve the participation possiblity may be the result of having the opportunity to compete with someone older and learn from him or her. Then too her feminine role may be more clearly understood by her since she is not threatened by sports competition. For example, a girl will still be treated the same (as a kid Sister) even though she competes with her brother in Sports. When she later competes in college, She would not feel that this detracts from her femininity. TABLE 38 NUMBER OF OLDER SIBLINGS AND THE SUBJECTS PREFERENCE TO PLAY OR WATCH -r‘I"--. 0.. . u o n a. n . . . '5 .- '- .--r. —-<-ccgm’*"”—.W*-H ‘Number of older Siblings Play Watch 0 64.2% 35.8% (70) (3a) 1 76.0% 24.0% (57) (18) 82.4% 17.7% 2 or more / f1 1294 I m, (01 X2=5.483; P=.O5 *Collapsed categories of older Siblings *The number of cases is given in parentheses below each relevant category. Table 38 also shows that if a girl has older siblings She is more likely to play than participate, and vice versa: as the number of older Siblings decreases the more the subject will prefer to watch. Table 39 gives varsity sport participants by their 32 major field of study. Four major categories were developed: arts and letters, social sciences, natural sciences, and foreign languages. 17 subjects who were undecided as to their major were dropped from this table. Varsity sport participants come primarily from two groups-- (66%) the social sciences and natural sciences. They are least likely to come from the foreign languages group (9.5%). David Riesman offers the following in this area: " ..... In school and college the boys tend to cluster in science or mathematics or shop, while the girls concentrate in literature, including Romance languages, and (in certain colleges where they think these fields may be "human”) in sociology or psychology or anthrOpology (where these areas are treated like natural sciences, the girls tend to be driven out, one aim, no doubt, of their instructors) ........ One can find bluestocking college girls pursuing biology or in rare cases physics with fierce energy, as if to prove that the going definitions of prOper feminine incompetence in these areas are a canard. (6:87) ..... The girls who have taken over so many pre- viously masculine preserves in Sports, (notably horseback riding) clothing, and outlook feel diffident about identifying themselves with a specialized occupational achievement that would stamp them as perhaps not ”feminine”: thus the helping professions are Open to them where they can serve familylike constituencies as teachers, social workers, and in rare cases as pediatricians or psychiatrists; the arts are open to some degree; but the old feminist drive to enter engineering and architecture, law and business, economics and archeology is much attenuated. (6:91)" Our previous evidence has suggested that the var— sity Sport participants are our ”blue stocking" girls and quite set apart from the rest of the population. Certainly table 40 suggests this to be true. No varsity sport participants listed horsebackriding or dance (both U.) U) activities tend strongly to female participation) as a favorite activity. But 41% of the participants listed tennis as a favorite activity while only 16.3% of the nonparticipating population did. Again, this may all be tied in with income Since we know varsity sport participants do not come from the $16,000 and over bracket. Tennis is an upper class activity. Varsity participants realizing this association between tennis and class may perceive tennis as an opportunity for upward mobility. TABLE 39 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY 1'” fl 2 3 4 Participants (5)' (7) (7) (2) Per cent 23.8 33.3 33.3 9.5 Nonparticipant (74% (36) (31) (45) Per cent 39.: 19.4 16.7 24.2 x2=7.6815 P=.O5 *Collapsed major categories: 1=Arts and letters 2=Social science 3=Natural science 4=Foreign languages 1 34 TABTE 4O VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND FAVORITE SPORT ACTIVITY Partic- ipant 1 2 3 ‘fifi 4 ‘7 5 6 7 Yes 23.5% 0 0 23.5 41.2 5.9 5.9 N2_ 3.0_12.1 9.6 45.2 16.3 7.2 4.2 1: Bowling 5: Tennis 2: Dance 6: Volleyball 3: Horseback riding 7= Waterskiing 4: Swimming Varsity sport participants tend to do less dating than their fellow students as shown in table 41. 13% of the participants do not date, compared to 9.7% of the nonparti— cipants who do not date. If the above is true, one would expect those who date the least to have the lowest family incomes. Table 42 indicates that this is so. Those who do not date tend to have the lowest income backgrounds. Those who date 3 or 4 times a week or more (those going steady or engaged) have the second lowest family income. Those who date once or twice a week tend to have the highest family incomes. 35 TA LE 41 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION ANE FREQUENCY OF EATING Lesser l 2 '3 1+ 5 Greater Participant (3) (10) “(7A :3) (O) % 13.0 43.5 30. 13 O 0 Non- participant (19 (53) (71 (47) (5 % 9.% 2712* 36.4 24.1 236 *Collapsed categories of dating: l=no dating 2=once/month or every 2 or 3 weeks 3=once or twice/week 4:3 or 4 times a week or more 5=married TABLE 42 EATING AND FAMILY INCOME ...-...". 'o'ovuco . o- | Icon-- 9.. ...-.---uv—‘o-‘D4 'Frequency IO;9.9 lO-ll.9 'I2-15.9 16*& of dating {in thousands) over None 22.2% 50.0% 5.6% 22.2% l-3 times/mo. 27.9 14.8 30.0 27.9 1—2 times/wk. 20.8 25.0 26.4 27.8 3-4 times/wk. 30.6 16.3 18.4 34.7 Married 20.0 0 0 80.0 *Collapsed dating and income categories. Tables 43, 44, and 45 show that varsity sport participants tend to receive more encouragement from their male friends, female friends, and fathers than non- participants. No significant relationship existed between participation and encouragement or lack of it from the mother. It appears that the father is more likely to encourage women to participate, or at least more girls U) 0\ TAELE 43 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND MALE FRIEND ENCOURAEEMENT a v-o—v-vv— Do not Encourage encourage 1.1. participation participation Participants 52.4% 47.6% Vonparticipants vfi_ 32.3 67.7 2 X =3.3923 P=.0573 (exact Fisher) TABLE 44 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND FEMALE FRIEND ENCOURAGEMENT Do not Encourage encourage participation participation Participants 50.0% 50.0% Nopparticipants 21.9 78.1 2 x =8.35816, P=.0038 (exact Fisher) TABLE 45 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND FATHER‘S ENCOURAGEMENT Do not Encourage encourage _fi_ papticipation participation Participants 59.2% 40.8% Nonparticipants 39.1 60.9 x2=3.23499; P=.0592 (exact Fisher) feel they receive encouragement from their father, than from their male and female friends. At the college age 37 the peer group influence is strong, but the relationship between father and daughter is somewhat more important. Approval and encouragement from the father and male and female friends appear to be important factors in a woman‘s participation in sports. Lower class families and friends may encourage the participant because they also recognize that prestige is available through sport activities. CHAPTER V SPORT PREFERENCE PATTERNS Table 46 is a composite of the favorite sports listed. Swimming (64.5%), tennis (33%), volleyball (19.2%), bad- minton(l7.8%), basketball (17.2%) and horseback riding (17.2%) were listed most frequently. Two subjects listed no favorite sports. TABLE 46 FAVORITE SPORT ACTIVITIES Activity ‘F'lst Choice "2nd Ch03ce 3rdwChoféeF”T0tal Archery 2 3 6 ll Badminton l2 l5 12 39 Basketball 12 19 7 38 Bicycling 2 3 5 10 Boating 6 10 7 23 Bowling 9 l3 12 34 Camping 1 1 1 3 Cheerleading .. .. 2 2 Dance 8 12 3 23 Field Hockey 4 4 5 13 Fishing & Hunting .. l l 2 Golf 3 4 9 16 Gymnastics 3 6 5 14 Hiking & walking 5 l 6 12 Horseback riding 16 10 12 38 Ice skating 5 7 4 16 Snow skiing 6 6 6 18 Soccer 1 .. 3 4 Softball 5 14 7 26 Swimming 76 38 30 144 TDable tennis 2 2 6 10 TFennis 22 25 27 74 flfiouch football .. .. 6 6 \7olleyball 11 l5 16 42 VJaterskiing 8 6 5 l9 £3ports lIsted‘Ey'mSFe than one respofidenf are included 38 U) I Table 47 lists favorite sport activities for exercise. 76% listed hiking and walking as their favorite activity for exercise. Others were swimming (53%), tennis (28.2%), and bicycling (27.8%). TABLE 47 FAVORITE SPORT ACTIVITIES FOR EXERCISE Activity 'Tlst Choice 2nd Choice 3rd Choice Total Badminton 4 4 2 10 Backyard games .. .. 2 2 Basketball 9 3 2 l4 Bicycling ll 30 21 62 Boating l 2 3 6 Eowling 3 3 4 10 Dance 6 10 12 28 Exercises 5 9 15 29 Field hockey .. 2 l 3 Golf 1 3 6 10 Gymnastics 1 l 5 7 Hiking & walking 97 44 28 169 Horseback riding 9 4 12 25 Ice skating l 2 2 5 Mountain climbing .. l 2 3 Running 2 l6 7 25 Snow skiing 3 5 6 l4 Softball 1 .. 5 6 Swimming 35 46 37 118 Table tennis .. 3 .. 3 Tennis 26 20 17 63 Volleyball .. 3 2 5 Waterskiing 3 .. 2 5 WC) I'k l l :1. 3 The college women apparently do discriminate among acti- vities depending upon the purpose of the activity. For example, 34.1% listed swimming as their first choice for favorite sport activity but only 15.6% listed it as their :first choice activity for exercise. Swimming as a favorite Eictivity is really sunning on the beach for many rather TZhan actual swimming in the water. Most important of 40 course is that they recognize the difference. Hiking and walking are surprisingly at the t0p of the list. This may be because lots of walking is required around the campus and may be viewed as a primary source of exercise. Work and exercise are listed by approximately 14.5% of the population rather than sport activities as a favorite source of exercise. Three subjects did not reSpond to this question. Sports most appropriate for women are listed in table 48. Swimming (64%) and tennis (53.5%) received the largest vote as appropriate for Women. Gymnastics (25%), dance(2l.5%) and golf (18%) were also mentioned often but less than half as often as swimming and tennis. All five Sports are individual rather than team Sports. Individual sports have greater social and recreational appeal. They\ also tend to carry the "social club woman" image opposed to the masculine team effort idea. Individual sports usually stress highly developed skill rather than endurance (for example: golf). 0n the contrary, team sports stress endurance and skill. Endurance tends to bear a masculine image (for example: track). Both basketball and volleyball dr0pped considerably from their rating as a favorite sport activity (table 47). (Volleyball from 19.2% to 6.8% and basketball from 17.2% to 5.8%). Because they are also played by men these team sports may not be considered as appropriate for females as activities in which the feminine role (or way of performing the skill) is readily distinguishable from the male. Three examples are dance, gymnastics and ice skating which have all more than doubled ratings received as a favorite sport activity. Even though horseback riding was listed as a favorite sport activity it dr0pped considerably as an appropriate Sport for women. Horseback riding was at one time an activity engaged in almost exclusively by men. However, even though it is now a sport much more popular with girls and women, it still apparently retains some masculine overtones that militate against it as an activity ap— propriate to women. Tennis is noticeably high on all of the lists including activities participated in by the father and activities participated in with the family. Tennis is considered the ”in" activity at Kalamazoo College both with men and women which considerably improves its image as a female activity. It may be high on the approved feminine list because of the costume worn——a swirly dress as compared to shorts worn for basketball and volleyball. Certainly the students see many women in dresses playing tennis at the College courts. 12.6% of the population did not list any activities ap- propriate for women. Table 49 depicts sports least appropriate for women. Track and field (38.4%), wrestling (35.8%), field hockey (27.2%), and softball/baseball (25.1%) were 1isted most frequently. 42 TABLE 48 SPORTS MOST APPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN Sport 'TT 1st Choice 25d Choice 3rd Choice Total Archery l l 6 8 Badminton 2 6 14 22 Softball . 2 .. 2 Basketball 2 5 5 l3 Bicycling .. l l 2 Bowling 2 9 10 21 Dance 34 12 2 48 Exercise 2 -. -. 2 Field hockey l 2 5 8 Golf 7 12 21 40 Gymnastics 23 2O 13 56 Hiking l 2 3 Horseback riding 5 3 7 15 Ice skating 10 8 18 36 Snow skiing 3 6 ll 20 Swimming 59 47 30 136 Tennis 38 50 30 118 Track & field 1 .. 5 6 Volleyball 1 7 7 15 Water skiing 2 .. l 3 Two of these sports (wrestling and track and field) are televised. Track and field, field hockey and softball have probably been played by the girls in physical education classes at some time. It is the guess of the author that almost without exception the respondents in this study have not wrestled but have seen women wrestling on television. Opposition probably deve10ps because it re— quires strength rather than graceful flowing movement that we associate with feminine behavior in our culture. Even though track and field received the largest total votes of opposition, the number of subjects listing wrestling as their first choice compared to the other first choices 43 and the rapidly diminishing second and third wrestling choices makes it evident the strong negative feelings that this sport arouses. TABLE 49 SPORTS LEAST APPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN vr fl "— Sport 1st Choice 2nd Choice 3rd Choice Total Archery l l 2 Badminton l .. l 2 Basketball ll l7 15 43 Bowling .. l l 2 Boxing l 4 3 8 Fencing 1 3 2 6 Field hockey 20 17 24 61 Fishing .. .. 2 2 Football 27 10 7 44 Golf 1 4 l 6 Gymnastics 1 2 l 4 Ice hockey l 2 5 8 Ice skating 2 2 Judo .. .. 2 2 Roller skating l 8 3 12 Soccer 6 10 7 23 Softball 11 30 15 V56 Squash 1 .. l 2 Swimming 3 2 0 5 Table tennis .. 2 2 Tennis 1 2 .. 3 Track a field 34 28 24 86 Volleyball 1 4 l 6 Weight lifting l 5 6 l2 Wrestling 66 ll 3 80 H—v—vv Track and field were made one category even though many times the respondent listed both running events and field events. Women taking part in track and field events*\ again would certainly not fit our American feminine image A in part because the costumes are almost identical to those of the male. Many of the track and field events televised 44 are strength events. Therefore, the women taking part would not be the image the American girl or woman wants to pro- tray if she intends to snag a boyfriend or husband; that is, with a nonsexy costume and bulging calves, thighs and biceps. Field hockey and softball may also have this same masculine strength image. 13.5% did not respond to this question. CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VARIABLES This chapter considers certain selected variables as they affect sports participation and selection. The subjects were asked to rank six named reasons for participating in a sport with the reason most important to them first.* (Table 50) The two extremes on a scale com— puted from replies were categorized as "ideal—plaf’(first) and "ideal professional” attitudes (last). 67% ranked TABLE 50 REASONS FOR SPORTS PARTICIPATION Ranking: 'TiE perjcent) Mean—T— Reason 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Rank Relaxation 69.0% 21.5% 6.4% 1.8% .9% .5% 1.457 & fun Good Health 21.0 34.3 19.6 16.4 7.3 .9 2 562 Companion- 4.1 27.5 44.0 17.4 4.6 2 3 2.977 ship Excitement 4.1 15.1 18.4 46.8 14.2 .9 3.564 Competition 1.4 .9 11.0 14.6 65.3 6.9 4.621 Prestige 0 0 .9 2.3 7.3 89.0 5.826 "'*A scaling device developed by Professor Webb and em- ployed for the first time here and in G. Welch. A study of the Development and Awareness of the Need for Creative Uses of Leisure time of High School Students in a Working Class Community, unpublished MA thesis, Michigan State University. 12 < > 45 relaxation and fun as the most important reason for partici- pating in a sport. Agreement appears to be greatest at the extremes for both relaxation and fun and prestige. 89% ranked prestige as the least important reason for partici- pation. Reasons for sport participation are most clearly defined at the lower end of the scale. Table 51 gives the ranking of reasons for participating in a sport by father‘s occupation. The lowest scores repre- sent "play" attitudes and the highest scores "professional" attitudes. Of those with the lowest scores, the largest percent (69.2) fall into the professional/technical category. The sales/service and blue-collar occupations tend to rank on the scale toward the professional end of the scale. Upper social classes tend to think of sports in terms of play rather than prestige but the lower classes lean more to sport as a source of prestige and thus the tendency toward the professional sport scores. TABLE 51 FATHER‘S OCCUPATION AND REASONS FOR SPORT PARTICIPATION " FT T'(play3 PrBfesSLonal) Cccupation __p Scorer_ 53- 0 61:68‘ 9:100 Mean Professional/ 69.2% 17.5% 13.3% 1.44 technical , PrOprietor/ 57.1 35.7 7.1 1.50 Manager Sales/service 52.9 17.7 29.4 1.76 Blue-collar 67.9 14.3 17.9 1.50 ,_f 47 TABLE 52 FREQUENCY OF DATING AND REASONS FOR SPORT PARTICIPATION Amount of I III (play)' ' Professional) Dating __Score: 53-60 61-68 9-100 Mean_fi_ None 54.6% 9.1% 36.4% 1.82 1-3 times/mo. 65.1 25.4 9.5 1.44 1—2 times/wk. 70.3 14.9 14.9 1.45 3-4 times/wk. 70.0 22.0 8.0 1.38 Married 50.0 50.0 0 1.50 *Collapsed categories for dating and sport scores Amount of dating by reasons for sports participation scores is seen in table 52. Those who do not date tended toward the highest scores (professional sport end of the scale) and those who date the most have the lower scores (ideal play). For those who do not have other sources of prestige (dates, money, etc.) sports appear to serve as an important prestige source. Again, as in so much of the data presented thus far the differences tend to appear along class lines. Table 53 depicts the response to the question ”Which occupation would you most like to have?" The respondent then ranked the remaining occupations in order of preference.* *A scale also develOped by Professor Webb aimed in part at discrimingating ”deferred” and ”immediate" gratification tendencies, and used here for the first time. 1 48 TABLE 5 3 SUBJECT RANKINGS OF THE OCCUPATIONS ON THE OCCUPATIONAL RANKIN} SCALE 1 1 Choice 1 2 -3 4 5'5' .. 6 7 Meanv lst (%) 34.7 21.2 9.0 23.0 6.3 .5 5.4 3.419 (77) (A7) <20) <51) (14) (l) (12) 2nd (%) 27.3 17.2 10.9 23.2 10.5 4.1 6.8 3.655 (60) (38) (2A) (51) (23) (9) (15) 3rd (%) 14.1 24.6 12.7 12.7 16.4 8.6 11.0 3.418 (31) (54) (28) (28) (36) (19) (24) 4th (%) 10.1 17.8 14.2 16.0 19.6 15.1 7.3 3.662 (22) (39) (31) (35) (43) (16) (33) 5th (%) 8.7 9.1 24.2 14.2 14.6 14.6 14.6 4.215 (19> <20) (53) (31) (32) (32) (32) 6th (%) 3.2 6.4 19.2 5.0 18.3 28.3 19.6 4.557 (7) (14) (42) (ll) (40) (62) (43) 7th (%) 1.7 4.1 10.1 5.5 14.6 36.5 27.9 5.055 33(3) (9) (2215(12) (32) (80) (61) l *The number of cases in each category is given in parenthesis below each relevant category. 1=College 2=Artist 3=Ballerina 4=High School Instructor 5=Playground Director 6=Professiona1 Athlete 7=Singer The occupations are listed on the table in order of rank value. The occupation rankings were taken from the North- Hatt Occupational Prestige Scale. (5:153) Two professions not included on that scale were added to the question- naire list; ballerina and professional athlete. A ballerina was equated with a musician in years of training 49 and therefore was placed third on the scale. The profes- sional athlete was ranked sixth just above a night club singer. The concensus of agreement appears at the upper extremity. That is, ranking the college professor as number one. The professional athlete was ranked the lowest by more respondents (36.5%) than the professional singer (27.9%) and has fewer high rankings than the singer. Among the college set at least the professional athlete has less status than a nightclub singer. This may be because the college students would see few professional female athletes and those mostly on television. They may be comparing television singer personalities with the professional athletes they see on television. The ballerina also received a rather low ranking considering her years of training. Only 12.8% ranked it third, but 19.6% ranked the playground director third, and 24% ranked it 5th. It appears to have the least amount of concensus of any of the professions. With the exception of first choice (even here it received a surprising 9%) it was ranked by at least 10% of the population in each category. Obviously a dancer is viewed with mixed feelings. This is a rather rare occupation in the U.S. Since we tend to evaluate those things most familiar to us it is not surprising the rankings are wide spread. This scale was designed as class discrimination scale. 50 The aspirations of the subject would be reflected along class lines. Those fathers in the upper occupational and income occupations should score higher than blue- collar workers for instance. Table 54 shows the results. TABLE 54 FATHER’S OCCUPATION AND OCCUPATIONAL RANKING SCORES 140— 130- 120— 1II— '77 Occupation 131 121 112 84 Meanfi_ Professional/ Technical 35.0% 41.2% 17.5% 6.3% 1.95 Proprietor/ Manager 17.2 37.9 31.0 13.8 2.41 Sales/Service 29.4 47.1 5.9 17.7 2.12 Blue Collar Workers 21.4 46.4'fip 17.9 14.3 2.25 *Collapsed categories of fathers occupation and ranking scores used. TABLE 55 VARSITY SPORT PARTICIPATION AND OCCUPATIONAL RANKING SCORES 140- 130— 120— 111- Participant .1 .1.._13l 121 112 84 Mean_ Yes 34.8% 21.7% 34.8% 8.7% 2.17 .EB 29.6 43.9 16.8 9p7_f 2.07 Those in the professional/technical group scored lowest (highest aspiration level). The mean for this group was 1.95. The proprietor/manager group did the poorest with a mean score of 2.41. However, 69% of this group did have 51 scores in the middle of the scale. The sales/service group did second best on the scale with a mean of 2.12, and blue collar workers had a mean of 2.25. The scale appears to discriminate better at the upper end of the scale than the lower end. This may be due to the selection of occupations by the author since there were fewer blue collar occupations to rank than others. TABLE 56 VARSTTV sDORT PARTICIPATION AND RANKING OF THE PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE ON THE OCCUPATIONAL RANKING SCALE Parti- 'REnking: cipant l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mean Yes 4.4% 21.7 .0 17.4 30.4 8.7 17.4 4.43 No 4.9 $13.8 1.5 9.2 27.6 55.1 38.8 5.13 When varsity sport participants are crossed with professional ranking scores, varsity participants tend to rank it higher (mean=2.17) than nonparticipants (2.07). (Table 55) It is doubtful this means they come from higher occupational groups. Table 56 shows how varsity sport participants ranked the professional athlete. It is ranked higher by participants (mean 4.43) than nonparticipants (5.13). Varsity athletes give more prestige to profes- sional athletes than the rest of the population, therefore raising their mean score on the ranking scale. Nonvarsity athletes tend to rank it below a nightclub singer and thus lowering their mean score. CHAPTER VII SUMMARY This study is a description of 223 freshmen and senior women at Kalamazoo College. It describes the family back- ground, sport's history, and sports preferences of a homogenius and elite pOpulation. Selected variables were examined in terms of how they affect the sport's preferences and participation of the subjects. A questionnaire was constructed and administered in the spring of 1967. Additional information was obtained from the WRA and varsity sport files on which sports and how often the subject participated. The data was subjected to statistical analysis: frequency and percentage tables, Chi Square test of independent samples, and Fisher’s exact probalility test were employed. The levels of significance less than .05 are listed at the bottom of each table. Significant relationships were found to exist between NRA, varsity sport participants and certain selected variables. Two important findings exist. First the WRA and varsity Sport participant populations are different from the rest of the population under study. Family income and thus social class appear to be the major separating factor. Participants are less likely to come from the $16,000 and over income group. Income in turn influences 52 kil U.) selection of a major field of study, part-time employ- ment, dating and such intangibles as aspiration level, and reasons for participation in sports. Second, the size of the family unit is an important factor in sports participation. If the subject has older Siblings she is more likely to prefer to play in Sports than to watch them. Differences do exist between the sports selected as favorite activities and favorite activities for exercise. 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Coleman, James S. The Adolescent Society. Glencoe; 111., The Free Press, 1961. 368pp. Kahl, Joseph A. The American Class Structure. New York: Rinehaff and Company, Inc. 1957. 310pp. Kaplan, Max. _Leisure in America: A Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley and Sons. I960. Reiss, Albert J. A Socio-psychological Study of Conforming and DeviatingIEehavior Among Adolescents. ’US Office of Educaron: Contract Project 507 (8133) State University of Iowa. 1959 Reissman, Leonard. Class in American Society. Glencoe, Ill: The Free Press. 1959. 436pp. Riesman, David. "Two Generations," The Woman in America. ed. Robert J. Lifton. Boston: HOughton Mifflin Co. 1965. 293pp. Siegel, Sidney. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. *New York: McGraw Hill 'EOOETCompany Inc.;TI956. 312pp. Articles and Periodicals US Bureau of Statistics. "Population Characteristics”, Current Populapion Reports. Series P-60, No. 51, FEb. 12, 1967. EFT US Bureau of Statistics. "Consumer Income". Current Population Rpports. Series P-20, no. 164, April 12, 1967 " Unpublished Material Buckley, Joyce. "A Comparative Study of Sports Preferences in Spectating and Participating in Two Grand Rapids Area High Schools." Unpublished Master’s thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing: 1967 54 55 11. Phillips, Coralie. ”A Survey of the Physical Activity Backgrounds and Present Participation in and Attitudes Toward Sports and Recreational Activities of Resident Graduate Women Students at Michigan State University." Unpublished Master’s thgsis, Michigan State University, East Lansing: 19 6 l2. Welch, Gordon R. "A Study of the Development and Awareness of the Need for Creative uses of Leisure Time of High School Students in a Working Class Community." Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing: 1967 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE A. 57 QUESTIONNAIRE Please do not go back and change answers as your initial reponse is desired on this study. Personal Background 1. "\]O\ CO 10. . Freshman L1 Senior Number of brothers older (circle): 1 2 Number of brothers younger: l 2 ) 3 4 3 4 I O\G\ \l-xl Total number of Siblings older (circle : Total number of sublings younger: UAW Ulkfl 4:4: 1 2 1 2 Height Weight Where is your home located? E] rural E] small town or city (less than 10,000) [3 city (10,000-500,000) [1 large city (over 500,000) Grade point average Major Post college occupational plans: none work graduate school Peace Corps El travel Post college marriage plans: [3 Yes, within six months Church membership [] Protestant [3 Catholic [3 Jewish 12. l3. 14. How often do you attend church? EJZEJEJ Do DEE] ("W 56 every week 1-3 times a month less than once a month never you have a part-time job? No Yes . . . Number of hours you work per week. Father's occupation: EJENIEZENZIEEJ Professional or technical Proprietor or manager Clerical or sales Service Craftsman or foreman Semiskilled Farmer or farm manager Laborer Mother‘s occupation: IJEJCKJCUEIZEJEJ Approximately how much is your family income [INCEIZKJDJ Professional or technical Proprietor or manager Clerical or sales Service Craftsman or foreman Semiskilled Farmer or farm manager Laborer Housewife Como \ONJ: \OKOKO 10-11.9 12-15.9 16 and over (in thousands)? 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 59 Father's formal education completed at what level? left school before the 8th grade finished the 8th grade some high school but didn‘t finish finished high school some college but didn’t finish finished college FZIJENJEJEJ Mother‘s formal education completed at what level? left school before the 8th grade finished the 8th grade some high school but didn‘t finish finished high school some college but didn't finish finished college IJEJEXZEJEJ If you were requested to register with a political party today, which party would you join? E] Democratic [I Republican How is your college education financed? (check as many as necessary) [] scholarship parents government funds part-time work other CNJEJEJ How many Sweaters do you own? cashmere *— other What campus organizations do you belong to? 1. I'D U1 4:" LA) 22. 23. 24. 225. Do you no yes yes yes yes yes yes EHZIJEfljtjtj If you 60 date? about once a month about once every 2 or 3 weeks about once a week about twice a week about 3 or 4 times a week more than 4 times a week had your choice, which of the following occupations would you most like to have? Unwmaodm IJEIZIJENJED Artist who paints pictures that are exhibited in galleries. Playground director College professor Ballerina Singer in a night club Instructor in the public schools Professional athlete Now please rank the other professions listed above in order of preference. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. F.— Suppose the circle below represented the activities that go on here on campus. How far out from the center of things are you? (The center of the circle represents the center of things on campus.) (Place a check where you think you are) 26. 61 Now in the circle below, place a check were you would like to be. Part 27. 28. 29. B. Sports history, preferences and participation. In what grades in elementary school did you have physical education? (Check as many as necessary) Grade How many days per week? (circle) . lst 1 2 3 4 5 2nd 1 2 3 4 5 3rd 1 2 3 4 5 E} 4th 1 2 3 4 5 5th 12345 86th 12345 Bnone Do you participate in any sports and/or other physical activities with you family? - a ii? If your answer to question 28 is yes, please list those activities in order of frequency. 1. 2 3 4. 5 31. 32. 62 Please list any sports in which your father or the man of the household participates in order of frequency. 1. 2 3 4. 5 In what activities did you participate in your high school athletic program? a. Interschool: Ul-C‘UUIUH b. Intramural (teams and activities): 1.7 In what high school sports and sport activities did you participate other than school Sponsored ones? (AAU, YWCA, city league, dance, etc.) Please list in order of amount of participation. 1. 2. v v v 'v*--.. v v v v- . 9 v v v 7"- LA) LA.) 34. 36. 63 Rank your 3 favorite Sport participation activities and where you learned them. (List activity and check appropriate column) School Family Friends Other 1. r v '—— .— '— 2. 3. 4. _ — .— Of the Sport activities participated in by women which do you think are most appropriate for female participation? (Please list 5 in order with least appropriate first.) 42’me 5. 0f the sport activities participated in by women which do you think are least apprOpriate for female parti- cipation? (Please list 5 in order with least apprOpriate first.) 1. [\J a J: U.) 5. Seniors: Compared to your first three years at college what is your Sports participation now? much greater greater about the same less much less EIJDJCHIJ 37- 39- 40. 64 Freshmen: Compared to your high school years what is your sports participation rate now? E] much greater [] greater E} about the same [1 less [1 much less Please rank the following reasons for playing a sport from the one you feel is most important (1) to the least important (6). L] excitement E] companionship :1 good health E] competition [I prestige C] relaxation and fun Getting proper exercise is important. What are your favorite activities for obtaining exercise? List in order of preference. 1. 2 3 4 5., Do the following people strongly encourage sports participation for women? Yes E] NO your male friends Yes [I No your female friends [3 Yes E] No your father D Yes D No your mother 41. 42. 43. 44. 95 Which sports and other physical activities do you like to watch the most? (List in order of preference.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If you had a choice, would you rather play or watch your favorite sports? play D watch In general how do you feel about the WRA program? strongly approve approve don‘t know disapprove strongly disapprove don't care KJEJEEZE3D3 Suggestions for change? APPENDIX B COVER LETTER Dear I would greatly appreciate your help in a research project I am undertaking for my Master‘s thesis. The study is a sociological survey of the WRA program at Kalamazoo College. Will you help me by completing the enclosed questionnaire and returning it at your earliest convenience? Please detach this letter before putting it in the enclosed envelOpe. For your convenience a box is located in the lobby where you may drOp your questionnaire. Your questionnaire will be treated in a strictly confidential manner. You will notice a code number on the questionnaire that will be matched with a number on a WRA participation sheet. Rest assured that you questionnaire once received will be handled by number only. The pretest indicates the questionnaire Should take ap— proximately 20 minutes. I realize you are very busy and pressed for time. Your time and effort will be greatly appreciated. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. Results will be available at the completion of the study. Best wishes for success in your studies this term. Sincerely, Beverly Benne BB/S APPENDIX C FIRST FOLLOW UP LETTER April 13, 1967 Dear As I check through the returned questionnaire code number, I find your‘s missing! I understand from several students you have been ”questionnaired to death.” You have my sympathy. I have tried to make this questionnaire simple and quick to answer in hOpeS this will ease the inconveni- ence at least a small amount. May I urge you to complete the questionnaire and return it while the thought is still fresh in your mind. I am advised I should have a minimum 80% return to even continue the study. I now have only 50% return. Your effortsmtoward this end are greatly appreciated. Sincerely, Beverly Benne APPENDIX D SECOND FOLLOW UP LETTER 71 April 27, 1967 Dear Several students indicated that they had misplaced the questionnaire I sent them a few weeks ago. Therefore I am sending you a second c0py of the questionnaire. If you did not fill out the first cOpy, will you take a few minutes to complete and return this questionnaire? I still need a greater return to fulfill the requirements of my study. Your cOOperation toward this end is greatly appreciated. Sincerely, Beverley J. Benne APPENDIX E CODING FORMS IBM CARD 'COLUMN VARIABLE NO. 1,2,3 10 11 13,14 15 15 16,17 73 CODING FORMS QUESTION observation no. identification student status # older brothers # younger brothers # siblings older siblings younger :11: Home location Grade Point Ave. Grade Point Ave. categories Major CODE Same as questionnaire number 465 l=freshman 2=S0phmore 0—8 0-8 0-8 0—8 l=rural 2=small town/city 3=city 4=large city record actual score .O-1. II II II OJZ‘ONLMKO Chm—DUHOH OOUUIEDMRJH Spars JI‘UOUOIDR) Ol=Art 02=Biology 03=Chemistry 04=Econ./Bus. Admin. 05=English 06=Foreign Languages O7=History 08=Mathematics 09=Music 10=Philosophy ll=Physics 12=Political Science (conlt on next page) 8M CARD VARIABLE COLUMN NO. 16,17 (con‘t) 9 18 10 19 11 2O 12 21 13 22 14 23 15 24 16 25 17 26 18 27 19 28 2O 74 EUFSTION Major Occup. plans none work graduate school Peace Corps Travel Marriage plans Church member— Ship Church attendance part-time work hours worked per week father’s occupation CODE 13=Psychology 14=Religion 15=Sociology/ Anthropology l6wTheatre Arts/ Speech l7=Undecided l8=Premedicine 1 if checked blank if blank 1=yes blank=no answer l=Protestant 2=Catholic 3=Jewish 4=None l=every week 2=l-3times/mo. 3=less than once/mo. 4=never 6=over 12 l=professiona1/ technical 2=proprietor/ manager 3=clerical/sales 4zservice 5=craftsman/ foreman (con‘t on next page) IBM CARE COLUMN 28 (con't) 29 3O 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 VARIABLE NO. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 75 QTESTION father‘s occupation mother's occupation family income father's educ. mother's educ. political party college financed scholarship parents government funds part-time work other cashmere sweaters owned sweaters owned CODE 6=semiskilled 7=farmer/farm manager 8=laborer same as above plus 9=housewife 1=0—4.9 2=5-7.9 3:8—9.9 4:10—11.9 5=12-15.9 6:16 a over l=left school before 8th grade 2=finished 8th grade 3=some high school but didn't finish 4=finished high school 5=S0me college/ didn‘t finish 6=finished college use format above 1=democrat 2=republican 3=nonpartisan_ 4=neither 1=yes blank if blank H H H number 1:1-5 2:6-10 3:11—15 4:16—20 5:21—25 6=over 25 IBM CARD COLUMN 41 42 43 44 45—51 52-54 55 56 VARIABLE NO. ya 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 76 QUESTION COD til campus organizations social service religious do you date 1=yes blank if blank H H H l=no 2=yes, once/mo. 3=yes, every 2—3 wks. 4=yes, once/week 5=yes, twice/wk. 6=yes, 3-4 times/wk. 7=yes, more than 3-4 times/wk. 8=married occupation most like to have and rankings artist playground dir. college professor ballerina singer/night club inst. public schools professional athlete sum of products (rank x value: product) score categories campus involvement l=artist 2=playground director 3=college professor 4=ba11erina 5=singer in a night club 6=inst. public schools 7=professional athlete values: l=professor 2=artist 3=ballerina 4=instructor 5=playground director 6=pro. athelete 7=singer 6:84—93 5:94-103 4:104—111 3=112—12O 2=121-13O 1:131-140 (largest score is best-—highest category best) l-5 IBM CARD COLUMN VARIABLE NO: 57 58—64 65 66-75 78-80 76—77 7-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-53 54-63 64-73 74 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55-59 77 'QUESTION CODE desired 6=outside involvement ” El. Phy. Educ. lst grade 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th none blank or 1=yes 0—5=no. of days participate with family 1=yes 2=no activities par- see Sport list ticipate with family sequence #‘s on cards begin 001 and continue 60-64 65—69 70-74 75-79 80—85 86-90 91-95 96 Sports father participates in see sport list H.S. athletic program see sport list intramurals see sport list activities outside school see sport list favorite sport and where learned lst 2 col.=sport 3rd col.=where learned 1=school 2=family 3=friends 4=other sports most appro. for women see Sport list Sports least appro. for women see sport list seniors compare sports participation 1=much greater 2=greater (con't on next page) 78 IBM CARD VARIABLE COLUMN No.7? QUESTION CODE 74 (con‘t) 96 seniors compare sports participation 3=about the same 4=less 5=much less 75 97 Freshman participation 1=much greater 2=greater 3=about the same 4=less 5=much less 78-80 Sequence #‘s on cards 1-6 Observation & identification Sport rank most to least 76 98 excitement rank 1-7 77 99 companionship 7 100 good health 8 101 competition 9 102 prestige 10 103 relaxation/fun 11,12 104 sum of the products (rank x value) excite/prestige=l competition/ companionship=3 good health/ relaxation=7 13 105 score category 1:53-60 2:61—68 3:69-85 4:86-93 5:94-99 14-23 106-110 favorite activities for exercise see sport list encourage women‘s sports 1=yes 24 111 male friends 2=no 25 112 female friends 26 113 father 27 114 mother IBM CARD *COIINHTV_ VARIABLE ITO. 79 QUESTION 28-37 U) 03 40 55 57 58 59 60,61 115-119 122 135 136 138 139 140 like to watch most rather play or watch attitude toward WRA WRA participant WRA sports hockey tennis volleyball basketball swimming table tennis softball bowling # sports x # years score category varsity sport participant varsity sports hockey basketball tennis archery # Sports x # years CODE see Sport list l=play 2=watch l=strongly approve 2=approve 3=don‘t know 4=disapprove 5=strongly disapprove 6=don't care 1=yes 2=no 0- b3 4 #l yea rs participated raw score 0:0 1=1-20 2:21-40 3:41—60 4:61—80 5:81-100 6:101-120 7:121—140 1=yes 2=no 0—1-2—3—4 raw SCOTG IBM CARD COLUMN 62 78,79,80 VARIABLE __ N0. ngSTION 141 score category sequence number of card 0 O m m I l»--’ O\ R) 3—18 9-24 5-30 m-D‘UHOI—JO II II II II ll ll roan—“4140 81 Ol Archery 02 Auto racing 03 Badminton O4 Backyard gameS---croquet, horseshoes, Shuffleboard, darts, etc. 05 aseball 06 Basketball 07 Bicycling 08 Billards and pool 09 Boating (row and motor) 10 Bowling ll Boxing 12 Bull fights 13 Camping 14 Canoeing l5 Cheerleading and drill teams 16 Dance---ballet, modern, folk, square, social 17 Exercises and gym clubs 18 Fencing 19 Field hockey 20 Fishing 21 Football 22 Gardening 23 Golf 24 Gynastics, tumbling and trampoline 25 Hiking and walking and birdwatching 26 Hunting---(bow and arrow and rifle) 27 Horse and harness racing 28 Handball 29 Horseback riding 30 Ice hockey 31 Ice skating (figure) 32 Judo and karate 33 Lacrosse 34 Motorcycle racing and riding 35 Mountain Climbing 36 Paddle ball and paddle tennis 37 Polo 38 Rollar Skating 39 Rugby 40 Running 41 Sailing 42 Shooting (skeet, target) 43 Skin and scuba diving 44 Snow Skiing, sleighing, toboggan, jumping 45 Soccer 46 Softball and playing catch 47 Speedball 48 Speed Skating 49 Squash 50 Swimming and diving 51 Syncronized swimming 52 53 55 56 57 58 59 60 Of) A) Table tennis Tennis Touch football Track and field events Volleyball Water skiing and surfing Weight Lifting Work Wrestling :33 RECORDING OF VARIABLES IBM CARD VARIABLE COLUMN NO. QUESTION CODL 8 2 No. older 0:0 brothers 1:1 2:2 or more 10 4 No. siblings older or more Home location 0\ l2 =rural/small town/city 2=city 3=1arge city 16-17 9 Major 1=Arts and letters art English history music philosophy religion theater arts/ speech 2=Social science economics/ bus. admin. Political science psychology sociology/ anthrOpology 3=Natural science biology chemistry mathematics physics 4=Foreign language 28 2O father’s occupation 1=professional/ technical 2=pr0prietor/ manager 3=clerical/sales/ service 4=b1ue collar 30 22 family income 1=0-9.9 2=10—ll.9 3=12-15.9 4:16 and over 84 father‘s l=high school education & less 2=republican drop 3 & 4 APPENDIX F SPORTS PARTICIPATION SHEET lst 2nd 3rd 4th Co O\ No. SPORTS PARTICIPATION SHEET Hockey B Ball Tennis Archery I lst i 1 L , 11 J 1 T. 2nd 1 I l 1 - 3rd} i ‘. 1 .i 1 1 3 1 ' 4th! I Swim- Bad- Arch— Soft- Hockey Tennis VB BB pmingg‘vmin. ery ‘ ball . .....-1) - -..... 11111111111111“