WORS IN THE DIFFERENT IAL ACCULTURA'I‘ION OF MEXICANS IN A MICHIGAN CITY Thesis for the Degree cf Ph. D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Victor Goldkind 1963 mum “111mm“ “\IHIIIQTIIILTLIILHI I 2 3 “p028 1» . This is to certify that the thesis entitled 5'“ FACTORS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL ACCULTURATION OF MEXICANS IN A MICHIGAN CITY presented by . VICTOR GOLEKJNI has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for SOCIGLOGY 8 Mdeqree inJNIflBflEQLOGY .‘ ‘ ’M‘WJ ‘ a I m’ l- ? , 9%“ N. '2, x x ’ ." . . Datew 0-169 9, Z" {101'222010 1013 1'» AUGOQZUI? 041917 ABSTRACT FACTOIB IN THE DIFFERENTIAL ACCULTURATION OF MEXICANS IN A MICHIGAN CITY by Victor Goldkind A number of factors are hypothesized to influence the differ- ential acculturation of Mexican male heads of family resident in Inning, Michigan for at least a year. To test the hypotheses, acculturation is conceptualized as occurring in four dimensions: position in the occupational structure, activity in voluntary organ- izations, contact with Anglos, and ethnic cultural traits. These dimeione are operationalized into some twenty-four specific (dependent) variables. Thirty specific (independent) variables operatiomlize the following ten general factors hypothesized to influence acculturation: physical appearance, age, residential history, agricultural work experience, school grade cwleted, Inglis}: fluency, extent of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, service in aned isforoes, occupational position, and religion. Because of the small sample size (80), statistical tests in- valving more than two variables cannot be used with confidence. Ems, one variable cannot be controlled while the influence of a lecond variable on a third is tested. But tests are conducted to Wirelationehips among independent variables most frequently Mommy influencing dependent variables representing accultur- m . However, when two or more significantly related independent 1 \‘ . ‘ .. - V. - l Victor GoldlLind .‘. l w r 2 ' ,. f’iiagiebics also influence acculturation significantly with respect to the same specific dependent variable, no more precise conclusion can be” reached in this dissertation than that one M9; the other of these independent variables EEJPLE responsible for the significant effect. To simplify the relationships among the relatively large number of specific variables employed in the study, indices are developed. to represent categories of empirically related independent season as dependent variables, and these are also used in tests of Motheses. In the first dimension of acculturation, higher position in the occupational structure is significantly related to greater fluency in English, less experience in the migrant. stream, longer residence in the North and/or longer residence in Lansing and/or less. experience in agricultural work. In the second dimension, greater activity in voluntary organi- nations is significantly related to plwsical appearance like stereo- types of Mexicans rather than like stereotypes of Anglos, with a longer experience in agricultural work and/or older age at first residence in the urban North and/or an older age at first residence I in' lensing. In the third. dimension of acculturation, greater contact with Anglos is significantly related to several of the residence vari- ables and/or greater pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, a higher '. Epcoccqaational position, a higher grade of school completed and/or a ‘hgneeter fluency in English and, less frequently, younger age and/or .1 ~ . - ~13 . I‘ .' ‘u - min-.4- 0"” Victor Goldkind 3 . dices experience in agricultural work and lighter skin color. In the fourth dimension, ethnic cultural traits, a high index . ' orthe use of Spanish in the family is significantly related to a low index of English fluency and/or a high index of Mexican residence and/or a high index of a general index of residence . (combining longer Mexican residence, longer experience in the migrant stream, and less residence in the urban North). A high index of Mexican food consumption is significantly related to a high index of Mexican residence and/or to a low index of pre- lensing contact with Anglos. A greater recognition of Mexican folk medicine is significantly related to a high index of Mexican appearance, and to indices of longer Mexican residence and/or- older age and/or longer agricultural work experience and/or lower grade of school completed and/or less English fluency and/or less pro-Lansing contact with Anglos. A high index of celebration of Maxim holidays is significantly related to a high index of resi- dence in Mexico. No preference for place of burial is significantly related to Protestant religious affiliation. rmnmnmmmos «.mnsncsrmcm By Victor Goldhind. A -IS- Subaitted to 4 Michinn State University I in partial fulfillment of the requirements ‘ _ . for the degree of 1 marmosets! ,. .. ' w J . ,5; o,‘-‘mrec£atian s l .7 i' ‘4)- '1‘... ‘ 3". -. at any. to can u' . ' - arousal the write '. he}, . "s .. N" - populatlm 01‘ in ii i I u CD'MNCLJY‘L . ‘ trues-M‘s i.- who use many, L: 1 :7 ‘ , HM 'tht‘ulu 1:. hr EhbifltL/E" m “or“ LUZ, .b. u. it. '. "‘ ',, 13.nov, n. 3.111 z. ' v I? 1" W. W State Co; '- * ._ ,_ , . .g, Mare-- nit .. in its pX'E:.L.I “r; -' financial. supper: .m _. in; a “i t ‘n, ., . .. , ‘ fauna Beagle, fro.” MM .-_ - State [mummies id, Alias: ‘1". I221 ~ 3.1 ‘barubes knit-Ix .,_,.: a“ “i “ Mutual Reunions Cent-n a: .' “av! "river“ :y, 1‘. We, from funds free 12!. 2e .43: desperation for ”Ling filth Mo-utirm release» . .)‘ ‘ .51.“ 1“ -f ‘1‘ ACKNWLEDGM Appreciation is expressed to a number of people who helped in a variety of ways to rake this dissertation possible. Julian Samora first aroused the writer's interest in conducting a study on the Mexican population of Lansing. J. Allan Beegle and William H. Form served as co-directors of this dissertation and provided incalculable aid in this role. Conversations with them resulted in the basic conceptual framework and research design for this study. John 15. Eden who has long had an interest in the Mexican population of Michian, was extremely helpful whenever called upon. For assistance in the use of computers in processing and analyzing the data, may thanks are due William M. Bates, E. G. _-Dtuer, Delbert S. Elliott, and, most of all, Walter D. Davis, all of San Diego State College. Without Davis' enthusiastic readiness to help whenever his many other obligations permitted, especially during thehours before and after midnight, this study could not have been 6 completed in its present form. ‘ Financial support was provided at various stages of the stuchr 2312: J. Allan Beagle, from funds of the Agricultural Experiment Station . A An... 1“ b: ‘x l . .111 special debt of gratitude is owed to rather William J. Meet to the Spanish-m for the Diocese of Lansing tile or this study Much could be said about his generous ,Mlet it maummuthout it theflvould V m confidently miller. . m w '31de “51““ Ff'fihfib ”a nu .. .3.: “futon "’ s. ‘. ls'r .1 1 . 1 sign-.9. - 2' .A . 5920-4!“ LI; 1. 7‘? . '..'z'_ j. . 3!":0. '1 film as 3;? ; :‘ megawatt :11. . . . factors in mff‘1.'}3.‘.1' I» an. ' . . ~;~. mm Dweaeimzs Gen 31:» \ . ...=,;... W 13 L'lfful‘|tl.bal A.;“1.J:r"¢§. '. . -t m D‘mensgouz i‘téml. ,. "n. — .AN TABLEOFCONTENTS IIIBTWTABIE........................ mornsum.... BETOF'APPENDIGE...................... mmowcnon: FACTOE, DIMENSIONS OF ACCULTURATION, ANDGENERALHYPOTHEBIS.............. Dimensions of. Acculturation: the General Dependent Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . Factors in Differential Acculturation: the - General Independent Variables. . . . . . . ._ . . TheGeneralHypotheses.............. MEMODOIOGIGALCONSDERATIONS............ CHARACERISTICSOFTHESAMPIE............ FACTORS INFIUENCING DIFFERENTIAL ACCULTURATION: WEOFSPECIFICHYPOI'HEES. . . . . . . . . . . Operationalizing the Specific Independent Variables...... Operationalizing the Specific Dependent Variables.................... Results...................... Factors in Differential Acculturation in the First Dimension: Position in the Occupa- tionalStructure............... Factors in Differential Acculturation in the Second Dimension: Activity in Voluntary Organizations. . . . . . . Factors in Differential Acculturation in the Third Dimension: Contacts with Anglos . . . . Factors in Differential Acculturation in the Fourth Dimension: Ethnic Cultuml Traits. . . iv Page ii 13 17 28 1+1 51 58 59 6T 72' Me mummmmm- mmmcmmnmnm. . . . . . . 86 was MG INDICE MG FAC'JDIB AND DWI“ 0!“ WW: ADDITIONAL HBTB WW Indicee Representing the Dependent Variables . . . 97 Indicee Representing the Independent Variables . . 102 Mone Between Indices Representing In- dependentandnependent Variables. . . . . . . . 106 WImoaeoe-eeeeeaeeeeanelem O D O O O O I I O O I I O O I O C O I O O 0 O C 0 Eu L( ._.--L -1:,.~- ;. r .3 ‘_~ in: 1;. ’. ‘~:~' "‘73 f' -- P 1 ZIP(1 fl ‘ | ’ r.) suits ,' '3‘: - hunky}: '2:ng M;_ _fl f .. k X‘s—e > : ,. . - 3 f . . :‘lX — SE) .,. if .i- .‘ ‘ nit. .‘ ;‘ ‘IPL-: ‘1 1! i2- ~~ V \ LIST OFTABLFS Residential Distribution of Respondents. . . . . . . . 29 Distribution of Respondents by Place of Birth. . . . . 30 Distribution of Respondents by Age . . . . . . . . . . 30 ReligiousConposition................. 32 Educationalcomposition................ 33 Distribution of Respondents by Years Resident in Iansing,Ages5-andAbove.............. 3h Distribution of Respondents, by Age at First ResidenceinIensing................ 35 Distributionby Last Occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Distribution of Respondents, by Work Income. . . . . . 37 Distribution of Respondents by Family Income . . . . . 38 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Last Occmation (Construction, Factog, _S____ervice) to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 130 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Annual Work Income (Less than §§,000 ,fiIOOO or ingMore) to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 131+ Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Annual Work Income (Less Than £000, £2000 to E;E, $2000 or More to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . . . . . . 138 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating . Annual Fsmi Income (Less than $2,000, £22000 or More to Specified Variables Pr0posed as Factors inAcculturation.................. lll-l .1v1 XVIII. m1. XXIV. Vii Page Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Annual Fami Income (Less than 000, £5,000 to 000 or More to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . . . . . . 1th Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Membershi in Volun 0r zations (One or Less, Two or More to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1M7 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Membershi in vo1un Or zations Excludi Unions None, One or More to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . . . . . . 151 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fre uen of Annual Attendance at Dr ization Meetings (Three or Less, Four or More; to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 155 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Ethniciny of Wife (Mexican, nngln) to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 159 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Number of nnglo Best Friends (None, One or More) to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fre uen of Annual Attendance at 0 Or - ization Meetlngs (One or Less, Two or More; to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 167 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Number of Frie o Nei bors (One or Less, Two or More to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Anglo Participation in Recreation (None, Some) to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fluen in ish (Little, Much) to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 179 Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating e used in Conversation With Wife (Mainly Sgnnish, Mainlx or Egnnllz English to Specified variables Proposed as Factors in Aoculturation . . . 183 V111 Table Page m1. Results of Chi-Square Tests of mrpotheses Relating a Used in Conversation With Children sh, Maigy or EM Elish to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 187 mm. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Erased Food Preference (Mexican, A_nglo or Both) to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 191 HVIII. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fre uen of Eati Tortillas (Once a E or More, Less Than Once a E) to Specified Variables Pro- posed as Factors in Acculturation. . . . . . . . . . 195 E Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fre en .of Eati "Hot? Chile (Once A E or More, Less Than Once A D52 to Specified - Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 199 ! xxx. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Fregueng of Eating Friaoles §Beans2 (Once A 251 ' or More, Less Than Once A gay to Specified Vari- l ables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . . . 203 m1. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Reco tion of Selected Folk Medicines (Five or Less, Six or Seven, Eigt or Nine to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 207 mm. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypothese Relating Pattern of Choice of First Three ortant Holi- Qyn, (Mexican, Neutral, E135 to specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation . . . 211 mm. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Knowl e of Basis for Celebrati Two Mexican 1 Holidays, My 5 and September 15 (None, 215, gun) 1 to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in ‘ Acculturation....................215 mm. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating NewsEper Subscription (Absent, Present) to Specified Variables PrOposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 219 XXIV. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Preference of Burial Place (None, Some) to Specified Variables Preposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... 223 XIIIII O XLVII . Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating ‘ressed Desire for Children to Grow U To Be Just Like A__nglos LIE, Yes and No, En} to Specified Variables Proposed as Factors in Acculturation.................... Relationships Between Independent and Dependent Variables in the First Dimension of Acculturation. . Relationships Between Independent and Dependent Variables in the Second Dimension of Acculturation.................... Relationships Between Independent and Dependent Variables in the Third Dimension of Acculturation. . Relationships Between Independent and Dependent Variables in the Fourth Dimension of Acculturation.................... Results of Chi-Square Tests of mpotheses Relating Years in Migrflt Stream (7) to Selected Independent Vanables. O I O I C O O 0 I O O O I O C I O O I l I Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Part of Life in Miggt Stream (9) to Selected IndependentVariables................ Results of Chi-Square Tests of mypotheses Relating Part of Life Resident in Lansing (19) to Selected IndependentVariables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating General Amarance (1) to Selected Independent Variables...................... Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relat ins nge First Resident in Urban North (11) to Selected IndependentVariables................ Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating nge First Resident in Lansing (17) to Selected IndependentVariables. . .... .. . . .. .. . . Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypothese Relating Part of Life in Mexico Before Resident in Lansi (3) to Selected Independent Variables. . . . . . . . Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Part of Life in Urban North (13) to Selected IndependentVariables................ Page 227 232 234 236 238 23 214-1!- 2115 2116 2&7 2&7 211.8 219 ' .7 mu 7 ‘ Page nit. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Part'of Life Resident in Laney (19) to Selected IndependentVariables................ 250 L. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Part of Life in nglgcultural Work (22) to Selected Independent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 251 LI. Results of Chi-Square Tests of mpotheses Relating e of Contact With as Before Worki in Lanslng 25 to Selected Independent Variables . . . 251 LII. Results of Chi-Square Test of Hypotheses Relating {figs (3) to Selected Independent Variables. . . . . . 252 L111. Results of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating Part of Life in Mexico Before Resident in Lan- £9515, to Selected Independent Variables . . . . . 251+ LIV. Results of Chi-Square Tests of mpotheses Relating Age First Resident in Urban North (11) to Selected IndependentVariables................ 256 LV. Reallts of Chi-Square Tests of Hypotheses Relating nge First Resident in lensing (17) to Selected IndependentVariables................ 258 LVI. Results of Chi-Square Tests Relating Number of Years in flicultural Work (20) to Selected In- IndependentVariableS................ 259 ‘ LVII. Results of Chi-Square Tests Relating Grade of School Mleted (23) to Selected Independent vmables. . I . O I I C I . I C C . U I . I C . O C 261 . LVIII. Results of Chi-Square Tests Relating Fluengx in . M (at) to Selected Independent Variables . . . 262 LIX. Results of Chi-Sware Tests of Hypotheses Relating Me of Contact With A_nglos Before Resident in Lansing 25 to Selected Independent Variables . . . 263 1.1:. Results of Chi-Square Tests Relating Service in.the Armed Forces (26) to Selected Independent Vari- ables. I I I O O O O O I O I a a I O O O 0 0 O O I a 263 LXI. Matrix of Significant Relationships Among Indices ofDependentVariables............... 2611» 1111. Matrix of Significant Relationships Among Indices ofIndependentVariables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 _‘#p .v'-' ‘ Lv’ “Q‘- I": . _ / ,_,,, . fish-1.x of? significant Relationships Between Indices «Wand DependentVarisiblas........ {in ”9’“ 3..)d":-;.: , 5.5 -. ,. .g. ..;‘I..!«LIIVN: ,_ . . I " ‘ »; _i£ ' o v " " ~ ‘. - 2’, AEJ 1. ‘ ‘ is“; ‘ f‘ _ ' ' mam ., +33!) 1mm Motribubionotfiulple V 's‘..' Wo’oooooooooooooooooooom .n' I. .s_. A l as. : ynvfloux m. flatly- ’1- a flu“! .‘h;\" n. h'-. 1' .“<'\' ' va::sb;¢- flat'icas 1,” "-:"“_ . ;“_- VI. . h I. II. m.— inin '. may 6."- emf-r Ten 1 m, -; .-he ‘93).) "L . ‘ I ‘ ‘I‘. ‘T’ » . s ‘5ng «r— - .3 - - .~ _ . _~ ".1“ ; N . .1 a . . ,.- . 1 . , - ,. ‘ ‘. 24“.; -‘ ‘ ‘ * * ' 1 -'v- ~l' ~ fluent-I 1 . n5”, , IN.“ _ ~ 1.5..) "r. ‘1? -1'1' 31:" u i .. .-':. . - Cu .125: *i-sl bf“.§1‘§9¢mv;.. 1 “ “ ’2 ‘0 . “ . MN .4. - "‘ n11 ’- «11‘s? $8-1“, am. mam, w) a 0:1 ' 4": Wit-1': dimmers ‘ ‘ 71st: ‘{ VI. ‘04" I E I , ' ‘ t ’ , yg‘t'fiju. A 3“: » Q; .. L ?‘-._:.. \ _ ‘_ ~~ 1 . it”: , ‘1: r 4| LIST 0" MICE up of iisidential Distribution of Sample mm“. Q C O f O C O O I O I O O I I O O I O Tests of Relationship Between Independent and W Val-ill: Buflriel of Relationships Between Independent “DependentVu-iables............. Tests of Relationship Along Selected Independent m laughed of Significant Relationships Among Indices o.1ndipend.entsndbependentVarieb1es...... E 2H2 257 _ -_ .. _.nn dim CHAPTERI DITROIXICTION: FACTORS, DIMENSIONS OF ACCULTURATION, AND GENERAL HYPOTHE‘SES l The Mexican ethnic group in the United States has long been 1This subcultural. ethnic group in the United States is referred to in the literature by a number of different terms, e.g., Mexican, Mexican-American ganish, Spanish-American, W sh-surname, Latin American, Latino, Risa . None of these is completely satisfactory as a precise term for the subjects of this study. Mary of those living in Lansing were born and/or raised in Texas; a few were born and/or raised in other southwestern states, the descendents of residents living there since before the region was incorporated into the United States. Persons with these diverse origins interact and associate with each other (often intermarrying) to form an in-group of common culture distinct from, for example, Puerto Ricans, who, of course, are also called Latin American, 8 sh- , etc. It has been noted that Mexicans and Puerto Ricens in the United States tend not to associate with each other. Furthermore, some of those who are undoubtedly of the so-called mien-speakig ethnic youp (of Mexican origin) speak English rather than Spanish, in some cases because of inability to speak Spanish. Among themselves the term mejican ois commonly used to refer to the group, but the English translation M__e_x_i___can is usually used by others in the Southwest invidiously with” a special intonation indicating contempt, and the use of the term even with no special in- tonation is often resented. Also, the legitimate case could be made that the term Mexi____c__an should not be applied to persons born and raised in the United States, even if they cannot speak English. 0n the other hand, it is not customary to refer to ethnic groups in the United States by the language they speak, e.g., Norwegian-speakers, Italian- speakers, Jewish-speakers. Since some term must be used to refer to the subaects of this study, and all. of the available terms seem to i be inappropriate in one way or another, it has been arbitrarily 1 decided to use the unitalicized terms Mexican and W. 1 To avoid implying that members of this ethnic group are necessarily no.1: ”American" the term M. is commonly used to designate non- Huicen members of the dominant American culture. On this basis, apparently, the tem M would include Americans of Slavic, Italian, ' , p Jewish, and Negro ethnic origin or affiliation. The writer assmes e , ‘ no; responsibility for this terminological state of affairs. - "i; a" . f- E .. s ' ' hf. p. at y ‘ l . b .I. .. 4'. ..—. ;' ‘sV' 2 . concentrated in the Southwest, only a relatively small fraction of this population having migrated to become permnent residents of the northern part of the United States. Although a few Mexicans be- gan settling in Chicago and Detroit at least as early as the 1920's,2 most of those coming to the northern part of the United States have come on a temporary basis as migrant agricultural labor. More recently, however, increasing mmbers of these Mexicans have become dissatisfied with migrant agricultural labor as a way of life, and have preferred to seek urban-industrial employment and permanent residence in such northern cities as Lansing. This has been especially true in the period after World War II with the increasing annual importation of cheap, temporary agricultural labor from Mexico (first the "wetbacks," and then the braceros) which has served to keep wages low for this me of work in a period of marked rises in the cost of living. In recent years there has developed in the Lansing metropolitan area a more-or-less permanently resident popu- lation of Mexican ethnic origin of about 3,000.3 2Paul S. Taylor, Mexican Labor in the United States (University of California Publications in Economics, Vols. 6, 7, and 12; Berkeley, Calif., 1928-19310. Note especially volume 7. 31112 population estimate is by the person best informed about the Lansing Mexican population while this study was being conducted: Father William J. McKeon, Priest to the Spanish-Speaking for the Diocese of Lansing. Father McKeon, who has attempted to complete a census of this population, estimated an additional transient popula- tion of sanething over 1,000 to make for a total Mexican population in the Lansing Metropolitan area of between 11-,000 and 5,000 in the Spring of 1960. In a report of a study conducted in 1957, "A Study at. ‘33.. ., of mloyment and Training Patterns in the Lansing Area," Unpublished -‘ '6: 3 paper, Prepared for the lensing Employment Advisory Council by the . " , "a Michigan Fair Employment Practices Commission, (Introduction; page 2), ‘ -. . the Moscican population of "greater Lansing" is estimated at between I. not: for-this study VB!!! not based on quantitative methods but on té, Zinterviews and estimates by "community leaders." 1,500 and 2,000, of which about one-third is classified as migratory. ‘__e 3 . ‘-)~&§:r§‘h? those Mexicans who take up pemanent residence in a city .. menus lensing there is a problem of adjustment similar to that of I ,the_ mean imigrants who settled in the industrial cities of the northern United States in such large numbers before the early 1920's. he study of this phenomenon was a major part of the sociology of several decades ago, and continues as an interest in so-called minor- :Hw or ethnic groups. At the same time, anthropologists became in- terested in the problem of contact between groups of diverse culture, notably, in the United States, the problems of various American Indian groups in their contacts with European conquerors. Out of these interests has developed a series of concepts and terms which have become an integral part of the general social science conceptual vocabulary: acculturation, assimilation, accomodation, amalgamation, and others. lllediscussion by Chinoy in his recent text book is typical: As groups impinge upon one another, establishing new social relationships, they may grow together, with changes 7 taking place as two cultures become one (aprocess called W). They may each make flanges in their re- spective social and cultural forms in order to get on with each other (accomodation), or one may gradually become part of the other (assimilation), though_normally not without sale s in the group which is retaining its own identity. Eaten acculturation has been used in a number of ways, with the definition arrived at by Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits being considered the classic statement by anthropologists: "Acculturation goipr‘ehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals " .Qm Chincy, Society: An Introduction to Sociolm (New York: - ' " mgme: 1961)) P- 73- ' c h m Memnt cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, ‘» 1101.; subsequent-changes in the original cultural patterns of either oznbothgroups."5 hose meanings for these terms seem adequate enough for an elmtory or preliminary introduction to the phenomena under con- sidantion. But problems do arise in attempts to differentiate these concepts more precisely, or to use them, as given, for re- search purposes. For example, in their classic formulation Park and Dingoes insist that amalgamation refers only to biological and not to cultural fusion, the latter constituting assimilation.6 Berry defines assimilation in terms of culture change, but only after stating (with apparent pride) in his Preface that he has found no need for such an anthropological concept as acculturation for his book when such strictly sociological concepts as assimilation are ovailable.7 Deals notes considerable conceptual confusion in the use 5Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits, 'Menorondmn on the Study of Acculturation, " American Anyologst, 38: lug-152, 1936, p. 119. 6 Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociologg (Chicago: Ellie University of Chicago Press}, 1921, P- 737- 7:3rewton Berry, Race and Ethnic Relations Second edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Cm,19535, pp. ix, 210. ihe exact whotions are: "Certain anthropological concepts, such as accul- turation have been avoided. The popularity of this term, even in onthropolog, is a recent development, though the word itself has a long history. It has not, however, become generally accepted in sociologr, and those sociologists who do employ it are far from agreement as to its meaning, as an examination of current textbooks readily reveal. The author believes that the standard socio- eol concepts--conflict, assimilation, amalgamation, domination, " segregation, stratification, and the like-~are entirely adequate ; V~ for an intelligent discussion of the phenomena of race relations. . d. . m assimilation we mean the process whereby ms with different , ’- figs cane to have a cannon “culture. . . . Assimilation re ers to, the fusion of cultural heritages." he 5 . “digestems acctfltm'otion and assimilation, especially in studies ’ awash a lumber of individuals are conceptualized as being accul- W in Wins deflects-8 To contribute another interpretation, conceptualization, or hfinition of these concepts is not the purpose or this study. there- fere, and in agreement with Roy's statement "anthropologists tend to usathe generalized term 'acculturation' in approximately the same voyathot sociologists use the term 'assimilation'",9 both terms are used. interchangeably. In attempting to do research with assimilation as they found it conceptualized some twenty years ago, Whetten and Green concluded that "the concept of assimilation is an unprecise and unwieldy tool of analysis . . . presenting almost insuperable obstacles to the use ofthe concept in field research."'10 Roy, citing this position, suggests that the concept can be operationalized for field research by breaking it down into "facets" or "processes" specifically perti- nent «to his study of Indians in Spokane.11 A similar approach was found necessary in this dissertation. The main purpose of the present study is to examine the in- fluence of a series of factors on certain aspects, or dimensions, of the acculturation of a sample of Mexicans in Lansing. The broad 8lhlph Beale, "Acculturation," in A. L. Kroeber, Ed., W (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), .5- -, 9-Prodipto Roy, "ihe Measurement of Assimilation: ‘The Spokane mm " WW 67: ski-551. 1962- 1:. 51a. loNathan L. whetten and Arnold w. Green, "Field Research and tadoncqpt of Assimilation, " Rural Socials“, 7: 252-260, pp. 253, ‘é: a 1. .11.”, 22. 23.3.0, Po 51‘2- ‘t 1 6 5 " ..‘-e&miw eicmflturation is broken down into more specific behavioral 7 Women, or aspects of social life, and differential parti- Men in these‘is assumed to reflect or constitute part of the differential acculturation of this population. The remainder of this introductozy chapter provides a discussion of (1) those aspects of satin]. life treated as dimensions .o_i‘_ acculturation, and the source of dependent variables, (2) the factors serving as the source of the independent variables hypothesized to be associated with more or less __ acculturation, and (3) a statement of the general hypotheses tested ' in this study. the specific hypotheses and particular independent and dependent variables operationalized to represent or measure the factors and the dimensions of acculturation are presented in Chapter Iv. - I Dimensions of Acculturation: the General Went Variables lhere are four main dimensions of acculturation treated in this study: 1. position in the occupational structure 1 2. activity in voluntary organizations V 3. contacts with Anglos ' 1+. ethnic cultural traits 1. Position in the ocfltional structure. Because Mexicans iathe United States are largely confined to unskilled, non-factory 0..-." .msve ninto an occupational status more like that of most Anglos. (he sugaseted of looking at the complete acculturation or "absorption" ‘ . , 7 a fi , gags-mt group is to define it in terms of the extent to ." night!» gimp is distributed in all the main institutional ' spheres of the absorbing society in proportion to the distribution ofthe non-imigrant (or total) populatiomla Occmtional structure and voluntary organizations (the second dimension of acculturation) could both be considered such institutional spheres. But another consideration with respect to occupation: one of thermost important consequences of differential position in the occupational structure is differential income. In fact, income itself can be taken as an important index of position in the occupational, structure, and so it is used in this study as one of the dependent variables in this first dimension of acculturation. But, also, the greater income associated with higher occupations makes it easier to follow the patterns of behavior held up as the American ideal. Even a rise to skilled manual laborer makes it at least somewhat less necessary for the Mexican to follow much of the style of life of the largest proportion of his ethnic group. Almost aw rise in occupational status is likely to bring a person into more contact with, and provide him more knowledge of, the people and institutions of the larger society. Such a move upwrd provides to a Hexican and his family experiences and possibilities likely to constitute a step in the direction of fuller acculturation, at least to the middle class values and behavior predominant in American .9491. simmer- . iii—fl . Emanuel position (fend incane) not only as dependent variables immigrant. United States is a common observation. 8 ' m1dw today. Tans, it seems necessary to'make use of higher to- other dependent variables in other dimensions of acculturation. (Fluency in speaking English is the only other variable which seems to require treatment both as a dependent variable representing mater acculturation in the dimension of ethnic cultural traits, and also as an independent variable associated with greater accul- turation in other dimensions of acculturation.) 2. Activifl in volunM orggizations. organizations play a large role in the general social life of the Ihat voluntary ”noted the importance of mutual aid and other voluntary organizations in aiding the assimilation process among immigrants}3 For example, traditional Latin American culture, Gamio found that: There are new more organizations among the Mexican and Mexican American population in the United States than in the Republic of Mexico. sociability, fraternalism, and mutual aid undoubtedly contributes much to the well-being and progress of the Such a well developed spirit of Various observers have also .. Warner and Leo Srole, _ (Nan Haven: / *1. lhlmuel Gamio, BEisenstadt, Ibid., pp. 31+, 21+6-2h7. Oscar Handlin, g3 greeted (New York: Grosset a. Dunlap, 1951), pp. 170-200. H. Lloyd The Social stems of American Ethnic G s 3; i 255-253, ESE-2&0. Yale University Press, 1 5 , pp. Mexican Imni tion to the United States lhe University of Chicago Press, 1930;, p. 135. representing greater acculturation, but also as indgpendent variables ufipothesized to be associated with greater acculturation with respect despite the fact that voluntary organizations do not play a 1313' part in I" " " ‘ w. 9 _; V . It might seem paradoxical that membership even in an ethnic abis voluntary organization should be considered a step toward acculturation . t away tram ethnic behavioral patterns. One justification for this poiltion could be that the lack of activity in voluntary organizations in traditional Mexican culture means that increased activity of this kind by Mexicans in any organizations, ethnic or not, is more like the behavior characteristic of Anglos than that of Mexicans. Another Justification derives from the relatively unacculturated state of these Mexicans and their recent arrival in Lansing. In the general assimilation pattern of EurOpean immigrant groups, ethnic voluntary organizations serve important functions in the early stages by providing solidarity to the ethnic group, and by serving as a bridge to the values and patterns of the larger society. The various X activities of the organizations must be fitted into the larger society's institutions and in this process increased contact with members of the larger society becomes inevitable. Gradually this leads to greater acceptance of the ethnic group as a legitimate part of thelarger society. Up to this stage in the assimilation process, activity in a voluntary organization works toward greater accultura- tion. Only when large numbers are acculturated sufficiently to have both the desire and the ability to begin to cut themselves off com- ‘ plately from their ethnic group and strike out on their own as _-_‘.e___ A“ _.-_ A .4 "Americans, " does membership in an ethnic voluntary organization operate to hinder full acculturation. Most of the Mexicans in ' - in lensing do not find themselves in this latter situation. If there g are sufficiently few members of an ethnic group present in a com- -17? r»: 1". .mur, it is possible that members of the larger society will not Jae ' 5", b ' m 4 : 10 a $3. a -..m '. Y' “is their ethnicity as of am serious consequence and treat them ismi’n’dfivihsls. In this case, rapid and couplets acculturation may " acct: without ethnic organizations. But this is not the case for the means of Lansing: there are sufficient numbers for them to be considsred a "problem" ethnic group by the larger society, and they have had a number of voluntary organizations in recent years. ' 3. Contacts with £9305. The existence of friendly and in- timate contacts with Anglos as an indication of assimilation into the larger American society would seem to be obvious. Friendly, in- formal relations would seem to indicate integration into any society. But this seems to be true especially for the United States, where the gregariousness of non-relatives in peer groups, neighborhoods, and occupational groups is notorious (at least in other countries). Infomation was obtained from the Mexican respondents in this study as to the ethnic affiliation of their wives, best friends, and neighbors with whom they were friendly; the extent of participation by Anglos in their recreational activities; and the frequency of their attendance at meetings of voluntary organizations with Anglo members. Each of these variables provides some indication of the kind and extent of contacts with Anglos. 1+. Ethnic cultural traits. The most widely accepted meaning qfacculturation refers to the change of one set of cultural traits to another, often that of a dominant group. In this study the con- oarn‘is withachange fromMexicantoAnglo cultural traits ins. population originally of Mexican cultural origin. In order to get «a flimsauu" .‘._. . ll ‘- MW“ in the family, their food preference and frequency of mtion of certain Mexican foods, their celebration of Mexican and Anglo holidays, the recognition of certain Mexican folk medicines, their preference for the place of their own burial, their subscription to a. newspaper, and some relative evaluation of Mexican and American cultures in terms of whether or ‘not they would like their children to grow lip-t0 be Just like Anglos. Great concern for burial near family members and not subcribing to a newspaper are assumed to be character- istic of traditional Mexican culture. Factors in Differential Acculturation: the General Independent Variables Warner and Srole postulate that assimilation in the United States is slowest among ethnic groups whose members are least like light Caucasoids in physical appearance, are non-Protestant, and do not speak English.15 Almost everyone writing about Mexicans in the United States emphasizes how they are subject to prejudice and dis- crimination, and it has been suggested that this is especially true for those showing the greatest signs of Indian biological admixture.l6 Elms, it might be supposed that such Mexicans would have had less opportunity to participate in relationships with Anglos making for acculturation, and would be less assimilated than more Causasion- appesring Mexicans. lhe inability to be fluent in English would provide a similar barrier. Support for the idea of greater acculturation .1 V ‘ ’ a . Jilsflarner and Srole, g2. 9.13" pp. 68, 100-102, eat-287. 16m S. Taylor, a. _c____it., 6: 91!», 235, 311-5. Ozzie G. Sims, 8 in s 4, ’1 .l. l2 hf mmtants is provided by Sister Murray in discussing the '1‘ 1mm small group of Protestant Mexicans in San Antonio, who tend-to identify Americanism with Protestantism and for whom "one index of progress is to Join a Protestant church."17 Sister ”array suggests three other factors as leading to greater acculturation among the Mexicans of San Antonio: youthfulness, closer than usual contact with Anglos, and having served in the armed forces, where such closer contact is likely.18 It is well known that among most imigrant groups in the United States the younger, and those who arrive at an earlier age, are likely to acculturate quicker and to a greater extent than older immigrants, who, of course, have been longer exposed to, and socialized in, the different culture of their country of origin. Therefore, it seems likely that Mexicans who migrate to the urban North at a relatively young age and who have spent more time in the North, will be more acculturated than others. It has been suggested that work in agriculture and life in migrant laborer families tends to prevent or impede the assimilation of Mexicans in the United States. Mexican migrant workers tend to travel across great distances, remining in each area only long enough to perform particular agricultural tasks, and rarely establishing much of a relationship with local community institutions. They are 'often confined to settlements with other members of their ethnic group lTSister Mary John Murray, A Socio-Cultural Stfl of 118 Mexican ., esLi inaLow-Rent Public Housi ProectinSanAntonio ‘ , , %- Studies in Sociolog, Vol. 3 Washington: 'me Catholic Univ- ' are w of America Press, 1951;), p. 80.~ ‘l ‘ 7-: ,-‘. 1%, Ibid., pa “30‘ . v I ‘. 3 - ~ a ~. 13 “3‘“ relatively. little personal contact with Anglos.19 4 Htmphrey :- ‘Msathat there seems to be a cultural barrier preventing Mexicans . . v ‘1 free moving directly from agricultural labor to factory assembly line, a a f 1 and. that intervening non-agricultural employment, such as work in . construction or railroad labor, is necessary to serve as a transition ‘ stop-.30 This implies that Mexicans with a background of greater urban and/or non-agricultural enployment would tend to acculturate more rapidly than others. As discussed previously, both present occupation . and knowledge of‘inglish would seem to be factors influencing acculturation. Edu- cation in school would seem to have a similar effect. Schools in the United States play an important part in the general Anglo socializa- tion process, and Mexicans who have been emosed to relatively more years of schooling would be expected to be more acculturated. Ellie General Motheses The preceding discussion may be summarized by a statement of the general typotheses to be tested in this dissertation. At this point, these are presented as general hypotheses with the factors as '3‘. general independent variables and the dimensions of acculturation as general. dependent variables. These are operationalized into more ‘ specific variables and statistical hypotheses in Chapter IV. -- l. Mexicans who more closely resemble Caucasian physical mes . 1‘ Whats higher positions in the cecupational structure, more .. ‘ (9"3:. . ”Genie, 92. cit. , p. 231. Also, personal observation in '* .s "aoltoman I). Euwhrey, "mp t Patterns of Mexicans in ‘3 "r” zit," New labor Review, 61: 913-923, 1911-5. the .- , 3 1 L 4 11 V 'I Immgv .‘n..-.n).-. A ll; 11m in voltmtely organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fw,ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans less closely resembling ' “man phvsical types. , _ f 2. Younger-Mexicans will have higher positions in the occu- _ pational structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural traits than older Mexicans. 3. Mexicans with more residence in the United States (and less in Mexico) will have higher positions in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and, fewer ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans with less residence in the United States (and more in Mexico). _ p 1+. Mexicans with less experience in the migrant agricultural labor stream will have higher positions in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fever ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans with more experience in the migrant stream. 5. Mexicans with more residence in the North will. have higher positions in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans with less residence in the North. 6. Mexicans with more urban residential experience will have . .lf higher- position in the occupational structure, more activity in 1'; vollnrtazy organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic - g ‘ .v cultural traits than Mexicans with less urban residential experience. -‘ Kiwi, 31,17. ,. Mexicans with longer residence in Lansing will have higher, 25'qu in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary w! _. . 4.”. \c {3335“ )1»: " 4- ‘ e s ‘ '3“. ' ‘fi ‘4 new". - .~ a 15 mutions, mbre contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural W than Mexicans with less urban residential experience. ”‘5 '4 8 Mexicans with less experience in agricultural work will have higher position in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic'cultural traits than Mexicans with more experience in agri- cultural'work. 9; Mexicans with more grades of school completed will have . himer position in the occupational structure, more activity in volmtary organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans with less schooling. '10. Mexicans more fluent in English will have higher position in the occupational structure, more activity in voluntary organiza- tions, more contancts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural traits than Mexicans less fluent in English. ll. Mexicans with pre-Lansing history of more socially in- timate contact with Anglos will have higher position in the occupa- tional structure, more activity in voluntary organizations, more contacts with anglos, and fewer ethnic.cultural traits than'Mexicans with less of this kind of contact. 12. Mexicans with more experience in the United States armed forces will have higher positions in the occupational structure, more acti'irty in vollmtaly organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and ‘ reserethnic cultural traits than Mexicans with less such experience. ‘ . 35" 9‘5; l3. ‘ Mexicans in a higler position in the occupational structure Will have more activity in vollmtary organizations, more contacts with 5,57,”; t 11!}. Mexicansxof Protestant religious affiliation will have a m position in the occupational structure, more activity in .- muster? organizations, more contacts with Anglos, and fewer ethnic cultural traits than Catholic Mexicans. Obviously, a number of these factors hypothesized to influence acculturation are inter-related, especially those involving residence. {Bless general hypotheses provide a statement of the factors at a level 015 generality intemediate between the specific independent variables used in- the statistical tests and a still "higher level of generality" which-could be stated as follows: 3. 1. physical appearance 2. . 88° 3. residential history 1+. experience in agricultural work 5. occupational position 6. grade of school completed 7. fluency in English 8. nature of pro-Lansing contact with Anglos 9. religion _ lJams, it becomes possible to attempt some general conclusions -' ‘ relating these nine most general factors to the four general dimen- sions of acculturation, as well as conclusions about the relationship ~ g .yWstics of the sample employed in this study. ' * " , .. c. 'i 1., v ‘ ' i . . . .. rem-w CHAPIERII MEIHODOIOGIGAL CONS IDERATIONB A. number of considerations led to the decision to restrict this dissertation to the study of male heads of families resident in Ian- sing: for at least a year prior to being interviewed. Men have a more Wt function in the extra-familial occupational structure than watch, . especially strong Mexicans, for whom tradition tends to keep want: out of the labor whet to a much greater extent than among Anglos. . Since the acculturation of Mexican women is likely to be quite different from that of the men, to include women in the study would require doubling the size of the sample. As a'practical matter, mle heads of family are more likely to be located. by an investigator than economically independent single men. Unnarried men are apt to be more mobile, less known to the available sources of infomtion about Mexicans in Lansing, and less likely to establish permanent residence anywhere. It would have beams. difficult and time-consuming task even to attempt to. assure, an adequate representation of this group in a sample. , y Furthermore, there is a problem of deciding which of these men should be considered to have becane "permanent residents" of Lansing. _ ' ' Min a problem also in the case or some families, which are on the 2 mm place to place seeking a pemnent residence, and whose head - . ugormw not choose Lansing for that purpose while temporarily v-‘_L 17 18 it seemed advisable to make residence in Lansing for the previous year a criterion for inclusion in the sample. A sample of 80 male heads of family was finally interviewed, all but one being married. The one unmarried man, born in 1926 and having worked'in a factory since l9h5, lived with an aunt in a single household unit. He apparently lived with his aunt in a danestic and eoonmic relationship like that of man and wife, except for sexual ~ relations. the usual Mexican pattern of male dominance seemed to prevail-in a m that would argue against defining the aunt as the head. of the family. It seemed more appropriate to include him- than exclude him from a sample of "male heads of family" purporting to represent Mexican heads of family in Lansing. It also seemed advisable to go beyond the city limits of lensing and East Lansing to include as well such nearby areas of relatively large Mexican population as Urbandale, Towar Gardens, menus Road, and Holt. .Most of the Mexicans living in these areas apparently have Jobs in Lansing, do their major shopping in Lansing, and participate in the activities of religious and voluntary organiza- tions there. To exclude them would leave out a significant part of I the lexican population which is an integral part of the social and L. -1 ' econmic life of the city. But more distant areas, notably Mason, with, relatively-few Mexicans with such close ties to Lansing, were excluded. (See map, Figure I, Appendix I.) g . _‘rne samplewasrandomly drawn from anrintended complete list. . .‘ Reclaim families in thalansingaraa, ccmpiledfrom the following .f-" 19 . of; andusingtthe Bureau of the Census list «Spanish-surnames A“; “1.5: ' r:- -—l.. lensing City Directory, 1959 v-z::1_‘ '42. Lansing Telephone Directory, 1960 3. records of the Ingham County Welfare Office, dating back t‘anyaars to 1950 h. -.a list of Mexicans in the Lansing area compiled for 1956- 1951 bynr. and Mrs. Arturo De Hoyos ‘. - - 5.7 lists of congregations supplied by five local clergyman with largely Mexican congregations ‘ Cards representing some 1,1100 adults were prepared, and about 500 were selected at random before 100 names of suitable respondents appeared, from which the final total sample of 80 family heads was obtained. (The 20 refusals are discussed below.) This great attrition rate is explained by a number of factors. First of all, themes of surnames to identify Mexicans turned out to present - difficulties in a study of this kind. About 10 percent of the apparently Spanish surnames turned out to be owned not only by persons in other Latin American areas (Puerto Rico, Columbia, Venezuela, and Guatamla), but also by people of Italian and other European origin. Some‘individusls had died, a number turned out to beun- Mied-or separated, and some addresses were in error or did not exist. But the single most frequent reason why persons could'not be mom that-theyhadmvedaway.’ Often the housewasseen to ‘ ' :‘Be‘immabited, and on a number of occasions the occupant present , Wtohtvelivedattheaddressammberofyearsandneverto 1W! of the alleged Madcan occupant. - ‘ A ' ‘3‘3, i—k‘ 1:". . ‘5 . 20 wire .910: interviewing was conducted minly from Decanber 1960 to m :96}... (Some interviewing was conducted earlier, but with a schedule which resulted in interviews of up to seven hours duration and requiring nary re-visits to a single respondent. This schedule was reduced so that most interviews lasted between one and two hours.) As the marked recession of that period took greater effect, and un- employment increased greatly, especially among the unskilled, it be- came apparent that may of the Mexicans who had been resident in Ilnsingfor a number of years were leaving. (Of the four Mexican meant clergyman contacted at the beginning of the study in 1960, three had; left lensing, reportedly permanently, by the spring of 1961.) It usheccning so difficult to find the Mexicans drawn for the souls, that a new approach was introduced in the choosing of re- spondents. It had been noted from welfare records, which list previous . addresses, that the same addresses tended to appear in the histories of mm Mexicans. The frequent changes of address showed that the Mexican population is amazingly mobile in residence within Lansing, and that many houses are more-or-less permanently inhabited by Means, although with a high turn-over in occupancy. Often, in the course of attempting to locate a particular respondent who had beendreun for the sample, it was another Mexican at the indicated ' eddmsswho reported that no one lived there by that name, or that mhmt individual had moved away. So the decision was made to letting-the ample as a sample of addresses of Mexican heads of family Writhan of particmlsr individuals. Thus, any Mexicans satisfying M.‘ "is; :j ‘Jheyssiteria for inclusion in the sample who were resident at. on . e31". c Wmmmrerthesmlple were interviewed. This; required return- metals” addresses finch had been bar-passed previously. Never- theless, ‘ this chenge‘in sampling occurred too late in the interviewing “.11er as such as memected: less than 10 per cent of the total eagle of 80 was, obtained because of this change and would not have been included under the original procedure of sampling individuals ratherthan addresses. It should be. apparent that with a mrked out-migration of Mexicans because of the increasing impact of the recession, the popu- lation which remained to be interviewed must have differed in important respects from the pre-recession population. The Mexicans who remained. would tend to have had better (more permanent) Jobs, or better re- lations with welfare authorities, in short, would have been better 'fintegrated" in the Lansing commity. In other words, instead of this resulting in the intended study of differential acculturation in a fairly typical Mexican population in a northern industrial, city, it has turned out to be a study of differential acculturation in a relatively well-integrated, probably relatively highly acculturated. Mexican population in such a city. However, this should not distort the comparisons between more and less acculturated Meadeane-v-it, simply provides a larger proportion of the more acculturated than‘is probably normal. ' Another weakness of the angle is revealed by the fact that- may: 20 individuals apparently meeting the criteria to be included I ‘z‘gjia‘usi r u.- .- r m.— - ¥ '.1 "T . . 22 WItell the interviewer to return sane other time, each i .1 succeedingtine either having sane excuse for not granting the inter- ‘V’ vreiorsinply not being home. his interviewers persisted for a mbe'rof such appointments, but after a while it became apparent- tbt-no interview would be forthcoming. In sane cases, despite initial‘resistence of various kinds, a number of visits and conver- sations'succeeded in obtaining cooperation and successful interviews, but not in these eight cases. Sane difficulty of this kind was expected because of the well-- known fact that a considerable number of Mexicans have entered andre- nained in the United States illegally, and-aw of these were likely to be suspicious of am attempt to get data on their occupational- or residential histories. Such persons would have good reason to'be careful. Dr. John F. 'Bmden reports how he was approached in the? early 1950's by officials of the United States Emigration. Service to obtain information about the main areas of Mexican residence. in Michigan. 0n the basis of this information, Immigration Service p, ‘ pemonnel raided many areas, seized illegally resident Mexicans, rand ' ‘3}, ; returned them to Mexico. (This was a period of nation-wide search i for and expulsion of the "wet-backs.") And even for those Mexican citizens: here legally, the news report early in 1961 that the border batman nexico and the United States might be closed to prevent Mexican citizens from taking Jobs away from citizens of the united ' .. States during a period of great unemployment must have been dis- . ' , (dieting. In the depression conditions of the early 1930‘s sons 33,000 Means were forcibly deported back to. Mexico, in means 23 ' gag-nuns may members-2.1 ' h _ . m factoryvywrlser drawn in the senile, and who had been con- taejted‘first by a Catholic lay-person who had previously provided hint a__.good deal of charitable help, proved adamant in his refusal to grant an interview. In the course of the conversation he mentioned the news item about closing the Mexican border and asked the inter- viewer. what he knew about this. Despite all the assurances by the interviewer that he had. nothing to do with the government, that all would be kept confidential, etc., cooperation was not forthcoming. As one noted the attractive little house on the well-tended lawn, and this rather elderly gentleman's grizzled appearance which seemed to reflect decades of struggle and hard work, one could hardly blame him for not wishing to risk losing all that had been gained Just to please this smooth-talking stranger. Another Catholic, a construc- tion worker, when approached tar his priest to grant an interview, MIA-UV repeated: "I can't, Father, I Just can't," offering no further explanation. At least three of the indirect refusals were by Protestants. One of these was seen through a window to be lying dean on a bed in a bedroom Just before his son assured-the inter- viewer that his father, who had made an appointment for this time, mnot at home. And yet this man's brother did provide an inter- -~ view. meof those refusing to give an interview had his own business enterprise, but an interview was granted by the owner of another- entemrise. (One owned a restaurant, the other a: grocery store.) l Mar who refused, resisting W011i: a long conversationpwas > 2lcazl'ey lchillians, "California and the Wetback," m & W 19139, pp- 15-20. .“ . ' ‘J‘Ik. “ 21:- ”‘Mtficher (no’ other teacher was drawn in the sample). He ' bathed to“ resent reins classified as a Mexican. But cheerfully ‘ Wetting fully in an interview was a man whose Anglo mother had. beendeserted'by his Mexican father while the respondent was extremely young, who had been raised by his mother to be completely Anglo, and. who had no social relations with Mexicans whatsoever. (Only because of his Spanish-surname was he included in the sample.) It is difficult to detect aw particular bias in the sample because of the: refusals, but, of course, it is impossible to demonstrate lack of bias without more knowledge of the refusals than they were will- ing to provide. ‘ 'It did not seem worthwhile to attempt to find "knowledgeables" among the Mexicans to evaluate the sample. Informal conversation, as well. as the forml interviews, revealed a surprising lack of knowledge and interest in the Lansing Mexican population by in- dividual infomnts. For example, even persons of relatively long residence in Lansing did not know of some of the other long- resident Mexican families, or of the relatively new concentration of Mexican families in the South Logan-Maple Grove area. they seemed. to have contact and knowledge only about relatively small circles of friends and relatives. ‘ihie impression was confirmed -‘ byl'ather McKeon from his own similar observation. FatheraMcKeon, ' théjmt "knowledgeable" source about the Lansing Mexicans, consid- Mbdththe sample asdrawn and the respondents interviewed as wraprcsentations of the Mexican male heads of family and. their * residential distribution. ‘ ‘;':"vl%7_‘e".-r ‘_ - " 't" . ._‘ .189 -. , , v 25 ' .5553 111‘ gthe detains obtained from interviews, each respondent being ‘ Mendy. source of intonation about himself?2 The interviewing was conducted usually in Spanish by the writer and. Rudolfo .Quiros, a citizen of Costa Rica, and then a graduate student at Michigan State University in the Department of Agricultural Econanics. Most of the interviewing occurred at night or on week ends in the hmes of the respondents, although a few who worked at night were interviewed during the day. Often other members of the family were present, especially wives. Sometimes the latter's attempt to help their husbands interfered with the interview. For example, with respect to a question on the reason for celebrating certain holidays, in two cases wives interjected reasons before their husbands had a chance to respond, and these had to be excluded from treatment.” valid responses by the respondent. The participation of two interviewers instead of one makes even more questionable an otherwise still dubious procedure with respect to the factor of physical appearance and its operational- isation into two of the specific independent variables hypothesized to influence acculturation: general appearance (Mexican or Anglo) and skin color (light or dark). {there seemed to be no way of objectively clnssifying respondents with reapect to these variables without risk of offending them and Jeopardizing the success ofthe reminder of the interview, even if they had agreed to some objective procedure. So a. subjective Judgnent on the classification of the Meal appearance of the respondents was made by the interviewers .s'r .. . _ 22A copy of the schedule questions on which this dissertation , g t . is based appears in the last appendix. A l x . J U L.‘ 26 ‘ ’uithsutgthe. respondents being aware of it. Admittedly, this is a . highly unreliable. procedure, and conclusions based on it involving thorax-ables of physical appearance should be considered less re- liable than aw others resulting from this study. he only justifi- cation for such an unreliable method is the great importance given in the,l_iterature to racial factors in the appearance of Mexicans “influences on their treatment by Anglos--a poor approachseened better than none at all. The two interviewers attempted to standard- ize their judgments by comparing and discussing impressions of the appearance of a number of Mexicans before the second interviewer ‘ began interviewing. Another major weaknessof this study is the small size of the sample, not so much relative to the total population it purports to represent as because of its smallabsolute size. Assuming that (1) about a third of the Mexican population left. Lansing during the course of the interviewing, (2) about 80 per cent of the remaining Mexicans lived in families with a. male head, and (3) an average family size of about five, then the sample of 80 probably constituted between 15 and 25 per cent of the population meeting, the criteria. for inclusion in the study. But an N‘ of only 80 permits statistical tests in much-one can have much confidence only when two variables are involved-- - attangting to control or hold constant with respect to a third variable results in cells with too few cases to warrant confidence in the,» results. (Even when one orvboth of two variables are tri- dmtmized, quantities of less than 5 in some cells are not unusual. ) {‘rtmmr V an emination is made of the relations among the . ‘ ," 27 ,‘ iW-wariablesfcund to influence the various aspects of 'multaration most frequently. Therefore, when two (or more) in- ' r W variables are found to influence acculturation siglificantly sonnet-mains. andalso to be significantly related to each other, the:final conclusion in this study can only be that one go;- the other influences acculturation, because the small N prevents holding one variable constant while the influence of the other is tested. Lime Chi-square and- Coefficient of Contingency (c) test results were computed by the writer during some 90 hours on m 650 and 1620 emitters, using a program (including the Yates Correction) developed bywnlter D. Davis, Assistant Coordinator of the Computer Center at San Diego State College. Results of the tests on the .05, or less, levelrof significance are considered "significant," those greater than the .05 level but smller than .10 are referred to as "possibly simificants" results larger than these are considered not signi- ficant. CHAPTER III CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE The purpose of this chapter is to describe our sample of 80 Mexican male heads of family and to provide some comparison with the total Lansing male population regarding a number of demographic characteristics . As previously discussed, the sample of 80 probably constituted between 15 and 25 per cent of the Mexican male heads of family resi- dent in the Lansing area for at least the year previous to being inter- viewed. he locations of their residences in the Lansing area are in- dicated in Table I and the map in Appendix I. 'lhe relatively scattered distribution of the sample (and the few areas of relative concentration) supports the impressions of Father McKeon in his attempt to keep informed about the Mexican population of the Lansing area. Father McKeon suggests that the widely scattered distribution of the Mexicans in Lansing has tended to rake for better social integration and less hostility tomd them than in other Michigan cities (e.g., Saginaw) where Mexicans are lore segregated ecologically into distinct areas of residence. The place of birth of the respondents is given in Table II. In De Hoyos' study of Lansing Mexican boys of mg: school age (ages 15-18)23 only three per cent of the boys were born in Mexico 23mm De Hayes, Occ tional and Educational Levels of iration of Mexican-American Youth (PM). thesis, Michigan State University, 1&1}. 28 29 36 per cent in Texas, and fully 57 per cent were born in Michigan. This compares to the four per cent of the total Lansing population which is foreign born, and the 75 per cent born in Michigan, accord- ing to the 1960 Census?“ As would be expected, the older generation of Mexicans represented by the respondents was born to a much greater extent in Mexico and Texas, and to a much lesser extent in Michigan, than the generation represented by the high school boys who are much more similar to the total Lansing population. TABLE I.--Residential distribution of respondents location of Residence Number Percentage l‘lorthtown25 26 32 Urbandale 10 12 Tower Garden 8 10 Other outlying areas 8 10 South Iogan-Maple Grove area 7 9 Lansing, scattered 21 26 Total 80 99 2“United States Census of Population 1960. Michigan: General Social and Economic Characteristics. PC (1) 2&0, p. 180. (Hereafter referred to as Census-GSEQL) These particular data are with respect to Lansing as an "Urban Place" of 107, 807 residents. 25Northtown Mexicans are concentrated in the area north of Sagi- naw Ibad, especially north of Grand River, south of Bates, with Pine on the west and Bancroft Park on the east. Urbandale was taken to ex- tend (ecologically rather than legally) to the south of Kalamazoo Avenue in the extreme eastern area bordering on the legal boundary of Lansing, and extending westward to Magnolia Street. The eight cases located in "other outlying areas" consisted of tag .in 3011;, three along Aurelius Road, onein eastern East Lansing, and two in the Haslett area. this South Logan-Maple Grove area extends to the south of Holmes Road. \ 30 TABLE II.--Distribution of reSpondents by place of birth Place of Birth Number Percentage Mexico 23 39 Texas 51 64 Other Southwestern state 1 1 Michigan 3 A Other Northern state 2 3 Total GO 100 The age distribution of the respondents is given in the follow- ing table: TABLE III.--Distribution of respondents by age Age Number Percentage ego-21+ I 5 6 25-29 17 21 30"3)+ ' 20 35 35-39 13 15 hO-hh 12 15 2+5'49 2 2 50‘59 9 11 60-69 3 1+ Total $0 9 m 31 The sample of Mexican respondents is considerably younger than that of the 2T,h70 males, age 15 and above, in the Lansing labor force, and still younger than the heads of urban and rural non-farm husband- wife families in the total United States population. Whereas 52 per cent of the respondents are age 3h or less, only 33 per cent of the Lansing males are; while only 17 per cent of the respondents are #5 or more, 39 per cent of the Lansing males are. The median age of respondents is in the 30-3h age category, while that of the Lansing males is in the 3S-hh age category.26 The national population of male heads of family referred to is still older (even when excluding those of age 75 and above): 25 per cent of these heads of family are less than age 3h, as many as #6 per cent are age #5 or more and their median age is Rh years?T The young age of the respondents is probably due to a number of factors: shorter life expectancy than in the general population, younger age at marriage, and, perhaps the most important, the tendency of older people not to participate in long migrations. Thus, the youthfullness of the respondents is not particularly surprising. The religious affiliation of the respondents is given in Table IV. It is possible that Protestants are under-represented in the sample. Father McKeon has a higher estimate of the prOportion of Mexicans who are Protestant. De Hoyos found that his high school male population was 23 per cent Protestant and 77 per cent Catholic,2Q 2bCensus-GSECM, p.235. 27Current Population Reports. Population Characteristics (Series P-20, No. 116) May 1, 1962., p. 1.2.. 2L"De Hoyos, op. cit., p. 66. But since lists of congregations provided by Protestant clergymen of Mexican congregations were used in obtaining the sample, and most Mexican Protestants are likely to be vigorous enough in their religious practice to appear on these lists, it is difficult to detect a source of bias. Furthermore, these lists named a total of 72 Mexican Protestant families, about 14 per cent of an estimated total of some 500 Mexican families. Only in the unlikely event that a large number of Mexicans were attending Anglo Protestant churches exclusively, and/or considered themselves Protestant and attended no church, could the percentage of Protestant Mexicans be much higher than 1L per cent. TABLE IV.--Religious composition Religious Affiliation Number Percentage Roman Catholic 59 gg Protestant, by birth A 5 Protestant, converted 6 8 N one 1 1 Total 80 100 Information on the education of the respondents is provided in Table V. The reSpondents acquired less schooling than occurs in the total 0 0 29 I 1 fl LanSing population. The median grade of school completed oy the total Lansing population, age 25 and above, is the 12th grade, while r“ 9 _l l h.— Census-GSBCK, pp. luO, 235. 33 that for the reSpondents is the fifth grade. While #8 per cent of Lansing males, age 25 and above, had completed high school, this was true for only 10 per cent of the reSpondents. Whereas nine per cent of the Lansing males had completed only the sixth grade or less, fully 60 per cent of the reSpondents had this little schooling. In- deed, 15 per cent of the reSpondents had not completed one year of school, as compared to one per cent of the Lansing males (including, of course, Mexicans). TABLE V.--Educational composition School Grade Completed Number Percentage None l2 l5 lst _ 2 2nd 10 12 3rd or hth 11 11'. 5th or 6th 1% 18 Tth or 8th 11 1% 9th 5 8 10th or 11th 6 8 12th 8 10 Total 80 101 Throughout this study, data based on residential histories are calculated from age five and above. In a kind of reverse-Freudian position, it is assumed that relatively little differential effect on acculturation results from differential residence in the first five years of life. Data on the years of residence in Lansing by 3h reSpondents, from age five and above, are presented in the following table. TABLE VI.--Distribution of respondents by years resident in Lansing, ages 5 and above Number of Years ReSident in Lansing Kumber Percentage 1-3 9 11 u‘6 12 15 7'9 so 35 lO-12 11 1h 13-15 9 11 16-13 9 11 19-21 5 6 22-2u a 2 25-27 0 o 28 or more 3 A Total 80 99 Over half the reSpondents had lived in Lansing for 10 years or less. This confirms the general impression that a large part of the Mexican settlement in Lansing had arrived in recent years. Data on respondents' age at first residence in Lansing are pre- sented in the following Table VII. From this table we see that over three-fourths of the respondents were age 20 or above when they first came to live in Lansing, and only five per cent were less than 15 years of age. More than three-fourths arrived between the ages of 15 and 3%. Thus, for the great majority, A. :— _\) d early socialization took place outside of Lansing. TABLE VII.--Distribution of respondents, by age at first residence in Lansing Age at First Resi- Number Percentage dence in Lansing 0-1; 2 2 5-9 1 1 lO-lh 2 2 15-19 in 18 204% 2A 30 35-29 13 lo 30-31+ 11 1M 35-39 1+ 5 40-119 9 11 Total 80 99 Data on last occupation of the respondents are presented in Table VIII. ”Last occupation” usually refers to present occupation, but also includes the previous employment of men who were temporarily out of work at the time of interviewing. In most cases, these men had been out of work for a few weeks or months, and were waiting to be re-employed by a particular factory or construction firm. Their income from unemployment compensation or welfare payments is not in- cluded in their classification according to work income in Table IX. But such imcome is included with respect to classification according to family income in Table X, as are the few cases of income contri- butions by other family members. ,/ 0 Lu However, these incomes were calculated with reSpect to 1960 as a base year, and two respondents (whose last occupations were in con- struction and unskilled factory labor, respectively) had no work in- come for that year. They had both suffered crippling back injuries while on the job, had been unsuccessfully operated on, had not worked for several years, had no prospect of resuming their former (or per- haps any) jobs, and were maintaining their families and receiving medical treatment from a combination of insurance and welfare payments. TABLE VIII.--Distribution by last occupation Last Occupation NUmber Percentage Construction30 16 2O Unskilled factory #2 52 Skilled factory 6 8 Service31 11 1h Proprietor-manager 2 2 Other32 3 1+ Total 80 100 30Only one of these could be considered to be skilled, earning over $3.00 per hour. However, unlike the skilled factory workers in this sample (who also earned over $3.00 per hour), this skilled con- struction worker shared the jdb instability of other construction workers. He was unemployed for more than three months in 1960. 31This category includes four custodians, four kitchen and/or dining room employees, two car washers, and one handyman, all of whom earned from $0.75 to $1.75 per hour, less than a factory wage. 32This category includes a book binder, tire mechanic, and tailor, who earned about as much as unskilled factory labor, from $2.30 to $2.80 per hour, but with the necessity of working longer hours. . - , ‘ r ‘ \ \ . . L, p . » , A , u , . , '~ I I . , 1 . ' A ,1 . . ,2 - ' . . 1 , .l , ' ~ , 37 Striking, but hardly surprising, is the concentration of the respondents in occupations of low-ranking status. Over half are un- skilled factory workers, and a fifth construction workers. There is only one prOprietor (of a grocery store), and one manager (of a car seat-cover establishment); no one else has a white collar occupation. In the total Lansing employed male population, 10 per cent are managers, officials, or prOprietors (non-farm), and fully #1 per cent can be 33 considered white collar. TABLE IX.--Distribution of respondents, by work income Work Income Number Percentage None 2 2 $2,000-$2,999 3 A $3,000-$3,999 17 21 $A;OOO-$4,999 20 25 $5,000-$5,999 28 35 $6,000-s6,999 3 u $7,000-$T,999 5 6 $8,000 or more 2 2 Total 80 99 3 The census provides data on the income of all Lansing males with income, 20 per cent of whom have incomes of less than $2,000 per year. (This would include such cases as some men living on social security, and boys with part-time jobs, cases not occurring among the 3 3 Census-GSECM, p. 2hh. 3thid., p. 262. 3o reapondents.) Yet, 32 per cent of Lansing males have an annual in- come of $6,000 or more, whereas only 12 per cent of the respondents earned this much in 1960. Four-fifths of the respondents earned be- tween $3,000 and $6,000 per year, in contrast to two-fifths of all Lansing males. Nevertheless, the fact that almost half of the respondents earned $5,000 or more in 1960 implies a better economic position than might have been expected in a minority group supposedly experiencing discriminatory treatment. (The median income for Lansing males is given as $5,025, but that of heads of family is undoubtedly higher.) TABLE X.--Distribution of respondents by family income Family Income Number Percentage $2,000-$2,999 l l $3,000-$3,999 6 8 $h,000-$h,999 2h 30 $5,000-$5,999 28 35 $6,000-$6,999 9 ll $7,000-$T,999 3 A $8,000-or more 9 11 Total 80 100 First, let it be noted that unemployment insurance, welfare aid, and work'hy members of the family other than the head can have an important effect on family income. While 20 of the working reSpondents earned less than $h,000 per year, only seven of the 39 families did; while 21 of the families received $6,000 per year or more, only 10 of the respondents earned this much from their jdbs. The census provides data on the income of Lansing families with which it is interesting to make comparisons.35 The median in- come of respondents' families falls in the lower part of the category $5,000 to $6,000, that of all Lansing families is $6,500, and the median income of Lansing non-white families is $5,200. Thus, the median income of respondents' families is approximately that of Lansing's non-white families and considerably below that of all families. While 76 per cent of the reSpondents' families had in- comes of from $h,000 to $7,000, 38 per cent of all Lansing families fall into this category. Whereas only ll per cent of the reSpondents' families had incomes of $8,000 or more, fully 32 per cent of all Lansing families has this income. We have seen in this chapter that the respondents are rather widely scattered in their residence in Lansing, but also somewhat concentrated in certain areas, notably Northtown. Nearly two-thirds were born in Texas, and nearly three-tenths in NeXico. Their ages occur in the younger age categories to a much greater extent than do those of Lansing males (ages eighteen and above) in the labor force. Eighty-six per cent are Roman Catholic. Nedian grade of school completed by the total Lansing population (ages 25 and above) is the twelfth grade, while for the respondents it is only the fifth grade. 35Ibid., pp. 262, 27k. to Over half of the respondents had resided in Lansing for ten years or less. Lore than three-fourths first arrived in Lansing when between the ages of 15 and 3h; only five per cent had first arrived when less than 15 years of age. The respondents are con- centrated in lower status jobs to a much greater extent than the general Lansing male population: over half are unskilled factory workers, a fifth are construction workers, and only one is a proprietor. Respondents' median income from employment in 1960 was nearly $5,000, very close to that of all employed Lansing males. But respondents' median family income was about the same as the $5,200 of Lansing non-white families, in contrast to the $6,500 for all Lansing families. CHAPTER IV FACTORS INFLUENCING DIFFERENTIAL ACCULTURATION: TESTS OF SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES In this chapter are presented the results of the statistical tests of the general hypotheses discussed in Chapter I and summarized on pages l3-l6. First it is necessary to operationalize both the factors hypothesized to influence acculturation and the dimensions of acculturation into specific independent and dependent variables, respectively. Then the results of the tests are presented in a series of tables (see Appendix II), each of which contains the same independent variables hypothesized to influence acculturation with respect to a distinct dependent variable representing a parti- cular dimension of acculturation. The results are presented in summary form in Appendix III. A discussion of the significance and implications of the results is postponed until the concluding chapter. In most cases, a major concern in the Operationalization is to divide the variables into categories so that a maximum.number of cases occurs in the smallest cell. With a maximum total of only 80 cases, this means that variables can be fruitfully dichotomized and (often) trichotomized, but not subdivided further without too few cases appearing in a number of cells. This arbitrary procedure is permissible because it is applied to variables about which theory Ml l a [v and hypotheses are inadequate to establish more precise significant categories ahead of time. For example, there are categories of "older" and "younger" age, and "more” and "less" residence in Lansing. No theory or knowledge was available, at least to the writer, justify- ing an hypothesis specifying a particular age or number of years in Lansing as making for a significant difference in acculturation. In other words, although hypotheses refer to ordinal data, they do not specify the precise limits of the ranks within an order. This is not true for some of the variables which simply provide a classification for data, e.g., residence in Mexico and residence in the United States, which are two empirically distinct but not ordinally related categories of a residence variable. Qperationalizing the Specific Independent Variables Thirty specific independent variables are employed in the tests and are referred to by cardinal numbers I to 30. The specific cate- gories resulting from.the dichotomizing and (in 25 cases) the tri- chotomizing of each variable are listed with decimal number desig- nations under the relevant cardinal numbers. The numerical distribution of respondents is indicated in each case. In regard to physical appearance, the dubiously reliable, sub- jective method of classifying reSpondents was discussed in Chapter II. In the trichotomizing of "general appearance", the respondents classified as Anglo in appearance are divided into those whose appearance is like that of stereotypes of southern Europeans (eSpe- cially Italian, Greek, or the kind of Spaniard who does not look "Mexican”) and those designated as general European, a type which is 1+3 not stereotypically associated with southern Europe and might occur anywhere in EurOpe, or is definitely associated with non-southern Europe. (It should be clear that we are dealing with stereotypes and not with the actual distributions of physical types in Europe.) Variable Number 1. General appearance 80 1.1 Mexican 50 Anglo 30 1.2 Mexican 50 South European 18 General European 2 2. Skin color 80 2.1 dark 37 light 1+3 2.2 dark 3? medium 26 light 17 3. Age 80 3.1 3h years or less #2 35 years or over 38 3.2 29 years or less 22 30 to 39 years 32 40 years or over 26 .Although not specifically mentioned in the hypotheses, place of birth is employed here as the first Specific variable Operational- izing residence as an independent variable. Residence turns out to be the single most complex variable in that many specific ways of operationalizing it seem worth exploring; it appears in one form or another in variables h to 19, in 16 out of the 30 independent variables. The classification of residence as rural or urban is problematical in a number of cases. Respondents could not give full information on some of the smaller towns they had resided in many years ago (mainly 4# in Mexico and Texas). It was arbitrarily decided that places of less than 5,000 population would be considered rural, and places of greater population would be classified as urban. Many towns were classified on the basis of data presented in Hammond's Ambassador World Atlas (Maplewood, N. J.; C. S. Hammond Co., 1957). One reSpondent's resi- dence was so equally divided between North and South at age five to 20, that he is excluded from consideration under variable 5.2. Variable Number h. Birthplace 30 h.l Mexico 23 United States 57 5. Main residence, ages 5-20 60, T9 5.1 Mexico 16 United States 64 5.2 Mexico 16 United States, South '3 United States, North 15 6. Part of life, age 5 and above in Mexico before residence in Lansing 80 6.1 less than .1 (of life) 57 .1 or more 23 It was considered advisable to restrict the concept of migrant stream to a movement from the South (usually Texas) to some area in the North where male members of the family worked in agriculture, and to exclude movements out of a Northern city for temporary employment in agriculture or residence in another Northern urban area. A.number of the reSpondents long resident in Lansing still occasionally leave for a few weeks during the warmer months to work on Michigan farms, and it would be a mistake to equate this with the former kind of migranqy. Thus, a family which came up from Texas to work one summer in agriculture and then moved to a nearby town (often St. Johns, Grand Ledge, or Lansing itself), is classified as having experienced one year in the migrant stream, even if the family worked in agri- culture in various parts of Michigan for several summers thereafter, as long as they did not return to the Southwest. But each summer (or other part of a year) that a reSpondent worked at agriculture is included in variables 20-22, referring to time spent in agricultural work. Variable Number 7. Number of years, age 5 and above, in migrant stream. 80 7.1 none 25 1 or more 55 7.2 none 25 1 to 2 37 3 or more 18 U. Part of life, age 5 and above, in migrant stream, before resident in Lansing 80 8.1 none 25 some 55 8.2 none 25 none to less than .1 3 .1 or more 22 9. Part of life, age 5 and above in migrant stream 80 9.1 none 25 some 55 9.2 none 2 none to less than .1 3 .1 or more 17 10. Age first resident in North 80 10.1 19 years or less 35 20 years or over #5 Variable 13. 14. 10.2 14 years or less 15 to 24 years 25 years or over Age at first residence in urban North 11.1 24 years or less 25 years or over 11.2 19 years or less 20 to 29 years 30 years or over Number of years, age 5 and above, in urban North 12.1 9 or less 10 or more 12.2 9 or less 10 to 15 16 or more Part of life, age 5 and above, in urban North 13.1 less than .3 .3 or more 13.2 less than .3 .3 to less than .4 .4 or more Part of life, age 5-20, in urban residence 14.1 less than .5 .5 or more 14.2 less than .1 .1 to less than .9 .9 or more Part of life, age 5 and above, in urban residence before residence in Lansing 15.1 less than .5 .5 or more Number 19 6 5 r\~/ & U 4:" ~\ 8 LI) [\k‘ LU [\4‘ Hvl 42‘ 41 ,— Variable Unmbcr 15.2 less than .2 29 .2 to less than .9 go .9 or more 25 16. Part of life, age 5 and above, in urban residence 80 16.1 less than .3 39 .o or more 41 16.2 less than .5 2 .5 to less than .9 23 .9 or more 3 17. Age at first residence in Lansing 80 17.1 24 years or less 43 25 years or over 37 17.2 19 years or less 19 20 to 29 years 37 30 years or over 24 13. Number of years, age 5 and above, in residence in Lansing 80 18.1 9 or less 41 10 or more 39 18.2 6 or less 21 T to 12 31 13 or more 23 19. Part of life, age 5 and above, in residence in Lansing 80 19.1 less than .3 33 .3 or more 47 19.2 less than .3 33 .3 to less than .5 3 .5 or more lo In some cases respondents reported working only several weeks in a particular year in some agricultural employment and were there- by classificd as having worked that one year in agriculture. Two cases in which reSpondents reported having worked less than a week 1», .3 in agriculture were not included as representing a year in which agricultural work occurred. Note that ”years in agricultural work" as used throughout this study refers to the number of years in which some agricultural work (at least several weeks) occurred. (Variables 20-22 are based on this definition of years in agricultural work.) The age of 14 was chosen as the age when work becomes significant in an adult sense to fit in with Census labor force definitions and assumptions. Variable Number 20. Number of years, age 14 and above, in agricultural work o0 20.1 5 or less 45 o or more 35 20.2 2 or less 26 3 to 8 27 9 or more 27 21. Part of life, age 14 and above, in agricultural work before working in Lansing 80 21.1 less than .5 3 .5 or more 41 21.2 less than .2 27 .2 to less than .3 23 .6 or more 30 22. Part of life, age 14 and above, in agricultural work 80 22.1 less than .3 6 .3 or more 34 “2.2 less than .2 31 .2 to less than .4 26 .4 or more 23 23. Grade of school completed 80 23.1 4th or less 35 5th or more 45 Variable Number 23.2 2nd or less 24 3rd to 6th ;5 7th. or more 31 Respondents were asked about their ability to speak English, but in most cases in which there was little fluency it was unnecessary to ask directly because the reSpondent himself volunteered this in- formation in connection with other questions. The schedule did not contain a good Objective measure of ability to speak English, and this must be considered another weakness in the study. It had been assumed that a fairly large proportion of the respondents would reveal Obvious deficiencies in English in discussing their relations with Anglos, so that this would not be a problem. But only 13 of the 80 respondents were classified as having little fluency in English by the rather gross approach used. variable Number 24. English fluenoy 80 24.1 little l3 much 67 Respondents were classified as having had "little" contact with Anglos before working in Lansing if they reported no such contact at all, or only occasional contact, in the street and in stores because they lived in the same area. In the trichotomized classification, the remainder are divided into those who had "friendships" when they reported having had friendships of some degree of intimacy with Anglos when adult, and "more but casual” when they referred to contacts of a friendly but not intimate kind with Anglo fellow workers on the job or friendships only with Anglo schoolmates, the variable being defined as applying primarily to adult relationships. 50 Variable Number 25. Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 80 25.1 little 33 some 47 25 .2 little 33 more but casual 30 friendships 17 26. Service in United States armed forces 80 26.1 none 52 some 28 With respect to occupation, the variable is dichotomized into factory and non-factory. But, as can be noted in Table VIII, page 36, the non-factory category includes such diverse categories as "construction", "service", "proprietor-manager" and "other". A somewhat more precise classification is attempted by excluding the two cases of "pmprietor-manager", and trichotomizing the remainder by separating out "construction" as a separate category and including the "other" category under "service". It might seem Justifiable to classify the one factory foreman included with skilled factory workers in Table VIII as proprietor-manager rather than with unskilled factory workers in a general factory-worker category. But then there is also the problem of classifying the skilled factory workers. It was de- cided to resolve the problem arbitrarily by including all the factory employees in a category rather than decrease the size of the sample any further. {the two respondents who were unemployed in 1960 were classified according to their last occupation, but are excluded from consideration in variable 28, annual income fran respondents' employ- ment . However, they are included in variable 29, annual family income . For more information on these income variables, see Chapter III. Variable Number 27. Occupation 80, 78 27.1 factory #8 non-factory 32 27.2 construction 15 factory #8 service 14 28. Annual income from reSpondent's work 78 28.1 less than $5,000 40 $5,000 or more 3 28.2 less than $A,000 20 su,000 to $4,999 20 $5,000 or more 38 29. Annual family income 80 29.1 less than $5,000 31 $5,000 or more #9 29.2 less than $5,000 31 $5:000 to $5:999 28 $3,000 or more 21 With reSpect to religious affiliation, one respondent insisted on absolutely no affiliation or leaning toward any religious belief whatsoever, and so is excluded from.consideration in connection with variable 30. Variable NUmber 30. Religion 79 30.1 Catholic 69 Protestant 10 gperationalizing the Specific Dependent Variables It will be recalled that the specific dependent variables re- presenting acculturation are assumed to occur in four dimensions: position in the occupational structure, activity in voluntary y»fi "2.. organizations, contact with Anglos, and ethnic cultural traits. From the discussion in Chapter I, one would expect that higher position in the occupational structure would lead to greater contact with Anglos, and that both would be associated with a lesser retention of Mexican cultural traits. Greater activity in voluntary organizations would seem.to follow from higher occupational position, and to be associated with a lesser retention of ethnic cultural traits, although the latter relationship is more problematical. It would seem.likely that greater activity in voluntary organizations would lead to greater contact with Anglos, and, perhaps, vice-verse. The extent to which the four dimensions of acculturation are inter-related is explored in terms of indices representing them in Chapter VI, and--to jump ahead briefly--the findings are not quite what would be expected. Neither occupational position, nor activity in organizations, is significantly related to any other index. But, contact with Anglos is significantly related to two of the five indices of ethnic cultural traits, the latter being highly associated among themselves. However, this does support the assumption that the four dimensions of acculturation represent relatively distinct phenom- ena, and need to be treated as such. In operationalizing the dependent variables, three of the variables appear in two forms. In two cases, income from work and family income, each appears in both dichotomized and trichotomized form. The third, membership in voluntary organizations, appears in one case with unions included as voluntary organizations, and in the other with unions excluded. 0f the total sample of 80 reSpondents, fully 51 belonged only to a union as their only voluntary organization, 3 \11 and only 16 belonged to any non-union organization. 0f the latter 16, only five belonged to any non-union organization with Anglo members, i.e., for 11 of the 13, extra-union organizational activity was con- fined to ethnic organizations. Most of the union members did not attend union meetings and had joined apparently because of the necessity to do so in order to obtain employment. Thus, it seemed worthwhile to explore organizational membership with and without unions being included. However, the variable frequency of attendance at organization meetings includes attendance at union meetings. The dependent variables are listed below in the following format: each of the four dimensions is represented by a cardinal number, the Specific variables representing the dimensions are listed below it with a decimal number designation, the categories into which the variable is classified are listed below it, and the numerical distri- bution of respondents is indicated in each case. The table in Appendix II, in which each dependent variable's relationship to the independent variables is provided, appears in parenthesis. Variable Number 1. Position in the Occupational Structure 1.1 Last occupation (Table XI) 78 Construction 15 Factory #8 Service lb 1.2 Work income (Table XII) 78 Less than $5,000 #0 $5,000 or more 3 1.3 Work income (Table XIII) 78 Less than $h,000 20 $h,000 to th,99 20 $3,000 or more 38 Variable Number 1.h Family income (Table XIV) 30 Less than $5,000 31 $5,000 or more #9 1.5 Family income (Table XV) 80 Less than $5,000 3 $3,000 to $3.996 28 $0,000 or more 21 2. .Activity in Voluntary Organ- izations 2.1 Number of organizations belonged to (Table XVI) 80 One or less 05 Two or more 15 Number of organizations be- longed to, excluding unions It, 0 r0 (Table XVII 80 None 64 One or more 16 2.3 Number of meetings attended per year (Table XVIII) 80 Three or less 45 Four or more 3; 3. Contact with Anglos 3.]. EthniCity' Of ldfe (Table 3:3) ~1 ‘3‘ Mexican 68 Anglo 11 3.2 Number of.Anglo best friends (Table XX) 80 None 61 One or more 13 '1 '3 1H: J I ,~- ,. .° .1.° 3.3 number of Anglo organization meetings attended per year (Table XXI) 80 One or less #8 Two or more 32 Variable Number 3.h Number of friendly Anglo neighbors (Table XXII) 8 One or less Two or more jib? 3.5 Degree of Anglo participation in recreation (Table XXIII) 80 None A3 Some 37 h. Ethnic Cultural Traits 4.01 Fluency in English (Table XXIV) 80 Little 13 Some 67 h.02 Language used in conversation 36 with wife (Table XXV) 80 hainly Spanish 52 Equally or Mainly English 28 b.03 Language used in conversation Q with children (Table XXVI) 77“ Mainly Spanish 50 Equally or Mainly English 27 h.0h Expressed food preference (Table XXVII) 80 Mexican only 59 Anglo or both 21 b.05 Frequency of eating tortillas per day (Table XXVIII) 50 Once or more 55 Less than once 25 36This includes the reSpondent living with his aunt rather than a wife, since the interest is in the language Spoken in the family. 57This excludes cases of no children or none old enough to participate in conversation. \n 0\ Variable Number h.06 Frequency of eating chile per day (Table XXIX) 80 Once or more 5 Less than once 35 b.07 Frequency of eating frijoles per day (Table XXX) 80 Once or more 50 Less than once 30 4.08 Number of folk medicines recognized (Table XXXI) so Five or less 23 Six or Seven 33 Eight or Nine 2h h.09 Dominant pattern in choice of three most important holidays (Table XXXII) 80 Mexican 3h Neutral 22 Anglo 2h h.10 Number of (two) Mexican holidays 38 for which basis known (Table XXXIII) VBJ None 25 One 36 Two 17 h.ll Daily newspaper subscription (Table XXXIV) 8O Absent 32 Present #8 h.l2 Preference for place of burial (Table XXXV) 80 No preference Ah Preference 36 381n two cases, wives interjected correct responses making it impossible to classify respondents' knowledge. Variable Number h.13 Desire for children to grow up to be just like Anglos (Table XXXVI) 78J9 No 21+ Yes and No 35 Yes 19 The folk medicines were selected from among those found to be most frequently recognized by Mexican women in Saginaw, kichigan, as reported in the writer's unpublished M.A. thesis (A Comparison of Folk Health Beliefs and Practices Between Ladino Women of Denver, Colorado and Saginaw: Michigan, Michigan State University, 1959). Respondents were asked to state the holidays which they per- sonally considered the most important. host reSponded with the names of at least three, and so it was decided to classify them according to the pattern of the first three which they mentioned. Some of the holidays were clearly hexican (the 16th of September and 5th of May, commemorating independence from, respectively, the Spanish and the French); others were abviously Anglo (such as the hth of July and Thanksgiving Day); while others were clearly religious (such as Christmas and Easter.) Those who mentioned two Mexican holidays were classified as having a Mexican pattern and those who mentioned two Anglo holidays were classified as having an Anglo pattern, irrespective of the third choice. Those who mentioned only religious holidays, or nne Mexican, one Anglo, and one religious holiday, or who insisted they considered no holidays important, were classified as neutral. 39In two cases with very young children, respondents refused to answer. 8 \J1 But there is a special problem in connection with an often- mentioncd holiday: the 12th of December, the Day of the Virgin of Guadalupe. This day, commemorating the appearance of the dark—skinned Virgin to a humble Indian boy in 1531, is far more than simply a Catholic holiday. The Virgin of Guadalupe is not only the patron saint of Mexico in a religious sense--she symbolizes and arouses in.Mexicans the most fervent patriotism for Mexico. More than one priest has expressed the Opinion to the writer that the statement in Latin at the shrine of the Virgin "what she has done for this nation she had done for no other,‘ is far less in keeping with the doctrine of the universalistic Roman Catholic Church than with Mexican patriotism. Anglo (Roman) Catholics, of course, would not cite this day as one of the most important holidays. Thus, for present purposes, it was decided to classify this holiday as a Mexican holiday rather than a religious one. Results We now proceed to discuss the results of the tests of the hypotheses (see Chapter I and Appendix II) Operationalized into the specific independent and dependent variables representing, respect- ively, the factors hypothesized to influence acculturation, and the four dimensions into which acculturation is conceptualized in this study. The results of the tests are presented in the text, dimension by dimension and table by table, in terms of the independent variables which, to a statistically significant (at the .05 level of signi- ficance or less) or possibly significant (between the .05 and .10 levels of significance) extent influence acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to the specific dependent variable under consideration. 59 .An independent variable not listed is neither significantly nor possibly significantly related to the dependent variable in question. Factors in Differential Acculturation in the First Dimension: Position in the Occupational Structure Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with reSpect to last occupation (Table XI):I‘LO l. (7) Number of years in.migrant stream 2. (9) Part of life in migrant stream 3. (19) Part of life resident in Lansing h. (2h) English fluency 5. (28) Work income Variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to last occupation (Table XI): 1. (A) Birthplace 2. (11) Age at first residence in urban North 3. (26) Service in armed forces hoThis and similar succeeding statements are briefer substitutes for the following more precise but expanded one: "The distribution of respondents classified with reSpect to last occupation as a dependent variable deviated in the direction hypothesized from.a random.dis- tribution to a statistically significant extent with reSpect to one or more categorizations of the following independent variables:". The numbers in parentheses refer to the numbers assigned to the in— dependent variables on pagm 93-51. .A high correlation exists among last occupation, income from work, and family income. Since these are not only Obviously related, but in this study are employed as operationalizations of the same dimension of acculturation (position in the occupational structure), their relationship is not discussed as one between independent and dependent variables. 60 (be variable possibly significantly influences acculturation in a direction refuting the hypothesis with respect to last occupation (Table XI) : 1. (1) General appearance Variables significantly influencing acculturation with reSpect to income from work (Tables XII and XIII) :1L1 1. 2. (7) Number of years in migrant stream (8) Part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing (9) Part of life in migrant stream (10) Age at first residence in North (12) Number of years in urban North (13) Part of life in urban North (17) Age at first residence in Lansing (18) Number of years residence in Lansing (19) Part of life residence in Lansing (27) Occupation (29) Famdly income Variables possibe significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to income from work (Tables XII and XIII): hlln Table XIII a significant result occurs with respect to the trichotomization of skin color (2.2). But since this derives mainly from a concentration of respondents at the two extremes of income in the "medium" category of skin color, whereas the distributions in the lightest and darkest skin color categories are pmportionately almost identical, this result is not included as one supporting the hypothesis that lighter skin color makes for greater acculturation. l. (3).Age 2. (11) Age at first residence in urban North 3. (20) Number of years in agricultural work Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with reSpect to family income (Tables XIV and XV): l. (10) Age first residence in North 2. (13) Part of life in urban North 3. (1h) Part of life, age 5-20, in urban residence h. (18) Number of years residence in Lansing 5. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing o. (20) NUmber of years in agricultural work 7. (28) Work income Variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with reSpect to family income (Tables XIV and XV): 1. (3) me he 2. (5) Rain residence, ages 5-20, United States South 3. (12) Number of years residence in urban North #2"United States South" is designated in this case because it is the category whose income distribution, compared to that of the category ”United States North”, tends to support the hypothesis. But the hypothesis is not supported by the distribution of respondents whose main residence was hexico: their distribution in the income categories is almost exactly like that of the reapondents whose main residence was in the "United States North". Thus, the indication is that with respect to family income respondents tend to be penalized more, to a possibly significant extent, by growing up in the United States Southwest (mainly Texas) than by growing up in Mexico. On the other hand, it should be noted (Table x11, 5.2) that only in the category of respondents raised mainly in Hexico do less than half have factory jobs as their last occupation, that (Table XII, 4.1) those born in Mexico are less represented in factory jobs to a possibly significant extent. 5. ‘/ L). (16) Part of life in urban residence (;;) Part of life in agricultural work (27)Occupation Thus, we have found that the Specific variables representing the first dimension of acculturation, position in the occupational structure, are significantly influenced in the direction hypo- thesized by the following variables: 1. 12.. (7) Number of years in migrant stream (8) Part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing (9) Part of life in migrant stream (10) Age at first residence in North (12) Number of years in urban North (13)Fart of life in urban North (1%) Part of life, age 5-20, in urban residence (17) Age at first residence in Lansing (18) Number of years residence in Lansing (19) Part of life residence in Lansing (20) Number of years in agricultural work (2h) English fluency In other words, relatively high position in the occupational structure tends to occur, to a statistically significant extent, among respondents who have had less experience in the migrant stream, younger age at first residence in the North, longer residence in the urban North, a greater part of their youth in urban residence, earlier age at first residence in Lansing, longer residence in Lansing, less experience in agricultural work, and greater fluency in Speaking English. 63 In addition, position in the occupational structure is found to be possibly significantly influenced in the direction hypothe- sized by the following variableszu3 1. (u) Birthplace 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20, United States South 3. (11) Age at first residence in urban North h. (16) Part of life in urban residence 5. (22) Part of life in agricultural work 8. (26) Service in armed forces In other words, excluding variables already noted to signifi- cantly influence this first dimension of acculturation, relatively high position in the occupational structure tends to occur, to a possibly significant extent, among respondents who did not spend their youth in the United States South, who began residence in the urban North at a younger age, who have longer experience in general urban residence, and who have served in the armed forces of the United States. But, contrary to the hypothesis, respondents of general European appearance tend to concentrate, to a possibly significant extent, more in construction and less in factory jobs. h3Tables XIII to XV ShOW'a possibly significant tendency for older respondents to have higher income than younger respondents. This is certainly to be expected--in fact, that this is not a statis- tically significant difference between the age groups is a noteworthy commentary on the confinement of Mexicans to the ranks of unskilled labor. But this tendency goes counter to the hypothesis for which age was adopted as an independent variable, namely that younger respondents would show more acculturation, higher occupational position, in this case Operationalized as higher income. Therefore, this possibly significant result is not included as tending to support the hypothesis regarding acculturation. To summarize in most general form, the factors which seem to influence position in the occupational structure in the way hypo- thesized are residence, differential experience in agricultural work, fluency in English, and, possibly, service in the armed forces (and general appearance in a way opposite to that hypothesized). Factors in Differential Acculturation in the Second Dimension: .Activity in Voluntary Organizations Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to number of organizations in which respondents had membership (Table XVI): None variables significantly influencing acculturation in a way refuting the hypothesis with respect to number of organization in which respondents had membership (Table XVI): 1. (11) Age first residence in urban North 2. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 3. (21) Number of years in agricultural work In addition to these variables which significantly influence acculturation in a way refuting the hypotheses, a similar refuting tendency to a possibly significant extent is exhibited by two other variables when trichotomized: general appearance (1.2) and age (3.2). While none of the respondents of general EurOpean appearance belong to two or more organizations, over a fourth of those with Nexican appearance do, as do a third of those of South European appearance. And only one of the 22 respondents under age 30 belongs to two or more organizations, while over a fourth of those over that u, age do. As discussed more fully in the concluding chapter, this is probably because so many of these organizations are Kexican ethnic organizations. When this same variable of organizational membership is examined with union membership excluded, the same tendency to refute the hypo- thesis is found. Variables significantly influencing acculturation in a way refuting the hypothesis with respect to number of organizations (excluding unions) in which respondents had membership (Table XVII): l. (l) General appearance 2. (17) Age at first residence in Lansing Variables possibly significantly influencing acc turation in a way refuting the hypothesis with respect to number of organizations (excluding unions) in which respondents had membership (Table XVII): 1. (ll) Age first residence in urban North 2. (20) Number of years in agricultural work When frequency of attendance at meetings is examined as a dependent variable, some hypotheses tend to be supported and some are refuted. Variables possibly significantly influencing accultur- ation in a way supporting the hypothesis with respect to frequency of attendance at organization meetings (Table XVIII): l. (13) Part of life in urban North 2. (27) Occupation Variables significantly influencing acculturation in a way refuting the hypothesis with respect to frequency of attendance at organiza- tion meetings (Table XVIII): 1. (10) Age first residence in North Variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation in a way 66 refuting the hypothesis with respect to frequency of attendance at organization meetings: 1. (11) Age first residence in urban North 2. (17) Age first residence in Lansing Thus, we find that the Specific variables representing the second dimension of acculturation, activity in voluntary organizations, are significantly influenced in the direction hypothesized by none of the variables proposed. The only support for any of the hypotheses is to a possibly significant extent with respect to the following variables: 1. (13) Part of life in urban North 2. (27) Occupation The specific variables representing activity in voluntary organizations mainly tend to be influenced by independent variables in a direction refuting the hypotheses. This is the case to a signi- ficant extent with respect to the following variables: 1. (1) General appearance 2. (10) Age first residence in the North 3. (ll).Age first residence in urban North h. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 5. (20) Number of years in agricultural work In addition, age (3) tends to refute the hypothesis to a possibly significant extent. In other words, supporting the hypotheses, but only to a possibly significant extent, it is found that greater activity in voluntary organizations occurs among reSpondents who resided longer in the urban North and Who anefactory workers. But significantly refuting the hypothesis, greater activity in voluntary organizations 57 is found among respondents who are not like the general European physical type (i.e., are like southern Europeans or Mexicans); were ._a relatively old at first residence in the North, urban North, and in Lansing; worked a greater number‘of years in agriculture, and, possibly, were older at the time of interviewing. To summarize in most general form, the factors which seem to influence activity in voluntary organizations to a significant extent are appearance, residence, and experience in agricultural work--all in ways refuting the hypotheses. Possibly influencing this dimension in this same way is age of reSpondent. Possibly supporting the hypo- thesis are two variables: (one aspect of) residence and occupation. Factor in Differential Acculturation in the Third Dimension: Contacts with Anglos variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to ethnicity of wife (Table XIX): 1. (2) Skin color 2. (10) Age first residence in North, less than 25 yearsm‘L 3. (11) Age first residence in urban North h. (12) Number of years in urban North 5. (13) Part of life in urban North 6. (17) Age first residence in Lansing héActually, Anglo wives are concentrated in the category of respondents who first resided in the North between the ages of 15 and 2h. Thus, the hypothesis that reSpondents first residing in the North at younger ages will tend to have Anglo wives is supported only with respect to an age division at 25, not, for example, at 15. Hence the special designation of age 25. 38 T. (18) Number of years residence in Lansing 8. 9. 10. ll. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing (22) Part of life working in agriculture (28) Work income (29) Family income In addition, variable 16, part of life in urban residence, is pos- sibly significant in this regard. Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- ‘r-r sized with respect to number of Anglo best friends (Table AA : (6) Part of life in.Mexico before residence in Lansing (13) Part of life in urban North (19) Part of life residence in Lansing (2h) Fluenqy in English (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing (28) Work income In addition, possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with reSpect to number of.Anglo best friends are the following variables (Table XX): (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 (10) Age first residence in North (ll) Age first residence in urban North (17) Age first residence in Lansing (26) Service in armed forces (29) Family income Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with reSpect to frequency of attendance at organization meetings with Anglo members (Table XXI): (39 1. (13) Part of life in urban North 2. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing 3. (27) Occupation In addition, variable 28, work income, is possibly significant in this regard. Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to number of friendly Angloneighbors (Table XXII): 1. (19) Part of life resident in Lansing 2. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to number of friendly .Anglo neighbors (Table 36211)}+5 1. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing 2. (23) Grade of school completed One variable which possibly significantly tends to refute the hypothesis is religion (30): more Catholics than Protestants tend to have two or more friendly.Anglo neighbors. variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with reSpect to Anglo participation in recreation (Table XXIII): 1. (3) Ase 2. (h) Birthplace 3. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 h5A.possibly significant result is Obtained with respect to the trichotomized variable "part of life worked in agriculture” (22.2). But since this result seems to derive mainly from the middle category-- .2 to less than .h--while the distributions in the two more extreme categories are not markedly different, this result is not cited as one supporting the hypothesis. TO (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing (10) Age first residence in North (ll) Age first residence in urban North (17) Age first residence in Lansing (20) Number of years in agricultural work (22) Part of life in agricultural work (23) Grade of school completed (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to Anglo participation in recreation (Table XXIII): l. 2. (13) Part of life in urban North (21) Part of life working in agriculture before residence in Lansing (2h) Fluency in English (26) Service in armed forces (29) Family income The Specific variables representing the third dimension of acculturation, contacts with Anglos, are significantly influenced in the direction hypothesized by the following variables: (2) Skin color (3) Age (A) Birthplace (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing (10) Age first residence in North (ll) Age first residence in urban North 71 Number of years in urban North Part of life in urban North .Age at first residence in Lansing Number of years residence in Lansing Part of life residence in Lansing Number of years in agricultural work Part of life in agricultural work Grade of school completed Fluency in English Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing Occupation Work income Family income In addition, the following variables possibly significantly in- fluence acculturation as hypothesized in this dimension: 1. 4. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing (16) Part of life in urban residence (21) Part of life in agricultural work before working in Lansing (26) Service in armed forces. One variable, religion (30), influences one aspect of accultur- ation in this dimension in a direction refuting the hypothesis to a possibly significant extent. In other words, relatively more contact with Anglos tends to occur, to a statistically significant extent, in one form or another, ’J. among respondents who are lighter in skin color, younger, born in the 72 United States, had their main residence when young in the United States, especially in the North, lived for a shorter time in Mexico before com- ing to Lansing, came to the North and the urban North at a younger age, resided longer in urban North, first came to Lansing at a younger age, resided for a longer time in Lansing, worked for a shorter time in agriculture, completed a higher grade of school, are relatively fluent in English, had greater contact with Anglos before coming to Lansing, had factory Jobs as last occupation, and had higher work and family income. ' In addition, excluding variables already noted to significantly influence acculturation in this third dimension, relatively greater contact with Anglos is found, to a possible significant extent, among respondents with a greater period of urban residence and some service in the armed forces. And, Opposing the hypothesis to a possibly significant extent, a greater number of Catholics than Protestants report two or more friendly neighbors . Factors in Differential Acculturation in the Fourth Dimension: Ethnic Cultural Traits Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to fluency in English (Table xx1v):“5 1- (3) Age 2. (h) Birthplace 3. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing A. (10) Age first residence in North 5. (11) Age first residence in urban North 6. (17) Age first residence in Lansing “6A significant result is obtained with respect to the tricho- tomized variable "number of years in the urban North" (12). But this result seems to derive mainly from the middle cate o "10 to l ears" and so is not cited in the text. 3 ”V 5 y : 73 7. (23) Grade of school completed 8. (2S) ‘Jype of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 9. (26) Service in amed forces 10. (27) Occupation In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to fluency in English (Table HIV) :1)7 l. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 2. (11+) Part of life, ages 5-20, in urban residence 3. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to language used in conversation with wife (Table XXV): 1- (3) Age 2. (S) Main residence, ages 5-20 3. (6) Part of life in Mexico before resident in Lansing 1+. (10) has first resident in North 5. (11) Age first residence in urban North 6. (13) Part of life in urban North 7. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 8. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing 9. (20) Number of years in agricultural work 10. ((21) Part of life in agricultural work before working in Lansing I”A possibly significant result is obtained with respect to "part of life in migrant stream" (8). But this result seems to derive mainly from the middle category "none to less than .1" and is not included as bearing on the Impothesis. 71+ 11. (22) Part of life in agricultural work 12. (23) Grade of school completed 13. (21+) Fluency in English 11+. (25) Me of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 15. (28) Work income 16. (29) Family income In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to language used in con- versation with wife (Table m): l. (7) Number of years in migrant stream 2. (8) Part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing ‘3. (9) Part of life in migrant stream 1i. (27) Occupation Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to language used in conversation with children (Table XXVI): l. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 2. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing 3. (10) Age first residence in North 1|». (ll) Age first residence in urban North 5. (13) Part of life in urban North 6. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing Variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to language used in conversation with children (Table XXVI): l. (h) Birthplace 75 2. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 3. (20) Number of’years in agricultural work h. (24) Fluency in English variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to expressed food preference (Table xxvn):l*8 l. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 2. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing 3. (26) Service in armed forces In addition, possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to food preference is place of birth (h). Ecssibly significantly influencing acculturation with respect to food.preference, but in a direction refuting the hypothesis are the following variables (Table xxvn): 1. (3) Age 2. (1h) Part of life, ages 5-20, in urban residence 3. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to frequency of eating tortillas (Table mm): 1. (11) Age first residence in urban North 2. (13) Part of life in urban North 3. (16) Part of life in urban residence h. (20) Number of’years in agricultural work th significant result is obtained with respect to the tri- chotomized variable "exude of school completed" (23). But this re- sult seems to derive mainly from the middle category "3rd to 7th grade" , and so is not included. 76 5. (2h) Fluency in English 6. (26) Service in armed forces In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to frequency of eating tortillas (Table XXVIII): 1. (2) Skin color 2. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing 3. (1%) Part of life, .ages 5-20, in urban residence 1+. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing 5. (19) Part of life residence in Lansing 6. (22) Bart of life in agricultural work 7. (23) Grade of school completed 8. (29) Family income Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to frequency of eating shilg (Table xx1x):h9 l. (h) Birthplace 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 3. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing ll». (25) lype of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 5. (28) Work income Two variables influence acculturation with reapect to frequency of eating ghilg'but in a direction refuting the hypothesis: (12) number of years in urban North, to a significant extent and (18) “3A significant result was obtained with respect to the tricho- tomized variable "part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing" (15). But this result seems to derive mainly from the dis- tribution in the middle category ".2 to less than .9" and is not included. 77 number*of‘years residence in Lansing, to a possibly significant extent. In addition, several variables influence acculturation as hypo- thesized with respect to frequency of eating ghilg to a possibly significant extent (Table XXIX): 1. (23) Grade of school completed, 7th grade or higher50 2. (26) Service in armed forces 3. (29) Family income 'With respect to frequency of eating friJoles, only one variable influences acculturation as hypothesized to a significant extent (Table XXX): (25) type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing. But another variable significantly influences acculturation in this regard in a direction refuting the hypothesis: '(30) religion. Significantly more Protestants report eating frijoles more frequently than do Catholics. In addition, possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with respect to frequency of eating frigoles is (26) service in armed forces. Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to recognition of selected folk medicines (Table XXXI): l. (2) Skin color 2- (3) Age 3. (1+) Birthplace 50The designation "Tth grade or higher" refers to the fact that the hypothesis is not supported if distributions are compared above and below a lower grade level. 78 h. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 5. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing 6. (7) Number of years in migrant stream 7. (8) Part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing 8. (9) Part of life in migrant stream 9. (10) Age first residence in North 10. (11) Age first residence in urban North ll. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 12. (20) Number of years in agricultural work 13. (21) Part of life in agricultural work before working in Lansing 1h. (22) Part of life in agricultural work 15. (23) Grade of school completed 16. (2h) Fluency in English 17. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing But two variables significantly influence acculturation with respect to the number of folk medicines recognized in a direction refuting the hypothesis: 1. (12) Number of years in urban North 2. (18) Number of years residence in Lansingsl Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized 5lIn addition, possibly significant result was obtained with respect to variable 13, "part of life in urban North". But this result seemed to derive mainly from the middle category of the tri- chotomized dependent variable "six or seven medicines" and so is not included. . 79 with respect to pattern of holiday choice (Table xxxn):52 1. (u) Birthplace 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing 4:00 (10) Age first residence in North (20) Number of years in agricultural work O\\J‘I (23) Grade of school completed 7. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 8. (26) Service in armed forces In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as twpothesized with respect to pattern of holiday choices (Table XXXII): 1. (2) Skin color 2- (3) Age 3. (11) Age first residence in urban North Variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respect to knowledge of basis for celebrating May 5 and. September 16 (Table XXXIII): 1. (1+) Birthplace 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 3. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing h. (10) Age first residence in North 2 5 Significant or possibly significant results are not included because of the previously discussed effect of the "middle category" with respect to the trichotomized variables (7) "number of years in migrant stream", (8) "part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing", and (9) "part of life in migrant stream". 80 5. (11) Age first residence in urban North 6. (17) Age first residence in Lansing But two variables significantly influence acculturation with respect to knowledge of basis for celebratinngay 5 and September 16 in a direction refuting the hypothesis (Table mm): 1. (7) Number of years in migrant stream 2. (28) Work income In addition, possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized in this regard are two variables: (12) number of years in urban North and (20) number of'years in agricultural work. (The latter, however, is not only dubious because of "middle cate- gory" ambiguities, but holds for the direction hypothesized only if the distribution compared is taken in the category "9 or more years".) variables significantly influencing acculturation as hypothe- sized with respeet to subscribing to a newspaper (Table mm): 1- (3) Age 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 3. (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing h. (lO).Age first residence in North 5. (11) Age first residence in urban North 6. (12) Number of years in urban North 7. (17) Age first residence in Lansing 8. (20) Number of years in agricultural work 9. (23) Grade of school completed 10. (21+) Fluency in English 11. (27) Occupation 12. (29) Family income 81 In addition, variables possibly significantly influencing acculturation as hypothesized with reapect to subscriptions to a newspaper (Table XXXIV): 1. (1+) Birthplace 2. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing with respect to preference of burial place (Table xxxv) the only variable having amt influence on acculturation is (30) religion. To a statistically significant extent, as hypothesized, Protestants indicate no preference. With respect to responses to the question (Table XXXVI) "Would you like your children to grow up to be Just like Anglos?", no statistically significant influence by any variable is found. But one possibly significant variable influencing acculturation as hypo- thesized in this regard is (18) number of years resident in Lansing. However, two variables influence acculturation in a direction refuting the hypothesis to a possibly significant extent: 1- (3) Age 2. (9) Part of life in migrant stream his fourth dimension of acculturation contains so many specific dependent variables that a list of the independent variables signi- ficantly related to any of them as hypothesized would include all of the thirty independent variables tested, except for the following: 1. (1) General appearance 2. (11+) Part of life in urban residence 3. (15) Part of life in urban residence before residence in Lansing h. (18) Number of years residence in Lansing 82 However, it does seem.worthwhile to attempt some kind of sum- mary statement of the independent variables which most significantly influence acculturation in this dimension of ethnic cultural traits. One way in which this can be done is in terms of the number of dependent variables representing acculturation with which each in- dependent variable is significantly associated as hypothesized. But a difficulty in this approach is that some of the dependent variables are Obviously more closely related to each other than others. For example, consider fluency in English, language used in conversation with wife, and expressed food preference. The first two would be far'more likely to be associated to a significant extent than either with the third. So, for the task at hand, in order to avoid over-representation of those ethnic cultural traits represented by several closely related specific variables, it seems advisable to group these variables into the following seven categories (with the specific variables included designated where necessary by decimal numbers under the appropriate category): 1. Language habits 1.1 Fluency in English 1.2 Language used in conversation with wife 1.3 Language used in conversation with children 2. Food habits 2.1 Expressed food preference 2.2 Frequency of eating tortillas per day 2.3 Frequency of eating ghile per day 2.h Frequency of eating friJoles per day 5. 6. T. 83 Folk medicines 3.1 Number of folk medicines recognized Holidays h.l Dominant pattern in choice of three most important holidays h.2 Number of (two) Mexican holidays for which basis was known Newspaper subscription Burial preference Desire for children to grow up to be Just like Anglos A ranking of the independent variables is now presented based on the number of these seven categories with which they are signi- ficantly related. The following independent variables are significantly related as mrpothesized to five of the seven categories of dependent vari- ables Operationalizing the fourth dimension of acculturation, ethnic cultural traits: 1. 2. (5) Main residence, ages 5-20 (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Iansing 3. (11) Age first residence in urban North h. (20) Number of years in agricultural work The following independent variables are significantly related as hypothesized to four of the seven categories of dependent vari- ables : l. 2. 3. (1+) Birthplace (10) Age first residence in North (17) Age first residence in Lansing h. 5. 6. 8h (23) Grade of school completed (at) Fluency in English (25) Hype of contact with Anglos before working in Iansing The following independent variables are siglificantly related as typothesized to three of the seven categories of dependent vari- ables : 1. 2. 3. (3) Age (26) Service in armed forces (27) Last occupation The following independent variables are significantly related as hypothesized to two of the seven categories of dependent variables: 1. 2. 3. 1+. S. (13) Part of life in urban North (21) Part of life working in agriculture before working in Lansing (22) Part of life in agricultural work (28) Work income (29) Family income The following independent variables are significantly related as hypothesized to one of the seven categories of dependent variables: (2) Skin color (7) Number of years in migrant stream (8) Part of life in migrant stream before resident in Iansing (9) Part of life in migrant stream (12) Number of years in urban North (16) Part of life in urban residence (19) Part of life residence in Lansing (30) Religion 85 In a way refuting the mpothesis, the following independent variable is significantly related to two of the seven categories of dependent variables: 1. (12) Number of years in urban North In a way refuting the mrpothesis, the following independent variables are significantly related to one of the categories of dependent variables: 1. (7) Number of years in migrant stream 2. (18) Number of years resident in Lansing 3. (28) Work income h. (30) Religion Thus, at least four of the seven categories of dependent vari- ables in this fourth dimension of acculturation are significantly influenced as hypothesized by residential history, experience in agricultural work, occupational position, grade of school completed, fluency in English, and type of contact with Anglos before working in Iansing. The results of this chapter are summarized in Tables XXXVII to XL in Appendix III. CHAPTER V RELATIONS AMONG INDEPENDENT VARIABLES REPRESENTING FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCULTURATION In Chapter Iv a number of independent variables, representing various factors, were found to influence acculturation as hypothe- sized with reSpect to the specific variables Operationalizing the four dimensions of acculturation. But with several independent variables significantly influencing the same dependent variable, there is the possibility that the effect of one independent variable derives from its association with another rather than because of its own relationship to the dependent variable . Unfortunately, as dis- cussed previously (Chapter II), the sample size of 80 is too small for one to have much confidence in statistical tests involving more than two variables--attempting to control or hold constant with re- spect to a third variable results in cells with too few cases to warrant confidence in the results. However, some light can be thrown on this matter by examining the relations among those independent variables which most frequently (and concurrently) significantly influence the dependent variables representing the dimensions of acculturation. As shown below, some of these independent variables are related to a significant extent in the same direction influencing acculturation. When two or more of these related independent variables also influence acculturation 86 87 significantly with respect to the same specific dependent variable, the small sample used in this study does not permit a more precise conclusion than that one 1‘29] 23 the other of these independent vari- ables are/ is responsible for the significant effect. First, then, it is necessary to select the independent variables which most frequently significantly influence acculturation within each of the dimensions of acculturation. But this leads to the same difficulty encountered at the end of the previous chapter: some of the dependent variables are so closely related that to treat them as distinct categories would lead to an over-representation. To avoid this, the same technique of grouping variables into categories is employed. The same seven groupings of variables into categories to represent the fourth dimension of acculturation (see page 82) are used here. The five specific variables of the third dimensions are left as distinct categories, but those in the first two dimensions are grouped as follows (with the Specific variables designated where necessary by decimal numbers): 1. Occupation 2. Income 2.1 Work income 2.2 Family incane 3. Organizational membership 3.1 Number of organizations belonged to 3.2 Number of organizations belonged to, excluding unions 1+. Attendance at organizational meetings A legitimate alternative would be to classify attendance at organizational meetings as a variable in the third category rather 88 than as a separate category. It seemed preferable to treat it as a distinct category because of the large number of respondents who belong to organizations and yet do not attend meetings often or at all. In other words, despite the logical implication, empirically membership in voluntary organizations has relatively little influence on the differential frequency of attending meetings. llaus, for the purpose at hand, there results a total of 16 categories of variables representing acculturation, two in the first dimension, two in the second, five in the third, and seven in the fourth dimension of acculturation. A Similar re-grouping is necessary to avoid over-representation among the specific independent variables representing the factors hypothesized to influence acculturation. For example, dark skin color is much more empirically associated with a general Mexican appearance (as Opposed to Anglo) than with a category of age or service in the armed forces. And often, several specific variables represent the same aspect of a general factor such as residence: e.g., age first resident in Iansing, number Of years resident in Iansing, part of life resident in Iansing. Thus, the 30 specific independent variables are grouped into the following 15 categories of independent variables (with the specific variables designated where necessary in the usual manner): 1. Appearance 1.1 (1) General appearance 1.2 (2) Skin color 2. (3) Age 3. Residence by country 89 3.1 (h) Birthplace 3.2 (5) Main residence, age 5-20 3.3 (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Lansing Eacperience in migrant stream h.l (7) Number of years in migrant stream 1&2 (8) Part of life in migrant stream before residence in Lansing h. 3 (9) Part of life in migrant stream Residence in North 5.1 (10) Age first residence in North 5.2 (11) Age first residence in urban North 5.3 (12) Nmber of years in urban North 5.h (13) Part of life in urban NOrth General urban residence 6.1 (1%) Part of life, ages 5-20, in urban residence 6.2 (15) Part of life in urban residence befbre residence in Lansing 6.3 (16) Part of life in urban residence Residence in Iansing 7.1 (17) Age first residencein Lansing 7.2 (18) Number of years residence in Iansing 7.3 (19) Part of life residence in Lansing Experience in agricultural work 8.1 (20) Number of years in agricultural work 8.2 (21) Part of life working in agriculture before working in Lansing 8.3 (22) Part of life in agricultural work 90 9. (23) Grade of school completed 10. (2h) Fluency in English 11. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 12.. (26) Service in.armed forces 13. (27) Occupation 1%. Income 1h.1 (28)'Work income 14.2 (29) Famin income 15. (30) Religious affiliation The relations among the independent variables found to most fre- quently significantly influence the categories of acculturation--and thus most likely to be associated among themselves--are examdned within each dimension separately. The statistical tests bearing on this subject are presented in.Appendix IV, Tables XLI to Lx. In the first dimension of acculturation two categories of dependent variables are considered: occupation and income. Only two of the 15 categories of independent variables are represented by specific independent variables which significantly influence acculturation as hypothesized in'both categories of dependent variables: experience in migrant stream.and residence in Lansing. In the former case, two of the specific variables (7 and 9) signi- ficantly influence both occupation and income, and so‘both are employed.here. Residence in the North, although not significantly influencing'both occupation and income does include two specific variables (10 and 13) which significantly influence acculturation with respect to both work and family income, and are included, out of interest. Thus, the variable categories and specific independent 91 variables most frequently significantly influencing acculturation as mpothesized in this first dimension are as follows: 1. Experience in migrant stream (7) Number of years in migrant stream (9) Part of life in migrant stream 2. Residence in North (10) Age first residence in North (13) Part of life in urban North 3. Residence in Lansing (19) Part of life residence in Lansing From Tables XLI to XLIII, we note no significant association between experience in the migrant stream and either residence in the North or residence in Lansing. However, not unexpectably, a signi- ficant relationship is seen between longer residence in the North and longer residence in Lansing. In the second dimension of acculturation, it should be remembered, most of the influences on acculturation are in a direction Opposite to that hypothesized. But this requires no change in the procedure em- ployed in this chapter, since the influence of the independent vari- ables is in the same direction. However, inapection shows that none of the independent variables significantly influences acculturation with respect to both of the variable categories in this dimension, organizational membership and attendance at organizational meetings. In order to provide some examination of the inter-relationship of the independent variables most significant for acculturation in this dimension, the following procedure is adopted: variables are selected when they significantly or possibly significantly influence 92 acculturation in a way opposite to that hypothesized with reapect to any two of the three Specific independent variables Operationalizing this dimension. 'With this procedure the following variable categories and specific variables are selected: 1. Appearance (1) General appearance 2. Residence in NOrth (11) Age first residence in urban North 3. Residence in Lansing (17).Age first residence in Lansing h. Experience in agricultural work (20) Number of'years in agricultural work Emmi-atlas XLIV to XLVI, we note no significant relationship between appearance and any of the other variables. But significant relationships are found'between older age at first residence in the urban NOrth and‘both older age at first residence in Lansing and longer experience in agricultural work, as well as between older age and the latter two variables. In the third dimension of acculturation, it will be recalled, the five specific variables are accepted as five distinct variable categories. Independent variables are selected for examination for relationship to other independent variables if they significantly influence acculturation with respect to two or'more of the five vari- ables representing acculturation in this dimension. If, within a single one of the 15 independent variable categories, two or’more of the specific independent variables meet this criterion, then the one significantly influencing the greatest number of dependent variables 93 is selected. (Significant association among the specific variables within any variable category is assumed.) under this procedure, the following independent variable categories and specific variables are selected for examination: 1. Residence by country (6) Part of life in.Mexico‘before residence in Lansing 2. Residence in North (13) Part of life in urban North 3. Residence in Lansing (19) Part of life residence in Lansing h. Experience in agricultural work (22) Part of life in agricultural work 5. (25) ‘Iype of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 6. Income (28)‘Wbrk income From Tables XLIII and XLVII to L1, we see that longer residence in the North, longer residence in Lansing, and higher work income are each significantly related to the other. Longer residence in the North and less experience in agricultural work are also significantly related, but longer residence in Lansing and less experience in agricultural work are associated only to a possibly significant ex- tent. Longer residence ianexico and less contact with Anglos be- fore working in Lansing are also related to a significant extent. In the fourth dimension of acculturation, it will be recalled, seven categories of dependent variables were decided upon. The criterion for selecting an independent variable for'purposes of this chapter is that it significantly influence acculturation with respect 94 to at least three of the seven dependent variable categories. Ties within a particular category of independent variables are resolved by selecting the variable significantly influencing the greatest number of first, dependent variable categories, and second, specific dependent variables. With this procedure as many as 10 of the 15 independent variable categories are represented, as follows: 1~ (3) Ase 2. Residence by country (6) Part of life in Mexico before residence in Iansing 3. Residence in North (11) Age first residence in urban North 1+. Residence in Lansing (17) Age first residence in Iansing 5. Experience in agricultural work (20) Number of years in agricultural work . (23) Grade of school completed 6 7. (2h) Fluency in English 8. (25) Type of contact with Anglos before working in Lansing 9 (26) Service in armed forces 10. (27) Occupation From Tables XLV, XLVI, and LII to DC, we see associations among independent variables somewhat more complex than previously noted. Significantly related to each other are older age, longer residence in Mexico, older age at first residence in the urban North and in Iansing, lower grade of school canpleted, and less fluency in English. Similarly, older age, older age at first residence in the urban North and in Lansing, and longer experience in agricultural work, are also 95. significantly related to each other. Higher grade of school com- pleted, closer pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, and some service in armed forces are also significantly inter-related, and these three are also each significantly associated with less experience in agricultural work and greater fluency in English, although these latter two are not significantly related. In addition, longer residence in Mexico and no service in United States armed forces are significantly related, as are less fluency in English and employment in construction work. There is a.possibly significant relationship between no service in the armed forces and construction work. To summarize this chapter in general terms: the specific in- dependent variables hypothesized to influence acculturation.may be considered to have been grouped into the following ten general categories: 1. Physical appearance 2. .Age 3. Residential.history 4. Experience in.agricultural work 5. Occupational position 6. Grade of school completed 7. Fluency in English 8. Type of’pre-Lansing contact with Anglos 9. Service in armed forces 10. Religion The general categories represented by specific variables signi- ficantly influencing acculturation.most frequently with respect to the specific dependent variables representing the variable categories 96 in the four dimensions of acculturation were selected to be examined for significant associations among themselves. Only two-~pmrsical appearance and religion-~were excluded because of not sufficiently frequently influencing acculturation in any dimension. The follow- ing relationships were discovered: Both residential history and fluency in English are signifi- cantly related to all seven of the other variables examined. Grade of school completed is significantly related to all but occupational position. Experience in agricultural work, pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, and service in the armed forces are each significantly related to five of the seven variables (the first with age, residence, grade of school completed, pre-Lansing contacts with Anglos, and service in the armed forces ; the second with residence, agricultural experience, grade of school canpleted, fluency in English, and service in the armed forces; and the third with residence, agricultural exper- ience, grade of school completed, fluency in English, and pre- Lansing contact with Anglos). .Age is significantly related to four variables: residence, agricultural experience, grade of school com- pleted, and fluency in English. Occupational position is signifi- cantly associated only with residence and fluency in English, but is related to service in the armed forces to a possibly significant extent . CHAPPERVI REIATIONS AMONG INDICE REPRESENTING FACTOIE AND DIMENSIONS OF ACCULTURATION: ADDITIONAL TESTS OF HYPOTEESES In the hape of demonstrating more clearly and simply the re- lationships among the relatively large number of variables consid- ered. in this study, a somewhat different approach is attempted in this chapter. A number of the dependent variables representing a particular aspect of acculturation are taken together, and their combined effect on each respondent is weighted to provide an index of greater or lesser acculturation in that particular area. Similar indices are developed with respect to the factors hypothesized to influence acculturation. Relationships among the indices are sub- ,jected to statistical tests, and are indicated in Appendix V. Indices Representing the Dependent Variables First, let us turn to the eight indices developed to represent the areas of acculturation, and to an examination of their inter- relationships, a process which throws light on the relations among the dimensions of acculturation. In fact, each of the first three dimensions is represented by a single index, althougi the fourth dimension of ethnic cultural traits is represented by five distinct indices . . 98 The index representing the first dimension, position in the occupational structure, was developed as follows: scores were given to each respondent with respect to occupation, work income, and family income. A score of one was assigned if a reapondent had a factory or managerial Job, another score of one if he had an annual work in- come of $5,000 or more, and another score of one if his family had an annual income of $5,000 or more. Thus, total scores for each respondent ranged from zero to three. Thirty-eight respondents had a total score of zero or one, and are considered to have a low index of occupational position, in contrast to the 1&2 who had scores of two or three and thus a high index of occupational position. The index representing the second dimension, activity in voluntary organizations, was developed from scores given reapondents with respect to number of voluntary organizations to which they be- longed and frequency of attendance at organizational meetings. A score of one was given for membership in two or more organizations, and for attendance at meetings four or more times per year. With this scoring, 1+5 respondents had a score of zero, and thus a low index of organizational activity, while 35 had a score of one or two, or a high index of organizational activity. The index representing the third dimension, contact with Anglos, was derived from all five of the specific variables included in this dimension. Thus, a score of one was assigned a respondent for each of the following: an Anglo wife, one or more Anglo best friends, attendance at Anglo organizational. meetings two or more times per year, being on friendly terms with two or more Anglo neighbors, and having Anglos participate at least on occasion in recreational T‘ 99 activities. With this scoring, 31+ respondents had a score of zero or one, and are considered to have a low index of contact with Anglos, while ’46 had a score of two to five, or a high index of contact with Anglos. The fourth index representing acculturation may be thought of as an index representing use of the Spanish language, and is deve10p- ed from the specific variables of fluency in English, and the use of English and Spanish with wife and children. A score of one was given a respondent for having little fluency in English, for speaking more often or only in Spanish with his wife, and for speaking more often or only in Spanish with his children. With this scoring, ’45 respon- dents had a score of zero or one, or a low index of use of Spanish, while 35 had a score of two or three, a high index of the use of Spanish. An index of Mexican food consuxnption was developed with. respect to the frequency of eating tortillas, ghilg, and friljoles. A score of one was given for each of these if eaten more than once a day. With this scoring, 1&2 respondents had scores of zero or one, or a low index of Mexican food consumption, while 38 had scores of two or three, a high score of Mexican food consumption. he other three indices representing acculturation in this chapter are not derived from several specific dependent variables, but instead, each is based on a single variable: the recognition of Mexican folk medicines, the celebration of Mexican and Anglo holidays, and subscription to a newspaper. (Two specific vari- ables--burial preference and desire for children to grow up to be like Anglos-~are excluded from consideration because between them 1CD they were significantly related to only one independent variable in the preceding analysis.) . Similarly, some of the indices developed below to simplify the representation of independent variables are also based on single specific variables. In the interest of terminological simpliciw, all of these are referred to as "indices." Thus, an index of recognition of Mexican folk medicines was developed with respect to the number of such medicines recognized. A score of one was assigned a respondent if he recognized seven or more of the nine medicines listed. Forty-five of the respondents could not recognize so many, were given a score of zero, and. are con- sidered to have a low index of recognition of folk medicines, in contrast to the 35 who had a score of one and thus a higl index in this regard. Similarly, an index of celebration of Mexican holidays was developed. Respondents whose pattern of choice of first three im- portant holidays included two or more Mexican holidays, or one Mexican and two religious holidays, were given a score of one. With this scoring, ’46 reapondents had a zero, or a low index of Mexican holiday celebration, and 31+ had a score of one, and a high index of holiday celebration. The last of the indices representing the dependent variables of acculturation was developed with respect to newSpaper subscription. A score of one was given to each respondent subscribing to a news- paper. lhirty-two respondents did not subscribe to a newspaper, and are said to have a low index of newspaper subscription, while 118 did subscribe and are said to have a high index in this regard. 101 Chi-square tests and coefficients of contingency (C) were calculated to determine the degree of relationship among these eight indices of acculturation and are reported in Table LXI in Appendix V. In general, relatively little significant inter-relationship is in- dicated, except among the five indices of ethnic cultural traits. Out of 28 possible relationships among the eight indices, only seven relationships are statistically significant, and with a. coefficient of contingency (C) of over 20.53 (Five others are possibly signi- ficant, and with a G of .19 or .20.) Of the seven significant rela- tionships, five (significant at less than the .01 level and with a c ranging from .30 to .3h) occur among the five indices of ethnic cultural traits. With respect to the six possible relationships among the indices of the first three dimensions of acculturation, position in the occupational structure, activity in voluntary organizations, and contact with Anglos, no significant relationship occurs. The one possibly significant relationship is between a high index of contact with Anglos and a high index of activity in voluntary organizations (0-.19). Out of 15 possible relationships between the three indices of the first three dimensions of acculturation and the five representing ethnic cultural traits, only two are significant and another two possibly significant. A high index of contact with Anglos is signifi- cantly related to a low index of Mexican food consumption (0- .2h) and 53R should be noted that in ll-cell tables such as used in this study, 0 ranges from zero to .71, the latter indicating maximum cor- relation. Merle W. Tate and Richard c. Clelland, Mametric and Shortcut Statistics (Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Pub- lishers, Inc., 1957), p. 19. 1% to a high index of newSpaper subscription (C=.22). Possibly signi- ficant relationships occur between a high index of contact with Anglos and a low index of use of the Spanish language (c=.2o) and between a high index of occupational position and a low index of Mexican food consumption (Ca-l9)- Thus, indices of occupational position, activity in voluntary organizations, and contact with Anglos, seem to be relatively in- dependent of each other, and of the ethnic cultural traits, while the indices for ethnic cultural traits appear to be relatively highly inter-related. (However, contact with Anglos is significantly related to two of the five ethnic cultural traits, and among the latter: news- paper subscription is related only to two of the other four ethnic cultural traits and only to a possibly significant extent.) This suggests that, in general, the four dimensions of acculturation re- flect different phenomena, but that the different areas of ethnic cultural traits tend to be mutually related. Indices Representing the Independent Variables Ten distinct indices were developed to represent the independent variables in this chapter. (They are listed and their inter- relationships indicated in Table 12:11.) An index of appearance was developed as follows: a score of zero was given a respondent with a general appearance of Mexican or Spanish, a score of one if he was classified as general or South European; an additional score of zero was assigned a respondent if he was classified as being fairly or extremely dark, and a score of one if he was classified as lighter. With this scoring, 3h respondents had a score of zero or one, and 103 considered to have an index of Mexican appearance, while #6 had a score of two and thus an index of Anglo appearance. .An index of relatively young age was assigned to the #2 respon- dents who were less than 35 years old at time of interview, and an index of relatively old age given to the 38 respondents who were older. In order to simplify the representation of the complex re- sidential history of the respondents, a general residence index was developed'based on residence in.Mexico, experience in the migrant stream, and residence in the urban North. However, because this index of general residential history is not significantly related to as many of the indices of acculturation as is an index representing simply residence in Mexico, the latter index is also included. (lodges representing, respectively, experience in the migrant stream and residence in the urban North are not significantly related to as many of the indices of acculturation as is the general residence index, and are not included.) The index of Mexican residence was based on whether or not as little as 0.1 of the life of a respondent (from the age of five) was lived in.Mexico. Twenty-three of the respondents had lived to that extent in.Mexico and are said to have a high index of Mexican residence, as opposed to the 57 who did not. The general index of residence was developed as follows. .A respondent was given a score of one for each of the following: if he had.a.high index of Mexican residence, if he had any experience in the migrant stream (55 did), and if he had lived nine or fewer years in the urban North 3.54 thereby less than 0.3 of his life (from the age of five) in the urban North (#0 had). The #1 respondents who had 101+ a total score of zero or one are considered to have a low general residence index (in a direction hypothesized to be associated with greater acculturation to.Anglo culture), while the 39 with a score of two or three have a high general residence index (in a direction hypothesized to be associated with greater retention of Mexican cultural characteristics). .An index of experience in agricultural work was developed by giving a score of one to those who had worked in agriculture for six or'more years, and another score of one if this work constituted half or’more of the years they had worked (from the age of 1h). Thirty- three of the respondents had a score of zero, and thus a low index of agricultural work experience, while h? had a score of one or two and thus a high index of agricultural work experience. "(The 35 respondents who completed the fourth or lower grade of school are considered to have a low index of school grade as compared to the #5 who completed a higher grade. Thirteen of the respondents were classified as having little fluency in English and thus a low index in this regard as compared to the other 67 respondents who are said to have a high index of English fluency. Thirty-three of the respondents reported.haying had relatively little contact with.Anglos before working in Lansing and are thus said to have a low index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, in contrast to the other #7 who thus have a high index in this regard. Ten of the respondents are said to have an index of Protestant religion while 69 have an index of Catholic religious affiliation. (One respondent insisted on having no religious affiliation.) 105 .An.index of position in the occupational structure was develOp- ed based on occupation, work income, and family income. .A score of one was given for each of the following: employment in a factory or Sh an annual income from the respondent's employment of as a.manager, $5,000 or'more, and an annual family income of $5,000 or'more. The 38 respondents with a score of zero or one are said to have a low index of occupational position, while the #2 with a score of two or three are said to have a high occupational index. The inter-relationships among these 10 indices of independent variables are shown in Table LXII. 0f #5 possible relationships, 13 are statistically significant, and another three possibly significant. A list of these follows in order of the frequency with which they are significantly related to other variables, with the number of signi- ficant relationships indicated in.parenthesis. l. (5) Mexican residence 2. (5) School grade completed 3. (5) Fluency in English h. (h) Age . (3) Pro-Lansing contact with Anglos . (2) General residence index 5 6 7. (2).Agricultural work experience 8. (0) Appearance 9. (0) Religion 10. (0) Occupational.position The highest coefficients of contingency (above .25) were between low school grade completed and low pre-Lansing contact with.Anglos 5"Service and construction workers were given a score of zero. 106 (C=.hh), the indices of Mexican residence and general residence (G-.h0), which, of course, are empirically related, low school grade completed and'both high agricultural work experience (C=.36) and old age (C=.35), and.lowfiMexican residence with three others: high fluency in English (C=.30), young age (C=.27), and low school grade completed (c=.26) . Relations Between Indices Representing Independent and Dependent variables The ten indices of independent variables provide a total of 80 possible relationships with the eight indices representing the dependent variables. Twenty-one of these relationShips are signifi- cant, and another seven.possibly significant, all in the direction hypothesized. Before discussing these in some detail, it is of in- terest to rank each set of indices in order of the frequency with which.thcy are significantly related to those of the other set, these frequencies being indicated in.parentheses. In other words, in the first listing, the indices of the independent variables appear with the number of indices representing the dependent variables to which they are significantly related appearing in parentheses, e.g., the index of Mexican residence is significantly related to six of the indices of dependent variables. 1. (6) Mexican residence 2. (h) Fluency in English 3. (3) Fre-Lansing contact with Anglos h. (3) Grade of school completed 5. (2) General residence 107 6 (1) Appearance 7 (1) Ase 8. (1) Agricultural work experience 9. (0) Occupational position 10. (0) Religion The above may be considered a ranking of the indices of in- dependent variables according to their importance in influencing various areas of acculturation. The following similar listing of the indices of dependent variables (in order of the number of indices of independent variables with which they are significantly related) may be considered a ranking according to the disposition of the indices of the dependent variables to be influenced by the indices of the independent variables. 1. (7) Folk medicines 2. (5) Contact with Anglos 3 (3) Use of Spanish h. (3) Newspaper subscription 5. (2) Use of Mexican foods 6. (1) Celebration of Mexican holidays 7. (0) Occupational position 8. (0) Activity in organizations It is noteworthy that not a single index representing the in- dependent variables is significantly related to the indices of either occupational.position or activity in voluntary organizations. (However, Protestant religion is possibly significantly related to higher occupational position, as is a low general residence index to a high index of activity in voluntary organizations.) l08 A.high index of contact with Anglos is significantly related to - low indices of Mexican residence and general residence, a high index of EngliSh fluency, and a high index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos. The two residence indices are significantly inter- related (C=.h0), and a high index of Mexican residence is signifi- cantly related to low indices of'both English fluency and.pre- Lansing contact with Anglos. A high index of (present) contact with.Anglos is significantly related to a high index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, (03.3h) and this does not seem.surprising. '1 A.high index.of use of Spanish in the family is significantly related to a low index of English fluency (ca-to), to a high index of Mexican residence (C=.3l), as well as to the general index of residence (C-.2h). It would have been surprising to obtain a differ- ent result, although it is noteworthy that neither age nor school grade completed is even.possibly significantly related to the use of Spanish, A high index of Mexican food consumption is significantly re- lated to a.high index of Mexican residence (but not even.possibly so to the general residence index) and to a low index of pro-Lansing contact with Anglos, both of which are significantly inter-related. Both of these are also significantly related to English fluency, and this may explain the possibly significant relation between a low index of English fluency and a high index offiMexican food consumption. .Another’possibly significant relationship is between a high index of occupational position and a low index oijexican food consumption. The index of recognition of folk.medicines is significantly re- lated to seven of the ten indices of independent variables. The 109 association between a high index of recognition of folk medicines with older age is relatively high (C=.h3), the latter being also significantly inter-related to four of the indices significantly re- lated to a high index of recognition of folk medicines: a high index of Mexican residence, a high index of experience in agricultural work, a low index of school grade completed, and a low index of English fluency. 'Ihe latter is also sigiificantly inter-related to a low index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, which is also significantly related to a high index of recognition of folk medicines. A high index of Mexican appearance is also significantly related to a high index of recognition of folk medicines, and the former is not signi- ficantly inter-related with any of the other indices representing independent variables . With respect to the index of Mexican holidays celebrated, the only significant relationship is between a high index of the cele- bration of holidays and a high index of Mexican residence (Ch-.37). A possibly significant relationship occurs between a high index of holiday celebration and an index of older age, this possibly being explained by the significant inter-relationship between the latter and a high index of Mexican residence. the index of newspaper subscription is significantly related to three indices of independent variables, all of which are also significantly inter-related. The highest degree of association ‘ occurs between a high index of newspaper subscription and a high index of school grade completed (Cl-.38), but also with a low index of Mexican residence (C=.26) and a high index of English fluency (c=.25). A possibly significant relationship also occurs with respect 110 to a high index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, but this latter is also significantly related to the other three indices of independent variables Just noted as significantly related to newspaper subscrip- tion. CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION For purposes of this study, acculturation was conceptualized as occurring in four dimensions Operationalized into categories (designated by decimal numbers) as follows:55 1. 2. Position in the occupational structure 1.1 occupation 1.2 income Activity in voluntary organizations 2.1 number of organizations belonged to 2.2 frequency of attendance at meetings Contacts with Anglos 3.1 ethnicity of wife 3.2 number of Anglo best friends 3.3 number of Anglo organization meetings attended per year 3.1+ number of friendly Anglo neighbors 3.5 degree of Anglo participation in recreation Ethnic cultural traits 4.1 language habits 1&2 food habits 55 For the specific variables Operationalizing these categories of acculturation, and used as dependent variables in the statistical tests, see Chapter IV, where also the specific independent variables are listed. 11.]. 1+.3 folk medicines hJI» holidays (LS newspaper subscription k6 burial preference in? desire for children to grow up to be Just like Anglos The independent variables Operationalizing the factors hypothe- sized to influence acculturation were grouped into the following categories: 1. Appearance 2. Age 3. Residence by country 1+. Experience in migrant stream 5. Residence in North 6. General urban residence 7. Residence in Lansing 8. Experience in agricultural work 9. Grade of school counpleted lo . Fluency in English 11. lype of contact with Anglos before residence in Lansing 12. Service in aimed forces 13. Occupation lh. Income 15. Religious affiliation hypotheses relating the factors and dimensions of acculturation were stated in general terms in Chapter I, and Operationalized into specific variables and statistical hypotheses and subjected to Chi- square tests in Chapter IV. However, the sample size of 80 was too 133 small to permit statistical tests of more than two variables without resulting in cells so small as to make for untrustwortmr results. 'Ihus, it was not feasible to test the relative influence of two variables while holding them constant, or controlling, with respect to a third, despite the fact that often a number of independent vari- ables were shown to influence acculturation significantly with respect to the same dependent variable. Therefore, in Chapter V, those independent variables which most frequently (and concurrently) significantly influenced dependent variable categories within the same dimension of acculturation were examined in Chi-square tests and a number of them were found to be significantly inter-related. When two or more of such inter-related independent variables signifi- cantly influence acculturation with reapect to the same dependent variable, the small sample used in this study does not permit a more precise conclusion than that one ind/93 the other of these independent variables are/ is responsible for the particular influence. In Chapter VI indices representing various groupings of dependent and independent variables were employed in an attempt to simplify the testing of the hypotheses. In this concluding chapter, we present in a general form a statement of the significant relationships be- tween factors and dimensions of acculturation- -between independent and dependent variables and indices--which the study does permit us tentatively to make . Some possible implications of these conclusions are also suggested. In the first dimension of acculturation, position in the occupational structure, the index representing the entire dimension is not significantly related to the indices of any of the independent 11h variables. But, when taken separately, the variables representing occupational position are significantly related as hypothesized to several of the independent variables. Higher position in the occupational structure is significantly related to greater fluency in English, less experience in the migrant stream, longer residence in the North and/or longer residence in Lansing and/or less experience in agricultural work. 'lhus, the main factors in higher position in the occupational structure appear to be residential variables, more experience in non- agricultural rather than agricultural work, and greater fluency in English. Grade of school completed seems not to be a crucial factor, remembering, of course, that this refers to a largely unskilled manual labor group. It is noteworthy that racial appearance does not appear to influence significantly position in the occupational structure, contradicting a frequent contention. But this has been claimed largely for areas in the Southwest, and the finding in this study, of course, would apply only to northern industrial cities such as Lansing. In the second dimension of acculturation, activity in voluntary organizations, the index representing the entire dimension is not significantly related to the indices of any of the independent vari- ables. When taken separately, the variables representing activity in voluntary organizations are significantly related to several of the independent variables, but in a manner refuting the hypothesis. Greater activity in voluntary organizations is associated with physical appearance more like after-types of southern Means and Mexicans rather than like stereotypes of Anglos, with a longer experience in 1.15 agricultural work and/or older age at first residence in the urban North and/or an older age at first residence in Lansing. However, the significance of physical characteristics occurs only with respect to the mnnber of organizations belonged to when unions are not included. Respondents are classified as having greater activity in such organizations when they reported belonging to one or more non-union organizations, and there were only 16 such respondents. Of these 16, eleven belonged only to Mexican ethnic organizations with no Anglo members. Out of these eleven, seven had Mexican pwsical characteristics, four characteristics like those of southern Means, and none with physical characteristics of the general Eumpean type. Nor did am of the other five respondents belonging to a non-union organization have a general European ptwsical type. Thus, it seems possible that the greater activity of respondents of this physical type in organizations might reflect a general tendency for them to overcome what they consider a possible social handicap through greater organizational activity, or perhaps is to be explained entirely in terms of their greater activity in ethnic organizations where they find-~or expect to findugreater social acceptance than outside of organizational activity.56 lhe tendency of older age at first residence in the urban North to be associated significantly with greater activity in 56R is interesting that Nicholas Babchuk and Ralph V. Thompson, in their article "the Voluntary Association of Negroes, " American Sociological Revig, 27 :6h7-655. October 1962, find that Negroes in the United States at all social class levels belong to many more voluntary organizations (excluding unions and churches) than do whites. Part of this they explain as follows: "Negroes are active in associ- ations because they are not allowed to be active in much of the other organized life of American society." p. 653. 116 voluntary organizations (with or without unions being included and. with respect to attendance at meetings) may be explainable as part of the adjustment of more nature recent migrants to the urban en- vironment. Perhaps younger migrants, with fewer responsibilities, or those socialized into the urban culture at an earlier age, do not find as much need to Join organizations, or attend as frequently whatever organizations they do Join. In the third dimension of acculturation, contact with Anglos, the index representing the entire dimension is significantly related to several of the indices representing independent variables (indices which themselves are significantly inter-related) . A high index of contact with Anglos is significantly related to a high index of pre- Lansing contact with Anglos, a low index of Mexican residence, a low index of general residence, a high index of school grade completed, and a high index of fluency in English. From this, we see the importance for present contact with Anglos of past contacts with Anglos: both as reported having occurred and as objectively possible because of greater residence in the United States (and possibly under conditions of minimum experience in the migrant stream and maximum residence in the urban North). And we also see the importance of the ability to speak English, and of schooling. When we examine the specific variables in this dimension separately, we find some variation in the extent of influence of these variables, as well as some others being significant. Consider- ations of residential experience and closer pre-Lansing contact with Anglos are both significantly related to more Anglo best friends, 11'1 more friendly Anglo neighbors, and a greater extent of Anglo parti- cipation in recreation. But a greater number of Anglo best friends is also significantly related to more fluency in English and higher income (both significantly inter-related to residence variables). A greater Anglo participation in recreation is significantly related to younger age, higher school grade completed, and less experience in agricultural work (all significantly related to residence vari- ables). Greater attendance at Anglo organizational meetings is sigiificantly related to residence variables and/or higher occupa- tional position. Having an Anglo wife is significantly related to residence variables, less experience in agricultural work, and higher income (both related to residence variables), and. to lighter skin color. The importance of residence is apparent as a factor in regard to all. five areas of contact with Anglos, as is the extent of pre- Lansing contact with Anglos in three of the areas (not with respect to having an Anglo wife or a greater attendance at Anglo organi za- tional meetings). A higher occupational position (especially in the form of higher income) is significantly related to another three areas: having an Anglo wife, a greater number of Anglo best friends, and a greater attendance at Anglo organizational meetings. Evidently, a relatively high income is necessary to begin and/or mintain friendly relations with Anglos and with an Anglo wife (a consider- ation perhaps not confined to Mexican husbands). Noteworthy is the significant relationship between having an Anglo wife and a light skin color, suggesting that this may be a factor in the values of Anglo girls and/or Mexican men of darker skin (who may avoid Anglo 1.18 girls). That greater fluency in English is significantly related to having a greater mmber of Anglo best friends but not with having an Anglo wife provides an interesting commentary on the difference be- tween friendship and love . In the fourth dimension of acculturation, ethnic cultural traits, it is necessary to consider several distinct areas separately. With respect to language, a high index of the use of Spanish in the family is significantly related to a low index of English fluency, a high index of Mexican residence, and also to a high general index of residence (variables which are significantly inter-related) . The logic of these relationships is obvious. When we treat the distinct variables in this area of cultural traits separately--fluency in English, language used in conversation with wife, language used in conversation with children--some interest- ing supplementary results appear. Residence variables are signifi- cantly related to all three distinct variables. But several vari- ables are significant with respect to fluency in English and/or language used in conversation with wife which are not significantly related to language used in conversation with children. Younger age, greater pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, a higher grade of school canpleted, and a higher occupational position (significantly inter- related among themselves) are all significantly related to greater fluency in English and the greater use of English in conversation with wife, and yet are not significantly related to the use of language with children. Indeed, although greater fluency in English is signi- ficantly related to the greater use of English in conversation with wife, such a relationship does not occur with language used in 119 conversation with children, although it does to a possibly signifi- cant extent. But the implication seems clear that there is a tendency for all respondents to use a good deal of English with their children. Judging from statements by respondents on this subject, two factors are at work here: the reluctance of mamt children to respond to Spanish, and the concern by mamr parents that their children learn English well, so as not to be handicapped in their dealings with the Anglo world. Another variable significantly related to greater fluency in English, although not to the use of English in the family, is experi- ence in the armed forces. Slims, we have a view of younger Mexicans, with more schooling and more contact with Anglos as they grow up, learning and using English more than other respondents. A high index of Mexican food consumption is significantly re- lated to a high index of Mexican residence and/or to a low index of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos. When the specific variables-- expressed food preference, frequency of consumption of tortillas, _c_h_i_l_._e_, and friJolesnare taken separately, residential variables are significantly related to all. but the consumption of friaoles. In re- gard to the consumption of ghi_._l_e_, longer residence in Mexico is significantly related as hypothesized, but, contrary to the hypothesis, greater consumption of ihi_l_._e is also significantly related to longer residence in the urban North. Possibly, those longer resident in the urban North turn to a greater consumption of $239.2 as a symbolic ex- pressing of their attachment to the culture of their past. Even more difficult to explain is the significantly greater consumption of frigoles by Protestants. (Protestant religious affiliation is not 120 significantly related to any other variable--e.g., age, residence, education, occupation, income--which might be expected to influence frequency of friaole consumption.) Further evidence of the importance of past experience is seen in the significant relationship between some service in the armed forces and a greater preference for Anglo food and less frequent con- sunmtion of tortillas, as well as the significant relationship be- tween more pro-Lansing contact with Anglos and less consumption of _c_h_i_._2_|._e_ and friJoles. Apparently, closer past contact with Anglos leads to a decrease in the preference for and use of Mexican foods. The greater recognition of Mexican folk medicines is signifi- cantly related as hypothesized to a mnnber of variously inter- related indices of independent variables: longer Mexican residence, older age, longer agricultural work experience, lower grade of school cmpleted, less English fluency, and less pre-Lansing contact with Anglos. Also, a high index of Mexican appearance is significantly related to a greater recognition of folk medicines. When the independent variables are taken separately, the same factors appear as significant. The only complication is that, re- futing the hypothesis, a greater recognition of folk medicines is significantly related to longer residence in the urban North. This is similar to the pattern refuting the hypothesis with respect to the consmnption of gh_i_l_._e_: in both cases longer residence in Mexico and longer residence in the urban North--statistically unrelated but empirically contradictory tendencies--are significantly related to a water adherence to a Mexican cultural trait. ' As suggested previously, this implies the possibility of a tendency for the strengthening of 121 certain ethnic cultural traits, or perhaps the willingness to report them, with longer residence in an area of a dominant distinct culture. This would seem to be more possible with traits such as food consumption and the use of folk remedies, which may be realized with minimum impingement on the larger society. ‘With respect to the index of Mexican holidays celebrated, the only significant relationship is between a high index of celebration and a high index of Mexican residence, the relationship most expected in this connection. When specific independent variables are emplcyed, and the degree of celebration trichotomized, a number of other variables are signifi- cant, these being significantly inter-related among themselves. In addition to residence variables, a greater celebration of Mexican holidays is significantly related as hypothesized to greater experi- ence in agricultural work and/or a lower grade of school completed and/or less pre-Lansing contact with Anglos and/or no service in the armed forces. Again we see the importance of residence and past contact with.Anglos for the retention of an ethnic cultural trait. .Although less acculturation and a greater retention of Mexican cultural traits were hypothesized.to be associated with both greater experience in the migrant stream and lower (work) incane, both of these inter-related variables are significantly related to less knowledge of the basis for celebrating the Mexican.holidays, contrary to the hypothesis. This suggests that a longer experience in the migrant stream and/or a lower income are associated with conditions tending to prevent.beicans from gaining knowledge in the more intellectual aspects of their culture of origin . 122 As regards newspaper subscription, three inter-related indices of independent variables are significantly related to a high index of newspaper subscription: a low index of Mexican residence, a high index of school grade completed, and a high index of English fluency. When specific independent variables are taken separately, variables in addition to those of residence, education, and fluency in English appear significantly related to newspaper subscription: younger age, less experience in agricultural work, and a higher occupational.position (all inter-related among themselves). In regard to an expressed preference for place of burial, only one significant relationship is found: Protestant religious affili- ation is associated with no preference. This is the only indication of an association between Protestantism.and a lesser attachment to traditional Mexican values . No significant relationships to any variables are found with respect to responses to the question: "Would you like your children to grow up to be just like Anglos?" The independent variables most frequently significantly in- fluencing acculturation are those of residential history, fluency in English, grade of school completed, age, extent of pre-Lansing contact with Anglos, and extent of experience in agricultural work. But of these six kinds of variables, each is significantly inter- related with at least four of the other five. In order to determine the relative significance of these variables, it would be necessary to conduct further investigation of a similar kind but with a sample large enough to permit using several variables simultaneously in 123 statistical tests. However, this might prove difficult with respect to certain variables--empirically there may exist very few'Mexicans needed to fit certain combinations of variables: e.g., individuals long resident in.Mexico, with a long experience working as laborers in agriculture and who also had completed a high grade of school. Nevertheless, there is a clear need to replicate this study with a larger sample, and at a,more normal time when a recession and high unemployment have not made for an unusual population of working class Mexicans in Lansing caught up in unusual stresses. Perhaps under different conditions, occupational position, racial appearance, and religious affiliation would be found to influence acculturation more significantly than was found in the present study. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Babchuk, Nicholas and Thompson, Ralph V. , "The Voluntary Associations of Negroes," American Sociological Review, October, 1962, 27: 6h7-6550 Beals, Ralph, "Acculturation," in A. L. Kroeber, Editor, Anthropolog 2m. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953. Berry, Brewton, Race and Ethnic Relations, Second edition. Boston: Houghton Miflin Compam', 1958. {the Catholic Encyclopedia, Special edition under the auspices of The Knights of Columbus Catholic Truth Committee. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc., 1913. Vol. VII. Chinoy, Ely, Society: An Introduction to Socioloq. New York: Random House, 1961. De Hoyos, Arturo, Occupational and Educational Levels of Aspiration of Mexican-American Youth. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, 1961. Eisenstadt, S. N. , The Absorption of Imigmntumtive Study Based Mainly on the Jewish Cmity in Palestine and the State of Israel. London: Routledge 8: Kegan Paul Ltd., 1951. Gamio, Manuel, Mexican Immigration to the United States. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930. Goldkind, Victor, A Comparison of Folk Health Beliefs and Practices Between Ladino Women of Denver, Colorado and Emmi, Michigan. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Michigan State University, 1959. Eamond’s Ambassador World Atlas. Maplewood, N.J.: C. S. Hammond Coo: 1957- Handlin, Oscar, The Imrooted. New York: Grosset 8c Dunlap, 1951. MW: Norman D" "Enployment Patterns of Mexicans in Detroit, " Essie-1y Labor Review. 1916, 61: 913-923. McNilliams, Carey, "California and the Wetback, " Common Ground, smer, 19‘9, pp. 15-20. , 1&5 126 "A Study of Employment and Training Patterns in the Lansing Area," Unpublished paper, Prepared for the Lansing Employment Advisory Council by the Michigan Fair Employment Practices Commission. Murray, Sister Mary John, A Socio-Cultural Study of 118 Mexican Families Living in a Low-Rent Public Housing Project in San Antonio LTexas . Washington: The Catholic University of American Press, 1954. Studies in Sociology, Vol. 38. Park, Robert E. , and Burgess, Ernest W. , Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1921. Redfield, Robert, Linton, Ralph, and Herskovits, Melville J ., "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation, " American Anthro- Rglogist, 1936, 38: 1’49-152. ROY: Prodipto, "The Measurement of Assimilation: The Spokane Indians," The American Journal of Socioloq, 1962, 67: Sid-551. Siegel, Sidney, meametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956. Simmons, Ozzie G., Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans in South Texas: A Study in Dominant-Subordinate Group Relations . Un- published Ph.D. thesis, Harvard. University, 1952. Tate, Merle W. , and Clelland, Richard C. , Wtric and Shortcut Statistics. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., 1957. Taylor, Paul S. , Mexican Labor in the United States. University of California Publications in Economics, 1928-1931;. Vols . 6, 7, and. 12. United States Bureau of the Census, Population Characteristics. Current Population Reports, May 1, 1962, Series P-20, No. 116. . United States Census of Population 1960. Michigan: General Social and Economic Characteristics. PC (1) 2+0. Warner, W. Lloyd and Srole, Leo, The Social jystems of American Ethnic Group_. New Haven: Yale University Press, 135. Whetten, Nathan L. and Green, Arnold w., "Field Research and the Concept of Assimilation," Rural Sociolofl, 192, 7: 252-260. APPENDIX I MAP OF RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE INTERVIEWED 128 . 3.:. anb moi—.0 om); . . o ONII- NNII— slid kn-.. mm... mm... «VIP: wvunu .NHJ . . .. . «3 72 «can on-» . 3-4m . z-.. _¢-._u 0.-.. ovuh! ovbm O O I amid” O G O —nl|— stub! n . no .2. nah. O «n... 3.530%?» No 5355594 . ......_ ......, ... 17....» 3 APPENDIX II (See Chapter IV) TESTS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES In this appendix, results of chi-square tests of hypotheses re- lating independent and dependent variables are présented. Tables pro- viding numerical distributions in the cells of the test tables are not presented, but are available on request. In the interest of brevity, certain abbreviations are used in the statement of the variable categories. Full statements of these variable categories, and explanations for totals of less than 80, are feund in Chapter IV, pages #2 to 57. Two-digit decimal designa- tions in the variable category descriptions should not be considered as more precise numericalJy but rather a. briefer indications of "less than," e.g., ".09" indicates "less than .1" in Table XI, variable 8.2. When the same variable is both independent and dependent (e.g., occupation, income, English fluency--see Chapter I), no test result is presented. The relationships among occupation, work.income, and family income are given only once. 130 on 8.vav3. Ré Banod.8.3o8c68oqm ooh mo. 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So moan .onnnnn n.n« Hoaosnn nonnam .nm onpnmooon on. v n v mo. n.n.m «no... no 5... .58 on n.nm .33 no nan man on om. v n v on. on.n 98:. no 3m .33 no on: n.mm ooponmaoo noooom no onano .mm on. om. v .n v on. Rn onoa no n. .8. on m. .33 no mn. n.n« on. oo.n .. n 86 98... no m. .m. .35. moon n.n« nno: nonsnnnonnwn 51433.4. noon :n .88 4on3 no onon . mm 8 Sn n n oo.o onoa no 8. .3. on m. .33 no an. n.nm oo oo.._.. n n.n 00.0 mnoa no m. .m. nuns. moon. H.HN Managua n.n magnoz ononom nnoz nonsnnnonnwnn on @934 no.3 nn .84 .83 no anon .nm on 8. v .n v om. 3.o one... no m .8 on m .33 no m mom on on. V m V 0m. mm.o onos no m .33.. no m H.0N nnoz nonspnoonnwn. on 26.2 no.» nn own. .mnoon no SE .8 oo 8. v n v on. no.0 onoa no m. .3. on m. .33 no mm. «.on on 8. v n v on. woo onoa no m. .m. 993 moon n.mn 8323 on nooonoom «96$. nan flown .onnn no anon .mn ooooonnnqmnm nannnpoponn n.na osno> won unnonng dogwooosIQHNx mag I.l I n . o v n ‘ I u A o c n . 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SA 28. no n. .n. 8.3 moon n.n 3483 on nooonoom ononon 83.2. on .96.: no...» m 88 nonnn no anon .m on om. v n v on. 8n.m gnoz .85 .558 .85 .958: n.n on om. v n v on. mmn 633.0. 83.5 63.8: n.n 0N..m mownn .woooodnmom 53: .m on on. v n v om. moo oonfim 83.5 63.82 n. moon finnm .4 on on. v n v om. 84 no.6 no 3 .mm 3 om .33 no mm m.m on 3. V m V cm. Ho.o n26 no undo.» mm .mmmH no undo.» 4m H.m m8 .m on. on. v n v on. 2.6 .Emnn .933 .nnun. n.n on on. v n v om. 3.o pnmnn .nnon. n.n nonoo .56 .m on on. v n v on. no.n .nnnn .ooo San .m .53on n.n on. 8. v n v on. «no onwna no .6352 n.n moodndomm< Hdnonnow .H ooqoonnnownm nnnnnpononn no.3 38> an onnonnns nonponnfiHnnooo on unopodn mo domaonm moHndnng donnnoomm on 343 < 025 g $3 632 no Nflm ¢ 0025 $505 mmHonnnh Wanna no 59.85ch wandeon $35.05 no upmop ondsumano no mpHnnoomnuJoon Ema. 204 on ow. V m V on. onoa no MH .NH 3. b .oooH no m N.mH o: om. v A V om. onoa no OH .mmoH no m H.mH 8523 on nooonoon .263. nan m own. 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V A V .8 Cum 28m «moon Him «£83 on nooonoom ononom 5on3 noonwnz 9.. «968.. on... w own. «onon no undo .« ooh mo. V m V .8. Hm.m once no m «N 3. .n .oooo m.» ooh mo. V m V .8. Hum onoa no A «28¢ a.» adonpm padnmnz nnl~o>on< .98 m 03 Wondmw mo nongz é. am» .8. V m mméa mnoa no H. n.n. go. «3.... H6 «$33 on pooonoom ononom oonxoz on .o>o§ o8 w ow< +3.3 no anon .m 3» n0. v n 5.3 finoz ros .fiaom ..o.0 63%: «.m won n0. v n 3:3 $0.3m 0330 63%: n.n omnm «03 nooqoonmmm and: .m won n0. v n o«.? 8.8.6 33.5 .0332 n.n ooonmfinnm .: no» .8. v o 095 n26 no 3 .mm 0» 0m .23 no m« «.m «0% .3. V m moznm n96 no «nook mm «mood no «nook 4m H.m . mg .m 8» m0. v n v n0. i..«n now: .3033 .nnoo «.« 3» m0. v n v no. :90 pomnn .nnoo n.« nonoo ova .« on o«. v n v on. 0: .nsm .ooo :3 .m. .8352 «.n on om. V m V 0H. Cum oawg no 30.382 H.H 83.00%? 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V m V mo. mmé 0.38 no 8am .mmoH no 4.5 H.MN oononnaoo noonom no ooono .mm on on. v n v on. won 283 no n. .mm. oa m. .ooon no mn. n.n« on om. v n v 8. mmo 32. no m. .m. gonna ooon n.nm nnoz nonoanoonnwo on .33... ooo on om< nonnn no anon .mm on om. v n v om. moo ones no a. .on. 3. m. .23 no on. n.n« on om. v n v om. no.n 38 no m.fl.m. oooa moon n.nm wonoodn an wonxnoz ononom nnoz nonsandonnm< on .33... ooo on own. nonnn no anon .nm on on. v n v on. no.n 38 no m .m 8. m .33 no m «.8. mo.» HO. V m $.m 0.38 no m 63H no m H.ON nne: nonoanoonnwn. on .322 ooo nn o3 nonoon no nonnSz .on on on. v n v om. no.n 38 no m. .on. 8. m. .33 no mm. «.on on on. v n v 8. mod 32. no m. .m. oooa ooon n.nn monooon on aooonoom .33... ooo m own. .wnnn no anon .on ooooonnnomnm nannnnoponn ooo oonon on onponno> dofinannnOOIn . HHS Ems“. 21h on on. v n v on. onn aooaooaonn .onnooaoo no». nonunnon .om on om. v n v on. flan 32. no oooon .mmm.$ 8. 89$ .33 no mmmio mdm oo om. v n v on. nnn 22. no ooofin 68.3 gonna moon n.n« oaooonJannaon no; .on on on. v n v om. no.n 32. no Sofia .mmmin oa oooio .ooon no ommfin «.on on mm. v n v mm. 86 onoa no 08.2” 68.3 gonna moon n.n« Mnoz 330.30%me Bonn @8003 .3284 .wN ooooonnnomnm hannnnononn ooo 3no> mx onnonno> vogchooa... . HUGO" ”Hug 215 on ON. V A V OH. HNé onoa no H. $0. on moon .onnoo N.m on Om. V m V ON. me 23m .80: H.m soonam aoonwnz on .onoo2_ooo m omog2.ooo m ow< .onnn no anon .o oon no. v.n nm.om nanoz ..m.o..oaoom ..m.o_.oonnoz n.n oon no. v_n mm.mn ooaoam ooanoo .oonnoznn.m ONnm mowd nooqoghmom and: .m 93 o. v n v no. omo ooaoam ooanoo .oonxoz n.n ooonnoannn .n on on. v n v on. on.» n3o no 3 .mm oa on .33 no on .o..m on ON. V A V OH. Hmi no>o no undo.» mm .omoH no «noon 2m Hmm. o .m 2. on. v n v om. {Tm aomnn .aonooa .nnoo n.n. on om. v.n v.om. om.n anmnn .nnoo n.« nonoo onnm .m on on. v n v om. mm.m .nsn .26 2&2 .m .3332 n.n oo om. v n v om. man oann no moods: n.n moodndomnngonoooO .H ooooonnnownm nannnoooonn coo oono> on onoonno> nonaondenaood on. ongoon mo oomomonm moHndnnoS donnnoomm 3. moan. mono .ooozv mH nopsopmom odd m .32 T336.30: 30.382 osn. wonaonponoo non onoon no odoonsoan monaonon oooonaonbn no oaooa onooomunno no oandoonutnnnooon n.nnfi . o n . o o o . . . . , , , ‘. I , a , . I \ - 3 x . ' . x A ~ ,v . \ , \ , . » a o Q ~ n - ' a ' o o a c < o . . . o u ‘ o c . . . I , v . . 1 . . a . o ' ‘ o . . _ ~ ‘ n . . . . , . n u o o o 216 on on. v.n.v.om. onoa no mn .mn oa n .ooon no o m.mn on Om. V A v ON. onoa no OH .mmoH no m H.mH monmqoq on annoonmom .9692. woo m own «mnoow no nopoBz .wH 23 o. v n v no. n3o no om .3 ca on .33 no on n.nn ooh mo. V A V HO. n26 no and?» mN .mmoH no undo.» :N H.~.H wonooon on ooooonoon aonnn own .nn on On. V A v Om. 0.32 no m. .mm. on m. .wmoH no 9n. N.mH on ON. V A V OH. 0.82 no m. .0. ads» mmoH H.mH ooooonoon gonna onlnonoon ooo m moo .onnn no anon .on on om. v.n v om. onoa no m. .mw. oa m. .ooon no mn. «.mn on om. v n v om. 32. no m. .m. gonna moon nan mdnmqoq an pnoOHmmm mnonom ooooonoon noon: on .o>on<.oootw1om2..onnn no anon .mn on om. v_nnv.om. onoa no m. .on. oa n. .ooon no mo. m.an on Om. V A V ON. 0.82 no m. .m. 293 mmmH HinH ooooonoon noon: on .om-m ow2n.onnn no anon .on on om. v_nnv_om. onoa no n. .mm. oa m. .ooon no on. m.mn on %.vnv8. oéaém.a.§fio$n22 nanoz noon: on .onoa2_ooo m owo .onnn no anon .mn onnnooon on. v.nnv.mo. onoa no on .mn oa on .ooon no m «.on on Om. V A V ON. 0.32 no OH .3an no m H.NH nanoz ooano on 4382 ooo m own nolnoon no nop§z .on 23 mo. v n v no. n3o no om .on oa on .33 no on n.nn oHnnmooA OH. V A V mo. n96 no and?» mN .mmoH no mnooh 2N H.HH nanoz noon: on aooonoon aonnn own .nn oo om. v_n”v.on. nono no mm .on on mn .ooon no nn «.on ooh mO. V A V HO. no>o no mnooh ON .uuoH no undo» mH H.OH gonoz on aooonoon aonnn ow2 .on ooooonnnomnm onoonno> nannnnononn ooo 3no> on Gonna.“ pnoonn . HHHNNN Hag 217 on mm. V A V om. N~.O oofifiom .hngoon .oonposnamqoo H. N on mm. v n v 3. mod nnoaoonéoo .nnoaoon n.nm finaonnwoo anqn .nm on Om. V A V ON. 5H oaom .oqonn HEN ooonon ooann ooaoam 2.5.2: on oonnnom on on 8. v n v on. nn.m onnooooonnn .nooooo as... 32. .onaann m. mm on on. v n v om. no.n onoa .onaann n.8 monoqon 8.. monnnoz ononon oonwn2 nan: aooaooo .mm 2. on. v n v on. 86 noon .onaann n.nm . noooonn nonnmon .n« on on. v n v om. 3.: 32. no nan .oam oa onm .33.. no 22 «.mm on Om. V A V ON. mO.N 0.38 no mam .mmoH no anleN ooaanoo noonoo no ooono .mm 2. 8. v n v on. nnd one... no a. .8. ca m. .ooon no on. Now on om. v n v 8. 3.o onoa no m. .m. gonna moon n.nw nno: nonoanoonnmn on .322 ooo on own .33 no anon .mm on mm. AA :N.O once no N. .on. on N. .mooH no mH. N.HN on on. v n v 8. mod 32. no m. .m. ooaa ooon n.n.o. 3.323 on magnoz ononom n.8: nonoandonnmnn on 2322 ooo an om... .33 no anon .nm onanooon on. v n v no. on; onoa no m .8 ca m .ooon no N mom on ON. V A V OH. Sm 0.32 no N .mmoH no m H.ON nno: nonoanoonnmnn on @622 ooo on own .Mnoon no nonaoz .on on on. v n v om. mm.m one... no m. .on. oa m. .ooon no on. Non 2. om. v n v om. won 32. no m. .m. gonna moon n.nn wdnooon on aooonoon .392 ooo w own. .33 no anon .on monoonnnomno nannnnoaonn nao oonon on 32.23 dofiqunnooII . HHHOOOH mag 218 on om. v n v on. nn.m aooaooaonn .onnooaoo n.om oonmnnon .on on on. v n v on. and 32. no ooooo $8.8 oa 8.8 .33 no mom...» n.8 on om. v n v on. Sun 32. no 898 .828 ooaa ooon n.n« oaooon nnnfin no.2... .mm 23 mo. v n v no. mo.mn 32. no 8.8 .mmmio ca 8.8 .33 no woman n.8 .3 mo. v n v no. and 32. no o8.3¥.o8.mw coma ooon n.n« xno=.m.aooooomoom_aonn oaoooH Hdsqn< .wN ooooonnnomnm nannnaoaonn ooo 22.3 x N onnonno> 883881382 n.nmfi 219 on ow. V A V Oh. Nm.O 0.38 no H. .mO. on moon .oconn N.m on on. v A v Om. and 2.8 .28: H.m soonam aoonmnz 5 +322 ooo m 82 .33 no onon .m on on. V A V Om. mNH onoa no H. .mO. on wood .onnonn N.m on on. v n v on. .26 2.8 .32. n8 wonmoon on .2338 ononon soonam anononz on .322 ooo m owon<_oqd m ow< .mndow no nonsoz .b 23 mo. v n v no. 8.n 38 no n. .n. gonna moon n.8 922.3 on aooonoon ononon oonxoz on .322 8o m .22 .wnnn no anon .8 oo om. v n v on. R... oanoz .8.: 5.2.8 28.: .822 «.n .3 mo. v n v no. no... ooaoao ooanoo .823 n.8 8-8 882 .ooooonoon 5oz .m onanooon on. v n v mo. 5.8 ooaoao 2.32: .822 n.n oooonannn .a on.» no. V A V HO. ONO no>o no 3 .mm oa Om .mooH no mN N.m on On. V A V Om. >90 no.5 no mndoh mm .mmoH no undo.» :m Hmumnnu o .m on 8. v n v 8. :86 anonn .532. £23 n.« on on. v n v om. om.o anonn .nnoo n.n nonoo onnm .m on 8. v n v 8. 8n.o .22 .28 :8 .8 .8352 n.n on 8.n n n 8.o 38.2 no noonnoz n.n oogmadx €08.80 .H ooooonnnoonm nannnpononn 8o 2:3 on 3223 no.npdnnfiHzood an mnonaoon mo dowOAonA moHponng donnnooAm oa ApoomonA .pooondv nonpAnnompom nvoAmkoz wondeon 3823093 no mpooo. ongdmunso no mpHnauo {SHE mag 220 oo om. v n v on. 8.n one... no mn .on oa n .33 no 8 m.8n on om. v n v on. 8.n 38 no on .33 no a n.8n 88qu on 28284332 8o 8 82 .38» no nononaz .8n 22 no. v n tam n3o no om .8. oa on .33 no on «.nn oHonooOA OH. V A V mo. mom no>o no onooh mN .oooH no onooh wN H.»H wdnoooq an oododnoom vonHA uwd .»H on 8. v n v 8. 3.o one... no 8. .88. ca m. .33 no on. m.8n on Om. V A V cm. mO.O onoa no 8. .8. 58. oooH HGH ooooonoon noon: on 2222 ooo w own. 4on3 no anon . 8n oo om. v n v om. 8.n 32. no 8. .88. ca m. .23 no on. «.nn on 8. v n v on. 8.o onoa no 8. .8. nonalooon n.mn mqlnanon on aooonoon ononon ooooonoon noon: on «322 8o m own .33 no anon .nn 8 on. v n v on. nmn onoa no 8. .88. 3 n. .ooon no no. «.nn 2. 8. v n v on. So onoa no 8. .8. oooa ooon n.nn ooooonoon noon: on moon ow... .33 no anon .on on on. v n v on. 88.8 38. no 8. .88. ca m. .33 no mo. N.mn on on. v n v on. 8.8 32. no 8. .8. oona moon n.8n nanoz oopno on .322 ooo m own. .33 no anon .mn on on. v n v 8. no.n 38 no 8n .8n oa on .ooon no 8 N.mn won mo. V A V HO. 8.n onoa no OH .oooH no m H.NH nanoz noon: onJ322 ooo m 82 .Mnoon no 323 .mn ooh HO. V A 8».m no.5 no Om .mN on ON .oooH no mH N.HH on ON. V A V OH. 8+..N no>o no onoon 8N .oooH no onooh :N H.HH nanoz noon: on aooonoon aonnn M84. .nn on on. v n v 8. no.n n3o no no .on oa mn .222 no on non mo» HO. V A H8.» no>o no undo.» ON .oooH no onooh mH H.OH nanoz on aooonoon aonnn «.82 .on ooooonnnomno nannnaononn 8o oonon x 32.23 N don—AHDBODII .3800" mag 11'11 III. ' 221 mo.» 80. V A V HO. 08.8 ooEoo .bnopoon .nnonposnpoooo N. »N on 8. v n v 8. no.n nnoaoonéoo .nnoaoon n.nm _ nonaonmooo anon .nn 02 om. v n v on. 28.8 2.8 .282 n.8 . mmohpm 8mg mmpgm 809.35 a.“ mod/hum .mm on om. v n v on. 8.2 onnnoooonnn .233 a3 32. .onaann N.mm onanooon on. v n v 8o. S8 32. .onaann n.nm monooon on 8223: ononon oon82 nan: aooanoo .88 23 8. v n v no. 8.8 82. .onaann n.nm Noooonn nonnwnn .2 22 no. v n n8.mn 32. no nan .28 ca onm .33 no 28 8.88 23 no. v n 8.8n 32. no 28 .83 no 237.288 ooaonnooo noonom no ooono .88 on om. v n v on. an... 32. no 2. .88. oa m. .33 no an. 8.8 on 8. v n v om. no.n 32. no 8. .8. gonna moon n.nm . nnoz nonoandonno2 on .1322 8o an 82 .33 no anon .mm on on. v n v 8. 8.o 8.2. no 8. .82.. ca m. .23 no 8n. n.nm on on. v n v 8. 3.o onoa no 8. .8. .22. moon n.nm manna 9H mwflnnoz ononom nnos nonoanoonnw2 on «322 8o an 82 .33 no anon .nm on ON. V A V OH. 2N3 onoa no m .8 on m. .oooH no N N.ON ooh 80. V A V HO. mN.m onoa no 8 .oooH no 8 H.ON nno: nonoadoonmon. on .322 ooo on om... .onoon no $23 .on on 8. v n v on. 88.n 32. no 8. .82. ca 8. .33 no on. «.nn o2 om. v n v on. 88.n 32. no 8. .8. 52a moon n.nn monooon on 23384332 ooo n 82 «onnn no anon .8n ooooonnnowno nannnaoaonn 8o osnon on .2823 oooonaooo..- swoon 2.2829 222 on on. v n v on. San aooaooaonn .onnooaoo n.om gownnom .om won no. v n onnn onoa no ooo.on $8.8 oa 08.3 .ooon no momsno N.mm oo om. v n v om. win onoa no oooéw 68.3 oooa moon n.8 oaoonn annaon 33:2 .8 on. o . v n v om. won onoa no 89$ .mmmiw oa 80.4...“ .ooon no mmofin mom on. om. v n v on. won onos no 898 .ooofin oooa moon n.n« #33 m .pcoocommom 80.8.. 08005 2.3552 .mm ooooonnnownm nannnpoponn ooo mono> «x onnonnon doanHPQOOII.>Huoon mag 223 on on. V m V Om. mm.H 0.38 no H. .mo. on moon .oqonn N.m on om. v n v on. mn.n 88 .88 n.n soonam aoonwnz $8.692 ooo m 82 nonnn no anon .m on ON. V m V OH. mm.m 0.38 no H. .mo. 0.... maoq .ononn N.m on om. v n V cm. mH.n 2.8 .88 n.m monooon on aooonoom ononon soonam aoonwnz 58382 ooo m 82 .83 no anon .m on Om. V m V ON. m:.H 0.38 no m .m 8. H 6qu m.» on Om. V m V ON. mH.H ones no H .23: H.» Soonam andnwnz an no>on< odd n mwdjnundow no nmnEsz .h o2 on. v n v om. So onoa no n. .n. oooa moon n.8 wonooon on aooonoom ononom oonxo: on 1.84.6.2 on... m 82 .83 no anon .8 on on. v n v ow. nmo nanoz .8.: .oaoom too 6382 N.m on on. v n v om. on.o ooaoam 332: .83.: n.n omnm mowd «cocoonmom and: .m on 8. v n v on. on.o ooaoam ooanoo .0352 n. ooon oannn .a on om. v n v on. an no.6 no on .8 ca om .83 no on N.m o: OO.H n m 00.0 no>o no mnooh mm .mooH no undo» :m H.m mm”... .m on om. v n v on. man anonn .asnooa .nnoo «.n on om. v n v on. «n.n a8nn .anoo n.n nonoo ova .m on om. v n v on. on.o now .58 snow .m .3352 n.n on on. v n v om. on.o onmo2 no noonxoz n.n . mogdmmmdw Hdhmdoo .._.. ooooonnnomnm nannnnoaonn ooo osnon x onaonno> N conndnnansooo an mnonoon mo dowomonm mmHouonng omnnnoomm on Aoaom .285 8on Honnnam no mononononm wcnaoHon 3859093 no name» ongdmunno no mpgmomnufiuoon mama. 221+ oo on. v n v oo. moo one... no mn .mn ca n .33 no 8 «.on on om. v m V 08. 20.0 onoa no OH .oooH no m H.mH 85223 on annoonoom 49592. and m owd «mnoow no nongz .mH on on. v n v ow. mmo no.6 no om .8 3 on .33 no on «.nn 0: 0m. V m V 08. «00 no.5 no mnooh mm .oooH no on.ooh am H.NH 833.3 on 88332 aonnn 82 .nn on mm. v n v 3. mod 33 no m. .8. ca m. .83 no no. «.on on 0m. V m V 08. 3.0 onoa no 8. .8. «85. nooH H.8H 85382 2.33 on 4332 coo m 82 wonnn no anon .on on on. v n v ow. nod 33 no m. .mo. 3 m. .83 no on. «.nn oo on. v n v om. moo onoa noLm. hm. gonna moon n.mn wwnooon on anoonoom ononon ooooonoom noon: on .332 So w 82 nonnn no anon .nn on. on. v n v on. to onoa no m. .3. ca n. .33 no mo. «.nn on 0m. V oc. V 08. 40.0 onoa no m. .m. noun omoH HJNH ooooonoom gonna on .88 82 «onnn no anon .nn on om. v n v ow. nod onoa no a. .mm. 3 m. .33 no no. «.mn . . on 8.n u n oo.o . one... no m. .m. 23a moon n.mn nanoz noon: on .332 98 n 82 .183 no anon .mn oo om. v n v om. 8.n onoa no on .nn 3 on .33 no a N.mn on on. v n v on. amo onoa no on .83 no m n.nn nanoz n33 on .332 ono W 82 .mnoon no nonaan .on oo oo. v n v on. 3.o no.6 no om .8 ca on .33 no on n.nn on 08. V m V 02.. 0H.0 no>o no onooh mm .oooH no undo» .nnm H.HH nanoz noon: on aooonoom aonnn 82 .nn on on. v n v om. 8.o no.6 no mm .on oa on .33 no an «.on o: on. v m V Om. mm.0 no>o no undo» 0N .mmoH no undo.» mH H.OH nanoz on aooonoom aonnn 82 .on ooooonnnownm nannnaoponn ooo osno> ox onaonno> Hogan an .300" a ,1 \ I x I \ / . , . . , ~ 1 . . , , . ’-V rs . ‘N I I l ' O 22S on 3. V m V cm. NH.0 oon>nom $3903 603039300 Ném on on. v n v oo. moo nnoaoon-ooo .nnoaoon n.nm nonaoanoo aoon .nn on on. v n v on. no.o 38 .88 n.8m 883 832 ooaoam 233: on oonnnom .on on 3. v n v on. mn.o onnooooonnn .38.. a3 38. .onaann «.8. on on. v n v om. mn.o once .onaann n.8 8&3 on 822.8: ononom oonmo2 nan; aooaooo .8 on om. v n v on. can moan .onaann n.nm nonoonn aonnwnn .nn on on. v n v on. mmn 38. no at. .38 3 onm .83 no noon N.mm on 3. v n v on. no.o one... no saw .83 no 3928 ooaonnmoo nooaoo no ooono .mm on ow. v n v on. 36 onoa no 2. .mm. 3 m. .33 no on. mom on om. v n v om. no.n 33 no m. .m. 3a moon n.8 nnoz nonnanoonnw2 on 4332 on... an 82 .33 no anon .on on on. v n v ow. om.o 33 no 2. .on. oa m. .83 no on. n.n« on on. v n v om. no.o 39: no m. .n. 23a moon n.nm $53.3 on 85.33 ononom nno: nonoanoonnw2 on .332 no on 82 .33 no anon .nm on no. v n v on. on.o 33 no m .2 ca m .83 no a «.on on 3. v n v on. no.o 38. no m .83 no m n.8. nne: nonoanoonnw2 on .332 28 an 82 .onoon no nopaoz .on on om. v n v on. nn.m one... no m. .3. ca m. .83 no on. «.on on on. v n v om. no.o 33 no m. .m. 53 moon n.nn wonooon on aooonoom .332 ooo m 82 .33 no anon .on ooqoonnnomnm nannnpoaonn ooo osno> on onnonno> dofiaHPQOOII.§ mag 226 o3 no. v n 8.n aooaooaonn .onn3aoo n.om nonmnnom .8 on om. v n v on. no.o 39: no 898 $8.3 3 80.8 .83 no 8min n.8 on. on. v n v on. 8.n one... no 8.3 .898 3a moon n.8 oaooon nnnfin 332 .mm on on. v n v om. 8.o 38. no 8.3 $8.22 3 08.8 .33 no 883 «.on oo om. v n v om. 3.0 one... no 8.8 68.8 3a moon n.8 Mnoz 9956:0258 Bonn oaoonnH dung .mm oonoonnnownm nannnaononn on.o oono> x onnonnon N dodanuoonn .309 SS 227 mannmmom 0H. V m V no. mad once no .n. $0. on moon .onnonn N.m on om. V m V 0H. 0:.m 080m .onoq ad .53an noonwnz £18.68 on... m own .33 no onon .8 on On. V m V 0m. :9: «nos no .n. .mo. on once .oaonn N.m on om. v m V 0H. 0:.m 88m .oconn H6 $583 a.“ poodnmmm mnomom soonnm nnownwn: 5196.2 93 m ow... 483 no nnon .8 on om. V m V 0H. 36 0.38 no m .m on H .28: mg. 0: ON. V m V 0H. 3.m 0.33 no .n .oqonn .n.» awonpm pcdnwnz an fio>op< .93 m owd 4‘3de no non—BE L. on 8. v n v om. 88 onoa no n. .n. noon moon n.8 wanna: on 2338 ononom oonxoz on .323 can 8 owo. .83 no anon .m on 8. v n v 8. 8.n finoz .8.: Epsom .8.: 633: N.m on on. v n v 8. E6 monfim 838 .8382 n.n omnm mow< «monogmmm 532 .m on 8. v n v om. 34 $an 838 .832 .n. moon npnnm A onpnooon on. v n v 80. no.8 no.6 no 3 .mm on 8 .33 no 8 N.m on om. v m V 0H. mm.m n96 no mndmh mm .33 no undo.» :m in m8 .m on 8. v n v 8. 8.0 now: .938. .nnoo N.m on 8. v n v 8. 3.0 Em: .xnoo do. nonoo Sufi .m on 8. v n v 8. 8.n .nsm .85 ..n8 .m .ooonnoz «.n on 8. v n v on. 8.0 3an no noonnoz n.n 3ng Hdnmnnow .H 883388 nonnnpononn on... 33> x onponnns N 8333.33.» 3 mnopodn mo domaonm moapdnng omnmnoomm 9.... 30» «oz and mo» av 8qu4» was 99.6 mm 09 ad keno 8. nondanno no.n onnmmn dmmmmnflmm. wanpmaon 83:90; no mpmmp «naming no mpgmomuafitooa and“... 228 on on. v n v on. 8:. onoa no 3 .nn 3 n .33 no 8 «.8n onpnooon on. v n v 80. 88.8 onoa no on .33 no 8 fimn managed an pomdnmomdnrog. .93 m 09.. dmncow no nongz .wH on 8. v n v on. 88.8 no.6 no cm .88 on on .33” no 8n 8.: on ow. 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I mOOHOH dad fl.“ 0020.,“ .mm I I * I i i 83 up? 3.938 wfimfigIfim .3 I I i I I i 5803.“ £3qu . :m I I i I i 1 39338 H85» no edge .8 I I I I I 1 an? 1.333% 3 on: no fiom .mm I I I I I i magmas 5 gap: can .39? 5 03 no tam Am S J m S N H H o m: m mm mm mm an I. W. I. m O A T. I. O W a t. a 1.m T.I. I. Am a an a: ma am am In 9 u I u n. a a m z a 8:33; 988» in an a a; 9 mm a u ”I mpHdHB Huhfiwaso owdfibfi .dQSdHHdOOIIIANHquda APPENDIX IV (See Chapter V) TESTS OF RELATIONSHIP.AMONG SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES In this appendix, tests are presented to determine which of the selected independent variables are significantly related to each other. Therefore, it seems unnecessary to present the tests with all combinations of both dichotomized and trichotomized forms of the variables. Instead, in each table the simplest form of the test is presented, i.e., with both variables dichotomized, unless a significant relationship in a test can be found only with one or both of the variables trichotomized, in which case this latter form is presented. Thus, if a test between dichotomized variables is presented with a non-significant result, it may be assumed that a significant result is not obtained by trichotomizing either or both of the variables. The one exception is with respect to occupation, which is used only in its more precise, trichotanized form. 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V on V ow. 5 mm mH mnoa mo. a «x mm on nn onppnn manmada mnonmn mOqu< nan: noonsoo Ammv .m mm m :H onoa no :. on. v n v no. on on a. in. ass» moon on m. mm.m u an nm on on m. soon oson xnos Hdnsszonnwd on onnn no anon Ammv .n onoa no m. m. comp men mnnsmom anon unspon monsoon on onnn no anon onosnns> neoeooauosn mmednnds. pqmgommdan dopomHmm on any manna: on nemonmon onnn no onwm wsnnonon $38.33 no mpmon onosumnso no 338%-;an Eng 251 on. v n v om. mm in 28 no oooan 26 n «x on an ooofin 3%. moon maoonn xnoz_awmv .H mean mpHdmom pmma depoa podnaoo no waxy mHnunnm> pcmdanMdQH mmHndnnm> pamdchMUCn dmpooHom on Ammv mmnqug an mqnxnos mnonmp mOqud spa: podpcoo no mmhu manponn momwnpomnn no upmop mndnumunno no mpHdmmmuu.HA mqm voodoomoosn moHndnnd> pnmdomnvonn ompomHom op Ammv xnoz HdnSszonnmd on mnnH no Pawn wcndeon mmmmnpomh: no ovum» $95.30 no mnnssom--..n n.nnfi \ ~4 \ \' r“ . 1 v ' 1 , /‘ .nn- 252 Ho. v 9 mm :m HH once no m ho.HH n NN m: :H Hm mmoH no m Mnoz HdnspHsonnwu on mndoh.no nmnapz Aomv .: no. v n R an m no.5 no onson mm mm.mm a mm m: m :m mmoH no mndoh :m wcnmndn an puma unmon pmnnn mw< ANHV .m Ho. V m :m hm n. n96 no anon» mm :H.:m n mx w: HH mm mmmH no undo» am apnoz swan: an wand ..nmon pmnnn o3 nnnv .N no. v n v no. mm mn n onos no n. om.m u Nx pm mm mm H. gasp mmoH wdnqun wnonon.oonxoz on onnH no anon Amy .H onoa no mm mmoH no :m monsoon nmon. snsnon onnsnnsn namesonmoon modennw> pcodcmmovon dmnomHmm on AmV.mmm wanpmen mmwmnpomxn no pomp mndnumnnno no mszmmmnu.HHn mnmnmm om. v n v om. 3 mm mm nnonosn m:.m a Nx mH m w nonposnpmaoo conpdmiooo pawn Abmv .m om. V m V om. mm HH NH maom. mnn n mn mm nm mm osos muonon dusno an oon>nom Awmv .m on. v n v on. E on mm 983 mm.m u mx mm on nn onnnnn wcnmcdn mnonmn monq< 5n: nosnsoo 33 .n no. v n v no. no mm mm nos: omnn. u mn mn on m onnnnn sonnwsn on nososnn 93 o no. v n 3 .sn nm 883 no fin no.nn u an mm no. nn moon no on: dopmHmHoo noosoo no oeono R3 .m mnoa_no mm mmOH no :m snnsmom noon. monsoon o3 onnsnns> nooosonoosn dodfideoonl.HHq mqmdfi 25h mo. v n v no. 3 m nm ones no 4.5 :06 a mum mm mH om mmMH no mp: 633980 Hoosom no manna Ammv in On. v m V 0m. mm NH mm mnoa no w mm.o u mx m: H lam mmoH no m unno3 Hondedonnmd an mndmh no nmnazz A03 .m Ho. V 9 pm wH Hm n96 no mnson mm no.» 3 mx m: n. mm mmmH no and?» 4N wanmqqn on nsoonmon nmnnn ow4.nnnv .m Hm m NH n96 no and“; 0m Ho. V 9. mm mH mm mndmnn mm on om mm.0H .... Nun :m H mm mmmH no and?» mH nonoz nonnnn on psoonmon nmnnn ow<.nnnv .n mnoa no H. 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V m mm mH mH ln 0.38 no w :~.mH u mx m: w mH om mmoH no m xno: HdnszSonnMd an mndmn.no nmnasz Aomv .H onoa no 0m mmnom mmmH no mH manmmm pmma depoa annoz gonna an nonnn mwd mHnmnnd> pcmdanquH mMHponnw> poodnmmmdcn umpomHmm on AHHV nnnos moans an pcmonmmn pmnnn awn manpmen mommnpomb: no mpmmp mndnwmunno no mpHdmom nu.>HA mnmda 257 :H m. b : oon>nom om. v n v om. on n no on nnonoon Hm.m n mx mH b m m cOnposnpmcoo sonoonsooo noon :3 .m onoa no Om mmuom mmoH no mH onnsoom noon ononon finoz gonna on nonnn ood onponno> nsoosonoosn dOSQHPQOUII.>HA mqmdfi 258 :H m m oon>nom on. v n v on. on no no nnofion :m.m u mx mH HH m nonposnpmnoo nonpomuooo noon Abmv .m on. v n v on. on on on 38 on.o n on mm no no 88 moonon doano on mon>nmm Awmv .: om. v n v on. S nm on ones HH.o n mx mm mH EH meunH wanmndn ononon oonoso fin: noonsoo 33 .m mo. v n v no. S mm mm nous mm.m u mx MH m : oprnH nonnoqn on nooosnn 23 .N no. v n 3 mn om 88 no fin om.w u mx mm mm MH mmoH no :9: oononnsoo noosoo no moono 33 .n V onoa no mm mmoH no :m mpHdmom puma denoe mcnqun an pmnnn ow< oHnmnnd> pqodoomodnn moHndnnm> pnoooomodqn dopooHom on ANHV wcnmqmn on nooonmon pmnnn own wanndHon mommSpombs no mpmop mndaomunno no mnHSmomnn.>n Handy 259 :H : 0H oon>nom om. V m V OH. m: Hm hm nanonodn mm.m u mx wH 0H m connednpmnoo nonpdmnooo noon APNV .: mo. v n v no. mm m om 38 mo.: u «x mm hm mm onoo moonon amend cn oon>nom Ammv .m om. v n v om. 5 mm mm moss dw.o a mum mH N m menfifl nonnmsn on boonnn 33 .N no. v n no on mm onoa no fin nm.mH n mx mm mm 0H mmoH no mp: 633980 nooooo no ooono Ammv .n onos no m mmoH no m mpHfimom noon mHonoa undon.no nonspz oHnonnm> voodoonvonH modeHng pcoddomod :3 @3033 on Aomv xno: Hondpdsonnmd an mndoh no nag: wanndHon mnmop on.onndmnnnno no mpHnnmmmnn.H>.H mag 260 vaQVHQ mm.m n ma mmnnmuaonnn Hdfimdo asp onoa 0H#PHH manmqoq ononmn monmq< nun: poanaoo Ammv .m mpnsmwm puma ha m m on em m 3H m mm :H an m mnoa no m mum mood no N anoz_adnsnasonnw< maopoa on undo» no nooasz manonnd> voodoomodnH dosnnpaoouu.n>n mqm¢n 261 :n on : oon>nom om. V n V on. m: hm Hm Anonodn mm.m n mx wn m on acnpoonpmooo noneumsooo noon Abmv .: no. v n mm mm m 88 mb.nn u mx mm mm 0m moon moonon dog on magnum 63 .m no. v m E om n 983 wn.mn n NN mm m :m onppnn mdnmndq ononon monwfin fin: pofiaoo RS .m mo. v n v no. no .3 om :25 mo.: n mx mn : m onnpnn omnnmcm 3 355nm :3 .n ones no 3pm moon no on: manomom name mndpoa noonom no manna mnnmnno> pooocomuonH monnonng pcmoqmmoocn @3033 on Ammv omponmaoo noonom no ova manponmn mpmop ongdmunno no mngmmmuungq mama. 262 :n ma n oon>nom mo. v n v no. on N: m hopoon mn.o n on on on o nonpoonpoooo conpdmwooo noon Ahmv .m mo. v n v no. on pm n oaoo w:.m n Nx mm 0: NH one: moonon dog on outflow 33 .m mo. v n v no. 3 m... n 983 no.n u mn mm no m onppnn mcnmodn mnonon mono ¢.spnz poopooo Ammo .n onoz onppnn apnooom poms unopoa omnnwom on noooonn onoonno> pooooooooon monnonnd> pcooqomodqn oopooaom on Admv ammmwum an nucooan manponon mpmop $38-3 no monsoom--.nnn>n Ema 263 :H m m oon>nom on. V n V mo. w: om mm hnonQon mm.: n mx mn m :n acnposnpmcoo nonpdmfiooo noon Ahmv .n oaom oooz mpnsmom noon mndpoa moonon ooan< on oon>nom onnUnno> voodoomoocH monnonnm> poodqomoocn donoonom on Awmv moonon doand map on oon>nom wcnpdnon mpmop onoadmunno no mpHfimomuu.xn mqmnmm om. v o v on. on om om bopoon :m.o n mx wn w m nonposnpmcoo nonnogzooo noon Ahmv .m mo. v a v no. om nm o. 38 mo.n u on mm mm mm moo: moonon dosno on oon>nom Ammv .n 93: onfinn opnsoom noon onopon poflooo no o5 onponng pooooonooqn moanonno> pqooGoMoUQn dopoonom on Ammv monquq on pcoonmon ononop moan< nun: podpcoo no man» wonnonon momonpomhn no mnmop ondqwmunno no mnndmomuu.XHA Handy APPENDIX V MATRICES OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDICES OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES 261+ .xnocommo mnfi. pzonmzonnp mmcnndoa woos». 25.; macaw woman. .on hooomnnoh00 no mpqononnngo no $an and mnopgz oounoofiog nonpoonno on pfionnnowno nnpnooom .ooonoofionE nonpoonno on pooonnnomnm * *2. nonpmnn0mgm nomongoz 303:0: 50.382 no nonponponoo moanondoa “Anon no nonpncmogm mooon 50.382 no nonpmasmnoo *8 nwnqonm no mo: NN. monwan non: 3380 on . .x moonponnodwno an 33.3304 .N mn. acnpnmom donogomdgo .H : m N H among monnonng voodoomoo no moonddn wooed 33330.38 pooonnnowno no xnnpoz.-.nfi mama 265 nonpoosooo .on Hm. * oonmnnom .m p0dpooo monmonuonn .w om. ** sonnmom on nuooonn .n j. mm. ** ** ooponm360 oodnm noon0m .m an. mm. * ** Mnoz nonopn50nnw4 .m nu. mn. ** * Nooon 00coonwon nonocow .: nu om. om. on. ** ** ** ** 00qodnm0n odonxmz .m mm. mm. mm. mm. ** ** ** ** o&<..m monondongd..n on m m n o m n m m n moonoon moHndnnd> pooocomoocn no mo0nocn macaw mananOnpdamn undonnnnwnm no NHHfldZTI.HHxH mqm¢9 266 TABIE NEIL-«Matrix of significant relationships between indices of independent and dependent variables Indices of Dependent Variables Regarding: In Indices of g 5 8 g m d n 3 Independent 33 33' *8 n .o m 8 m 3 8. :3 Variables a ‘33 3 033 gg :53 53 a3. 0 H“ g: gg .m 2% no es 8 3a a em 2 2 so am <3 a 3 o '3 m 1. Appearance «x—x- .25 2. Age ** «- .h3 49 3. Mexican residence H- H H- H» -x-x- H- .28 31 .2? .21 .37 .26 1+. General residence -x- ** H- «x- .m .26 02“ .19 5. Agricultural work ** .27 6. School grade *1- H- H- .30 .32 .38 7 . English fluency ** H- * H- H- .23 .hO .19 .22 .22 8. Fre-Lansing contact H- ** H- -x- .33 .26 .23 .19 9. Religion * .21 10. Occupation *- .19 APPENDIX VI SCHEDULE 30mm (Modified) When did you come to Lansing to live more or less permanently? When and where were you born? In what languages do you converse with your wife? Code: 0. only Spanish 1. only English 2. both equally often 3. both but more often Spanish h. both but more often English 5. other In what languages do you converse with your children? Code: 0. only Spanish 1. only English 2. both equally often 3. both'but more often Spanish h. both'but more often English 5. other Of all the days of fiesta--patriotic, religious, social, Mexican, and.American--which are the most important for’you? Why are the 5th of.May and 16th of September celebrated as holi- days? In general do you.prefer Mexican or American food? Code: 0. Mexican 1. American 2. both equally 3. other . How often do you eat tortillas, hot chile, and Mexican friJoles? Tortillas. Chile Frijoles Code: 0. every meal 0. O. O. l. more than once a day' l. l. l. 2. once a day 2. 2. 2 3. more than once a week 3. 3. 3. h. once a week A. h. h 5. more than once a month 5. S. S. 6. once a month 6. 6. 6. 7. more than once a.year 7. 7. 7. 8. hardly ever 8. 8. 8. 9.0flmr 9. 9. 9. 268 9. 269 Which of the following have you heard of being used as a medicine? 1. Aceite Mejicano 2. Aceite Volcanico 3. Alhucema ll. Malva 5. Manzanilla 6. Poleo 7 . Romero 8. Rosa de Castilla 9. Yerbabuena 10. Where have you lived and what .jobs have you had since birth (in- 11. 13. 11+. 15. 16. 17. l8. 19. 21. 22. cluding service in armed forces)? Give dates insofar as possible. (Indicate names of places of residence.) How much friendship have you had with Americans in the places you have lived and worked? Could you tell me exactly how long you worked in each ,job in 1960? How much did you earn per hour or week? How much did you earn in the whole year? How much did you receive in un- employment compensation or welfare help for your family? What ,jobs did your wife and children have in 1960? How much did they earn? Is your wife Mexican? If not, what is her origin? What grade of school did you complete? What is your religion? How well do you Speak English? Are you a member or go to the meetings of some organization, club, union, or society? Which? With respect to each: how often have you been attending meetings? Do persons other than Mexicans belong? Who are your best friends in the Lansing area? (Name five if possible.) Are they all Mexican? (Indicate ethnic identity.) With how many non-Mexican, unrelated families in the neighbor- hood where you live do you have friendly relations (e.g., visit or greet in a friendly manner)? What do you do for recreation? Are there ever any Americans present in your recreational activities, or when you go out to have a good time with friends? Do you subscribe to a newspaper that is delivered to your home? 23. 21+. 25. Have you.given any thought to where you would like to be buried 270 when that becomes necessary? ‘Would.you like your children to grow up to be Just like Americans? Note general appearance: Code: 0. l. 2. 3. 1+. 5. 6. Mexican with Indian influence Mexican of Spanish type Negroid general South Eur0pean general European extreme North European other Note skin color: Code: 0. l. 2. very dark fairly dark slightly dark (like South European) 3. light (like North European) ROOM USE any ‘I.. . ‘ £1 . . - -119". ‘‘‘‘ ‘ 3“ C C u— r ‘ ' . r I p . ‘ (n - ’ .. ‘:‘.“""!5‘.| fi-f . . .r ‘ s ‘ *“r-ur ' . _ .4” a. u mm