THE BAVARIAN DIALECT IN
FRANKENMUTH, MICHIGAN. AFTER A
CENTURY OF AMERICAN INFLUENCE j . -

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

DONALD L, BEATTY
1957

 

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THE BAVARIAN DIALECT IN FRANKENMUTH, MICHIGAN, AFTER.A
GENTURK 0F.AMERIGAN INFLUENCE

BI
Donald L. Bectty

A THESIS
Submitted to the School of Science and.ArtI of Michigan
State University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree or

MASTER OF.ARTS

Department of German
1957

Approved by _4géEZ%wa12?'/§ééfié22zuéla_,

 

11

PREFACE

In September, 1956, I obtained a position teaching in
the high school at Frankenmuth. Much to my surprise, I
found the dialect spoken by students and members of the
cnmmunity rather different from what I had expected.
After a little investigating, I found that the community
was made up of the descendants of Bavarian immigrants
who settled there in the 18403. The dialect that I heard
was Bavarian or what the villagers call Bayrisch. {Actual-
1y, three languages are used in the community; English,

,High German and Bayrisch.

The situation encountered in Frankenmuth brought the
following questions to mind:

1. Is this the same dialect as was originally spo-

ken in Bavaria?

2. How much has it changed as a result of.American

influence since 1845?

3. How much of the Bavarian culture is still retain-

ed by the peOple of Frankenmuth?

4. II Frankenmuth what we sometimes refer to as a

speech island (Sprachinsel)?

5. If so, what factors have brought about this con-

dition?

6. What was the latest influx of Bavarian immigrants

111

to renew the old world culture?

7. How has the Bavarian language and culture in-
fluenced native Americans in and around Frankenmuth?
These questions and others, prompted the research for

ma theaifle

iv

The writer of this thesis would like to express
his sincere appreciation for the helpful guidance given
to him by his major professor, Dr. Stuart Gallacher..

The writer would also like to express his gratitude
for the genuine co-operation.given him by the peOple of
Frankenmuth,.Michigan. Without the support, co-opera-
tion and consideration given by all these, the task of
conducting this study and writing this thesis would have

been far less rewarding and satisfying.

TABLE OF CONTEE_§ PAGE
PREFACE..............................................ii
FRANKENMUTH...........................................1

Historical Information...........................l
Frankenmuth (1957)...............................8
THE LANGUAGE OF FRANKENMUTH..........................13
Bayrisch........................................15
The Phonetic Alphabet...........................17
A Comparison of Present Pronunciation in
Frankenmuth with the Original Bav-
arian Pronunciation........................21
A Basic Bayrisch Vocabulary.....................42
A Bayrisch Grammar..............................66
Frankenmuth Bayrisch with Respect to Grimm's
Law of Sound Shifts (Lautverschiebung)
and Verner's Modification..................72
A Summary of Principles which Characterize
Bayrisch...................................75
High German Influence on Bayrisch...............78
English Influence on Bayrisch...................80
Bayrisch Influence on the English Speech of
the Community..............................82
CONCLUSIONS..........................................84
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................85
APPENDIX.............................................88

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FRANKENMUTH

 

 

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1
FRANKENMUTH
HISTORICAL INFORMATION
l:Eriederich Hyneken, a missionary from Fort wayne,

 

Indiana, published a pamphlet, Rothschrei, describing
the lack of Lutheran ministers on the frontier to guide
the German colonists and to teach the Indians.¥] As a
result of this pamphlet, many people in Germany became
interested in missionary work in America. Among them,
was Rev. Johann Konrad Wilhelm Loehe (1808-1872). He
was born at Fuerth, Bavaria, studied theology at Erlang-
on and Berlin and spent his life as pastor at Neudett-
elsau (sometimes spelled Neuendettelsau) in the Fran-
conian sector of Bavaria).E:In 1843, his interest in
missionary work prompted him to start a Journal, E12227
liche Mittheilgggen aus und fiber Nord Amerika.:§

In 1840, Loehe started training young men for
mission work among the Indians of America. Friedrick

 

1 Emanuel A. Mayer, Geschichte der evangelisch-
lutherischen St. Lorenz-Gemeinde, 9; Theodore Graebner,

Eutheran Pioneer; II. The Bavarian Settlements of the
Be inaw Val e , ; gives a facsimile of the title page
of the first American edition of Wyneken; Nothschrei,
which reads, Die Noth der Deutschen Lutheraner in Nord-
Amerika. Ihren G aubens enossen in der Heimath ans
Qgrz gelegt. Erste Amerikanische Auflage. Ifittsburgh:

Druckerei der lutherischen Kirchenzeitung, 184A)

August Creamer, one of his first trainees, owed his ins
itial interest in mission work to the pamphlet, figthp
gchrei. He was a graduate of Erlangen Univ. .After his
training under Loehe, he was later chosen to lead the
group which founded Frankenmuth.2

Loehe was interested in establishing a colony in
Michigan and wrote to one of his missionaries,
Pastor W. Hattstaedt, in Monroe, Mich. for advice.
Pastor Hattstaedt advised him to do his missionary
.work Jointly with the mission house of Pastor Fried-
rich Schmidt, established in Scio, Mich. by the Basic
Mission Society of Switzerland.3 Pastor Schmidt asked
Johann.Auch of Sebewaing to choose a site for the col-
any.

Meanwhile, Loehe, after discussing the proposed
colony with a servant in his house named Lorenz Loes-
el, requested Loesel to recruit colonists for the

settlement. Colonists were recruited from Rottstall

 

2 Theodore Graebner. WW.
(Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, 19 , p. 31.

Hereafter referred to as Graebner. Cf. also his book,
The Bgvarian Settlements of the Saginaw V?lley, (Con-
cordig Publishing House, St. Louis, 1919 2

John.Andrew Russell, Germanic Influen e in the
Makigg of Michigan, (University of Detroit,1927I Here-
after referred to as Russell. pp. 339ff.

and.Altmuehlgrund near Nuernberg and the project was
financed by the donations from the wealthy of Mecklen-
burg. Loehe named the proposed settlement,WFrankenmut‘I
(Caurage of the Franks).

Hith.August Graemer as their leader, this small
group of colonists5 Journeyed to Bremen, where Craemer
was ordainedion Apr11,,§...,,1_845.uon April 20th., their \‘
ship, the Carolina, sailed and the next day, Craemer
married the engaged couples. The engaged couples were

prevented from marrying in Bavaria because only proper-

 

# Frankenmuth was spelled without the hiin the ng
meinde Ordnun of 1848, but with the h’in the Gemeinde
Ordnung of 1852, after revision. However the 7frnkuun/
pronunciation did not develop until after 1900 and is
still not accepted by the Bavarian descendants in Frank-

enmutg.

Robert Arthur Dengler, The German Settlement
at Eggggenmuth, Mich. An unpublished thesis for the
Master 8 degree at Michigan State College, 1953. Here-
after referred to as Dengler. Cf. also, St. Lorenz
Walther Leagues, Centennial St. Lorenz Con atio ,
Eggnkenmuth.I Michigan, (Frankenmuth, Mich., T944) . 1

Fbunded, August, 1845, by 15 German immigrants

Pastor August Craemer, wife, Dorothea Benthien,
and son, Heinrich

Martin Haspel and wife, Margareta Leinberger

Lorenz Loesel and wife, Margaretha walther

John Konrad Weber and wife, Kunigunde Bernthal

John List and wife, Maria Lotter

John George Pickelmann and wife, Margareta Auer

Leonhard Bernthal
John Bierlein

ty owners could obtain a license to marry.6 The colon-
ists arrived in New York City, June 8, 1845. Pastor
Craemer married Dorothea Benthien, a nurse aboard the
ship.

From New York, the colonists went to Saginaw,
where they purchased government land at the site pre-
viously selected, for $2.50 an acre. The men walked
each day from Auch's home in Saginaw to the settlement
ten miles southeast of Saginaw in order to clear the
land and set up the first buildings.7

The first buildings built were a common hut, size
20' X.30', finished August 25, 1845, and a parsonage
which also served as a church.8 Cattle and equipment
were bought in common. This is the only instance of
Joint ownership in the history of the community. Each
family repaid the church for their land before 1854.

(”Frankenmuth.wasnot a successful mission, for__
”the Indians never settled permanently near the village,
However, Craemer did quite a bit of missionary work.

He learned the Chippewa language and translated many
hymns into Chippewa. On Dec. 27, 1846, he baptised

three Indian children.9

 

Russell, loc. cit.
Dengler. pp. lOffe
Centennial, p. 1
Dengler, p. 12

QCD'N'I O\

~The second group of immigrants arrived in 1846,
.‘the day after ascension. There were about 100 farmers
and tradesmen from Rottstahl, Altmuehlthal, and.Ansbach
in Bavaria. In this group was the_Hubinger family, who,
UEll§.t§9 lumber mill and the flour mill. The family is
still very active in village life.10
In “1847, a new Loehe trained missionary, Emil
Baierlein, Joined Craemer until 1850, when Craemer
went to the theological seminary at Fort wayne as a
professor.11
At about this same time,12 Loehe sent 22 families
under the leadership of Pastor Johann Heinrich Phillip
Graebner, to establish a settlement, Frankentrost (Con-
solation of the Franks), several miles northwest of Frank-

enmuth.a Government land sold for 81.25 an acre, but

._-w-..Mo

Mich. State Bonds could be purchased cheaper and appli-
ed at face value on the purchase of government land.
This process cut the price of land to 82¢ an acre. For
the next ten years, Frankentrost was a self sufficient,
“community without a single road to the outside worldt.
IlToday this settlement has a population of about 200

 

12 Russell, loo. cit.
12 Ibid.
April, 1847

M

v"

people.13

In.l848, Loehe sent a third group of colonists
led by Pastor George Ernst Christian Ferdinand Sievers,
to found a community called Frankenlust (Joy of the

.M

Franks) twenty miles northwest of Frankenmuth. This
community never develOped. However, Sievers was quite
active and under his leadership, German Lutheran
churches were founded in Saginaw, Monitor, Mt. Plea-
cant, Bay City, and Amelith.

Friedrich Koch, Sievers father-in-law, was a
factory and mine owner from Germany who was active in
the Revolution.of 1848.5 He visited Sievers in.Michigan,
and fearing that because of the Revolution, he might
have to leave Germany, gave Sievers money to buy land,
where Koch planned on establishing an industrial town
for his workers from Germany. He planned to call the
settlement, Amelith, after the name of his wife's home
town. As it turned out, Koch didn't have to leave Ger-
many and Amelith never prospered. Back in Germany,

Koch wrote a travel guide, Die Deutschen Colonien in

den nfihg neg Sagingw £13§§e§,14 None of Koch's employ-

 

12 Dengler, p. 15
Ibid.#. p. 16

ees emigrated to Amelith.15

In 1848,:Sievers bought 1,592 acres of land, four
miles west of Frankenmuth to develop Frankenhilt CE???
1 f-?h° Franks) for the poor of Bavaria. Poor but re-

‘K‘m “ ' "Iona...“

putable single people and couples living together who
could not marry in Bavaria, but who would marry and re-
form, were selected by the Pastors of Neudettelsau.
However, only Herman Kuehn and one family went to Frank-
enhilf, the rest of the colonists settled in the other
villages. Today (1957). Frankenhilf is a village of about

400 peeple.16

 

:2 Russell, loc. cit.
Dengler, p. 17

FRANKENMUTH (1957)
(Most of the following material was obtained from indi-
viduals in the village)
All of the villages have indicated a desire for is-
olation and handling their own problems, as indicated
by the Gemeinde Ordnung, written in 1846 and revised in

1852.17

This amazing document was probably written by
John.Adam List, a mechanic. Many of the ideas were
probably also his own. Its main purpose seems to
have been to eliminate the need for civil court action,
regulate community disputes, and keep outsiders out.

.Erankenmuth was self sufficient and isolated until

.iaA259;fl_The villagers would not even allow a railroad to
mar the beauty of the countryside. Their railroad had
to be built at Gera Junction,'five miles away and every-
thing is trucked to and from the Junction.

Until 1905, everyone in Frankenmuth was German
with the exception of one welshman named Eugene Williams
and one Indian, who spoke German. In 1906, the villagers
invited a Mr. Gallagher, from Bridgeport, Mioh., to start

a newspaper. This was the first non-German speaking fam-

ily to live in Frankenmuth.

 

17 See appendix A

\\ V
)
/

L) given-for anyone to move into FrankenmuthJ At present

[:It wasn't until 1937, that general permission was

(1957)fthere are perhaps 100 peOple employed at Univer-
sal Engineering or the Brewery, who are not German.

Most of the professional people (doctors, lawyers,
etc.) in Frankenmuth, came from outside the community,
with the exception of school teachers in the Lutheran
Elementary School, many of whom are natives of Franke
enmuth.

Frankenmuth's one great contribution to the pro-
fessional fields is Professor Jacob Meyer, teacher of
German and the Structure of Sanscrit, at the University
of Chicago, of whom they are Justly proud.

After Wbrld War II, about 100 Latvians were in-
vited to Frankenmuth as farm laborers. Many of these
people have moved into Saginaw and the surrounding
cities where the pay is better.

E;The community was originally set up as a theo-

 

norggy, under the Gemeinde 0rdnung.1§JEEveryone was ex-

pected to contribute according to his ability, and to

provide one day of labor annually or provide a substi-

 

18 See appendix A

E
e

.8
;
>

__;
,.

I

y”
/
i

I

I
I

‘s
l
I
J
f

F
5

10

tute. No one was allowed to sell property to an out-
sider without the permission of the community and they
were required to let the villagers have the first
chance at purchasing their property. Anyone purchasing

land in the town had to be of Lutheran faith.;]

The township was incorporated in 1854, and the
village in 1904. Since then the community has been
governed by a mayor and a village council. 7

”WI The population has been as follows:

1904 633
1910 693
1920 825
1930 - 925
1940 - 1100
1950 - 1208

" [:flgolitically the town is a typical mid-western iso-
lationist town. Frankenmuth voted solidly Democratic
until Wilson's administration. During the First werld
War, Frankenmuth changed and voted Republican. The
promise of repeal of Prohibition caused the villagers
to change back to the Democratic Party in 1932, how-
ever they became Republicans again in 1940 and are still
largely Republican.1?;z

During the World wars, the peOple of Frankenmuth

 

19 Dengler, pp. 26f.

11

did not exhibit any sympathy for Germany as shown by

their oversubscription to War Bonds and Community Chest

Drives. Over 200 of the young men served in werld War

II.

are 8

muth

pend

ion,

There were no conscientious objectors.

Today (1957) the chief industries in Frankenmuth

Carling's Brewery [Formerly (before 1956) Franken-

Brewery7 5

Universal Engineering

McDonald Dairy (Frankenmuth Dairy)

Frankenmuth Cheese Factory

Frankenmuth Woclen Mills

Rupprecht's Sausage works

Hubinger Lumber Co.

star or the. woét'wnling Co":

Geyer's Brewery

The Hotels (Specializing in Chicken Dinners)
Zehnder's Hotel ’
Fischer‘s Hotel
McNivenIs Hotel

Many of the people from the surrounding towns de-

on Frankenmuth for employment. During the depress-

there were never more than 5 families on relief at

one time between 1929-1958 and the village provided work

12

for outsiders by importing W.P.A. workers to work for the
village.

Carling's Brewery, Universal Engineering and the
Hotels are big business, each employing a large number of
Wworkers. Zehnder's hotel alone, can provide 700 meals at
one time and has. served as high as 3,500 meals in one
day.

Among the things you might wish to see if you visit-
ed Frankenmuth are:

wahe Church, dedicated in 1880, redecorated in
1895 and 1939. T
. ”Museum
Old Cemetery, 1845
A The Monument for the First Church
Rev. 0.5Fuerbringer's Grave
I Indian Burial Ground (unmarked)
Oldest Grave Markers I
N..“c.;1...ry, 1888
Monument to the Founders (at the church)
Church Grove 5
New Central School

Industries and hotels mentioned previously.20

 

20 St. Lorenz walther Leagues, p. 8

13

THE LANGUAGE OF FRANKENMUTH

Three languages are in use in Frankenmuth today.
English is used in all civic records and by the people
of the village. High German is still used for one of
the church services, while the other service is in Eng-
lish. The Bavarian descendants still use the dialect
of their ancestors which they call Bayrischt(original-
ly FranconianeBavarian). Bayrisch is used chiefly in H
the home, however it is heard on the streets and in the
stores daily. It is used at all family gatherings or
celebrations and is very common even in the school.

Robert IArthur Dengler,in his master'sthesis,
makes the statement, "On Main Street today (1953) one

seldom hears Bayrisch'spoken.21

From my observations,

1 strongly disagree with Mr. Dengler. I have found
that one cannot avoid hearing Bayrisch anywhere in the
town. It is in common use even today (1957).

The information for this thesis was obtained in
the. following ways. Bayrisch was recorded on a tape
recorder using conversation of the high school child-
ren and some of the adults of the community. Informa-
tion was then obtained by translating and editing their

conversations.~ Direct word translation from English

A

21 Dengler, Fe 30

14

to Bayrisch was also used. Many observations were made
while shOpping in the community or attending civic cel-

ebrations.

15

BAYRISCH

Bayrisch is the name applied by the villagers of
Frankenmuth to the dialect (Franconian-Bavarian) now
spoken in Frankenmuth.

The original groups of settlers were taken from
Rottstall and Altmuehlgrund, near Nuernberg. This places
them on the borderline between the Franconian (Frank-
isch) and Bavarian (Bayrisch) dialects.22

(In the classification of German dialects, this would
place the dialect in the Upper German (Oberdeutsch) family
as a mixture between Upper Franccnian (Hochfrflnkisch,0ber-
frunkisch) and Bavarian (Bayrisch).23

However, if we refer to another authority,24 we find
the Frankenmuth dialect between Bavarian (Bayrisch-Gator-
reichisch) under Upper German (Oberdeutsche Mundarten),
and Franconian (Frfinkisch) under Middle German (Mittel-
deutsche Mundarten). The difference is that Weiss in-
cludes Franconian under Middle German instead of Upper

 

22 Otto Behaghel, Geschichte der Deutschen S rache,
(BerltgR und Leipzig, 1928)p 166, Map, p. 588

R. Priebsch and W. pE. Collinson, The German
*ggggggg,6 (University Cambridge Press, Great British,
326 f.
22 Oskar Weiss, Unsere Mundarten Ihr Werden und
IQ; Wesep, (Leipzig and Berlin, 1910

16

German.

The Franconian influence on Bayrisch is evident
in the dimminutive suffix /h:/ and //‘z/.25

Further evidence is the absence of the Gothic

duals of the second person:

33 - you (Nom.);
enk - you (Acc.)
enker - your

These words were Gothic duals historically, but

became plurals in the Bavarian dialect. There is no

evidence of these words in the Frankenmuth dialect.26

 

25 Priebsch, p. 526. Franconian suffix forms,
-la, -1e, or -li as Opposed to the Austro-Bavarian forms,

E. Prokosch, An Outline of German Historical Gram-

,(Oxford University Press, New York, (1953) pp. 229f.

Cf. also Behaghel p. 166, Paragraph 132 (39

l7

PHONETIC.ALPHABET
The International Phonetic Alphabet27 is used when;

ever possible throughout this work. A cOpy of the I.P.A.
is given below.

I

V

- beneath a consonant makes it syllabic

- trill

- beaneath a symbol indicates retroflection of tongue
- lengthening sign

- sign of nasalization

- first sound of diphthong /d1/ in LE9. /fdzn /

- 1 in £1133 /fd1n /

- 2138 mask/W /

- strongly stressed g in 52.333 /d‘cit/

- g,in §2Q&./souda/ always unstressed

- 9;; in c. A.*sistel_~ /szstav/ always unstressed
- 9. in Les H55 /

- British, southern and eastern _i_._r_'_ in 122% /1. 3d /

always stressed

- 1.}; in G. A. bird /£3‘¢I / always stressed
- gin fall /f.)l /

- gin gone /j:h /

 

0':

que, Iowa, pp. .
G. A. - General American

27 Claude M. Wise and Lucia Morgan, % Praggessive
Phonetic werkbook for Students in Speech, wm. C. Brown
e

 

U

‘89

w

18

g in Bpanish abogado /e6’oyaé o /
-§in_h;s_ /A12/

-;inpgl_r_n, /I>am/

- gin Britishhgt /Avt /
-ginh_a_t_ /Axt/

2111393; /AIT/

- h in Spanish abOgado Alfie y (.60 /
~£hinGemanigh /I.C /

~41n9399; /Jim/

“111112.322 /d3MP/

- lightly stressed a in chaotic /KCd‘tI K /
-aingssa /4.'m/

~ninfl_z_1§_ /{aIn/

251119.125 /sra/

- lightly stressed g in 93331 /o£e1 /

strongly stressed 9_ in note /A o ut/

-ginNewEng1and!.Ll_9_J-_e_ /l~el /

~winm /L>k/

fling}; /:II /

ginGermanlslidg//¢n/, Frenchm/HS /
g in German .K_‘q'p_1_’§_ /I<ae,ofa/, French £9__eu_z; /ka:r /
pinyin /,azn /

Rina-as /rr'2/

g with the one-tap trill in British 2931 /varr /

19

z with uvular trill as in Parisian French r_u_e /R j /
gin sing /fI’J /
as. in aha! //ou /

I

I -_e_§_in_d§_em /J;m/
I -;1np_;t_ /Lrt/
J '11nx.§_l_l./Jel/
~§1n£25 /Kro/
I -;1n;_s_1_;_]; /+3I/

f -tinm.t /brr/

f/ -shin9_h_s_l_h H/JK/

6 -ginf9_h_i_;15 /6113/

5 -_t_..h_in.t_h_i_§ /613/

‘* -29.1np_22l /Pu'/

ju 'Einm hmh‘w/

U -ggin£22_‘§ /fut/

A ~uin22 //‘P /

v -ging_ig1_§_ /Varn/

W -11nr.9. /W" /

x -9_hin Gemanagh/ax /, Spanishm/xote/

3 -Frenchuinp;_u_m3_ /,9/j.m/ or Germangin
flag/lyn/

Y «Germanginfifigtg/Uts/

z -§_1n_h_1_s_ /Ln_/

3 - g in vision /v13.m/

The following additions are necessary to transcribe
Bayrisch phonetically.

’ - shows syllabic accent

’ - shows a sliding over a vowel sound so quickly no
vowel sound can be written A

() - Parentheses around a phoneme in phonetic transcrip-
tion.mean that the sound is either not pronounced at all
or so faintly as to make it almost impossible to tell
whether it is there. Sometimes the tongue only goes in-
to position to form the phoneme, but the phoneme is not

pronounced.

21

THE PRESENT PRONUNCIATION IN FRANKENMUTH COMPARED WITH
THE ORIGINAL BAVARIAN * ’

This Chapter compares Bayrisch words as used at
present in Frankenmuth with the original Bavarian pro-
nunciation. The words have been compared to the pronunp
ciation.as given by Joh. Andreas Schmeller in Die Mund-

rten Ba erns, 1821, and Ba erisches Wgrterbuch, 1827,
as reproduced in Alexander J. Ellis', Early English P29-
nunciation, 1874, pp. 1357-1368.

Throughout the thesis, High German is referred to
as German, English as English, Schmeller's Bavarian as
Bavarian, (the language of the original settlers in Frank-
snmuth) and the dialect as spoken today (1957) in Frank-
enmuth, Bayrisch as Bayrisch.

The purpose of this chapter is to show how much of
the original pronunciation is still retained after 110
years of.American influence. The comparison is made al-
phabetically since this is the way Schmeller handled the
pronunciation. It is a clear concise method of attack.
Vowel pronunciation is considered first. The article
number given after each letter is from Schmeller's art-
icles 102-691. The page number given after each letter
is from Ellis', Early English Pronunciatigg. I have

given at least the general pronunciation, an example tak-

22

on from the text to clarify the explanation, and then a
comparison of the English, German, Bavarian, and Bayrisch.
Each word written in phonetics is enclosed between slant-
ing lines. / /' All comparisons are numbered consec-
utively throughout this Chapter. I refer to them in other

chapters by number.

23

VOWELS
A (Art. 102-123) p. 1358

l. g generally retains /c\ / pronunciation.

Examples:
gans / 9““ “’5 /
spass / /P‘U /
are / «Ir 3 /
Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
1. night Nacht /haat //next/
2. ask fragst /‘Frat5‘t//Fr%.)3st /
3. pan Pfanne /p-‘\c~h //Pfc\ha /

2. Frequently before ;_ and single or weak conson-

ants, g in German becomes 5; in Bavarian.

Examples:
alt / on t /
sagen / so‘yart /
Comparison:
#. old alt / ol‘t // aldm /

3. Sometimes before 3; in German, 3 becomes / /
in Bavarian.
Example:
11”,;- / k s’ u zr / '

Comparison:

2#

English German Bavarian Bayrisch
5. hair Haar /'M{ua* // to; /
AE—E (Art. 124-139) pp. 1358-1359

1. Generally-fl in German is / a / in Bavarian.

Examples:
stélrker / /t “"33 - /
Madlein / mo: J ’I /
Pléftze /plau:is /
Comparison:
6. girl M'a'dlein /Ma:J’l //quU /

2. Frequently _a_ in German is / £ / in Bavarian.

Example:
Ich thfite / ; te'It/

Comparison:
7. I am taking Ioh name / i m... / flu) he... /
8. places Pl'atze / p'£:t3 //£I g t 5 /

3. Sometimes '5', in German is /z / in Bavarian.
Example:
der Kglteste / Kliltt s f/
Comparison:
9. he falls er fallt / f1;lf / /J.;.- Halt /
4. Barely a; in German is /a:. / in Bavarian.
Example:
kaiter / K use It er /

25

Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
lO.- coldest der Kalteste /x¢.l t as t / /Kaltsta /
LI-ei (Art. 140-156) p. 1359
1. Generally 93; in German is /a / in Bavarian.

Example:
11. little klein / Ma / / 3 I a /
12. wider breiter / bra 4r / / L m4 e~ /
/- .. .. //s.—.~.r.{r /
l3. leg(bone)f Bein / bu La. / / bu /
14. stone ‘ Stein //ta, ftu/ //¥a,/taz /
15. two zwei / ts Va / / t: v a. /

2. Sometimes in the comparative forms 9; in Ger-

man is /£ / in Bavarian.

Example:
breiter /l»r¢':ta‘ /
Comparison:
16. smaller kleiner /l<l2n3‘//3iena /

3. Generally in unacoented syllables §_i_._ in German
is A/t/ in Bavarian.
Comparison:
17. a sin / 9 / / D /
18. work Arbeit he... 5 at / / u"; At /

26

AU (Art. 157-163) p. 1359
-1. £11 in German becomes /a/ in Bavarian.
Example:

aus dem hause /o:s'n has /

Comparison:

English German Bavarian Bayri sch

19. also auch / a. / / a. /
20.- tree Baum /La:m // bazm/
21. dust Staub / ft a: I: / / jt ow. b /
22. dream Traum /t.—a:m//d&’a:m/
23. to believeglauben / 5 hub; / /t34r\ giltzm/
24. foam Schaum / /a m // /am /
25. lazy faul /+a-.: // f’aal /
26. house Haus / In; as / / k a u: /

AEU-au (Art. 164-170) pp. 1359
1. Generally éq‘in German is /az/ in Bavarian.

Example:
Hauser / A a x z a‘ /

Comparison:
27. houses Hauser / kuzzan // Larza‘ /
28. mice Méfiuse / mars // mar; /

1. Generally _e_ in German is g in Bavarian.

‘ -'.-v.- .1,
. l ‘ r'
i. r...

27

Example:
Feld / fa H /
sehen / 2 o. a /
geschehen / 97a: /

Comparison:
1&1in sh German Bavarian Bayri sch
29. to see sehen / 20m / /ts4u 5e», /
30. happened geschehen / g’/a: / / 37.3 1, /
31. to give geben /3e:b 3a: / /tsu\ gem/

2. Generally lost before a or p, or obscured by

nasalisation.

Comparison:

32. See 29, 30, and 31.

3. Sometimes g in German “remains _e_ in Bavarian.

Comparison:
33. snow Schnee / ,4: e / / /n e. /
34. I go Ich gehe / i 3:: / /i(;) 3: /

E (Art. 209-216) p. 1360 In initial syllables.

1. In initial syllables 52": ‘93-, etc., the g in
German is generally /9 / or lost entirely. Sometimes the
whole syllable may disappear, especially before plosives.

Example:
Gebiet / ’b# t /

Compari son :

 

 

 

28

English German Bavarian Bayrisch
35. happened geschehen / 3 '/a : / / 3 ’/e h /
36. gone gegangen / 9 a 79 / / 9a :3 O /

E Final (Art. 217-235) p. 1360
l . Frequently omitted.

Comparison:
37. angry bo'se / t (:5 / / A a s /
38. narrow enge / £5 / / 2 P) /
39. sleepy mfide / m .' d / / m .‘ J /

2. §,is dropped as ending of the lat. pers. sing.
and 3rd. pers. sing. pres. tense and 3rd. pers. sing.

pret. indie. of verb conjugation.

Example:
Ich esse / i I. S /
Comparison:

40. I don't want Ich mc'a’chte nioht /mzxt/ fl“) M11 Mt/
EU (Art. 246-261) pp. 1360-1361

1. Generally 23 in German is /a'r/ in Bavarian.

Example:
neu / n “I /

Comparison:
41. German Deutsch / J01 t/ / / d “‘t/ /
42. new neu / nu: // MAE /

43. fire Feuer / Fare // Fara /

29

I (Art. 262-293) p. 1361

1. Generally i_in German is /I‘/ in Bavarian.

Example:
blind / thaw) /

Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
44. blind blind /Llrnd //alxat /
45. not nicht / h'lt // net /
46. nothing nichts / n I g s / / n I ,c /

2. When i is in an unaccented end syllable, the

following letters are often lost.

Example:
ewig / e: “" /
Comparison:
47. have I habe Ich / kagbti // ALL-L :r /

3. When i is before 1, it sounds like /{i/ in Bav-

arian, a very difficult sound to translate into phonetics.

Example:
still / fig] /
Comparison:
48. to play spielen / j’p’jlan / //p’jlan /

49. church Kirche / K'jrraf //’<5”¢ /

 

30

4. ;,before 2 became /fi3/ in general usage.

Example:
Hirsch / kid r// /
Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
50. to me mir / molar // whit») /

This tendency to add the schva vowe17/97/ is a strong
carry over from the Bavarian dialect. See 5, 6, 15,
20, 23, and 25.
51. horse Gaul / ---------- / / g a u :I /
Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether there is
simply a lengthening sign or a schva /J / vowel.
IE (Art. 294-315) p. 1361
1. Generally g; is pronounced /1?/ in Bavarian.
Example:
die / .JI /
Comparison:
52. the die / 4.1 / / J,‘ /
2. Sometimes lg is pronounced /9‘/ in Bavarian.
Comparison:
53. you sie /’ ze / I received the
answer / Ju / to my English word you. When questioned
further what wordche would use if he were to speak to a

stranger, he answered, "we don't speak Bayrisch to strangers."

31

0 (Art. 316—324) pp. 1361-1362

1. Q in German is often pronounced /e, A / in Bav-

arian.
Example:
Sohn / Z.c§: r1 /
Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
54. from von / fe v\ / / F A h /
55. gold Gold / 3.4ld /1/ 9.4,]; /
money / same /
OE Umlaut of last 0. (Art. 325-329) p. 1362
1. 9g is generally pronounced §,in Bavarian.
Example:
Backe / b c k /
Comparison:
56. oil 61 / e! // ezl /
2. Sometimes 9_e_ is pronounced /z / in Bavarian.
Example:
Ko'pfe / KIPF /
3. Sometimes 92 is pronounced /f9/ in Bavarian.
Comparison:
57. heads Ke'pi'e / kiapf / / ke‘pF /

U short (Art. 363-371) p. 1362

 

32
1. Frequently short I; is /a,o.s / in Bavarian

especially before 1;.

Example:

Wurst / var/f /

59.
60.

und
uns

gib

61.
62.

2. Sometimes before p, g is /ue/.

Comparison:
Thurst Durst / 4 her/f / /J s/r /
3. Frequently 1; becomes /0 / before m and 1;.
Comparison:
young June / J'cq // jO'J /
dog Hund / Load //Laad(t)/
4. Q is /9 / in unemphatic words.
Example:
/ 9 ad /
/ a S /
uns /'j3fibai /
Comparison:
us uns / 95 // 9H /
give us gib uns / 91:12: / / 31.-uni /

93-56th

UE As umlaut of short 3. (Art. 372) p. 1362

1. Generally 23 is pronounced as /.I / in Bavarian.

U Long (_1. (Art. 373-385) p. 1362

33

1. This 3.; is pronounced /ud , a.) / in Bavarian

before :3 or _r_1_.

Example:
Blume /b 'eqw‘ /
Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
63. flower Blume / L (““‘V‘ / / Llaaws /
/ b Ids m ' /
2. Sometimes 1_1_ is pronounced /u / in Bavarian.
Comparison:
64. foot Fuss / "FuS / / 4 us /
65. good gut / 3M4 // 35’r /
66. chair Stuhl / jtul // f1 u} /
3. Frequently g is /u3/ in Bavarian.
Comparison:
67. boy Bube / [9qu // Au /
68. book Buch / Ausx // Loux /

4. Generally among the educated 1_1_ is pronounced
/ H / in Bavarian.
Comparison:
69. boy Bube / bub // bu /
5. Sometimes g becomes /9 / in Bavarian.
Comparison:

70. to do zu thun /tsa tum / /ts,m Jauh /

34

UE As umlaut of 2. (Art. 386-393) p. 1362
l. Q_is generally pronounced [aJ/ in Bavarian,
especially before y'and 3.
Example:
Blfimlein /Llr:am'l /

2. Sometimes 2,13 pronounced as /L9/ or [Si/ in

Bavarian.

Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
71. tired mfide /WNJ, m ca'd / / m 3d

72. feet Ffisse /fWes,f¢;5 / / f73

/

35

CONSONANTS
B (Art. 394-413) pp. 1362-1363
1. Generally a pure /b'/ at the end and middle of

words before consonants in Bavarian.

Ekample:
er gibt /¢r gibt /
Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
73. he gives er gibt /£r .31 Lt //J£.. Brit/

2. Biis uncertain or oscillates between 4(5/ at the
beginning of words in Bavarian.
Comparison:
74. places Platze / Plezts // Lists /

3. In some cases p.1s pronounced as‘f in Bavarian.

Comparison:
75. but aber /n+'a‘ // ab; /
4. B_ becomes 2 before a lost 3.
Example:
er gibt / gr-gsf /

0; (Art. 414-415) p. 1363
1. In words of Latin origin, g_is pronounced asjg
in Bavarian.
2. §,is sometimes pronounced as §p_or pp,in Bavarian.

CH Kot initial. (Art. 416-435) p. 1363

36
1. _C_h is generally pronounced /£—' / or /‘X/ in

Bavarian.

Example:
Bach / b .4 x /

Comparison:
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
76. I make Ich mache / 3 max / /:‘(5) «I: mun/
77. light Licht / lit-t //11;t /
78. belly Bauch / ba:x // beta?! /
79. bone Knochen / ---------- / / MDXJH /
80. face Gesicht / ---------- / /(t)5'I§(t) /

2. Generally in -lich, 9h is pronounced 1;.
Comparison:
81. friendly freundlich /F,-41nJIIK / /+‘m1h(4)lr /

3. 9h was very often lost entirely in Bavarian.

Comparison:
See 81.
82. I Ich / i // if?) /
83. not nicht / "£1: // ‘hs't- /

1) (Art. 436-451) p. 1363

1. Generally pronounced Q initially and between
vowels and in final position. 9 is lost where /q / sound
is used in Bavarian.

Example:

37
binden / ‘1“) /
blind / L)“, /
2. In the final position the 9 often changes to _t_
in Bayrisch. Probably influenced by German.

Comparison:
84. blind blind / “U1 / / I :1 mt /
85. child. . Kind / kt») / / kl at /
86. picture Bild. / L z (1’ / / L I I t /

F (Art. 452-462) p. 1364
1. E is generally pronounced 1 after vowels, but

elsewhere 3. E is rarely lost.

Comparison:
87. river Fluss / 1C IA 5 /
/ f I u 5 /
88. waterfall Wasserfall /|/.-.ssa to.) /

G (Art. 463-490) p. 1364

1. This letter is generally pronounced g at the end
or middle of words in Bavarian. Sometimes it wavers be-
tween /K.‘j / initially. Sometimes _k at the end or middle,
especially after _q, p, or jg... Sometimes it changes to /1/
before g, _s_t_, or _t_.

Comparison:

89. eye Auge / akj // (1147 /
90. you ask fragst A“. hunt / /4 n fraiift/

38

H (Art. 491-502) p. 1364
1. Sometimes h,is 10st at the beginning of pre-

fixes heg-, hin-, and in -heit.(suffix)

Example:
herab / out; /
hinab / ‘Fbi /
B3sheit /Az..-.,.,t /

J (Art. 503-506) p. 1364

1. Initially it is frequently pronounced gbin
Bavarian.

Example:

Jacob /6A.. x'I /
I: (Art. 507-520) pp. 1364-1365

1. Sometimes at the end of stem syllables and
after 1, 13, or _r, it is pronounced /x /.

2. Sometimes k,is pronounced giat the end of un-
inflected words.

3. §,18 usually pronounced g.

Comparison:
91. to come kommen / 24w ” / /tsm knmo/
92. small klein / k In. / / 9 lo /

L. (Art. 521-545) p. 1365
'1. Usually 1,1s simply pronounced 1. Sometimes a
schva /a / sound is interposed before the I, L is rarely

lost.

39

M,N (Art. 546-555) p. 1365

l. l and z; frequently nasalize the preceding vowel
in Bavarian, when it is _e_, _e_, or _e_, but do not affect 1;,
g, or / 9 /.
M (Art. 556-561) p. 1365

1. It sometimes sounds as p at the end of the stem-
syllables in Bavarian.
N (Art. 562-609) p. 1365

l. 91 is generally lost at the end of stem-syllables
when no vowel follows and the preceding vowel is nasal-
ised. ‘ _bl becomes p_ after labials. These habits give rise
to a purely euphonic 3 being inserted where none origin-
ally existed.

Example:

Wie ich sage /w.n-3 $83 /

Comparison:

Engli sh German Bavarian Bayri sch

95. to give geben / ---------- / / 9 e m /
96. boys Buben / ---------- /’/ biArn /
97. to lift upaufheben / ---------- / / au~¥iflvn /
98. to see sehen / ---------- / / 5 e r; /
99. rain Regen /-, --------- / / r“:- i; /
100. stomach Magen /- --------- / / )m at, /

Schmeller does not give as many consonant examples.

P (Art. 615-618) pp. 1365-1366
1. Generally p is pronounced p, sometimes 13, and

rarely p; or pig.

Comparison:
101. pepper Pfeffer / p L e. in? / / p F: f- a' /
102. horse Pferd / pk & r J / / 9 a. as /

Qu (Art. 620) p. 1366

l. 9,3 is pronounced kg! or g! and the _w is often
omitted.
R (Art. 621-637) p. 1366

1. g, is often trilled in Bavarian. This has cacried

over into the Bayrisch as an obvious characteristic.

Comparison:
103. rain Regen / - r - / / 68 '1 /
104. river Flues / - -' ~ / / 62-»; /
105. grass Gras / - ~ - / / 3 53’s; /
106. frost Frost / ~ - .,_ / / + r“). t /
107. tears Trans /-— - — / / J {zinJ /
108. blackbirdAmsel /-- .. ._ / / 9:03 /
crow

s,ss,sz (Art. 638) pp. 1366-1367

1. They are generally voiced soft _e_ in Bavarian.
503 (Art. 664-667) p. 1367

1. S9}; is /// medially, but /} / finally, except
in the East befoce a lost final _e_ according to Schmeller.

Ellis states this to be impossible to pronounce (Deutsch-

41

/éaI*//). Ellis feels the sound must be between ///
and /3 / depending on voiced or unvoiced sound preced-
ing the ggh.

'1' (Art. 668-681) pp. 1367-1368

1. g; is often confused with d_ in Bavarian and

Bayrisch.
Comparison:

Engli sh German Bavarian Bayri sch
109. cold kalt / - - / / Kn '4 /
110. skin Haut / .. - / / h a h J /
lll. weather Wetter / --- - / / ViJJa /
112. tears Trains / - - / / J rysna /
113. blood Blut / - - / / b I a J /

w (Art. 682-687) p. 1368
l. 1 is sometimes pronounced as a Spanish y_ or _b/ 1
Example:
was thue ich /Yas t4. 3 /
E is pronounced 1 in Bayrisch
2 (Art. 688-690) p. 1368
1. Initially ; is pronounced ;t_s_. Sometimes after

vowels in uninflected forms it is soft 513.

Comparison:
114. tongue Zunge . / - —- / / 1‘ range /
115. toothache Zahnweh / - i / / t“, M /

English

above
airplane
after
afternoon
again

air

all

almost
alone

also
always

am

among
amusing
and
answer, to
apple

arm
arrive, to

ask, to

42

German
fiber
Flugzeug
nach
Nachmittag
wieder
Luft

alle
beinahe
allein
auch
immer

bin

unter
unterhaltend
und
antworten
Apfel

Arm
ankommen

fragen

A BASIC BAYRISCH VOCABULARX

Bayrisch

/ {be

/ /«Ftt/rf
/ it);

/ I10MMIJJIDX
/’ v:IJJ ;
/ I 4i’t

/ a lei

/ £>q III)

/ 611:: h 5
/ rtAx , a
/ I ‘m a

/ L.Ir«

/ A. I t’

/ j/f>&S'I
/ uh't

/ antvdfam
/ afoAI

/ a r-w~

/ htAom a
/ 'frarram

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\.

English
at

at home
aunt
autumn
awaken, to
baby

back (again)
bad

badly

has

bank
bathe, to
beans
beautiful
because
bed

beer
before
behind
believe, to
bell

best

43

German
zu

zu Hause
édate Heim)

Herbst

wecken

éaufwachen)
ab y

(kindlein)
zuruck

schlecht

(b38).
schlecht

(schlimm),
Handtasche
(Sack)
Bank .
baden
Bohnen
schgn
weil

Bett

Bier

vor
(davor)
hinter.
glauben
Glocke

best

Bayrisch

/ 43’ . 4.32
/ 4Q ham
/ ta..4 s
/ )\£ rb 517
/ ctufivra X aim
/ K vat Ia

/ ts a relic

/ lacs

/ flw
/ 524 K

/ b a n K
/' b o d ev~

/ L.c n s

/ f}: I

/' V01 Jarem
/ b 2 t

/ Li‘s

/ clq FLA;

/ Lrhfw

/ 316M

/ 9) gn<es«

/ L z s t;)

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English
better
bird
biscuit

crackers)'

black
blanket
blood
blue
?§fip)
book -
boot
(rubbers
born
bottle
box

boy
bread
break, to
breakfast
bridge
bring, to
broad
'brother
brown
brush

but

44

German
besser
Vogel
Keks
schwarz
Bettdecke
Blut
blau
Boot
(Schiff)
Buch
Stiefel
geboren
Flasche
Schachtel
Knabe
Brot
brechen
Frfihstfick
Bracke
bringen
breit
Bruder
braun
Bursts

aber

Bayrisch

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \-

hiss)
drag-4|
9743-315
J/va ts
J sizevl
L )tad
A lack
j"r f

L A x
rattxs

36 been
Lo“tt‘l
[>2 KS

5 u
In.)

5.555;9r\

{LXI/{IR
} rA k9*\

bvrfbgb

brad

5:149

V
brat!

b.a/fsfl\

6:63

‘\- \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English
butter
button
buy, to
cabbage_
cake
call, to
can, (I)
car I
cards
carry, to
eat
certainly
chair
cheap
cheese
chest of drawers
chicken
child
choir
Christman
Church
cigar
cigarette

cinema
(theater)

45

German
Butter
Knopf
kaufen
Kohl
Euchen
igiigeien)
kann ,
Auto
Karten
tragen
Katze
E(graivéfkcffrlich)
Stuhl
billig

Kass
Kommode
Huhn

Kind

Chor
(Singverein)
Weihnachten.
Kirche
Zigarre

Zigarrette

Kino
(Theater)

Bayrisch

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

bu‘ta
KnAF‘f

Ketch

grants KAPF

i<ezK
jrraite
kcuh 3(9)
I< a r
KCRJBV‘
d Shams
Kat:
intuit/311‘
j’iu’
b I [I
k as
LI #6
Lara

h‘zidf

S-Ivffffllht

vaInaxtam
K6 r;:
(751736!”

tsjiga'ӣt'

t [caftk

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\

English
Class
clean
clean, to
climb, to
clothes
.coal

coat
(Jacket)
coffee
cold
collar
comb

some, to
company
complain, to
convenient
(handy)
cook, to
cord
corner
correct
corridor
costs, (it)
country

cousin

cream

46

German
Klasse
(:éfiber)
reinigen
klettern
Kleider
Kohle
Jacke
Kaffee
kalt
Kragen
Kamm
kommen
Gesellschaft
(Besuch)
sich beklagen
bequem
kochen
Seil
(Schnur)
Ecke
richtig
Gans
kostet
Land
Vetter

Base
Rahm

Bayrisch

/ 9'85

/ gauba

/ Lgtssh
/ 9,fql=ela
/ 9 la.)a

/ l<9 hsV\
flfsxg't, Harry/4K
/ Kctfe

/ i<aid

/ (<ola

/ I<avn

)/ kiln he?
/’ b’stax

/ Laban
//QI§t , Athr
/ )<:>X’OP\

/ /nur‘

/ i'k

/ r-I 9‘917
/ 9““?

/ k 35 t

/ jawtw)
/ 12371-91

/ rain“

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\

47

English German

cross, to (street)(die Strasse)
hindbergehen

cup Tasse

cushion Kissen

cut, to schneiden

dance, to tanzen

dangerous geffihrlich

dark dunkel
(finster)

daughter Tochter .

day Tag

dead tot, gestorben

dear teuer

deep tief

dentist Zahnarzt

difficult ' schwer
(hart)

dine, to speisen

(eat, to) (essen)

dining-room Speisezimmer

dinner Abendessen

direct direkt
(geradeaus)

direct, to lenken

dirty schmutzi
(dreckig?

do, to tun

doctor Arzt

dog Hund

doors Tare

Bayrisch

/J:‘ fins J a' 59302

/ Jason

/ K15

/ _/UadIZJar\
/ Jtlv~t513vx
/ 9’f£II
/f1hsh, Jung;
/ 43243

/ J 3:;X
(fled. kabft
/ Jew];

/ J if

/ {Sodbx'ts
/ ism)
/ 55:9H

/ 2;;t‘ilihi3
/' 20m £13354
/ gfithxus
/ ~£$allh
/-J;§g)r
/,,An 49
/ J:JxJ9

/ 54.ruf

/ A is

Cl” 084‘.“

9

:\ \\ \.‘\.~\ \\ \.‘\;~\ 5‘

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English
double

downstairs
drink, to
dry
during
each
early
east
Easter
easy

eat, to
066

empty
enough
enter, to
envelope
evening
everything
exit

eye

face
fail, to
far

fast

German
doppelt
unten
trinken
trocken
wflhrend
Jeder
rrdh (bald)
Ost ’ *
Ostern
leicht
essen
Ei
leer
genug
eintreten

(eingehen)
Briefumschlag

Abend

‘

alles
Ausgang
Auge
Gesicht
fehlen
weit

schnell
(scharf)

Bayrisch
/ dobfi'it
/ Ante“

i/
éthKQh

\

4.5.9..
Jada V614
aje dd
5:.)
gs-tsh,Esf'I
csireic
lei! 9 f
5 $9“
“I

[as

\\\\\\\\\\

Max

/t.nn 11611963

/ gaunt

/ 3 ”1t;

/ C\’£)5

/ 0853‘“?
/ aux
/(r) 51' g (t)
/ Fwe Iota
/ VtiI 1:

/ jar-r

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English
father

feed, to
fetch, to
few
field
fifth
fight, to
fill, to
find, to
finish, to
tire
first
fish
floor
flower
fly

fly, to
food
foot

for
foreign
forest
forget, to
fork

49

German

Vater
fattern
holen
einige
(wenig)
Feld .
(Band)
funfte
fechten
ffillen
finden
beenden
(fertigmachen)
Feuer
erste
Fisch
Fussboden
Blume
Fliege
(Mucke)
fliegen
Essen
Fuss

,I

fury
auslgndisch
(fremd)
Weld
vergessen

Gabel

Bayrisch

/ $04, . 'faJa
/ fl Java

/ holen, brI’Qs)
/ Vé?n1:;

/ larft

/ f‘rpepfita
/ izalttsva
/ ~Fl:l~eh

/ 'fIhJe
/1iJImax3h
/’ fail a

/ gr-fte

/ rr/

/ ~f 1oz;

/ Ll AUVD

/ 1m 43:9h
/ f lista

/ gs;\/os

/ tus-

/ F [a

/ f-rszt’

/ Im/

/ {saga Sbvx
/ gerbsl

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ 5\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\

English
fourth

free
fresh
friend
from
fruit
full
garden
girl
give, to
glass
glove
go, to
God
gold
good
grapes
grass
green
grey
hair
half
ham
hand

50

German
vierte
frei
frisch
Freund
(Kamerad)
von
Frucht
voll
Garten
Madchen
geben
Glas
Handschuh
gehen
Gott
Gold

gut
(Wein)trauben
Gras
grfin
grau
Haar
halb
Sohinken

Hand

3‘”

\\ \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\.‘\- \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English
handkerchief

hard
have, to
he

head
hear, to
heart
heavy
help, to
here
high
hill

hope. (I)
horse
hot

hour
house
how
hunsry
husband
I

ice

51

German
Taschentuch
hart
haben
er
Kopf
h3ren
Herz
schwer
helfen
hier
(d8)
hoch
Hagel
sein
hoffe
Pferd
(Gaul)
Heiss
Stunde
Haus
wie
hungrig
Mann
ich

Eis

Bayrisch
/Ja/thux
/ Ac1t
/ iiesvn

/ Jiér

/ [(AIof

/ 45:3 5

/ hats

/ fvi

/ kztlfsh
/ J 3

/ 7.x

/ M49

/ Jase :quzhj
/ )(DfGBK

/ 9.7.31

/' L.AS

/ 5~t.4m

/ (.As

/ v?

/ “AQJVI
/ hwav1

/ 3 (4)

/

6125

\\ \\ ‘x. \9 ~\ ‘\. \\ \\ ~\. \\ ~\ ~\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ~\ ‘\. \\ \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English
if

ill
immediately
in

inside
interesting
iron

is

isn't it?
it _ '
king

knife

know, to
lady

lamb

lamp

large

last

late

learn, to
leave, to
leave behind, to
left

leg

52

wenn
krank

sofort
(gleich)

in .
innen
interessant
(Bfigel)eisen
ist '
nicht wahr?
es .
Kdnig

Messer
wissen, kennen
Dame , Frau
Lamm

Lamps

gross

letzte

spat

lernen
verlassen
(fortgehen)
zurucklassen

links
Bein

Bayrisch.
V5 (4
I<Iank
9 («I 9
J ;})c
drytfle
In‘tfzsau‘t

LIg/‘(aIzgk

o.

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/ .15
/ LIS' H.27-
/ ~I£s , 4.1:
/ Kcaier;
/ hi£SEC3
/ (xns

/ Fran,vcrerIt
/ MM (1:)

/ lain/39 h

/ 9 (as

/ letste

/ frcT

./ [4‘49

/ FAtgem

/’ [a Sélh

/ l 79??

/ Ad

\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\

 

English
less
letter
letter-box
light
light, to
light
light
lightning
list
live, to
little, a
long

look at, to
lose, to
love, to
low
lunch
make , to
man

many
married
match

no

means, (it)

53

German
weniger
Brief
Briefkasten
Licht
anzfinden
leicht

hell

Blitz

Lists
(Zettel)
leben

ein weni
(bischen?
lang
ansehen
verlieren
lieben
niedrig
Mittagessen
machen
Mann

viele
verheiratet
Streichholz

mich, mir

bedeutet
(meint)

Bayrisch

/ i/e:n1:;'a

/ £>fifcf

/ pAstb Ans

/ I g t

U'ttsrnten
[all'fi't
I“?
Llrtsevl

issifal
IGLVH

bzcs '3

{is IIEDH
glnleh [77891ng
yaida
[ SQ ‘4
W)Q‘X
Mac!“
hau+3h
{akartaf
W4: 5]”
i at)

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\.
D
i
Q/
‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\

Mauiaf'

English

meat
meet, to
mend, to
midnight
milk
minute
mirror
miss, to
money
month
moon
more
morning
most
mother
mouth
much
must

my

name
narrow
near
necessary

never

54

German
Fleisch
treffen
ausbessern
(flicken)
Mitternacht
Milch
Minute
Bpiegel
vermissen
Geld
anat
Mond
mehr
Mor en
(frgh)
meist
Mutter
Mund
(Maul)
viel .

Ii
mussen
mein
Name

ens
(schmal)
nahe
(senau)
notwendig

(muss sein)
niemals

Bayrisch

/ +3Icvrjr

/ theh News

/ {qrzKeh

/M1tta max?

/ Ln 3: x

/ mjnAt-svx

/’ JCPVgaé ‘
{x1»11.st
9X14
MonAT
buotnd
use-i“
t5:
Antls't

0.0
MA‘t-ta

+—A'l
was 5
M01111

haw“)
f...)
9 ’nb'ku
hiAS 5h

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ M1alxli
/
/
/
/’
/'
./
/'
/'

)1 :3 ha I:

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\.'\- \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English

new
newspaper
next
night
no
north
nose
not
nothing
new
number
often
011

old

on

once
only
Open, to
open
or
ordered
other
outside

overcoat

55

German

neu
Zeitung
nachste
Nacht

kein

Nord

Nase

nicht
nichts
Jetzt
Hummer
iatfters )
01

alt

auf, an, bei
einmal

nur
’(blosz)
offnen
(aufmachen)
offen, auf.
oder
bestellt
andere

draussen

Mantel

Bayrisch

‘/ ncaI

/ 'tsarfam
/;4ngrs
/ hcax t

/ ha

/ M643“
/hozeh
/ V\£ *-

/ hIKS

/ g+se

/’ HI\M\£V'B
/ fths
/ <2 I

/ 6114 Cf)
/ J Ktuwf
/ aw'
/ LIE-3’s

/ cw-fmaxeh
/ nut

/ 23.);

/ (tn/fit It
/’ smash
/ drew-‘9“
/ iberer

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\..\\ \\ ‘\ ‘\. \x ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\

English
owe, to
pack, to
paint, to
painter
pair
paper
pay, to
pen
pencil
POPPGP
perhaps
permit, to
picture
piece

pin

pipe
place
plate
pleases, (it)
plum
pocket
poor

post
post-card

56

German
Schulden
packen
malen
Maler
Paar
Papier
bezahlen
Feder
Bleistift
Pfeffer
vieleicht
erlauben
(lassen)
Bild
Stack
Stecknadel
Pfeife
Ort
Teller
gefgllt
Pflaume

Tasche

'arm

Post

Postkarte

Bayrisch
_jAIJ;
F“ K:an
peritsn
Pegyxtre
.Loe
Ecil>is
{:50avn
'f£.ds
Llantrft
(p) 1": FF;
{0‘ la]: 9‘ (t)
In.se~«

Axld
I/“t t.l<
FIbc
Q.) {-aiFeh
blats
46';
5 Ads t
@)fAums
Jajnlh

/ al'hn

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

/ 65>ST7

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

/ LDS‘tQhatQPl

English
potatoes
present
president
pretty
price
priest

put, to
queen
rains, (it)
read, to
ready
receive, to
red

remain, to
remember, to
repair, to
(fix)

reply, to
rest, to
rich

right (hand)
ripe -
river

road

room

57

German
Kartoffeln
Geschenk
Prgsident
hfibsch
(schdn)
Preis .
Priester
(Pfarrer)
stellen -
(holen)
Kdnigin
(Dame)
regnet
lesen
fertig
erhalten
(kriegen)
rot
bleiben
erinnern
(denken)
ausbessern
antworten
ausruhen
reich
rechte
reif

Fluss
Landstrasse

Zimmer

Bayrisch

/ KaJAf-l'
/ thMK
/ przssdznfe
/' a/E

/ bifltrs

/ (P)Fat"’e
/ kilaflg)
./ 4 av“

/ #82139

/ Ices;3vs'
/ {52 t I
/ 9 :33»-

/ r50 t

/.Jlt 4’“1““
/J rye dfih K9

/ {II kséh
/ah+v3“teh
/ aus Kn;
trail § (8)
raxfé
rarzt

#65 6.9

l/
f‘t‘J

\\\\\\

'fs Iihse

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \x ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \x ‘\ ‘\. \\

English
rue

run, to
safe
saint
salad
salt
same
sausage
say, to
school
scissors
seat
second
see, to
seek, to
seldom
sell, to
send, to
separate
servant
several
sew, to
shave, to

she

German
Teppich

laufen
(springen)
sicher
(versorgen)
Heilige
(Sankt)
Salat .

Salz
derselbe
wfirstchen
sagen
Schule
Schere
Platz
(Sits)
zweite
sehen
suchen
selten
verkaufen
senden
(schicken)
separat
(allein)
Diener
(Knecht)
verschiedene
(mehrere)
nahen
rasieren

sie

Bayrisch

,/ efny
//pr1q(8)
)/ V (soy-X't
/ so”

/ 50(14/1'

/ Salt-S
/ 5'1 lbs

/ vo/I‘
/ 5099

/ /da/

/' J/e.r

/ 5‘: ts

/ tAVaItQ
/ 59')

/’ 't5 2 q
/-£gI gt- CAMS
/ +gkafah
/ _/fr K svl
/ alan(t)>
/ (9)*‘”‘"
/ kaufen
/ aces

/ jfe“fel«

/ cl}

\\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ \\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘x ‘\

59

English German
sheet Bettuch
ship Schiff
shirt Hemd
shop Laden
short kurz
show, to zeigen
shut, to schliessen
(zumachen)
shut geschlossen
side Seite
sign, to unterschreiben
silver Silber
simple einfach
(leicht)
since seit(dem)
sing, to singen
sir mein Herr
Mr. is not used in conversation.
sister Schwester
sit, to sitzen
skirt Rock
(Hemd)
sleep, to schlafen
slow langsam
small klein
smoke, to rauchen
anew Schnee
so so

Bayrisch

/ J AX

/ ‘/TL F

/ I1£DM s‘f
/ / ,. P

/ }<:)t5

/ /*)§arge
/'tu4max9
/ 'fs;u

/ fgqldgh

Lflmthn)fSQIhQ

/ JAIEJ
/ IaIxt
/ fol tam

/ $1.539

fr“; 40 NT use Herr

//}25te
)/ 55 t'seah
)/ A I h~9

/ ‘jf/zlf

/ levy/1w.
/ 9:.

/)"Vat4(h) , /m(;33t1\

/ /’n (:3

/ 5’0 IS

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English
soap
socks
sort
soldier
some

son

song

soon

soup

sour
south
speak, to
spectacles
spoon
spring
stamp
stand, to
star
start, to
state
stay, to
stick
still
stockings

German
Seife
Socken
(Strumpf)
weich
Soldat
einige, etwas
(manche)
Sohn

Gesa

(Lied
bald .
Suppe
sauer

sfid
sprechen
(schdatzen)
Brille
L8ffe1
Frflhling
Brieflmarke
stehen
Stern
anfangen
Staat
bleiben
Stock

noch

Strfimpre

Bayrisch

/ 54f?

/ ff”?f
/ v‘a X

/ 5'3 IJa.T
/mm\k.; (e
/ .S0v\

/ l 34

/ W

/ 5 diaevw

/ _satAa

/ 5 {J aux
/5?rzxsh,/}£tser\
/' 5.51 l

/ [2 Fa I

/ Fit/fa 2 F '{3
/ fiEW‘P

/ #f'fcs

/ ,fi‘c;
/ofaq9, jmariah
/ ffaT‘

/ A IqLI&~\

/ J/t‘sfinr

\\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\ ‘\~‘\\ \\ ‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\

English

stone
straight on
strap
street
string
strong
student
study, to
sugar
summer
sun

sweet
swim, to
table
take, to
tall
taste

tax

tea
teach, to
than
that
theatre

their

61

German
Stein
gerade aus
Gurt
Strasse
Schnur
stark
Student
studieren
(lernen)
Zucker ‘
Sommer
Sonne
sass
schwimmen
Tisch
nehmen
gross
Geschmack
Steuer
Tee
lehren
als
(dann)
Jener

Theater
1hr

Bayrisch

/ J/fa
l/jflat‘t f;i:z
/‘/frzp
//¥+JS, :04
/ J/n¢.r
/ [task
/ j'équ n‘t
/ lab~9
tsAga
5u4vne
524 he
5'35
fur»;
Jz:j‘

mswa

‘\ ‘\. \\ ‘\ ‘\~ \\ ‘\

/E}kc5, L07
/ /h¢£ k9“

/' fig KJSéiA
t'e

lash

~J£ S

fiestadr

/
/
/ Jan
/
/
/

Jam's

\\\\\-\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English
then

there
there is (are)
they
thick
thin
thins
third
thirsty
this
thread
throat
through
thunder
tie, to
time
tired
to
tobacco
to-day
tomb
tomorrow

tonight

62

German
dann

da, dort
es gibt
(da ist)
sie

dick

h

dunn
Ding
dritte
durstig
dieser
Fadon
Kehle
(Drusen, Hals)
durch
Donner
binden
Zeit

u
?:%§lgfrig)
zu, nach
Tabak
heute

Grab

morgen

heute abend

Bayrisch

Jan
4 3 t
d) 15
4‘.
Jzk, J {K
JIn, Jo'n

J r n

\\\\\\\

a {1:1
/ Jo/fI
/ J as

/ ~{o‘13vs
/JPVDS£)h’
/ J ail—ix
/ J A h a
/ 1, I uni-sh

/ f:sc«r‘f

// [sh-v.1, in $4
/ t‘S/4H

/ tnxbcak

L\q'$

/ kmflICMJ
/ f¢xvn
/ Iho'rh

/ Life

am?

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English

too

too much
tooth
toothbrush
touch, to
town
travel, to
tree

trim (hair)
trousers
true

twice
uncle
under
understand, to
until
upon
upstairs
vegetables
very

vest
village
vinegar

visit, to

63

German

zu

zu viel
Zahn
Zahnbfirste
beruhren
(anfassen)
Stadt
reisen
(fahren)
Baum
putzen
(scheren)
Hosen
wahr
zweimal
Onkel
unter
verstehen
bis
auf

oben

II

Gemuse
sehr

(ganz arg)
Weste .
Dorf
Essig

besuchen

Bayrisch

/ 'tS'A

// fsa {.Xl
/ tso
/1£--sel:»z/*'9h
/ ofasét‘

/vIIIt/, /+a‘f’

/ ‘fcaa h

/ bc1k~

/' J/Ezalm
/ l1u.set~
/ \/o;

/ tsva M33:

/ ‘4 4:9

/ ,4V\J3

/ ‘fa‘IVWi
/ LLIS

// a¢4f M
/ o L a h
/ (9)“;
/ ganiS avg
/ v2 Strata
/ v.r lr‘fi/
/ 27S.I 9

/ .Sccvw

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

English

wait for, to
walk, to
wall
want, (I)
warm ‘
wash, to
watch
watch, to
water
way

we

weak
weather
week
well
west

wet

what
wheel
when
where
which
white

who

64

German
warten auf
spazieren
(laufen)

Wand

wu'nsche, will
warm

waschen

Uhr

beobachten

Wasser

Wes

wir
schwach
Wetter
Woche
wohl
(gesund)
West
nass
was

Rad
wann

wo
welcher
(was ffir eins)

weiss

W81”

Bayrisch

/

\\

‘\ \~\\‘\ \~‘\‘\ \~\\‘\ \~\\‘\ \,‘\‘\ \\‘\‘\

V‘ltéil Gia

Istah
Vaml
i“) vLI
Varw~
Plufeh
usr
Vstfsh
vase
V69;
u mos, rm;
daP
V543
Vaxah
(35'94hT
Vastab
MGS
vaS
(at
VaPN

V0

/vjff A V\ (t)5

/
/

V'aJZS

vz.r

\\ \\ ‘\ \\ \\ \x \\ \\ \\ \x ‘\ \x ‘\ \\ \x \\ \\ \\ \x \\ \\ \\ \x ‘x

English

whose
why

wife
wind
window
wine
winter
with
without
woman
wonderful
word
work, to
worse
worst
write, to
wrong
year
yellow
yesterday
you
young

your

65

German
wessen
warum

Frau, Gattin
Wind
Fenster
Wein

Winter

mit

ohne

Frau
wundervoll
Wert
arbeiten
schlechter
(schlimmer)
schlechteste
(schlimmste)
schreiben
unrichtig
(verkehrt)
Jahr

gelb
gestern

Sie, du
June

Ihr, Dein

Bayrisch

/ VithIhS

/ VaiZ».

/ ‘frau

/ Vlzhff

/-f£V\StQ
/ VCLI

/ y/IMJD
/ ”\Ilt'

/ h1t0h3
/Vqlblb) +rau
l/vAnJerbar

/ \IJv—t

//a‘Fah, 3r5—1‘53h

/ l/lflzvul
///1:w~y%9
I/farvh
takih
U03
gill)
SSS-£14“
Ju
3M
JAIHS

\~‘\ \\ \~‘\ \\ \t‘\ \\

\\‘\ \\ \\‘\ \\ \~‘\ \\ \~‘\ \\ \~‘\ \\‘\

'\\ \\

\~‘\ \\ \~‘\

66

A BAIRISCH GRAMMAR
Gender:
Definite article:
In general, the gender of nouns is maintained

in the definite article.

die Katze /4; K“*5 /
der Gaul /’43 600:1 /
das Messer /Jqs messa- /

/65/ is used as the plural definite article.
Indefinite article:
However, the indefinite article does not show

the influence of gender.

eine Katze /a Kats /
ein Gaul /a flaw! /
ein Messer /3 MISS? /

Tense:

Present tense:

ich bin /.‘(9’ [arm /

du bist Nu List /

er ist /4u- 1: /816 1813 /4" 1‘ /
. es ist A“ I,

wir sind /JM'9 sznt

ihr seid /- — - - /

sie sind /J$ Is /

The polite form for you is not in.use.

67

Present tense progressive form:

Past

I am giving
Ich gebe /,‘(;) dc 9cm/

/<J> / is inserted before the infinitive form to

give the progressive idea and also to form a fut-

ure tense.

tense:

The present perfect tense is in common use to
form past tenses. It is used where High German
would use the simple past, the present perfect,
and the past perfect (Pluperfect).

I was giving, I gave, I have given, and I had

given.
1°11 83b /} (5)541 yew /
ich habe gegeben / u u u /
ich hatte gegeben / ~ ~ .. /
Future tense:
I will give.
ich werde geben /.'(;) 3 I A /

The use of tense is very simplified.

/i‘(§) J c gem/
WOrds

denoting time are often used to clarify the idea instead

of a complicated tense system.

Numerals:

O

W®~3QW¢WNH

P‘ +4 t4
n) i4 C)

H
U!

Null
ein(s)
zwei I
drei
vier
flint
sechs
sieben
acht
neun
zehn
elf

zwslf

dreizehn

Using these basic numbers, the rest may be

68

/ n XI /
/ a“ __ /
/ tsva /’
/ erI ‘/
/ W /
Hw- /
/ S£K$ /
/si~ /
Mn /
/ Hth /
/ tse" /
/ A'H /
/t.v;;1f /

/J raI‘tse'n /

formed following the High German model.

The ordinal numbers may be found in the basic

vocabulary section.

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs:

The irregular comparison of adjectives and ad-

verbs is still apparent in the Bayrisch.

Positive

strong

Comparative

stronger

Superlative
strongest

69

Positive Comparative Superlative

stark starker am starksten

/ flu « / //mga,/w.>/ Um,“ /

large larger largest

gross grSsser am grgssten

/3r‘~’.>s (c) / /gr£$e / /gr55te /

good better best

gut besser am besten

,/ gut / / bis: / / Asst; /

Regular comparison:

heavy heavier heaviest

schwer schwerer am schwersten

/_/v£r / //V£ra / //v£$‘t'~) /
Expressions of Time and Date:

Months:

English German Bayrisch
January Januar / ;aoauar /
February Februar / f5 L {Ma r /
March Mars / in at; /
April April / aLrII /
May Mai / final? /
June Juni / .7...) /
July Juli / 3.411 /
August August / a 9'4 S T /
September September / 3's Finn I? /

70

English German Bayrisch

October Oktober / a R“ W /
November November / no u n. L» /
December Dezember /J 2 t sg ml.» /

Time expressions:
what time is it?
Wieviel Uhr ist es? Wie spgt ist es?
/Vas But 15‘... / '
It's 1:30.
Es ist halb zwei}
/055 is kqlp 1‘5ch /
It's ten minutes after eight.
Es ist zehn Minuten nach acht.
A” Is‘ hen swam. max out.) /
It’s about seven.
Es ist ungefghr sieben.
/J£s ts umfs 51MB /
/’“ " baffle " /

Possessive pronouns:

English German Bayrisch

my mein / me 17 /
yours dein / Jul /
his sein /Jz"n$aI /
her 1hr Hg?” /
our unser /(4n(1)se /

71

their ihr / Janie /
Direct and indirect object pronouns:
l. The form used in the Bayrisch is usually the

same for both the direct and indirect object pro-

nouns.

English German Bayrisch

me, (to) mir, mich / N33 /
you, (to) dir, dich /J-‘3: 4“; /
him, (to) ihm, ihn / 4.». /
her, (to) ihr, sie / acre /
us, (to) uns, uns / .4 “(as /

them, (to) ihnen, sie / J£M3 /

72

FEANKENMUTH BAIRISCH WITH RESPECT TO GRIMM'S LAW OF
SOUND SHIFTS (LAUTVERSCHIEVUNG) AND VERNER‘S MODIFI-
CATION.28
Grimm's Law of Sound Shifts

All speech is based on two counteracting factors,
the force of expiration and the tension of the muscles
of the organs of speech. When the German Consonant
Shift was active, these two factors were alternately
intensified.

When the greater force of expiration opened a pass-
.age through the closed glottis (overcoming the tension
of the vocal cords) a voiced st0p like /d /, became a
voiceless /‘£/. This same pressure cpened a passage be-
tween the blade of the tongue and the teeth, eventually
changing our /‘f / to a /fi(? 153; in ELE-

When the tension of the vocal cords was greater than
the force of the air current, we find a voiceless spirant
file? 3;; in thin, becoming voiced /6 / _th in Lh_.

In this mechanical manner the sounds were shifted. Below

 

28 E. Prokosch, An.0utline of German Historical Gram-
mar, (Oxford University Press, New York, 1933) pp. 31—33

Cf. also, Tobias Diekhoff, The %§gm§g Language, (Oxford
University Press, New York, 19 pp. 3 -

73

is a chart of the theoretical series of changes.

Unvoiced Unvoiced Voiced Voiced Unvoiced

Stop Spirant Spirant StOp Stop
Labial P > f > t ) L > P
Dental f ) P (9) > 5 ) d > t
Guttural K > X > 3' 2 j l) K

In the case of stOps the breath is released. In
the case of spirants the breath is checked.
Verner’s Law

Voiceless spirants (lenes). (/f/, /p(€y, /7(/ and
/5'/), became voiced in voiced surroundings if the chief
stress did not fall upon the syllable immediately pre-
ceding the spirant according to the Indogermanic system
of accentuation.

These laws indicate some of the changes we may ex-

pect to find in Frankenmuth Bayrisch.

K)'G

English German Bavarian Bayrisch
l. clouds Wolken / -—- .. .— / /v dig a n /
2. smaller kleiner / Ix l s h 2r / / 3 I s h a /
3. crackers / 9 {£545 /
1+. herb Kraut / 9 35a wt /
5. class Klasse / 9 la 5 /

TI>D

English

1. tears
2. cold
3. weather
4. beard
5. blood
D>'T

1. good
G

1. eye

2. I ask
PJ'B

1. places
2. double
3. pair
4. paper
5. post
F;»B

1. but

74

German Bavarian
Trgne
kalt
Wetter
Bart
Blut
swt / gud
Auge

ich frage /i {-rage
P151329 / pl: : t5
doppelt

Paar

Papier

Post

/ afar

aber

Bayrisch
l/J :2 he
/ Knit]
/velJa
/ bad
/u..a
// gut
/ aux
//l‘ fFJX

//£I£fs
/JoL£lf

/ (9033
/ balms

/ [>35 t

/ / alw}

75

A SUMMARX OF PRINCIPLES WHICH CHARACTERIZE BAYRISCH
1. The umlauted a ('s'.) /e / from German becomes
/a /, /I/, or/A/. (These examples are taken
from the chapter on a Comparison of Present P29:
nunciation in Frankenmuth with Original Bavarian
Pronunciation, The Language o§_Frankenmuth.
Ex. 6
2. E; /aI/ from German becomes /a/ or /a:/ in
accented syllables. (Ex. 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.)
3. §;,/u1/ in unaccented syllables becomes /J‘/
or /A‘/. (Ex. 17 and 18)
4. Ag /au/ becomes /a/ in Bayrisch. (Ex. 19,20,
21, 22, 23, 24, and 25)
5. Generally it; /oa‘/ becomes /az/. (Ex. 27 and 28)
6. The _e_ sound in unaccented prefixes is /J / or/A /.
Before a plosive the whole syllable may disappear.
(Ex. 35 and 36)
7. Unaccented endings are either abbreviated or
lost entirely in most cases. (Ex. 37, 38, 39, and 40)
8. EE,/oi/ in accented syllables may become /a:/.
(Ex. 41, 42, and 43).
9. The schva vowel/J / or an extension of the
vowel sound /: / is very noticeable before liquids.
(l and r). (Ex. 50 and 51)

76

10. Q in German, generally becomes /a /, /a /, or
//\/ in Bayrisch. (Ex. 54 and 55)
11. Umlauted g (3) is generally pronounced /€ /,
/1 /, or /J / in Bayrisch. (Ex. 56)
12. g in German becomes /u /, /a /, /D/, /0[,
or /a/ in Bayrisch. (Ex. 58. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, and 7o)
13. Umlauted 1; ((1) is pronounced / /./. (Ex. 71 and
72)
14. German or English k often becomes g in Bayrisch.
15. Many times _t_ changes to d in Bayrisch words.
16. 2 often becomes :9 in Bayrisch.
17. A strong characteristic of the Bayrisch dialect
is the trilling of _r; / //, especially initially or
within the first syllable.
18. Dimminutives in Bayrisch ace /Ie/ and //.z/.
/Io/ is used as a diminutive singular and //;/ as
the diminutive plural.
Example:

kitten / Ra‘slo /

kittens / Rat-s I): /
19. The suffix -;_i_c_h_ becomes /II./ in Bayrisch.
Example:

friendly Freundlich /{-rc.u(J)II /

77

20. §n_endings, especially on verbs are nasalized

/h /. The ending -ben changes to /k./,

Examples:

1. rain Regen / K5 ’3 /
2. stomach Magen / W‘ 0 h /
3. to give geben / 3 e M /
4. to have haben / F~Jvn /
5. to lift up aufheben /au~§ Li m /

21. A purely euphonic /V\/ is often added in phrases.
In many cases /'\/ is all that is left of dem or con-

tractions with dem.

Example:

ggg contraction euphonic p
out of the house as I say

aus dem Hause wie ich sage
/a:S n kauS/ /v.'-..~.' 5A3 /

22. In the present progressive tense (I am making),
the progressive idea is translated /JJ/.

Example:

I am making something.

Ich mache was.

/I.(S:) J) v.15 Mxm/

78

HIGH GERMAN INFLUENCE ON BAYRISCH

High German had been taught in the Frankenmuth
Lutheran School since the school was started. Natural-
ly, this has had a purifying influence on the Bavarian
spoken in the village. The following examples illus-
trate this principle. 8

Examples::
English German Bavarian Bayrisch
1. night Nacht /ne:+ //naxt /

The /x / probably is the result of the High German
influence.
2. ask fragst /fratst / /1’-n-(:{)9s t /
Re-introduction of the‘/3 / sound is probably a
carry over from schooling in High German.
3. stone Stein //{a,ftu / //t'a,ffa1 /
/hI/ is in imitation of the High German pronuncia-
tion.
4. to see sehen / 2 an / / 5'6“] /
5. happened geschehen / g’fa; / /9’/¢7 /
The /6/ sound is produced by the influence of High
German, but you will notice the Bavarian tendency to
nasalize is still“ strongly apparent.
6. the die / Jr / / J i /

79

The article has changed back to the HighGerman

sound /Ji/. It is also used as the personal pronoun

ghg.

English German Bavarian Bayrisch

7. dog Hund /kom) // )‘Aml /

8. us uns / as // ens /

9. but aber / atfd‘ / / at; /
Here we have a change from the original German b,to

a Bavarian ;_and back to a b.1n Bayrisch.

10. I ich / f // i (g) /
Sometimes the German /§f/ is added as a result of

schooling, but very often in conversation it is left off.

Even when it is added, it is so slight one hardly hears

it.
11. blind blind / also / / L lint /
12. children Kinder / ks», / / k1 ht.) /

l3. pepper Pfeffer /Pl\ .5 f3“ / / P lag {'3‘ /

80

ENGLISH INFLUENCE ON FRANKENMUTH BAYRISCH.

The Bavarian settlers in Frankenmuth have been ex-
posed to American influence for over a Century. One is
somewhat amazed that the actual influence is comparative-
ly small. A factor that has helped maintain the original
pronunciation is the relative isolation that has been
maintained until about 1940. There has never been any
organized effort to maintain a pure spoken Bavarian. No
one has tried to translate new American words into German

or Bavarian. New words were simply accepted in the dia-
lect as English words to be used while speaking Bayrisch.

It was found that occasionally English pronunciation
has influenced the pronunciation of Bayrisch words. In

addition, many words have been taken from English into

Bayrisch.
Examples:
English German Bayrisch
V.
l. crackers Kekse / 95'29“ /
2. river Fluss / '32 £9 /
3. blackbird Amsel / 9:09 /
(crow)) . '
4. neck - Hals /Aa'Sa ”I“ /
(Genick)
5. floor Boden / irla: /
6. forehead Stirn /For~k4f.f' /
V .
7. boots Stiefel / r964: /
(rubbers)

8. bottle . Flasche / Lo‘i’l /

81

English German Bayrisch

9. box Schachtel / EAKS /
10. Jacket Jacke / i/‘K‘t /
ll. difficult schwer / ku‘t (J) /

(hard)

82

BAYRISCH INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH SPEECH OF THE COMM-
UNITY

Since more than 80% of the people in Frankenmuth
understand Bayrisch, the Bayrisch dialect influences
pronunciation of English in the community. Here are
a few observations on English pronunciAtion.

l. J often becomes /§f/, especially when spoken

by villagers who speak Bayrisch.

2. Th may be pronounced /J/, /t/, /6/, or /3 /.

3. Initially p,remains p, but otherwise (medially

or finally) 2 may become 1;;

4. 2,1n final position is often 3.

5. 1! may be pronounced g, y_, or 1:.

6. The schva vowel /3 / is often inserted, espec-

ially before liquids (r,l).

7. Final ; and §_are often confused.

8. /3u/ is commonly used for yes.

9. Nggh_is used quite often in English speech.

10. Already is often added to questions.

Small children of non-Bavarian descent in the school
system pick up Bayrisch expressions very quickly and mix
Bayrisch words with English without really knowing the
difference. As an example, a small boy running for the
school bus when he was late shouted, "I /b1n / late."

Another example of this influence is a peculiar inton-

83

ation of English, especially in questions, that many of
the students unconsciously pick up. This is a type of
sing-song that is very difficult to describe. The
closest one can come to describing this quality is that
it is an alternation of high and low syllables with an
especially low tone on the penultimate syllable followed
by a high tone on the ultimate syllable of a question or
vice versa.

The above are a few of the interesting effects of

Bayrisch on the English.

84

CONCLUSIONS;

The Franconian-Bavarian dialect of Frankenmuth
(Bayrisch) has retained a large percentage of its
original pronunciation.

One of the chef reasons for this retention of
original pronunciation is the comparative isolation of
the community until around 1940. Here we have an ex-
ample of a speech island (Sprachinsel), scarcely in-
fluenced by American Culture until the advent of radio
and television. After around 1940, when outsiders be-
gan moving into Frankenmuth, this influence accelerat-
ed rapidly. A really great Americanizing effect in re-
cent years has been Frankenmuth boys and girls away at
college and in the services, who returned, bringing
outside customs with them.

Thus it is felt generally, that unless some organ-
ized effort is made to preserve the language and customs
of the community by the people of the community, the
language and customs will rapidly be lost and the vil-
lage will become completely Americanized.

Although.many of the villagers feel the need for

such an effort, nothing is being done at present.

85

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bach, Adolf, Deutsche Mhndartforsch ihre we e Er-
ebnisse und Auf aben, (Heidelberg, Carl Winter,
1950)

Bach, Adolf, Geschichte der deutschen S rache, (Heidel-
berg,.Quelle und Meyer, 19 9

Behaghel, Otto, Die deutschen Sprache, (Halle, Saale,
M. Niemeyer, 195 /

Behaghel, Otto, Geschichte der deutsghen Spraches‘ (Ber-
lin und Leipzig, W. de Gruyter and Co., 192 g ,

Centennigl, One Egggreg Years of Grace,(St. Lorent Luth-
eran Church, Frankenmuth, Michigan, 1945),

Craemer, Friedrich August, Report on the Mission Colon
of Frankenmuth, Michi an, Lutheraner, V (1848), 3:;

reproduced in translation in H. O. A. Keinath,
Documents of the Lutheran Church

 

Daily Program for a Lutheran Elementary School, 1845,
in H.0.A. Keinath, Documents of the Lutheran hurch”

pp. 59-60

Diekhoff, Tobias The German La ua e, (Oxford University
Press, 1914) .

Dengler, Robert Arthur, The German Settlement at Frank-
enmuth' Michigan, (an unpublished thesis for the

Master 3 degree at Michigan State College, 1953):
Florer, warren washburn, Earl Michi an Settlements,‘
(Private publication by author, 1941552, 2v.)

Gemeinde Ogggung der Gemeinde Frankenmut, in facsimile
'in Warren washburn Florer, Early Michigan Settle-

ments, II, pp. 10-20

Graebner,_Johann Heinrich Phillip, Die fraenkischen

Colonien des Saginaw Thales in Staate Michigan,
quoted in Theodore Graebner, Churgh Bells in the

Forest, pp. 42—44

Graebner, Theodore, ghyrch Bells ingthe Forest, (St.
Louis, Concordia Publishing House, 19

 

86

Graebner, Theodore, Lutheran Pioneers II, The Bavarian
Settlements of the Sa inaw Valle , (St. Louis, Con-
cordia Publishing House, 1919) _

Gremel, Edmund P., A Century of Grace, 1852-1952, (St.
John's Lutheran Church, Amelith, Michigan, 1952);

 

Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, eutsches Wgrterbuch, (Leip-
zig, S. Hirzel, 1854-1939 ;

Keinath, H. 0. A., Documents of the Eutheran Chuzch in
America with Special Emphasis on the Missouri 5 nod,

River Forest Illinoi , (Concordia Teachers College,
1937):

Kluge, Friedrich, Deutsche Sprachgeschichte, Herden Egg
Hachsen unserer Mutters rache von ihren a on
his zur Gegenwart, (feipzig, Quelle und Meyer, 1919)
Kluge, Friedrich, Unser Deutsch Ein in die Mutte -
sprache, (Leipzig, Quelle und Meyer, 1929)

H

Kluge, Friedrich. SW
a h , (Berlin.und Leipzig, . de Gruyter and o.,

193

Mayer, Emanuel A., Geschichte der evaggelischelutherischen
St. Lgrenz—Gemeinde,_U.A. . zu Frankenmuth dich.

Auftra der Gemeinde zur Eeier IhFes Efififzi Iahr-

1 en Bestehens, St. Louis, Cencordia Publishing
House, 1895)
Mills, James Cooke, History of Sagingw County, Michigan,
Moser, Hugo, Deutsche sprechgeschichte, (Stuttgart, C.

Priebsch and Collinson, ThevGerman Langgage, (New York,
Macmillan Co., 1938)

 

 

 

 

Prokosch, E., An Outline of German Historical Grammar,
(Oxford University Press, 1933 ;

Russell, Iohn.Andrew, ermanic Influence in the Makin
of Michigan,(University of Detroit, 1927)

87

Scherer, Wilhelm, Zur Geschi hte der deutschen S rache,
(Berlin, Weidmann,11890)

St. Lorenz walther Leagues, Centennial St. Lorenz Con e-
ation Frankenmuth1_MHchi an, (Frankenmuth, Mich,
1954)

Weise, Oskar, Unsere Mundarten 1hr Werden und hr Wese ,
(Leipzig, B. G. Teubner, 1910)

Wise, Claude M. and.Morgan, Lucia, A Progregsive Phonetic
WOrkbook {or Students in Speegh, wm. C. Brown Co.,
Dubuque, Iowa, 19

wright, Joseph, Historical German Grammar, (London, New

York, H. Frowde, Oxford University Press, 1907)

88

APPENDIX.A

Gott is ein Gott der Ordnung
Gemeinde-Ordnung
der
Gemeinde Frankenmuth29

Da es der Wille des Herrn ist, dass Alles ehrlich
und ordentlich zugehen soll, die Gesetze dieses Landes
aber! den einzelnen ffir ein streng geordnetes Gemeinde-
leben wenig beschrgnken, so sehen wir uns gedrungen,
folgende Gemeinde Ordnung unter uns aufzurichten, durch
welche wir uns Jedoch keines wegs der 0brigkeit ent-
ziehen, sondern nur vermeiden wollen, dass nicht Jeder
unter uns nach Willkflhr handle, und wir nicht gezwung-
en sind, bei Jeden Fall uns an ein fremdes Gericht zu
wenden, von dem es noch dazu hgchst wahrscheinlich ware,
dass seine Beamten sich nicht einmal gusserlich zu ein-
er Kirche hielten. Wir haben dazu desto mehr gefallen,
da es hier brguchlich ist, dass Nachbarn unter sich
solche freiwillige Uebereinkfinfte treffen.

 

29 Warren Washburn Florer, Earl Michi an Settle-
ments, (Herold Printing 00., Detroit, 1941) pp. 99ff.

It is felt that an additional permanent record of
a document of this nature should be kept and thus it is
added to this thesis. The contents of this document
help to explain the nature, character and atmosphere of
this community; The spelling is faithful to the original
manuscript.

89

II
Da Jedes Glied der Gemeinde, an den Wohlthaten des
Gemeindelebens Antheil hat, so ist auch Jedes Gemeinde
oder Kirchenglied verbunden, nach seinem Vermggen an.
den Lasten der Gemeinde, als Pfarr und Cantor Gehalt,
und zu allen kirchlichen Zwecken beizutragen, welche
freiwillig unterschrieben werden doch so dass der Ver-
stand darflber zu wachen hat.
III
Gemeinde Arbeiten sollen in folgender Weise ge-
schehen, Jedes Glied arbeitet far seine Person 33hrlich
einen Tag, das fibrige freiwillig. Knechte und gross-
Jghrige Sghne arbeiten Jghrlich einen Tag. Wittwen
sollen frei sein wenn sie keine grossjghrigen Sghne hab-
en, die Grossjahrigkeit wird auf 18 Jahre festgesetzt.
Im Bezug auf das Holzhakken far Pfarrer und Cantor.
Jedes ordentliche Gemeinde Glied, haut im Wald l oder
1% Klafter, Je nach dem Bedfirfniss, und liefert es auf
dem Platz, und hakkt es klein zum brennen.
IV
Im bezug auf Kirchen und Verbindungswege, finden
wir uns durch das Gebet der Liebe gedrungen, es nicht
blos bei den gesetzmassigen Sectionswegen zu lassen,

sondern verbinden uns wechselsweise die ngthigen Wege

9O

frei zu geben, doch so, dass sie nicht etwa schrgg fiber
die Felder gehen. fiber diese nBthigen Wege, die zum
Theil schon Jetzt zum Theil in Zukenft n8thig werden,
werden, hat die Gemeinde einen Beschluss gefasst den

29 Januar 1850, namlich: dass, so weit unsere Ansiedlung
geht, alle zwei Lot breit; und alle Lot lflng, oder:
zwischen zwei Sectionswege, in die Mitte davon, ein
zwischenweg angelegt werden soll, Jeder 4 Ruthen breit
ausser diesen, ist noch ein ngthiger Weg zwischen Has-
pel und Kirchenland angelegt, 2 Ruthen breit. Nach
einem spateren Beschluss der Gemeinde sollen die oben
bezeichneten Wege bleiben, aber nur einstweilen die Wege,
welche nicht ausgelegt sind, und doch ge3ffnet werden
massen, kSnnen 2 Ruthen breit gemacht werden, bis sie

zu Hauptwegen ausgelegt werden.

91
Vergfitung der Wege

Wer ein Lot breit hat, hat den Weg auf einer Seite
allein zu tragen eine Ruthen breit, haben mehrer an der
Lot breiten, und so viel daran haben, haben nach der
Zahl der Acker zu vergfiten, und soll vom Acker 4 Dolar
und far das Land Klgren, das einem der Weg abnimmt 4
Dolar bezahlen.

werden Wege durch umgestfirzte Baume verlegt, so
haben die angrenzenden Besitzer, sie alsbald wieder zu
reinigen. Ueberhaupt soll auf den Bau der Weg die grgss-
m3glichste Sorgfallt verwendet werden. So wie ein sol-
cher Wege ausgelegt ist, wird er in die Gemeinde 0rd-
nung mit einer gensuen bezeichnung eingetragen.

V

Ueber Einfriedigangen zwischen Nachbar und Nachbar
sollen folgende Bestimmungen gelten.

a)} Wenn Sie, Sie voraussichtlich in kurzer Zeit
beide gebrauchen, so soll sie mitten auf die Grenze gee
stellt werden, und von beiden gemeinschaftlich gemacht
werden.

b) will spaterhin ein Nachbar die Einfriedigung
des andern mit benfltzen, so soll ihm das frei stehen,
er aber gehalten sein, den andern seine Mfihe billig zu
vergfiten.

c) Unter der Voraussetzung, dass es bei uns nicht
muthwilliger Weise geschieht, soll in dem Fall, dass
der eine Nachbar mit seiner Einfriedigung auf Grund

92

und Boden des andern gerathen ist, bei uns kein Pfand-
recht gefibt werden, sondern beide gehalten sein, sich
gfltlich.miteinander zu vergleichen.

d)) Alle Einfriedigungen sollen mgglichst gut ge-
macht sein, 5 Fus h3he haben und dfirfen die 4 untern
Riegel nicht weiter ale 3% 2011 auseinander sein.

e) Das Zucker, Syropp und Essigmachen im freien
offnen Hald, wenn nicht Geschirre aufgestellt sind,
dass das Vieh, Schwein und Rindvieh hein Nasser haben
kgnnen, verbieten wir einander bei 5 Dolar Strafe, und
jeder hat die Pflicht, wenn er es von einem sieht es
anzuzeigen, und wenn ein Vieh solches wasser sguft und
stirbt, hat ein solcher den Schaden zu ersezen.

VI.

Ueber den Schaden den Nachbarsleute, etwa vom Vieh
und Geziefer den andern erleiden, und fiber billige Ver—
gfltung derselben, sollen folgende bestimmungen gelten:

a) Hat einer Rindvieh oder Pferde, die fiber die
Einfriedigungen springen, und sie richten in eines an-
dern Feld Schaden an, so soll wenn sie sich nicht gfit-
lich vergleichen kgnnen, vor allen Dingen untersucht
werden, ob die Einfriedigung der Ordnung gemgss, und
.fest genug gebaut war, und ob nicht etwa das naher ale

6 Fuss an der Fenz stehende Korn das Vieh verreizt hat,

93

anderseits ob der Eigenthflmer des Viehes die ngthigen
Vorsichtsmassregeln sein Vieh vom springen zu verhind-
ern gevraucht hat oder nicht, stellt sich dabei zur Ge-
wissheit heraus, dass er durch gemachte Anzeige oder
sonst weiss, dass sein Vieh diese Untugend hat, or aber
die n3thigen Vorsichtsmassregeln nicht gebraucht hat,
ferner dass auch die Fenz regelmgssig gebaut war, so
hat er nicht allein den Schaden zu ersezen, sondern
auch die Unkosten der Beschauung zu tragen. Sollte das
Vieh so schlimm sein, dass es auch durch Vorsichtsmass-
regeln nicht an den hineinspringen zu verhingern ware,
so masste solches Vieh abgeschafft oder eingesperrt
werden.

b) Wenn der Schaden durch Schweine angerichtet
wird, So soll es das erstemal dem Nachbar angezeigt, und
er aufgefordert werden sie einzusperren, oder sonst Vor-
sichtsmassregeln treffen; thut er das nicht, und sie
brechen durch eine regelmassig gebaute Fenz, so hat or
den Schaden.und Unkosten su tragen, der andere durch
sie aber nicht Pfgnden, noch viel weniger tgten.

c) WennNachbarn fiber das gegenseitige halten vom
Geziefer, keine gatliche Uebereinkunft treffen, und das
Geziefer des einen richtet wiederholt im Felde des andern

Schaden an, ohne dass er sich zu einen gfltlichen Ersatz

94

versteht, so soll ihm die Abschaffung auferlegt werden,
oder Jedesmal Schandenersaz und Unkosten zu tragen hab-
en. t

d); Hat jemand stgssiges Vieh, so muss er Vorsichts-
massregeln treffen, wenn dieselben nicht sudreichen, muss
solches Vieh abgeschafft, und angerichtster Schaden er-
sotztwerden.

VII

a): Sollte Jemand beim Fallen dos Holzes oder sonst
wie das andern Vieh beschadigen oder t8ten, so hat er,
wenn sie sich nicht gfltlich miteinander vergleichen k3n—
nen den Schaden zu erséien, Jedenfalls hat or die Pflicht
seinen Nachbar von dem Unfall anzeige-zu machen. Das Rind-
vieh soll in Januar und Februar Morgens ein halben Tag
eingesperrt bleiben.

b) Findet Jemand ein todes Vieh in seinem Land, oder
wohl gar nahe an einen Hog, so soll er, wenn das Vieh
kennt, es dem Eigenthflmer des Viehes anzeigen, und derselbe
hat es alsbald wegzuschaffen.

o). B3se,bissige Hunde, dfirfen nicht ohne Beiss-
korb laufen, such nicht mit, ohne Beisskorb aufs klgren
genommen werden, sondern mfihsen an der Ketten hangen bleib-
en. Die Saubeis massen von Jacobi bis Lezten October ein-
gesperrt werden, oder der Eigenthfimer, hat den Schaden

den sie anrichten zu tragen.

95

VIII

Um diese gesezlichen Bestimmungen.Aufrecht zu er-
halten, die n3thigen.Anordnungen zu treffen Aufsicht zu
fahren und bei vorkommenden.Streitfgllen schiedsrichterb
lich zu entscheiden, wghlt die Gemeinde durch Stimmen-
mehrheit, nach der Vorschrift des Staate Gesezes wegen
Incorporieren des Kirchenguts, 6 Trostees wovon der Ver-
steher und Kirchenpfleger auf drei Jahre, 2 Kirchenrgthe
auf zwei Jahre, und 2 Bevollmachtigten auf ein Jahr ge-
wghlt werden, diese wahl muss Jfihrlich den 6 Januar
stattfinden. Dieselben sind far ihre Amtsffihrung der
Gemeinde verantwortlich, und kommen ihnen folgende Rechte
und Pflichten zu.

IX

Dem Vorsteher kommt zu:

a) So oft es n8thig ist eine Gemeinde Versammlung
zu berufen und zu leiten.-Er hat dabei Aufsicht zu halt-
on, dass keines der ordentlichen Glieder der Gemeinde
ohne triftige Entschuldigung weg bleibt; er hat den der
ohne triftige Entschuldigung fehlt, eine ernste Ermahn-
ung zu ertheilen.

b) Die nhthigen Geldbeitrflge vierteljahrlich ein-
zucassieren un.zu entrichten.

c) Bei ngthigen Gemeindearbeiten die Anordnung

und Bestellung der Leute zu treffen, und mit Hfilfe der

96

bevollmgchtigten strenge Aufsicht zu fflhren, wer ohne
triftige Entschuldigung wegbleibt, soll ernstlich er-
mahnt werden! Auch soll die Zeit auf welche man bestellt
ist, genau eingehalten werden:--wiedrigenfa11s man nach-
zuarbeiten hat.

d) Bei vorkommenden Streitfgllen mit den bevoll-
machtigten das Schiedsrichterliche Amt genau nach obig-
en Bestimmungen zu verwalten, und die Entschfldigung far
etwaigen Zeitverlust dem schuldigen Theil aufzu legen.

e); Ueber sonstigen Zeitverlust and Unkosten der.
Gemeinde Jahrlich Rechnung zu stellen; damit sie ihm auf
eine billige und passende Weise verffitet werden.

f)! Wenn sich welche bei dergleichen Gelegenheiten
versfindigen und Hartngckig bleiben oder 3ffentliches
Argerniss gegeben haben, dem Pfarrer Anzeige zu machen.

.X

Die bevollmachtigten sind in obigen Fallen, und
sonst wo es ngtig ist die Gehilfen des Vorstehers, und
in einer Abwesenheit oder bei Verhinderung desselben,
ist abwechselnd einer von ihnen sein Stellvertreter,
dem dann die gleichen Rechte und Pflichten Zukommen.

XI
Alle diese Bestimmungen sind so lange in Kraft und

Gfiltigkeit, als sie nicht durch einen Gemeinde Beschluss

97

mit 3/4 Stimmen abgeschafft werden, oder abgeandert
werden. Zusgze und neue Paragraphen sind gultig so
bald sie von der Gemeinde angenommen sind.

Bei Abstimmungen werden die Stimmen nach der Zahl
der Anwesenden gezghlt, wer also nicht zugegen ist,
verliert seine Stimme:--wofern er sie nicht beirngg-
lichen Fallen schriftlich einsendet.

XII

a) Jeder der in die Gemeinde aufgenommen wird,
hat far seine Person (ausser den 20 zigsten.Acker zur
Vermehrung des Kirchonguts nach der Kirchenordnung) 2%
Dolar in die Kirchencasse zu bezahlen.

b) Kauft aber einer Land von einem, der den 20ten

Acker achon davon abgegeben hat, so hat der Kaufer nicht

den 20ten Acker, auch nicht den 20ten Schilling abzugeb-

en, sondern er soll nach seinem Vermggen in die Kirchen-
casse bezahlen.
c) W111 ein unbekannter oder fremder, von einem

Land kaufen in der Gemeinde, so soll ihn der Verkgufer

zuvor Aufmerksam machen, auf unsere Kirchen und Gemeinde

Ordnung, dass er sichs zuvor auch vorlesen lgsst, oder
dass er sich auch anschliessen will. pp. oder wenn er
(der Verkgufer) selber besorgen muss, dass ihn die Ge-

meinde nicht aufnehmen kan:--so soll er zwor der Ge-

98

meinde sein, der sich nicht zur Lutherischen Confession

bekennt, oder sich im Bann befindt.

5.
f

9

I.)

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