" 1 TN ISRAEL Ann THEIR INTEGRATION THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS OF AMERICANS AND CANAINANS ........ Dnssertatlon for the Degree of Ph D MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSKTY HARRY LEIB NJBAS nStte IBPARY Mch Um sir)! i ' iga a ' 'ver ' L [I o ABSTRACT THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS OF AMERICANS AND CANADIANS IN ISRAEL AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO ISRAELI SOCIETY By Harry Leib Jubas While the origins of immigration to Israel may be said to go bad"American" will be used throughout this dissertation to include both those from the United States and those from Canada. 24Letter, Moshe Goldberg, Executive Vice—President of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel, to the author, April 20, 1972. 25The Law of Return was passed by the Israel Parliament (Knesset) on July 5, 1950. One of the earliest and most significant of the basic laws of the State of Israel, declaring that every Jew has the right to settle in Israel as an oleh (defined as "a Jew immigrat— ing to Israel for settlement”), it gives legislative confirmation to the age—old Jewish yearning for return to Zion, previously embodied in the Basle Program (l897), in Article 6 of the Mandate for Palestine ,gflw - 5 ..,.. o. 2'». ~‘m..., 21 12Report of Development Corporation for Israel (New York, Ira Guilden, President, 1972). 13Yiga1 Allon, "Report of the Israel Ministry of Immigrant Absorption," srael Magazine, II, No. 4 (I969), 65. 141bid. 15The following facts and figures are derived from visits to absorption centers, hostels, ulpanim and kibbutz ulpanim and from bulletins of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption and the Jewish Agency, Department of Aliya and Absorption. l6An ulpan is a unique school specially devised in Israel to provide a crash program in Hebrew language instruction. 17Plural of ulpan. In Hebrew nouns are either masculine or feminine. Ulpan is a masculine noun, which forms a plural by adding im. 18Judith T. Shuval, Immigrants on the Threshold (New York: Atherton Press, 1963). 19Harold R. Isaacs, American Jews in Israel (New York: John Day Company, 1966). 20Efroyin V. Rusk, Secretary of State, May 29, 1967. 21Simon N. Herman, American Students in Israel (New York: Cornell University Press, 1970. 22The author of this dissertation was a student of Professor Herman's in the Graduate School of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, during his year of research in Israel, 1970—71. _ 23"American" will be used throughout this dissertation to include both those from the United States and those from Canada. 24Letter, Moshe Goldberg, Executive Vice—President of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel, to the author, April 20, 1972. 25The Law of Return was passed by the Israel Parliament (Knesset) on July 5, 1950. One of the earliest and most significant of the basic laws of the State of Israel, declaring that every Jew has the right to settle in Israel as an oleh (defined as "a Jew immigrat- ing to Israel for settlement"), it gives legislative confirmation to the age-old Jewish yearning for return to Zion, previously embodied in the Basle Program (1897), in Article 6 of the Mandate for Palestine 22 0922), and in Israel's Declaration of Independence of May 14, 1948. Thelaw actually sanctioned the existing situation, for as the offi- cial explanatory note pointed out, the Israel Provisional Council of State had, in its first legislative act (the Law and Administration Ordinance, 1948), abolished all restrictions on Jewish immigration and retroactively validated the immigration of every Jew who had, at any time, entered the country even in contravention of the Mandatory regulations. In the words of the then prime minister, David Ben Gurion, in presenting the bill to the Knesset for first reading: “This law lays down not that the State accords the right of settlement to Jews abroad but this right is inherent in every Jew by virtue of his being a Jew if it but be his will to take part in settling the land. This right preceded the State of Israel, it is that which built the State." The main provision of the law [section 1], as passed by the Knesset, is accordingly declaratory in nature: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." In keeping with the pur— poses of the law, this status of oleh is also accorded to all Jews who had entered the country as immigrants before the law came into force and to all Jews born in the country, whether before or after the law's coming into force [section 4], as well as to any Jew who goes to Israel other than as an immigrant and subsequently expresses his desire to stay and settle in Israel [section 3(a)]. An oleh‘s visa may be denied only in cases in which the mhflster of immigration (later the minister of the interior) is satisfied that the applicant is engaged in activity directed against the Jewish people or is likely to endanger the public health or the security of the State [section 2(b)]. However, a person may not be regarded, for the purpose of this restriction, as endangering the mmlic health on account of an illness contracted after his arrival h1Israe1 [section 3(b)]. Experience indicated that there was another category of persons to whom it was not desirable to give an unrestricted right to settle in Israel as olim, namely, wanted criminals who took refuge in Israel or those who intended to continue alife of crime there. The Knesset hesitated to restrict the flmolute right of every Jew to aliya and was conscious of the possi- bilities of rehabilitation of wayward Jews inherent in Israel society. Nevertheless, on August 23, 1954, it adopted an amendment to the law, empowering the minister of the interior to withhold an oleh's visa from "a person with a criminal past, likely to endanger the public welfare” [Law of Return (Amendment) 1954]. The Law of Return further provided the principal method of acquiring Israel nationality, for the Nationality Law, 1952, pres— cribes that (with certain exceptions) every oleh under the Law of Return shall be an Israeli national [section 2(a)]. 26This total figure of 2,400 is less than 2 per cent of the total American-Canadian Jewish population. The U.S. Jewish popula- timlis 5,870,000, the Canadian Jewish population is 280,000. Leon Shapiro, "World Jewish Population,” American Jewish Year Book, LXXI Whiladelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1970), p. 540. __._—— “ ‘41 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE AND ISRAEL* In 1929, at the opening of the constituent meeting of the Council of the Jewish Agency, Albert Einstein noted the tragedy of the modern Jew "in the fact that though he represents a nation, it is a nation decomposed into atoms.”1 Our task, he said, was to build the ancestral homeland through the concerted effort of all Jews and thus put an end to the Jewish anomaly. What were the origins of that anomaly to which Einstein re- ferred? In essence, its roots go back to 70 A.D. when Roman legions *In providing the reader with the background of Jewish immigration to Palestine under Turkish rule, the British mandate, and under the State of Israel, the writer has relied upon and drawn from information from the following sources: R. Bachi, "The Population of Palestine," Encyclo edia Ivrith [Hebrew Encyclopedia] (Tel Aviv: Encyclopedia PublisEing Company, 1949); Department of Statistics, The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Statistical Handbook of Jewish Palestine, E41 (Jerusalem: The Jewish Agency for Palestine, 1947); The Story of the Jewish Agency for Israel (New York, Jewish Agency-American Section, 1964); Integration and Development in Israel (Israel Uni- versities Press, 1970); Facts About Israel (Information Division of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1972). Any opinions offered and any conclusions drawn, of course, are the author's own for which he accepts the full responsibility. From this information it is hoped that the reader will gain insight with regard to the character of the institutions through which immigration was fostered and will acquire amore complete understanding not only of the differing periods of immigration but as to the types of immigrants who came to Israel during these different periods. 23 24 sacked Jerusalem, bringing an end to the Jewish Commonwealth and initiating the Jewish exile. Thus began the miracle and riddle of Jewish survival during the last twenty centuries, survival accom- plished in the teeth of every conceivable form of persecution, survival despite the encroachment of other and seemingly more sophisticated cultures, survival through an obsessive longing for a land conquered and reconquered fourteen times in thirteen centuries. The modern Jew might well be bewildered by the obstinate tenacity of his forefathers, so poignantly expressed in the words of the medieval poet of Spain, Yehuda Halevi: "Could I but fly on eagles' wings to thee . . . How tenderly thy shores and dust I'd kiss.” There were those moments in history when the messianic hope blazed like a beacon announcing immediate redemption, when men appeared who claimed to possess the key to unlock the shackles of exile. But always the key was illusory and the flame burnt itself out, albeit leaving the embers still glowing. The turning point came in the nineteenth century. Impulses of self—determination, of emancipation, and of national foment under— mined and eventually toppled old orders. The map of Europe changed and changed again as nations struggled and fought to liberate them— selves of foreign rule. Caught up in this wave of national self— redemption and freedom, which in many places engulfed and swept away the ghetto walls, Jews groped for an answer to their own struggles. Placing their hopes on the freedoms promised by the new orders, some preached complete assimilation as the answer to the age—old Jewish problem of homelessness. Others, men with longer memories, sought 25 to channelize the old messianic concept into the modern nationalistic current and advocated the revival of Jewish statehood. In England, the renowned philanthropist Sir Moses Montefiore emerged as one of the first to elaborate and actually finance schemes fornwre productive forms of settlement in Eretz Israel. In France, BarmiEdmond de Rothschild took up the cause of the earliest settlers at a time when they were faced with the threat of economic ruin. His unbounded generosity coupled with business—like direction rescued the embryonic Jewish settlement enterprise from a stage of stagnation. As the nineteenth century neared its end, two specific developments helped speed the birth of political Zionism: in Russia adying czarist autocracy incited pogroms to divert the minds of the populace from the economic hardships of Russian life; in France, the Dreyfus case awakened the world's liberals, and a good part of Jewry to the continuing virulence of anti—Semitism even in the emancipated post—Napoleonic France. In Eastern Europe, where more than half of the Jews of the world were concentrated, hedged in by a cruel regime of segregation and repression, ideas of national self-liberation began to mature and assume definite forms. A movement sprang up, consisting in the main of intellectuals, men and women who proclaimed as their ultimate objective the restoration of Jewish national life in Palestine. They called themselves Chovevai Zion, the ”Lovers of Zion.” Their purpose wasto revive and restore the social and economic life of the Jewish people on the soil of Eretz Israel. As their message spread, Chibat Zimmsocieties were formed in all the larger Jewish communities of the 6.2. u; 26 western world. As early as 1882 a "Lovers of Zion" society sprang up in New York and, though small in number, was not without influential friends. But it was in Eastern Europe, naturally, that Chibat Zion had its greatest impact. It was in Russia, that the most powerful plea for the "Lovers of Zion" cause was heard. It appeared in the form of a pamphlet entitled "Auto-Emancipation," written by an Odessa physician, Dr. Leon Pinsker. The thesis was startlingly simple: before the Jews could ever hope to attain security and normalcy they must emancipate themselves as a nation; they must again become a nation in fact as well as in name. "Auto—Emancipation was the most searching analysis of the Jewish situation that had yet been written. Never a mass~movement, Chibat—Zion attracted people intent on practical action, and before long, a contingent of pioneers was formed, ready to take the decisive step of settling in Palestine. They called themselves "Bilu,“ an acronym for "House of Jacob, come let us go." Principally university students, they left for their Promised Land with no experience of settlement building and little money, but with unbounded enthusiasm. Thus, while Jews in the thous— ands made their way westwards to America, the land of liberty and Opportunity, a small group detached itself from the mainstream and went southward to the land of barren wastes and historic hope. "Bilu" was magnificent in purpose and foolhardy in design. Its members laid the foundations of a few settlements, but the Struggle was too formidable, owing primarily to inexperience, lack 0f money, and local hardships. Yet, subsequent experience was to r A 1’. ,I‘o ‘..“~ ~- on. I o. . It. I u‘ . _".l A . 27 show that the ”Bilu" pioneers paved the way for the thousands who followed, while its parent movement, Chibat Zion, prepared the Jews of the world for the challenge of Theodor Herzl. Much has been written of this man, who, at the turn of the century, blazed the trail which led directly to the State of Israel. Dreamer, prophet, and consummate politician, Theodor Herzl transformed into an organized political force what was previously only a religious messianic impulse and a philanthropic cause. An assimilationist in his early years, he was jolted into the realization that the only solution to the Jewish problem was Jewish sovereignty. He fervently set about mobilizing support for his ideas. It was at the first Zionist Congress, which Herzl convened in Basle in 1897, that the Zionist Movement was really founded as a political force. It formulated the aim of Zionism as creating for the Jewish people "a home in Palestine secured by public laws and outlined the practical and political steps to be taken for the achievement of this object. Herzl knew that Basle was a turning point in Jewish history: "If I were to sum up the Basle Congress in one word-—which I shall do openly," he wrote, "it would be this: At Basle I founded the Jewish State. If I were to say this today I would be met with universal laughter. In five years perhaps, and certainly in fifty, everyone will see it." He was indeed ridiculed and abused. The Reform Jewry of that time, which had long jettisoned that national idea, attacked him mercilessly, as did the extreme Orthodox who insisted that only the Messiah could bring redemption. But the support of the masses, 28 particularly in Eastern Europe where the traditional fervor for the idea of a Jewish Palestine was overwhelmingly strong, gave Herzl the strength to continue unrelentlessly. He obtained audiences with the potentates of Europe, from the Kaiser to the Pope. He never did, however, obtain the hoped for Charter from the Turkish Sultan, ruler of the Ottoman Empire, of which Palestine was a small province, which would, he believed, have opened the way to mass immigration and settlement. In his constant quest for a territorial solution, Herzl turned to London for the realization of his dreams. He was introduced to the British Colonial and Foreign Secretaries in 1902, and these contacts led to a project of Jewish settlement in the El Arish area of the Sinai Peninsula. This plan was soon abandoned and the British Government, then led by Arthur James Balfour, offered Herzl territory in British East Africa (Uganda) for an autonomous Jewish colony. Foreign Secretary Lord Landsowne wrote to Herzl that he would give every facility to a Zionist commission of inquiry that would be sent to East Africa to discuss with the British Government "the possibility of meeting the view which may be expressed at the forthcoming Zionist Congress in regard to the conditions upon which a settlement might be possible." Herzl presented this offer at the 6th Zionist Congress in 1903, at which time the majority decided to send a commission to Uganda as suggested by the British Government. The commission's report was negative and the 7th Zionist Congress, in 1905, rejected any territory except Palestine. Nevertheless, the El Arish and Uganda -Q’; | a nu -‘ v d but a. . \- F'— 29 offers bore within themselves the acceptance by England of the concept of a territorial solution to Jewish homelessness and constituted a prime political accomplishment by Herzl. Within a short span of eight years, Herzl had wrought a revolu— tion in Jewish life. He had created the World Zionist Organization and brought into being the Zionist Congress which gave the Jewish people the opportunity of debating its national affairs in a parlia— mentary forum. He established essential financial instruments for the Movement. He secured recognition for the Jewish question as a serious international problem. He negotiated with European rulers who acknowl— edged the competence of the Zionist Organization in eighteen hundred years of exile who dedicated himself entirely to the national revival of his people. By the time of his death in 1904, at the age of 44, Zionism had already become a world-wide movement, well organized and an impor~ tant factor in international politics. It has been said that it was in the small townlet of Kishinev in Russia that the Zionist Movement was galvanized into practical action. It was there in 1903, just a year before the death of Herzl, that a blood pogrom occurred, spurring an unprecedented exodus of Russian Jews, most of them to America. However, a number of young Jews also set out for Eretz Israel. This second wave of immigration, about 35,000 to 40,000 persons, brought with it an ideology, that of self-labor, the dignity of manual work, especially on the land, and the principle of mutual assistance. This was the founding of the new collective form of settlement, the "Kibbutz." Out of the Second w... . ., _‘ 30 Aliyah emerged those patterns of pioneer living which, to this day, have left an indelible mark on Israel society. The Zionist Movement mobilized its resources in support of these pioneers and, in 1905, the Jewish National Fund began its work of land redemption. Conceived at the First Zionist Congress in 1897 by Professor Herman Schapira, the Fund operated in keeping with the basic principle that all land acquired by it was to be retained in perpetuity for the Jewish people. It was not to be resold but only assigned to settlers on a hereditary leasehold for forty-nine years which could be renewed automatically. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the whole enterprise was threatened with failure. Palestine, still a backward province of the Ottoman Empire, had at that time a population of about 500,000, of whom 85,000 were Jews. Of the latter, nearly 90 per cent lived in the towns and the remainder in forty-three agricultural settlements. Once Turkey had allied herself to the Central Powers, the policy adopted by the regime towards the Palestinian Jews was one of unmitigated oppression. In January, 1915, a manifesto was issued against "the sub- versive element aiming at the creation of a Jewish government in the Palestinian part of the Ottoman Empire." Jewish institutions were closed down; the Jewish armed guards, ”Hashomer," were dispersed; the use of Hebrew was prohibited for street names and shop signs in what was then Tel Aviv. Those who affixed Jewish National Fund stamps to their letters were even threatened with execution. Jews were expelled en masse and numerous arrests were made. Epidemics, fostered by 0" .. .. ~-.I hm... 31 virtual famine, became rampant, and everything that had been built up--including the promise and the hope——seemed doomed. Authoritative observers believe that had it not been for the magnificent and timely reSponse of American Jewry, the Zionist enter— prise in Eretz Israel would have ground to a complete stop. This was affirmed by the report on Palestine delivered to the first post—war Zionist Congress in 1921. "In Spite of all efforts made in Palestine to cope with the situation," the report stated, "the Jewish population would have succumbed had not financial help arrived from America. . . ." America was at the time the one country which was, through its political and financial position, able to save the Yishuv (the Jewish community in Palestine) from going under. Aided by Justice Louis D. Brandeis, the American Zionists established a "Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs,“ which worked in close cooperation with the then United States Ambassador to Turkey, Henry Morgenthau. Barely a month after the Committee was formed, an American warship, the "North Carolina,” anchored outside Jaffa. It carried Morgenthau's representative who brought $50,000 donated by American Jews for the relief of Palestine Jewry. Another expression of American Jewry's concern for the im- poverished Yishuv took the form of an American Zionist medical unit, organized and equipped by Hadassah in cooperation with other organ— izations. Though its organization was begun earlier, it was not until the spring of 1918 that the American Zionist medical unit, composed of forty-five physicians and other medical personnel together with all the necessary equipment was dispatched to Palestine where it " :3 i_— opened the first modern hospital and clinic operations in Jerusalem, Jaffa, and other centers. This was the forerunner of Hadassah's sub— sequent outstanding contributions to the development of Israel's medical system. Such evidence of American interest in the fate of the Jewish community drove home to the belligerents that the Jews of Palestine had powerful allies. Because Jews inevitably were fighting on both sides, the World Zionist Organization, as an international body, observed an official neutrality during World War I. After Turkey entered the war, Zeev Jabotinsky and Yosef Trumpeldor advocated the creation of a Jewish Legion to help the Allies liberate Palestine from the Turkish yoke. In 1915, Trumpeldor raised a contingent of 900 Palestine Jews, known as the Zion Mule Corps, which rendered valuable service in the campaign in Galipoli. This force was the forerunner of the Jewish Legion and pro— vided the nucleus of its manpower. The Legion, for whicihdabotinsky later obtained the consent of the British Government, also had re— cruits from England, the United States, Canada, and the Argentine. David Ben Gurion and Yitzhak Ben Zvi, both of whom were in the United States at that time, later took the initiative of recruiting men in the United States and themselves enlisted in the American contingent. The Legion, which wore the Shield of David on its uniforms and carried its own flag, eventually reached a strength of 5,000 men and participated in the routing of the Turkish forces in Palestine. On December 8, 1917, General Allenby made his victorious entry into Jerusalem and by the following September, the whole country o . . Ir or.- .-I \ \ 33 was cleansed of Turkish troops. This marked the end of the 400-year— old Ottoman regime and the beginning of a new and decisive chapter in Jewish history. Its dramatic opening was the Balfour Declaration, in the form of a letter addressed on November 2, 1917, to Lord Rothschild of London by the British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour. It read: "Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations, which has been submitted to and approved by the Cabinet: His Majesty's Government views with favour the estab- lishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.” All the Allied governments were parties to the preliminary negotiations which, on the Jewish side, were conducted by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, Herzl's successor as leader of the Zionist Movement, the mmiwho later became Israel‘s first president. In the United States, Justice Brandeis conducted the necessary negotiations with President Woodrow Wilson. As a result, President Wilson, on behalf of the U.S. government, gave his unequivocal support to the Balfour Declaration. In a statement issued on March 2, 1919, the President defined his understanding of the words "National Home": '9 am persuaded that the Allied Nations, with the fullest concurrence Of our own Government and people, are agreed that in Palestine shall be laid the foundation of a Jewish Commonwealth." art 1‘." 34 The Declaration was hailed by Jews the world over with jubilant enthusiasm. Here, at last, was international recognition of the Jewish people and of their age-old aspiration for the right to rebuild their ancient homeland. Five years after the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Council of the League of Nations ratified Britain's Mandate to Palestine with the primary aim of implementing the Balfour Declaration. It was in Article Four of the Mandate granted by the League that the term ”Jewish agency" first appeared in international usage. It read: An appropriate Jewish agency shall be recognized as a public body for the purpose of advising and c00perating with the Administration of Palestine in such economic, social, and other matters as may effect the establishment of the Jewish national home, and the interests of the Jewish p0pulation in Palestine. Recognizing the Zionist Organization as the Jewish Agency, the Article went on to state that the Organization was expected to "take steps in consultation with His Britannic Majesty's Government to secure the cooperation of all Jews who are willing to assist in the establish- ment of the Jewish National Home." It was in fulfillment of this Article that Jewish leaders from all parts of the world, from both inside and outside the Zionist Organization, met together in Zurich in August, 1929, to enlarge the Jewish Agency, enabling it to act on behalf of Jews everywhere anxious to associate themselves with the renaissance of modern Israel. The issuance of the Balfour Declaration in November, 1917, General Allenby's occupation of Jerusalem a little more than a month later, and the happy turn in the fortunes of the Allied armies 35 following the entrance of the United States into the war, gave Zionists a chance for an early realization of the dream of a Jewish homeland. Even before the war was to end in November, 1918, Great Britain took a first step to implement the Balfour Declaration. A Zionist Commission, headed by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, arrived in Palestine on April 4, 1918. It might have resented the cool reception it received from British military authorities still in charge of the country's affairs, but with the knowledge that they came with Downing Street's blessings they could afford to be magnanimous. The aims of the Zionist Commission were to serve as a liaison between the British authorities and the Jewish community, to administer relief work, to rehabilitate Jewish settlements, to seek friendly ties with the Arabs, to initiate new development programs, and to investigate the possibility of estab- lishing a Jewish university. It was, in a sense, the forerunner of the Jewish Agency. In June, 1918, Dr. Weizmann set out for Amman to meet the Emir Feisal, the most distinguished Arab personality of the time and the leader of the Arab revolt against the Turks. The exchanges, concerning Zionist aspirations in Palestine, were cordial and seemingly promising. The Emir had no doubt that the future of both Jews and Arabs lay in the Middle East and, in the following January, signed an agreement to this effect with Dr. Weizmann. But subsequent events in the Arab world nullified the potentially valuable Arab-Jewish liaison which would have resulted from this early and forward looking approach by Dr. Weizmann. Meanwhile, immediate post-war developments in Eastern and Central Europe generated the largest wave of immigration up to that 36 time, the Third Aliya. Pogroms accounted for the death of thousands, the Ukranian Jews paying the bloodiest toll of all. Russian Jewry was condemned to silence and isolation by the newly established Bolshevik regime. It was from Poland that the nucleus of the Third Aliya orig- inated. It is estimated that during the two decades between the tw0 World Wars more than 40 per cent of the immigrants to Palestine came from Poland. The Third Aliya wave, about 35,000 immigrants, differed radically from its predecessors, the Bilu and the Second Aliya. It was better organized, better trained, and better equipped. A pioneer training movement called Hechalutz (The Pioneer) was launched by Josef Trumpeldor (who became a heroic and legendary figure in the annals of the Jewish settlement). Its main purpose was to produce a type of young Jew who sought the self-realization of Zionism by training in agriculture or in some manual craft. The real post—war rehabilitation of Palestine began when these young, trained and disciplined pioneers, began entering the country in 1919. A total of some 37,000 came between 1919 and 1923, their in~ destructible quality characterizing the subsequent development of the Jewish National Home. They buttressed the Zionist cause during the transition period, rescued Jewish achievement in Palestine and were the decisive factor in promoting its growth. Other promising developments ensued. In the summer of 1920, the much disliked military government handed over its powers to a civil administration under Sir Herbert Samuel, the first High Commis— sioner and a prominent Anglo-Jewish leader and Liberal Party statesman. . s .1. £93: _a. L: _. .. .dé i . n 1 " 37 In the same period Hebrew was recognized as an official language. The Assephat Hanivharim (the Elected Assembly of the Jewish community) which elected the Vaad Leumi (National Council) was also brought into being as the representative body of Palestine Jewry. The appointment of a civil administration for Palestine headed by a distinguished Jew was not the fulfillment of the needs and hopes of the Jews of Palestine and the Zionists throughout the world. Brit— ish policy gravitated more and more towards the Arab point of view. With each ensuing year the Mandate was progressively deteriorating. Its dominant theme was broken promises and a whittling down of the original purpose of the Mandate, which resulted in the inevitable mounting of tension between the Government and the Jewish populace. The decisions of the London Zionist Conference, which had taken place in 1920, were reaffirmed and amplified in September, 1921, at the Twelfth Zionist Congress which set up a special Colonization Department in Jerusalem; resolved on the immediate settlement of recently acquired tracts of land, including the Valley of Jezreel; drew up a program for economic revival; undertook to subsidize the training of pioneers; took steps to aid education in Palestine; and resolved to encourage private enterprise. It also called upon the Jews in the Diaspora to dedicate their energies to the advancement of Hebrew literature and the furtherance of Hebrew as a Spoken language. But deSpite these advances, there was one ominous and lengthen- ing shadow: the growing belligerence of the Arab politicians. Violence first erupted in the spring of 1920, when an Arab rabble in Jerusalem, inflamed by anti—Zionist harangues delivered on 1‘31 ‘II 38 the occasion of the Moslem festival of Nebi Musa, ran amok through the Jewish quarters of the city. The first organized self-defense units of the Yishuv, forerunners of the Haganah, went into action at this time. It had been hoped that with the supplanting of the Military Administration by a more sympathetic Civil Government, such excesses would be averted. They were proved wrong. In an effort to stabilize the general Arab situation in the Middle East, the British Government in the early part of 1929, unilaterally decided to exclude Transjordan from the area originally earmarked for the Jewish National Home. The whittling down process of the Mandate had begun, a fact which was not lost on the Arabs, who then realized to what extent violence could pay dividends. In May, 1921, renewed rioting broke out in Jaffa and the neighboring Jewish settlements, resulting in the death of 47 Jews and the wounding of another 146. The reaction of the Government, to the dismay of the Jews, was to suspend immigration. When two months later immigration was renewed, it was hedged in by restrictions. Then came the White Paper of 1922 associated with the name of Winston Churchill, the then Colonial Secretary and architect of the policy which made Abdullah, son of Hussein of the Hedjaz, Emir of Transjordan. It was a document of mixed blessings, acknowledging in some paragraphs the rights of the Jews and in others the claims of the Arabs. It confirmed Transjordan's exclusion from the territory of the Jewish National Home and while it did reaffirm Britain's basic P01icy of fostering Jewish aspirations, its reference to the decisive 39 question of immigration had dangerous implications. For "this immigra- tion,” the Paper declared, "cannot be so great in volume as to exceed whatever may be the economic capacity of the country at the time to absorb new arrivals," and "the immigrants should not be a burden upon the people of Palestine as a whole." In short, further immigration was to be dictated by a so-called absorptive capacity of the country, a meaningless assumption at a time when the pioneer newcomers were literally creating new means of livelihood through settlement. The uneasy peace prevailing in Palestine during the following seven years set the whole country in a whirl of feverish constructive activity. Jewish Agency personnel worked round the clock to keep pace with the necessary tempo of settlement, immigration, land purchase, land reclamation, and educational expansion. A new wave of immigration began in 1924 bringing not only pioneers who wanted to build more kibbutzim and moshavim, but also people with some means of their own seeking investments. This fourth wave of 82,000 immigrants (starting in 1924), consisted only partly of trained agricultural pioneers. For the greater part they were middle-class Jews from Poland. They came driven by the economic dif- ficulties they had been suffering from as a result of Polish dis- criminatory laws aimed against them. But when an economic crisis broke out in Palestine and there was no overt outbreak of anti‘Semitism in Europe, many left the country. Nonetheless, the country's popula— tion doubled and trebled from 50,000 at the end of the First World War to 162,000 in 1929. 1w h. se- w , 40 While industry began to take root and a cultural life with Hebrew as its medium blossomed forth, the highest priority was given to agricultural settlements. Shortage of funds might hold up the development of any number of important projects but nothing was allowed to impede the growth of the settlement enterprise as long as there were pioneers ready to go out to the newly acquired land to build, reclaim and cultivate. In 1919, barely fifty Jewish agricultural settlements existed in Palestine sustaining a population of 12,000. Ten years later there were one hundred twenty villages with a population of 40,000. The impressive gathering in Zurich where the Constituent Assembly was convened in August, 1929, heralded a new era of achieve- ment in the upbuilding of the Jewish National Home. Men of stature and of means, representing powerful organizations and important sec- tors of communities, some of whom had previously remained aloof from the work of national rebirth, joined forces in equal partnership with the Zionists. The decade of accomplishments in Palestine had impressed and inspired all Jewry and its universal message was instinctively under— stood. Jews, Zionists and non-Zionists alike, had a duty and a re- 5ponsibility to the National Home, for what was happening in Palestine had a spiritual and practical relevance to every Jew. Leading Jews not affiliated with the Zionist Movement, such as Felix Warburg and Louis Marshall in the United States and Lord Melchett in England, IOined in the efforts and played a leading role in the organization of the Jewish Agency. 352 r. 41 The Constituent Assembly of the enlarged Jewish Agency con- cluded its sessions on August 17, 1929. The exchanges had been harmonious and constructive, the delegates had good cause for optimism. The Jewish National Home seemed on the threshold of a great leap forward. But when, some few days later, the Jews of Palestine were subjected to a reign of savage murder, atrocity and looting, organized and directed by the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el—Husseini, confidence in the Government was at its lowest ebb and relations with the Arabs embittered to the extreme. The political aftermath, with a succession of official in- quiries and reports, threatened to undermine completely the original concept of the Mandate. First came the government—sponsored Commis- sion of Inquiry under Sir Walter Shaw, which concluded, among other things, that one of the immediate causes of the Arab outbreak was the enlargement of the Jewish Agency with the result that Zionist activities in Palestine would be pursued with great energy and supported by large funds. Then came an official Government inquiry into immigration and land purchase. Conducted by Sir Hope-Simpson, a retired Anglo- Indian official, it was concluded that continued Jewish purchases of land were inadvisable. Simultaneously with the publication of the Hope—Simpson report, the Government issued a new statement of policy contained in a White Paper under the authority of Lord Passfield (Sidney Webb), the British Colonial Secretary. It was an alarming document, the major theme being the whittling down even further of the Balfour fies-vex "1;“ ~.... .. "‘é" -. 41 The Constituent Assembly of the enlarged Jewish Agency con— cluded its sessions on August 17, 1929. The exchanges had been harmonious and constructive, the delegates had good cause for optimism. The Jewish National Home seemed on the threshold of a great leap forward. But when, some few days later, the Jews of Palestine were subjected to a reign of savage murder, atrocity and looting, organized and directed by the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el—Husseini, confidence in the Government was at its lowest ebb and relations with the Arabs embittered to the extreme. The political aftermath, with a succession of official in- quiries and reports, threatened to undermine completely the original concept of the Mandate. First came the government-sponsored Commis— sion of Inquiry under Sir Walter Shaw, which concluded, among other things, that one of the immediate causes of the Arab outbreak was the enlargement of the Jewish Agency with the result that Zionist activities in Palestine would be pursued with great energy and supported by large funds. Then came an official Government inquiry into immigration and land purchase. Conducted by Sir Hope-Simpson, a retired Anglo— Indian official, it was concluded that continued Jewish purchases of land were inadvisable. Simultaneously with the publication of the Hope-Simpson report, the Government issued a new statement of policy contained in a White Paper under the authority of Lord Passfield (Sidney Webb), the British Colonial Secretary. It was an alarming document, the major theme being the whittling down even further of the Balfour ' r ~¢N "Ll-o F3113: 42 Declaration and the Articles of the Mandate. Fresh immigration re- strictions were foreshadowed, and the Jews were threatened with an embargo on land purchases. The great hue and cry which followed from Jews throughout the world could hardly be ignored by the British government. Dr. Weizmann and other representatives of the Jewish Agency were invited to confer with a Special Cabinet Committee chaired by the Foreign Secretary, Arthur Henderson. The discussion lasted two months and udminated in an agreement which appeared acceptable to the Agency leaders. On February 13, 1931, a statement by Prime Minister Ramsey MacDonald was issued in the form of a letter to Dr. Weizmann. While not repudiating the White Paper, the Prime Minister wrote in a friendly tone explaining away Passfield's objectionable passages. The letter reaffirmed the preamble of the Mandate and admitted that '%he Jewish Agency had all along given willing cooperation in carrying out the policy of the Mandate, and that the constructive work done by the Jewish people in Palestine has had beneficent effects on the development and well-being of the country as a whole.” It recognized that ”the obligation to facilitate Jewish immigration and to encourage close settlement by Jews on the land remained a positive obligation of the Mandate.” In time, however, this document was found to be as sterile and destructive as any previous governmental document. As expected, the outcome was the virtual maintenance of the Status quo with regard to land policy and immigration. Friction between the Jewish Agency and the administration continued, while in central Europe ominous events were germinating which were to release F7 43 a new and unprecedented pressure of refugee immigration. With the ascent to power by Hitler in 1933, the problem of Jewish immigration acquired a critical urgency. A Central Bureau for the Settlement of German Jews was estab— lished which, between 1933 and 1939, expended large sums on special settlement projects, long term loans, vocational training, and social and educational services. As conditions in Europe rapidly deterior- ated, the Agency concentrated its major political effort on inducing the British government to give a liberal interpretation to its policy of regulating Jewish immigration in accordance with the country‘s ”economic absorptive capacity." Indeed the volume of immigration became the foremost issue in the Agency's relations with the Govern~ ment. With each insistent request to throw open the doors of Pales- tine to be victims of Nazism, plans were submitted proving that productive absorption was feasible. Yet, despite all efforts, the number of labor immigration certificates granted was always a fraction of that demanded by the Agency. During the period 1930-1939 a total of 171,430 certificates was requested, as compared with the 59,180 actually issued. The official excuses were always economic, though it was evident that their prime motive was political. Fortunately, however, many German Jews seeking refuge in Palestine did not have to depend on the government—controlled labor immigration certificates. The regulations then in force allowed free entry into Palestine of persons and their dependents possessing at least $5,000 (the so-called "capitalist” category) and it was ..... n... at: 44 under this classification that the bulk of the immigrants arrived. This largely accounts for the unprecedented rate of immigration during the crucial period of the mid-1930‘s. What gave this wave of immigration its distinctive character was not only its size, but also its composition. For the first time, German immigrants formed a sizeable group and their impact on the country was immediate and profound. Essentially middle class in status, these Jews brought with them whatever assets and capital they cmfld rescue from the hands of the Nazis. This was transferred to Palestine under a special Jewish Agency program known as Haavar Oransfer), which operated from the autumn of 1933 until the outbreak of World War II. Altogether some $25,000,000 was transferred by Haavera during the six years of its operations. ”Youth Aliyah," that prescient organization for the rescue and education of Jewish children and youngsters, was born out of the German Jewish tragedy. It was in the summer of 1932 that Mrs. Reba Freier of Berlin first conceived the idea of establishing a special framework for child immigration, and in that same year a youth group was sent on her initiative from Germany to the Ben—Shemen children's village. The pressure of events in Germany made the program impera— tive, and in 1933 the Jewish Agency launched Youth Aliyah under the direction of Miss Henrietta Szold. ' One of the original founders of Hadassah, Miss Szold self— lessly dedicated herself to the cause of Youth Aliyah until her death h11945. Under her direction, thousands of children were rescued from Um Nazis, and after traveling long and perilous routes to Palestine, dclt ~ 45 where they were received in special educational centers, many of them in kibbutzim. During the thirty years of its existence, Youth Aliyah which has always enjoyed the Special patronage of the United States Hadassah Organization, educated and rehabilitated children from numerous countries, helping them to become healthy, productive citizens, many of whom became prominent in pioneer movements. What the mandatory authority failed to do in encouraging the close settlement of Jews on the land, the Jews did themselves. Con- siderable progress was made in the acquisition of land during 1933-1936 despite the political difficulties. The purchase of the "Hula Con— cession“ in 1934 was a landmark in the growth of Jewish holdings which greatly strengthened the position of the settlers in the northeastern Galilee. Other important purchases were made by the Jewish National Fund in the Jordan and Beisan Valleys, while private persons and groups acquired land on the coastal plain. Between 1933 and 1936 forty new villages were created, mainly in the citrus belt and the coastal plain. Some were founded by vir— tually penniless pioneer groups in the hope that before long the Jewish Agency would be in a position to help them with funds. Others were in the middle class settlements established by German Jews, among which was Netanya, one of the first Jewish outposts in Western Galilee. At the same time, the first Jewish suburbs of Haifa were established, north of the city, on land purchased by the Jewish National Fund. Meanwhile, in the hope that the financial situation of the National Funds would improve, the Jewish Agency Settlement Department was preparing plans for urgent large-scale projects. These provided 46 for the settlement of 2,300 families within two years, a minimal figure considering the growth pressure of immigration. The program was due to be implemented in the spring of 1936, when renewed Arab rioting broke out with unprecedented ferocity that took on the character of a country—wide revolt. The declared aim of the Arab revolt of 1936 was the stopping of Jewish immigration, the prohibition of the sale of land to Jews, and the creation of an Arab "national representative Government." It began on April 19, 1936, and persisted sporadically until the outbreak of the Second World War. The first six months gave an indication of how the Arabs intended gaining their ends——by murderous attacks, wanton destruction and a general strike called by the Mufti of Jerusalem who initiated and directed the outrages. By the time this first phase of the revolt was over, 91 Jews had been killed, 369 wounded, 200,000 fruit and forest trees destroyed, 4,500 acres of crops damaged and hundreds of homes laid waste. The Jews were called upon to defend themselves and their set— tlements against attack, but not to engage in indiscriminate reprisals against the Arabs and not to be provoked to counter-attack. Despite constant provocation, the Jewish community revealed great endurance and self-restraint. The scale and ferocity of the 1936 outbreak made it clear to the Agency that matters were drawing to a head and that the British Government would be compelled, sooner or later, to adopt a clear line of action with regard to its Palestine policy. The Arabs were forcing the pace and procrastination was no longer possible. The government m If 47 would have to take a firm stand with regard to the Balfour Declaration and the League of Nations Mandate or succumb to Arab violence, and there were numerous indications to show that the latter would be the case. Consequently, land purchases and settlement during the period of strife, assumed a new character and urgency. Isolated, barren areas of the country had to be settled with a minimum of delay, and positions of such strength created that they could not be ignored when the final decision on the political status of the country, particularly on the delineation of frontiers, were to be made. These were the political and strategic considerations which motivated the Agency's settlement policy during the latter part of the 1930's. The fifty-five settle- ments established during this period, most of them kibbutzim, were mainly concentrated in areas of supreme political importance, the Beisan and Jordan Valleys, Galilee, the mountains of Menashe and the South. Even before the start of the Arab outrages, the government was intent on keeping immigration well below the peak 1935 figures of 62,000. At the beginning of 1936 the Jewish Agency was hard put to induce the administration to shelve its scheme to raise the qualifica— tions for the grant of a ”capitalist certificate” from $5,000 to $10,000. Later that year, at the peak of the Arab riots, the Agency had to exert all its influence to prevent the government from stopping immigration altOgether. And while the worst was averted, official immigration was reduced to a fraction of its former dimensions. While, in October, 1931, 1,800 labor certificates were granted, in April, ... a. 4n. . 7777 I“- v =7 48 1937 only 700 were given. The Jewish Agency protested vigorously that ‘Whe Methods adopted by the Government in measuring the country's absorptive capacity have, in practice led to a complete negation of that principle." In July, 1937, the government gave up all pretense of regu— lating immigration on the basis of the principle of "economic absorp- tive capacity." An arbitrary "political maximum” was instituted, with the declared purpose of ”maintaining within reasonable limits the existing balance of population pending a final decision on the political future of the country.” The result was Haapala, the partly Spontaneous, partly planned effort to bring Jews to Palestine in defiance of British regulation, the moral and legal validity of which the Jewish Agency would not countenance. The British called it illegal immigration, but for the Jews then under Nazi domination in Germany, Austria and Czechslovakia, who saw their hopes of obtaining immigration certificates for Palestine doomed, there was no alternative. The outbreak of Arab terrorism caused a Royal Commission, headed by Earl Peel, to be sent from London ”to ascertain the under— lying cause of the disturbances and to inquire into the manner in which the Mandate for Palestine was being implemented." Its report, published in July, 1937, came to the drastic conclusion that the Mandate was ”unworkable." A lasting solution to the Palestine prob— lam the Peel Commission contended, was partition into a Jewish State, an Arab State and a territory to remain under permanent British Mandatory rule. The Jewish State would consist of Galilee and the 49 coastal plain down to a point south of Rehovot. Nazareth and Jeru- salem, with surroundings, were to remain under British rule, while the rest of the country would form the Arab State, it being assumed that the Arab State would unite with Transjordan. The Arabs rejected the Peel recommendations while the Jewish Agency Executive, without rejecting the idea of partition in prin- ciple, found the specific proposals of the Peel Commission unacceptable Another Commission was eventually dispatched from London to study the practical implications ofthe partition plan. Its arrival in Palestine coincided with a renewal of Arab terrorism, now supported by propa- ganda, money, and arms from Nazy Germany and Fascist Italy. The Commission's report was duly published, its principal conclusion being that partition was impractical. In London, everything pointed to a political crisis of great proportions. Jewish Agency leaders worked in the hope of salvaging the Balfour Declaration. On one occasion, Dr. Wise informed Neville Chamberlain in the bluntest terms that the Jewish Agency President, Dr. Weizmann, had behind him the solid backing of the vast majority of America's five million Jews. Millions of Christians, too, he told the Premier, supported Zionist demands and subscribed to the idea of the return to Zion. Matters had reached a deadlock when, at the beginning of 1939, Jewish Agency leaders and Arab representatives were invited by the British Prime Minister to a roundtable conference in London. The conference assembled under the shadow of a new continental crisis, lfltler having just violated the Munich agreement by annexing what was "x 50 left of Czechoslovakia. The Agency leaders were rightly apprehensive that with the prospect of war imminent, the British Government would not hesitate to jettison its undertakings to the Jews if this would buy Arab goodwill and thereby secure Britain's strategic interests in the Middle East. As had been expected, the Conference was abortive, the Arabs refusing to even sit at the same table with the Jews. A few months later, in May, 1939, the Agency leaders' worst fears were confirmed when the British Government issued a statement of policy known as the MacDonald White Paper which Winston Churchill was to describe in Parliament as "another Munich." It proposed that'the Mandate be relinquished in favor of an independent, predominantly Arab Palestine. Seventy—five thousand Jews were to be allowed entry into the country until 1944, after which Jewish immigration would depend on Arab approval. Severe restrictions were placed on the sale of land to Jews and, in 1949, Palestine would become an Arab State. It was one of the most infamous documents in contemporary Jewish history. The outraged feelings of the Jewish world were expressed in a public statement issued by the Jewish Agency which declared in part: It is in the darkest hour of Jewish history that the British Government proposes to deprive the Jews of their hope and to shut the door of their homeland in their faces. The Jews will never accept the closing against them of the gates of Palestine, nor will they let their National Home be converted into a ghetto. Jewish pioneers, who in the past three generations have shown their strength in the upbuilding of the derelict country, will from now on display the same strength in defending Jewish immigration, the Jewish home, and Jewish freedom. One can only speculate on what might have ensued in Palestine had not the Second World War broken out so soon after the publication "CM! .. 11:5! if: x. . ..:... in -~. 51 of the White Paper. As it was, the bitterness felt towards the British authorities was tempered, though not assuaged, by the even bigger threat posed by the common enemy of both the British and the Jews-~Nazi Germany. On September 5, 1939, two days after Britain's declaration of war, the High Commissioner, Sir Harold MacMichael, broadcast an appeal to all sections of the population to lay aside their differ- ences in a common effort against the German aggressor. There was no reaction on the part of the Arab political leaders, but the response of the Jewish Agency, headed by David Ben Gurion, was immediate and clear. On the same day the Executive of the Jewish Agency, jointly with the Vaad Leumi, issued an appeal for volunteers which brought a response from 136,000 men and women. Thirty thousand Palestinian Jews donned uniforms and, as members of British units, saw action on many fronts and in every branch of service. With such a large contingent of volunteers, the Jewish Agency had, from the outset, insisted on the organization of some distinctive Jewish military force. Dr. Weizmann and Moshe Sharett (then Shertok) time and again petitioned the British Government to acquiesce, and there are grounds to believe that it was largely, thanks to Sharett's vigorous per— sistence, that the demand was finally met. In September, 1944, the British Government authorized the formation of a Jewish Brigade to participate in the operations of the British Army. It was, in a sense, a war within a war. as“... m 51315 :ml. in warm; it it any as n ma; 02' 3:3, "m tit, 15 ‘1 km 3“" “iii Clea '= cal 7_—__ 52 From the outbreak of the war and through the period leading to the establishment of the State in 1948, a period of tragedy and triwmflh in which the Yishuv (Jewish Community in Palestine) was preparing itself for the supreme test of Statehood, Ben Gurion acted not only as chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive but virtually as the head of the Jewish community. Through his personal dynamism and courage, he guided the Yishuv, and the Yishuv's friends throughout the world, to stand fast on Jewish demands. It was his leadership in the Yishuv that was largely responsible for the ultimate decision in 1948 to proclaim Jewish statehood in the face of immense uncertainties i and dangers. To the British authorities, the war changed nothing insofar as the White Paper was concerned. The restrictive immigration policy was strictly applied, no matter what proof the Agency brought of the catastrophic situation of European Jewry. Indeed, the Government's major aim seemed to be to dole out as slowly as possible the 75,000 certificates of immigration granted by the White Paper in order to postpone the day of reckoning when they would be forced either to stop immigration entirely, or go back on their 1939 White Paper. But legal restrictions conceived at Whitehall could not stop nwn, women and children under sentence of death from grasping at life. Refugee ships limped across the hostile waters, some managing to Unload their human cargoes on the shores of Palestine, others meeting a calamitous end. The government insisted that the Agency put a stop to this 'flllegal" immigration. The Agency's reply was to establish rescue 12‘ E2; LL 53 routes for as many as could be saved. When, towards the end of 1942, reports filtered through of the systematic and wholesale extermination of European Jewry, the Agency initiated the formation of a "Rescue Committee" whose bases of Operations included Istanbul, Geneva, Lisbon, Madrid and Stockholm. The Rescue Committee's task was to do everything and anything to assist Jews under Nazi rule, and to secure their re- lease. Despite its frantic and often daring effort, the Committee succeeded in saving only a fraction of the number that might have lived, had the governments of free countries shown a greater prepared- ness to cooperate and exert themselves to real deeds. Throughout the five years of conflict, the Jewish Agency fought its war within a war with whatever weapons it could muster. Immigration, legal or otherwise, was one instrument, the expansion of the Jewish settlement another. The areas in Jewish possession had to be increased despite the White Paper land purchase restrictions, and it took ingenuity and torturous maneuvers to circumvent the law. Certainly, British officials were hard put to fathom how the Jewish National Fund had managed to increase its holdings by nearly 62,500 acres between 1939 and 1944. Fifty-one settlements were established during this same Period, many of them constituting new strategic outposts in the Negev and Upper Galilee. But it was increasingly obvious that this settle- ment building could not continue unless the land laws were abrogated, and fighting these laws was one of the Agency's major fronts. A second front continued to be the immigration laws. Try as the British authorities might, they could not halt the "illegal" ._._..i—...- _ _..—_7 e. a. bit" on... o‘.‘ . ' I -. : O “‘b\ \g“‘ .L‘ .. ‘A h'u \\' 54 immigration. When the war ended, the Jewish Agency estimated that the population of Jewish Palestine had grown to 592,000, an increase of 100,000 since 1939. Approximately 60 per cent of the increase could be accounted for by immigration, which included a sizable number of "Aliyah Bet" newcomers. This sixth wave, after the second World War, consisted mainly of the survivors of Nazi persecution and of people fleeing from the Arab countries. This mass immigration from 1945 till the day of the foundation of the State of Israel consisted of about 73,000 persons. The rise in population was only one indication of the trans— formation that had radically changed the face of Jewish Palestine since the war had begun. Industry, which like everything else, had been put on a war footing, had expanded beyond recognition and was producing a wide variety of manufactured products required by the Allied armies. Food production, too, had been given a tremendous impetus. The land under cultivation had increased by 50,000 acres, and irrigated areas had more than doubled. In all, Jewish Palestine emerged from the war strengthened and hardened; its battle-trained sons and daughters—~30,000 of them--returned home from the continental fronts and what they had seen of the broken bloody remnant of European Jewry fired them with a resolve, greater than before, not to permit anything to stand in the way of the Jewish redemption. People no longer talked of a National Home; they spoke of a Jewish State. The demand for statehood was an inevitable and irresistible development. What had happened to the Jews of Europe was the w. Tu ... :5 5L2 um T_——— 55 horrifying finale of the classic Jewish tragedy of anti-Semitism and homelessness, produced, directed, and performed by a giant machinery of slaughter operating with cold-blooded efficiency. Decimated Jewry, gaSping for life, clutched at the one hope for national survival, a sovereign land of its own in which the Jewish destiny would no longer be the plaything of the nations. This hope received formal expression in May, 1942, at the Extraordinary Zionist Conference, called by the American Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs, at which the demand for a Jewish State was officially formulated and presented as a prOgram for action. Though the Conference was called on behalf of the entire American Zionist Movement, there were present the leaders of the World Zionist Movement, including the president, Dr. Weizmann, and the chairman of the Executive, Mr. Ben Gurion, whose participation invested its deliberations with world—wide significance. Thus, the entire Zionist Movement was involved in the formulation and issuance of the "Biltmore Program" which declared that inherent in the very text of the Balfour Declaration was the conception of the ultimate establishment in Palestine of a Jewish State. It became the task of the Jewish Agency, on behalf of the Jewish people and the Zionist movement, to make the program a reality. The British authorities, who had different ideas on the future 0f post—war Palestine--the 1939 White Paper ideas-—dismissed the urgent Jewish demand for rescue as an hysterical outcry. It was only When the war ended that they fully realized how earnest Were the spokesmen for the surviving remnants of six million Jewish people. .. my“ an. ... .. .u v m. ..~ 56 In Europe there were more than 100,000 survivors of the holocaust whom the Nazis had not had the time to murder. They were the displaced persons, broken men, women and children languishing in former concentration camps with nowhere to go and whom nobody wanted to take--except their fellow Jews in Palestine. To get away from the graveyard of Europe and to reach the Promised Land was their sole ambition. As the vast proportions of the holocaust became known, the Zionist Movement in America, organized in the American Zionist Emer- gency Council, geared itself for a massive campaign to mobilize public Opinion in support of Jewish demands. A great outpouring of American sympathy was reflected in both political parties, the Congress, the churches, the labor movement and the press. Zionist leaders addressed mammoth rallies where unprecedented masses of Jews came to express their scorn of British policy in Palestine and demand that the doors be thrown open for the surviving remnant. Impelled by humanitarian motives, and the unmistakable voice of American public opinion, President Harry Truman sent a special envoy to Europe to investigate the problem, Earl C. Harrison a member of the Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees. He reported to the President: "Palestine is definitely and preeminently the first choice of the refugees," whereupon Truman acted without delay. He wrote to the head of Britain's new government, a Labor Government, representing a party with a thirty-year record of Zionist sympathy behind it and an election platform which had called for the repeal of the White Paper and the promotion of the Jewish cause in Palestine. ”, .Mfd .g¢« u. u .. n .. u. '\ r7 57 To the Truman appeal to open the gates of Palestine to the 100,000, the Labor Government replied that a monthly quota of 1,500 immigrant certificates "still available under the White Paper" would be granted to the di5placed Jews. The Jewish Agency was horrified at this reply by the British Labor Party who, only a few months earlier, had solemnly promised a new era for Jewish Palestine. The Agency leaders swallowed the bitter pill and prepared their plans. The battle of immigration was intensified. If the government would not facilitate the entry of 100,000 the Agency would bring as many as it could by its own means. There followed one of the most fantastic and daring episodes in human histor —-the renewed armada of ”Aliyah Bet," comprising sixty-five small, battered coastal freighters and barges which carried more than 70,000 "illegal" immi— grants to Palestine between 1945 and 1948. Emissaries mustered refugees from every part of Europe. They led them by perilous routes across forbidden frontiers to isolated spots along the Mediterranean coastline where the tiny vessels awaited them. They then set out across the sea. Ships built to accommodate a few hundred carried a human cargo of thousands toward the Palestine shore. British war- ships began blockading the coastal waters, but the refugee boats kept on coming. Many were intercepted, the desperate trapped refu- gees fighting with whatever came to hand against the boarding parties. The casualties were invariably heavy. With the Palestine detention camps filled to overflowing, the British began deporting captured ”illegals" to specially prepared camps in Cyprus. The Jewish Agency sent out its emissaries to «NJ u...»- .. .‘ln T___7 58 organize the deportees, established schools and hosPitals for them and did everything possible to uphold their morale and determination. This magnificent rescue effort and the continued work of construction, was largely made possible by the universal Jewish sense of solidarity which expressed itself not only in manpower but also in generous financial assistance. Jews everywhere wished to associate themselves with what was happening in Palestine and they gave as they had never given before to the United Jewish Appeal, to the Karen Hayesod and to the American Joint Distribution Committee so that the rescue and the building would not be hampered by lack of funds. With most able-bodied men and women, many of them war veterans, enlisted in the underground Haganah, the Jewish Agency had at its command a disciplined and cohesive nation—wide fighting force available for immediate action. Its task was to safeguard everything that had been built in Palestine, and to provide the military defense for the two essential Spheres of activity upon which the life and hopes of the peOple depended-~immigration and settlement. As the Jewish resistance grew, the more aware the Mandatory muhorities became of the danger Haganah presented to continued British presence in Palestine. For this was no small action group carrying out individual reprisals; it was a veritable national army Capable of concerted defense and attack. Hardly was the war over, when the British Government embarked on a campaign to destroy the effectiveness of Haganah, while also suppressing the more radical Irgun and Stern groups. Raids were conducted against settlements suspected of hiding arms and harboring "illegal" immigrants. Arrests ,_ 1.3. E L.” ”I ”a. 0! DI .3... ,‘v n ' | ID. a 59 were made and long prison sentences handed down. But the British were faced with a hopeless task. The Haganah movement was too deeply en~ trenched, too widely spread to be stamped out. It was unbreakable because it embraced virtually all of Jewish Palestine. There followed an all-out military campaign to liquidate the Haganah, conducted by an army substantially reinforced by British troops from outside. It was the opinion of the Agency leadership that British actions were conceived on the highest level in an attempt to liquidate the Jewish National Home. The operation proved a dismal failure. Mass searches in settlements followed, met as before, by passive resistance. The government could not afford to ignore such a demonstration of solidarity backed by a powerful and daring under- ground. It gradually backed down, and by November, all the members of the Jewish Agency were freed, along with most of the other men and women arrested in the dragnet. It was at this juncture that the Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry on Palestine was established, the British Government agree- ing to carry out its proposals if submitted unanimously. The Commis- sion began its work with hearings in Washington where the Zionist case was presented by leaders of the American Zionist Emergency Council. And in Jerusalem, as so often before, the Jewish Agency set about preparing its case. In April, 1946, after visiting Pales- tine and the European diSplaced persons camps, the Anglo—American Commission of Inquiry issued its unanimous report. It recommended the immediate admission of the 100,000 and the abrogation of the White Paper land restrictions. The British Government was taken by 1E3)! 60 surprise and repudiated its pledge to abide by a unanimous recommenda- tion. It became clear that it had never intended to take affirmative action. The battle waged by the Jewish Agency against the government reached a new pitch. In London, the British government proposed new schemes, the Morrison-Grady Plan and the Bevin Plan, both of which were rejected by the Agency. While offering the bait of increased immigration, these plans at the same time had the long-range result of leaving the Jews ultimately at the mercy of an Arab majority. Again the government invited the Jewish Agency leaders and Arab representatives to a round-table conference, but this time the Agency declined. Things had gone too far to allow discussion, for there could be nothing to negotiate without some prior gesture of British goodwill which the government was in no mood to make. In the years following the adoption of the Biltmore Program, American Zionists had become the dominant force in Diaspora Zionism. The number of American members on the Jewish Agency Executive in- creased, and an American Section of the Executive gradually evolved. The focus of political activity was to shift clearly to the United States and with it a commensurate increase in the reSponsibilities of American Zionism. The task and responsibility of mobilizing public support and enlisting American intervention in behalf of the Zionist program was in the hands of the American Zionist Emergency Council. Under the leadership of Dr. Silver, who enjoyed the backing of the entire American movement, Jewish demands received the enthusiastic support of a 3:5: v5 Tit; 31$ . If. in: 3521+: 9;. "in-.. 5...... ."t'u “"«n u . V——— 61 wide and important segments of the American people. This support exerted a powerful influence in moving the United States government to adopt an active policy favoring Jewish immigration, and ultimately the establishment of a Jewish State. In February, 1947, the British government was forced to take a decisive step, as the Palestine issue was referred to the United Nations. At a Special Assembly of the UN, which began in April of that year, the problem of the fiasco of the British policy in Palestine became the responsibility of the organized world community. It was an historic turning point, for now the Jewish cause was not to be judged by a single government, but by the community of nations. To the Jewish Agency, which was formally recognized as the spokesman of the Jewish people, it was to be the greatest and most trying test of statesmanship. In May, the UN General Assembly voted to appoint a Special Committee to make recommendations to the General Assembly. Dr. Silver, as Chairman of the American Section, made the opening presentation of the Agency's case for Jewish Statehood. Its majority view was that Palestine should be partitioned into two sovereign states, Arab and Jewish. The die was cast when three months later, on November 29, 1947, with a decisive 33 to 13 vote, the General Assembly voted in favor of partition and the establishment of a Jewish State in part of Palestine. It called upon Great Britain to wind up the Mandate and to cooperate in facilitating the transfer of authority. The stand 0f the United States, as that of the Soviet Union, in favor of -. J'...‘ to 0‘ 0' DOOQ‘ a. :0‘9.‘ ‘x .. n: ‘L' we .5. l n f. . . . r- N" o . ‘-¢.. 3“. ‘m.‘ ~“ -\ 'v. ... N-“ .‘\ i,‘ 62 partition was the dominating factor in this victory which was a prelude to statehood. For the Jewish people throughout the world, the UN vote was a jubilant, frenzied moment made possible in a large degree by the role played by the United States which, not only supported the partition plan but, at the crucial moment, threw her full weight into mobilizing the required number of votes. The Soviet Union's support of Jewish Statehood was firm and unwavering. Men of good will everywhere acclaimed the historic decision to establish a Jewish State, as decreed by the highest international authority. The Jewish people, which had so recently emerged from the agony of the holocaust, experienced the exaltation of salvation. People danced in the streets, strangers embraced each other, men wept for joy; and in Palestine, the whole people celebrated the dawn of their freedom. It was the most exhilar- ating moment in the history of the Jewish people since the Dispersion. The following day the Arab High Committee ordered a three-day general strike of Arabs in Palestine. Fatal encounters between Jews and Arabs ensued. The Jewish Agency issued an appeal for Jewish-Arab friendship and cooperation but it was drowned in the din of screaming mobs out for blood. In the Israel War of Independence that followed, Ben Gurion led the battle of life and death in defense of the Jewish birthright to the ancient homeland. On April 22, 1948, the Jewish Agency in- formed the United Nations that no matter the circumstances, a Jewish State would be proclaimed when the Mandate ended on May 15, 1948. The Agency, while conducting the war effort, set up the framework of LA": r? 63 a civil service and initiated the framework of a National Council, ready to transform itself into a Provisional Government of State. It was a critical moment in the fortunes of the country. The armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and Saudi Arabia were poised for imminent invasion with the declared intention of "driving the Jews into the sea.” No one could then foretell the spectacular victories that were to be accomplished by the outmanned and under— armed Jewish defenders during the months that followed. The somber reality of the moment could not dim the feelings of joyful expecta— tions as the Jews of Palestine, indeed of the whole world, approached their rendezvous with history. It came on May 14, 1948, the day before the British Mandate drew to its end. In the small auditorium of the Tel Aviv Museum, the leaders of the Jews of Palestine solemnly proclaimed the independence of reborn Israel. Flanked by the members of the Provisional Government of the State, Ben Gurion, the man who yesterday had been Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive, and was now to become Prime Minister, read the ”Proclamation of the Rise of the State of Israel." Within hours of the reading of the Proclamation news came through of the first country to accord its recognition to the infant State of Israel. It was the United States of America. This was the decisive change in the status of the Jewish people the world over. Until May 14, 1948, Jews who sought ways of rescuing their brethren in distress could do no more than appeal to the conscience of governments, formulate resolutions, write articles j 7. .n. . n‘ .L r. u. r. L 64 and organize protest meetings. The effectiveness of their deeds was always dependent on the whims of others. With the birth of Israel, a Jewish sovereignty came into being, possessed of both a voice to be heard in the chancelleries of the world and a government with a capacity to act. Jews were no longer just passive objects of history. The establishment of the State of Israel revolutionized the work of the Jewish Agency. Free immigration and unfettered acquisi— tion of land were implied in the very act of statehood. One of the very first deeds of the government of the infant Israel was to abolish the legislation based on the 1939 White Paper. The land restriction laws were rescinded while the Proclamation of Independence itself stated that every Jew had the right to come to Israel, a principle later embodied in the ”Law of Return." The immediate legal consequence of the rise of Israel as a sovereign and independent State was that its institutions at once assumed full responsibility for the conduct of domestic and foreign affairs which hitherto had been largely carried out by the Agency. Henceforth, the population of Israel would be represented on the international political scene by the Israeli government, while the country's domestic and security affairs would now be determined by the duly constituted organs of the State. The war also brought changes in the composition of the Jewish Agency. Some of the communal bodies which had helped to create the eXpanded Jewish Agency in 1929 were destroyed during the Nazi conquest of Europe, so that, by the end of World War II, the Agency and the WOrld Zionist Organization were once again virtually synonymous terms, and this is still the position today. 65 World Jewry, now that it had helped create an answer to the problem of Jewish homelessness, was more than ever dedicated to the proposition of shouldering theyheavy obligations of bringing homeless and persecuted Jews to Israel. To discharge this responsibility, Jewry, as before, would require its Jewish Agency. With its historic record and world-wide organization, no other body was as equipped to serve as the medium capable of preserving the essential bond between the Jews of the Diaspora and the State of Israel. The essential feature of the Jewish Agency‘s status was that it provided the framework in which Jews the world over would be enabled to join with Israel in the historic partnership of caring for the hundreds of thousands of refugees who began flooding the country from the day Israel became a sovereign State. They came in undreamt of numbers, well in excess of 1,150,000 since 1948, and it has been the task of the Jewish Agency's Immigration Department to organize and direct their flow. This seventh wave of immigration from 1948-1965 included 1,086,700 immigrants. About 100,000 arrived between May 15, 1948, and the end of the year. In 1949, 239,000 poured into the country, in 1950, 170,000 and in 1951, 175,000. The first to come were the inmates of the dis- placed persons camps and the Cyprus deportees. Simultaneously, immigration from other sources began, in SOme cases whole Jewish communities of a given country. The 35,000 Jews who arrived from Bulgaria in the winter of 1948-49 made up over 90 per cent of the total Bulgarian Jewish population. More than half the Jewish C0mmunity—-7,000——came from Yugoslavia and 18,000 from Czechoslovakia. '1' "Q C l L. ., 5 .3 o.- 43:15? no p. .0. n has We 66 In the spring of 1949, operation ”Magic Carpet" began bringing by air practically the whole Jewish population of the Yemen—-45,000-— in less than eighteen months. Between May, 1950 and June, 1951, another Jewish Agency "airlift" brought to an end the oldest Jewish exile when 123,000 Jews were permitted to leave Iraq. Forty thousand immigrants arrived from Turkey and 18,000 from Iran during the first three years of the State. Large—scale immigration from Rumania started in November, 1949, but was halted in May, 1952, because of drastic exit restrictions imposed by the authorities. By the time this occurred, 118,000 Romanian Jews had entered Israel. From Poland some 30,000 managed to reach the Jewish State between December, 1949, and February, 1951, after which permission for only individual departures for Israel were granted. North African Jews, for the most part underprivileged and second class citizens in their countries of origin, began arriving in Israel en masse. Over 90 per cent of the Libyan community-~some 31,000-—escaped to Israel before emigration was banned. And between May, 1949 and December, 1952, about 45,000 Moroccan Jews entered the country until, there too, immigration was affected by local political vicissitudes. The first lull in the mass immigration came in the spring of 1952. By that time, Eur0pe's D.P. camps had been virtually emptied, numerous communities had been transferred, almost in their entirety, to Israel, while emigration from a number of countries had now become impossible, or at best difficult because of political factors. ~-. hvj ..-~.é ... .. ‘ “u ‘4“ . do 67 In the years 1953 through 1955, there was diminishing immigra— tion ranging from a low of some 11,000 in 1953 to 37,000 in 1955. This was followed by two years of higher immigration in 1956 and 1957, 56,000 and 71,000. The following years, 1958 through 1960, were also years of small immigration, averaging 25,000 per year. In the years 1960 through 1964, immigration was a quarter of a million, more than doubling the figures for the preceding years, followed by a drop to . an average of 20,000 in 1965-1967, as the transfer of Jews from lands of distress that allowed them to leave neared completion. The curve of immigration turned upward after the Six—Day War; it totaled over 20,000 in 1968 (including temporary residents intending to settle) and rose to an annual 35,000 between 1969-1971, mainly from the free countries. Immigration—~in Hebrew aliya-—is Israel's life blood. It is Israel's historical mission to be the Homeland of the Jewish people. Hence, the right of every Jew, from wherever he may come, to live in Israel is a fundamental principle of the State, and the Law of the Return, 1950, gives it statutory sanction by according free and automatic citizenship to all immigrant Jews. Under a 1970 amendment, the Law of the Return now grants Israeli nationality also to the wife of any immigrant Jew as well as to his descendants for two generations and to their wives, whether they be Jewish or not. Since May 15, 1948, Israel has welcomed over a million and a quarter Jews, of whom half a million had been forced to flee from Arab Countries. In the later part of the 1960‘s and early 1970‘s many Jews from lands of freedom and affluence are coming to play their part irrl 68 in her life and development. The curve of immigration has been upward since the Six-Day War, especially from the Soviet Union and the United States (which have the largest Jewish populations in the world). In these past few years (1967—71), the claim by Soviet Jewry to the right to settle in Israel has aroused and is arousing world-wide attention and sympathy. However, as this research deals with American and Canadian immigration to Israel, that will be the subject of the following chapter. .43". 69 TABLE 2.l.—-Population and Jewish Immigration, 1948-1970.* Population at End of Period Period Immigration Jews Non-Jews Total 1948 101,828 758,702 120,000 879,000 1949 239,576 1,013,871 160,000 1,173,871 1950 170,249 1,202,992 167,101 1,370,094 1951 175,095 1,404,392 173,433 1,577,825 1952 24,369 1,450,217 179,302 1,629,519 1953 11,326 1,483,641 185,776 1,669,417 1954 18,370 1,526,009 191,805 1,717,814 1955 37,478 1,590,519 189,556 1,789,075 1956 56,234 1,667,455 204,935 1,872,390 1957 71,224 1,762,741 213,213 1,975,954 1958 27,082 1,810,148 221,524 2,031,072 1959 23,895 1,858,841 229,334 2,088,685 1960 24,510 1,911,200 239,200 2,150,400 1961 47,638 1,981,700 252,500 2,234,200 1962 61,328 2,068,900 262,900 2,331,800 1963 64,364 2,155,500 274,600 2,430,100 1964 54,716 2,239,000 286,400 2,525,600 1965 30,736 2,299,100 299,300 2,598,400 1966 15,730 2,344,900 312,500 2,657,400 1967 14,327 2,383,600 390,300 2,773,900 1968 20,544 2,434,800 406,300 2,841,100 1969 32,679 2,496,400 422,800 2,919,200 1970 36,928 2,561,400 440,000 3,001,400 *Facts About Israel, 1972, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Information Division, p. 49. FOOTNOTES-~CHAPTER 2 1The Story of the Jewish Agency for Israel (New York, Jewish Agency-American Section, 1964), p. 13. 7O CHAPTER 3 AMERICAN AND CANADIAN IMMIGRATION: A BRIEF OVERVIEW For over a century, the flow of Americans and Canadians to Israel has been unceasing. In the emergency situations of 1917 they came to fight in the Jewish Legion. In 1945—58 they came to fight in the War of Independence and to man the ships bringing illegal immi- grants from Europe.. In every phase of Israeli 1ife--in the Kibbutz, and in the Moshav, in Government Ministries and Courts of Justice, in education, art, musiczuulindustry--they have played an important role and have made significant contributions. This chapter briefly recounts some of the American origins of aliya, a valuable contribution to our understanding of the forces which influenced American migration to Israel. The son of a sergeant in George Washington's army, Major Mordecai Manuel Noah had already tried his hand at journalism, the theatre, commerce and diplomacy when, in 1812, the United States government appointed him consul to Tunis in North Africa, where he achieved some measure of fame by skillfully liberating several crews Of American ships seized by Barbary pirates. After his return to the United States he held, successively, the offices of sheriff, judge, 71 :I‘ M “'43.? A 72 surveyor of the Port of New York and Major in the New York State Militia. But nothing satisfied his restless heart. Then the possible revival of the Jewish nation in the Land of Israel began to interest him. On January 19, 1820, Major Noah petitioned the New York State legislature to permit him to buy Grand Island in the Niagara River ”for the purpose of attempting to have the same settled by emigrants of the Jewish faith from Europe." But it was not until 1825 and the support of President Adams that Noah actually laid the foundations of a "City of Refuge" on Grand Island. There, several blockhouses were built and a plot of land cleared to serve as an agricultural training ground for Jewish re- fugees, to be brought there from Europe and prepared for life in Palestine. From Grand Island Noah issued an amazing appeal to World Jewry, inviting all to follow him to "Ararat," the "City of Refuge." The corner-stone was laid in a small ceremony, but the appeal itself found no echo amongst the masses of European Jews, and the stone (later deposited with the Buffalo Historical Society) remained the only tangible trace of a well-intentioned but ill-fated project, blue—printed far ahead of its time. With time, however, American interest in Palestine grew. In 1844, the State Department suggested the nomination of an American representative. Senate approval followed swiftly and unanimously. Mr. Warder Cresson became the first United States Consul to be mm 59‘": ltd. ‘=F:\ 3“” 231: If“ m\‘ f7 !:;1 IrIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII------—-—————————————— \_,g-.§a, .3 , g 73 accredited to the Turkish Court with "All the Holy Land," which at the time was within the Syrian world. In the spring of 1845, he established a residence in Jerusalem; within the year he had decided to embrace Judaism and to change his name. ' In 1847, Michael Boaz Israel-—Mr. Cresson's new se1f~-founded what was most probably the first modern Jewish agricultural colony, 'Qod's Vineyard,” just outside Jerusalem. With the Bible as his text— book and his own farming experience as a guide, he called for the ‘ public to support: " . . . the migration of all Jews as desire to settle in the land given by the Almighty in covenant to Abraham and his seed forever. . . .” He seems to have been unperturbed by the fact that he was generally regarded as a dreamer or that he was, at one point, de- nounced to the Secretary of State as a raving lunatic. Within the next four years, at least 200 Americans emigrated to join his colony. The record is meager, but it is known that 52 of these early newcomers were American Jews. The others were converts to Judaism and prac- ticing Protestants who saw no clash between their religion and their ardent ”Zionism." One of the first Americans who helped Michael Boaz Israel was a rich New Orleans merchant, Judah Touro who, in 1853, founded the Hebrew Foreign Mission Society dedicated to establishing self- sustaining Jewish settlements. This was the beginning of New Jerusalem, the turning point of Jewish settlement in Palestine. The year 1854, the year of the death of Judah Touro, marked the date of 2:21:51 . man a: rm 3' 552.9: :1: um, ..‘.. -—» 5'”. 55115292: 4:53 we 74 the first Jewish settlement in New Jerusalem. Since then, a continuous trickle of American Jews have made their way to the Holy City. By 1860--the year of Theodor Herzl's birth in Budapest-- Michael Boaz Israel married a Jewish girl from New York and permanently settled down in Jerusalem, his colony in the years to come, sinking into oblivion. In 1868, Simon Berman a Polish Jew who had come to America seventeen years before to farm, emigrated once more, this time to Jaffa where he established his "Holy Land Settlement Society." Even— tually twenty—four Americans came over on a pilgrim ship to join him, and in time, with their efforts, their numbers came to over a hundred men and women. The Society prospered, and the number of its enemies grew accordingly. The Rabbis of the Haluka* were up in arms because of the American who distracted their pupils from Bible studies and soul redemption with his godless tales of equality and soil redemption. In time they were no match against the combined strength and cunning of the "Old City" Rabbis. Even after journeying to meet with the Rabbis and lecturing in America, his attempts to stir up Zionist feelings fell upon deaf ears. In 1881, Simon Berman returned to Palestine to die, broken and embittered, only a few weeks before the arrival in Palestine of the first Biluim. They came with his dream in their hearts, ready and willing to follow his footsteps and to work the land. *Haluka (charitable funds received from abroad by Jews in Palestine for distribution among the needy). 7:21: :1: ‘ II; mm. mugs: ~;:‘~' -' ’ -,. 21...... “L... ‘ 3911c Hing ff 75 By 1889, some 800 United States citizens were under the pro- tection of the Jerusalem Consulate. In 1902, their number passed the 1,000 mark. And Mr. Selah Merill, Head of the Consulate, reported to Washington that: ". . . had it not been for Turkish immigration restrictions, their number would have soared to eight or ten thousand assuredly. . . ." In 1881, the assassination of Russia's Czar Nicolai and its false imputation to Jewish revolutionaries, coupled with the wave of pogroms which resulted throughout Eastern Europe, brought about drama— tic changes which eventually influenced immigration to Palestine. Jewish reaction stiffened at once. Mass flight from Russia became planned emigration channeled into two main directions, "Am 01am" and ”Bilu.” The former looked for haven--almost anywhere but at once. The latter, more idealistic, believed that this haven could only be in Zion. Both movements, profoundly Jewish in outlook and aim, their goals identical, but different in their approach made one turn west, the other turn south. Within three decades, ”Am Olam” brought two and a half million Jews to the United States. "Bilu” persuaded only a few thousand students to risk their lives in the swamps of Turkish Palestine. ”America or Jerusalem" became an anguishing dilemma which Split many families and caused a steady flow of inter—migration between two bodies of immigrants, destined to become the world‘s principal Jewries. 4:1: 76 The ensuing exodus from Eastern Europe caused the Turkish Sultan to close the gates of Palestine by prohibiting ”the migration of Jews into Syria." This embargo, enacted in 1882, remained in force for all the remaining thirty—five years of Ottoman rule and was rigorously applied by all local authorities. No doubt this was one of the main reasons why thousands and later millions of East European Jews took refuge in the one country whose portals were open to them: the United States. But many of them still had their hearts in the east and, after arriving in the New World, they founded the first United States branches of ”The Lovers of Zion” only months after the parent organizations came into being in Europe. Inter—migration between Palestine and America was, perforce, a two-way traffic. Considerable numbers of disillusioned ”Biluim” arrived in New York, very often in the same ship which carried back to Jaffa the first groups of American Pioneers, as Americans were permitted to enter Palestine. A parallel stream of religious Jews brought close to a thousand Bible scholars to Jerusalem during this same period. Al- though the great majority of them still lived on Haluka funds, over forty American Yeshiva students are known to have left the Old City around 1889 in order to join early agricultural colonies. In all, at least 1,055 American olim had taken part in this, the Second Aliya, the great adventure which marked the beginnings 0f effective national redemption. For W ‘3“ as me of 111th i 21.615 mini: ‘ 3” 1353;}, the? .31“; l 4 am, an :2 he "an: 73:11 ILL-‘1 They are U L, ms: influenza my; 15 were the 1‘ 3,5 ‘iriO‘dS 101cm '2 in caning of P1 racially all re $1312. The lies! hiya called then: smile for this In l897, hue years that hiya. In l9ll, 'hencans was no Rises in Palest is“ ”115511 Alarmms tend 1 0111 “lets pre lith “1%! ml: “Woofu 77 For those Jews who had immigrated to America this period was one of internal consolidation. A community, which had increased ten-fold within a generation, had struck roots in the New World. Although they paid lip—service to ancestral nostalgias, most new Americans felt no real need for a return. They had already come 'home." Their main concern now was to "belong." They were in good company. L‘Alliance Israelite Universelle, the most influential body in Western Jewry, was as opposed to Zionist aliya as were the various Rabbinic councils in Palestine. Nor were the various kolelim of the Haluka to be outdone in their hostility to the coming of potential rivals. Zionism was anathematized by practically all religious leaders, both from their pulpits and in private. The Western Don Quixotes who participated in the Second Aliya called themselves "Practical Zionists.” No name seems less suitable for this courageous and apparently impractical advance—guard. In 1897, the Zionist Federation was founded in America, and in the years that followed, members began to trickle to the cause of aliya. In 1911, four true olim made the journey. The group of four Americans was not the only one to join the new agricultural enter- prises in Palestine, but their odyssey of settlement is character— istic. A Russian colleague in Kinneret wrote about them: The Americans tend more toward the life of the village whilst most of our members prefer the kibbutz . . . The Americans have brought with them savings which enabled us to buy tools and some furniture. . Two of them . . . brought some new inventions which are most r—————————’ W 78 helpful out in the fields. . . . Another one came with . . . a Special type of seed. He tried them out last week and they are already sprouting nicely. . . ." In 1919, Eliezer Yaffe, one of the ”Aliya of the Four," pub— lished a pamphlet entitled "The Fundamentals of the Moshav Ovdim" which set down four principles: "National land, self-labour, mutual aid, joint buying and selling, these are the corner-stones of the new enterprise, which we shall call Moshav Ovdim: a smallholders' 7’» settlement." Hechalutz had been America's first ideological contribution to Palestine; the Moshav Ovdim now became the second. Yaffe's four principles quickly spread throughout the country, and within a year a nucleus of followers decided to put them into practice. On September 11, 1921, the first group of workers settled on a stretch of swampland near the Kishon brook to found Nahalal. What Degania has been to the Kibbutz Movement, Nahalal became for the rapidly growing network of moshavim. The light of halutziut first shone forth in New York and New Jersey in 1904. From there it reached Europe and on to Palestine. The Russian Halutz movement was founded only in 1917, the Polish and Lithuanian branches followed in 1918, while its Central European chapters came into being as late as 1921. By then the parent organ- ization in the United States already disposed of three training farms and over a thousand young pioneer—farmers had left for Palestine. Aliya had come of age. ‘ OI 11:. "3 t" " O m ‘3' 2:: W5“ D~ ’ ’ 1352?, 391““ mine a! ‘4‘" ‘ my," 5:: 3.?- - ' '9 m: are": ”5 l -; 5m E-xlest:..e z-. at 13:12:52 1 mired fl? 57- ' 13:5- 1:05.5 i553 $112115: was gene: heme: 1f F'alestin n12, ;lzr.:ed :0 an 5. >3: :tl)‘ by his 12:: twentyfive )‘1 Elias, months at‘ Ernie-nag the Jews Ifficers, whose v01 ifJudea and 5mm Chls‘: leaders had 131911.11 their uak 2““Wars of 21 3°“ Amati: xi“! “as enlisted dislbled. The fa “Wheat Jevis 111 we? again, 1 of Micah Jenn 79 But, by the time World War I ensued, the situation had taken a turn for the worst. Alex Bein, official chronicler of Zionist history, noted: From the day the war broke out, Palestine had appealed to America for help. America was at that time the only country which, through its political and financial position, was able to save Palestine permanently from going under. . . . But for the Zionist Provisional Committee of America—~which never declared war on Turkey throughout the First World War-—the Yishuv would assuredly have been destroyed. . . He did not exaggerate. Cholera and typhus were rampant. Starvation was general throughout the country. Djemal Pasha, the Governor of Palestine, in accord with the ”young Turks” in Constanti- nople, planned to apply to the beleaguered Yishuv the treatment meted out recently by his government to the Armenian minority--treatment which twenty-five years later was to be called ”the final solution.” All this, months after the European consuls had left Ottoman soil, abandoning the Jews to Arab marauders and to the whims of Turkish officers, whose word spelled life or death for the isolated colonies of Judea and Samaria. To make ”the final solution" simpler, many Jewish leaders had already been exiled and thousands voluntarily fol- lowed in their wake. Ruin seemed only weeks off and the end of thirty years of Zionist construction in Palestine appeared imminent. Now American Jewry stepped into the breach. The American Navy was enlisted to rush in food supplies and evacuate the old and disabled. The fact that, after the War, there still remained an independent Jewish community in Palestine, willing and able to start all over again, was due, very largely, to the succor and encouragement Of American Jewry. hi! aid was 30' n. 111'“ “if" m mfim Zlfli [51.5 $20111 0f i 1‘ his Ramada: m thober 26 mat: of :1: Ieclu amt-.2, meted 44 :z‘l'i: ‘ States act atria letter to L :3 gezuldnate stag lieciiing the 8:11 It. Emu was to it took a w 1‘2 heels of the h “*1 abroad into 1 In 1912, H ER“ Organizati ralestiM, nothing Mme of nedici 3° nurses to Jen In the 50 fl mm‘f‘mr Jew he Micah Zior “horse, not Ill '1 . ”“sz the f 80 But aid was not limited to physical help. On October 9, 1917, Dr. Chaim Weizmann cabled to Justice Louis Brandeis, the eminent American Zionist leader: ”It is essential to have President Wilson's approval of pr0posed text of [Balfour] declaration as well as his recommendation to grant it without delay." On October 16, President Wilson officially expressed his support of The Declaration and helped to prevent its Zionist import from being watered down by Foreign Office waverers. Within two weeks of United States action, Mr. Balfour was authorized to write his historic letter to Lord Rothschild—-World Zionist was embarked upon its penultimate stage. ”This was one of the most important factors in deciding the British Government to issue its Declaration,” Dr. Weizmann was to recall. It took a woman of biblical stature to recognize at once the true needs of the hour and to channel the latent energies of Jewish women abroad into supplying the immediate remedy. In 1912, Henrietta Szold laid the foundations of the Hadassah Medical Organization. Under the primitive conditions of Turkish Palestine, nothing was more urgently required than the annealing presence of medicine and hygiene. In 1913, Hadassah sent its first two nurses to Jerusalem, to be followed by two doctors and a surgeon. In the summer of 1918, six months before war's end, a group of forty-four Jewish doctors and nurses, who proudly called themselves The American Zionist Medical Unit, landed at Jaffa. Their help was, Of course, not much more than a drop in the ocean, but they succeeded in holding the fort for almost a year, until the British medical mystics toot over. 1.2.1.13. WIS dccu the 315mm Sick Emit? m” 2.: Ends: 7;: first u m frat Rama or F“ are :5 the the Lead: 3331: an enlxstner 3335: Interment i Kithm a {ct Vulneema {0, m lil'became the 31 51:5 °5 a brigade. induction, lieu, but the Le tklllea 0Ver ad a “Whet- We” teujm‘)‘ 0f t1 .hi‘te my a few 1 maul-1e Country Thirty ye brim mum“ 2“3“» and histt Mulls . 81 authorities took over. When normalcy of a sort returned, twenty-six A.Z.M.U. members decided to stay on. Those were the future founders of the Histadrut Sick Fund, the Medical Faculty of the Hebrew Uni- versity and the Hadassah network of hospitals and clinics throughout Israel. The First Aliya in mass after the Balfour Declaration came not from Russia or Poland or Galicia, but from America. Ben—Gurion, one of the two leaders of the Yishuv, went to America in 1916 to conduct an enlistment campaign for the Jewish fighting unit which the British Government had finally consented to form. Within a few weeks, two thousand young Halutz members had volunteered for overseas service and the recruitment was stopped, but only because the British War Office limited the proposed unit to the size of a brigade. Induction, training, and transportation overseas took more than a year, but the Legion came in time to fight for Megiddo and mop up in Galilee. Over fifty of them were casualties of battle and disease, and a number were decorated for valor. After the Legion was disbanded, the majority of their members returned to their countries of origin while only a few hundred remained in Palestine, the first olim to enter the country since 1914. Thirty years later, almost to the day, another wave of young American volunteers was to reach Palestine, to help turn it into Israel, and history was repeated--though with less regrettable results. the dim‘ mmiu, the a“ 111m“ @“flis may“ °f m! cm emtlzsl‘m in Palestine 7‘“ m mfomtims. a m, m} Amman ‘ The establi meant 1nd their iodine of Europe! mtnl role in £0 £5 the main financ stress on financ'u mucus politica Mun division States Jewry, who iInverished Dias Man the Zioni: "herican" and t1 Wntending leade Btannins, the p: MM“. a taut the “in strem “ted an orderl 1. ”It's absomti The dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Revolution, the creation of the Balkan States and the war in Poland-— all these upheavals had their traditional by-products: the massacres and pogroms of local Jewish minorities. Thirty—five thousand Jews drew conclusions from the Eastern European blood-letting and reached Palestine. The four years between 1919 and 1923 witnessed important transformations, each of which had direct bearing upon aliya in gen- eral and American aliya in particular. The establishment of official institutions by the Zionist i movement and their participation in the governing of Palestine; the decline of European Jewish communities which until now had played a central role in world affairs; the creation of Keren Hayesod in 1921 as the main financial tool of the Zionist Movement, resulting in new stress on financing of land redemption and settlement, as opposed to previous political pressure for a Charter or the Declaration; the gradual division of World Jewry into two categories: the United States Jewry, whose duty it became to foot the Zionist bill, and the impoverished Diaspora (Eastern, and later Central Europe) which was to man the Zionist ship of State; the deepening rift between the "American” and the ”European" schools of Zionism personified in the contending leaders, Dr. Chaim Weizmann and Judge Louis Brandeis. Brandeis, the practical American, was for an immediate mass aliya; Weizmann, a cautious statesman, wanted at least temporary stoppage of the aliya streaming to Palestine from Russia and Poland. He advo~ cated an orderly and gradual flow of aliya, commensurate with Pales- tine's absorptive capacity. The Zionist Organization, upon Weizmann‘s 92mm 1° 32 PR“ mm W mm“ my $15 11" 315': 1115935! not a P“? .15 defeated 1 ms, at menu: Zia-ts: Manama mis, embittere toast activities. Despite thl Ins no did not i tines, lack of c uninitiual atcc zese deterred ow In the ua‘ :riefiy halted on 1‘tr'oert Samuel. Nearly half of ti in: Poland, the: “trained the e the “Position 0 5° far approxina 1‘ i5 Ianifest 1 Aliya t1 1' 1°“ “0112 the 83 election to the presidency, printed and distributed leaflets in Eastern Europe intended to dissuade Jews from going to Palestine. Never was there greater readiness for aliya amongst the Jewish masses, nor were material resources lacking. But the Brandeis group was defeated after long altercation and, on his express instruc~ tions, no American joined the newly elected committee of the World Zionist Organization. America retired from official Zionism. Brandeis, embittered and disappointed, refused to take part in any Zionist activities. 3 Despite the falling-out in high quarters, there were American Jews who did not follow their leaders into retreat. Financial diffi— culties, lack of communications, political unrest, and uncertainty as to individual accommodation in their new country of choice--none of these deterred over a thousand Americans from going to Palestine. In the wake of the Arab disturbances of 1921, all aliya was briefly halted on orders of the first British High Commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. This, however, did anything but stop immigration! Nearly half of the Jews who immigrated during the ensuing period came from Poland, where the policy pursued by the Finance Minister Grabsky undermined the economic position of Polish Jewry. This coincided with the imposition of new immigration laws in the United States to which so far approximately 80 per cent of East European Jewry had emigrated. It is manifest that this stimulated aliya. Aliya to Palestine was, generally, the smallest Jewish migra— tion among the three main currents, with the exception of the two . H ' ‘atel‘! f° pus mini; Ilia; 133:3} “W" mans. hair in :93 :35 15 the w?- ‘1‘ mix: of elin was 3 m: possessions a 311-25.. Rihay, t waive America ll‘xeé. I‘ne follow firms, forewar One thing it“; Jewish nig: 33!, after all, An overal 3“ “P ”“3th 4 he mom). of 1““ niddle cla savings over a c We, a Stow, the new ““090 only Sc M We. joi1 Pa1?.“an ‘ years immediately following the imposition of the quota system in America, which severely limited the number of Eastern European immigrants. Only in 1925 did Palestine take the place of the United States as the main landfall of Jewish refugees. Next year, the number of olim was already back to the pre—quota average, only to drop to an all-time low in 1927. Behind these figures are some 50,000 Polish Jews, packing their possessions and setting out for America in the winter of 1924-25. Midway, the gates of the United States were shut, and the prospective Americans turned Zionist. This Zionism was to be short- lived. The following year's figures show that the next batch of emigrants, forewarned, planned a non-Zionist itinerary accordingly. One thing is certain. America remained the main destination of all Jewish migrants, including a steady trickle of those who came, after all, to Palestine. An overall total of 3,299 settlers from the United States make up roughly 4 per cent of the entire Fourth Wave of immigration. The majority of them, in tune with the Zeitgeist, belonged to the lower middle classes: Neo—Americans of Russian extraction, whose savings over a decade or so of residence in America bought a citrus— grove, a store, or a workshop in Raanana, Herzliya, or even in the new metropolis of Tel Aviv. Only some 5 per cent of them were members of Halutz, who, of course, joined agricultural colonies upon their arrival in Palestine. The Fifth Ml meson: more Jews I we. lent; the i Emmyizfestei E: 1; 19.5, a a 1:21 Czry tc fem: t the years, the cent: :2; policy stiii be inzez‘, at the fir: Sites. in rapid 5 Steam, each cate “tent economic and Disen‘atn‘e Knew A year aft. iii it was the Eilistine, Ein Has L‘¢’~‘~‘LS~stre\m plot 51°?“ dense with :eiore the soil m :ig'nt, and one Of that SUgar for t e Here Often mailed “8 a "“1 Perit first year broke ““105er k d‘ lsturbances hm 85 The Fifth Aliya was the giant Rescue—Aliya which brought to Palestine more Jews than had the other four preceding waves put to- gether. During the thirteen fateful years of 1932-45, 287,000 refugees from Nazi-infested Europe arrived in Palestine. In 1928, a dozen of the Polish Hashomer Hatzair met in New York City to found the first Western offshoot of their movement. For two years, the central office in Palestine refused to help, the offi— cial policy still being opposed to Western aliya. In 1930, it re— lented, and the first emissary—instructor arrived in the United States. In rapid succession, three movements sprang up on the Eastern seaboard, each catering to the latent Zionism of young people of dif- ferent economic and emotional backgrounds: the omnibus Habonim, the conservative Bnei—Akiva, and the religious Hashomer Hadati. A year after, the first Hashomer Hatzair group went to Pales— tine. It was the first pioneer movement to build a new kibbutz in Palestine, Ein Hashofet. The new kibbutz was assigned a rocky, cactus—strewn plot of land. Giant boulders had to be pried loose and slopes dense with brush and thorny undergrowth weeded laboriously before the soil was fit to plow. Arab snipers kept guards awake at night, and one of the leaders was killed. The budget was so tight that sugar for tea was served only on the Sabbath, and several letters were often mailed in a single envelope to save money on stamps. It was a trial period as demanding as any pioneers had ever know. The first year broke the weaker reeds but welded the rest of the members into a closely knit, well-balanced community. And when the Arab disturbances broke out and the Yishuv's strategy of ”wall-and—tower“ m ad, 5:111“ Med: the .1, m to SW5 7; 1936, I 3 an it i m M. in; Email 1“ :9 m5 1;) anti- ‘2‘.“ 19 amass operating F3 31;; in ism 121930, ti mmuéar'in 4“ traced grolip of 25112;: of Kfar Me lined for Menachel Although I hstur‘oances of 1! Earlenathen, thl Sufficient prepar Social integratio heless, within a The third hum of 1945, 3' WP. and settl1 strategic point, This you 3“ iImitation of 86 turned each settlement into a siege-proof stronghold, the last doubts evaporated: the "Yankees” were as tough as they come, and they had come to stay! In 1936, a British branch of the movement was founded, fol— lowed by a South African offshoot in 1938, with Australia joining the Halutz family in 1941 and Canada in 1942. Other youth organizations sprang up and by 1958 there were no less than eleven different organ- izations operating in Western Jewry, preparing youth for a life of pioneering in Israel. In 1936, the second American aliya group of twenty—seven members-~Gar'in American Beth as they were called-—merged with the advanced group of the Polish kibbutz Krit, to found in 1937 the set- tlement of Kfar Menachem in the southern part of the Judean plain, named for Menachem Ussishkin, President of the Jewish National Fund. Although they weathered the storm of Arab attacks during the disturbances of 1937—39, almost a third of the American members left Kfar Menachem, though not all of them returned to the States. In- sufficient preparation for rugged, bad-land farming, drought, lack of social integration-—all these contributed to the defections. None- theless, within a year, reinforcements arrived to take their place. The third American nucleus of sixty—two members arrived in the autumn of 1945, joined forces with a mixed Bulgarian—Palestinian group, and settled down in the northern Negev, where they founded a strategic point, Hatzor. This youngest one of the three”Mayflower”settlements gave an indication of the unique nature of the American aliya, so different i so II! “Y5 fm mien Bauer {ow less than three mat the; settled in the e: m: of then km ity then block-hut: panic iron two 0t}. Lagrange backs-rat; 5:21;. to then as it: fellows. m 12 me cause bridg lhe trio c 25159 Seemed ' Israel‘s agricult‘ hstto groups fr polish before the 35m settleuem in; Hem“ lite maids of branch For the m the Seventh the filht'tng V3 mud in iSraq its fimt trail Rani“, CWPOS‘ Israel late in ]____— 87 in so many ways from most other immigrations. Three of every four American Hatzor founders were American army veterans, demobilized less than three months before their aliya. Their average age when they settled in the southern wilderness was twenty—seven; over 90 per cent of them knew less than a dozen words of Hebrew. From the day their block—huts went up, they lived and worked together with people from two other continents, Bulgarians and young Sabras, whose language background and mentality must have been as distant and as foreign to them as they and their free manners were in the eyes of their fellows. But idealism formed a strong bond, and common faith in one cause bridged many gaps. The trio of outposts became guide posts for all twenty-seven of the so—called ”Anglo—Saxon" settlements which are today part of ISrael's agricultural netw0rk. Each of the young ”old-timers” played host to groups fresh from ”home," giving them the final halutzic polish before they branched out on their own; expert members joined infant settlements to guide their first steps; and seminars ranging from Hebrew literature to poultry farming were held for budding ”heads of branches” whenever possible. For the American movement of Hashomer Hatzair, kibbutz Gal-On was the seventh settlement. But theirs was only a beginning. Before the fighting was over in 1949, two other American movements broke ground in Israel. Hashomer Hadati, formed as early as 1934, acquired its first training farm in 1940 but, owing to the war, the first Gar'in, composed of former students of American Yeshivot, arrived in Israel late in 1947. Their pre—settlement training done, they merged cf: gaps of Soufi {in am Ila-inst u settimt on fl 1: sortie-m J . Alum-git ti: settlers to {and i A"... a... 0 1a .. 5 ...t c..- .. am; of eighty 3 1:5er amalgamated 1r anthem shore 93215 arrived at “PM an abando £53.“. fire miles 5 The crises :5 Wing pains sneezed lands, E Shire bUdgetax-y ‘ W Work. Geshe: 11mm“ neasu med bl a year 0 training at Ramat Mity, Since 194 ways 0f attract“ he lost °riginaj 88 with groups of South Africans and Sabras to take part in the stand of Kfar Etzion against the Arab Legion. In 1949, they finally put a new settlement on the map of Israel, Netivot—Morasha, in the hills of southern Judea. Although the American movement of Habonim had sent groups of settlers to found Kfar Blum and Maayan Baruch in 1945, it succeeded in branching out on its own only in 1949. Its first large Gar‘in was a group of eighty young veteran members, greenhorn farmers who had wisely amalgamated with a group of forty Sabras from Beit Ha'arava on the northern shore of the Dead Sea. On Hanukka, 1948, the first scouts arrived at the chosen site and, three weeks later, the group occupied an abandoned British Army camp on the Mediterranean shore, about five miles south of the Lebanese border. The crises which beset the infant kibbutz of Gesher-Haziv were the growing pains now common to all Western settlements: barren or neglected lands, and the need to build their farm up from scratch; severe budgetary difficulties; and the continuous daily grind of hard work. Gesher Haziv's success in weathering these storms was due in no small measure to the years in the movement in New York, fol- lowed by a year of Hachshara in America and final pre—settlement training at Ramat Yohanan, which had welded them into one integrated community. Since 1948, these youth movements have experimented with new Ways of attracting members and techniques for speeding up their work. The most original is the Habonim Workshop Scheme, which sends large numbers of American Habonim members to Israel for initial training, usual of training 1 ads in men: se‘ mnim prior to mini 51m: '1 ti. WT. mating st: T2: libera’. :3“! home the her: 731 “iii-1 passed c " 1 these deaths 1 "‘5 are: and statei ”3‘53 Gone were We): and mm it ”Yea: enterprj 5'5”. “as the be The S1017 ”SIMS SVOrds EMS“Vanished t Consular Mina“ Consulate Off Ce Since 19 1015““ 311d p] Interes, the of this re Wight mm 2 children‘ In 1 89 instead of training them on United States farms. After six to twelve months in veteran settlements, trainees return to America for further instruction prior to their final aliya. Of growing importance are various Summer Institutes and Youth Leaders Seminars of the Jewish Agency, inducing student youth to spend their vacations in Israel. The liberation of Europe and exposure of its death camps drove home the horror of the Jewish catastrophe. The wave of revul— sion which passed over all civilized mankind firmed the resolution that these deaths would not have been in vain! When the long travail ‘ was over and statehood became a reality, Jewish enthusiasm knew no bounds. Gone were the distinctions between Zionists and other Jews, orthodox and liberal, powerful and weak--all were eager to share in the great enterprise of independence. Statehood, it soon became clear, was the beginning of new trials. The glory of aliya, its glamour and the satisfaction of measuring swords with the British--the old adversary of childhood books—~vanished behind a screen of regulations, paragraphs and Consular ordinances. Aliya metamorphosed into a short visit to a Consulate off Central Park and a voyage any tourist agency would book. Since 1967 there has been a great increase of new arrivals to Israel and predictions were higher for 1971 and 1972. Interest in settling in Israel was increasing daily at the time of this research. Before the Six-Day War a bountiful year brought about 2,000 American and Canadian immigrants, men, women and children. In 1968 the figure jumped to 4,500; in 1969 it reached o». bu. u Whig; 90 6,000; in 1970 it reached 8,000; in 1971 9,700. The focus of this study will be on this latter group of immigrants, those who came and stayed between 1967 and 1971. W .. "rm-ma if first :0 was and Kmeri Esme; 1,1'5 I: car. were livi: ‘5‘ test in kibbut Etsj, 1?“ tent ‘4 Shuts, 47 P81 Timmy Cams Fable 4.1). Most Amer Fiifi and surmun SWIM. To they 15th Menu, fume-1r honey biE‘tity living, Showing in the . ‘Hereaf “nuns and c CHAPTER 4 , THE UNIVERSE Of first concern is the geographic distribution of those Canadians and Americans* who arrived between June, 1967 and July, 1971. Of the total 1,178 individuals who responded to the questionnaire, 12 per cent were living in absorption centers, 5 per cent in hostels, 8 per cent in kibbutzim, l per cent in moshavim (co—operative settle- ments), 1 per cent in moshavot (co—operative villages), 12 per cent in suburbs, 47 per cent, the majority, in cities, 7 per cent in university campus residence halls, and 5 per cent listed as other (Table 4.1). Most Americans chose to settle in the northern areas such as Haifa and surrounding suburbs, Tel Aviv and surroundings, and Jeru- Salem. Tel Aviv proper did not attract as many olim as the surrounding suburbs. To them it was, perhaps, too reminiscent of the city they left in America. They may also have felt they could get better value for their money in the suburbs, without sacrificing the benefits of big-city living, for it is not difficult to get to jobs, theatre, or Shopping in the city from the neighboring suburbs. ____________________ *Hereafter "Americans" will be used to designate both Americans and Canadians. 91 “ME thump“! an quem Amman Center Tutsi I533: hair iwcxrati W“ lament 1;: amenity campus nsiience hal‘. 539: Total \ It is not 5W in kibbm “haze of 3 per Mulation in {h 1111972, this in kibbutzim. None kibbutzim has b; ”Medea“ am mthe ”Canon intewiefied (1, Percent Of thc 19%] “ho came 92 TABLE 4.1.-—Respondent's Residence in Israel (in order as appear on questionnaire). Percentage of Number of ReSpondents Respondents Absorption Center 12 147 Hostel 5 62 Kibbutz 8 93 Moshav (co-operative settlement) 1 14 Moshava (co—operative village) 1 99 Suburb 12 147 City 47 548 University campus or student residence hall 7 79 Other 5 17 Total 100 1 ,178 It is noteworthy that among this sample pOpulation 8 per cent settled in kibbutzim. This is higher than the Israeli national average of 5 per cent living in kibbutzim. Despite the fact that the p0pulation in the kibbutzim had grown from 77,100 in 1961 to 87,900 in 1972, this increase was smaller than the natural increase in the kibbutzim. Nonetheless, the percentage of Americans settling in kibbutzim has been declining as reported by Antonovsky in his report 0f Americans and Canadians in Israel, presented to the Jewish Agency on the occasion of the 27th Zionist Congress. Of the total number interviewed (1,672), 28 per cent were living in kibbutzim. Forty-four per cent of those living in Israel (during the time of his research, 1966) who came before 1948 were living in kibbutzim. The percentage as to 30 per ca 1: 1356-56 only 17 xiii 5 get tent of LI kihbnzin. Of those I tilts ad 5 per ; Emits, they m hie. Hum“, u The large 13915-21 age gm 39"“ EM? bet T5553 IEO groups it entire popul; “33°51 persons 3 ““Ption of mm“- IheSe retire and live satin Security States on their h"1min . responding to U twice as many 5 bet}le draft,“ were not as f“, 93 falls to 30 per cent of those who came in 1948-56. Of those who came in 1956—66 only 17 per cent were living in a kibbutz.1 This compares with 8 per cent of Americans studied in the period 1967—71 settling in kibbutzim. Of those who responded to the questionnaire, 57 per cent were males and 45 per cent females. When questionnaires were sent to families, they were specifically addressed to either the husband or wife. However, in the majority of cases, the male responded. The largest group in this population sample were people in the 18-24 age group, with 23 per cent of the respondents, the second largest group between 25—29 years of age with 17 per cent of the total. These two groups 18—24 and 25-29 represent a total of 40 per cent of the entire population. The largest size group consists of the youngest persons, and with age the size of the group diminishes, with the exception of the last two groups, ages 55+ where there is a slight reversal. These are the people who came, not as pioneers, but to retire and live their remaining years in the Holy Land. Many are on social security and can live more comfortably here than in the United States on their retirement benefits (Table 4.2). Within all the age groups more males than females were found r65ponding to the questionnaire except in the 18-24 group where about twice as many females responded. One possible reason for this would be the draft--males had to consider military obligations and thus were not as free to leave the United States. Of all the Americans in the study population 25 per cent were unmarried, 13 per cent married without children, 28 per cent married «flfick. own.» VCnnn "sumac...“ QVImv «awncn‘ anlmm. VMIQM QNIWN VNIWH XUW {Gnu—.OEVDH... 10>L0t20 . E. unto-4:0Llnv: LC 03< 3:: X99“. Itwhlnnsthll .mfi . V u4maomno .mucovnommom mo ow< pun xom mafiammaourl.m.v mqm0nse Tetal \ 100 TABLE 4.8.—-Country of Birth of Father. Country Percentage of Number of Respondents Respondents 1. United States 33 383 2. Canada 3 32 3. Israel 1 15 4. Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) 45 534 5. Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) 14 164 6. Arab or Moslem countries * 5 7. Other 2 18 No reSponse __2_ ___i{1 Total 100 1,178 H 0‘53 . *Less than TABLE 4.9.—~Country of Birth of Spouse‘s Father. Countr Percentage of Number of y Respondents Respondents 1. United States 17 201 2. Canada 1 11 3. Israel 3 30 4. Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) 36 424 5. Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) 12 136 6. Arab or Moslem countries 3 37 7. Other 2 19 No response 26 320 Total 100 1,178 :1st Kim M5 mm in 22855! mm: Sable '5. I: the 31 2‘3th it was 5 in: :a: "nut; attire. air: at all." iris: -:a :2: d ; these two questic: Irgaiza ions in j .. decline, or i' lisalistic, will ! 3“ sane feelings According '53? active Zioni fit for the 1948 3059 who came 19 Prior to ‘15 the modern p0 311°“, the old “Ell 0f the State :by the latest def ke mile One is a in“ and his an isnot a Zionist, Zionist any more 101 first three groups it is seen that 40 per cent were active in some fashion in Zionist Youth Organizations and 55 per cent, the majority, were not (Table 4.10). In the next question concerning activity in Zionist Organiza— tions it was found that 13 per cent were ”very much active," 7 per cent "much active,” 17 per cent ”somewhat active” and 59 per cent "not active at all." Thus it can be seen that 37 per cent were somewhat Zionist oriented and 59 per cent not active at all. In comparing these two questions it is noted that more people belonged to Zionist Organizations in youth than in adulthood. Zionist activity may be on the decline, or it may be that youth, having more time and being more idealistic, will be more active in such a group than an adult having the same feelings but being more pressured in daily living (Table 4.11) According to Antonovsky, among the pre-1948 olim, 44 per cent were active Zionists. This percentage declines somewhat to 40 per cent for the 1948—56 immigrants and drops sharply to 26 per cent among those who came 1956-66.3 Prior to the establishment of the State of Israel, Zionism Was the modern political movement for the return of the Jewish people to Zion, the old prophetic name for Palestine. Since the establish— ment of the State of Israel, especially for American Jews, Zionism, by the latest definition "one has very short time to be a Zionist." The time one is a Zionist is the time between his decision to go on aliya and his arrival in Israel. If one is in the United States he is not a Zionist, and if he has already gone to Israel he is not a Zionist any more because his dream has been fulfilled. 3.5151..10.--Act;ri Israel =5”- t;n:r a; liotzs‘ ________ Yer; inc“ part :2; h: pa. icipat‘. Some pmiziaatzo: ‘CZ a: all *3?in in 210 \ “39' Hugh Patti ltch participa. 3°?“ Participa ”V“ at all M Rsmse Total \ 102 TABLE 4.10.~-Activity in Zionist Youth Movement Before Coming to Israel. Activity in Zionist Youth Movement Percentage 0f Number Of Respondents Respondents Very much participation 17 205 Much participation 7 79 Some participation 16 184 Not at all 55 650 No response 5 60 i Total 100 1,178 TABLE 4.ll.--Activity in Zionist Organization Before Coming to Israel. . . . . . . . Percentage of Number of A t c 1v1ty 1n Zionist Organization ReSpondents Respondents Very much participation 13 157 Much participation 7 78 Some participation 17 204 Not at all 59 692 N0 response 4 47 Total 100 1,178 m..— amiss, u tins. One MSW Lands Zionism, i mu. another Y! tapas: my peq inky, Met, t‘ social activities 35.5 Alla-Zia: §m _\ “will? agreed Wetsuit hit): I; feelings at 2 Mat Opposet 31301131): oppose. ‘2 mSponsta Total \ “tile ; Zionist ideolo‘ AS ‘1 CWhirled feelings about about 21°51'15“] W307.“ “Btu wife 01. ch11 d Cult“. 0r j thought Israe 103 Zionism, today, attracts fewer young people to its organiza- tions. One reason is that if there is a very strong inclination towards Zionism, it is much easier to go to Israel and fulfill the dream. Another reason is the social aspect of the organization. In the past many people joined such an organization for social reasons. Today, however, there is a wide choice of other organizations for social activities. TABLE 4.12.--Zionist Ideology of Respondents. . Percentage of Number of Respondents Respondents Strongly agreed with Zionist ideology 49 573 Sympathetic with Zionist ideology 35 424 No feelings at all about Zionism 10 115 Somewhat opposed to Zionism 3 34 Strongly opposed to Zionism 2 21 No response __I_ 11 Total 100 1,178 While almost half of the respondents strongly agreed with Zionist ideology, 35 per cent were sympathetic with Zionist ideology. AS a combined total 84 per cent of the respondents had positive feelings about Zionism. To the 16 per cent who came with no feelings about Zionism, or were somewhat opposed to Zionism, aliya was a personal matter—-they came looking for adventure, or because husband, Wife or children wanted to come, or because of a resurgence of Jewish culture, Or just because they wanted to know about Judaism and thought Israel would be a good place to find out. In terns * 52? nations 5 2; 3:: out Cm“ IDS-om}; no 351 it is no‘ Am‘ur. 0111: it )2: an: of the :tsemti‘ce tit :22: were reform ti: were non-aft airs: one-fiftl T32" Jews who . 51mg Jewish 1 union being a The gen \‘erage, with 2 cent universit) ei‘tlitlalent and ed‘dcation cons herinns sine "Wld have bee 1ittle schooli {Table 4.15). on thI “be much th< tage of SPOUS 104 In terms of traditional observance of religious affiliation, the tabulations showed 36 per cent claiming Orthodox affiliation, 29 per cent Conservative, 12 per cent Reform, with 20 per cent indicating no affiliation, 2 per cent did not respond. It is not surprising to note that the largest group of American olim was composed of people of Orthodox affiliation, 37 per cent of the population study. The second largest group were conservative with 29 per cent of the total population. Twelve per cent were reform. There were also 237 respondents or 20 per cent ; who were non—affiliated with these groups, however, they made up almost one—fifth of the total population. These may be the "cultural type” Jews who are not observant or religious but who may have a strong Jewish identity or a cultural attachment to Judaism, even without being a synagogue—affiliated Jew (Table 4.13). The general education background of the recent olim was above average, with 23 per cent having had some college training, 27 per cent university graduates, 20 per cent graduate school training or equivalent and 12 per cent with doctorates. Those with elementary education constituted only 2 per cent. These were not native Americans since the compulsory school age was through sixteen. It would have been earlier Jewish immigrants to the United States with little schooling, those who came before or soon after World War I (Table 4.15). On the general education of the spouse percentages were found to be much the same through high school. However, a greater percen— tage of spouses completed high school and a lower percentage of Spouses went on for higher education (Table 4.16). “4% q . "-akff‘atlab 3331.1). . ‘5”— his heligion ________._ that: haematite trim fan-affiliated or n: t 3:33:52 :13; Hon-Feel \m 311111131150“ Jet. \ S"mill liked J Smithetic Hith ltfeelings at : Culture 50mm dislik hsnked Jew F0 NSponse Total 'LESS 105 TABLE 4.13.--Affiliated Trend in Jewish Religion. Passages $2223.35. Orthodox 37 437 Conservative 29 343 Reform 12 135 Non-affiliated or no—trend 20 237 No reSponse __j{ 26 Total 100 1,178 TABLE 4.14.-—Feeling About Jewish Culture Prior to Coming to Israel. Feeling About Jewish Culture pgzgggfizggtgf Rzgggidegfs Strongly liked Jewish Culture 69 806 SYmpathetic with Jewish Culture 25 291 No feelings at all about Jewish Culture 4 52 Somewhat disliked Jewish Culture 1 17 Disliked Jewish Culture * 5 No reSponse ._l. 7 Total 100 1,178 *Less than 1%. W7 iiiii 1n; 4.15.--General M ____.__ L. lie fem: schooi 7. Emmy 5. l 31mm? grad ’-. 3:: school gr; 3. 5g: school gra :. College or unit em 7 College or unit :1 equivalent 1 Crime sdlooi shook-mast. iegree, or e 3" Statute schoo degree 31.3. or equivalen e Total \ .1355 tha] 13151.1().-.Gene \ fixation No f01ml sc} ‘.' Helena-y g. ' or ellllival 5. Graduate 5d School...m D 01 9‘ ermine 106 TABLE 4.15.-—General Education of Respondents. . Percenta e of Number of Education Respondgnts Respondents 1. No formal schooling * 2 ]. Elementary grades 1-4 * 2 3. Elementary grades 5-8 2 20 4. High school grades 9-10 2 23 5. High school grades 11—12 13 147 6. College or university-~without degree 23 275 7. College or university--B.A., 8.8., or equivalent 27 322 8. Graduate school or technical school--master's degree, law degree, or equivalent 20 233 9. Graduate school, doctorate degree (M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D., or equivalent) 12 142 No response 1 _._EEE Total 100 1,178 *Less than 1%. TABLE 4.16.--General Education of Spouse. . Percenta e of Number of Education Re5pond§nts Respondents L No formal schooling * 2 2. Elementary grades 1—4 * 4 3. Elementary grades 5—8 2 27 4. High school grades 9-10 3 39 5. High school grades 11-12 15 173 6. College or university—-without degree 16 181 7. College or university-—B.A., 8.8., or equivalent 19 219 3. Graduate school or technical school—-master's degree, law degree, or equivalent 10 122 9. Graduate school, doctorate degree (M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D., or equivalent) 6 69 No response 29 342 Total 100 1,178 *Less than 1%. ,- n on e I O U .QO‘I i . e :E' .‘co .0: attt . .0“. '° . . rava- " ' :._.'.. . .ua: gal-Xe: o..v.o.—--. 6.3 ..‘-.....~‘.‘ 6". b 'b ‘0 0. 0v; “DCQOa on. M-O o':.'6|‘l-:on§. .e - A -“" su..“~ . ’ V:- u v-‘ ‘;-O .6-.. ~"" 555:” 2 31‘. -",. k. ' \ "“ “ b - '. ‘V“¥\.¢§, =n"~- " a - .J \ -.. ~ ‘~«2=~ :cnoc a nun . h “Fa- cue ‘aobt . 2» ~\.;" .“e “ext 1 .“V. ‘ “55.1: 3 Per I ::.2.§ "I "‘ 2‘ Per ce " knits“. . 107 As a total group of all respondents it was found that 82 per cent had attended college and 32 per cent had attended graduate school. This does not account for the singles and young marrieds continuing their education in universities in Israel. Educationally, the respondents were an elite group. The one characteristic common to a majority of the American olim was Jewish education. Eighty-four per cent had some Jewish schooling in America. Sixteen per cent had Jewish training through Sunday School, or private teacher, 11 per cent attended Sunday School, 26 per cent attended afternoon Hebrew School, 24 per cent attended all-day schools, and 18 per cent had higher Jewish education beyond a Jewish Day School. The largest group attended afternoon Hebrew School, 26 per cent. The next three groups attended full Hebrew~Day Schools and they represent 8 per cent, 7 per cent and 9 per cent respectively which totals 24 per cent of the respondents. This is higher than the American Jewish average. Eighteen per cent of the total population had an excellent Jewish education background. A great percentage of such people, because of the intensive study in Jewish religion and culture, are attracted to Israel, go as tourists, consider aliya and then actually go on aliya. Whether they succeed or not is another question, but the motivation and desire were there. The combined group, 51 per cent fit the professional and semi—professional group in their occupation (Table 4.19). The second group, small business and trades and public servants comprise ,.- .n v . ’. 1.. '0. --'uev350- ' O' I O _a-.--.---O u ,- b:'-:-. Mb:h~obacga L i131... =. .ea‘. ‘01- 0.9-: -- " ' a .-‘.‘-..'O. . A ,V"';Oa A. b... . IOO‘unbV '- pay- 3 . . o 1.1...- g. ‘ \ >‘”.:| u'banbgg ’ . 1.00;“..- q- o. | "."euv... .. ., ' ..-. .. c sets. 2: net: I - |.:. ‘z ‘5’ I "‘ .1. u. ‘ . _ . - . t 5‘: *0 - s ones; 5.. I Q I. \ no 9 .DO.._'.“- “ sm§o§¢§¢5eo g - .. :- |:~“wu Q ' “‘*~u-na.y 71:355. «- TABLE 4.17.-—Jewish Educational Background of Respondent. 108 Jewish Educational Background Pgrcentage Of Number Of espondents ReSpondents 1. No formal Jewish or Hebrew education 14 162 2. Private or house teacher 5 59 3. Sunday School 11 127 4. Afternoon or Hebrew School 26 303 5. Jewish or Hebrew Day School 8 93 6. Cheder 7 78 7. Yeshiva or Beth Jacob School 9 111 8. College of Jewish or Hebrew Studies 10 118 9. Institution of higher learning as Rabbinical School, Graduate Hebrew or Jewish Studies 8 100 No reSponse __32 27 Total 100 1,178 TABLE 4.18.-—Jewish Educational Background of Spouse. . . Percenta e of Number of JeWish Educational Background ReSpondgnts Respondents 1. No formal Jewish or Hebrew education 1 13 154 2. Private or house teacher 5 61 3. Sunday School 7 82 4. Afternoon or Hebrew School 13 161 5. Jewish or Hebrew Day School 8 91 6. Cheder 4 44 7. Yeshiva or Beth Jacob School 6 7O 3. College of Jewish or Hebrew Studies 7 81 9. Institution of higher learning as Rabbinical School, Graduate Hebrew or Jewish Studies 4 45 N0 reSponse _§§_ 389 Total 100 1,178 ' ’ 4.19."qu 31‘ to l: Jmtio: ' . o :JIU' ’5 “3.5., . q mfesscr 12:12:33., :‘harl soda: worker, :nfessl :al 3 335.2111, aflnij‘, ailizistratcr, :ft'icia‘l “93:333. agent, business (sac: Butane, or :2“ {Electr'n hedlanical) Mice, fire, my ”her cle hliculturist , Phlox-y 0r Sho; Lmkllled “Orb mining for lg resWise Total 109 TABLE 4.19.—-0ccupation During the Two Years Just Before Coming to Israel. 0 c tio Percentage of Number of c upa n Respondents ReSpondents Doctor, dentist, lawyer, university professor 7 86 Accountant, pharmacist, engineer, . social worker, teacher, or other professional group 37 435 Executive, administrator, junior administrator, or high government official 7 78 Merchant, agent, or engaged in business (such as broker, insurance, or sales, or any self‘employed business 10 117 Trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical) 3 30 Private or public service, such as police, fire, post, government or any other clerical position 5 57 Agriculturist, fisherman, or miner * 1 Factory or shop worker I 11 Unskilled worker with no special training for position 2 20 No response 28** 343 Total 100 1,178 K; *Less than 1%. **The reasons for the high percentage of no response to this question may be due to the number of students reSponding who did not Work prior to coming to Israel and also the number of housewives Who did not work outside of the home prior to coming to Israel. isi-ermez, 111:2: rs ’ C o; by; .".u :O-a‘. I w. p.."adbobic . I I err-1:”: .3". H -0 u-Wu't. ~- ~ :I -. . .‘ ” '? ..o.-.-,o~< ' front. 35.19.. a. ' .l . ..‘ -.II.'I ‘ .‘ “‘" :sJ.| -. c n’ In 'J 5-:nuot‘ I“ vogggu~' \ £344», “”5 to 15m 2536, h 110 18 per cent of the population. The third group, agriculturists, fishermen, miners, factory or shop workers comprises only 3 per cent of the population. Antonovsky states that 29 per cent of the re— spondents were professionals, 25 per cent were in business or white collar workers and 9 per cent were skilled manual workers. However, in this study 51 per cent were professionals and semi-professionals, 15 per cent business and white collar workers, and 4 per cent skilled manual workers or shop workers and trades. Antonovsky's figures conceal a strong trend over time and with the later period of aliya the higher the proportion of professionals. This agrees with the respondents' occupations, which shows that among recent American and Canadian immigrants who came in the 1967-71 period a greater increase in the professional group and a decline in the skilled, manual workers. Two conclusions may be drawn: Since Israel has become an industrialized state, it has attracted people with professions and skills necessary to fulfill its commercial, industrial and social needs. The greatest need in Israel is no longer tilling the soil and draining swamps but rather the building of cities, towns and kibbutzim. Regarding occupational status of head of family before coming to Israel, 62 per cent were salary earners. The next highest number were self-employed with no employees, 8 per cent,, 5 per cent with 1~4 employees and 6 per cent with 5 or more employees. A great ajority of the respondents, salary earners, went on aliya believing hat they could become salary employees in Israel and go on in much he Same manner as they had in America (Table 4.20). ‘ Ennis-ye: {53, ' ieEf-erlcye (J O" ‘2 2 layer » 5111:1031: 2:“ V 5 mt: business lccupational 5 \ 1' Eiployee :' Sle-empl 3' E5P10yer " hmloyer S. KOrking V \Bine k) bespouse Tota \ ‘Le: 111 TABLE 4.20.-~0ccupationa1 Status of Head of Family Before Coming to Israel. Occupational Status Pfiiiifiiiiitif REEEZEEeEES 1. Employee (salary earner) 62 726 2. Self-employed with no employees 8 96 3. Employer of 1—4 persons 5 57 I 4. Employer of 5 or more persons 6 67 5. Working without pay in family , business * 6 No response fi __2_26 Total 100 1,178 *Less than 1%. TABLE 4.21.-—Occupationa1 Status of Head of Family Since Coming to Israel. Occupational Status Piiifiifiiiitif kgiggiiefifs 1. Employee (salary earner) 57 669 2. Self—employed with no employees 5 53 3. Employer of 1-4 persons 2 19 4. Employer of S or more persons 1 13 5. Working without pay in family business * 7 No response _§§ __£QZ Total 100 1,178 *Less than 1%. . . -. .a-" '| “£4?“ 5-v“.. l 00" .‘ .. ‘ {DZ—NW! “'5 l _.-_.‘.- 0’ a; :.S¢.&‘~c .. .{ 11'" ~"" -- -. .. .94 *0... I..' .. -' ' ._. :rL-l‘mtef .N‘.' ‘ bfio‘ta‘< '1; t“ b.., I Is: 2:58 last A dro; :53: cf faril) tiling. Ma: :zcupational hcstel, kibbu lab-or market. Incor 11m 10 per : to Israel. School to £1 part-time eaimed from 112 This study shows that since coming to Israel fewer people were self-employed. It can be noted that to become an entrepreneur in a new country of arrival is not an easy matter. Labor is very expensive; the worker is well protected by employer—paid severance and insurance protection. Inasmuch as Israel is a socialist country it is much unionized. In addition the bureaucratic red tape involved in getting government licenses and business loans which must come from the Ministry of Finance tends to discourage prospective businessmen. Antonovsky reports4 that American Jews have been, in large measure, concentrated in three occupational groupings: professional and semi-professionals, small businessmen and lower white-collar workers, and to a substantially lesser extent skilled manual workers. Over the last two generations, the first has increased whereas the other two have declined. A drop is noted in all categories of occupational status of head of family since coming to Israel, with ”no response” almost doubling. Many respondents had not yet made their decision regarding occupational status. They may have still been in absorption center, hostel, kibbutz, university or just in transit before entering the labor market. Income among the American olim was widely distributed. Less than 10 per cent of the respondents earned under $100 before coming to Israel. These were mainly students, young people who had gone to SChool to finish degrees prior to coming to Israel and perhaps worked Part-time. These also included people on pension. Thirteen per cent Earned from $4,000 — $7,999 and still a higher group, 18 per cent, med $8.000 - 1 $12,211 - 515,99 get cent at $4,112 at more. All of 1 95: ‘ .1. were Butte: per ce lncome‘ “lightly Sig? 301113310 lsra‘ Israel. This 3: Working tow immigrant Stud Smart from 1 intiuded P601) income as all At th ‘m ”parable of 011: earn; higher end 0 to SuggeSt t \ ' e: “mica as ammhly b 113 earned $8,000 - $11,999 per year. Fifteen per cent had an income of 12,000 - $15,999, 20 per cent had an income of $16,000 - $24,999, 15 per cent earned between $25,000 — $39,999 and 3 per cent earned $40,000 or more. All of this suggests that the majority of American olim, 53 er cent, were in the income brackets between $8,000 and $25,000. burteen per cent did not respond to the question (Table 4.22). Income* among the American olim since coming to Israel showed leightly higher rise from the lowest step of 9 per cent before oming to Israel, to 12 per cent at the lowest step after coming to srael. This group included the students who may have been studying tr working toward higher degrees and just supplementing their income. mmigrant students receive tuition grants as well as money for upport from the Department of Immigrant Absorption. This group ncluded people living on kibbutzim who receive very little monetary ncome as all needs are provided by the kibbutz. At the next four succeeding income levels salary is lower than comparable levels before coming to Israel. However, the percentage olim earning higher salaries was greater than the percentage at the gher end of the salary scale before coming to Israel. This seems suggest that the Israeli government and industry would pay very gh salaries in order to attract Americans with the skills which *Respondents were asked how much they earned per year in erica as salaries are computed on a yearly basis. In Israel ey were asked for monthly earnings as salaries are computed on monthly basis. 11.; L 22.~-éross m ’ 3 ¢ ) , l-) I (II I) ‘u. in“ Income ' 1L» below 1' 11200 - ; ' IL 400 - 3 1L600 - 11800 - 111,000 7‘ IL1,400 3' IL 2,000 g' 113,000 Re resp°n5e k a» Tot: \ TABLE 4.22.—-Gross Income Per Year Before Coming to Israel. Gross Income Percentage of Number of Respondents Respondents 1. $100 - 3,999 9 112 2. $4,000 — 7,999 13 155 3. $8,000 - 11,999 18 215 4. $12,000 - 15,999 15 17s 5. $16,000 - 19,999 11 126 6. $20,000 - 24,999 9 106 7. $25,000 - 29,999 4 44 8. $30,000 - 39,999 4 41 9. $40,000 — over 3 36 No r65ponse _14 168 Total 100 1,178 TABLE 4.23.-—Gross Income Per Month Since Coming to Israel. Passage? $2323.32 1 IL, below 200 12 141 2 IL 200 — 399 3 30 3. IL 400 - 599 5 57 4 IL 600 - 799 7 81 5 IL 800 - 999 8 92 1 IL 1,000 - 1,399 16 195 K IL 1,400 - 1,999 18 212 L IL 2,000 - 2,999 9 107 IL 3,000 - over 3 36 0 response _12_ 227 Total 100 1,178 -vww- my mst need. 2130(- is a good garment. In :a 11mm equal 3: of car or a 7d: vacations. Tue “in Israel. This 1 2 'isozption 551:1; involved fir-or may st The f< arrive More “10115 reason feMd out of EM: them p1 Iize and P1 a Here, it was i150 [me f( of the 5Cho< 591001 or P Period_ Th \ '1 0f Istael) *fi 29"” fine We a C as In cor 115 :y most need. On Israeli standards an income of I.L.* 18,000 — ,000 is a good income,** that of high executives or ministers in Iernment. In Israel, however, there are many fringe benefits which 1 almost equal the salary; e.g., free or low—rental housing, free e of car or allowance on car expense, and telephone advantages and id vacations. The ”no response" percentage is greater since coming to rael. This may be explained by the number of peOple still residing absorption centers, hostels, kibbutzim, university campus, or ing involved in a retraining program before actually beginning a b--or may still be looking for employment. The following deserves mention: Most of the American olim rive between June—December rather than January-June. One very ob- aus reason for this is that Americans do not come because they are rced out of America or because they must go whenever the government res them permission to leave. The American immigrant takes his 16 and plans well. For a family with children, as the majority B, it was logical to leave at the end of the school year. This is 0 true for the largest group of singles, who came at the completion the school year. Some individuals who were not involved with 001 or people without children did come during the January-June 10d. The number, however, was small. People like to travel during _-——~_—___ *I.L. is an abbreviation for ”Israeli Lira” (legal currency srael). **At this point it may be pointed out that as far as earning r (income) is concerned on various jobs or occupations, one must re a one-to-one basis ($1 = I.L. 1). How much buying power a lira .n conjunction with a dollar will be discussed in a later chapter. '00, b-.. M ‘06-: i " *'~ 6» time :1 n;\; ‘8‘? .m-‘. hoh“ Mb. . .. .~‘ _- .. c .c. .,. .- “Ur “'9 U\Q"§. B " --\ ‘ I u- . "‘L“ N. 38‘ .: ‘:‘ .(“A‘ -‘. .\uhs>’ '\.4.\'. Al ‘ I l . . \ L‘.‘ a. . " on u&\.‘ “‘U a. .._‘. " h'\"\ “n f o~§n, in.“ ‘.\ 116 3 summer months and these have been the heaviest for both tourists i olim from America (Table 4.24). The later the period of arrival to Israel, the more respond— ts answered the questionnaire. Several factors may be involved: re recent arrivals who may not have chosen to remain had not yet ft the country. Those who came on aliya wanted to try for at least 0 to three years. From the group who had been in the country longer ere were more returnees. The questionnaires which were returned as t delivered were often marked ”Returned to America" or ”Address known." Recent olim were more enthusiastic about sharing exper— nces, knowledge and information with others, and were generally lling to cooperate in this study. Older residents, once estab- shed, did not consider themselves "new olim" and thus, in many ses, did not care to respond. The matter of length of residence is an important social aracteristic in and of itself, as well as a significant aspect the adjustment. The longer a person is in the country the better can balance his positive and negative reactions to his adjustment >cess. He can see things in better perspective and becomes familiar h the way of life. He can adjust his patterns of living accord- ly. He gradually stops thinking of Israelis as "them" and thinks tead in terms of "us.” '15.. Lac-Re _— . . . . . were 923.6 ‘. July, 1969 7 3mm, 3 5 311?, 19m 5. liter Jam: “Dispense Total \ (’4 N > 4. 117 ,E 4.24.--Respondent's Arrival in Israel. 3 Percentage of Number of ' ReSpondents Respondents Before June, 1967 2 28 June, 1967 - December, 1967 5 50 January, 1968 — June, 1968 3 30 July, 1968 - December, 1968 7 87 January, 1969 - June, 1969 5 52 July, 1969 — December, 1969 15 182 January, 1970 — June, 1970 9 109 July, 1970 — December, 1970 29 342 After January, 1971 23 274 response __31 ___24 Total 100 1,178 .E 4.25.--Spouse's Arrival in Israel. Percentage of Number of Respondents ReSpondents Before June, 1967 5 54 June, 1967 - December, 1967 2 27 Ianuary, 1968 — June, 1968 2 25 Iuly, 1968 — December, 1968 5 53 'anuary, 1969 - June, 1969 3 38 uly, 1969 - December, 1969 9 111 anuary, 1970 — June, 1970 6 67 11y, 1970 — December, 1970 18 217 7ter January, 1971 15 173 ponse _35 413 Total 100 1,178 FOOTNOTES——CHAPTER 4 1Aaron Antonovsky, Americans and Canadians in Israel, Report , a Preliminary Report Presented to the Jewish Agency on the casion of the 27th Zionist Congress, The Israel Institute of lied Social Research, Jerusalem, 1968, p. 4. ZIbid. 3Ibid., p. 5. 4Ibid., p. 8. 118 Siliralimio glsssiigle way In on Person in th: in aliya. m of thes ‘85 to be ,a nd "not in; altost with. belie,e d to “Spendent iiportant 1 0f imp°rtai adding“, ‘ CHAPTER 5 THE MOTIVES FOR ALIYA Aliya, as with all major life actions, occurs against a back- ound of diverse motives, not all of them conscious. Much could be itten about why people decide to live in Israel. Sociological neralizations are inevitably crude; nonetheless they are the only ssible way of characterizing a sizable population. In order to determine the motives to relocate in Israel each rson in this study was given a list of twenty—eight possible reasons r aliya. He was asked to determine the degree of importance for :h of these reasons as it related to his immigration. Each reason ; to be rated as ”very important,” ”important,” "somewhat important” ”not important at all." From among these, people were able, ost without exception, to select a particular category which they ieved to be most appropriate to their situation. Additionally, the ondent was asked to identify other factors which may have been rtant in his undertaking aliya and further, to rank them in order 'mportance to him. The responses to these other factors are, in tion, dealt with in this chapter. 119 he went tee ”pull" and the questionnaii 1:: anaiyt mas: important "a: of those r 1215 per cent, '1 Salish natic 'I A Lie in Israe 1: 25 per cent 0f thes greatest pull ‘4‘ Israel" {1, thought I I fit cent (Tab‘ An exa -,-atlona1 pUIl \ ._ 'FOr t “1‘“ posnn illiCn m Cree “1 individu, "All : responded, “‘"Com RsponSe of 120 The twenty—eight possible reasons for aliya were divided be— een ”pull" and ”push” factors although none were so indicated on e questionnaire.* An analysis of the responses showed the following to be the t important pull factors: "At home as a Jew in Israel" to 49 per t of those responding,** "Sense of purposeful existence in Israel" 45 per cent, "Better place for children to grow up” to 43 per cent, Jewish national life in Israel” to 35 per cent, ”Jewish cultural e in Israel” to 30 per cent, ”Like the pioneering spirit in Israel" 28 per cent, "Like the people in Israel" to 26 per cent (Table 5.2). Of these responses in the combined*** category, those of the atest pull were: "I thought I would have a sense of belongingness Israel" first on the list with 91 per cent of the respondents and thought I would feel at home as a Jew in Israel" second with 90 cent (Table 5.3). An examination of the list of the "very important”**** moti— onal pull factors in the decision to come to Israel discloses that *For the purpose of this analysis, "pull” factors are those h positively attract people to Israel; "push” factors are those in creating dissatisfaction with the American way of life push individual to emigrate. **All such percentages in this study refer to those who actually nded. Thus to 49 per cent of the 1,178 reSpondents ”At home he most important factor. H ***”Combined category" is the term used to refer to a composite use of ”very important,” "important," and ”somewhat important.” ***Definitions for the four terms "very important,” "important,” what important" and ”not important at all" were not given to the rse. From their arrangement in a descending order, it was assumed each respondent would define the degree of importance in terms of wn experience. While it is, no doubt, possible that participants . A Z & .2...— v32 Illlllulllll“: «5.2 w . $5. 052?. lll‘llu‘ll iimtnouuml : NNJAN: .fiEu Xh0> .~.°-uL-n~ 3a OEAvnv AVU Chi KNU°R~ a 'NOk “Oxrfluauma‘ll . N .W uddMNdxh .Eoufl on» on noflfimon 0:3 monowcommoh mo Hones: kuou can moflmficwflm ommo some :a zine .mcoflumosv on» anm vomcovcoo ohm mHouuem :Hfism: Hmcofipe>fiuoe may we mcfiwhozna .ouflwccofiumosv so smegma mm pupae :fi mmIHN mGONumosv m< xflvcommaom flew meow: HmmHmH .NH MNNNV NN Anne 0 fishy o AwONV ms Amomu me flsoaamHV a: seam ou convaflso How woman coupon .NH momsv NH Amoco as ”many ms ”Hang mu AmONU NH HoaamH an m conpafigo Mom coflumosvo Houpom .oa l “emu m mmowv 4N meNHv NH Ammo o flame e NuaumH :fi waom now coaumoauo Happen .m HVNV N hNNNg ms Awomv 0N mmmNU mN nONmV wN NowamH m V :M pfiaflmm mafiaoocofim on» oxfiq .m AMMV M fiwofiv vH nNva mN nmwmu mm noomV oN HomamH a“ mamoom on» oxfiq ”n Anfiv H nooHv m Amway ma nmomu oN mommv Hm HomHmH :fi 30% e we 6E0: p< .0 ANNV N Mku n mooav vH fimmmV mN mommy me HomHmH CH mmocmcfimcofion mo omCom .m fiHNV N flQONV NH A0va mN moomv 0N fiommv om Hwahmu as mean Hausuasu amazoe .e fiHNV N nwmmv we mNmHv 0H flmmau ma AmoNv MN HomHmH :fl owfia m30fimfifloa uoafiom .m AQNU N mHNV mH nOMNV 0N mmva mN fiofivv mm HomHmH cfl omHH Hecowum: amazoh .N ”Nomv Hm fimwNv «N AQVNV HN hHoNv NN CONumcfieflyomfiw Ho ooflodnohm 02 H z w l/o Z ed 2 o\ o o 2 a kkkz w I! **mHOHUmm :HHSQ: i$||| "“1 ‘.--.er_- :3- ... :36 sign I.‘ ...... a. . . ‘ (A tnlzslu‘ua. 3951‘. nations Juis'n cultur: Like the pion Like the peep Em“ religi 1° prejudice Israel 15mg} “eds Better Educ: 15ml “allied 3 fr 3%! ednc “me? job (Sums) \ ‘N Older 0n ‘ ‘fi £10m the 122 lBLE 5.2.-—Very Important Motivational ”Pull" to Come to Israel.* Factors in the Decision tivational "Pull" Factors** nggggfiggfitgf Rzggggdegfs home as a Jew in Israel 51 596 , sense of belongingness in Israel 49 576 sense of purposeful existence 45 527 tter place for children to grow Up (Israel) 43 505 Wish national life in Israel 35 416 Wish cultural life in Israel 30 350 Re the pioneering spirit in Israel 28 326 (e the people in Israel 26 306 ller religious life in Israel 23 268 prejudice or discrimination in [srael 22 261 fael needs (my) services or skills 18 217 :ter education for children in Israel 17 203 lted a fresh start 11 134 :ter education for self in Israel 4 51 iter job or position in Israel istatus ) 3 39 *Motivational ”pull” factors are ranked by the percentages the total population stating ”very important” and not by the Br on the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”pull" factors is condensed m the questions. -Ww 3_--Conbi Lane U» a“ trauma T- lezse :f 96.0? :15 the people Zens: altura Isns'r. nationa his the pione 5: :rejndice 1 Israel Setter place in (Israel) lsrael needs Fuller relig Better educz Wanted a fr. fitter educ Better job (Status) \ ‘M “Id "50““ ‘t‘ the quest 123 TABLE S.3.--Combined Motivational "Pull” Factors in a Decision to Come to Israel.* Motivational ”Pull" Factors* szggghggitgf Rfizggideifs A sense of belongingness in Israel 91 1,077 At home as a Jew in Israel 90 1,058 A sense of purposeful existence 86 1,003 Like the people in Israel 84 987 Jewish cultural life in Israel 81 946 Jewish national life in Israel 80 939 Like the pioneering spirit in Israel 79 927 N0 prejudice or discrimination in Israel 67 795 Better place for children to grow up (Israel) 67 784 Israel needs (my) services or skills 60 715 Fuller religious life 52 619 Better education for children in Israel 47 549 Vanted a fresh start 39 455 3etter education for self in Israel 21 250 letter job or position in Israel (status) 17 195 *Motivational ”pull” factors of "very important," "important,” nd "somewhat important" have been combined. **Wording of the motivational ”pull” factors is condensed from he questions. mailman. has changed ’: Fm 1 these two, a natives for . 1: me we“; This in contenpo: Ce United 5 1.“; the ligm Cane the de: 7‘“ mince of the Jeni 0f JWish c the Kelltile the State c x0 Jew, no identify Wf K31" Hhen \ Varied in pro"ide a “Wine 1 124 [ thought I would feel at home as a Jew in Israel" which was rated acond in the combined group is rated by 51 per cent of the respondents ; ”very important” and "I thought I would have a sense of belonging— ass in Israel" is rated as "very important" by 49 per cent of the )pulation. Thus the ranking position of the most important reasons is changed by a small margin. From the various factors which motivate American aliya were lese two, the highest pull factors in both categories. If the )tives for coming to Israel of this population were to be summed up l one word it would be unquestionably ”Jewishness.” This quest for "Jewishness" may stem from two great upheavals l contemporary Jewish life which have made it necessary for Jews in e United States to re-examine and redefine their Jewish identity the light of changed conditions these events have produced. First me the destruction of six million Jews in the European holocaust. e implications of this tragedy still reverberate throughout sections the Jewish community, profoundly influencing all their conceptions Jewish collective existence and of relations between the Jewish and 3 gentile world. In the wake of this tragedy came the emergence of = State of Israel, proclaimed and still regarded as a "Jewish State.” Jew, no matter how non-observant he may be, cannot in some way ntify with the State of Israel, particularly so after the Six-Day , when Israel as a geo—political entity achieved increased Led in their interpretation, it was felt that attempting to ride a definition would in no way achieve a more, or less, irate response from a statistical point of view. mm in 9 in: of these if. levis'rness . l ntgizal Jews. 1 seccn: is: cum-mien tel: elm-Jeri 3119:; peoples ad self-respl It be: 1&1? a sense 31 home as a ItSpectively mierstandab identiilcm The r C0lbined ll! 5‘11 existen with 86 per “3519 5‘3] Whii Has third fittOrs an Mlle of eighth in i“ the de 125 prominence in world affairs. There is evidence that the compelling impact of these events has brought about a renewal of identification with Jewishness, even for those who had been until this point only marginal Jews.1 A second motive in the establishment of the Jewish State was the conviction that Jews as individuals could not live as equals to their non—Jewish neighbors so long as Jews themselves were unequal among peoples. The establishment of the State of Israel gave dignity and self-respect to the entire Jewish population of the world.2 It becomes understandable, therefore, that ”I thought I would have a sense of belongingness in Israel" and "I thought I would feel at home as a Jew in Israel” rated as 91 per cent and 90 per cent respectively as motivational ”pull" factors in coming to Israel, Anderstandable, where Jews constitute the majority society and Jewish identification is taken for granted. The next two motivational factors which ranked high on the :ombined list for aliya were ”Israel would give me a sense of purpose— m1 existence” and "I thOught I would like the people of Israel” dth 86 per cent and 84 per cent respectively ranking them this way :Table 5.3). While "Israel would give me a sense of purposeful existence” as third in ranking order of both the combined motivational pull actors and very important pull factors, "I thought I would like the €0ple of Israel” dropped from fourth on the combined grouping to ighth in the very important category. Obviously, this was a factor a the decision for aliya, but not a very important one. lhe next 1:- lsnel are: Tensh nation as hwy inpm tmtly in {at fifth Lhmug‘n Kalle 3.2:. "Jens ’49 NSpondex the combined 1: Esrael" y ”“1318, the is used not asuen‘ h b)’ which to Synagoqu’ Brith. As 1E1”logies, Jewish 0, I all the ti: and "heme became a1 As e"Was: feeling t1 walking (1 Israel is 126 The next three items of the combined "pull" factors in coming 3 Israel are: "Jewish cultural life in Israel" with 81 per cent, Jewish national life in Israel" with 80 per cent, "Like the pioneering pirit in Israel" with 79 per cent (Table 5.3), all of which are ranked 5 ”very important” on the very important ranking list. They are not Kactly in the same position in ranking order, but they still rank Lfth through seventh in rank on the "very important“ category Fable 5.2). "Jewish national life in Israel" was rated by 35 per cent of 1e respondents as ”very important" and was rated by 80 per cent in xe combined group category. The high rating on "Jewish national life 1 Israel" would seem to indicate a feeling of pride upon seeing, for :ample, the Israeli flag flying. Additionally, the Hebrew language . used not only for religious purposes, but as an every-day language well. In America, many people believe that they must have a means 'which to express their Jewishness, whether it be membership in a nagogue, community center, or Jewish organization such as B'nai ith. As one reSpondent put it, ”You have to find all kinds of eologies, things to hang onto, otherwise you don't feel enough dish or you feel guilty if you don't, but in Israel one feels Jewish 1 the time." Jewish holidays become national holidays in Israel 1 whether or not one is observant he still has the holiday Spirit :ause all stores, offices, banks and public institutions are closed. expressed by one of the respondents, ”You have a wonderful holiday lling to see people buying flowers, dressing up in holiday clothes, king down the street in a holiday atmosphere, a real air of joy." ael is the place to feel Jewish without being religious. -- -- .M Fem—1 “Jewish 3f we respond: tired, by 5‘. p tritium; l Eaters it pre 193: Israel as rate of reli flaws that en Silt effmic g 5116 does co iienity but he re 3mm to ifferent fr Stress upon fomses upor \ ‘Cu11 line of the enlightenmel tellectual, (Ulture is 127 ”Jewish cultural life* in Israel" has been rated by 30 per cent of the respondents as ”very important” and if the categories are com— bined, by 81 per cent. "Jewish national life" follows on the combined motivational list, however, on the ”very important” motivational pull factors it precedes "Jewish cultural life." All people like to look upon Israel as a home for all Jews, regardless of their particular degree of religiousity. It helps to establish one‘s identity if he knows that everyone walking down the street with him belongs to the ‘same ethnic group that he does and that everyone on the street feels as he does contributes considerably to the feeling of not only Jewish identity but national identity. The response "Jewish cultural life in Israel" is particularly important to the secular Jew to whom the cultural stress would be different from observant Jews. While the orthodox Jew places primary stress upon study of the Bible and the Talmud the cultural Jew focuses upon Jewish art, music and literature. h- *Cu1ture is the development by education, training and discip- line of the moral and intellectual nature of mankind. It is the enlightenment and refinement of taste and thought. It is the in- tellectual, content of a society, a nation, a civilization. Jewish :ulture is a term used to sum up the achievements of the Jews as 1 people in their social, religious, intellectual, and moral life, in the making more than 3,000 years, from the days of the nomadic :ribes in the period of the Patriarchs, the Exodus from Egypt, :he revelations at Sinai, the wanderings in the desert, the exper— ,ences of the states of Judah and Israel, the thunderings of the 'rophets, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah and Jeremiah. There were the in- luences and conditionings of the Babylonian Exile, the destruction f the Temple, the loss of statehood, the long Diaspora, the contact ith Christianity, the general Renaissance, the French Revolution nd the Jewish Renaissance, the Hasidic movement, the Haskala and he nationalistic movements, the emergence of Zionism, the migra- ions to America, the Nazi holocaust and the state of Israel. All 1ese have influenced, have been a part of and have determined swish culture. "Jewish of the respond! lined, by 81 pt mutational l: Eaters it pre 1903 Israel as km of xeli bars that em 3339 ethnic g “.5 he does to iflennty but The re “Portam to 'fferent fn 511155 Won fWises upor \ ‘Culw line 0f the enlightenme‘ {Ellectuu’ cum“, is ”“919 in I“ the min tribes in t he revel“ lences 0f 1 Pmphets, I fluences a, of the Tm 127 ”Jewish cultural life* in Israel" has been rated by 30 per cent of the respondents as ”very important” and if the categories are com— bined, by 81 per cent. "Jewish national life" follows on the combined motivational list, however, on the ”very important" motivational pull factors it precedes "Jewish cultural life.” All people like to look upon Israel as a home for all Jews, regardless of their particular degree of religiousity. It helps to establish one's identity if he knows that everyone walking down the street with him belongs to the ‘same ethnic group that he does and that everyone on the street feels as he does contributes considerably to the feeling of not only Jewish identity but national identity. The re5ponse ”Jewish cultural life in Israel" is particularly important to the secular Jew to whom the cultural stress would be different from observant Jews. While the orthodox Jew places primary stress upon study of the Bible and the Talmud the cultural Jew focuses upon Jewish art, music and literature. *Culture is the development by education, training and discip- line of the moral and intellectual nature of mankind. It is the enlightenment and refinement of taste and thought. It is the in- tellectual, content of a society, a nation, a civilization. Jewish culture is a term used to sum up the achievements of the Jews as a people in their social, religious, intellectual, and moral life, in the making more than 3,000 years, from the days of the nomadic tribes in the period of the Patriarchs, the Exodus from Egypt, the revelations at Sinai, the wanderings in the desert, the exper- .ences of the states of Judah and Israel, the thunderings of the ’r0phets, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah and Jeremiah. There were the in- fluences and conditionings of the Babylonian Exile, the destruction f the Temple, the loss of statehood, the long Diaspora, the contact ith Christianity, the general Renaissance, the French Revolution nd the Jewish Renaissance, the Hasidic movement, the Haskala and he nationalistic movements, the emergence of Zionism, the migra- Lons to America, the Nazi holocaust and the state of Israel. All lese have influenced, have been a part of and have determined 3Wish culture. 6W law—E—W secular lavish people a :5 as: the pri: wasted in as a any but aim. Sine denim: 01 fastened. "like imbued cate fieme of m hang-.eight E9 percenta i1'lmn'cmt, 0 Since a Stuc' fWnd that . WM high tellt of 311 aliya, 0f °f the Stat as "Very i1 0f the inn as a "very 1957416, 7 it Has de1 “Rant ‘ n 128 Secular Jews are anxious to preserve their ties with the Jewish people and wish to live in a society where religious observance is not the primary criterion of Jewish affiliation and they are not interested in the observing and practicing of Jewish laws and customs as a duty but rather as a tradition, a continuous tie with the Jewish culture. Since most Israelis are secular Jews,3 more or less, the development of a Jewish non-religious culture has been clearly fostered. "Like the pioneering spirit in Israel" is rated seventh in the combined category with 79 per cent of the respondents placing some degree of importance to pioneering spirit as a motive for aliya. Twenty—eight per cent of the reSpondents rated it as ”very important.” The percentage of people ranking the ”pioneering spirit” as very important, or placing any degree of importance upon it has dropped since a study by Dr. Aaron Antonovsky. In his study, Dr. Antonovsky found that ”Building Jewish homeland,” or "pioneering spirit" was ranked highest on a list of fifteen motives for aliya, with 62 per cent of all re5pondents ranking it as a "very important” motive for aliya. Of immigrants who came to Israel prior to the establishment of the State of Israel (1948) 91 per cent ranked ”pioneering spirit” as ”very important” in their decision for aliya. Ninety per cent 0f the immigrants who came between 1948—56 ranked ”pioneering Spirit" is a "very important” motive in their decision, and of those who came 4 From this study L957—66, 71 per cent ranked it as "very important." »t was determined that 28 per cent indicated that it was ”very im- ortant." From this it may be concluded that the pioneering spirit 71 building a Ja msire are "Israel i eighth in the or espondents rep in the "very in us abetzer pl mats in. 1“.“LSUIas holi mwmm 53ml on Jeui V1163 often 0| The fe 1‘ “5 possn new, 5, Many Jewi: "Isra mined gm sp°ndents p} mks “ever m reShow! their Ileeds “Very m, that 3 ha} of being n “Cunt-1°! 129 building a Jewish homeland is slowly dwindling away with each :cessive wave of immigrants. "Israel is a better place for children to grow up” ranked ghth in the combined category of importance with 67 per cent of the spondents reporting, and 23 per cent of the respondents placing it the "very important" category. A great majority felt that Israel 5 a better place for children to grow up. Some of the remarks by I Spondents included: ”A student may not feel left out during the ristmas holiday in a Christian country-—or come home with a black e due to an anti-Semitic slur or remark in school.” There being no hool on Jewish religious holidays, there is no pressure of the kind ich often occurs when a youngster feels he can/cannot attend classes. The feeling of the majority of the reSpondents was that while Was possible to continue religious observance in America, for their ildren's sake it would be far more wholesome to be brought up in the tally Jewish atmosphere where one is in the majority. ”Israel needs (my) services or skill” is rated tenth in the nbined group categories of importance with 60 per cent of the re— »ndents placing some degree of importance on this motive, and it ks eleventh in the ”very important" category with 18 per cent of respondents so reporting. One-fifth of the population felt that ir needs or skills were very important in Israel, to them it was very important" motivational pull factor. Further, it can be seen C a majority also attached some kind of importance to this feeling >eing needed. The majority of Americans do come with considerable IPational training or professional status and their feeling was .1“, 3.15.: .. - W ta. their sen rammed. ".‘io pre ite mtineé g respszdents, ‘: 32: art. 'r'n ants is is: 35351138 or fat: that w 1‘5 Cit)" ghel attending sd SPOndents ha in their dai Wd affeci did not male did enter 1 Abou “Md live therefom . liith 32 pe go” it 1‘8 A majorlt) that in l: mum 0H1 \ ’1 Out Only do So. IIIIIIlIIlIIIIIIII-------------------------===Fiiiirriir4447 130 that their services or skills would be much needed and their work appreciated. ”No prejudice or discrimination in Israel” was rated ninth in the combined group category of importance with 67 per cent of the respondents, but as a ”very important” category ranked tenth with 22 per cent. From this it might be inferred that a majority of immi— grants to Israel did not feel, as Jews in America, any particular arejudice or discrimination. This implication is supported by the fact that many people who reSponded lived in suburbs or sections of :he city ghettos, if you will, where they were in the majority, ntending schools where they were equally in the majority. Most re- pondents had not felt personally any prejudice or discrimination n their daily lives but were certainly aware that it existed and ould affect them, if not now, then at some later time. While they id not make it their primary reason for immigrating to Israel, it id enter into the thinking and reasoning for such a move. About one—fifth of the population felt that in Israel one )uld live a more complete religious life; ”Fuller religious life” ierefore ranked twelfth in the combined group category of importance ,th 52 per cent of the respondents, and as a "very important” cate- ry it ranked in ninth place with 23 per cent of the re5pondents. majority of people who expressed themselves accordingly believed at in Israel they could observe mitzvot, particularly those which 11d only be carried out in Israel.* This is obviously a strong *There are certain mitzvot (commandments) which can be carried ionly in the Holy Land, and if one does not live there he cannot so. w—__ 'V' ‘3'; —"_'.'1lfi-fli ”p11" factor 1 3,513) nimot.‘ .lhny en es the lestem sell as other ;‘.aes and 5hr religious life Becansi easier to obs 35 a more con '15 an ideal there. Thé 1; Tank were: 'lnted a fr ISrael" 21 1: per cent. 3 15 having in to [graeL In t vlsetter Edu Emul) of fc start" Win "Better jol resllectir,e \ "Ac 131 "pull" factor for any orthodox Jew desiring to fulfill the Taryag (613) mitzvot.* Many expressed a desire to be nearer the religious shrines such as the Western Wall, Rachel‘s Tomb, the Tombs of the Patriarchs, as well as other holy places mentioned in the Bible. Visiting such holy places and shrines might well be the inspiration for living a fuller religious life. Because religious holidays are also national holidays it is easier to observe one's religious obligations. Further the possibility of a more complete religious life gave rise to the feeling that Israel was an ideal place to bring up children as the conflict was no longer there. Thé last four of the combined motivational ”pull” factors by rank were: ”Better education for children in Israel” 47 per cent, "Wanted a fresh start” 39 per cent, ”Better education for self in Israel” 21 per cent, ”Better job or position in Israel (status)" 17 per cent. None of these were rated by a majority of the respondents as having importance in their motivational ”pull“ factors for coming 0 Israel. In the "very important" category it was determined that ’Better education for children in Israel” ranked highest of this roup of four with 17 per cent. Next highest was "Wanted a fresh tart” with 11 per cent; ”Better education for self in Israel" and 'Better job or position in Israel" were 4 per cent and 3 per cent espectively. In both the combined motivational "pull" factor group *According to the Bible there are 613 mitzvot. ‘ —-=--_:_.._—————-——:-_,_=-,._--_:-_="_———-—i -;.... rotation as See. :‘ only 333? per ce iiiiren and nose intem lation was ( taxation, . 1“relihood EStablishin lsrael and it is “OI 1 lSraeluthi °¥P°Sed to 0f Sm“ ‘0 in Or Mint in Israeli American finelice 1 132 (Table 5.3) and the "very important" motivational ”pull” factor group (Table 5.2) the positions of these four factors remain the same. It may be concluded that the majority felt that it was not the education in Israel which was a ”pull” to Israel. It was very impor- tant to only 17 per cent of the population for children's education, as opposed to 4 per cent for self. It may be possible that only 17 per cent interested in childrefis education as a ”pull” factor in their decision to come to Israel re— flected only that part of the population married and with children. Forty per cent of the respondents were single or married without children and thus did not respond to that question. Similarly, of those interested in educating themselves, only 23 per cent of the popu- lation was of an age that would be concerned with continuing their education, the great majority being more concerned with an immediate livelihood than with furthering their education. They were bent on stablishing themselves in positions that would enable them to live in srael and it is also shown that while they need a position to live, t is not the position itself or status involved that brings them to srael-—the position appeared to be a means of financial support as pposed to an academic end in itself. Of the "non-important motivational pull factors” in the deci- ion to immigrate, the most frequently indicated were: ”Better job r position in Israel (status) 78 per cent; Better education for self n Israel" 74 per cent; ”Wanted a fresh start” 57 per cent. To an erican such considerations are, relatively speaking, of lesser in— uence in immigrating inasmuch as if one were really concerned about -' -- -M “9.5—" _—__ 'p-M"? "ABLE 5.4.--S I Meantime. Setter educa: later; a ire: F2315! Tens. Setter educa‘ 153391 needs 3“ the pic: :flish natlo Jewish Cultu Like the pee ASense of p At home as a Asense of b Better Place “P (Israel \ ‘Mot of the tota] on the (New 1 t ”0] from the (in: 133 TABLE 5.4.——Non—Important Motivational ”Pull” Factors in the Decision to Come to Israel.* Motivational ”Pull" Factors** P322323352t2f Rggggggegfs Better job or position in Israel (status) 78 914 Better education for self in Israel 74 869 Wanted a fresh start 57 674 Fuller religious life 46 538 Better education for children in Israel 40 469 No prejudice or discrimination in Israel 31 362 Israel needs (my) services or skills 30 354 Like the pioneering spirit in Israel 19 227 ‘Jewish national life in Israel 19 218 Jewish cultural life in Israel 18 209 Like the people in Israel 14 168 A sense of purposeful existence 12 140 At home as a Jew in Israel 9 106 \ sense of belongingness in Israel 7 84 Better place for children to grow up (Israel) 6 71 *Motivational ”pull" factors are ranked by the percentages f the total population stating ”not important” and not by the order n the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”pull” factors is condensed om the questions. ”25¢ things. Israel when, 35.13455 sect: mint) f< The n mm :20 sinus in Ane- "er." import trim" shift in the “very “‘1 "racial 1: Per cent actives had YEW high a "As mu]J Cate; "herica a: Per Cent 01 ”139 Chili immrtant 10 Israel . 134 these things, he would make such attempts in America rather than in Israel where, because of the size, complexity, and makeup of the business sector, there would be far greater variety of occupation and opportunity for achievement. The motives which have been listed as "push" factors, while important to a number of respondents, did not rank as high as "pull" factors in motives for a decision to come to Israel. Combining the three categories of importance reveals that ”High crime rate in America" was the highest ”push" factor with 61 per cent of the respondents. The second highest ”push” factor was ”Racial ten- sions in America” with 60 per cent so responding (Table 5.7). In the "very important” category, both lose their ranking position. "High crime" shifted from first ranking position to third ranking position in the ”very important" category with 15 per cent of the reSpondents d "racial tensions" moved from second to fifth ranking position with 2 per cent of the respondents (Table 5.6). It is evident that these otives had some degree of importance but, not as one might believe, ery high as "very important" "push” factors. ”Assimilation in America" was ranked as third in the combined roup category of importance with 57 per cent of the respondents, and erica as an undesirable place to raise children as fourth with 55 r cent of the respondents. "America as an undesirable place to ise children” and ”Assimilation in America” were rated as most portant by 17 per cent of the population in their decision to come Israel. 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I -- gun-‘- “'_\:I --_ . 33125.6.0'1 isnmional mnuasa raise chi: lssirilation fig: crime 1 lug pmble: Racial tensi Eill'ilcal u} SPOuse Ham iii-Semi Named to I. linpoint Against war Danger of L Friend/hie “tried ab< \ ‘M the questi uh the qu‘eSti 136 TABLE 5.6.——Very Important Motivational ”Push” Factors in the Decision to Come to Israel.* Motivational ”Push” Factors** szgggfizgitgf Rzgggzgegfs America as an undesirable place to raise children 17 206 Assimilation in America 17 197 High crime rate in America 15 175 Drug problem in America 13 149 Racial tensions in America 12 147 Political unrest in America 11 128 Spouse wanted to go to Israel 11 126 Anti-Semitism in America 10 121 Wanted to try it out--can't pinpoint reason 10 113 Against war in Viet Nam 9 109 Danger of unemployment in America 4 43 Friend/friends went to Israel 3 30 Worried about holding job in America 2 23 *Motivational ”push” factors are ranked by the percentages of :he total population stating “very important” and not by the order on :he questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”push” factors is condensed from he questions. 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' 0 mm the qu TABLE 5.7.——Combined Motivational Come to Israel.* "Push” Factors in a Decision to Motivational ”Push” Factors** High crime rate in America Racial tensions in America Assimilation in America America as an undesirable place to raise children Drug problem in America Anti-Semitism in America Political unrest in America Against war in Viet Nam Nanted to try it out——can't pinpoint reason ipouse wanted to go to Israel *anger of unemployment in America riend/friends went to Israel orried about holding job in America Percentage of Number of Respondents Respondents 61 720 60 681 57 667 55 651 54 627 53 625 51 601 32 380 32 372 26 298 24 272 19 216 11 93 *Motivational "push“ factors of ”very important," ”important,” 1d "somewhat important" have been combined. **Wording of the motivational ”push” factors is condensed 'om the questions. 5 Hum 1 the stud: :zeserca 55 the :1 :‘a :0: It: Shelli '34 ’I 3‘235: 32:3 has heel :Dmmaities . "n' “as apprehez straits. 11 15?? handful Fret half of traditionali: 0'u‘t-z-arriage 93 the whole Parents held The 1 “National term" wit} and "Politic the Primary (Table 5.7). problem" had 138 —not only the religious students non-religious maintain his Jewishness abroad. A minority of non—religious students (18%), however, favor assimilation. ”The growing rate of out-marriages in countries of the Dias- pora has been viewed with apprehension by the leadership of these :0mmunities as constituting a serious threat to Jewish survival.”7 his apprehension was not strongly reflected in the views of the tudents. The majority did indeed oppose out—marriages8 and only a ere handful expressed a view in favor of them, but at the same time ver half of the non—religious students (and about a third of the Taditionalists) refrained from any expression of opposition regarding m-marriage as the private affair of the persons involved. Parents, the whole, were more opposed than students, but the non—religious rents held attitudes similar to that of the non-religious students.9 The next three highest of the combined group category in the livational ”push” factors of importance Were: ”The drug problem in ‘rica” with 54 per cent, ”Anti~Semitism in America with 52 per cent, ”Political unrest in America“ with 51 per cent. These three were primary ”push: of those who had made a decision to come to Israel )le 5.7). In the ”very important” group category, the ”drug 'lem” had 13 per cent of the respondents, shifting upwards from fifth position “my inportan ti- ‘ifted 5m ‘ sigma pcsiti 293252315. 11 get sent 1 Migrate. An 3 factor in a 33.21 10 PCT mt," 3c p1 i’TAthant." Cannot be (‘ States tha‘ festation existence ““1 so Cities “1‘ anti-Semi Indeed) c decades 1 it did 11. hug.“ 130111 3f. 139 fifth position in the combined group to the fourth position in the "very important" group. "Anti—Semitism in America” with 53 per cent of the respondents shifted from sixth position of importance in the combined group to the eighth position in ”very important” category with 10 per cent of the respondents. Although a majority felt there was anti—Semitism, only 10 per cent felt it was a sufficiently important factor to make them immigrate. An anti—Semitic experience had not been a great motivational factor in a decision to come to Israel. In this study it was found that 10 per cent stated ”very important,” 12 per cent stated ”impor- tant,” 30 per cent stated "somewhat important," and 45 per cent "not important.” However, that 30 per cent reported ”somewhat important” :annot be dismissed completely as it did affect some people. Herman states that the "push" was not a direct reaction to the grosser mani- estation of anti—Semitism. Although they were not oblivious of the xistence of anti-Semitism, the majority did not regard it as a poten- .ially serious threat. Students hailing from New York and other ities with large Jewish populations found difficulty in recalling mti-Semitic incidents in which they were personally involved.10 ndeed, overt anti-Semitism apparently decreased during the two ecades which constituted the life span of the student, and in 1965 t did not seem to be prominent in the consciousness of American ews.ll Herman's study deals primarily with young students who were orn after the holocaust and did not view the events as something that aft“: positiOI minor“! fate: in a . 15:15 per . Want." Cmot be d1 5"“95 that feStation 01 en“Elite o1 iially 53111 cities With mi~Semti Indeed, We detades “hi it did not Jeuslll He: bum after 139 fifth position in the combined group to the fourth position in the ”very important" group. "Anti—Semitism in America" with 53 per cent of the respondents shifted from sixth position of importance in the combined group to the eighth position in ”very important” category with 10 per cent of the respondents. Although a majority felt there was anti-Semitism, only 10 per cent felt it was a sufficiently important factor to make them immigrate. An anti-Semitic experience had not been a great motivational factor in a decision to come to Israel. In this study it was found that 10 per cent stated ”very important," 12 per cent stated "impor- tant,” 30 per cent stated "somewhat important," and 45 per cent ”not important." However, that 30 per cent reported "somewhat important” cannot be dismissed completely as it did affect some people. Herman ‘states that the ”push" was not a direct reaction to the grosser mani- ‘festation of anti-Semitism. Although they were not oblivious of the existence of anti-Semitism, the majority did not regard it as a poten- tially serious threat. Students hailing from New York and other cities with large Jewish populations found difficulty in recalling anti-Semitic incidents in which they were personally involved.10 Indeed, overt anti-Semitism apparently decreased during the two decades which constituted the life span of the student, and in 1965 it did not seem to be prominent in the consciousness of American Jews.11 Herman's study deals primarily with young students who were orn after the holocaust and did not view the events as something that mm in .1 pale who expert imam. It my ms: ti. Israel is the or will vise. "Politi silica any is Category ' 113x: cent. pilitital mm L“ Esrael. It laxity betwee‘ ta early 193 ‘31! United 31 5141a: Item in the Unite lived {hmui 0f ‘ third of th IhErefOre 5 factors f0: after cons hm,r W mtiVatio 140 could happen in America. However, the study population includes many people who experienced the holocaust personally or lived through it in America. It is etched indelibly in their minds. They can never totally trust the humanity of the non-Jewish world and feel that Israel is the only place where they could be sure that no anti—Semitism would arise. "Political unrest in America" was rated 51 per cent in the combined category of importance and shifted from seventh position in this category to sixth position in the ”very important” category with 11 per cent. It may be seen that a majority of people indicated political unrest as having some importance in their decision to come to Israel. It has been indicated by some that they could see a simi- larity betweén the United States at present (1967-71) and Germany in the early 1930's when there was a great cry for ”nationalism.” In the United States it was a cry for law and order. They feared a similar trend and similar outcome which would be disastrous for Jews in the United States. This thought was expressed by people who had lived through the holocaust era and feared its recurrence elsewhere. Of the remaining ”push” factors, none were chosen by one— third of the population in the combined category of importance, and therefore seems to have had little effect on the motivational ”push” factors for a decision to come to Israel (Table 5.7). It seems that fter consideration of the various motivational factors, the final ecision was based on many factors both ”pull" and ”push” a single actor could not be pinpointed. However, it can be seen that ”pull" otivations were strong in making this decision and it was the ”pull" 1.25.5.“53'1'. IO rzi'azicza. Fact: Enema: K 31 late: to try 91.190112: re SE‘Iuse mtev Filitical un t:‘.-Senitis :38 problet ksilllatim iiCial tens High crime firita as to Time \ ‘M 0f the tot 'i from the ( 141 TABLE 5.8.--Non-Important Motivational "Push" Factors in the Decision to Come to Israel.* Motivational ”Push" Factors** pgzgggfizgitgf R2232§§e2£5 Worried about holding job in America 83 980 Friend/friends went to Israel 73 865 Danger of unemployment in America 73 862 Against war in Viet Nam 63 747 Wanted to try it out--can't pinpoint reason 57 675 Spouse wanted to go to Israel 54 633 Political unrest in America 46 547 Anti-Semitism in America 45 527 Drug problem in America 44 520 Assimilation in America 40 473 Racial tensions in America 37 441 High crime rate in America 37 432 America as an undesirable place to raise children 37 431 *Motivational "push" factors are ranked by the percentages of the total population stating "not important" and not by the order on the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”push” factors is condensed from the questions. o... , 35.: >.5.--.\‘.on IO ammo 1 tnieé about : mm E3515.."friemis lager of :me: 53359. war '11 hated to try 913mm: re 5315811311th Pelitical um hil-Seuitis: his problem 55511111310“ Ratial tensj “12h Crime 1 Malta as ‘0 raise TABLE 5.8.--Non—Important Motivational "Push” Factors in the Decision to Come to Israel.* Motivational ”Push” Factors** szggghzgitgf Rgggzfigegis Worried about holding job in America 83 980 Friend/friends went to Israel 73 865 Danger of unemployment in America 73 862 Against war in Viet Nam 63 747 Wanted to try it out--can't pinpoint reason 57 675 Spouse wanted to go to Israel 54 633 Political unrest in America 46 547 Anti-Semitism in America 45 527 Drug problem in America 44 520 Assimilation in America 40 473 Racial tensions in America 37 441 High crime rate in America 37 432 America as an undesirable place to raise children 37 431 3n the questionnaire. from the questions. *Motivational ”push" factors are ranked by the percentages of the total population stating "not important" and not by the order **Wording of the motivational ”push" factors is condensed : lsrael tame: Eject in the a - .- ... ‘ .9 igitne zanc {is the feeli taught to ‘i 1‘31 ”é Strong Rh: to la Thes E “gush" fa Kori Dan Fri Age Nan 1h “1 America hinted to 0f the re the tine eut‘ 142 to Israel rather than the "push” from America which had the greatest effect in the decision to come to Israel. People do not uSually like to point out their negative reasons for coming. As cited by Herman, "once you reach your goal it is not pleasant to discuss the negative factors that brought you there.12 It seems to be more fashionable to emphasize positive rather than negative factors and to say ”I came because I like . . .” rather than give the feeling that one is anxious to leave something behind. How- ever, in this case, in an anonymous study, some of these factors were brought to light and people did specify how they felt but probably not as strongly as they would have if these questions had been asked prior to leaving their country. These were the factors that people felt were ngt_important as ”push" factors in coming to Israel in ranking order: Worried about holding job in America 83% Danger of unemployment in America 73% Friend/friends went to Israel 73% Against Viet Nam war 63% Wanted to try it out 57% Three-quarters and more were not worried about holding a job in America or about the unemployment in America. That their friends Wanted to go or went to Israel was not an important factor to most 0f the respondents, neither was the war in Viet Nam (in progress at the time of this study) or the fact that they just wanted to try it out . Each—u--- _ Q ,..;;::r;, :3 143 It may be concluded that while the ”push” factors had some degree of influence upon olim, such influence was of a far lesser impact than the "pull” factors particularly those related to being religious, nationalistic, and "Jewish." As in the case with every study which involves a questionnaire, there are inevitably those responses, which, being very personal and very individualistic, defy categorizing. These are listed in Appendix B. laxity 15 ‘ :arties 5:15:05 items; 5 i .. h. Else 4.‘ 5'le 196i 6 and they gll'En D0] 83Chgr0u (1968) , interim; tho tern a “Ohmic wheTeas the othl in the FOOTNOTES-—CHAPTER S l . . . Simon N. Herman, Israelis and Jews, The Continuity of an Identity (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 8. 2Ibid., p. 9. 3Results of the elections for the Knesset (Parliament) by parties to the sixth Knesset, November 2, 1965 showed that the two religious parties, the Agudat Israel and the Mizrachi-National Party received 5.1% and 8.9% respectively, totaling 14% of the vote. 8. N. Eisenstadt, Israeli Society (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), pp. 294-95‘“— 4Aaron Antonovsky, Americans and Canadians in Israel, 9p: cit., June, 1968, p. 9. 5Herman, op: cit., p. 86. 6”Assimilation” was a much derided word among the students 1nd they spoke with contempt of ”assimilationist“ Jews. But assimi- .ation has many guises and it was clear that the students had not {iven more than superficial thought to this problem area. 7M. Sklare, "Intermarriage and the Jewish Future,” Commentary, XXVII (1964), 46—52. 8M. Davis, ”Mixed Marriage in Western Jewry: Historical ackgrounds to the Jewish Response,” Jewish Journal of Sociology, X 1968), 177-220. Davis uses the term ”out—marriage" to cover both nter—marriage and mixed—marriage. He differentiates between these N0 terms. Mixed—marriage is defined as ”marriage between a Jew and non—Jew in which neither partner renounces his religious faith” lereas in intermarriage ”one of the partners adopts the faith of 16 other before marriage in an attempt to achieve a religious unity 1 the family. 144 , h - A in}: . "“3 a...» atria: $52.13 .L.. ::.;.e; L‘ 145 9Herman, 2p: cit., p. 87. 10Simon N. Herman, American Students in Israel (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970), p. 90. 11C. M. Stember et al., Jews in the Mind of America (New York: Basic Books, 1966) summafize the findings of public polls over a period of twenty~five years from 1937 onward. Their conclusion (which related to the position before 1966) is that anti-Jewish prejudice obviously is not yet a thing of the past; any more than anti-Jewish discrimination is, but both are unmistakably in a state of decline [p. 217]." The implications of this observation are debated by several of the contributors to the volume. 12Dr. Simon Herman, in a lecture series at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Fall, 1971. :3 Israel iably, 5‘ The najo OI r6350 detemin Iance tc based m Vided fl asked t five re "Won people new select: Spender he“,e b and. f CHAPTER 6 SETTLING IN ISRAEL It was only to be expected that not all of those who immigrated to Israel would remain permanently and take up citizenship. Invar- iably, some returned home, having been disappointed and disillusioned. The majority, however, chose to remain and, in so doing, had a variety of reasons. This chapter examines those reasons in an effort to determine what specifically they were, and the degree of their impor- tance to different individuals. The analysis of motives for a decision to remain in Israel was ibased upon a list of twenty—five reasons for remaining in Israel pro- vided for each of the participants in this study. Each individual was asked to determine the degree of importance of each of these twenty- five reasons. Each reason was, accordingly, rated as ”very important,” ”important,” ”somewhat important," and ”not important at all.” People were able, almost without exception, to select one of these categories as most appropriate to their own situation. Following the selection of degree of importance for each of these items, the re- spondent was asked to note other, additional factors which might have been important in his reaching a decision to remain in Israel and, further, to rate these influences according to the degree of 146 imortznce & act. a motive 1 is :en . 255sz tween :0: Mile 5 Showed t the ItSp mponde and rem; did not (Tables 147 importance to him. The responses as well are dealt with in this chapter. Each of the twenty-five items indicated was determined to be a motive for remaining,* the first fourteen being ”pull" factors, the next eleven being "push" factors, although none were indicated as such on the questionnaire. "At home as a Jew in Israel” was cited by 50 per cent of the respondents as a ”very important" reason for remaining as compared with 51 per cent who indicated that this was "very important" in coming** to Israel. Although a very insignificant drop is noted be- tween coming and remaining, it was first in rank order in both (Table 5.2 and 6.2). An examination of the "combined" motivational ”pull” factors showed that "At home as a Jew in Israel" was cited by 87 per cent of the respondents for remaining as compared with 90 per cent of the :reSpondents in coming, an insignificant 3 per cent drop between coming and remaining. However, it is important to note that its rank order id not change. This factor remains very high as a ”pull" to Israel (Tables 5.3 and 6.3). Some comments which exemplify the great importance of this notive include: "I believe every Jew must live in his own home land.”*** *Hereinafter "remaining” or "to remain” will be used as a horthand phrase for "a decision to remain in Israel." **Hereinafter "coming” will be used as a shorthand phrase for a decision to come to Israel." ***As stated by respondents in this study. Additional comments re listed in Appendix C. Z I Z a 2 e llIIII.|..I|I|l iiiilll. hilllll“ \lllil iii .Q:: 002 .L:; 050?. .LEA .QE~ kh0> on colfilfinvnva a uthv.‘ m°>ufiugzllnfiuw “\NMNCRN Q . Nanci-KN rm... :flfl.=°: .EopH ego oo eoHHmoH on: mucoocoamoh mo hoses: HmHOp map moHMHcmOm omdu some :H ziie .OcoHpmoov ecu scam vomcoocoo ohm myopomm :HHDQ: HmcoHum>HpoE ocu mo mcfivaozae .opfioccoflumoSU co Hammad we hopho :N molomH m:OHumo:U n< xflwcommHom >5 mvooc HomamH HONOO NN HaHNO OH HOOHO NH HOHNO OH HOONO 4N :oHHOoseo HOHHOO O_:OHOHHOO HOOOO 0O HOOO O HOOHO m HNHNO OH HOOVO NO a: zoom 8 on :oHoHfino now oomHm Hoopom M HOVO O HNOOO OO HOOOO ON HOHNO OH HOOHO 4H HOeHOH :H oquHHu :wocmuhopfivoz ecu oxfiq HOOO O HOONO NN HOOOO ON HOHOO NN HOONO NN HOaHOH :H HHHHHO OcHHOOeoHa OOH OHHH HONO N HOOHO OH HOONO ON HOOOO HO HNOOO ON HOeHOH cH aHaoma OOH oHHH HOOO O HOHHO oH HOOHO OH HONNO 4N HOOOO om HOeHOH eH 30w a Om use: H< HHOO O HHOHO m HOOHO OH HOOOO ON HOOOO N4 HOaHOH cH mmoamaHmcoHoO mo OOcOO HOOO O HONNO OH HOOOO ON HOHOO NN HOONO ON HOaHOH :H OHHH HaespHso OOHzaO HOVO O HNOOO N4 HOOHO OH HHOHO OH HOONO ON HOOHOH eH oHHH msoHOHHOH HOHHsa HOOO O HONNO OH HHHNO OH HOHOO NN HOOOO OO HOeHOH aH OOHH HaeoHHme OOHaoO hwmv m AmmmV wN mmmmv mm nwwmv Hm nmmmv mm coaprOENHomfiu Ho ooflwsnoym oz Z as Z as 2 as .1an we iimnoooea :HHsa: .QEH uoz .mEH oEom .QEH .mEH kho> ..H.D.n._.n._. :4. .E hi'd'iilifia. ._ “:3 353 like the p< "3 ??€judi Jewish m1 ChildrenlI like the Filler re 15ml m Like the in 151- Made a 1 \ the tm 0n the from t ABLE 6.2.-—Very Important Motivational ”Pull” Factors in the Decision to Remain in Israel.* dotivational ”Pull" Factors** szgggfizgfitgf Rzzggfidegis \t home as a Jew in Israel 50 593 bnse of belongingness in Israel 47 555 letter place for children to grow up 37 435 bnse of purposeful existence 35 415 ewish national life in Israel 33 390 dke the people in Israel 29 337 0 prejudice or discrimination 25 298 ewish cultural life in Israel 25 295 hildren's better education 24 236 ike the pioneering spirit in Israel 22 260 ller religious life in Israel 20 238 rael needs my services or skills 16 194 'he the Mediterranean climate . in Israel 14 169 de a fresh start 10 120 *Motivational "pull" factors are ranked by the percentages of e total population stating "very important” and not by the order the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational "pull" factors is condensed om the questions. w 1 ”nitration. A sase of .13. bone as .35 the i Salish c1; levish na Sense of 1.th the *0 preju. Israel Betterp Israel n Like the Childm Fuller Made a \ “f the "SOmewl from t 150 TABLE 6.3.-—Combined Motivational "Pull” Factors in a Decision to Remain in Israel.* Motivational "Pull” Factors** piggggfiggitgf RZEEZESeiis A sense of belongingness in Israel 89 1,046 At home as a Jew in Israel 87 1,030 Like the people in Israel 85 994 Jewish cultural life in Israel 78 917 Jewish national life in Israel 78 916 Sense of purposeful existence 78 915 Like the pioneering spirit in Israel 75 884 No prejudice or discrimination in Israel 68 805 Better place for children to grow up 64 751 ‘Israel needs my services or skills 64 751 ‘Like the Mediterranean climate 58 690 Children's better education 54 644 Fuller religious life 49 539 Made a fresh start 37 435 From the questions. *Motivational ”pull” factors are ranked by the percentages of the total population stating "very important,” ”important,” and 'somewhat important” and not by the order on the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”pull” factors is condensed "I van: "Israe '70 It lactic but it Showed cent 0 taming remain 5.3 a; Tanks Seton him H Pul 151 "I wanted to live among my people in my Holy Land." "Israel is my country." "To me my Jewishness is more important than my being an American. I am very thankful that I lived in America, but it isn't the place for Jews." These comments appear to epitomize the feelings of many American olim in deciding not only to come but to remain in Israel, in spite of the fact that many problems in day-to—day living would have to be overcome in the initial transition period. "A sense of belongingness in Israel” was cited by 47 per cent of the respondents as ”very important" in remaining as compared with 59 per cent who cited this as ”very important” in coming to Israel. The rank order remains constant in second position. ”At home as a Jew in Israel” ranked first and "A sense of belongingness in Israel" ranked second in both coming to Israel and remaining (Tables 5.2 and 6.2). An examination of the "combined" motivational ”pull" factors showed that "A sense of belongingness in Israel” was cited by 89 per cent of the respondents in remaining as compared with 91 per cent in coming. Here, too, a slight difference is noted between coming and remaining. The rank position in both groupings remains first (Tables 5.3 and 6.3). As a "very important" factor, "At home as a Jew in Israel" :anks first and as a ”combined” motivational "pull" factor it ranks :econd. ”A sense of belongingness in Israel" ranked first as a ”com- Iined" motivational ”pull” factor and second as a "very important” ‘PU11" factor. It "31131" fat! fies: of getter for IRE‘TS an min; am I? . ining £7.35. may termed "; his Zion act and filled i diSpar‘n 15ml. Cent l Cempa 6 P81 152 It may be seen from the above that these two motivational "pull" factors are interrelated. Both seem to have the common ingre— dient of "Jewishness,” the historical bond which has kept Jews to— gether for centuries. Both ranked highest of all motivational ”pull" factors and remained the most important in making the decision for coming and remaining in Israel. The slight diSparity in the percentages between coming and remaining may be explained by the fact that the individual American oleh may choose to come to Israel as a consquence of what may be termed "a sense of historic destiny." He may have desired to fulfill his Zionist inclination or Zionist dream. It is part of an historic act and most olim want to be part of it. But once the goal is ful- filled its importance may be somewhat lost. This may account for the fisparity between the number of responses for coming and remaining in israel. Others emphasized these feelings: ”I personally feel the Jew belongs in Israel.” "The Jew in the U.S. does not belong quite as much as he does here in Israel.” ”I am now in a place where I feel as a Jew I really belong." The great majority of olim who chose to remain obviously alt this was a great ”pull” and this entered strongly into their acision. "Better place for children to grow up” was cited by 37 per ant of the reSpondents as a ”very important” factor in remaining as Jmpared with 43 per cent of the respondents in coming. The drop in per cent between coming and remaining may be explained by the fact Showed I)?! ten 57 per tion 15 0f the Pared est d1 disap- EN“ 153 :hat upon arrival a number of olim realized that, as far as they were :oncerned, Israel was not particularly a better place for their :hildren to grow up. American olim, seeing (TV) and reading (news— ~apers) of the growing incidence of drug addiction and crime, realized hat Israel was in fact not as idyllic a place as they had previously nticipated. However, the rank order has altered from fourth place n coming to third place in remaining. The percentages show that ther factors shifted to an even greater degree, thus, ”Better place 3r children to grow up” assumed more importance to the individual fables 5.2 and 6.2). A comparison of the ”combined" motivational "pull” factors [OWCd that "Better place for children to grow up” was cited by 64 :r cent of the respondents in remaining in Israel as compared with per cent in coming, thus substantiating that truism that anticipa- on is always greater than the realization. "A sense of purposeful existence” was indicated by 35 per cent the res ondents as a "ver im ortant” factor in remainin as com— P g ted with 45 per cent of the respondents in coming. Here the great— : drop was found, 10 per cent. The statistics bear out that the appointment was even greater than ”Better place for children to w up." Many American olim come with the belief that Israel will a utopian existence. An examination of the "combined” motivational ”pull” factors remaining showed that ”A sense of purposeful existence" was cited 76 per cent of the respondents as compared with 86 per cent in ing, again a drop of 8 per cent between the two. A diSparity is "‘4 1’s: 2.1.. l..- y - aPPOint i3 his 510“ fc respom 154 also evident in the rank order from third place in coming to sixth place in remaining in Israel. From this, it may be observed that ”A sense of purposeful existence” has dropped greatly in both categories, the ”very impor- tant” and the “combined” group between coming to Israel and remaining. Apparently the American oleh became disillusioned over seeing con- siderably less idealism among Israelis than he had anticipated, which, in turn, caused him to lose some of his own idealism. The utopia he expected to find simply never materialized. ”Jewish national life in Israel” was cited by 33 per cent of the respondents as a ”very important" motivational "pull” factor in remaining as compared with 35 per cent in coming, a slight drop of 3 per cent. Its rank order did not change; it is fifth in both coming md remaining. From this it would appear that the American oleh was not dis- ppointed in ”Jewish national life in Israel.” Nationalism was strong 1 his decision for coming and remained almost as strong in his deci- .on for remaining, as evidenced by some of the statements of the tspondents: ”Israel needs more aliya! Jews of western origin in particular.” ”I am interested in preserving the Jewish homeland.“ ”I wanted to live in the Jewish homeland and raise my children here." ”I felt that my culture was being made subservient to Christian culture. For example, public celebrations of Christmas and the Christmas spirit of winters in New York.” in sawed thai 2f the RS] caring. A a” remain in fifth 1 the 5: ate Indeed, s strength Delitica of I: cult tool 509% 01: 1allgua high, the a 25 Ye the 5 Stan 155 An examination of the "combined” motivational ”pull" factors .owed that "Jewish national life in Israel” was cited by 78 per cent ‘the re5pondents in remaining as compared with 80 per cent in ming. Although a slight drop in percentage was noted between coming d remaining, its rank position moved upwards from sixth in coming fifth in remaining. It may be concluded that the nationalistic feelings towards a State of Israel have not changed much from coming to remaining. ieed, such feelings of ”Jewishness” and nationalism have become rengthened. The relationship of Jewish ethnic identity to Israeli .itical identity has been noted by Kelman1 as . Jewish ethnic identity (with its religious component) has been a major tool of political integration in Israel, of mobilizing the entire Jewish population with all of its cultural diversity. It has also, of course, been a major tool of mobilizing support for Israel among world Jewry. e olim have expressed this feeling: ”I have a strong sense of national identity after the Six—Day—War.” ”I felt a sense of national duty to come and help Israel in a time of need.” ”I had the big desire to help Israel and the Jewish people at the outbreak of the Six-Day-War.” In summary, the longer one is in Israel and uses the Hebrew uage in his daily conversation, and sees the Israeli flag flying , observes the religious holidays as national holidays, and sees accomplishments and progress that Israel has made in the past ears, the lessening is the possibility of disappointment, and Strengthening of his nationalistic pride in being a part of the 3 .4. "Like Irrational 572233.15 as . - . .q, $3.1". ; v. m. 11 Y? 575.: 55 $352 cen‘ .: bath th i the res ISrael. Mple of the ?90p1 “likened ISrael" They can Elected Islael men a lives \ dlSQu 156 "Like the people in Israel” was cited as a "very important" ivational ”pull" factor in remaining by 29 per cent of the re— ndents as compared to 26 per cent in coming. It may be pointed that there was an increase of 3 per cent of the respondents in 5 factor as "very important” in remaining. It was also found that rank order changed two steps, from eighth position in the ”very )rtant” category in coming to sixth position in remaining. An examination of the combined motivational ”pull" factors remaining showed that ”Like the people of Israel" was cited by Ier cent of the respondents as compared to 84 per cent for coming. 0th the ”very important” and ”combined” groups a higher percentage he respondents noted its importance as a factor for remaining in 81. It may be inferred that the response to the factor ”Like the le of Israel” did not change. The feeling the people had toward p60ple of Israel seemed to have strengthened somewhat rather than ened. Such feelings of American olim who had become at ”home in 81" with a ”sense of belongingness in Israel” is not surprising. came with a great liking for the people of Israel which is re- ted in the ”combined” motivational ”pull" factors in remaining in 31 (Table 6.3). Some olim may have developed strong feelings against indi- ils, perhaps those with whom they had come in contact in govern— agencies, officials of the Ministry of Absorption, and Representa- i of the Jewish Agency.* As a people, however, they have a *How these olim reacted to government officials will be lssed in a later chapter. M) to \ umber “ill in all, he: :2 mm: ;.aan 2 caring, tenants h "COKbined' mime factor in retainim Nuainin h'Ould be ETOUP 5v Islael as a mi 3mm, (This , in 15] felt . 01-1,, 157 ndency to want to ”stick together" to feel a close relationship d to be as one nation and one people. As one respondent put it, 11 in all, I love Israel. This is my home now." Twenty-five per cent of the respondents cited “no prejudice discrimination” as a ”very important” motivational ”pull” factor a decision to remain. This compares with 22 per cent who so stated coming, a 3 per cent increase over coming to remaining. In the combined motivational ”pull" factors, "No prejudice discrimination in Israel" was cited by 68 per cent of the re- ndents in remaining as compared with 67 per cent in coming. It was found that in both the ”very important" and the mbined" groups a higher percentage of the respondents noted the ortance of ”No prejudice or discrimination” in Israel. This tor increased from 67 per cent in coming to 68 per cent in iining. The rank order remains unchanged in terms of both coming and Lining. It can be noted that the American olim felt that there .d be no prejudice or discrimination against them as a minority m since they would be surrounded by Jews. They felt that in el they would feel like a "Jew at home" and not be discriminated minority group. The factor ”No prejudice or discrimination" as tive for coming and remaining was in eighth ranking position. was the median or mid~point of the fifteen “pull” factors.) Although 68 per cent cited "No prejudice or discrimination" rael as a factor for remaining in Israel, there were others who discrimination and prejudice as Americans. As expressed by some ”We were Jews in America and we are Americans in Israel." eastern . ‘iih its med); a nations , are then may the; Wilhelm tion of 1111971, inasmuch adequate the of E"Elish i1”Don , 158 ”Jewish cultural life in Israel" was cited as a "very impor- tant" motivational ”pull” factor in remaining by 25 per cent of the respondents as compared with 30 per cent in coming. The rank order has changed from sixth position in coming to eighth in remaining. In the combined group "Jewish cultural life in Israel“ was cited by 78 per cent of the respondents in remaining as compared with 81 per cent in coming. A drop of 5 per cent in both the "very im— portant” category and the combined category between coming and remain— ing seems to indicate that most American olim felt they would have a much greater Jewish cultural life in Israel than in fact was the case. Cultural life in Israel, it should be noted, is of foremost nncern. Indeed, the theater is considered the national pastime ith its diversity of productions, Greek tragedies, the classics, omedy, as well as the works of many contemporary playwrights of all ations. The stage in Israel is a most active one. In addition, there re theater performances for and by kibbutz personnel. There is an ~my theater specifically by and for the armed forces. There is a ‘aveling theater. Statistically, out of a potential theater popula- on of two million people there was attendance of over three million 2 The Israeli nation is certainly a nation of theater—goers. 1971. In spite of this, American olim may have been disappointed ‘smuch as their ability to handle the language was not sufficiently iquate to understand the Hebrew idiom. In addition, while litera- ‘e of a Jewish nature can easily be obtained in the United States in lish at reasonable prices, such is not the case in Israel, and to ort American materials becomes costly both in terms of the rate of ‘ng was '4. one 11.: tattered a: Life' mare .‘esrnden‘ lining a nsition reaming rezainin cited by tofling_ lane“ C: Maine the in the He} Mela nu“, natiVe 159 :change and duties and as such becomes an exorbitant cost for the erage American oleh living on an Israeli income. However, since ewish cultural life” in the combined motivational ”pull" factors in ming was in fifth rank order and moved upwards to fourth in remain— g, one may conclude that some olim, esPecially those who had stered or were learning the Hebrew language, found ”Jewish cultural fe" more important in remaining than in coming. The rationale may that the American olim in deciding to remain felt they "may as well integrated into Israel society and become part of Israeli culture.” "Children's better education” was cited by 24 per cent of the pondents as a "very important” motivational ”pull" factor in re— ning as compared with 17 per cent who so stated in coming. Its ition moved from twelfth in rank order in coming to ninth in aining. An examination of the combined motivational ”pull” factors in aining in Israel showed that ”children's better education” was ad by 54 per cent in remaining as compared with 47 per cent in Lng. Although there was a 7 per cent increase in the "very impor- :” category between coming and remaining, its rank position Lined constant, twelfth in rank order. From this it may be concluded that parents are satisfied with initial success that children have had, especially in learning Hebrew language and the values of Jewish culture, love of the land and devotion to the State of Israel and the Jewish people. tion in Israel is the indispensible instrument for welding e—born and newcomers into a united nation. And education begins fate: 2:. III-zines I 2, Speciai 3:5 Fibres "1 nannies :52: in c its raj-{Ki reMining l l‘ in comm tent in there wa rank rem the pier that “Tl hearty I to 53,, land is is ,1th \ genera: chfine: 160 ith a common language, Hebrew. It has been said that Israel is the 11y country on earth whose children must teach their parents the )ther tongue of the country. Children succeeded in learning the mguage and culture more quickly than their elders and became ad— lsted and more easily integrated into Israeli society. In all com— nities where immigrants have settled, the municipalities have set special ”ulpanim" within the regular school program for teaching 3 Hebrew language to the children.* "Like the pioneering spirit“ was cited by 22 per cent of the spondents as "very important” in remaining as compared with 28 per It in coming, a 6 per cent decrease between coming and remaining. ranking position changed from seventh in coming to tenth in aining. An examination of the combined motivational "pull" factors coming showed "Like the pioneering spirit” was cited by 75 per ; in remaining as compared with 79 per cent in coming. AlthOUgh 'e was a drop in 4 per cent in remaining as opposed to coming the remains constant, seventh in order. This may be the result of pioneering urge that olim had before they came, and the change of urge after arrival. The pioneer of twenty-five years ago was a :y combination of explorer, frontiersman, and adventurer, ready Lcrifice and fight; today's pioneer is not the same. Today the is built up and while there are frontiers to settle, the situation ch different from the early days of settlements. The pioneering *How the olim are succeeding or how they feel about the 11 education for their children will be discussed in a later :r. C: are a: isms, 1. Eve Some :3 EN ‘te "1 Lee IeSpoz “Raining cent fro“ in rank ( in renai cent of rank on Ttma‘lni. Rheum mine tuning “9011 I 161 virit has diminished even among Israelis. They, too, are seeking more comfortable life and in many instances are copying the American y. It is no surprise then that some olim who thought they were aving the ”rat race” in America found in Israel simply another kind "rat race.” The idealistic life they sought was hard to find. 3 older chalutzim or pioneers trained themselves as laborers, rmers, and craftsmen in comparison to today's American chalutzim > come as professionals, doctors, lawyers, dentists, college pro- :sors, teachers, engineers, accountants, and social workers who may e some pioneering spirit in helping to establish their occupations promote the Israeli way of life. ”Fuller religious life in Israel” was cited by 20 per cent of respondents as a ”very important” motivational ”pull" factor for aining as compared with 23 per cent for coming, a drop of 3 per : from coming to remaining. Its position was altered from ninth rank order for coming to eleventh in remaining. An examination of the combined motivational ”pull" factors 'emaining showed that ”Fuller religious life” was cited by 49 per . of the respondents as compared with 52 per cent in coming. Its order changed from eleventh place in coming to thirteenth in ining. This drop may be occasioned by the anticipation the hcan olim felt before coming as compared with the actuality of ious life for them after arrival. It may be inferred that religious motives were stronger in g than in remaining. Those decisions of American olim based religious motives were thought to give rise to a kind of WM :31 film. "= 712515 "i that and fulfi 1133 Bauer, i:‘POTtam that "pu in mm could 51 America but the Holy La mig'u ms nu Wen 1 Synago 162 spiritual fulfillment. Thus the orthodox Jew could live a more reli- gious life and the non—orthodox Jew could find a more complete spiri— tual fulfillment outside of any ritual or ceremony in the land where the priests and the kings of Jewish history trod. Hardly a day goes by that one cannot get some kind of mystical feeling. As one indi— vidual stated, ”You may kick a stone on the street and think that this may have been the stone that was kicked by Elijah the Prophet as he valked on top of Mount Carmel. When you walk in Israel with a Bible in your hands it becomes like a guide and all the biblical places >ecome alive for you.” One obtains a sense of identification of zeing a part of this long chain of the past. Many American olim sought some kind of religious and spiritual ulfillment. This is what the hungry soul of man perpetually seeks. owever, only about half of the respondents attached some kind of mportance to the motive "Fuller religious life in Israel." It may be stated that about half of the American olim felt lat ”Fuller religious life in Israel" had some kind of importance 1 their motive for remaining. Some very orthodox felt that they )uld still fulfill almost all of their rituals and ceremonies in 1erica. However, the exception was in the access to the holy places, m they felt that this could be accomplished through visits to the I1y Land. The non—orthodox Jew and especially those who were not ligious in America did not go to Israel for "Fuller religious life." is motive was not important to him in America and therefore was en less important in Israel. In America he may have belonged to a agogue or temple just for Jewish identification. In Israel it was nmssan' to 2211:" of lead: rt: eighty- was me sec 2 Israel. 2:: went: life, timid and nos-t alumni a5 text 1 1:5: ruin aligious E‘maucra azicipaz nligioxn Fame! 2! 3mm: ma less it, now as liviz high m was tha religic 0m 15ml" ha iecade, Environme Study Sht also inf "Fuller irrelig the)’ Ca 0f the in re} imPOI 163 m necessary to belong to either, just being there gave him the cling of Jewishness. According to Engel,3 For eighty—four per cent of the olim, the religious environment was the second most important reason why Americans remained in Israel. Thirty—nine per cent felt strongly about this. For seventy-four per cent of the religious, living a Jewish life, which to them was living a religious life, was the third most important reason for coming to Israel. The culturalists looked upon Jewish life as being too parochial, and were less attracted by it. Once in Israel, the religious lost much of their enthusiasm. They observed that official religious leaders operated the ministry of religion like bureaucrats. They also found the Israelis less Spiritual than anticipated. In 1967 only fifty—two per cent considered the religious environment a means of keeping Americans in Israel. Former members of Zionist youth groups also expressed dis- appointment. The culturalists, on the other hand, who looked upon Jewish life as too parochial to be strongly attracted by it, now rated religious environment with the same intensity as living a Jewish life. Since their hopes had not been too high they felt the situation could be much worse. The result was that seventy-five per cent were convinced that the religious environment helped keep Americans in Israel. One may infer that the motive of a ”Fuller religious life in srael" has become less important for remaining in Israel in the last ecade. In 1967, Engel reported 52 per cent considered the religious Lvironment a means of keeping Americans in Israel; by 1970 this Udy shows 49 per cent attaching importance to this motive. It is So inferred that of those who came with higher expectations of uller religious life” many were disappointed when they found an religious or antireligious attitude in the many Israelis with whom 3y came in contact. "Israel needs my services or skills" was cited by 16 per cent the respondents as a "very important” motivational "pull" factor remaining as compared with 18 per cent in coming. This was a very 'Ortant factor by a small group of people in making their decision °- some t 0*der shi renaisin, was ver Ila-thi :1 is u to 33kg feeling aPPIec: in a b temple per ce remair “Met Place: Elima attra 164 to come but was cited by fewer in their decision to remain. Its rank order shifted from eleventh place in coming to twelfth place in remaining. An examination of the ”combined” motivational factors in re— maining showed that ”Israel needs my services or skills" was cited by 64 per cent as having some importance in remaining in Israel as com— pared with 60 per cent in coming. It is noted that "Israel needs my services or skills" was tenth in rank order in coming and remained in the same rank position in remaining. It may be concluded that ”Israel needs my services or skills" was very important to less than one—fifth of the population, however, two-thirds of the respondents attached some importance to this factor. It is understood that while people seeking jobs do not go to Israel to make a fortune or to better themselves economically, it is more the Feeling of knowing that one‘s services or skills are needed and ppreciated. In America there was the feeling that one was only a cog n a big machine, whereas in Israel one would, hopefully, be more ompletely recognized as an individual and his work appreciated. ”Like the Mediterranean climate in Israel” was cited by 14 er cent of the respondents as ”very important” in their decision to emain. This has been a special drawing factor by older people who nted to come to Israel after retirement. While there are many aces in the United States that offer warm climate, it is this imate coupled with the dream of living in their ”homeland" that tracts many olim. ' 1': 13322:..- 1: "are; 21:23:21, 12;: attra 1:2 as a 1 tiara“. :...,, . Entire fc ocsition “Viva! thine, per ce fatter “as 3 "Made '—_——- 165 In the combined factor it was noted that 58 per cent of the respondents felt that the climate in some way influenced their decision to remain. Not only are the biblical and historical places of great attraction, but also the great sun-and-sea resorts throughout Israel which attract the American olim. These are not only places to see just once as a tourist, but places to live near and enjoy year-round. The Mediterranean climate in the Jewish state is certainly a strengthening factor in the decision to remain. ”Made a fresh start” was cited by 10 per cent of the respondents as a ”very important” factor in remaining as compared with 11 per cent in coming. As a motive in coming this ranked thirteenth and as a motive for remaining it shifted to fourteenth position, the lowest rank position of all ”very important” motivational ”pull“ factors in remain— ing in Israel. An explanation for this downward shift in importance from coming to remaining may be that ”making a fresh start" was not as easy as had been anticipated and the frustrations it entailed may have made this factor assume less importance in the mind of the respondents. Therefore, it follows that the rank order in the combined motivational ”pull” factors changed. ”Made a fresh start" shifted from thirteenth position in coming to fourteenth in remaining. Thirty—seven per cent of the respondents attached some degree of importance to this factor in remaining as compared with 39 per cent in coming. In both groups, the ”very important" and the combined there as a drop in this factor as a motivational "pull" factor in remaining. "Made a fresh start” was not very important in the decision to come and Ven less important in remaining. It was not particularly necessary In the emitted Wm felt that a mmain. Not only an attraction, but also m whim attract the mri once as a tourist, but ledterranem Cum“ i factor in the decision ‘llade a fresh 5 as a "very important" u coming. As a motiv native for remaining i position of all "very ingin Israel. An ex] fmn coming to remaini easy as had been anti hide this factor assu lherefore, it ntivational "pull" i thirteenth position 1' per cent of the resp1 factor in remaining In both grou Has a drop in this 1 N Made a fresh start' even less important in“ 165 In the combined factor it was noted that 58 per cent of the ndents felt that the climate in some way influenced their decision main. Not only are the biblical and historical places of great ction, but also the great sun-and-sea resorts throughout Israel attract the American olim. These are not only places to see just as a tourist, but places to live near and enjoy year-round. The arranean climate in the Jewish state is certainly a strengthening r in the decision to remain. "Made a fresh start” was cited by 10 per cent of the respondents i 'very important" factor in remaining as compared with 11 per cent ling. As a motive in coming this ranked thirteenth and as a r for remaining it shifted to fourteenth position, the lowest rank on of all ”very important" motivational ”pull" factors in remain- Israel. An explanation for this downward shift in importance oming to remaining may be that ”making a fresh start” was not as had been anticipated and the frustrations it entailed may have is factor assume less importance in the mind of the respondents. Therefore, it follows that the rank order in the combined ional ”pull" factors changed. "Made a fresh start" shifted from nth position in coming to fourteenth in remaining. Thirty—seven t of the respondents attached some degree of importance to this in remaining as compared with 39 per cent in coming. In both groups, the ”very important" and the combined there rop in this factor as a motivational "pull" factor in remaining. fresh start” was not very important in the decision to come and 5 important in remaining. It was not particularly necessary to go to Israel for a mica or other part! the factor 'Nade a 9‘ :iis could be best acé "spouse wants _ : cent of the nespor teeming {Tables 5.6 An examination staining showed that :5 the respondents as fining Its rank posi seventh position in re In both the "v E)‘ be noted between c Sta11 "push" in coming Wanted to remain becam tive at the outset of one's spouse is enthus have influenced the ot Spouse or because he t th . emerease in percen "1 Israel. "Drug problem 1‘ aper cent of the res] tent in . couung_ Its r, in C0 ‘ mm 8 to Second in 166 go to Israel for a ”fresh start"; this could be accomplished in rica or other parts of the world. Those who attached importance to factor ”Made a fresh start” did so with the thought in mind that ; could be best accomplished in their ”homeland” or in Israel. "Spouse wants to remain” was cited as ”very important” by 15 cent of the respondents in remaining as compared with 11 per cent )ming (Tables 5.6 and 6.6). An examination of the combined motivational ”push” factors for ning showed that ”Spouse wants to remain” was cited by 35 per cent e respondents as compared with 26 per cent of the reSpondents in g. Its rank position shifted upwards from tenth in coming to :h position in remaining (Tables 5.7 and 6.7). In both the ”very important” and combined groups an increase noted between coming and remaining. This factor which was a "push” in coming later became a ”pull" factor; the spouse who to remain became the ”pull" for the other who was not as posi— the outset of aliya. Enthusiasm is contagious. Therefore, if pouse is enthusiastic about aspects of life in Israel such may fluenced the other to want to remain either to satisfy his r because he too ”caught" the enthusiasm. This can explain ease in percentage of respondents between coming and remaining 1. ”Drug problem in America” was cited as ”very important” by nt of the respondents in remaining as compared with 13 per oming. Its rank position shifted upwards from fourth place to second in remaining. An increase of 2 per cent on the IABLE 6.4.--Xon-l:po: to Renal: - . .‘ 1|- !otiranonal ‘E‘m. hole a fresh start Fuller religious 111 like the Mediterram in israel {srael needs my set .\‘o plejudice or dis Like the pioneering Jewish national lii Jewish cultural 111 Children's better 1 Sense of purposefu Like the people in it home as a Jew 1 Sense of belonging letter place for ‘ “-““—~““—— ‘M “f the tot on the que Otivati 31 pop“ Stionna **WOrdin the questi0n5_ g 167 ABLE 6.4.~-Non—Important Motivational ”Pull" Factors in the Decision to Remain in Israel.* otivational "Pull” Factors** szgggsggfitgf Rzzggsgefifs 1de a fresh start 56 656 iller religious life in Israel 47 552 .ke the Mediterranean climate in Israel 38 442 :rael needs my services or skills 29 342 ~ prejudice or discrimination 28 335 ke the pioneering Spirit in Israel 22 255 wish national life in Israel 19 229 wish cultural life in Israel 19 223 ildren's better education in Israel 18 214 ise of purposeful existence 17 197 (e the people in Israel 13 155 home as a Jew in Israel 10 118 ise of belongingness in Israel 9 101 Fter place for children to grow up 6 68 *Motivational "pull” factors are ranked by the percentages the total population stating ”not important" and not by the order the questionnaire. **Wording of motivational ”pull" factors is condensed from questions. :3 m 8an 3 :3: co 5: : t ‘ illlllll‘ll“! Z § 2 i Z w 2 * licz $ ..i|||ll \lll tiWkOHuml :SWDQ: .m.z .E—S 002 .93: OEOW .QEH .QEH kh0> 0M WQ>NUOZII-W.W Hangs t.~0dan Cd :flflEQM 0U COfiMflUOQ H h .Eopa m . ea ou eofiamoy 0:3 mpcoecommon mo gonads annoy exp moflmficmfim omwo :omo ca Zese .mcoa m .p 036 0:» 509% pomcopcoo ma whouowm :Lmam: Hmcofipm>fipoe esp mo mcflwuozae , .mpamccoaumo U ., . a co Hammad mm Howao :M en-¢oa mcoflummdc n< xflvComm an an: pmeflmm< «N mmOV o mommy we now v Hm Annav ma Amway ma mofiHoE< ca Emanoum mayo N nmmv e Aooeu mm nemmv ma Amwu n moev e woapofi< :fl pcoeonmEoe: mo Romano Wm hnmu m mfinmv we ”momv mN fiomav NH moMav NH mofiaoe< a“ open mafiao am“: mmmv e noomv Ne hwemU om ANNHV oH mmHHv OH mufihoe< ca awoken Hmofiufiaom anHV oH moonu mm nemav om mweav ma Awmfiu HH woflHoe< :H maOfimcou HmMomm flmmNu NN nmmeu Ne AOHHU as flmOsV m mmOV e was: was mecmficm\eeounm fleOV m flamqv He hommv m maMau Ha mmwfiu ma eHmEmH ou muemz omsomm mm Amado a . mama m mommy H Amado mu aoaaoe< ea coaoaufiEumm< 0e “mmmU mN hoeav NH Ame U 2 H m eoHHoE< a“ Emfiuflfiom‘fipq< # 2 as Z we 3:2 90 .QE H POZ .QEH mEom .QEH QE Km **mHOHUmm :nmfim: . H no> iiIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllI-Inmmmmmmm---- mu. 6.6.--\'en' 1’4” to Remain htivational "P'dSh" F Spouse wants to renai Drug problem in Amer lssinilation in Amer Eh crime rate in .3 Racial tensions in :‘ Political unrest in inti~Semitism in Am Against war in Viet Friend/ friends are Economically bound [no money to rev \_ of ‘Motivatio the etotal popul on the questionnaj Wondin the questio g ( 169 BLE 6.6.——Very Important Motivational "Push" Factors in the Decision to Remain in Israel.* itivational "Push” Factors** Pfizgggfiggstgf Rzgggfigegfs )ouse wants to remain 15 182 :ug problem in America 15 182 ssimilation in America 15 173 igh crime rate in America 12 136 acial tensions in America 11 128 litical unrest in America 10 119 ti-Semitism in America 9 109 ainst war in Viet Nam 8 96 iend/friends are here 6 68 onomically bound to remain 5 56 (no money to return) *Motivational ”push” factors are ranked by the percentages the total population stating ”very important” and not by the order the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”push” factors is condensed from questions. TABLE 6.7.--Cofl)ined Remain 1r Motivational "Push" ‘ high crime rate in A Racial tensions in .3 Assimilation in Ame} Drug problem in Are Anti-Semitism in Am Political \mrest in Spouse wants to rem Friend/friends are Danger of unemployr Against war in Vie Economically bound 01° We)! to ret \ ‘Motivati< “1d" somewhat impl Wording ‘ from “I; question 170 SLE 6.7.--Combined Motivational "Push” Factors in a Decision to Remain in Israel.* tivational "Push" Factors** P:::;2::§:t:f Rggggsgest gh crime rate in America 57 666 cial tensions in America 54 624 similation in America 54 632 ug problem in America 51 605 ti-Semitism in America 49 582 litical unrest in America 46 550 louse wants to remain 35 423 iend/friends are here 31 365 ger of unemployment in America 30 357 inst war in Viet Nam 29 343 nomically bound to remain (no money to return) 18 210 *Motivational ”push" factors of "very important," ”important,” ”somewhat important" have been combined. **Wording of the motivational ”push" factors is condensed m the questionnaire. factor of “Drug prob] noted. According to Center, lore and nor ll: said, Ihe drug habit a he extent of i'. epidelic pmporl All indications drugs, partly be 6 country , am to imitate theii it cannot b. in comparing the an m filth greater th “mad lore import An examinat Showed that "0mg ‘ I”spondents as havi Fired with $4 per 1 Placed some import Israel found grea Since they came Ruining. The use 0 three years and h Hebrew University Y. Carthy of the noted that Israe Egypt, and that 171 Factor of "Drug problem in America” between coming and remaining is ioted. According to Dr. Eliezer Edelstein of Jerusalem's Medical Ienter, more and more Israeli students are taking to the use of drugs. le said, The drug habit was imported to Israel by foreign students. The extent of it in Israel, hOWever, is a far cry from the epidemic proportions it has reached in the United States. All indications point to a further increase in the use of drugs, partly because of certain social pressures within the country, and partly because Israeli young people tend to imitate their American counterparts. It cannot be denied that there are drugs in Israel. However, in comparing the magnitude of the problem, the oleh could easily see how much greater the problem was in America and thus this factor assumed more importance in his decision to remain than in coming. An examination of the combined motivational "push” factors showed that ”Drug problem in America” was cited by 51 per cent of the espondents as having some degree of importance in remaining as com- ared with 54 per cent in coming. It seems that some respondents who laced some importance on the drug factor as a reason for coming to srael found great disappointment with the drug problem in Israel ince they came and thus this assumed less importance as a reason for emaining. The use of narcotics in Israel has increased over the past ree years and has proved difficult to control, a symposium of the brew University's law faculty was advised by Assistant Commander Carthy of the investigations branch of police headquarters.5 Carthy ted that Israel was located on a ”drug route" between Jordan and ypt, and that increased drug traffic in Israel was attributable to me sophisticated snag police, inappropriate 1 ms stated that in I 1,055 files on narcoti‘ The greatest increase ‘ “m fewer than the nu finafficking were to uses involved the use "Assimilation W“ as a "very 1' in; in Israel as coup "Assimilation MERE, a discussi ““011. Jews have re “W5. and customs “'9 time, they cont Jewish individuals 1e“the Jewish com W10 has remained There were or exile brought ab ”Manes, or secret fOrced assimilation by the Inquisition, Mile secretly cont very dangerous pra 172 e sophisticated smuggling methods, a paucity of complaints to the ice, inapprOpriate penalties and the traffickers' quest for profits. was stated that in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, the police had 55 files on narcotics offenses in 1968, compared with 492 in 1966. greatest increase was among Jews of Western origin, although they fewer than the number of Oriental Jews. Many of those suspected , rafficking were tourists. It was stated that 90 per cent of the 5 involved the use of hashish. "Assimilation in America" was cited by 15 per cent of the re- dents as a ”very important” motivational "push” factor in remain- in Israel as compared with 17 per cent in coming. ”Assimilation" has a different connotation for each individual. efore, a discussion and definition are in order. Throughout Jewish )ry, Jews have tended to ”assimilate," or to adopt the language, ars, and customs of their neighbors, wherever they lived. At the time, they continued to live a full Jewish life, producing great h individuals and uniquely Jewish books. Individual Jews have the Jewish community for other groups, but the bulk of the Jewish has remained loyal. There were periods in Jewish history when the threat of death 1e brought about the conversion of large numbers of Jews. The 05, or secret Jews of Spain and Portugal, are examples of such assimilation. Under the pressure of persecution, particularly Inquisition, many Jews outwardly became converts to Christianity secretly continuing the Observances of their faith. This was a angerous practice, because the Marranos were Spied upon and esopisticated smuling pike, imapprvpriate penal! has stated that in the 11 2,55 files on narcotics of l: greatest increase was I never than the nui>er :‘trfificking were touris uses involved the use of “Assinilation in MB as a “very ilpc ilgin Israel as compare "Assimilation“ h 3mm. a discussion 55mm Jews have tendt “lies, and customs of 5'9 tile, they contin Jewish individuals an left the Jewish com Mlle has remained 1 There were p or exile brought abo Marranos, or secret forced assimilation by the Inquisition, While secretly con Very dangemus pra 172 sophisticated smuggling methods, a paucity of complaints to the ce, inappropriate penalties and the traffickers' quest for profits. as stated that in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, the police had 5 files on narcotics offenses in 1968, compared with 492 in 1966. greatest increase was among Jews of Western origin, although they fewer than the number of Oriental Jews. Many of those Suspected rafficking were tourists. It was stated that 90 per cent of the I 5 involved the use of hashish. "Assimilation in America” was cited by 15 per cent of the re— dents as a "very important" motivational ”push" factor in remain— z in Israel as compared with 17 per cent in coming. ”Assimilation” has a different connotation for each individual. refore, a discussion and definition are in order. Throughout Jewish tOry, Jews have tended to "assimilate," or to adopt the language, ners, and customs of their neighbors, wherever they lived. At the e time, they continued to live a full Jewish life, producing great ish individuals and uniquely Jewish books. Individual Jews have t the Jewish community for other groups, but the bulk of the Jewish ple has remained loyal. There were periods in Jewish history when the threat of death exile brought about the conversion of large numbers of Jews. The ranos, or secret Jews of Spain and Portugal, are examples of such ced assimilation. Under the pressure of persecution, particularly the Inquisition, many Jews outwardly became converts to Christianity 1e secretly continuing the Observances of their faith. This was a dangerous practice, because the Marranos were Spied upon and me dam by the M! absences of Judais- dildien of the Man-an urged with the rest a In Hider-n the tee. It first appean hope began to energ musty. Drawn by th Wheel: shut off for ideals of the French hood of all unkind. the clergence of the had as its practical for the Jews. In '11 Price too high to p: identity. During t leaders who Spoke liberals that the as a national grou Notables or Sanhed first and last tn Similar to influence of Mose But reaction in G disillusioned th Europe were gran 173 hunted down by the Inquisition. A few generations later, as the secret Observances of Judaism dwindled or were abandoned altogether, the children of the Marranos lost all memory of their Jewish ancestry and erged with the rest of the Catholic population. In modern times assimilation has had a more voluntary charac- er. It first appeared on a considerable scale when the Jews of urope began to emerge from the ghettos at the end of the eighteenth entury. Drawn by the culture and science of Europe from which they ad been shut off for several centuries, they were attracted by the deals of the French Revolution~—liberty, equality, and the brother- ood of all mankind. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw he emergence of the Jewish Enlightenment Movement (Haskala), which ad as its practical aim the achievement of equality or emancipation or the Jews. In its early phases, this movement found almost no rice too high to pay for equality—-not even the loss of Jewish ientity. During the French Revolution, the relatively few Jewish aaders who spoke for French Jewry agreed on the whole with the French .berals that the ultimate aim for Jews was to disappear completely a national group. When Napoleon convened his Assembly of Jewish tables or Sanhedrin, these Jewish leaders assured the emperor that rst and last they were Frenchmen. Similar movements took hold in Germany and Russia under the fluence of Moses Mendelssohn and David Friedlander respectively. : reaction in Germany, and persecutions and pogroms in Russia, soon :illusioned the ”enlighteners.” Eventually, the Jews of Western 'Ope were granted civil rights and swiftly transformed themselves into educated EurOl’ea“ trough conversion. ( majority '35 natural ' of dmmCY- 3‘“ a“ Senitisn have rename Tifhlals- Many Jet's» remaining within the tion with their on X has long been aware < resist assimilation I been advocated: rel of Jewish peoplehood A significan 100 Reform rabbis a1 Marriage between : verted to Judaism. cent of all Reform participation in a rabbi and for virtu Reform rabbinate, t bound by Halacha ox Officiating he won sees it nor, of co marflags: violates customs or laws. Performing mixed I 174 nto educated Europeans. It was no longer necessary to assimilate hrough conversion. Cultural identification with the surrounding ajority was natural, particularly under American and similar forms democracy. But the fear of being different and the dread of anti- mitism have remained as a cause of voluntary assimilation by indi— lduals. Many Jews, ignorant of Jewish tradition and values, though amaining within the Jewish group, suffer from a lack of identifica— .on with their own people and history. The modern Jewish community 5 long been aware of this problem. Various ways for modern Jews to sist assimilation and identify with some element of Judaism have en advocated: religion, secular nationalism, Zionism, and the idea Jewish peoplehood. A significant phenomenon on the American scene is that over 3 Reform rabbis are prepared to officiate at mixed marriages; i.e., narriage between a Jew and a non-Jewish partner who has not con— rted to Judaism. And even though this represents only some 10 per t of all Reform rabbis, it does represent a trend. Of course, ticipation in a mixed marriage would be unthinkable for an Orthodox bi and for virtually all Conservative rabbis. In the case of the orm rabbinate, the issue is much more complex. The Reform rabbi is nd by Halacha only to the degree he wishes to be so bound. By iciating he would be violating neither Jewish law as Reform Judaism it nor, of course, civil law. From the Reform viewpoint such a iage violates the mores and folkways of American Jews rather than oms or laws. Rabbi Mirsky6 reports a weakening in opposition to orming mixed marriages among Reform rabbis and rabbinical students, and feels he can safe} willing to perm“ 5‘“ of rabbis do would F word of math; now th lhe American important factor in 3 worried about the ful children. Their com uniages usually 153‘ Mty. A survey of Rabbi Allen Stephen ‘Tne Reconstructioni records in Indiana 1 Jews had a divorce ' non-Catholics had a those who married w Jews the divorce ra Another statistic v fill Catholics and 1 mixed marriage that disproportionate n ground of "force it “my Gentiles do tually, because ( An examin. fo - 1‘ renaming Sho 175 and feels he can safely predict that the number of Reform rabbis willing to perform such marriages will increase. Hitherto, the names of rabbis who would perform mixed marriages have been transmitted by word of mouth; now they are coming into the open. The American olim who expressed "assimilation” as a very important factor in a decision for coming to Israel were very much worried about the future of their children and their children's children. Their concern lay with the idea that children of mixed— marriages usually marry non-Jews and are completely lost to the Jewish community. A survey of investigations into mixed marriages is given by Rabbi Allen Stephen Maller in another United States Jewish periodical, ”The Reconstructionist." An examination of marriage and divorce records in Indiana reveals the following conclusions: Catholics and Jews had a divorce rate below the average. But Catholics who married ion-Catholics had a divorce or annulment rate five times as high as :hose who married within the faith, and for mixed marriages involving Fews the divorce rate was six times as high as in—group marriages. other statistic was that premarital pregnancy was twice as frequent or Catholics and three-and-a-half times as frequent for Jews in a ixed marriage than in an intra—faith marriage. In other words, a iSproportionate number of mixed marriages took place against a back- round of ”force majeure.” Another conclusion was that many Jews who arry Gentiles do so not because of liberal beliefs but, more prac- ically, because of lack of success in the Jewish ”marriage market.”7 An examination of the combined motivational ”push" factors >r remaining showed that ”Assimilation in America" was cited by $4 per cent of the 1" as amazed with S7 ‘ of respondents indie degree of importance idea that being in A Spondents to sorry i up their Jewish heri However, once away 1 tendency to dininisl for remaining in Is Pmblen was solved hhile this Main in Israel, i \‘ational factor f0] 5““ in third plm "High trim respendents as a u, Mining as compare shifted dOWHWar-d f The 3 per amotive for Comir rate in Israel. ; Israelis Crime ra1 Her Cent rise 5. left America main w as also Crime in 176 54 per cent of the respondents as having some importance in remaining as compared with 57 per cent in coming. The slight drop in percentage 3f respondents indicating ”Assimilation in America" as having some iegree of importance in their decision to remain is indicative of the idea that being in America there was a tendency on the part of the re~ ipondents to worry about assimilation, that their children might give m their Jewish heritage and totally assimilate into American culture. {owever, once away from the source of assimilation the problem had a i endency to diminish and lose its importance as an important motive or remaining in Israel. (Just by leaving the source, the particular roblem was solved in the minds of some respondents.) While this factor was not of great ”push" in the decision to amain in Israel, its presence cannot be totally discounted as a moti— rtional factor for remaining, since its rank position remained con- ,ant in third place. "High crime rate in America” was cited by 12 per cent of the Spondents as a "very important" motivational "push” factor in re- ining as compared with 15 per cent in coming. Its rank position has .fted downward from third position in coming to fourth in remaining. The 3 per cent difference between "High crime rate . . ." as otive for coming and remaining may be explained by the rising crime 8 in Israel. According to the annual Israel Police Report,8 iel's crime rate rose by 4.3 per cent in 1972, as compared with a 2r cent rise in 1971, and a 9.5 per cent rise in 1970. People who America mainly due to fear of high crime rate realized that there also crime in Israel, thus this was no longer the motivating force for Sole in a d‘ min in Israel. but in exninatim in remaining 5’1““ ‘1 STper cent of the mi in mining as “"93: tion remained constanl It can be sta1 factor for remaining ‘ degree of importance i ponance groups than i for this, including th slim came to Israel wi 'th Land" there woul 5mm increase of law b9mg away from the so “my about it and it the decision to remain "Racial tensio resllondents as a "ve “mull as compared wi ' per cent, The rank bot - hsouung and remain An examination lire ' - naming showed ti 177 area for some in a decision to remain. They may have chosen to amain in Israel, but for other reasons. An examination of the combined motivational "push" factors 1 remaining showed that "High crime rate in America" was cited by 7 per cent of the respondents as having some degree of importance 1 remaining as compared with 61 per cent in coming. Its rank posi- .on remained constant first in rank order. It can be stated that "High crime rate in America" as a "push" ctor for remaining was rated by fewer reSpondents as having some gree of importance in both the "very important” and combined im- rtance groups than in coming. A number of explanations may be given r this, including the rising crime rate in Israel noted above. Many Lm came to Israel with ”stars in their eyes" thinking that in the tly Land” there would be no crime at all. Finding, not only crime an increase of lawlessness was of great shock to them. For others, ng away from the source of the problem caused them to cease to :7 about it and it did not assume the same degree of importance in decision to remain. ”Racial tensions in America" was cited by 11 per cent of the ondents as a "very important” motivational "push" factor for re— .ng as compared with 12 per cent in coming, a slight decrease of cent. The rank order remained constant in fifth place in :oming and remaining. An examination of the combined motivational "push” factors maining showed that "Racial tensions in America” was cited by cent of the respondents for remaining as compared with 60 per coming, a 6 per cent decrease. The decrease I tensims do ”i“ in I mean“ (western) J anitieS, and sti Americans seeking to i fem of it, perhaps t4 olin who chose to C0. America, may have “a“ "Political “F motivational "push" 1 maining as compared i remained constant in An examinati in remaining showed 46 per cent of the i aSper cent decrea The fact th as a motive for rem importional repres The role of a vote No one candidate i The American finds ineffective and un “me Of the olin v h“Mica" were son “Id this factor a i n the decision f 178 The decrease may be attributed to the fact that some racial tensions do exist in Israel between Sephardim (Orientals) and \shkenazim (Western) Jews. Differences in education, housing, job Jpportunities, and standard of living may be noted. Thus, some mericans seeking to avoid "racial tensions" found simply another brm of it, perhaps to a lesser degree, in Israel. As before, those lim who chose to come to Israel because of racial tensions in merica, may have had other motives in their decision to remain. arson. "Political unrest in America" was cited as a "very important" tivational "push” factor by 10 per cent of the reSpondents in re— ining as compared with 11 per cent in coming. The rank order mained constant in sixth place. An examination of the combined motivational "push” factors 1 remaining showed that ”political unrest in America" was cited by 3 per cent of the reSpondents as compared with 51 per cent in coming, 5 per cent decrease. The fact that fewer respondents cited ”Political unrest .” a motive for remaining may be explained by the Israeli system of Oportional representation: one votes for a party list, not a person. 6 role of a voter is therefore limited to voting for a party list. one candidate is therefore responsible to any specific electorate. e American finds this system strange, his role in seemingly effective and unsatisfying. It, therefore, is understandable that he of the olim who came to Israel because of ”Political unrest in erica” were somewhat disenchanted with the political system in Israel this factor assumed less importance in the decision to remain than the decision for coming. "Anti-Senitisr spondents as a “very in Israel as coward shifted iron eighth ; An exaninatic maining showed the oent of the reSponde The indiridu “as "very inportant‘ P9315 Who imigratee florid liar II who ha Jerry, They viewed cause they saw it 3 Since world War 11: W as to their : Ctonfidence in the this reason Seine o in America," whetl vidual, was a "ve naming, As Some "We learned a world but a x no justice f, take for him lsrael today he non~Jewi 179 ”Anti—Semitism in America” was cited by 9 per cent of the re— pondents as a "very important” motivational ”push" factor in remaining n Israel as compared with 10 per cent in coming. Its rank position ifted from eighth place to seventh. An examination of the combined motivational "push” factors in maining showed that ”Anti-Semitism in America” was cited by 49 per nt of the re5pondents as compared with 53 per cent in coming. The individuals who stated that "Anti-Semitism in America” 5 ”very important” in their decision to remain may very well be Euro— ans who immigrated to America after World War I and especially after rld War II who had been deeply moved by the destruction of European awry. They viewed any manifestation of anti-Semitism as serious be- .use they saw it against the background of the events in Europe. nce World War II, Jews the world over have been instilled with a ubt as to their safety in any country under any government. Much nfidence in the humanity of the non-Jewish world had been lost. For is reason some of these Jews see Israel as a place where they can be re no anti-Semitism will arise. It thus follows that "anti—Semitism America,” whether real or existing only in the mind of the indi— iual, was a ”very important" factor in coming to Israel and in re- Lning. As some of the respondents have stated: ”We learned at last during World War II that nobody in the world but a Jew cares about a Jew. In all the world there is no justice for the Jew except that justice which the Jew can take for himself." ”The only secure place for a Jew is Israel. The people of Israel today will not entrust any measure of their survival to the non—Jewish world.” To the aajorit factor in the decision "push" than drugS, as: arrest in America. N For the students, grosser nanifesta not oblivious of did not regard it hailing from \‘eh lations found dil in which they we: among courses of commrity, “figh Silpport; it was “Indeed overt an decades which cc 1965, it did not American Jews.“ From the re: be drawn that the in man” and felt c Chosen to live in ; schools or aftemor feel anti‘semitisln for going to Israe Problem in America there. "Against respondents as a Mining in ISraeI This fat olin of draft a2 180 To the majority of American olim it was not a "very important" actor in the decision for coming or remaining in Israel. It was less rush" than drugs, assimilation, crime, racial tensions, and political irest in America. As Herman states: For the students, the "push" was not a direct reaction to the grosser manifestations of anti-Semitism. Although they were not oblivious of the existence of anti—Semitism, the majority did not regard it as a potentially serious threat. Students hailing from New York and other cities with large Jewish popu- lations found difficulty in recalling anti-Semitic incidents in which they were personally involved. When asked to choose among courses of action important for an American Jewish community, "fight anti-Semitism" received relatively little support; it was chosen by only 10 per cent of the students9 ”Indeed overt anti-Semitism apparently decreased during the two decades which constituted the life-span of the students, and in 1965, it did not seem to be prominent in the consciousness of American Jews.” From the responses and the interviews the inference might well drawn that the majority of the respondents had strong Jewish identi~ :ation and felt closer to a Jewish environment. They had always )sen to live in areas which would be near synagogues, Jewish day [0015 or afternoon schools, and community centers. Thus they did not :1 anti-Semitism as they were amongst their own people. Their reasons ' going to Israel and remaining there were not so much to escape the blem in America, but, as indicated before, to establish a new life re. ”Against the war in Viet-nam” was cited by 8 per cent of the pondents as a ”very important” motivational ”push" factor in re— ning in Israel as compared with 9 per cent in coming. This factor was ”very important” primarily among the younger m of draft age. As some commented: fl “1 an against war "I would rather fi war which has litl An exuinatio maining showed "Age the respondents as he maxed with 32 per respondents attached mine for toning be active for renainim herica, involvenen‘ rind of the oleh. "Friend/ fri Spendents as a "V8? “Edited with 3 pa WWMMm mmmmm is in MSI "pUSil" remaining. hi tho were already the 181 "I am against war but would fight to defend my own country." "I would rather fight to protect Israel than interfere in a war which has little meaning for me.” An examination of the combined motivational "push" factors in naining showed "Against war in Viet-nam" was cited by 29 per cent of e respondents as having some degree of importance in remaining as mpared with 32 per cent in coming. This seems to indicate that some Spondents attached some degree of importance to this factor as a tive for coming but once in Israel it assumed less importance as a itive for remaining. Once away from the source of the problem in rerica, involvement lessened and it was no longer uppermost in the .nd of the oleh. "Friend/friends are here" was cited by 6 per cent of the re- )ondents as a "very important" motivational "push” factor in remaining tmpared with 3 per cent in coming. Its rank position shifted upwards ~om twelfth in coming to ninth in remaining. Although this factor 5 relatively unimportant to begin with, the differences are unique, in most ”push" factors the percentages were higher for coming than maining. Although some olim came to Israel because friend/friends re already there, many more came for other motives but made deep and sting friendships which became "pull” factors in their decision to rain. An examination of the combined motivational ”push” factors remaining showed that ”Friend/friends are here” was cited by 31 per t of the respondents as having some importance in their decision as )ared with 19 per cent in coming. Here, too, the trend toward ,blishing important friendships was noted. Many olim found friends M .__......--uIIIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII mg oli- frol other lishing themselves in light otherwise be p scratch, ceping with finding suitable e:; to adjust in the her "Economical :eSpondents as one . meant that these An and felt that they loans from the Jewi and shipping. h'hi? 018i realized that t°nayback in ful him who found it “91%“. but uh I“ the cor lira“, "Etonomc 182 among olim from other communities who shared the same tasks of estab- lishing themselves in a new land. They had shared experiences which might otherwise be personally embarrassing: learning a language from scratch, coping with new customs with which they were not familiar, finding suitable employment, locating schools, and in general learning to adjust in the new environment. . ”Economically bound to remain" was cited by 5 per cent of the respondents as one of the "very important" factors in remaining. This meant that these American olim had invested in their coming to Israel and felt that they could not afford to go back. Some were bound by loans from the Jewish Agency, which had provided for transportation and shipping. While the loans decreased over a period of time, the oleh realized that if he were to return to America he would first have to pay back in full measure. This resulted in hardship among some olim who found it difficult to adjust to life in Israel and in finding employment, but who, nevertheless, could not return to America. In the combined motivational "push" factors in remaining in Israel, "Economically bound to remain" was cited by 18 per cent as having some importance in remaining. Eighteen per cent who felt it to have some degree of importance chose to remain for a longer period of time. (This does not mean they were bound to remain forever.) iome may decide to leave at a later date should life in Israel become lore difficult or should they become dissatisfied with other aspects f life in Israel. However, it must be pointed out that it is not ust the cost of returning to America (which is also expensive in terms f Israeli earning power), but also the cost of re-establishing fl thelselves in the All a: light of this, m for sale olin it was It has been between the decisiol The feeling was, i0: and they did not ru negatively about An heraese I wanted tc nah flmir goal,‘ that goal rather t with the passage 0 The ties e strong, and it is itself have suffi thin would have These we] Wm“ as "h 183 themselves in the American community, which must be considered. In the light of this, while a negative factor for remaining in Israel, for some olim it was an important consideration. It has been noted that there was a drop in all ”push" factors between the decision to come to Israel and the decision to remain. The feeling was, for most American olim, that America was not ”bad” and they did not run away from it. It was unfashionable to Speak negatively about America; it was fashionable to say "I came here because I wanted to be here." Another explanation is that when people reach their goal, they tend to think in terms of the drawing power of that goal rather than the "push" which previously existed, and which with the passage of time is often forgotten.11 The ties which bound most American olim to America were strong, and it is not to be supposed that the attraction could in itself have sufficed to break them. Without the above ”push" factors :here would have been a lesser "pull" toward Israel.12 These were the factors that the respondents felt were "not .mportant" as ”push” factors for remaining in Israel in rank order: Economically bound to remain (no money to return) 76% Against war in Viet-nam 65% Danger of unemployment in America 64% Friend/friends are here 59% Three-fourths of the respondents did not feel that ”economi— ally bound to remain" was of importance in their decision to remain. strong majority did not feel that being "against the war in Viet— am" was of importance in making their decision to remain in Israel. mm 6.8.«30n—Iq: to Rena lbtivational "Push" Eomouically bound (no mey to ret‘ ‘ Against ear in Vie Danger of menplo) Friend/friends an Political unrest Anti-Selitisn in Racial tensions i slouse wants to 1 1 ASS'lllllation in ”ml problem in 184 TABLE 6.8.-~Non-Important Motivational "Push" Factors in the Decision to Remain in Israel.* Motivational ”Push" Factors** szggghggfitgf Rzgggidezfs Economically bound to remain ' (no money to return) 76 891 Against war in Viet Nam 65 765 Danger of unemployment in America 64 756 i Friend/friends are here 59 700 Political unrest in America 48 571 Anti-Semitism in America 46 539 Racial tensions in America 42 500 Spouse wants to remain 42 495 Assimilation in America 41 481 Drug problem in America 40 476 iigh crime rate in America 39 460 *Motivational "push" factors are ranked by the percentages )f the total population stating "not important" and not by the >rder on the questionnaire. **Wording of the motivational ”push" factors is condensed From the questions. fl nut the sen Iajon' qlqunt in Alerica ful people in various advent not afraid c "Frieidlfriends are I factor. 'lhe Iajorit was not ilportant in It is eviden attraction, the “pol they any have had, min in Israel. Isaacs sugp 0f high idealistic cOilsequently they 1 fem ms and in t Since fem A 7 '0“ factors in a cluded that some Perhaps they ten t 0“ it include h acne to ISM 185 dmost the same majority felt that way regarding the "danger of un— mployment in America." The majority of the respondents were success— n1 people in various trades, occupations, businesses and professions, nd were not afraid of the dangers of unemployment in America. Friend/friends are here" was not an important motivational "push" actor. The majority of the respondents felt that this, in itself, as not important in their decision to remain. It is evident that American olim emphasized the positive ttraction, the ”pull" of Israel rather than any negative feelings iey may have had, the ”push” from America in their decision to amain in Israel. Isaacs suggests, "Almost all Americans who came here came out 3 high idealistic motives and they conjure up a perfect Israel, and ensequently they come down with a big bump. The bump comes in dif— erent ways and in different places for different people."13 Since fewer reSpondents noted some degree of importance in st factors in a decision to remain than for coming, it can be con- uded that some American olim were disappointed with what they found, rhaps they were misinformed, or had unrealistic expectations. It es not include those who came and left. If all the American olim 0 came to Israel were included, the range between motives for hing to Israel and remaining would have been greater. It should be further noted that not one special or individual :tor alone could have ”pulled” the American olim to Israel, but a nbination of these factors. However, the rank order of all the «Egg _ _ _________ motivational "Pull" ‘ vehicle of these was 0 American oliu in nah 186 motivational "pull" and ”push" factors gives a better picture as to which of these was of greater importance to the greater number of American olim in making their decision to remain in Israel. Illerbert c dpproaches [a syn; C ontenporam J cur) 2Steve Ra] all Tradequaaco 1972) P. 12. 3Gerald E American Jewish Y °fdler1ca , LXXI . 4Zionist in Israel Blamed 1972. p. 32. 5Jewish “mine Problem, 70. p. 20. 6" Pit [Jerusalem 71bid. , 8 . Jewish “Mme." Dot: 9 . Simon FOOTNOTES——CHAPTER 6 1Herbert C. Kelman, The Study of Jewish Identity, Issues and pproaches [a symposium edited by Simon N. Herman] (The Institute of Iontemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1971), p. 8. 2Steve Raphael, "Israeli Theater and its Talented Jack of 11 Trades--Yaacov Orland," The Detroit Jewish News, January 28, 972, p. 12. 3Gerald Engel, "North American Jewish Settlers in Israel,” merican Jewish Year Book [Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society f America], LXXI (1970), 176. 4Zionist Information News Service, Jerusalem, ”Drug Problem n Israel Blamed on U.S. Students," Detroit Jewish News, May 12, 972, p. 32. 5Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jerusalem, "Drug Use in Israel rowing Problem, Law Profs Told," Detroit Jewish News, June 26, I70, p. 20. 6"Reform Rabbis in U.S. and Mixed Marriages," The Jerusalem §t_[Jerusalem], June 28, 1970, p. 4. 71bid., p. 4. 8Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jerusalem, "Israeli Crime Rate untin ” Detroit Jewish News, A ril 6, 1973, . 39. g, P P 9Simon N. Herman, American Students in Israel (Ithaca and idon: Cornell University Press, 1970), p. 90. 187 10C. H. Ste York: Basic Books, one: a period of tee clusion (which rela leash discrilinati decline [p. 217]." by several of the < llIiurt Lew: Parper, 1939): "ll valence depends up logical distance b 1ZS. \'. Ei Routledge, 1954): motivated by the n inadequacy in his C. Wright Mills, ( M (New York “we," The Lan ua. H. new 1:52;» "English M ' Relations, Wip 0f these forces i comPottents [p. 16 13Harold The JOhn Day (:0. 188 10C. H. Stember et al., Jews in the Mind of America (New ork: Basic Books, 1966): summarizes the findings of public polls ver a period of twenty—five years from 1937 onward. Their con— lusion (which relates to the position before 1966) is that anti— ewish discrimination is, but both are unmistakably in a state of ecline [p. 217].” The implications of this observation are debated y several of the contributors to the volume. 11Kurt Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science (New York: arper, 1959): "The strength of the force toward or away from a alence depends upon the strength of that valence and the psycho- ogical distance between the person and the valence [p. 258]." 128. N. Eisenstadt, The Absorption of Immigrants (London: outledge, 1954): ”We assume that every migratory movement is otivated by the migrant's feeling of some kind of insecurity and nadequacy in his original social setting [p. 1]." See also . Wright Mills, C. Senior and R. K. Goldsen, The Puerto Rican ourney (New York: Harper, 1950); and P. H. Rossi, "Why Families ove,” The Language of Social Research; and P. F. Lazarsfeld and . Rosenberg (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1955), pp. 457-68. In a aper, "English Migrants to New Zealand: The Decision to Move,” uman Relations, XIII (1960), 167-74, L. B. Brown observes that the relationship between the pushes and pulls is complex with each f these forces interacting and having both positive and negative omponents [p. 168].” 13Harold R. Isaacs, American Jews in Israel (New York: 1e John Day Co., 1966), p. 92. For most I of their lives. I was bound to pro“ olin. l'nese woul disillusioned, th examines the res; statistical inevi tamt would each Israel?" in an e for aliya, some In the 4 W1 person in asked to determ labeling then ‘ 0? "not import: able almost wi being appropri Was aslted to r 1111lmrtamce in CHAPTER 7 LEAVING ISRAEL For most persons, immigrating to Israel was the biggest step f their lives. But leaving home, family and friends for a new life as bound to prove to be too traumatic an experience for some of the lim. These would be the people who would decide to return, the isillusioned, the disenchanted and the disappointed. This chapter xamines the responses to a hypothetical question based upon the tatistical inevitability that some would leave Israel: "How impor— ant would each of the following factors be in your decision to leave srael?" in an effort to pinpoint the reasons why, after many Opted )r aliya, some would opt to return. In the analysis of motives for a decision to leave Israel, Lch person in the study was given a list of twenty—one reasons and ked to determine the degree of importance for each of these reasons, beling them ”very important,” ”important," ”somewhat important,” ”not important at all.” The findings indicated that people were le almost without exception to select one of these categories as ing appropriate to their situation. Additionally, the respondent i asked to note any other factors which might have been of some tortance in his consideration to leave Israel and, further, to rank 189 Ca m u .. wfinvfihm Scum >«3o ttth 1- N2 mm vH m . 0N ha ma waEmw EOHM XNRN MCMQA xmmw: qu nv VN OH «H NUfiH0E< :w MWQCMEMMEOHGQ Mo Omfimm .nc: thun> senowhosa. 0u :23? use Housed mo u30 :cum: uCZ .Qfih 050m .REH CORWHUQQ d how ANNOfiHQSHOQXIV W0>HHOEII.H-R WQQEDJ OH .mcofiumosc ecu Eopm camcopcoo mH muouomm HmcoHuw>Hpoe HNUHpoguomxa we mchHoz . . as .ouHeccoHumosv co smegma mm mocha ca HmIONN mcoHpmosv m< xHecommHH NaemHz N NN mN ON ON eaaeeapm N=H>HH noeNHH as meowms aoHHoe< w co «H w v mucoumeo Homomomhsm mo omcom mo>am moHHoE< wH Nm mH NH NH moHqusunommo .ozeo Houuon :oHeHHso whomwo women m NN oN HN MN mofluficdupomao HmcoHuwmsooo Heywon muowmo momhom« oH mv NH mH mH moHHoE< CH memoH vam.mommmuhoa Hmewm o vN mN ON mN HomHmH cH Homeoswoasp paw omwuheom N 3 NN mH NH omwstaH 38%: fiHz moHuHaodee 25.: N mm mH NH a mHHoeHmH gasp Hogumn chUHNoE< spa: mcHNHH.HomoH N Ho mH oH N mooH>Hmm NE memo: Nuzow :mmHHoE< Hoe“ N mN oH N m mooH>uom NE memo: mowaoa< Hood w mm mH NH o 3222 E 32. a 3 meme: pm Hood N Nm ON NH m HomemH :H :moHeoE< me me mac: um Hoom u :0 mm mm 0H m m mHomeH :HV Hoonom :H m: momx pondmo couvasm N N Hem E a . e we VN 0H HH H. m o w Nmzm mcHwn Name: uoz moHHoE< :H mmocwcflmcoHon mo omcom .m.z .QEH uoz .QEH meow .mEH .mEH Nho> IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII #«mUwHOE< Ou :HHSQ: USN H®MHMH %0 “do :Smdm: liquhmq 0>Hw®J D... 29404)): 3 all x I then in order of 1 additional factor. noted that the qu colored the answe Each of t motive for con: factors (reasons (attracting Alex- items, however, . "Red-tap °f the responden decision to leae lts rank positit bined mups of The new deal With many his new home. entirely new We with the Varior the right pew bility in agent the Oleh must obtain a 1°“. humane thr settled. this tens us that 191 them in order of their importance to him. The responses to theSe additional factors are also dealt with in this chapter. It should be noted that the questionnaire was administered in Israel and may have colored the answers of some of the respondents. Each of the twenty—one items indicated was determined to be a motive for considering a decision to leave Israel. Some are ”push" factors (reasons for leaving Israel), others are "pull" factors (attracting Americans back to their home country). None of the items, however, was indicated as such on the questionnaire. "Red-tape and bureaucracy in Israel" was cited by 25 per cent of the re5pondents as a "very important" factor in considering a decision to leave Israel, and by 70 per cent in the combined group. Its rank position was highest in both the ”very important" and com- eined groups of importance (Tables 7.2 and 7.3). The new immigrant finds himself in the position of having to eal with many government agencies and institutions in setting up '3 new home. He must accustom himself to new style banking, and an tirely new way of establishing business arrangements. In dealing th the various agencies he may find frustration in finding exactly e right person to handle his particular situation. The responsi— .lity in agencies is divided rather than given to one person. Thus, te oleh must deal with a series of clerks and agents in order to tain a loan, find government housing, job opportunities, get his longings through customs and handle bank transactions. Until ttled, this can cause tremendous pressure and frustration. Halkin [15 us that, 192 TABLE 7.2.--Very Important Motivational (Hypothetical) Factors for a Decision to Leave Israel.* Motivational "Pull” and Percentage of Number of ”Push” Factors** Respondents ReSpondents*** Red-tape and bureaucracy in Israel 25 290 America offers better occupational opportunities 23 266 America offers me higher living standard 20 231 18 209 Not happy being away from family America offers children better educ. opportunities 17 200 Easier mortgages and loans in 1 America 15 173 Have difficulties with Hebrew language 12 279 Sense of belongingness in America 11 132 No separation between religion and state in Israel 11 125 Higher living standard in America for all 9 108 Don't feel at home as an American in Israel 9 107 Prefer living with Americans rather than Israelis 9 101 Not happy being away from friends 8 98 Children cannot keep up in school (in Israel) 8 96 Feel American Jewry needs my Services 7 83 Israel not as religious as I would like 7 79 Feel at home as a Jew in America 6 71 5 58 War with Arabs America gives sense of purposeful existence 4 53 Feel America needs my services 3 38 lot enough Yiddish culture in Israel 3 34 *Very important hypothetical motivational factors are ranked Y the percentages of the total population stating ”very important" nd not by the order on the questionnaire. **Wording of the hypothetical motivational factors is con— ensed from the questions. ***N in each case signifies the total number of respondents who aplied to the item. 193 TABLE 7.3.-—Combined Motivational (Hypothetical) Factors for a Decision to Leave Israel.* Motivational "Pull" and Percentage of Number of "Push" Factors** Respondents Respondents*** Red-tape and bureaucracy in Israel 70 820 America offers me higher living standard 65 768 America offers better occupational . opportunities 64 759 Not happy being away from family 61 716 Not happy being away from friends 51 604 Sense of belongingness in America 51 596 America offers children better educational opportunities 49 587 Have difficulties with Hebrew language 47 691 Higher living standard in America for all 46 541 Easier mortgages and loans in America 45 530 No separation between religion and state in Israel 43 501 Don't feel at home as an American in Israel 41 485 Prefer living with Americans rather than Israelis 40 461 Feel at home as a Jew in America 33 395 Feel American Jewry needs my services 32 378 War with Arabs 27 318 Children cannot keep up in school in Israel 26 311 America gives sense of purposeful existence 26 307 Israel not as religious as I 26 300 would like Feel America needs my services 29 Not enough Yiddish culture in Israel 11 136 233 *Hypothetical combined motivational factors are ranked by the )ercentages of the total population stating "very important,” '1mportant," and "somewhat important" and not by the order on the 1uestionnaire. **Wording of hypothetical motivational "pull” and ”push” ‘actors is condensed from the questionnaire. ***N in each case signifies the total number of respondents who eplied to the item. 194 TABLE 7.4.--Non-Important Motivational (Hypothetical) Factors for a Decision to Leave Israel.* Motivational ”Pull" and Percentage of Number of "Push" Factors** Respondents Respondents*** Not enough Yiddish culture in Israel 81 957 Feel America needs my services 73 861 Israel not as religious as I would like 68 800 1 War with Arabs 66 774 America gives sense of purposeful existence 66 774 Feel American Jewry needs my services 61 717 Feel at home as a Jew in America 59 690 Prefer living with Americans rather than Israelis 53 628 Don't feel at home as an American in Israel 52 612 No separation between religion and state in Israel 50 589 Higher living standard in America for all 46 547 Have difficulties with Hebrew language 46 547 Easier mortgages and loans in America 45 527 Sense of belongingness in America 43 512 Not happy being away from friends 42 497 Children cannot keep up in school in Israel 35 409 Not happy being away from family 32 382 America offers children better educational opportunities 32 378 America offers me higher living standard 28 325 America offers better occupational opportunities 27 316 Red—tape and bureaucracy in Israel 24 285 *Not Important Hypothetical Motivational Factors are ranked by the percentages of the total population stating ”not important” and not by the order on the questionnaire. **Wording of the hypothetical motivational factors is :ondensed from the questions. ***N in each case signifies the total number of respondents Jho replied to the item. 195 The amount of bureaucratic red—tape to which he is subjected and which to a somewhat lesser extent is the permanent lot of every Israeli, can still reduce a brave man to tears; the overall quality of services and manners is as off hand as ever; the general level of efficiency and lack of it, cannot be said to have noticeably improved. If he is willing and has the patience to ”wait it out," the )leh will in time find out the diverse office hours of various Lgencies, which person is the ”key” to solving his problem in the ‘ .ndividual offices, and, in general, establish himself in the way >f life. Those aspects of American life most frequently indicated as ases for decisions to return included "efficiency and no red—tape,” ’administrative efficiency,” ”efficiency and ingenuity,” ”less ed—tape—-easier to get information or things in U.S.A.” less red- ape and government interference with problems,” ”lack of bureau- racy, efficiency," ”ease of every—day operations," "everything is n English.” This seeming apathy on the part of officialdom in Israel, 5 compared with the relative efficiency of the American office, is ary difficult for every new immigrant to the country to cope with, articularly so since he rarely knows the language well and finds it .fficult, at least at the outset, to communicate. As one American ten packing to leave said, ”these little things you know have been tsetting me very much and its not worth it." For the American without any commitment to aliya who went on trial basis there is a tendency to compare the efficiency of erica with the seeming incompetence of Israeli bureaucracy. To 8 Israeli it is simply a matter of ”eyn brera,” no choice, this is ('2 * 196 the way it is and this is how things are done in Israel. He looks back on the progress made in the last twenty—five years and is happy with the achievement. However, the American feels he has regressed by several decades. The American who comes with the commitment to stay chooses to make light of the annoyances and says as does the Israeli, "there is no choice." He adjusts to this aspect of the new way of life with the optimistic hope of helping to change the system someday. "America offers better occupational opportunities ”was cited )y 20 per cent of the reSpondents and is second in rank order as a 'very important" motivational factor in considering a decision to .eave and was cited by 64 per cent and is third in rank order in the :ombined group in leaving. It is clear from this that almost two—thirds of the residents elt that ”America offers better occupational opportunities." In merica high school education is ”free” and youngsters are given many pportunities for vocational education through specialized courses nd curricula. By contrast, in Israel high school or vocational iucation is not free. Furthermore, acceptance at any such institu- Lon is difficult because of the limited number of spaces available 1d further, once one is accepted, he finds that the selection of )urses or the programs are limited in scope. Similarly, in higher lucation the possibility of acceptance to a degree prOgram is slim ‘cause of the tremendous number of applicants per opening. Indeed me Israelis find it necessary to study overseas because of over~ owding at their own universities. 197 But for the immigrant who is already trained, it is even more difficult to find a position in Israel. There is a surplus of professional talent, particularly in law and teaching. And it is difficult, as one might conclude to find positions in the major cities. Even for physicians and dentists who are in the highest income bracket, a position in a metro area is difficult to find. The principal difficulty in obtaining a professional position in Israel lies not with over—training, as might be the case in the United States, but with the large immigration from the Western coun- tries. More recently, the immigration from the Soviet Union has caused a surplus of professionals seeking positions. As reported by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, ”The heavy influx of Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union is posing problems of employment. Difficulties have been experienced in finding jobs for physicians and dentists arriving here from the USSR.2 Labor Minister Yosef Almogi pointed out to the Knesset that the Israeli economy was not geared to absorb so large an influx of lighly trained professionals and predicted that employment would be Jne of the major challenges of 1972. Almogi said that 10,000 of the 70,000 immigrants expected in .972 would be holders of academic degrees in the free professions. 1e noted that this category of immigrants numbered 17,000 over the .hree years 1969-1971 and represented a 15 per cent increase to their ector of the labor force based on the 1968 figures.3 The American olim who may have found positions in their field ere also concerned about their children's professional future. The ung immigrant students studying in Israel in preparation for rious professional positions might also find themselves in diffi- lty when seeking employment. As reported by the Zionist Informa— on News Agency, Jerusalem: Israel will have too many academicians by 1976 according to a special government commission report. Two factors are cited: The large number of graduates from Israel's universities and increased aliya from the Soviet Union, , which includes many academic professionals. According to the findings there will be an excess of between 8 and 12,000 graduate engineers and architects and a surplus of 5,000 in the life sciences. ”America offers me higher living standard" was cited by 20 fl ' cent of the respondents as a ”very important" factor in consider— , a decision to leave Israel and was cited by 65 per cent of the pondents in the combined group. It ranked third in the ”very ortant” group and second in the combined group of importance. Two-thirds of the respondents felt that America offered them igher living standard. Although most people knew that by going to e1 they might have to lower their standard of living, this was not terrent. Interestingly enough, the one problem that first occurs ericans, that of the different standard of living, causes some ble because although it might be lower in American terms it is not r in Israeli terms. The average American oleh is aware of the r standard of living but feels he will have less pressure to ”keep ith the Joneses.” But the trouble with the Israelis is that they to ”keep up with the Americans.” They do want cars, television , freezers and other creature comforts. Many Americans find that rat-race they left behind in America has an Israeli counterpart. 199 Many Americans tend to incorrectly think of the pound in terms of the dollar. That is, a person who earned $10,000 in America would earn I.L. 10,000 in Israel. This, however, fails to account for the higher cost of living in Israel and the considerably higher rate of taxes. The cost of food is much higher, electrical appliances such as washing machines or refrigerators are almost ten times more expensive in pounds, and an automobile costing $4,000 in America would cost over 50,000 pounds ($11,905) in Israel. A further important factor in considering income is the high tax rate. An example will suffice: Along with his pay the Israeli receives his ”loksh," the accounting slip accompanying his pay check. (Loksh is derived from the Yiddish meaning noodle.) A long slim piece )f paper whose length is in inverse proportion to the amount of money received, the longer the ”loksh" the slimmer the check. Of his gross :alary the wage earner keeps less than 65 per cent. Following is the treakdown whereby his IL 1,300 salary has been trimmed to IL 834.40: Gross Salary 1,300.00 Income Tax 210.20 Defense Loan 52.50 National Insurance 49.40 Sick Fund 49.50 Pension Fund 65.00 Professional Improvement 39.00 Total Deductions 465.60 Net Salary 834.40 The most important deduction is the income tax. In addition, : is obliged to lend money to further finance defense expenditures. 115 is the defense loan which has no definite term of repayment. rthermore, he is required to contribute to a multiplicity of social 200 security and pension schemes. The National Insurance Plan takes a compulsory 3.8 per cent from the gross, the largest portion covering reimbursement of wages while doing the yearly tour of duty as an army reservist. The Sick Fund (Kupat Holim) providing full medical care varies according to income. One is expected to contribute 5 per cent of his monthly earnings to the Pension Fund from which benefits will accrue at age 65. Finally, the Professional Improvement Fund obliges workers in the academic and technical fields to contribute 3 per cent of their gross wages with the employers contributing an additional 4 per cent. The purpose of this fund is to finance extension courses and other study and improvement programs. The amounts deposited can be withdrawn at the end of three years. As in the United States rising prices and high taxes have given rise to moonlighting. In a radio interview, Labor Minister Yosef \lmogi stated that ”some 100,000 Israeli workers currently have two iobs. He stated that there are 750,000 wage-earners but that 850,000 ire registered on all payrolls. This meant, he said, that 100,000 are loonlighting.5 There are additional workers who in order to help make :nds meet work on second jobs for ”black money,” the phrase Israelis ,se for undeclared income. As reported by a Tel Aviv housewife, "Try aying your plumber, cleaning lady and the electrician by check, and hances are you'll be seeing the last of them.”6 The truth is that if you live in Israel you have to pay taxes )r virtually anything you do, from the ”womb to the tomb," as the tying goes. In all business transactions, there is a purchase tax Yement. This ranges from 10 per cent on the price of a can of instant 201 :offee to 20 per cent for an Israeli—made handkerchief. If the product 'ou buy is imported, the cost is much more. To the original price, 'ou add the customs duty excise, which could reach as high as 80 per ent of the original value, plus 20 per cent Defense Tax, plus a 30 er cent Purchase Tax, plus another 30 per cent, the latter for no pparent reason at all. You either pay it all or you do not buy. ertain food stuffs including bread is tax free. As a matter of fact, he consumer saves 12 agorot (cents) on each loaf of bread, because f the subsidy paid by the government. Entertainment requires a high contribution on the taxpayer's art. As an example, consider a IL 5.50 movie ticket where the full [are of taxes includes: Entertainment Tax IL 1.65; Stamps 15 agorot; ewish National Fund 0.2 agorot; War Damages Fund 2.5 agorot; Collect— .g fees 2.5 agorot. One pays a yearly tax of IL 85 to watch tele- sion at home and IL 25 for listening to the radio. Unlike the United ates where television and radio are commercially sponsored, in rael they are State owned and must be paid for by the users. A car license costs between IL 260 and IL 1,000 depending 3n the value and horsepower of the car plus IL 195 in car property c For Israelis there is a service tax of 20 per cent on hotels, :els and restaurants for which tourists and new immigrants are mpt. This contrasts with similar taxes in the United States which paid by tourists rather than residents. Israelis must pay a vel tax which is fixed at 100 per cent of the fare plus IL 500. igrants are exempt from paying these taxes for the first three years 201 offee to 20 per cent for an Israeli-made handkerchief. If the product Tau buy is imported, the cost is much more. To the original price, rou add the customs duty excise, which could reach as high as 80 per ent of the original value, plus 20 per cent Defense Tax, plus a 30 ier cent Purchase Tax, plus another 30 per cent, the latter for no ‘pparent reason at all. You either pay it all or you do not buy. I Frtain food stuffs including bread is tax free. As a matter of fact, he consumer saves 12 agorot (cents) on each loaf of bread, because f the subsidy paid by the government. Entertainment requires a high contribution on the taxpayer's art. As an example, consider a IL 5.50 movie ticket where the full lare of taxes includes: Entertainment Tax IL 1.65; Stamps 15 agorot; ewish National Fund 0.2 agorot; War Damages Fund 2.5 agorot; Collect— 1g fees 2.5 agorot. One pays a yearly tax of IL 85 to watch tele- .sion at home and IL 25 for listening to the radio. Unlike the United .ates where television and radio are commercially sponsored, in rael they are State owned and must be paid for by the users. A car license costs between IL 260 and IL 1,000 depending on the value and horsepower of the car plus IL 195 in car property x. For Israelis there is a service tax of 20 per cent on hotels, tels and restaurants for which tourists and new immigrants are Bmpt. This contrasts with similar taxes in the United States which i paid by tourists rather than residents. Israelis must pay a Lvel tax which is fixed at 100 per cent of the fare plus IL 500. ligrants are exempt from paying these taxes for the first three years 202 they are in the country, another of the privileges extended to help new olim in the adjustment process. According to economists, the average Israeli wage earner contributes more than two—thirds of his gross earnings to keep the government Operating. When asked how he manages, the Israeli smiles and answers, "Well, isn't this the land of miracles?" The American oleh may not feel this "pinch" the first three years in the country for two main reasons: the first being that since the 1967 financial year newcomers have been entitled to a special income tax exemption over and above those deductions allowed for all residents, provided they entered the country after April 1, 1967;7 the second is that the American oleh comes to Israel prepared with all the personal and household effects, new appliances as well as an auto- mobile which will not need to be replaced for a while. Newcomers are exempt for three years from paying customs tariffs on personal and household effects, provided the items are in reasonable quantities, as defined in the Official Customs Guide and are intended for their own personal use. Personal and household effects may either be brought with the newcomer or imported within the first three years in the country. Newcomers have the privilege of purchasing within their three-year eligibility period locally manufactured items tax-free. They may pay for the locally manufactured tax-free items in Israel :urrency or foreign currency. Newcomers have two years in which to meort a car, motorcycle, motor scooter, or commercial vehicle under 1.5 tons. The owner does not pay purchase tax, but pays customs duty In cars at the rate of 25 per cent of the value of the new car newly 203 arrived at an Israeli port (C.I.F.) but not less than IL 1 per kilo- gram of its weight.8 Since the Israeli resident has to pay high levies on such luxuries as foreign television sets, washing machines, food mixers and tape recorders which rank from 145 per cent to 230 per cent of their list prices, the American oleh tries to make the best purchases he can vhile in tax exempt status. The Ministry of Immigrant Absorption pays the tuition for all ligh school and college immigrant students for the first three years, :uition ranging from IL 1,200 to IL 1,800 per year. With all these Special privileges, the new oleh does not feel he ”pinch" during his first three years. However, once the three ears have expired it becomes a major problem to maintain the same iving standard as before, especially when one considers the inflation ate which is twice that of the United States. It is at this point iat the oleh often must stop and consider how much his standard of Lving will change, and whether he can manage at this new point. ”Not happy being away from family" was cited by 18 per cent ? the respondents as a ”very important” factor and by 61 per cent of .e respondents in the combined group as a motive in considering a cision to leave Israel. It ranked fourth in both the "very important‘ d ”combined” groups. Note: The restrictions on immigrant loans, rent subsidies i customs exemptions have been under consideration by the Israeli Iernment for some time, due to the country's serious economic :uation and also from pressure by Israelis who feel that the new ligrant is getting ”too many” privileges. These privileges were have ended by July 1, 1973, however, the date was extended to .ember 31, 1973. 204 This factor seems to be more important after one arrives at the destination and realizes that he misses what he had always taken for granted-—the proximity of family, particularly at holiday times as well as times of need or sorrow. This is also evidenced in the reverse when looking into reasons for aliya: many people came because married children, or parents had already come on aliya and they wanted to be near. One may also consider the distance and the expense involved in making trips back to America to visit family. If an American oleh would like to visit the United States after three years he must con— sider also the 100 per cent travel tax plus IL 500 in addition to the cost of the ticket. ”America offers children better education opportunities” was cited by 17 per cent of the reSpondents as a ”very important” factor and by 49 per cent of the reSpondents in the combined group in con- sidering a decision to leave Israel. It ranked fifth as ”very important” and seventh in the combined group of importance. Appar— ently half of the reSpondents attached some degree of importance to this factor. In America secondary school is tuition free. High schools in merica are generally larger than Israeli schools. They offer a ariety of courses in many subject areas. They offer programs geared o the individual student according to his aptitude, desires, and nterests. Guidance counselors assist the student in making choices ccording to present ability and future plans. The trend in the nited States is toward a lessening of required subjects and more 204 This factor seems to be more important after one arrives at the destination and realizes that he misses what he had always taken for granted—~the proximity of family, particularly at holiday times as well as times of need or sorrow. This is also evidenced in the reverse when looking into reasons for aliya: many people came because harried children, or parents had already come on aliya and they wanted to be near. One may also consider the distance and the expense involved in making trips back to America to visit family. If an American oleh Iould like to visit the United States after three years he must con- :ider also the 100 per cent travel tax plus IL 500 in addition to the :ost of the ticket. ”America offers children better education opportunities” was ited by 17 per cent of the respondents as a "very important” factor nd by 49 per cent of the respondents in the combined group in con— idering a decision to leave Israel. It ranked fifth as ”very nportant" and seventh in the combined group of importance. Appar— 1tly half of the respondents attached some degree of importance to 115 factor. In America secondary school is tuition free. High schools in erica are generally larger than Israeli schools. They offer a riety of courses in many subject areas. They offer programs geared the individual student according to his aptitude, desires, and :erests. Guidance counselors assist the student in making choices :ording to present ability and future plans. The trend in the ted States is toward a lessening of required subjects and more 205 lectives by the students. Most of the respondents had moved from arge metropolitan areas or developed suburbs where such programs xisted, had experienced well—qualified teachers, fully stocked ibraries or media centers replete with the kinds of hardware which akes a modern school program so highly effective. In Israel by antrast these are luxuries either unheard of, or in the dream stage, arely in the planning stage. As Ruth Seligman suggests: The Israeli schools are factories, workshops for knowledge. Efficiency is assessed only by coverage of data. There is no "real education." The emphasis is on dry facts, on subject matter which in this day of the knowledge explosion becomes obsolete almost before it is Methods which belong to the Dark Ages are being used. Teachers in Israel exert pressure through external means--through grades, tests and punishments. Teachers and parents are conditioning our children to want to know only what they will find on the matriculation exam (given upon completion of high school studies). Anything which doesn't appear on exams is regarded as irrelevant. There's learning but no education--learning by rote without understanding. There is no chance for the pupil to express opinions, to develop original ideas. There is an over-abundance of subjects—~15 courses taken in the secular high schools, 19 in the Orthodox high schools. Taken simultaneously this leads to fragmented learning. There is little chance for depth or real development. approach is pedantic with content remote from reality: subjects studied are irrelevant to what is going on in the child's life. No one is interested in capturing the heart and interest of the student. They just want to foster on him quantities of material to be memorized. Children aren't treated as individuals. There's no attempt to develop creativity, to stimulate independent work, to recognize differences in ability levels and interests. Kids are being stifled. Schools in Israel are designed with a mixture from Prussia and Russia--with the worst of both: authoritarianism from Prussia and pseudo~equalitarianism from Russia. In a country with such vast cultural differences it's unfair to give the same education to everyone. taught. The Such harsh words are frequently echoed by American olim. worthy is the effort on the part of American olim, dissatisfied 206 with the educational system as it exists, who are trying to bring innovation and change to the system. Many parents are instrumental in founding such new-type schools as a part of ”new Western aliya," that immigration to Israel since the Six—Day War from the West which includes a large number of young, educated parents seeking a "better Life” for their children and not satisfied with the existing educa- :ional system in Israel. For years, the average Israeli parent has been totally unaware f the rigidity of the school system in which his child studies, the on-relevance of much of the subject—matter, the overemphasis on emory work at the expense of developing thought processes, the stress n regurgitation of information pre-chewed by teachers and passed on rontally via the lecture system. This is the system in which he tudied, and to him it seemed as school should be. The Israeli arent lacks a tradition of vocal and organized opposition. Not so Jr the American whose voice on school boards throughout the States LS helped shape his children's education. Comparing the educational opportunities offered in America th that offered in Israel, the American oleh may find himself membering only the good about American education, seeing only the fficulties his child may be facing in his new situation and thus 3 this as an important factor in his decision to leave Israel. ”Easier mortgages and loans in America” was cited by 15 per 1t of the respondents as a ”very important" factor and 45 per cent the combined group in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its 1k position was sixth as a "very important" factor and tenth in the Imbined" group of importance. ans—a." '- ' 207 Housing is a major problem in Israel. Since the Six—Day War costs have skyrocketed. It is very difficult to get a mortgage loan If one should get a mortgage, it will be a ten—year mortgage of [L 10,000, for which one pays a "low” yearly 12 per cent interest. If needed, an additional loan can be taken from the bank to be repaid within a two-year period at a 12 to 18 per cent interest rate. The American oleh who is fortunate enough to come with means 5 able to make a down payment on an apartment and obtain a loan from he Jewish Agency at much better terms, 5 to 6 per cent. Most immi— rants avail themselves of the opportunity of obtaining loans from he Jewish Agency and try to obtain housing through government housing rojects where the prices may be lower than on the private market. >ans are given according to the size of the apartment and are .mited according to the number in the family. Olim are eligible for full housing rights and assistance for period of three years as of entry to the country. These include: artments built by private or public contractors, allotted by the nistry of Absorption; a loan for acquisition of an apartment in the ivate sector; a loan toward key money; rent participation for a riod of three years. The Ministry of Absorption offers apartments either on a Ital basis or for sale. The size of such an apartment, as well its location, depends on the number of persons per family, on the tfessional requirements of the family, subject to the number of ts available in the various areas. The immigrant can receive such apartment on easy rental terms, subject to the size of Fl; 208 :he apartment and the residential area. The apartment can be pur— :hased whenever desired. To the disappointment of many an American aleh, project housing units for immigrants are available primarily in :parsely settled development towns and outside main urban areas. To enable olim to more easily purchase an apartment, the finistry of Absorption has provided for mortgage assistance. This msistance comes in the form of a mortgage on the following scale: 'amilies-—up to IL 40,000 (females above 35) up to IL 25,000. Single persons above l8--up to IL 15,000, pensioners above 60—65--up to L 15,000, pensioner couples-—up to IL 20,000. The maximum ceiling If the mortgages is not to exceed 75 per cent of the value of the .partment. The person selling the oleh his apartment will receive he Specified sum upon transfer of the prOperty to the name of the deh during registry or upon equivalent guarantees of such. The ceiling on the mortgage can be raised to 90 per cent of he price of the apartment, providing the price of the apartment tself is not above IL 45,000 (Jerusalem IL 50,000) and the oleh is ble to meet the monthly mortgage. Installments and interest rates re of twenty years duration. Three gurantors are required for this Cheme if the apartment can be registered in the name of the person uying it. Newcomers sometimes find apartments on the open market sub- ect to key money requiring payment of a certain sum to the owner nd/or tenant of a rent—controlled apartment on which the monthly ent is low. Newcomers renting against key money may receive a loan f up to IL 12,000 for single person, IL 18,000 for married persons, 209 depending on the size of the family, and couples without children, up to IL 15,000. Such loans are repayable over a period of ten years carrying 8.5 per cent interest rate, and require cosigners. One-third of the loan is in the form of a Standing Loan for a period of three years, and becomes a grant after this period. When the tenant vacates the apartment, if he brings in another tenant approved by the land- lord, he receives two—thirds of the key money value of the apartment at that time. Such apartments in Israel are unfurnished, except for ninimal closets in the kitchen and bath.10 The American olim who qualify for Jewish Agency loans of IL 50,000 still find that the cost of apartments in Jerusalem may run ipwards of IL 150,000, requiring considerable ready-cash for the down payment, not to mention Such additional costs for cabinets and appliances. Costs have skyrocketed to such an extent that in the :hoice neighborhood of Rehavia, Jerusalem, a three—room apartment is uriced at between IL 160,000 ($38,400) to IL 180,000 ($43,000). A Our-room dwelling carries a price tag in excess of IL 200,000 $48,000), in Tel Aviv, where the prices are somewhat more ”reasonable," comparable four-room apartment is "only" IL 180,000.11 Considering the high cost of apartments and difficulty in >taining a mortgage at a favorable interest rate it is not surprising v note that 45 per cent of the respondents indicated some degree of portance to the factor that "easier mortgages and loans in America” y be a factor in their decision to leave Israel. "Have difficulties with Hebrew language” was cited by 12 ? cent of the respondents as a ”very important” factor and 47 per 210 cent in the combined group in considering a decision to leave Israel. It ranked seventh as a ”very important" factor and eighth in the combined group of importance. The ones who have most difficulty with the Hebrew language are high-school age students who must study such subjects as physics, chemistry, geography and mathematics in Hebrew. These subjects may be difficult in themselves, but learning technical vocabulary in a foreign language compounds the problem, as does required reading in Hebrew literature, Bible and history. In some instances students enroll in private American schools in Israel to enable them to study academic subjects in English. Language barriers also keep the teen- ager apart from his Israeli counterpart so that he is unable to keep 1p with the idiomatic ”street language." The younger child, much more readily adaptable to local anguage and customs, finds far fewer problems in schooling and Dmpanionship. Children will learn the language more quickly than zeir parents and often the parents will learn Hebrew from their Lildren. For adults the problem of Hebrew language varies according to cupational requirements. While it may not be totally necessary to ve a command of the Hebrew language for simple everyday transactions, a . oleh may feel frustration when he wishes to have an in-depth con— ‘sation with an Israeli, read a best-seller in Hebrew, hear a lec- ‘e, or go to the theater. In these instances, the language require- ts become more precise and the use of idioms more widespread. A ple situation, getting the point of a joke across, can be 211 extremely frustrating if the proper meaning of the key word is lost. For senior-citizen immigrants learning Hebrew is difficult. It is certainly desirable but hardly essential since one can live throughout Israel in English, as it were, there being English daily newspapers, English newsbroadcasts, as well as periodicals and books printed both in Israel and abroad. In a study by the Absorption Ministry, the two areas of defi— ciency among new arrivals are the lack of knowledge of Hebrew and the lack of contact with either native Israelis or veteran immigrants. After one year, only 35 per cent of the immigrants interviewed said they could not participate in a simple dialogue in Hebrew. Only 24 per cent claimed to have frequent or very frequent social contacts with veteran immigrants after one year while 48 per cent said they had only sporadic contacts or none at all.12 American olim seem to have more difficulties with the Hebrew language than olim from other countries. As noted by ulpan directors, they have less perseverance to sit down and study in the ulpan. Americans can get by with speaking English since most Israelis speak some English; other immigrants are forced to learn the language for :ommunication. ”Sense of belongingness in America" was cited by 11 per cent E the respondents as a "very important” factor and by 51 per cent 1 the combined group of importance in considering a decision to ave Israel. Its rank position is eighth in the ”very important” oup and sixth in the combined group of importance. Although only 212 11 per cent felt that ”Sense of belongingness in America" is very important, 51 per cent attached some degree of importance to that Ifactor. A majority of American olim still felt a sense of kinship to ‘America. Although in Israel, they remain nonetheless Americans. As some respondents have commented: ”America is my cultural heritage, I know it best and it is , meaningful for me.” ”I am socially and economically adjusted there.” ”American society is more concerned about the future mmlmeammacpfitfl ”My native language is America's native language." ‘ ”Since being in Israel I have come to like almost all aspects of life in America better than here.” From these comments it may be concluded that as much as eople may enjoy Israeli life, there remains a strong tie with their ative America, this is spite of the fact that they have acquired a ense of belonging in Israel. To those who decided to leave Israel the tie to America is )mehow never completely overcome by a sense of belongingness. The Luse of this varies, of course, but there are a number of factors ich, in varying degree, offer some insight into such feelings. me feel very strongly that Israelis, especially among the Sabras, a very ”cliquish.” This has been stated especially by students :ending the Hebrew University who found difficulty in tryint to 1 into Israeli social circles. ”In America,” one oleh commented, ”I was a Jew, but here n people think of me, they think of me as an America.” Here we not all Israelis together, but we are Americans living in Israel.” 213 [he situation in which the American oleh finds himself because of 115 higher standard of living, his usually new apartment in a new rea, his being surrounded by other American olim adds to the problem. any Americans do belong to the Association of Americans and Canadians n Israel and other English—speaking cultural groups where they keep eir ties with other Americans. This is another of those dilemmas where, on one hand, one ies to become assimilated, and, on the other, tries to stick to— ther with one's own cultural group. From conversations with many erican olim it was found that with the passage of time their de- ndency on the Association and other Americans diminished and they :lt more in the ”mainstream" of Israeli society. Some Israelis blame the "rich American” who buys those new artments in the nicest areas around Israel for the high prices. me feel that these Americans are taking away their jobs since many ne trained in various professions. Because of all this situation : responsent commented, ”Yes, there are prejudices against Americans” tther stated, ”I belong more in America where there is no dis- mination.” "Americans are disliked by Israelis” said another pondent. ”Yes, they like tourists to come here and spend their ey but not olim who take away the best jobs and buy the best homes get privileges.” Many American olim have said that the Israelis tend to look , them either as super-idealists or super—fools, often as both. Israelis themselves are looking forward to coming to America, dim” (opposite of olim, literally meaning descending, referred to caving Israel), who think a person has to be "out of his mind” to hoose to leave the secure comforts of big America and take on the nsecure comforts of little Israel. It seems to follow then, that from these feelings of Americans nd the attitudes of Israelis toward them, the majority responded hat ”a sense of belongingness in America" is a factor in the decision 0 leave Israel. "No separation between religion and state in Israel" was 'ted by 11 per cent of the respondents as ”very important" and by 3 per cent in the combined group of importance in considering a deci- ion to leave Israel. Its rank osition was ninth as ”ver im ortant” P Y P 1d eleventh in the combined group of importance. To understand this particular response entails some under— :anding of a problem unique to Israel. This problem was noted by I per cent of the reSponses in this study. In Tel Aviv and Jerusalem no busses travel on Shabbat, the ficial day of rest. The same is true for inter-urban busses as 11 as railways. Haifa, however, is not affected. Busses operate ularly there on Shabbat and Festivals. The municipality of Haifa not receive the same pressure from religious groups as did usalem and Tel Aviv. Moreover, the same company that shies away m passenger service between Tel Aviv and Haifa operates lines hin Haifa. This does not mean that all transportation stops; vate cars, minibus lines, and interurban taxis operate throughout whole of Shabbat. 215 While on Shabbat one may not see a play or a movie or listen to a concert in Tel Aviv. One can, by contrast, attend a night club :0 watch a striptease performance accompanied by a jazz combo or lance in a discotheque to the strains of a rock band. While the large heater companies are forbidden to perform, many small theater groups re free to present their wares in side—street halls and clubs. The ame religious conscience that cannot bear a concert of classical zsic on Friday evening does not bat an eyelash at a striptease show. tese are but a few examples of the system of paradoxes that are .lled the status quo in religious affairs in Israel. The origin of this status quo can be found in the months tWeen the U.N. decision to create a Jewish State in Palestine and 5 actual establishment. In that same apprehensive period, the Jewish adership wanted to gain the greatest possible support from the lest possible circles within the Jewish people. An extreme reli- >us element, which was at the time anti—Zionist, threatened that would not only oppose efforts to guarantee the existence of the te but would also act against its establishment on the international he. The promise to maintain a status quo in religious affairs in the state to be founded was seen as a small promise in return removal of the threat that Jews would turn to the United Nations apposition to the establishment of the State of Israel. Today, twenty-five years later, the status quo appears as a of tense armistice that is likely to explode at any moment. The cial Jewish religion, as expounded by religious circles in Israel, raveling along a collision course with the decisive majority of 216 :he nation, and it seems that nobody is capable of preventing the lnavoidable clash. That the status quo has maintained itself to date is not olely a heritage of the desire to preserve the promise given by Ben— urion to Rabbi Levine in 1947. This fact reflects a tangible polit— cal situation which has remained practically unchanged for twenty- ive years. It reflects the balance of power between two large blocs, 1e workers' bloc and the right wing, while a minority that never in :5 whole existence exceeded an electoral strength of 20 per cent—-the aligious bloc——holds the pivot in its hands, and ensures the continued :pendence of the majority required for the exercise of stable Ivernment. Affairs have never reached the stage where the religious oc could assist in establishment of an alternative government were to hold its votes back from the Labor government that has been in wer since the foundation of the state. But in most cases it has an impossible to acquire a parliamentary majority without the vote this bloc. Almost certainly, even without the need of assistance )m religious votes, governments in the early years would not have ‘e to extremes in separating religion and state. These were years massive immigration. The majority of immigrants came from countries re the Jewish communities had strong religious backgrounds. Jews the Diaspora had been accustomed to seeing a connection between ir existence as a separate national entity in their countries, and Jewish religion. It did not seem wise for that generation to 1y pressure for decisions on the place of the Jewish religion in Jewish State, or to try to obtain a definition of Jewish identity - regatta-2M _ 217 different from the accepted norm. The concessions made by the majority )f Israel's citizens whose life style was not dictated by the "Huluchu" to the religious minority did not seem to be vital concessions at the time. Peace within the house appeared more important than constant striving for principles. The greater the political success of the religious establish— ment, the stronger the tendency to see religion not as a spiritual movement seeking to gain souls by moral persuasion and implantation )f values, but as a governing arm whose status is granted by the )ower of law. Religious circles devote no small part of their re- :ources to education, but it exists within a closed autocratic frame :hat they carved out for themselves within the general educational :ystem. ”Establishment” is the most important element in this system md most of the energies are devoted to the struggle to isolate reli- Jious education from the general system, a struggle in which they won .major victory twenty years ago, and have preserved to this day. A similar situation prevails in the legislative field where eligious parties have succeeded in installing Jewish law as the legal riterion in certain aspects of life. This situation intensified the ependence of society as a whole on the religious Establishment's iew of Jewish law. The growing conservative tendency within this stablishment is responsible for the prevalent tensions between the eligious public and the vast majority of the non—religious public. In 1971, Rabbi Amram Blau, leader of Jerusalem‘s zealots, the =turei Karta (Guardians of the Walls) each week led his band of :alwarts on a march from Mea Shearim to the Romema quarter, at the a 218 ntrance of Jerusalem, where the Egged bus terminal is situated. ere, gathering on the pavement facing the terminal, they shouted Shabbes" (Hebrew for Sabbath) at any bus seen moving around, or imply at private cars. A demonstration against the ”desecration f the Sabbath by the Egged Bus Cooperative” ended in a riot leaving an persons including two policemen injured.13 In another incident 1 the anti—bus campaign in the Mea Shearim quarter, sixty-four arsons were arrested and seven injured.14 The feud between Egged and Neturei Karta has simmered for l xirty years, with sporadic outbreaks of heightened activity. irlier in the summer of 1971, Egged reached an accord with the rthodox ”establishment” rabbis of Jerusalem whereby it promised to rep its Romema terminal shut until the end of the Sabbath. The aturei Karta, however, objects to the sight of hired Egged busses .legedly plying the runs from the Capital to the sea-side from :her points of departure throughout the city. Just as this group opposed privately—hired Egged busses 'aveling to the sea—side on the Sabbath, the non—religious groups Ipose the interference of the extreme Neturei-Karta in their private ves. ”A counter-demonstration against religious coercion” was lunted by blue—shirted members of the Hashomer Hatza'ir youth move— nt (Mapam). Displaying placards demanding "An End to Religious oliganism” the young Mapam demonstrators passed out leaflets to ssersby which stated: ”Gangs of stone—throwers are trying to timidate the public and the country's institutions. Through acts ' violence, a negligible minority has succeeded in defeating Egged d seriously disrupting essential public services."15 .;_. 219 Besides the matter of Sabbath travel, there is the "autopsy" sue. A campaign of harrassment and death threats has been waged by ligious zealots against pathologists who perform autopsies in blic hospitals. According to Jewish halacha (law) no part of the dy may be removed--the body must be buried in its entirety with all gans intact. This causes complications when a teaching hospital feels it st perform autopsies in order to maintain a high level of research d health care. Much of the controversy is due to the fact that in 1 me cases autopsies have been performed without the consent of the ily. This has caused demonstrations, which in some instances have =come violent, on the part of the orthodox community and has led to 'iction in the country. A particular problem that grows and renews itself as more ses become public knowledge is related with the inability of certain tizens to marry as they wish. At first these were cases in the tegory of Cohanim (familial descendants of Biblical priests) who uld not marry divorcees or converts. This is an old problem which d usually found its solution by the man concerned forgetting to clare that he was a Cohen. In Europe and in the early days of rael, the rabbi usually did not ask questions; if he did ask, there 5 always a rabbi in another town who did not. The marriage would (6 place and afterwards would be considered legitimate, even though should never have taken place according to the Halacha. As the militancy of the rabbis increased, it became apparent it they were holding national lists of people "unfit for marriage," 220 and the solution of holding the wedding in a different town ceased to be effective. Those who could afford it would go to Cyprus or elsewhere. Others lived without the formality of a Jewish wedding and ran into formidable problems in the arrangements of their affairs. Meanwhile, attention has been drawn to a number of cases of marriage forbidden for an additional reason. The rabbis remembered that mamzerim--who are children and their descendants to the tenth generation, born of a woman married (even if only technically) to a man other than the father of the children--cannot be wed except to other mamzerim. A brother and sister who were both serving in the Israeli Army and had grown up as citizens in every respect, were suddenly found to fall withon the definition of an outdated law, considered barbaric by most of the public, and were not permitted to marry their sweethearts. Rabbi Geren, the Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi stated, "The halachic problems arising in the state today represent national problems despite their personal character. Under these circumstances, it is necessary, in my opinion to search for any halachic possibility to act leniently rather than strictly." Concerning the problem of a brother and sister whose legitimacy is in question under Jewish law, Rabbi Goren said that he had "discovered new documents pertaining to the case as well as witnesses, had made a halachic analysis and had come to the definite conclusion that there was wide scope to recognize their claims to legitimacy under the Jewish law." He expressed :oncern at the fact that ”certain circles within the religious public 1ad waged a kind of war against the brother and sister's claims 221 without any justification and had threatened great scholars in Israel in an attempt to dissuade them from deliberating upon this problem."16 Rabbi Goren published his controversial ruling January 3, 1973 but continued to withhold the name of the nine dayanim (rabbinical judges) who concurred in it because of the ”ugly atmosphere created by extremist elements." The ruling cited four halachic grounds on which Rabbi Goren contends the Langer children were free to marry. It stated that there was no evidence that their mother's first husband, Avraham Borokowsky, was properly converted to Judaism; that even if he was properly con- verted his reversion to Christian practices afterwards nullified his conversion; that there was no evidence that Mrs. Langer was ever married to Borokowsky; and that even if they were married, Borokowsky's divorce of her after she remarried and bore children by her second lusband nullified the original marriage bond. The Langer children had been declared ”mamzerim“ (illegiti- Iate) by a Petach Tikva rabbinical court seven years before. That :ourt claimed that Mrs. Langer had never divorced Borokowsky whom he married in Poland shortly after World War II and who subsequently isappeared. Borokowsky later turned up in Israel claiming to be a prac— Lcing Jew. He appealed to the Supreme Court to prevent publication F Rabbi Goren's ruling but the court deferred action at that time. rokowsky claimed that the ruling, published under the official seal the state of Israel, injured and offended him.17 222 While this particular case was resolved by the convolutions of Halachic logic, this device could not be used for solving the majority of such problems. As public opinion rebelled against these prohibitions, the rabbis hardened their positions. Even those among them who prepared :0 find Halachic solutions by means of legal fiction, recoiled from loing so under the pressure of extremists who even resorted to threats If personal violence. Another problem that has recently come to the fore concerns hildren of mixed-marriages where the wife is a non-Jew and therefore, ccording to the Halacha, the children are also considered non-Jews ven though their self-identification is with Judaism and they have een brought up as Jews in every respect. The Russian immigration rought with it a great number of technical non—Jews of this type. )me of them ran into problems while still in school. But many only earned of their ”disability" after they had truly settled into the >untry, even served in the army, and were about to marry. Then it ecame clear that the rabbinate saw them as non—Jews and refused to :rform the marriage. Their problem was aggravated when they asked to convert. The bbinate took an extremist outdated vieWpoint, born of the ghetto en Jews were a tiny, persecuted minority seeking to prove at any ice that their religion was not out to convert Christians; they erefore placed insurmountable difficulties in the way of those who ught to convert. And still today, anyone who asks to convert not 3m reasons of deep religious conviction, but for the purpose of 223 marrying a Jew, is turned down. More, the applicant for conversion must prove that he maintains a religious way of life. The rabbis interpret this in its most extreme form. This implies that any Jew may live as he desires; but someone who seeks to convert must prove that he is more Jewish than the native-born Jew and that he lives according to the religious code of laws. Otherwise, his conversion will be refused and he will not be able to wed his Jewish fiancee. The state has always recoiled from an official definition of vho is a Jew. This definition was important, however, since the Law 1 )f Return determines that any Jew may immigrate to Israel and receive :itizenship automatically. But under the threat of government crisis, L law was passed that defines a Jew as anyone considered a Jew under .he Halacha or who has converted. Religious pressure is at present imed at amending the last clause so that conversion must also be ccording to the Halacha. The majority meanwhile opposed this amend— ent, which is likely to cause a rift between Israel and non—Orthodox treams in DiaSpora Judaism, such as Conservative and Reform, whose )nversions would not be recognized if this amendment were passed. Other religious controversies have added to the seriousness E the situation. The current issues over autopsies have aggravated itters. The total control over marriage and divorce and the related 'oblems involving recognition of the status of new settlers often -pear to be threatening the unity of the people in Israel. Reform and Conservative Jews in America are annoyed by re— rictions imposed upon them. New settlers are faced with difficulties en they are asked to prove their Jewishness. 224 In the interview Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir gave to ndre Fontaine of Le Monde of Paris, one of the questions addressed to er was: ”What place, in your View, does religion occupy in Israel oday and are you satisfied with that place?” She said: Israel is not a religious state: there is no state religion. Nonetheless, no one can separate the Jewish people and the Jewish religion. There is no obligation to strict observance of Jewish religious teaching, but every citizen must know something of Jewish history and of the role of their religion in the very existence of the Jewish people. There has been no dispersion comparable to the Jewish diaspora. The Jews have always been a tiny minority, but they have continued to be one people. There isn't the shadow of a doubt that the religion and the fact of saying the same prayers helped to preserve their unity. It doesn't matter whether a Jew prays three times a day or three times a year. There are plenty of Jews in New York, for instance, who are totally integrated. But the big stores there close for Yom Kippur, for their owners identify themselves with the Jewish people. At the Jewish New Year, every Jew makes a vow to be in Jerusalem the following year. Nonetheless, I must add that religion has created problems. Rigidly Orthodox Jews don't want a state. A modus vivendi will have to be reached. The government must assume control of marriage and divorce, particularly. But as these now come within the powers of the various religious bodies, quite a few problems are going to be created in many a family. The easy way out would be to set up two sorts of weddings, civil and religious. But that again would create other problems. Patience and understanding are needed on both sides to eliminate the difficulties. We'll tackle this within hours of reaching a peaceful settlement with the Arabs. Most Israelis feel that secular law must prevail over reli- JS law when there is conflict between the two. The Public Opinion earch of Israel Ltd. conducted a poll showing that 51 per cent of ;e questioned felt that state law must prevail over Jewish religious when a conflict arose. Only 21 per cent insisted that Halacha must : precedence over governmental edicts, while 10 per cent suggested a compromise should be found. Although the range of opinions is 225 slight, a breakdown of the respondents' answers indicates that more highly educated Israelis felt less constrained by religious law and gave greater credence to secular law than did those with grade school education or less. Even among the latter, however, more than half suggested that civil law must take precedence over religious law. Nonetheless, over 58 per cent of those who identified them— selves as religious said that Jewish law must prevail in any conflict. Sixty per cent of those who called themselves traditional suggested that civil law must prevail and 79 per cent of those defining them- selves as non-religious agreed with the latter.19 The majority of the Israeli public recognizes that even if it were possible to continue avoiding decisions on the separation of religion and state, there can still be no alternative to legislation that will guarantee, at least in the first stage, the rights of those Inable to marry according to Jewish law but unsuited for the right of marriage by general consensus. Many are convinced of the need to reach L redefinition of the status of members of Jewish families whom rabbis ave refused to convert but who live as Jews in every reSpect. A first tep was taken when a specific amendment was passed stating that the embers of the family of a Jew are entitled to the benefits of the Law f Return even if they are not Jews according to the Halacha. Clearly, such statutes are only short-term solutions. For the Dng run, however, there will be no alternative to the creation of a 3w system of relationships between religion and state. Perhaps aligious reforms will be enacted in time to prevent a total rift, but 1e chance seems slight when official religion spokesmen tend toward :tremism. 226 Olim have reacted to this situation: ”Religion more personal in America." ”More religious freedom to deviate in America.” "Religious experience is different and less satisfying.” "Separation of church and state. (Didn't think this would bother me in Israel-—it does.) This extremely dichotomous make-up of religious groups--the V Bturei Karta adhering to strict Halachic concepts on one hand with 16 Shomer Hatzair which wants to see an ultimate, complete separation ? church and state are cause for considerable foment and concern in Irael and are reflected in the responses in this study. As one re— ‘ondent put it, "There is a brighter future for 'Judaism' as distinct om mere 'Jewishness' in America than in Israel." ”Higher living standard in America for all“ was cited by 9 r cent of the respondents as a "very important” factor and 46 per nt of the respondents in the combined group as a factor in considering decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was tenth in the "very portant” group and ninth in the combined group of importance. Just as Americans have generally the highest standard of /ing in the world, so too do those American olim have generally a gher standard of living than the average Israeli. To be sure this upler kind of ”rich American” figures prominently in the standard 1 of hostile stereotypes that govern Israeli prejudices against ericans. These are applied to America and Americans in general, :ther as part of the universal response of the weak to the strong, eficiary to benefactor. As noted by Isaacs: 227 Americans who have settled in Israel are also looked on as "rich Americans" by the Israeli bureaucracy, which concludes therefrom that Americans need no help, and by Israelis generally, who envy them for it. Americans are often materially better off than a great many people in Israel and they feel this difference with a certain embarrass— ment. On the other hand, a great many Americans living in Israel feel anything but "rich”--they feel pinched and poor and pressed to struggle hard to maintain what most of them feel is a lower standard of living than they like. This complicates their embarrassment as being viewed by Israelis as ”rich Americans"; it makes them feel uncomfortable about ' themselves, and this comes out in the form of resentment against Israelis who, they know, would dearly love to be ”rich" too . Therefore, American olim would like to see a higher living g tandard for all in Israel. Since this is not immediately possible, ome see the "pull" factor to America where ”higher living standard n America for all” is in reach of a greater number of people. As >ne respondent stated, "It is important to acquire new things without aving the feeling that I'm depriving an Israeli, or an immigrant rom another country other than Anglo—Saxon because I can get them ithout taxes. Government officials with a little status act like hey're playing 'G-d' when they allow you to have something if you are day late, etc.!” Other comments from respondents include: ”America is consumer oriented and prices are not way above average or way below average income." ”Easier living and wider and more efficient consumer services in America." ”It is less costly to live, much higher wages, and availability of material things in America." ”Home consumer goods, discount houses, lower prices and higher pay in America." "Possible to save money in America, but not in Israel." “cuts—M 228 From the comments of the respondents it can be seen that most American olim have felt discomfort at what they have felt to have been a lower standard of living being looked upon as ”better living” in the eyes of their Israeli neighbors. The resulting pressures have been a ”push” factor for some olim to leave Israel and return to the United States. ”Don't feel at home as an American in Israel" was cited by 9 per cent as a "very important" factor and by 41 per cent in the com- bined group of importance in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its ranking position is eleventh in the "very important” group and twelfth in the combined group. It may be surprising to note that such a high percentage of American olim do not feel at home as Americans in Israel. As it has been already stated, language may be one factor, however, discrimina- tion in jobs may be another. Sometimes, the problem is not with getting the job, but with conditions on the job. Some olim have remarked that they felt "not—wanted” by the people already in. One American oleh who came to Israel to be director of a school for the handicapped found that some people he worked with resented his being there and tried to force his resignation. His superiors who hired him for his high level of training and qualifications for this position wanted him to stay on for another year. After the second year he did leave for another position because he felt "not wanted” or "not feeling at home" in that position. He found a second position working with an individual who himself was an American oleh and seemed now to feel more secure in his new position. 229 Another American oleh, a physician, who left a successful private practice in America and a teaching position in a medical school went on aliya with a desire to contribute something in the medical profession in an Israeli hospital as well as share his knowl- edge and experiences with colleagues in the hospital. He found that there was resentment against him by other doctors and that he felt ”not wanted" and "not at home." He seemed to feel as though he were doing the kind of job that a nurse could satisfactorily do. His frustration caused him to return to America after one year. These are but a few of the many incidents of people in various occupations and with great academic talent who desired aliya, went on aliya but became disappointed and returned with a feeling that it just was not "worth it.” As one commented, ”If I don't feel at home here as an American in Israel, I may as well go back where I feel more at dome as an American in America.” There were those olim who, dis— ippointed and dissatisfied with their first job, attempted to find Ither employment and/or another place of employment. Particularly rue for those with a greater commitment to stay or those too embar- assed to return to America many felt committed to stay because of ieir children whose schooling they did not want to interrupt. Many alt that there was a conspiracy to get rid of Americans, but those no enunciated this feeling represented just 9 per cent of the popu- tion considering it a "very important” factor in a decision to ave Israel and 41 per cent attaching some degree of importance to in the decision to leave Israel. Some of the comments by re— >ndents include: J. . _._ 3% 230 ”More friendly society and consideration of others." "There is more honesty and friendliness in America.” "Easier to get information or things in the U.S.A.” ”Contracts are final and decisions are made and carried out with dispatch.” "Freedom to dissent and/or non-conform." ”Prefer living with Americans rather than Israelis" was cited by 9 per cent of the respondents as a ”very important” factor and by 40 per cent of the combined groups in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was twelfth in the "very important” group and thirteenth in the combined group of importance. From this it would seem that after some American olim settled in Israel 40 per cent found that they preferred living with Americans An odd statement but perfectly understandable as opposed to Israelis. As when the distinction between "Israel" and "Israeli“ is made clear. one respondent stated, "I love Israel, but I hate Israelis.” The emphasis seemed to be with many that the idea was to live in Israel but not necessarily among Israeli people. A further distinction which nust be drawn is that between being an ”Israeli" and being a "Jew." \s Isaac states: The sensation of being a Jew among Jews holds only for as long as one can go on seeing all Jews as a great undiffer- entiated mass. This seems most possible at the beginning, perhaps more strongly of all at the actual time of arrival when a Jew come to Zion can feel washed over with the total presence of other Jews and all things "Jewish.”21 Most American olim were thrilled the first time they set foot 1 Israel where ”everybody is a Jew and everything is Jewish,” accom- Lnied by signs in Hebrew, advertisements in Hebrew, Hebrew newspapers 231 and magazines, customs officials greeting each other in Hebrew, the policeman, soldier, and taxi driver all speaking Hebrew. This made them feel “at home” and this was the feeling that made them want to make Israel their home. In spite of the fact of their enthrallment with the state of Israel and the Jewish environment there, American olim nonetheless felt little kinship if any with the Israeli people. As one American resident of Israel put it, When I first came to Israel, I had a discussion with an Israeli girl. She firmly denied being Jewish and identified herself as an "Israeli." She said: "What have I in common with some Jew in Paris who has a long beard and stinks from garlic? That kind of remark we often hear from . young Israeli Jews; and only yesterday one of them admitted to me that they are the worst anti-Semites around . have found . gross failure on the part of Israeli youth to hold up their heads as Jews." While this statement is obviously fraught with prejudice, it oes in many instances typify the attitude of the American oleh and s more than vaguely reminiscent of the "wasp” mentality found in the iited States. Along these lines, then, we can quite easily under- :and the other comments made by respondents who preferred their 1erican environment even in Israel. Other statements by olim include: "I'm looked upon more as an American in Israel, than as a Jew in America." "I like the American mentality better.” "More friendly society, and more consideration for others." "Freer attitude toward life in America, people leave one another along a mark of respect for difference. Less stress on material things in America. Much fuller cultural life in America and broader and deeper thinking on almost any subject. People not afraid in America of new things and ideas. People in Israel very much more friendly on a superficial basis, but 232 its impossible to form deep relationships unless you give your identity over to them.” As can be seen, a distinction exists between Israel as a country, and Israelis. The American oleh feels a warmth and a sense of belongingness when he first comes to Israel, seeing that "everyone is a Jew," and "everything is Jewish." He is happy to see that the Hebrew language which was the language of scripture and prayer for . thousands of years became a living language in Israel. However, as he tries to become part of the Israeli society he feels rejected by some and finds it difficult to feel a part of Israeli circles. He encountered even greater difficulties with Israeli officials as noted by many in their comments. It seems that those Americans who choose to remain in Israel do so more of love of "Israel" than of "Israelis.” ”Not happy being away from friends" was cited by 8 per cent )f the respondents as a "very important" factor and by 51 per cent of :he reSpondents in the combined group in considering a decision to .eave Israel. Its rank position was thirteenth in the ”very important” LDd fifth in the combined group of importance. While only 8 per cent felt the unhappiness as being "very mportant,” the majority of American olim did attach some degree of mportance to that factor. Unlike ”not happy being away from family,” Jme people may have come with their entire families. As far as riends were concerned younger people found it much easier to make :w acquaintances in their school and club associations in contrast , the older people who found it somewhat more difficult to establish iendships especially when they participated in fraternal activities 233 :o a lesser degree than younger people. Furthermore, older people Left behind them friendships of greater duration and in greater lumber than did younger olim. These were the ones who seemed to be 'not happy away from friends." This particular factor although noted with some importance 3y the majority of respondents was not as crucial as it might seem to the new oleh during his first few years in the country. Obviously as time goes on the new oleh makes new friends and friendships, the unhappiness fades with time. "Children cannot keep up in school in Israel" was cited by 8 per cent of the respondents as a "very important" factor and by 26 per cent in the combined group of importance in considering a decision to leave Israel. American teen—age olim found it particularly difficult to com- pete with Israeli students especially because of the language barrier vith the exception of the American student who had acquired Hebrew >ackground while still at home in America. Nonetheless, even for such m individual the study of science or math in Hebrew posed a con- iderable problem. The Israeli system of education is a more rigid type of edu— ation with many subjects taught at each grade level. Each student as many more required courses each year than in American schools. Lgh school is not mandatory, but rather for the student of above rerage academic ability. It is academically oriented and is not eared for the average student, unlike the American comprehensive gh school where anyone can receive a high school diploma providing é- _._a._. R: ."'.‘=“_-.=' 3W— ._._._.. 233 J a lesser degree than younger people. Furthermore, older people 3ft behind them friendships of greater duration and in greater imber than did younger olim. These were the ones who seemed to be xot happy away from friends.” This particular factor although noted with some importance ' the majority of respondents was not as crucial as it might seem . the new oleh during his first few years in the country. Obviously time goes on the new oleh makes new friends and friendships, the happiness fades with time. "Children cannot keep up in school in Israel” was cited by per cent of the respondents as a "very important” factor and by per cent in the combined group of importance in considering a cision to leave Israel. American teen-age olim found it particularly difficult to com- te with Israeli students especially because of the language barrier th the exception of the American student who had acquired Hebrew :kground while still at home in America. Nonetheless, even for such individual the study of science or math in Hebrew posed a con- ierable problem. The Israeli system of education is a more rigid type of edu- ion with many subjects taught at each grade level. Each student many more required courses each year than in American schools. h school is not mandatory, but rather for the student of above rage academic ability. It is academically oriented and is not red for the average student, unlike the American comprehensive h school where anyone can receive a high school diploma providing 234 he attends. In Israel he must keep up high academic performance and must pass the ”bagrut,” the national examination. Since the Israeli student who attends high school is already part of an elite group, there exists much competition among students. The competition is greater due to the high cost of tuition which puts pressure on students from their parents. For those students on scholarships the competition may be even greater. Thus, academic seriousness abounds in Israeli schools to a greater degree than in the American high school. Besides keeping up in school academically, there is also a problem of keeping up socially. Here, too, it is found that the younger the student the easier it was to break into social circles. The most difficulties are found with students entering the universi- ties as olim and finding Israelis completely indifferent to them. Today, an American is not a new phenomenon to them. Many have been here before and many are still coming, not only as immigrants but also as one-year students. In the eyes of the Israeli, all such students are simply ”American students.” Comments by respondents seem to be in accord with this: "The Israeli students don't go out of their way to become acquainted with strangers.” ”The Israeli students don't understand us, American Jews.” The Israeli feels his relationship may only be a short—lived one and, therefore, he might not have bothered to make contacts. Most Israeli students are older as they attend universities after serving in the armed forces. In some instances, the Israeli student is more serious minded, the necessity for study and work being utmost in " ' '1 33.3%, 235 importance to him. He has no time to look around for new friends. In such a situation American students would find contacts with Israelis extremely limited. As one student wrote, "an attempt to force relationships with Israelis in some classes not succeeding and even casual relationships with Israelis were difficult to form in comparison with Americans." She gave up attempts and spent more time with Americans. Herman writes in his study of American students in Israel, The idyllic image had already been impaired somewhat in the United States by what the students had heard about the Israeli's lack of the social graces. In respect to these qualities the Israeli was viewed in a less favorable light even before the students reached the shores of Israel. He was rated as less "sociable” than either the American Jew or non-Jew, as less "courteous” than either. He was sus- pected of being less "warm” than the American Jew, but yet "warmer" than the American Jew's gentile neighbor. Similarly he was regarded as less "tolerant" than the American Jew but more "tolerant" than the non-Jew. The students rated their future hosts high on "hospitality”--on a par with the American Jew and non-Jew. When the Semantic Differential was readministered in the second half of the sojourn (for the concepts "American Jew,” ”Israeli" and ”myself as I am") the responses reflected some of the disillusionment which the students had suffered in their encounter with Israelis. There was a marked decline in the favorableness of the picture of the Israeli drawn by the students. The contact with the Israelis made manners a salient issue for the students. In reply to a question asked at the time they were on the ship as to what was "not so good about Israel" 18 per cent of the students gave re— sponses which could be categorized as relating to negative behavioral characteristics of Israelis such as ”arrogance" and "bad manners." When this question was repeated later during the sojourn itself, the re5ponses of 58 per cent of the students fell into this category . . . Also significant statistically are the lower ratings on "sociable" and ”warm"-— reflections of the disappointment of the students in social contact with Israelis.2 "Feel American Jewry needs my services" was cited by 7 per ent of the respondents as a "very important” factor and by 32 per cent 236 in the combined group in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was fifteenth in the "very important” group and the combined group of importance. Many American olim believed that when they came to Israel they were going to contribute something to the State. After a while, how— ever, they realized they were not as important as they had believed themselves to be and, correspondingly, were not as appreciated as they had expected to be. In returning to America they decided they could be of greater help to American Jewry. As one re5pondent put it, "I can help Israel more by being in America than by being in Israel." This might be interpreted in a number of ways. It has an economic meaning, not taking away something from an Israeli, his job or apart- ment; it could mean financial assistance being able to contribute to Israel from American earnings or profits; it could mean politically lore help as an American citizen towards Israel than an Israeli citizen living in Israel. Therefore, they felt they could be of reater value and assistance to American Jewry. ”Israel not as religious as I would like" was cited by 7 per ent as a ”very important" factor and 26 per cent in the combined roup in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position as sixteenth in the ”very important” group and nineteenth in the ombined group of importance. This comment was expressed most often by orthodox olim who ere dissatisfied with a State which was different from what they ad envisioned. To the orthodox Jew it is difficult to understand at while in Israel it is easier to observe Shabbat and holidays 237 since all government offices and businesses are closed, most Israelis are not observant. The orthodox Jew knows halachically "Who is a Jew." To the non-religious it is not a problem of any seriousness whatever, as one respondent stated, "If you're crazy enough to say you are a Jew, you are a Jew.” The orthodox Jew always looked upon Israel as the ”center“ of religion and felt it should be an example for world Jewry. Seeing ‘ Israel as a secular state, to him, brings only harm to the faith. In spite of this, many olim who said that "Israel is not as religious as I would like" remained in Israel feeling that their presence would be of help and encouragement in maintaining the status quo of the government. This took the form of encouraging others to help main— tain the religious pre—eminence in Israel. "Feel at home as a Jew in America" was cited by 6 per cent I of the respondents as a "very important” factor and by 33 per cent in the combined group in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was seventeenth in the "very important" group and four— teenth in the combined group of importance. From that 6 per cent who felt "At home as a Jew in America” came the persons who felt they could not integrate themselves into Israeli society. These people may have come without a knowledge of Hebrew and found it difficult to learn and thus could not enjoy Israeli culture due to the language barrier. Some comments of respondents were: ”There is no sense of community in Israel as in the community in the United States.” "Tighter organization of the Jewish community in America.” 238 ”Israelis are too cliquish and conservative.” "Feeling of Jewish community and lack of discrimination within the Jewish community.” "War with the Arabs” was cited by 5 per cent of the respondents ”very important” and by 27 per cent in the combined group in con- dering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was eighteenth the ”very important" group and sixteenth in the combined group of portance. This factor may have been of much greater importance prior to a Six-Day War (June, 1967), where the Arab countries were getting 7 weapons in large quantities and threatening annihilation of the Ite of Israel. By 1971, however, Israel has successfully fought 'ee major wars and has proven it can defend itself against the Arab ions. This was most reassuring to most American olim living there. More than two—thirds of the American olim, at the time of 5 research, are not afraid of war with the Arabs. They feel that ael must defend herself against the enemies and the general feeling I rein bre—ra" meaning "no choice,” if we must fight again we will. I I 27 per cent attached some degree of importance to this factor as use for leaving Israel, however, most seem philosophical and pt the political situation. "America gives sense of purposeful existence" was cited by 4 cent of the reSpondents as a "very important" factor and by 26 ent in the combined group in considering a decision to leave 1. Its rank position was nineteenth in the ”very important" and eighteenth in the combined group of importance. 239 This may be best described by some of the comments made by some respondents in this study. ”Sense of being a total human individual entity." "Struggle to improve society for all people.” ”Financial or material stability which leaves one time to delve into other spiritual areas." This factor, as indicated, was ”very important” to a very small group. However, about one—fourth of the respondents did attach some degree of importance to the factor that "America gives sense of purposeful existence" in considering a decision to leave Israel. "Feel America needs my services” was cited by 3 per cent of the re5pondents as a ”very important" factor and by 20 per cent in I the combined group in considering a decision to leave Israel. Its rank position was twentieth in the "very important" as well as in the :ombined group. Some olim who felt they could not contribute to Israel as :hey had anticipated, felt more needed in America and this was their motive for a decision or at least entered into the thinking for a I lecision to return. I "Not enough Yiddish culture in Israel” was cited by 3 per cent If the re5pondents as a ”very important” factor and by ll per cent of e respondents in the combined group in considering a decision to ave Israel. Its rank position was twenty-first, last in the "very lportant and in the combined group of importance. 240 Yiddish culture refers to the "east European culture that was built around the use of the Yiddish language. There are still many Yiddish-Speaking Jews in Hebrew—speaking Israel, but the use of Yiddish was sharply discouraged by Zionists who saw it as an obstacle to the revival of Hebrew as well as a symbol of the mongrelization of the Jews in the Diaspora. The parting and the joining of the Yiddish and Hebrew strands in the new culture of Israel is, again in seme part a matter of generalization: the constituency for Yiddish literature and the Yiddish theater is among the older and more recent immigrants, not among the Israeli-born youth. There is a Yiddish—language paper now in Israel with a circula— tion, I was told, of 25,000--larger than that of the English- language "Jerusalem Post"—-and in the last few years there has been a reappearance of Yiddish theater, marked by the 1965 success of a play based on the work of a contemporary Yiddish poet, Itzik Manger. The show played to empty seats until ”Yiddish theatre goers, mostly elderly immigrants from Rumania” according to a newspaper report, began to come to the out—of— the—way theater where it was playing. The musical ”Fiddler on the Roof,” created in English in New York out of Sholem Aleichem's famous stories of Eastern European ghetto life, was produced in Israel in a Hebrew version. The leading role of Tevye was played by a Sabra--an Israeli born actor, who was criticized as lacking "the Jewish touch." . . . The Yiddishkeit of American Jews is foreign to Israel. Danny Kaye came here and thought he had it in the bag among all these Jews, but he just fell flat. Israelis read Sholem Aleichem in school in Jewish translation. They eat blintzes and kugel, not bagels and 10x."24 The Yiddishkeit* of American Jews is foreign to Israel. The only people in Israel who speak or understand Yiddish in Israel are the immigrants who came from Eastern Europe and the ultra-orthodox families. In America, too, Yiddish, although it may be taught in some schools, and may be offered in a few universities alongside established courses in Hebrew language and literature and Jewish :ulture and history, is on the decline. Two decades ago there were :hree Yiddish newspapers in America, since then only one has survived. English has replaced Yiddish as the language in the home and community. *Refers to Yiddish culture. ——f —————~—' [ 241 Some olim thought that in Israel there would be more Yiddish :ulture. They found, however, that the majority of Israelis do not even understand Yiddish and are not interested because of its conno- :ations of life in ”exile” for the Jews. Thus, the oleh who sought nore Yiddish culture in Israel may have been somewhat disappointed. lowever, only a very small percentage felt it important enough to be :onsidered as a motive to leave Israel. Of the responses and those respondents who returned their luestionnaires it was found that 25 per cent had already left the ' :ountry (the envelopes were marked ”left the country—-no forwarding deress"). Of those who responded, 5 per cent indicated that they .ntended to leave the country but it is not known at the time of this rriting how many in fact did so. Of this group about one-half were Imerican olim in the age group 18-24, single, who came to a kibbutz r ulpan kibbutz for a five-month period to try kibbutz life. Some ooked upon this form of settlement with less favor than before heir coming, and chose to try city life. However, due to the many roblems of housing for young singles, many chose to return to the nited States. In a recent report by the Israeli Government Central Office Statistics it was noted that, three years after arrival in the country 8 per cent of all olim, and 31 per cent of potential immigrants or temporary residents, age 18 and upwards, who had arrived in the country in September-December 1969, had returned to their countries of origin. Most of the emigrants returned within one year of their aliya. 242 The figures in this study concur with those of the government. ane the population study deals with potential or temporary residents, [is referred mainly to American olim who came, not as olim, but as emporary residents (immigrants from other countries who don't want to eturn or cannot return to their country of origin declare themselves I be olim, immigrants, at time of arrival.) Many departures may be found in the single persons ages 18—24 lasmuch as this group could more easily uproot themselves. They had ass commitment to remain and less reason to do so. Their responsi— Llities were great but their privileges were few, even with such lSiC things as housing. American olim have the opportunity to come to Israel when 1ey please and leave whenever they wish. If they don't like it, they , and some do, pick themselves up and leave. Therefore, it is ry difficult to say exactly how many really leave. Some may leave d then decide to come back after six months or a year. American im also have the advantages of becoming Israeli citizens if they nt to without ceasing to be citizens of the United States. There is an attitude of ambivalence on the part of Americans ards Israelis. On one hand they were aghast at the Israeli lack courtesy and propriety, their amazing inefficiency and bureaucratic —tape. On the other hand, they were impressed by the phenomenal ievements of a people who, in the span of less than twenty-five rs, have fulfilled goals thought impossible by the rest of the ld. FOOTNOTES——CHAPTER 7 1Hillel Halkin, "Americans in Israel,” Commentary, LIII, No. 5 (May, 1972), 60. 2Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Tel Aviv, "Influx of Emigres Poses Employment Problems," The Detroit Jewish News, February 25, 1972, p. 24. 3Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jerusalem, ”Job Shortages Hit Immigrant Professionals," The Detroit Jewish News, February 25, 1972, p. 21. 4Zionist Information News Agency, Jerusalem, “Israeli Academicians to be Surplus by '76,” The Detroit Jewish News, November 17, 1972, p. 18. 5Murray Zuckoff, Jewish Telegraphic Agency News Editor, 'Human Factors," Detroit Jewish News, July 28, 1972, p. 35. 6Thomas Ackerman, ”Tax-Dodging Gains as Israeli Pasttime," e Detroit News, July 26, 1973. 7The Rights of the Oleh (State of Israel Ministry of Immigrant bsorption, The Jewish Agency Department for Aliyah and Absorption, nformation and Publication Division, 1970), p. 25. These exemptions amount to: a) A monthly deduction of IL 1,200 during the newcomer's irst 18 months. b) A monthly deduction of IL 700 during the newcomer's irst 18 months. c) A monthly deduction of IL 200 during the following 12 onths. Israel generally taxes foreign income which is received in srael. However, newcomers receive a seven-year exemption. PeOple living in Israel are generally subject to a capital ains tax on their profits from selling assets, no matter where he assets are located. At present, however, Israel is not axing gains from selling real estate located abroad. In addition, Il 244 newcomers only are also exempt from capital gains tax on the profit from selling other assets, as for example securities on the New York Stock Exchange, provided they were acquired before their arrival in Israel, and provided that they are sold within a period of 10 years. Certain income from abroad such as social security payments are not taxable in Israel. 8The Rights of the Oleh, pp: cit.,.pp. 11-25. 9Ruth Seligman, "An American Rebellion,” Israel Magazine [Tel Aviv], Vol..IV, No. 12, December, 1972, p. 32. I 10The Rights of the Oleh, pp: cit., pp. 13—21. 11Zionist Information News Service, "4-Room Apartment in ‘ Jerusalem Now Costs More than $48,000,” Jerusalem, The Detroit Jewish News, February 11, 1972, p. 8. 12Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jerusalem, "Study Shows Most Olim Decide to Stay for Good: Hebrew Still a Problem,” Detroit Jewish News, September 3, 1971, p. 38. 13”Sabbath Demonstration in Capital Turns into Riot," Jerusalem Post [Jerusalem], July 4, 1971, p. 12. 14”7 Hurt, 67 Arrested in Mea Shearim Riot," Jerusalem Post [Jerusalem], August 8, 1971, p. 2. 15"Religious=Counter—Religious Demonstrations in Capital,” erusalem Post [Jerusalem], July 18, 1971, p. 10. 16"How Goren Interprets Jewish Law, The Detroit Jewish News, eptember l, 1972, p. 33. 17”Israel Chief Rabbis at Odds over Langer Ruling," Detroit ewish News, January 12, 1973, p. 6. l8"Israel's Religious Issue: Golda Meir's View," Detroit ewish News, November 16, 1971, p. 2. 19"Secular Law First, Most Israelis Feel,” Detroit Jewish ews, April 14, 1972, p. 36. 20Isaacs, pp: 333:, pp. 115-16. 24S 21 . Isaacs, op. c1t., p. 106. 22 "Second Dialogue in Israel," Congress Bi-Weekly, XXX, No. (September 16, 1963), 39. 23Herman, pp: cit., pp. 111-13. 24Isaacs, pp: git., pp. 138—39. 25Haim Schachter, "Most of Israel's Immigrants Absorbed," Detroit Jewish News, August 10, 1973, p. 37. 12 CHAPTER 8 LIFE IN ISRAEL In a series of questions concerning the acceptance of Israel as one's new home, the re5pondent was asked about the extent to which aSpects of life in Israel concerned him, and then to rate them accord- ing to their importance. Of the three, ”feeling at home as a Jew in Israel,” ”sense of belongingness in Israel," and ”feeling a part of the people in Israel,” the first was ranked highest with 59 per cent 3f the respondents stating "yes, very much.” The second highest was 'sense of belongingness in Israel” with 48 per cent of the respondents 1nd "feel yourself to be part of the people of Israel” was third with I6 per cent (Table 8.1). That these three factors ranked highest has Ieen substantiated in previous chapters. ”Feel at home as a Jew in Israel" ranked highest both as a motive for coming and remaining in srael, ”sense of belongingness in Israel” ranked second as a motive for coming and remaining. However, "sense of belongingness in Israel” 5 11 per cent lower than ”feel at home as a Jew in Israel.” "Feel ourself to be part of the people of Israel” is 13 per cent lower than feel at home as a Jew in Israel.” The major problem is that while be new oleh feels at home as a Jew in Israel he does not feel as trongly about a belongingness to Israel or as part of the people in 246 ...- 247 .m< xfipcommwc Box on 2 a z a z a z a z a mo .50x 90 maxo emcee ooh o . m u . o mom HHm pa oHuufiq oEom sow: op HomeH :H muoommw macaww> 2 “02 < . sno> mo» . on we» owes» ma use paflm ou oxHH case: 03 .Hoauma as mean no muoomm< msoflhm> mo mucoumfixm ”use: m.o:o mm Asucsou “mo: onu an use we oocmumooo<--.a.w mam<9 248 Israel. This could be explained in the following way: although the American oleh may feel at home as a Jew in Israel, the Jewish home— land, he does not have the feeling that he belongs in his own homeland. Furthermore, although the oleh may feel at home as a Jew in Israel and feel somewhat a sense of belongingness in Israel, he feels less a part of the people of Israel. He feels the differences in cultural back- ground, language gap and social customs. The respondent was further asked "Do you feel like an Israeli or an American?" The response of ”I feel completely Israeli” was only 6 per cent, while ”I feel completely American” was the response of 11 per cent. Almost twice as many felt completely American as felt completely Israeli. The majority who felt "a bit like an Israeli and a bit like an American or to about the same degree like an Israeli and an American“ was 69 per cent which was more than two- thirds of the entire study population (Table 8.2). From this it may be suggested that the American does not easily shed his ”American identity." One can still have the feeling of belonging even though he is an American. However, one does not feel a part of the people of Israel if he is not more completely involved in the totality of Israeli society, as, for example, in Israeli politics. In a country in which the majority of the people are immigrantsl one might expect it to be easier to adjust. But that is not so. The problem is that the American oleh feels unwanted because of a feeling of jealousy on the part of the Israelis who were not given any of the advantages that he was. 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NHooHoH :H HHHHmm mcHNoocon one HNNV N HANS N HoHHV N HNNHV NH HNNNH NN HHNNN om NHoaHmH cH oHHooo opp Ho pawn o mcHoc nsox HNNV N HNNN N HNoV N HNNHV NH Hoomc HN HNHNN as NHoaHNH :H zoo o No oEo: um mcHon Ho mcfiHooH onu HNNH m Hams N HNHHH oH HNoHN NH HNHNV mm HNNNV NN NHooNNH :H mmocwzflmcoHon mo omcom HNoV o HNNH N HNNV N HNNNV NN HNoNV ON HNNHH oH NHoNNNH :H oHHH HoasoHoo-emHzoN HNNV o HNNHH HH HNHNH NH HNoNN HN HNNNH HN HNNHU NH NHoNHNH oH oHHH msoHNHHoH one HNNU o HNNU N HNoH o HooNv NN Hooeo Ne HNNNN NN NHoNNNH cH oHHH HocOHum: :wHZow ocp HHNV N HNNH N Homo a HHNNV oN HNNNN NN HNNNN NN assessoo oeo eH zuHHocfla ogu :ozu Hozuoa poHomoE ocu mo whom mcflop z N z N z N z N z N z N .NHoommH Nueon ooHoNHooN omcommom .mHuommHo .mHuom . . .o . .meom 30> ohm ucouxo Hons op .Hoc Mdudm mdpmm oz xho> uoz . . >9o> HoeoHoz .HoaomH cH oHHH mo Noooom< NooHHa> eon :oHooommHooN--.HH.N NHNo ououm ogu An Hoaucoo NDOHMHHoH HNNN O HONHV HH HONNV HN HNNHH OH HNNNH NN HNOHU NH Nzooooz NOHOHOOH OH NNOHNOOO HONU O HNNV N HONHH NH HONNV NN HNNNV HN HNNHN HH NooHH HOHOOHOO NOON HNON N HONV N HNNHV NH HNNNN NN HNNNV ON HNNHV OH NOOHH HOHOON NOON HONO O HONNV NH HNONU NN HNNNV NN HNNHH NH HNNV N NmooNOHNsO OOOaONO>ON An 30% paozou mopzuHuuo HNOU O HNNNV ON HNONV ON HNOHH NH HNNN O HNNH N NNoouoONOHOO OOO OOOO-OoO HNNV N HHHHV N HNNHU NH HNNHU NH HNNNV ON HNNNH HN NNOHNOOO NOONOHN NOON HHNNV HN HNNH N HHNHH HH HONHH OH HNNNN HN HNNHN HH NOOHOOoOOO N.OOHOHHNO 930% no :OHuooapo adox HNNNV NN HNNN N HOOHV N HOONV NH HONNV NN HNNHV OH NHOOONH OH wcfloHo: ohm so» new o:u HNNV N HNOV N HNOHV N HNNNU NN HNONH HN HNOHV NH NNOHOoa< OH . socx 50A monofihm ono: mcfloom z N z N z N z N z N z N . .mauwmmfia . ”:uflz wOHMmflHmm oNCOQNom mHuonHo .mHuom . . . mHuom N . oz ano> uoz no: wHuom meom xHo> so» one ucouxo was: OH Hoapwoz FOOTNOTES--CHAPTER 8 1Facts About Israel, Special Edition for the Oleh, 1969, 2The term ”ethnic” is being used in a broad sense similar to that in which Otto Klineberg employs it: "An ethnic group may be defined . . . as one which is set off from others by inherited physical type (or 'race'), by religion, language, or national origin, or any combination of these" (”The Multi-National Society: Some Research Problem," Social Sciences Information, VI [1967], 84). 3Herman, o_p. ci_t_., p. 35. 4Herman, pp. cit., p. 43. 278 CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS AND FRUSTRATIONS IN ISRAEL ”The most frustrating aspects of adjustment are the bureau— cratic procedures, inefficiency, waste of time, lack of rational system, connected with everything in the absorption process from landing in Haifa through finding housing, I getting medical insurance, etc. . . I The more problems and frustrations one encounters, or perceives it one encounters, the less satisfied will one be; the less one 315 at home, the more will one feel that he has made a mistake in ning on aliya. These feelings showed up in the series of questions various aspects of life in Israel. With regard to the question "How important is it for you 1t government and public offices should be run efficiently and Lhout undue red-tape?” 96 per cent of those responding felt that a 'ernment without red-tape was of importance to them (Table 9.1). ,ety per cent of the respondents stated clearly that red—tape and 'eaucracy does indeed exist in Israel. Only 3 per cent believed t none existed (Table 9.2). To the extent the respondent was prepared to put up with -tape and bureaucracy as a necessary evil in a contemporary society, *Comment by respondent on response sheet to the question— re. For additional comments see Appendix F. 279 280 HONH N HONV N HNOHV NH HONNV NN HHONN NN NONHH HOOOOHOO NOON a ONOO ow 30> How pH NH pcouhomEH so: HNNV N HNNV N HHOHU NH HNNNV NN HNHNN NN NONHH HNHOON NOON O o>d£ ou sex How 9H NH pcouHOQEH so: HNNU N HNHV H HNOHN N HNNNO NN HNNNN NO NOOOO-NOO oONOO NOOOOHO one AHucoHuHHmo ::H on pHsosm mooHHHo oHHnsm pew ucoecno>om um:u 50> HOH pH mH ucouhomEH 30: HNNV N HNNN N HNNHN NH HONNO NN HNHNV NN NHoOONH OH NOHNOOO NOON o>o: on 30% How pH NH ucmuhomEH 30: HNNV N HNNU N HNNV N HNNNN NN HNNOV NN NHOOONH OH OOH NOON NOHO NOHNNHOON on Op 50% on pH NH ucouHomEH 30: HNNNO NN HNOV N HOOHU N HHHNN NH HNNNN HN NHoOONH OH NO NOON OOONHHOO OOON , o>m: ow no» op OH NH unmuHomEH 30: z N z N z N z N z N omcommom . HHo no ucouaomEH pcmunomEH ucouHomEH oz mEH uoz ponsoEom NHo> HSoN OH soN op one HoonH OH oHHH Ho Nueommm NsoHHO> omogu .ocHusoH NHHNN HCOHHOQEH 30: ~30 chH op oxHH pHsos oz 281 HNNNO NN HONO N HNNO O HNNNV NH HOONO NN NHOOONH OH NO NOON OO :oHpHHzo Hsox How HoHoHHocon OH NH HNNO N HNNO N HNNNO NN HNHNN NN HNNHO NH NONHH HOHOOHOO NOON O ONOO OON OO HNNO O HNNO O HNNNO NH HHNNN NN HNNNN NN NONHH HOHOON NOON O ONOO OoN OO HNOHN N HHONN NH HONNO NN HNONV NN HNNU N NNOONOHOOO oOoOOHoNON NO OON oemzop oosquuo poow m oHo:u mH HONO N HNNO N HHOHV N HNNNO NN HNNOO ON NHOOHNH OH NOOHOOOoHOO NON omouupoH :qu EoHLOHm o oHo:H NH HNNHH NH HNNNH NN HHNHO OH HHNNO ON HOONO NN NHOOHNH OH mchso: NHOHQNHNHHON mchpom EoHQOHm m o>mn 50x anp Hog on HNNNO ON HNONO NN HNOHH NH HNNHV OH HONHV OH NHOOHNH OH OOH NHOHUOHNHHNN o wcHuuow EoHQOHH O mo>on sex oHN Hog o>o: no» on HNOOO HN HHOO N HNOHO N HHNNO NH HNNHO OH NHOOONH OH OOHOOOONO poem o wcHuuow :oHvHH:o Hsox oH< z N z N z N z N z N omcommoh o m o o H oonow oEoN code >Ho> Oz HH O O z HOO.H < OO .NON .NON .sox How HNon on HoOHmH cH Npoommo msoHHo> omonp HH use cch o» oxHH NHsoz o3 .H< prcomm uoz Ho: NHuom mHuom NHo> oHo pcouxo Ho:3 OH HonuHoz N.HoOHNH :H oHHH Ho muoommo m50HHO> :qu on :ox NoHHNHuON 30: ~30 NHHH ow oxHH pHdos o3 o1J5414 111 >411. II IIIIH 282 .H< NHNOOOOON an 30» NNHozou mop3pHuuo HNOH O HNNNN ON HNONN ON HNOHN NH HNNN O HNNN N NNOOHOOOOHOO 03o omouupoH HNNO N HHHHV N HNNHN NH HNNHO NH HNNNO ON HNNNV HN NNOHNOOO HOONOHO HOON HNNNV NN HNNO N HOOHO N HOONN NH HONNO NN HNNHV OH NHOOHNH OH wcHoHo: on 30» new onu HHNNN HN HNNO N HHNHV HH HONHV OH HNNNN HN HNNHV HH NOOHOOOONO N_OOHNHHOO H30N Ho :oHuoo3No H30N z N z N z N z N z N z N .mHuonHo omcommom .NHpmmmHo .mHuom . . . . .NHuow ”:qu ooHHNHumN 30> Hos mHuom mHuom . . oz NHo> uoz . . NHo> oHo pcouxo Hogs 0H HocuHoz N.HoOHNH 3H oHHH Ho Nuoommo m30HHm> :pHs on 3oz ponmeOm 30: H30 NHHH 0p oxHH NH303 oz .4054”... :4. 2.1.1]. .1) 1))ILI.. .m.m .N.m .H.m moHnoH EOHH NoH3mHm omouHoOHom Houou oHo o>ono one; NNH NON I- Noo»onEo uHoEOHo>om »n 30» mesou mop3HHpu< ,w Nmm NNN I- :0Huoe3wo m.:onHH:o H30» H0 coHuoo3po H30» _w is Nmm New NNO m3 onw ou :oHpHHgo How ooon o No HoonH M NNN Now Nmm oHHH HOH3HH3U H30» I Now NNw Nom oHHH HOHoom H30» W NNm Nam Nmm mch3oc unoNon H30» NHN NON NNN HOOHNH OH NOHNHOO OON OoN OOH OOH. Nw Nom Nom »ooHo3moH3o New oHOHuoom OOHHONHNHHOw oocopmem oocouHomEH ¥.HomHNH :H oHHH Ho Nuoomm< Ho :oHpoommeom New .oocoumem .oocouHonEHuu.v.m mqmna mo enmeeapm Hanmeoe 3 1 23 flmav N hmmmv mm Amway as AHNNU ma Amway 0H sunannaana>a mcnmsoz “may N mammv ON flomma as hwmmv om “mode «a monuaezuHOQQo nos 2 s z a z s z a z a mm H 0: do H 050m #0H m omaommou oz vmm.H new: H zecx H soex H ESoSmH ea omfl mo 3033 measoflom 2: ozone 322 :0» 3e 5:5 30:: .HompmH as owns mo muoodm< mo omemazocx--aoaemH on mausou oaomom--.mm.m mam04 76. To what extent have you been or are you studying Hebrew in an Ulpan? (In any of its forms) began studying in an Ulpan but I stopped am now taking first course in an Ulpan have completed one Ulpan course have completed more than one Ulpan course did not attend nor am I attending any Ulpan U‘IAMNr—I HHHHH 336 77. Do you feel the learning of Hebrew at the Ulpan was worthwhile? 1 Yes, it has helped me greatly 2. Yes, it has been of some help 3. It has been of little help 4 It has been of no help 5 I did not attend an Ulpan PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF HEBREW Different activities require different degrees of knowledge of Hebrew. Different individuals may have different expectations as to the ”kinds“ of Hebrew they ought to know. We would like to find out to what extent the knowledge of Hebrew is important to you for each of the following purposes. For example 78. To what extent is it important for you to know Hebrew for the purpose of shopping? Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to this question. Very important Important Some importance Of no importance AWNb—I In a similar fashion circle 1,2,3, or 4 for each of the following purposes, according to how important it is to you to know Hebrew for that purpose: 79. To deal with government and other institutions 80. To listen to lectures or attend a theatre (drama, university lectures, radio and public lectures, etc.) 81. To read a standard Israeli newspaper 82. To read material related to your occupation 83. To write a note, application and other everyday writing 84. To what extent are you now able to use Hebrew for each of the purposes mentioned: For example To what extent are you now able to use your knowledge of Hebrew for the purpose of shopping? Use the following key: am very able am quite able am not so able am not able at all AMNH . . . . HHHH 337 In a similar fashion circle 1,2,3 or 4 for each of the following purposes according to how able are you to use Hebrew for that purpose: 85. Dealing with government and other institutions 86. Listening to lectures or attending a theatre (drama, university lecture, radio and public lectures, etc.) 87. Reading a standard Israeli newspaper 88. Reading material related to your occupation 89. Writing a note, application and other everyday writing To what extent are you satisfied with your knowledge of Hebrew for . the purpose of: For example . 90. To what extent are you satisfied with your knowledge of Hebrew for the purpose of shopping? ' Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet, corresponding to the following questions: Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied at all bMNH In a similar fashion circle 1,2,3, or 4 for each of the following purposes according to how satisfied you are with your present knowledge of Hebrew for that purpose. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. Dealing with government and other institutions Listening to lectures or attending a theatre (drama, university lectures, radio and public lectures, etc.) Reading a standard Israeli newspaper Reading material related to your occupation Writing a note, application and other everyday writing To what extent do you actually use Hebrew for the purpose of: For example 96. To what extent do you use Hebrew for the purpose of shopping? Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to the following question: 1. Always 2. Almost always 3. Sometimes 4. Occasionally 5. Never 338 In a similar fashion, circle l,2,3,4, or 5 for each of the following purposes according to how much you actually use Hebrew for that purpose: 97. Dealing with government and other institutions 98. Listening to lectures or attending a theatre (drama, university lectures, radio and public lectures, etc. 99. Reading a standard Israeli newspaper 100. Reading material related to your occupation 101. Writing a note, application and other everyday writing And in the future, say 3 years from now, do you think you will be able to use Hebrew for the purposes mentioned? For example . 102. Do you believe that 3 years from now you will be able to do shopping in Hebrew? Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your anSWer sheet corresponding to the following questions. am sure I will be able expect to be able but I am not sure am not sure I'll be able don't believe I'll be able AwNI—I HHP—ID—I In a similar fashion circle l,2,3,4 for each of the following purposes according to how much you believe you will be able to use Hebrew for that purpose: 103. Dealing with government and other institutions 104. Listening to lectures or attending a theatre (drama, university lectures, radio and public lectures, etc.) 105. Reading a standard Israeli newspaper 106. Reading material related to your occupation 107. Writing a note, application and other everyday writing 108. To what extent does the degree to which you know Hebrew help or hinder you in your adjustment? It helps me a great deal It helps me It neither helps nor hinders It hinders me It hinders me a great deal UWJ>QNNH If you did not attend absorption center, intensive ulpan, hostel, or kibbutz ulpan, please go to question number 135. We would like to find out if these aspects of life in the absorption center existed for you. Circle 1,2,3, or 4 for each of the following aspects of life in absorption center according to the degree in which it existed for you. 109. 110. 111. 339 Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to this question. Yes, to a great degree Yes, to some degree A little Not at all AWN»: Was there a feeling of economic security? Was there time for becoming oriented in the country? Were there people who actually helped you by making things easier, quicker or Smoother in the adjustment process? We would like to find out how satisfied you were (are) with the following aspects of life in the absorption center which you attended (or attend). Circle l,2,3,4, or 5 for each of the following aspects of life in the absorption center according to the extent of satisfaction of each. 112. 113. 114. Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to this question. 1 Very satisfied 2. Satisfied 3. Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4 Not satisfied 5 Very dissatisfied To what extent were you satisfied with the feeling of economic security in the absorption center? To what extent were you satisfied with the time you had (have) in absorption center for becoming oriented in the country? To what extent were you satisfied with the opportunity of having direct contact with people who could help you with your first steps in the country? To what extent were you satisfied with the following aspects of the absorption center which you attended (or attend)? Use the following key: 1 Very satisfied 2. Satisfied 3. Somewhat satisfied 4. 5 Not satisfied at all I did not attend an absorption center. 339 Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to this question. 1. Yes, to a great degree 2. Yes, to some degree 3. A little 4. Not at all 109. Was there a feeling of economic security? 110. Was there time for becoming oriented in the country? 111. Were there people who actually helped you by making things easier, quicker or smoother in the adjustment process? We would like to find out how satisfied you were (are) with the following aspects of life in the absorption center which you attended (or attend). Circle l,2,3,4, or 5 for each of the following aspects of life in the absorption center according to the extent of satisfaction of each. Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to this question. Very satisfied Satisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Not satisfied Very dissatisfied mthP-l 112. To what extent were you satisfied with the feeling of economic security in the absorption center? 113. To what extent were you satisfied with the time you had (have) in absorption center for becoming oriented in the country? 114. To what extent were you satisfied with the opportunity of having direct contact with people who could help you with your first steps in the country? To what extent were you satisfied with the following aspects of the absorption center which you attended (or attend)? Use the following key: Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied at all I did not attend an absorption center. (DAWNH 340 115. Learning Hebrew 116. Sleeping arrangement at the absorption center 117. Housing arrangement through the absorption center 118. Employment arrangements through the absorption center 119. Tours to get to know the country 120. Leisure time activities 121. Cultural activities 122. Bulletin or general information 123. Socialization with other Olim 124. Facilities for children 125. The general stay at the absorption center (considering all the assets and drawbacks) To what extent did the stay at the absorption center help you in the following aspects of life in Israel? Use the following key: 1. Very helpful 2. Helpful 3. Somewhat helpful 4. Not helpful at all 5. Doesn't apply 126. Adapting to cultural life in Israel 127. Adapting yourself to way of life in Israel 128. Providing you with job opportunities 129. Providing you with housing opportunities (after leaving absorption center) 130. Opportunities of making new friends (social contacts) for after leaving absorption center 131. Opportunities of making contacts —— business contacts, for after leaving absorption center 132. Were (are) the facilities for leisure time activities in the absorption center or hostel adequate? 1. Yes, there were (are) ample facilities for leisure time activities . 2. Yes, there were (are) some fac1lit1es for leisure time activities . . 3. There were (are) almost no fac1lit1es for leisure time activities 4. No, there were no facilities for leisure time activities 133. Do you feel there were good facilities for children? (Such as playground equipment, toys)? 1 There were excellent facilities 2 There were good facilities 3. There were few facilities 4 No such facilities were provided 341 134. Knowing what you now know about absorption centers, if you were to come now as a new Oleh would you still choose to come to an absorption center? Yes, very definitely Yes, with reservations Possibly Definitely not meb—I JEWISH RELIGIOUS LIFE SINCE COMING TO ISRAEL 135. Since coming to Israel how often do you attend a synagogue? Daily or almost daily About once a week Only on festivals and during the High Holidays Not at all thr—I 136. Since coming to Israel, with which of the trends in Jewish religion do you identify? Orthodox Conservative Reform Reconstructionist No trend U'l-D-(NNr—I STANDARD OF LIVING IN ISRAEL 137. Has your standard of living changed since your coming to Israel? It has dropped a great deal It has dropped somewhat has not changed at all It has risen somewhat It has risen a great deal m-hmmr—a r—q ('1‘ 138. To what extent do the special privileges given to you as a new immigrant affect your decision to remain in Israel? It has a great effect It has some effect It has little effect It makes no difference thr—I To what extent are you satisfied with your present housing conditions? 139. 140. 141. 142. 342 Use the following key, circle the appropriate number on your answer sheet corresponding to the following questions: Definitely Fairly well Not very Not at all #QINH To what extent are you satisfied with your present housing conditions? To what extent are you satisfied with the size of your apartment (including temporary accommodations)? To what extent are you satisfied with the city or town in which you live? To what extent are you satisfied with your present neighborhood? SOCIAL LIFE IN ISRAEL 143. 144. Use the following key on the corresponding question number on your answer sheet: Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not very satisfied Not satisfied at all DUINH To what extent are you satisfied with the quality of your social life in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with the frequency with which you meet friends in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with the attitude towards you of: 145. Your neighbors in Israel To what extent is it important to you to have contacts with: 146. 147. Use the following key: Very important Fairly important Not very important Not important at all #MNH Other Americans and Canadians Israelis ". .‘_- — first-mg, To what extent do you meet socially with: 148. 149. 343 Use the following key: Very often Often Sometimes Seldom Not at all m-mev—i Other Americans and Canadians Israelis MOTIVES FOR A DECISION TO REMAIN IN ISRAEL Once in Israel, your reasons for remaining here may or may not be the same as the reasons for coming to Israel. For each of the possible 1 reasons please indicate how important it is in your decision to remain in Israel. Please circle the number on the answer sheet which corresponds to your answer according to the following key: 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 172. Key: 1 Very important 2 Important & SmmMmtimmmmu 4 Not important at all There is no prejudice or discrimination against me as a Jew in Israel. I can live a Jewish national life in Israel. can lead a fuller religious life in Israel. can live a more completely cultural Jewish life in Israel. have a sense of belongingness in Israel. feel at home as a Jew in Israel. like the people in Israel. like the pioneering spirit in Israel. like the Mediterranean climate of Israel. It is a better place for children to grow up. (Leave blank if it does not apply to you.) My children can get a better Jewish education. Israel needs my services. Israel gives me a sense of purposeful existence. I made a fresh start. I worry about anti-Semitism in America. I worry about assimilation in America. Because my husband/wife wants to stay. My close friend/friends are here. worry about racial tensions in America. worry about political unrest in America. worry about the high crime rate in America. worry about the danger of unemployment in America. worry about the drug problem in America and possible effects on my children. HHHHHH H HHHHH 344 173. I am against the war in Viet-Nam. 174. I am economically bound to remain (no money to go back or to pay conditional debts). 175. Some other factor, which . (Write on answer sheet and circle corresponding number.) We would like to find out how important these various aspects of life in Israel are to you in your daily routine. Following are listed a number of such aspects. Please circle the corresponding number on your answer sheet according to the degree of importance each plays in your daily life. Use the following key: Very important Important Somewhat important Not important at all #LANb—A «an- 176. How important is it to you to be a part of the majority rather than minority in the country? 177. How important is it to you to live a Jewish national life in Israel? 178. How important is it to you to live a religious life in Israel? 179. How important is it to you to live a Jewish cultural life in Israel? 180. How important is it to you to have a sense of belongingness in Israel? 181. How important is it to you to have a feeling of being at home as a Jew in Israel? 182. How important is it to you to be a part of the people in Israel? 183. How important is it to you to feel a pioneering spirit in Israel? 184. How important is it to you to have your children grow up in Israel? (Leave blank if it doesn't apply to you.) 185. How important is it to you to feel that Israel needs you or your services? 186. How important is it to you to have a feeling of purposeful existence in Israel? 187. How important is it to you to have a fresh start in Israel? 188. How important is it to you to see here friends you knew in America? 189. How important is it to you to be satisfied with your job in Israel? 190. How important is it to you that you should get your education in Israel? 191. How important is it for you to have good housing in Israel? Now we would like to ask some questions about specific aspects of life in Israel. 192. How important is it for you that government and public offices should be run efficiently and without undue red-tape? 345 193. How important is it for you to be satisfied with attitudes toward you by government employees? 194. How important is it for you to have a good social life? 195. How important is it for you to have a good cultural life? We would like to find out if these various aspects in Israel do exist for you. Following are listed a number of such aspects. Please circle the corresponding number on your answer sheet according to how often you experience that aspect. Use the following key: 1. Always 2. Often 3. Sometimes 4 Rarely 5 Never 196. Do you feel that you are a part of the majority rather than the minority in the country? 197. Are you living a Jewish national life in Israel? 198. Are you living a religious life in Israel? 199. Are you living a Jewish-cultural life in Israel? 200. Do you have a sense of belongingness in Israel? 201. Do you feel at home as a Jew in Israel? 202. Do you feel yourself to be a part of the people of Israel? 203. Do you have a pioneering spirit in Israel? 204. Are your children getting a good education in Israel? (Leave blank if it doesn‘t apply to you.) 205. Is it beneficial for your children to grow up in Israel? 206. Do you feel that Israel needs you or your services? 207. Do you have a feeling of purposeful existence in Israel? 208. Are you getting a fresh start in Israel? 209. Do you see friends here whom you knew in America? 210. Do you have (or did you have) a problem getting a satisfactory job in Israel? 211. Do (or did) you have a problem getting satisfactory housing in Israel? ' 212. Is there a problem with red-tape and bureaucracy in Israel? 213. Is there a good attitude toward you by government employees? 214. Do you have a good social life? 215. Do you have a good cultural life? We would like to find out if these various aspects in Israel do exist for you? Following are listed a number of such aSpects. Please circle the corre5ponding number on your answer sheet according to how intense or how strongly each aspect applies to you. Use the following key: Yes, very much Yes, to some degree A little Not at all AmNp—I 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 346 Do you feel that you are a part of the majority rather than the minority in the country? Are you living a Jewish national life in Israel? Are you living a religious life in Israel? Are you living a Jewish cultural life in Israel? Do you have a sense of belongingness in Israel? Do you feel at home as a Jew in Israel? Do you feel yourself to be a part of the people of Israel? Do you have a pioneering spirit in Israel? Are your children getting a good education in Israel? (Leave blank if it doesn‘t apply to you.) Is it beneficial for your children to grow up in Israel? Do you feel that Israel needs you or your services? Do you have a feeling of purposeful existence in Israel? Are you getting a fresh start in Israel? Do you see friends here whom you knew in America? Do you have (or did you have) a problem getting a satisfactory job in Israel? Do (or did) you have a problem getting satisfactory housing in Israel? Is there a problem with red—tape and bureaucracy in Israel? 15 there a good attitude toward you by government employees? Do you have a good social life? Do you have a good cultural life? We would like to find out how satisfied you are with various aspects of life in Israel. Following are listed a number of such aspects. Please circle the corresponding number on your answer sheet according to your degree of satisfaction with each. 236. 237. .238. 239. 240. 241. 242. Use the following key: 1. Very satisfied 2 Satisfied 3. Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 4 Not satisfied 5 Very dissatisfied To what extent are you satisfied with being part of the majority rather than the minority in the country? To what extent are you satisfied with Jewish national life in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with the religious life in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with Jewish-cultural life in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with your sense of belonging~ ness in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with the feeling of being at home as a Jew in Israel? To what extent are you satisfied with your being a part of the people in Israel? —_——_—m"— 347 243. To what extent are you satisfied with the pioneering spirit in Israel? 244. To what extent are you satisfied with Israel as a place for children to grow up? (Leave blank if it doesn't apply to you.) 245. To what extent are you satisfied with the feeling that Israel needs you —— or your services? 246. To what extent are you satisfied with the feeling of purposeful existence in Israel? 247. To what extent are you satisfied with your fresh start in Israel? 248. To what extent are you satisfied with seeing here friends you knew in America? 249. To what extent are you satisfied with the job you are holding in Israel? 250. To what extent are you satisfied with your education or your children's education? (If this doesn't apply to you, go to next question.) 251. To what extent are you satisfied with your present housing? 252. To what extent are you satisfied with red-tape and bureaucracy? 253. To what extent are you satisfied with attitudes towards you by government employees? 254. To what extent are you satisfied with your social life? 255. To what extent are you satisfied with your cultural life? 256. To what extent are you satisfied with your prOgress in learning Hebrew? 257. To what extent are you satisfied with religious control by the State over personal status matters? 258. To what extent are you satisfied with contacts you made with Israelis? 259. To what extent are you satisfied with Israeli food in general? 260. To what extent are you satisfied with the climate in Israel? Each of us sees oneself in a different light since coming to Israel. We would like to find out to what extent does each of the following Statements apply to you. Please circle the corresponding number on your answer sheet according to your degree of satisfaction with each. Use the following key: 1. I agree 2. I agree somewhat 3. I am undecided or I don't care 4 I disagree somewhat S I disagree 261. I think Israelis see me as a foreigner 262. I find it difficult to adapt to the new way of life in Israel. 263. I feel I am an integral part of American community. 264. I feel I am a member of an ”out group” here in Israel. 265. I feel as an American in Israel I am at a disadvantage. 266. I feel that my disadvantage could be minimized with increasing adjustment to Israeli society. 267. I feel that in Israel I don't belong quite as much as in America. .- —.._ _ . . ".4 348 268. I feel that my ”Jewishness” is more important than my being an America. 269. I feel that my "Jewishness” is more important than my being an Israeli. Hoping things are working out well for you, let us ask you a hypothet- ical question . . Should you fail to make the adjustment to life in Israel, how important would each of the following factors be in influencing your decision to leave Israel? Using the following key, circle the number on your answer sheet that corresponds to the appropriate answer. 1. Very important 2. Important 3. Somewhat important 4. Not important at all 270. I have a sense of belongingness in America. 271. I am not happy being away from my family. 272. I am not happy being away from my friends. 273. My children cannot keep up in school because of language difficulties. 274. I do not feel at home as an American in Israel. 275. I feel at home as a Jew in America. 276. I feel America needs my services. 277. I feel American Jewry needs my services. 278. I prefer living with Americans rather than Israelis. 279. I have difficulties with Hebrew. 280. I have to go through much more red-tape and bureaucracy in Israel than I go through in America. 281. I can obtain loans and mortgages much faster in America than in Israel. 282. I like certain aspects of life in America. Which? (Fill in on answer sheet and circle correSponding number.) 283. America offers me better occupational opportunities. 284. America offers me or my children better educational Opportunities. 285. America gives me a sense of purposeful existence. 286. America offers me a higher living standard. 287. I like to live in a place where everyone has a higher standard of living. 288. The war with the Arabs. 289. The involvement of religious affairs with the state. (No separation between religion and state.) 290. Israel is not as religious as I would like it. 291. Not enough East—European Yiddish culture (or culture in the Yiddish language). 349 GENERAL FEELING 292. 293. 294. 295. How are your spirits these days? Almost always or always good Good most of the time Sometimes good and sometimes not Good and bad at the same time Bad most of the time Bad almost all of the time O‘U’l-bQNNH Do you think that your situation in Israel will improve as time goes by? I am sure it will There is a very good chance that it will I don't know I doubt it I do not think so Ul-h-wa-a Has there been any change in your state of health compared with how you felt when you were abroad? I feel much better now I feel somewhat better now I feel the same as before I feel slightly less well I feel less well WAMNi—I Do you feel like an Israeli or an American? 1. I feel completely Israeli 2. I feel like an Israeli and a little bit like an American 3 I feel like an Israeli and an American to about the same degree I feel like an American and a little bit like an Israeli I feel completely American 6. I feel neither like an Israeli nor like an American (ll-b To what extent are you certain that you will stay in Israel? I am very sure I will stay I am quite sure I will stay I don't know (about equal chance) I don't believe I will stay I intend to leave mAri—I 9...... —:— 350 297. Do you think you will adjust yourself to conditions in Israel? 1. I have adjusted myself already 2. I am certain I shall adjust myself 3. I am almost certain I shall adjust myself 4. I am doubtful whether I can adjust myself 5. I am sure that I won't be able to adjust myself 298. Would you say that you are generally speaking successful in Israel? 1. Very successful 2. Rather successful 3. Average 4. A little successful 5. Not at all 6. I cannot tell yet 299. Have you taken root in Israel? Completely Sufficiently Not so much Not at all hump—a 300. What has been your general impression about Israel? Very favorable Favorable Unfavorable Very unfavorable AMNH 301. What has been your general impression about Israelis? Very favorable Favorable Unfavorable Very unfavorable Ammr—a 302. This space is for personal and further comments PERSONAL BACKGROUND ____________________ For each of the following questions circle the number on your answer sheet that corresponds to the appropriate answer. 303. Sex 1. Male 2. Female 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 351 What is your religion? 1 Jewish 2 Christian 3. Other (which?) 4 I have no religion If Jewish, with which of the trends in Jewish religion were you affiliated? Orthodox Conservative Reform Non—affiliated —— or no trend kWNP—I What is your family status? Unmarried Married without children Married with 1—2 children Married with 3-4 children Married with 4+ children Widowed without children Widowed with children Divorced without children Divorced with children koooumm-war-a What is your age? 18-24 25-29 30—34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50—54 55-64 65+ ROOOVC‘U'IAMNH What is your spouse's age? 18-24 25—29 30—34 35—39 40—44 45-49 50-54 55—64 65+ SOmNO‘Ul-thP-I 309. 310. 311. 312. KOCXDNO‘U'leND—I 352 In what country were you born? United States Canada Israel Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) Arab or Moslem countries Other (where?) \lGU‘I-ACNNH In what country was your Spouse born? United States Canada Israel Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) Arab or Moslem countries (incl. North Africa) Other (where?) \IOU’IhMND—l If you were not born in the U.S. or Canada, at what age did you come to America? (If you were born in the U.S. or Canada, go on to the next question) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15—19 20-24 25—29 30-34 35-39 40+ If your spouse was not born in the U.S. or Canada, at what age did he (she) come to America? (If he [she] was born in the U.S. or Canada, go on to the next question.) 0-4 5—9 10—14 15-19 20—24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40+ komflomtht—J . - Err-'ufl'rfl'z" ' 353 313. How many years did you live in America? 0-4 5-9 10—14 15-19 20—24 25-29 30-34 35—39 40+ {OmVOUI-meH 314. I O S many years did your spouse live in America? 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35—39 40+ wmflmmmeF—l 315. In what country was your father born? United States Canada Israel Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) Arab or Moslem countries (incl. N. Africa) Other (which?) VO‘M-meb—J 316. In what country was your spouse's father born? United States Canada Israel Eastern Europe (incl. USSR) Western Europe (incl. Germany and Austria) Arab or Moslem countries (incl. N. Africa) Other (which?) \lO‘UT-D-(NNH 317. 318. 319. 354 Where is your residence in Israel? Absorption center Hostel Kibbutz Moshav (cooperative settlement) Moshava (cooperative village) Quarter near a town (suburb) City University campus -— or student residence hall Other LDOONOUIACNNH What is your general education background? How many years of schooling did you have or how many grades did you complete? Circle the number corresponding to the highest grade or degree completed? No formal schooling Elementary grades 1—4 Elementary grades 5-8 High school grades 9—10 High school grades ll-12 College or university -- without degree College or university, B.A., B.S., or equivalent Graduate school or technical school (Master's degree, law degree or equivalent) Graduate school, doctorate degree (M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D., Ed.D. or equivalent) WVOMALNNH k0 What is the general education background of your spouse? How many years of schooling did he (she) have or how many grades did he (she) complete? Circle the number on your answer sheet correSponding to the highest grade completed. No formal schooling Elementary grades 1-4 Elementary grades 5-8 High school grades 9-10 High school grades ll-12 College or university without degree College or university B.A., B.S., or equivalent Graduate school or technical school (Master's degree, law degree, or equivalent) Post graduate school 3 or more years (M.D., D.D.S., Ph.D., Ed.D. or equivalent) muomari—a k0 ._.--. 320. 321. 322. What is your Jewish educational background? the one that best describes your Jewish educa 355 institution you attended. LOWNC‘mkwNF—I HHHHHH :UHHH did not have any formal Jewish or Hebrew education learned from a private teacher (or house teacher) in a Sunday School in an afternoon Jewish or Hebrew School in a Jewish or Hebrew Day School in a Cheder in a Yeshiva or Beth Jacob School in a college of Jewish or Hebrew studies in an institution of higher learning as learned learned learned learned learned learned learned abbinical Sc hool or Graduate Hebrew or Jewish Studies What is the Jewish educational background of your spouse? Circle one answer -- the one that best describes his (her) Jewish Edfication or the highest institution(s) he (she) attended. In the two years just before comin spouse a student? if married circle 1,2,3, 4:me U'l ‘DmNOUIvD-(NNH He He He He He He He He He (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) did not learned learned learned learned learned learned learned learned have any formal Jewish or Hebrew education. from a private teacher (or house teacher) in in in in in in in a Sunday School an afternoon Jewish or Hebrew School a Jewish or Hebrew Day School a Cheder a Yeshiva or Beth Jacob School a college of Jewish or Hebrew Studies an institution of higher learning as Rabbinical School or Graduate Hebrew or Jewish Studies g to Israel were you or your If single, circle 5 or 6 on your answer sheet- or 4 on your answer sheet. Yes, we were both students I was a student, my spouse was not My spouse was a student, I was not Neither of us was a student If single, circle 5 or 6 I was a student I was not a student Circle one answer-— tion or the highest we..- - - 323. 324. 325. 356 In the two years just before coming to Israel were you or your spouse a pensioner -— living on private insurance, company insurance, or government pension? If single, circle number 5 or 6 on your answer sheet; if married, circle number 1,2,3, or 4. Yes, we were both on pension I was on pension, my spouse was not My spouse was on pension, I was not Neither of us was on pension If single, circle 5 or 6 5 I was on pension 6. I was not on pension o mer-a In the two years just before coming to Israel were you or your Spouse living on income from capital or property? If single, circle number 5 or 6 on your answer sheet; if married, circle number 1,2,3, or 4. 1. Yes, we were both living on income from capital or property 2. I was living on income from capital or property, my spouse was not 3. My spouse was living on income from capital or property, I was not 4. Neither of us was living on income from capital or property If single, circle 5 or 6 5. I was living on income from capital or property 6. I was not living on income from capital or property What was your main occupation during the two years just before you came to Israel? (If you did not work go on to the next question.) 1. Doctor, dentist, lawyer, university professor 2. Accountant, pharmacist, engineer, social worker, teacher, or any other professional group 3. Executive, administrator, junior administrator or high government official 4. Merchant, agent, or engaged in business (such as brokers, insurance, or sales or any self—employed business) Trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical, etc.) 6. Private or public service, such as police, fire, post, government or any other clerical position Agriculturist, fisherman or miner 8. Factory or shop worker 9. Unskilled worker with no special training for position U1 \, 326. 327. 328. 357 Since coming to Israel were you (or are you) or your spouse a student? If sincle, circle 5 or 6; if married circle 1,2,3, or 4 on your answer sheet. Yes, we were (are) both students I was (am) a student, my Spouse was (is) not My spouse was (is) a student, I was (am) not Neither of us was (is) a student If single, circle 5 or 6 5. I was (am) a student 6. I was not (am not) a student :5me Since coming to Israel are you or your spouse a pensioner —— living on private insurance, company insurance or government pension? If single circle number 5 or 6 on your answer sheet; if married, circle number 1,2,3, or 4. Yes, we are both on pension I am on pension, my spouse is not My Spouse is on pension, I am not Neither of us is on pension If single, circle 5 or 6 S I am on pension 6. I am not on pension AMNH Since coming to Israel are you or your spouse living on income from capital or property? If single, circle number 5 or 6 on your answer sheet; if married, circle number 1,2,3, or 4. 1. Yes, we are both living on income from capital or property 2. I am living on income from capital or property my spouse is not 3. My spouse is living on income from capital or property, I am not 4. Neither of us is living on income from capital or property If single, circle 5 or 6 I am living on income from capital or property 6. I am not living on income from capital or property U1 .__S._;#m 329. 330. 358 What was the main occupation of your Spouse during the two years just before coming to Israel? If he (she) did not work, go on to the next question. 1. Doctor, dentist, lawyer, university professor 2. Accountant, pharamcist, engineer, social worker, teacher or any other professional group 3. Executive, administrator, junior administrator or high government official 4. Merchant, agent or engaged in business (such as brokers, insurance or sales or any self—employed business) Trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical, etc.) Private or public service, such as police, fire, post, government or any other clerical position 7. Agriculturist, fisherman, or miner 8. Factory or shop worker 9. Unskilled worker with no special training for position O‘U’I What is your main occupation or profession since coming to Israel? (If you did not work since you came go on to the next question.) 1. Doctor, dentist, lawyer, university professor 2. Accountant, pharmacist, engineer, social worker, teacher or any other professional group 3. Executive, administrator, junior administrator or high government official 4. Merchant, agent, or engaged in business (such as brokers, insurance, or sales or any self—employed business) 5. Trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical, etc.) 6. Private or public service such as police, fire, post, government or any other clerical positions 7 Agriculturist, fisherman or miner 8. Factory or shop worker 9 Unskilled worker with no special training for position What is the main occupation or profession of your spouse since coming to Israel? If she (he) didn't work since you came, go on to the next question. 1. Doctor, dentist, lawyer, university professor 2. Accountant, pharmacist, engineer, social worker, teacher, or any other professional group 3. Executive, administrator, junior administrator or high government official 4. Merchant, agent, or engaged in business (such as brokers, insurance, or sales or any self-employed business) Trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical, etc.) 6. Private or public service, such as police, fire, post, government or any other clerical position Agriculturist, fisherman or miner 8. Factory or shop worker 9. Unskilled worker with no special training for position U1 \1 332. 333. 334. 335. 359 What was the occupational status of the head of the family before coming to Israel? (If single, your status) Employee (salary earner) Self-employed with no employees Employer of 1—4 persons Employer of 5 or more persons Working without pay in family business U14>~MNH What is the occupational status of the head of the family since coming to Israel? (If single, your status) Employee (salary earner) Self-employed with no employees Employer of 1-4 persons Employer of 5 or more persons Working without pay in family business UTACNNh—I ..... What was your gross income per year before coming to Israel? If married, joint family income. $ 100 — 3,999 $ 4,000 — 7,999 $ 8,000 — 11,999 $12,000 — 15,999 $16,000 — 19,999 $20,000 — 24,999 $25,000 — 29,999 $30,000 — 39,999 $40,000 — over LDOO\IO\UTJ>(NNH What is your income per month since coming to Israel? If married, joint family income. IL. below 200 IL. 200 - 399 IL. 400 - 599 IL. 600 - 799 IL. 800 — 999 IL. 1,000 - 1,399 IL. 1,400 - 1,999 IL. 2,000 - 2,999 IL. 3,000 and over {DOOVG‘m-D-(NNr—I 336. 337. 338. 339. 360 When did you come to Israel? LOOOVGMJi-(NNH HHHHHHHHH came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel came to Israel before June, 1967 between June, 1967 - December, 1967 between January, 1968 — June, 1968 between July, 1968 - December, 1968 between January, 1969 - June, 1969 between July, 1969 — December, 1969 between January, 1970 — June, 1970 between July, 1970 — December, 1970 after January, 1971 When didyourspouse come to Israel? He He He He He He He He He RDOONOU'l-bMNb-d If you (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) (she) came came came came came came came came came to to t0 to to t0 to to to Israel before June, 1967 Israel between June, 1967 - December, 1967 Israel between January, 1968 - June, 1968 Israel between July, 1968 - December, 1968 Israel between January, 1969 — June, 1969 Israel between July, 1969 - December, 1969 Israel between January, 1970 - June, 1970 Israel between July, 1970 - December, 1970 Israel after January, 1971 have been in Israel before, prior to your last arrival, how much time (total) did you spend here? (If you have never been in Israel before, go on to the next question.) 3000\10\U14>~(NNH 1-4 weeks 1-4 months 5—7 months 8—12 months 1-4 years 5-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21+ years If your spouse has been in Israel before, prior to his (her) last arrival how much time (total) did he (she) spend here? If he (she) has never been in Israel before, go on to the next question. LDOONO‘U'IAOJND—d 1-4 weeks 1—4 months 5—7 months 8—12 months 1-4 years 5—10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21+ years 361 FOLLOW-UP LETTER Dear Newcomer: With the help and cooperation of the AACI and the Jewish Agency our questionnaire on the Adjustment of American and Canadian olim was sent to you. We are hoping with your help to bring about a deeper understanding of these findings and consequently favorably influence the programs of aliyah and klita. As yet we have not heard from you and we will deeply appre- ciate your filling out the questionnaire. We have a limited time schedule and hope to include your contribution in our findings. If however you didn't receive the questionnaire please call any branch of the AACI and it will be sent to you. Many thanks for your participation. Sincerely, Harry Jubas Project Director P.S. If you have already sent in your response sheets my apologies and thanks to you. W. i 1 APPENDIX B COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR COMING TO ISRAEL APPENDIX B COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR COMING TO ISRAEL ”Push" from America "To leave home." "Tired of job in America.” ”Wanted reflective non rat—race life.” "I wanted to get away from business pressures." ”For a challenging experience." "Selective service.” "General malaise in Jewish American society." "General social trends in U.S. are disintegrating.” "Town was too small for real Jewishness." ”The world does not care.“ ”The weather, location, history and physical things that did not exist in Canada, now I feel something more, though.” ”Independence for my husband and myself from established family ties.” ”Parents here, husband unable to find work, dislike USA non-democ., authoritarian gov't, dislike attitude of Chicago 'cops' toward citizens.” ”I was totally alienated from American life and felt life had no meaning in America (existential crisis). ”Pull" to Israel ”Kibbutz life." ”Kibbutz idealism.” ”Kibbutz life.” ”To join a kibbutz.” ”Kibbutz way of life." ”Kibbutz is only here." ”Kibbutz—communal living." 362 363 ”Belief in kibbutz ideology.” ”Wanted to try kibbutz life.” "I came to Israel to live on kibbutz.” ”Wanted to live on a religious kibbutz.” ”Idealism-—desire to live on a kibbutz or other communal settlement (urban).” ”I wanted to live communal life on kibbutz and out Of rat—race.” Personal Reasons _________________ "Adventure.” ”Curious.” ”Wanderlust.” ”Instinct.” ”Vacation.” ”Climate.” ”Ideology.” ”Challenge.” ”Experience.” "A new life.” "Wanted a change.” ”Daughter in Israel.” ”Previous visit.” "Travel, meet peeple.” ”Ease of making friends." ”Adventuresome nature.” ”I love to travel.” ”I wanted to come.” ”Learn about Judaism.” ”Personal philosophy of life.” ”Smog-free air.” ”Learn more of Judaica.” "I wanted to see what Israel was like.” "I lived here as a child.” ”It was a return for me.” "I've always wanted to come home." 364 ”Was here 8 years ago and like it very much.” "I had lived here as a child and wanted to return.” ‘ "Post-doctoral fellowship." 1 ”Less pressure of society." ”Wanted to hear Hebrew as a spoken language." ”People rather than $ or things." ”Political interest (socialism).” ”To introduce uncertainty and adventure into my life.” ”Hitler.” ”Holocaust.” "Jews suffered enough.” ”To experience life as part of a majority and to learn Hebrew.” ”To seek a better life.” ”A better place to live here.” ”Experience in a new life style." ”Good job offer and desire to see Israel.” ”Jewish history in Israel." ”I Spent one year studying in Jerusalem University with no thoughts of immigrating«—after the year decided.” ”There was none of the apathy present in the states.” "Because of the healthy atmosphere and society." ”I like living in a small country with more contact with problems and government than in the U.S.” ”I thought I would have more close friends here (Jewish).” ”Without Israel my life as a Jew would be in danger from future Hitlers.” "Test of future ability to settle.” ”Feeling of freedom and casual dress.” ”I liked the song (Jerusalem of Gold) Yerushalayim Shel Zahav.” ”I was driven by a curiosity to know about the life in Israel-~a combined intellectual and emotional interest.” ”To see for myself if it was really so great here as Israeli friends in the U.S. were telling me.” ”A profound emotion which is impossible to explain.” ”Felt American middle class and American Jewry were losing sense of intrinsic values of life.” ”We are members of a new—type of moshav—shitufi. The excitement of this and the appeal of a socialist Jewish community was the main factor.” 365 ”Break—up of unhealthy relationship with non—Jewish girlfriend." "I came to Israel for a year to study Hebrew on a kibbutz and re— turned to the U.S. for 5 months to convert. (I was Christian, i.e., my family was Christian.) Now I love Judaism as a con— crete way of life but am against mixture of religious and state . . . I am planning to marry an Israeli girl. Family Reasons ”Relatives.” ”Relatives in Israel.” ”My parents." ”My parents came.” ”Sick mother." "It was my father's decision.” ”Israeli husband." ”My father's health condition brought my family here.” ”Remarriage.” ”To get married.” ”Fiance sabra.” ”My boyfriend is Israeli.” ”I married a sabra." ”I married an Israeli.” "Husband-to-be an Israeli.” "I was engaged to someone in Israel." ”Hoped to meet a man with value system as mine." "Husband is Israeli——most important reason of all." "Met Israeli and wished to see if I could live here.” "To marry an Israeli who wanted to be here--that's simply why I came. ”I was coming to marry an Israeli and try it out here.” ”As a Junior year student in the University of Jerusalem I met a young Israeli.” ”In—laws here.” ”To be independent of parents." "Joined family.” "My family was here.” ”Independence from parents and in—laws.” 366 "Son lives here.” "Family came here." "Most of the family is here.” ”Children wanted to go." ”My children came earlier.” ”My children and grandchildren were here.” ”Married daughter here." ”My married daughter settled in Israel.” ”My oldest daughter and son were strong factors in our decision.” "My daughter and grandchildren are here.” ”My son, native Israeli lives here." ”Interest in Israel, my 2 sons live in Israel." ”Daughter lives and works in Jerusalem.’ ”Our children preceded us to Israel.” "My brother lived in Israel.” ”Wanted to be united with family.” ”My parents are living here and wanted me to join them." ”Friends were already here-—Israelis I was close with from the states.” ”My Israeli born wife.” "Husband and children wanted to live here.” ”I am an Israeli by birth and conviction." ”Children insisted on living in Israel.” "Logical conclusion to education and family background.” ”To be together with my children and grandchildren.” ”Parents, brother, sister will move to Israel.” ”Family here, daughter and grandchild.” ”I came to see if my handicapped son could have a productive life in Israel.” Old—age Retirement "Retired.” ”Here in retirement.” ”Retired on social security." ”I thought I'd be more economically comfortable.” "Social security benefits provide a better standard of living here.” -—‘_',_H "1. — '-"' '5' . -flflr—«r_ii __ ._ -—--—-"' 367 ”Suitable climate—-for health reasons." "I felt better here——I feel better here, climate!” ”Unemployed, and experience no longer counted because of age." ”Worried that it might be too late if I waited." ”I am 81 years old, I am living here in an Old Age Home. My financial circumstances could not give such a type of Old Age Home as I have here." "To live after 120 in Israel.” Religious Reasons ”Religions Zionism.” ”Religious obligation.” ”Religious holiness.” ”Holiness of the country.” ”This is the Holy Land.” ”Kotel” (Western Wall) redeemed." ”The mitzvah in the Torah.” "Undisturbed religious study.” ”Commandment to settle the land.” ”It is a positive commandment from the Torah.” ”To fulfill the commandment of settling in the land.” "It's a mitzvah to live in Israel.” ”Because the Torah commands us to live in Israel.” ”The commandment that a Jew should live in Israel.” ”Natural culmination of religious zionist upbringing.” ”Help Israel.” “I felt that God would have me come home to Israel.” ”Studying the Torah was probably the main and only reason I came.” ”Fulfillment of a desire of many years motivated by religious precepts.” ”A religious Jew who gap; must come to live in Israel.” ”As a Jew who was brought up in Torah I believe this is the only place for me.” ”Religious obligation to live in Israel. Current fulfillment of Biblical prophecies.” 368 "I feel that the religious powers of the country will be strengthened if my people like myself will move here.” "To learn about the heritage of our people in the homeland, to see how our Jewish traditional ancient ideals are integrated into a modern technological society." "'Integrity' I pray 'Assemble us from the four corners of the earth.‘ God has too much to do for me to ask him to do something which I can do myself. So we all six of us bought tickets and came on aliyah. Now I feel that my daily prayers have integrity.” ”My strong feelings for the land from studying and teaching about Eretz Israel. My Rabbi lives here. I liked the way of living and inner happiness of Israelis (which I noticed upon visiting here as a toursit) wife was born here and has many relatives here and longed to return.” A Feeling of Importance, Being Needed "Job offer." ”Offer of job contract.” "Israel needs people.” "Making a contribution.” "Interesting job opportunity.” ”I got a job before coming.” ”To establish a business.” ”Israel needs me and I need Hebrew.” "The possibility of establishing a machine-tool business.” ”I want to train Israelis in the skills of machine—shop practice.” "I have something extremely special to give.” ”Individual contribution to national progress.” ”Came as a touriSt and felt caught--needed and wanted to stay.” ”I was unemployed at the time. I wanted to go to Israel for about two years so this was the time.” "I wanted self—satisfaction and sense of doing something worthwhile.” "Wanted to help people and feel as though I was contributing to the country." ”I felt I could contribute to Israel's technical capability." ”I identified with Israel's problems and felt able to do something about them.” ”Opportunity to advance in my profession--I am here on a post- doctoral appointment.” 369 "I felt that I would have an opportunity to use my education in a meaningful way.” "I felt Israel needed my husband's skills that he would get a better job, more purposeful existence and he would get a fresh start.” Feelingfiof Belonging—-Fulfillment of Zionist Dream ”I belong here." "I am a Jew.” "A Jew belongs in Israel." ”Sense of belonging." ”Being a Jew and Israel a reality." "Because I am a Jew.” 1 ”Because I feel every Jew belongs here-~sorry I did not come sooner.” ”I personally feel the Jew belongs in Israel.” ”Jews belong in Israel.” ”Because Israel, 'The Land' is where I belong." ”The only place to raise Jewish children is in Israel." ”I thought my children would get a better Jewish cultural and religious education." ”Israel only place for Jews who wish to remain Jews.” "I wanted to live among my people in the 'Holy Land.'” ”Children‘s future.” ”I wanted to live among my people in my 'Holy Land.'” ”Children's future.” ”Feeling of importance of Israel to Jewish future." ”Six—day war.” ”Strong sense of national identity after Six-day war.” ”Desire to help Israel and Jewish people at the outbreak of Six-day War ”To join Zahal.” "Liked the country.” ”Identification." ”Identity with Israel.” ”Full sense of identification with Israel, willingness to be involved with problems here rather than problems of Canada, necessity for western aliyah." ”Self—fulfillment.” 370 ”Desire to live in Israel." "Personal participation.” "I love it that's why.” "True Zionist." ”Zionist motives.” ”Culmination and continuation of Jewish Zionist reality.” "Because I am a Zionist.” ”I was raised to be and still am a Zionist." "We remembered an ancient conscious living vision.” "High pull emotionally for Israel." ”Time had come for aliyah!” "Israel needs more aliyah-—Jews of Western origin in particular." ”Duty to help populate.” “Set an example.” ”To start immigration of my relatives by my own example.” "Always wanted to go and see Israel, after the War I felt something special towards Israel." "National duty.” ”Felt Jewish duty.” "Emotional attachment.” ”It was my life dream.” ”Idealistic dream of years.” ”There must be a haven for Jews.” ”A strange instinct that I would find roots.” ”A sense of history and the opportunity to be 'where it's at.'” ”To participate in the present focus of Jewish history." ”To be a participant in Jewish history and not a spectator.” "Learning Jewish history I got the belief that now that we have Israel we must live here." ”Always wanted to live in Israel, historical destiny or something." "Need to share the dangers and problems of our people." ”To participate in a historic return comparable to that which took place under Cyrus in 5th Century b.c.” ”I believe in Israel and want to help it exist." ”Belief in existence of Israel and the need to make it viable.” 371 ”In addition to the concretes, I fell in love with a dreamer whose dreams added to my own seemed more realizable here." "I thought it was important to be Jewish and it could only be assured in Israel.” ”As a Canadian who loves Canada, its values, its life, I came to Israel because as a Jew I wanted to identify with this 'Jewish— Israeli' phenomenon.” ”5,000 years Jews have cried for their own land. I happen to be lucky to live where it exists. It‘s my place.” "I felt that I should leave my hometown of Pottstown, Pa. and if I was to go to a place that had Jews they shouldn't be too Jewish. Israelis resemble American non—Jews." ”I had been a student here at Hebrew U. 1968—69 and had loved the country. I returned although not because I was unhappy in America but because of a sense of commitment." ”Close affiliation with Israel activity for 25 years created strong desire to see what living in Israel would be like." ”I believe that in the historical course of Jewish existence Israel is where our people's current development will go on with other centers fading. It is important for every Jew to attempt to be part of that historical process.” ”Two main factors caused me to come a) my feeling of helplessness and shame for not being in Israel, which I felt on the first day of the Six—Day War a feeling of what am I doing not helping to defend my Israel in her time of life or death battle for survival, b) coupled with my job skill as an electronic engineer which is much needed in Israel and which I would prefer to earn my living while working for Judaism rather than for a purely secular end.” ”I am a Jew.” "Israel is the only place for Jews.” ”Nationalism.” "A Jew needs Israel.” ”Was here as a tourist and loved the country.” "Came as a tourist and fell in love with Israeli and my husband." ”Love of Israel.” ”I love Israel, I feel it is my place in life.” ”I love Israel and the land and can be a Jew here without worry.” ”For me it is a home.” 372 "I like to live here, this is my home.” "I wanted to go home.” ”I was coming home.” ”Israel is my country.” ”A very deep Zionist background in my home.” ”Because Israel is the homeland for the Jews.” ”I'm interested in preserving the Jewish homeland." ”I believe every Jew must live in his own homeland.” ”Jews need a strong home because no one else cares.” ”I wanted to live in a Jewish homeland and raise my children here." ”I felt that my culture was being made subservient to Christian culture;examples 17 public celebrations for Christians and the 'Christmas Spirit' of winters in N.Y. 2) Why should I not wear a yarmulka when teaching in N.Y. City College?" "Because in my judgment Israel is the only country in the world where a Jew can live in complete dignity. It's the only place I know of where if a man is called 'a dirty little Jew' it could only mean that he's small in stature and needs a bath.” APPENDIX C COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR REMAINING IN ISRAEL APPENDIX C COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR REMAINING IN ISRAEL As is the case with every study which involves a question— naire, there are inevitably those responses which, being very personal and very individualistic, defy categorizing. The following exemplify this situation: ”This is my home.” ”For me it is my home." ”This is my home now.” ”As a Jew this is my home.” "I found a home in Israel.” "A Jew needs Israel.” ”I'm still a Jew.” ”Israel is the Jewish homeland.” "There must be a haven for Jews.” ”I believe every Jew should live in Israel.” ”It is my duty as a Jew to stay.” "Israel needs people to safe—guard it.” ”Israel is the fulfillment of 4000 years of history." ”This is my home and has always been.” ”I have opted to live in Israel, now consider it my home." "Our community, sense of fuller life here, Jewish life, beauty." "I like Israel." "I like it here.” ”We like it." ”I just like it here." ”I just like it better here.” "I just plain like it here.” 373 374 "I love Israel.” "I'm happy here." "I love the country." ”I love Jerusalem.” ”All in all I love Israel.” ”I like the physical land itself.” ”I like the way of life and people.” ”I like the size and government of Israel.” ”I really love Israel and I have a strong sense of faith in the endurance of human feeling because people have always been here.” ”Holiness of the land.” ”Religious obligation." "Spiritual contentment.” ”I wanted a Torah state." ”It is a mitzvah (commandment) to live in Israel.” ”Commandment to settle in the land." ”Torah commandment to settle if possible.” ”To open up the Torah as a living joyous gift.” ”Because of religious reasons—-the Torah commands us to live here.” "I can find a proper religious educational environment.” ”I would remain if the discrimination against the religious people would stop completely.” ”As a religious Jew I feel I belong here in spite of the difficulties and lower Standard of living and education, I want to help improve these. My husband disagrees." ”Kibbutz.” ”Kibbutz ideology." ”Kibbutz is here.” ”Kibbutz way of life.” ”Kibbutz life experiment.” ”I want to live on a kibbutz.” ”I am drawn to kibbutz life." ”Life on the kibbutz is very good, can't go back to live in U.S." ”Sense of history.” ”Sense of obligations.” ”Emotional attachment.” 375 "Emotional feelings.” ”Enriching social life.” ”More informal society.” ”Building Eretz Yisroel (Land of Israel).” ”Must be able to contribute to Israel.” ”The possibility of helping forge a unique and vigorous society.” ”Israel is a much more relaxed country and people can be humans, not machines.” ”I identify more with Israel than with America.” "It is important to be a Jew, Judaism is doomed outside Israel.” "I became a Zionist.” ”A better place to live.” ”Importance of my job.” ”Excellent, scientific position.” ”My life and work are here now." ”A clean slate with myself.’ ”Professional satisfaction.‘ ”Finding friends (group)." ”Social life better here.” ”Personal philosophy.” ”Set a successful example for others to emulate.” "I can better develop my potential here." ”I am a human being in Israel.” ”I met people I love and who need me here.” ”Don't want to interrupt children's schooling.” ”Not to interrupt the education of my boys." ”I'm one of those 'crazy positive Jewish reactionaries.'” ”It's fun and feels good.” "I still love it.” ”Informality and honesty in social relations.” ”Friendly atmosphere and greater opportunities which are presently lacking in America.” ”Whom I marry.” ”Married here." ”Relatives here.” ”My family is here.” 375 ”Emotional feelings.” ”Enriching social life.” ”More informal society." ”Building Eretz Yisroel (Land of Israel)." ”Must be able to contribute to Israel." ”The possibility of helping forge a unique and vigorous society.” ”Israel is a much more relaxed country and people can be humans, not machines." ”I identify more with Israel than with America.” ”It is important to be a Jew, Judaism is doomed outside Israel." ”I became a Zionist.” ”A better place to live.” ”Importance of my job.” ”Excellent, scientific position.” ”My life and work are here now.” ”A clean slate with myself.” ”Professional satisfaction.” ”Finding friends (group).” "Social life better here.” "Personal philosophy.” ”Set a successful example for others to emulate.” ”I can better develop my potential here.” "I am a human being in Israel.” ”I met people I love and who need me here.” ”Don't want to interrupt children's schooling." ”Not to interrupt the education of my boys.” ”I'm one of those 'crazy positive Jewish reactionaries.'" "It's fun and feels good.” ”I still love it.” ”Informality and honesty in social relations.” ”Friendly atmosphere and greater opportunities which are presently lacking in America.” ”Whom I marry.” ”Married here.” ”Relatives here.” ”My family is here.” 376 ”I am engaged to an Israeli." ”I married an Israeli." ”I am married to a kibbutznik." ”My husband is Israeli.” ”Husband-to—be Israeli." "My children are Sabras." ”Children want to remain.” "Married daughter in Israel.” "If I get married here.” ”Rest of my family will now come.” ”All of my family is happy living here.” ”I would have to live near the in—laws again.” ”To live near my daughter and other family." "Family, daughter and grandchildren wanted to remain.” "Happy to live here—-daughter and granddaughter live here." ”Husband satisfied with job, I with friends, city, etc.” "We are adjusted, our children feel themselves as Israelis.” ”Retirement.” ”To enjoy better our 'golden age.'" ”It is economically advantageous to remain.” "Financially to my advantage to stay (social security).” ”I want to stay.” "I am happy here.” ”I'm making a living.” "Lazy to leave.” ”I want to remain.” ”I'm too lazy to move again.” ”I can't imagine leaving.” ”I'm here.” ”Determined to stay.” ”Inertia, I'm here." ”Uprooting family.” ”Scared of being a quitter.” ”Shame of failure.” ”Reluctance to give up.“ 377 "Hitler.” ”There is no other alternative." ”Because I want to stay (period).” ”I just want to be here.” ”Don't want to start again.” ”I'm getting accustomed.” ”If I can be happy here.” ”Not interested in going back to stay.” ”It would not occur to me to go back.” ”I don't want to start all over somewhere else.” ”I am happy here, can't really say why." ”Losing face in former community." ”No place else to go, don't like to move again.” ”I have no desire to go home.” ”I don't consider myself an American.” ”I don't want to go back to the rat~race.” "Would feel 'let down' and guilty at leaving excitement and commitment here.” ”I've never really considered going back, the question doesn't interest me, I came to do something and I'm going to do it.” "A general sense of freedom resulting from many of the factors mentioned above as well as the kibbutz life and other factors difficult to pin-point.” APPENDIX D COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR LEAVING ISRAEL APPENDIX D COMMENTS BY OLIM ON MOTIVES FOR LEAVING ISRAEL ”There is more cultural and intellectual activities in America.” ”Social, entertainment and sense of humor in America.” ”Missing the cultural level of New York life.” "I know the system.” ”Places to go and things to do and especially the public library and coffee houses.” ”U.S. is more flexible society.” ”Cultural opportunities and certain technological things are easier.” "Easier living and more worldly atmosphere.” ”America still leads the world. If America can be changed, the forces to do it will be generated in America.” ”The kind of private life its possible to lead in America, not the wealth, but the privacy.” ”Young Americans are much more idealistic than young Israelis.” ”Everybody minds their own business.” ”Certain things and ways we are used to in America.” ”Missing the general courtesy of American living.” ”No discrimination.” ”No controlled institutional type of life for me in America.” ”Importance of synagogue as social and religious center for all members of family.” ”A rabbi ministering to a congregation, and decorum." ”Higher standard of living in America.” ”Material and financial advantages in America.” ”Higher standard of living, less conservatism among my peer group." ”Financial security in America.” 1 "Conveniences of every—day living in America.” ‘ ”No discrimination.” 378 379 "Liberalness, freedom of academia.” "Americans do things with ease, things get done.” "Conveniences, politeness, and promptness.” "Sense of fair play, sense of orderliness, and sense of hygiene." "Good manners, no shoving or pushing." "Americans have more organized sports." "Americans have a better customer—business relationship." "Freedom, sports, and diversity of culture.” ”People are more polite in public places, no pushing and animal behavior.” ”Sense of fair la and 'ust treatment.” P Y J "The greater respect people seem to have for others, less assertion of individual ego, pride or dignity on another.” "Open-mindedness dissent.” ”Privacy, honesty, courtesy, and graciousness." ”Higher level of sophistication of many people.” ”Safer driving conditions with Americans.” ”Driving habits and general courtesy.’I ”Being up—to—date and not an illiterate.” ”More varied pOpulation and lack of feeling of insulation.” "Intellectualism, free thought.” "Cultural diversity, social." "Courtesy, respect for fellow man, no fear of responsibility for action, waiting in lines, primitive thinking." ”Economic freedom and personal freedom, unrestricted by narrow, all pervasive social customs." "Freedom (the kind only an American can understand).” 'Many essential items at reasonable prices, i.e., children's clothing and toys.” ”Higher wages and better quality of material things." "Easier to be a consumer in America.” ”Material comforts easier to obtain in America.” ”Cost of living is less compared to income in America than in Israel." ”Reasonable prices and decent meat.” ”Food is better. Easier to make a living." "Easier access to things that Americans take for granted." 380 "Availability of a better quality of consumer goods and luxury items." ”Availability of goods and products at reasonable prices.” "Can earn enough to support a family in America.” ”Wages and standard of living in America.” ”Financial security, more or less in America.” ”Cheaper domestic items and more consumer luxuries in America.” ”Conveniences such as shopping centers and lower cost of living.” ”I was richer and economically secure in America.” ”Easier to obtain housing, rental at reasonable prices.” ”Financial security and ability to earn and save money.” "Quality of things at not such high prices.” ”More opportunities available for a better way of living.” "Higher earning power in America.” ”Garbage disposal, defrost freezer, washer-dryer, car, telephone.” ”Fairness and human treatment." ”Level of SOphistication of people and the general cultural level.” ”More courtesy in public in America.” ”More personal freedom and liberty in America.” ”Freedom of the individual in America.” ”The U.S. is a more flexible society.” ”Efficiency, cleanliness, generosity, and trust of America." ”English, plays, concerts, TV programs.” ”The efficiency and the comfort in America.” "A lack of intellectual and cultural opportunities.” ”More social and cultural activities, eSpecially during Shabbat." ”No social barrier due to language.” ”Language being a by-the—way thing and not a constant effort.” "People interested more in cultural entertainment, art, etc.” I - ”More cultural possibilities, music, and theatre in America. ”More courtesy and cleanliness.” ”Lack of bureaucracy, more efficiency and ease of every-day operations.” "More efficiency and ingenuity.” ”No 'protectsia.'” 381 ”No socialism." "People are friendlier and polite in America.” ”More courtesy and tolerance.” ”More social life and cultural activities." ”More libertine, individuality and intellectual.” "America is a more progressive society, moral and personal freedom.” ”Diversity of ideas and ways of viewing life and possibilities for living." ”Flexibility of life style.” ”Less red tape and government interference with wide—open Spaces.” "Concept that government that governs least governs best.” ”Less academic pressure and less materialism.” APPENDIX E COMMENTS BY OLIM ON SATISFACTIONS AND DISSATISFACTIONS WITH THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LIFE IN ISRAEL APPENDIX E COMMENTS BY OLIM ON SATISFACTIONS AND DISSATISFACTIONS WITH THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LIFE IN ISRAEL Following are some comments by respondents concerning Israel and Israelis: ”Israel has a long way to go and until it changes it has nothing to offer me. The people on the whole are horrible." "I feel completely Israeli, however, on the norm Israelis tend to differentiate and make me feel American. I am certain, however, that this will pass with time.” ”I dislike careless workmanship and sharp business practices and discourtesy, but I feel that over time there will be improvement in these areas.” ”Israeli children are like animals let from a cage—-many Israelis are not direct but rude. However the country is young and I am proud of it.” ”The one or two houses we've been invited to, the Israelis have been most cordial; the man on the street is rude and discourteous.” ”I find resentment towards the American and perhaps were I an Israeli I, too, would resent the 'privileges' they receive.” ”Israelis (in general) Speak poorly about American Jews, without seeming to appreciate the immense $ support (and other support) these Jews have given. Also, Israelis don't seem to care about making their country cleanl! This is a great shock. So is the widespread petty thievery.” seems there is no average to describe the people, government and social aspects. I find certain areas extremely favorable and others completely unacceptable.” ”It ”In my opinion there is a great need for an upgrading in courtesy— politeness-hygienic standards—religious tolerance.” 382 383 ”Most Israelis are closed tight within their little family circle and won't venture out or let an outsider in.‘ ”I don't like the Chutzpah and lack of good manners.” "Find the Israelis not too well—mannered as a whole, also un— disciplined, e.g., driving habits, lining up in queues.“ ”Like all over the world, there are nice Israelis and not nice ones. Mostly I have had the good fortune to meet some very nice people. Those who weren't friendly or nice I have nothing to do with. The telephones drive me crazy as does inefficiency in many offices, etc." ”Israel is a beautifhl land. Israelis are generally pig-headed and pugnacious. The Israel Aliyah Center told us more lies than truth.” ”Israeli drivers are a menace to themselves and anyone on the road.” ”I loved my mother but she was not the most beautiful woman, and the same goes in this case (Israel, Israelis).” ”Israelis are different than Americans in many ways for the better, but in some ways for the worse: manners, planning (except for the army), public cleanliness, noise, and a sort of 'who cares' attitude .” ”If my current employer is representative of Israeli employers we all have problems.” "Generally, Israelis have been OK but I've come across many who hate Americans and are very nasty." I worship every foot of ground I step on. I do not like all of the people. Generally speaking the Israelis I met are very nice socially. In business they are not so nice. My main complaints: 1) Very poor standard of cleanliness. 2) Very poor manners, it is difficult to buy a postage stamp without some person getting ahead of you when waiting in line. 3) The way things are at government offices it is impossible to pay a bill without being aggravated. But this is my country, my people and I feel deeply that I belong here. The things that are really meaningful and inspiring compensate for some of the irritations.” ”I love Israel. ”Many Israelis are resentful of Americans' three-year exemptions, etc. and they think all Americans have a lot of money. Therefore they often over—charge Americans.” —i—_‘L§—fi 384 "Israelis are the biggest bunch of liars, 503's, and hypocrites I have ever met. Hating Americans, gossip, asserting themselves at someone else's expense and generally making trouble for others are their favorite hobbies.” ”Israelis seem to be anti-immigrant right now due to jealousy of rights given to olim.” ”Israeli boys are awful and so is the food. Too expensive to live on the salary I would make here.” "10 months here have not pinpointed my feelings. Israeli persons are no different than any other. There exists arrogance and much ethnocentrism. Israelis are too conscious of olim, less consciousness and thought would result in more naturalness and less prejudice. I myself have been made too conscious of my being a Jew. Results are not sympathetic.” ”Israelis-—people in the city are too materialistic and snobs, but in the kibbutzim they are generally nice, but that's only 3% of the population." ”I am disappointed that Israelis are not broadly educated and are materialistic. They are litterbugs also.” "Israelis are too indifferent to services they receive, quality of goods, the general social situation, indifferent as neighbors and as countrymen." ”There is much lack of basic manners in Israel which reflects itself in all aspects of life, work, travel, etc. There is appalling inefficiency and featherbedding, especially in the public sector and nothing is done to correct it.” ”I have found that many Israelis are at first hard to get to know personally—~socially.” ”Israelis are rude and disorganized.” ”The Israeli of Eastern European extraction is the most unpleasant and unattractive person I have ever met in all my travels, naturally with exception. I manage to enjoy my life here by avoiding Israelis outside of work as much as possible.” ”In general, I think Israelis are very closed, inhibited, and materialistic people.” "The great difference in approach to life between Israelis and myself is most disconcerting. I feel that the psychological and emotional needs in adjusting to a new way of life are almost totally disregarded. Also, there is a feeling of anti— Americanism of which I disapprove. Although the latter does not seem to be true of the youth of Israel generally." 385 "Israelis lack courtesy, politeness in public places, but privately are friendly. However, the pioneering spirit (as I knew it in the 30's) is replaced by the profiteering spirit and materialism. America is too much with us here. The lust for luxury has overtaken the need for modesty in living standards, which little behooves this country, still struggling for its right to exist and absorb its newcomers. Its standard of living is an exaggerated one, trying to ape that of America." "With few exceptions I find Israelis callous and indifferent, corruption is widespread.” ”Israelis are too much Americanized adopting the negative qualities and ignoring the positive ones." ”Israelis resent the 'advantages' given to us, and that takes 'blood' of us to get (a lot of red tape and bad-will).” ”Many Israelis are quite provincial and conservative in their attitude toward innovation.” ”Impressions favorable as to possibilities and potentialities of land and people, most unfavorable when one sees what they are doing (pollution, food processing, etc.) ugly building construction.” ”I would like to see the Israelis becoming more honest and keeping more to their word instead of telling you one thing and doing the other~-for example our builder, who promised the world and didn't do the minimum.” ”Israelis are unfriendly, conservative, narrow—minded and overly critical of American youth—-arr0gant and Israeli men are bastards, intolerable!” ”Too much red tape, poor businessmen, not polite, lacking in efficiency, too many strikes, mail delivery very poor." ”I find Israel and Israelis more favorable than unfavorable but dislike the lack of manners and air of superiority of many Israelis which depresses my confidence in adjusting to 'their' land.” ”I find Israelis have much to learn in dealing with people——short on manners.” "My attitude may seem quite negative, but I do actually like Israel though many aspects upset me.” ”I am disappointed by the Israelis, especially the younger generation.” 386 "Israelis, native born are fine, the old guard east European are a pretty tough lot to contend with.” ”I am very fascinated with the vitality, spirit and warmth generated by the people in Israel--and we feel that this is where we want to stay." ”Israelis in general have been a disappointment while on a personal level my impression has been favorable." ”If they would re—educate the Israelis and teach them some tact and manners, make them more open—minded and kick some out, it would be one hell of a country." ”Israelis on the whole tend to dislike Americans. Probably because Israelis are envious of the standard of living that Americans are used to. Israelis dislike the privileges offered by the government to new olim." "The Israeli is a rather different and special type of person which takes getting used to, but it is this uniqueness which enables them to survive against great odds." ”I have come in contact mainly with Israeli students and my impression of them is unfavorable." "In general Israeli is unsympathetic of problems of American olim. They stereotype us too quickly. The unique Jewishness of this state is paling along side new western fads and thinking. Israel is becoming so westernized as to be a poor imitation of America instead of a unique, viable Jewish State, as it was so conceived. Religious toleration and understanding is definitely lacking.” ”I look at people as individuals, I can't sum up a nation as favorable or otherwise.” ”At present, I think Israel has the healthiest environment for intellectual, emotional and physical growth. But its social sphere, its stubborness, disorganization, bureaucracy, inability to think broadmindedly are holding it back from raising its standard of living." ”Israelis appear to be very relaxed and not terribly concerned about getting a job done 'right away,‘ business practices and Services especially in banks and government offices appear to be very inefficient, 'customer is always or usually is right' does not exist in Israel." ”I had very bad experience with the contractor." 387 "Replace all Israeli contractors, craftsmen, and office workers with Americans, need more public service orientation here." "Dissatisfied with the ugliness of the housing projects, with the domination of technology and organizations over peoples lives; with taxes; tv; ”We find there is no person available to help us when we really need it. Right now we have a problem. We bought a flat and for some reason we cannot get the contractor to finish the apartment for us. There is nobody to speak to either in the Sochnut (Jewish Agency) or at the Association. It is as if we were speaking to a blank wall. We are desperate because our temporary quarters will not be available anymore and there is just no place for us to turn. I believe there are more people in this situa- tion because the apartment was made available for new olim (not at any special prices) and now the 28 families that bought this apartment at 70,000 Israeli pounds per apartment are desperate and there is nobody to turn to. We wrote to Nathan Peled, Minister of Absorption, but did not receive any answer. What are we to do?” "I feel a certain sense of freedom as a Jew (cultural and heritage wise) here in Israel that I have never felt anywhere else in the world.” "I feel so grateful for the opportunity to live in Israel that I would want to come here and live here under any hardship as long as I could have food and shelter." "Israel is my home as a Jew and even if none of the things I enjoy here (religious life, security, no prejudice, etc.) were attainable here I would stay.” ”I love Israel more than anything. It's like a dream come true.” "I feel completely at home and fulfilled." ”The bureaucracy in offices, banks, etc., vandalism, vulgarity, all these upset me a great deal." ”Petty annoyances such as delays due to inefficiency and red-tape bother me more than anything else.” "I feel that the absorption centers and the Jewish Agency are run by inefficient political hacks who resent Americans (especially religious ones) and adjustment difficult for the oleh." 388 "It is difficult to buy a postage stamp without some person getting ahead of you when waiting in line. The way things are at government offices it is impossible to pay a bill without being aggravated. But this is my country, my people, and I feel deeply that I belong here. The things that are really meaningful and inspiring compensate for some of the irritations." ”I can't stand the inefficiency in every office, the lines, the red—tape, and the run around I am given in every office as well as the attitude of the officials to the public. They don't consider themselves as servants of the public but rather villains of the public. They are abrupt, discourteous and not helpful at all. The office hours are unbearable and as a result of this inefficiency, waste of the public's time is very great.” ”Manners and courtesy could be much improved and red-tape and bureaucracy can be eliminated.” ”Cause of most of my negative feelings toward Israel is the Jewish Agency and their red-tape and incompetent employees.” ”Probably the two main reasons I will leave Israel is the problem of red—tape and bureaucracy in Israel and dissatisfaction with religious control by the State over personal status matters." "I strongly believe that religious and state affairs be separated.” "The backseat of religion is the state and the clash of orthodoxy and non-orthodoxy is a particular bugaboo with me.” "I feel that Israel is the moral leader of the world due of course to its religion. Since my life is built on religion and morality, I would like stronger religious control.” APPENDIX F GENERAL COMMENTS BY OLIM 0N CERTAIN ASPECTS OF LIFE IN AMERICA APPENDIX F GENERAL COMMENTS BY OLIM ON CERTAIN General certain #282 on "Americans" "Affluence" "Courtesy” "Cleanliness” "Conveniences" ”Honesty" ”Efficiency" "Luxury" ”Capitalism” ”Communications” "Comfort” ”Prosperity" "Liberalness" ”Trust” "Service” ”Transportation" "Variety” "Politeness” "Manners" ”Individuality” "Promptness" "Familiarity" ASPECTS OF LIFE IN AMERICA comments following the statement, ”I like aSpects of life in America. Which? ' the questionnaire ”Honesty and material” ”Ease of living” ”Medical care and services" ”Courtesy and graciousness” "Friendlier and politer” "Private detached house" ”Customer business relationships" ”Courtesy in public” ”No red tape" "People less primitive" "Only physical comforts" ”Open-mindedness dissent" "Job opportunities" "Plurality, mobility" ”Root beer” "Educational opportunities” "Professional opportunities" "Courtesy, tolerance” ”American mentality” ”Better manners" ”Consumer goods" "Better communications” 389 390 "Drive~ins” ”Better food ”Availability of products” ”More leisure” ”The American youth” "Greater mobility” ”More general courtesy” ”Road safety” "Life in general” "Easier mortgages” "Sundays off work” ”Job satisfaction” ”S-day work week" "Working conditions” "2—day week end" "Easy life" ”Efficiency and manners” "Leisure time" ”Efficiency of services” ”Physical comfort” "Open-mindedness” ”No discrimination” "Larger homes" ”Civil liberties” ”Business procedures” ”Everyday living” "It's easier” "Easier life” ”Less conservatism” ”Medical care" "No protectsia” ”Free Sundays" ”All aspects” ”House cleaning ease” ”Jewish sense of unity” ”Courtesy, food" ”Variety, opportunity” ”Easy job opportunities” "A variety of foods” ”Family is there” ”Lack of institutionalization”. ”A certain way of life" ”Ability to function” ”Superior medical care” ”I know the system” "Extra day off work” ”Conveniences of everyday ”2-day week end, easier communica- living” tion with people” ”S—day week and leisure time and efficiency” ”Cleanliness, politeness, quietness” ”The alternative in 'youth culture'” ”Idealism growing, here waning” "Conveniences, manners, housing, food” ”Efficiency and no red—tape” ”Fairness and human treatment" ”Good manners, no shoving or pushing” ”All aSpects of life” 391 "The efficiency and the comfort" ”Convenience and food, safe driving conditions" "More comfort, higher standard of living, more free time” ”Conveniences and cost of living” ”Driving habits and general courtesy” ”Hobby shops, intellectual contacts" ”Ease with which things get done” "Easier life as a housewife” ”Reasonable prices and decent meat” "More job and housing opportunity” "Lack of war tension” "Less time in the army" ”More varied population and lack of feeling of insulation” ”Type of people, formalities, outlook and education” ”Easier living and more worldly atmosphere” ”Higher level of sophistication of many people" "General failure to assimilate" "Less contentiousness and petty jealousy" ”Lack of bureaucracy, efficiency, ease of every—day operations, everything in English” ”Hygiene—food—language—wages-honesty—friendliness" "Higher standard of living, cleaner people, less cheating of buyers” ”Easier access to material things that Americans take for granted” ”Opportunity in general, lack of travel freedom” ”More libertine and intellectual” ”Being treated as human beings with dignity” ”People are more polite in public places, no pushing and animal behavior” ”Less of 'big brother' in USA" ”Everybody minds their own business” ”Food and week—ends, shopping hours and conveniences” ”Sense of fair play, sense of orderliness and sense of hygiene” ”Gov't organization, personal education standard, food standard” ”Sense of fair play and just treatment” ”More opportunity and more money and more anonymity, less closed society” , 392 "More opportunities available for a better way of living" ”I think young Americans are much more idealistic than young Israelis” "Sense of being a total human individual entity” "More sense of individual ity, questing spirit and tolerance for the different” "The greater respect people seem to have for others, less assertion of individuals' ego, pride or dignity on another" "America still leads the world, if America can be changed the forces to do it will be generated in America” ”Freedom (the kind only an American can understand)” ”Certain technological things are easier and money is easier to earn, but that would not make me go back” ”The kind of private life it's possible to lead in America—~not the wealth but the privacy” ”I am a pilot and miss flying” ”My girlfriend" ”Home repair and services are available” "No equipment to do the job properly, either at work or appliances at home" ”Friendlier people, people who know what they are doing” ”Less need to deal with 'officials'“ "Community work, longer school hours” ”Telephones and manners” ”Better human relations (manners)” ”Good mannersand public courtesy” ”Israelis are too clickish and conservative" ”People are less nosey and noisy” ”Americans act more like civilized people than Israelis do” ”Young people aren't so materialistic” ”Efficiency and convenience of service" ”Efficiency and ingenuity” ”Conveniences, car, pool and good service” ”Open market for employment and goods” 393 ”Less 'conservatism' among my peer group” "Easier life for mother with small babies” ”Privacy, job opportunities, cleanliness, politeness" ”Efficiency, cleanliness, generosity and trust of American” ”Much easier to accomplish objectives” "I miss the general courtesy of American living” ”Administrative efficiency, cleanliness, public places, courtesy" ”Sense of aliveness and interest in ideas and change” ”Garbage disposal, defrost freezer, washer—dryer, car, telephone” "Unlimited free enterprise and chances of getting upwards” ”Work attitudes, courtesies, pioneering spirit, imagination, public activism” "Struggle to improve society for all people” ”Food, climate, flora and things that are a waste of time” ”More personal individuality encouraged less conformism” ”Courtesy, respect for fellow-man, no fear of responsibility for action" ”Waiting in lines, primitive thinking" ”Money” (9)* ”Financial” (3) ”Financial security” (3) ”Economic security” (3) ”Economic standard” (5) "Economic opportunities” (2) ”Materialism” (4) "Material benefits” (3) ”Material products” (2) ”Material comforts” (3) ”Material opportunities” (5) ”Material things” (3) ”More luxuries” (4) ”Material luxuries” (3) ”Higher wages” (2) *Number in parentheses denotes number of respondents g1v1ng comment in same wording. 394 "Better income" (2) "Cheaper domestic items” "Possible to save money" (3) ”High earning power” (5) ”Purchasing power” ”Modern way of life” (5) "Easier to be a consumer" "Easier to make a living” ”More money, i.e., buying power” ”Financial security more or less” ”Style of living” ”Standard of living” ”Decent living standard” ”Standard of living‘and diversity" "Higher standard of living” (18) ”Better standard of living" ”Housing in America, living standard" "Luxuries offered by life in USA'' "Good, luxury, salaries” "The money is goods—-that's about it" ”Owning a home as opposed to owning an apt.” ”Sports events, better economic opportunity” "Cost of living” ”I was richer-~economic security” ”You make more money~-but big deal!” ”Wages after income tax” ”Material and financial advantages” ”Higher salaries, financial security” ”Higher living standard and better education” ”Can earn enough to support family” "Nice clothing and cheaper prices” "Material things like a telephone and a car” "Quality of things at not such high prices” "Higher wages, better quality of material things” 395 ”Conveniences such as shopping center and lower cost of living" "Availability of goods and products at reasonable prices" "Home consumer goods, discount houses, lower prices, higher pay” "Availability of a better quality of consumer goods and luxury items” "Easier living and wider and more efficient consumer services" "I think it's easier to earn a living in the U.S.A." ”Less costly to live, much higher wages, availability of material things” ”Cost of living is less compared to income in America than in Israel" ”Material comforts, easier to obtain housing rental" "Many essential items at reasonable prices, i.e., children's clothes” "Affluence makes possible discussion of topics other than how to manage financially" ”Taxes aren't as high, clothes, etc. are more in quality in quantity, university System is better and more inSpiring” ”I like the higher earning power based on talent ability” "People are polite and food is better, easier to make a living, higher standard of living and higher cultural standard” ”Higher standard of living and generally an easier life with more comforts in Spite of more tensions" "Efficiency, sports, less money worries, language being a by—the-way thing and not a constant effort” "Standard of living, financial or material stability which leaves one time to delve into other spiritual areas” "America is consumer oriented andprices are not way above average or way below average income” ”Much higher living standard; food, housing, clothing, transportation and education available to a working engineer makes life easier-— may be impossible to maintain anything like my living standard if I stay here” "Culture" (7) "Cultural” (5) ”Higher culture" (5) ”Cultural aspects” (2) 396 "Cultural and political" (2) "Culture and entertainment" "Social/cultural/financial" ”Cultural diversity, social" "Cultural advantages and opportunities” ”More diversified cultural life" "Intellectual — cultural opportunities" "Youth culture and awareness" ”Culture, Standard of living, democracy" "Cultural possibilities, music and theatre" "Cultural level of N.Y. life and financial opportunities” "General cultural level, level of sophistication of people” ”Cultural activities, social life, no language barrier" "America is my cultural heritage, I know it best and it is meaningful for me” ”Cultural activities and intellectual activities” ”Cultural, social and entertainment, tranSportation, services, sense of humor" ”Sports” "Recreation” "Sports, diversity of culture” "Sports and leisure time" ”Public libraries, media” ”Libraries” "Entertainment and relaxation facilities” "Sports, theatre” ”More organized Sports” ”My friends, sports, i.e., skiing” ”News, broadcasts, TV” "University education” (3) ”Education system far superior than Israeli system" ”Education, sophistication and materialism" "Museums, art galleries, antiques” "Tv programs, good manners” ”English plays—-concerts" 397 ”Social life, cultural life" "Variety of things to do" "Less academic pressure and less materialism" "Cultural life, material aspects, flexibility of life style" "More social cultural activities especially during Shabbat” "People interested more in cultural entertainment, art. etc." "Leisure activity and material advantages” "Taking child to zoos, amusement parks, etc.“ "America offers me greater cultural awareness” ”Language, schools, openness beyond petty money problems" "Entertainment possibilities and cultural stimulation” “Certain things and ways we are used to in America” "Being upvto—date, not an illiterate” ”Excellent library and research facilities” "Advantages, college courses that can be taken in English now" ”Material aspects, educational aspects, attitudes, courtesy” "More in common with general population" "My native language is America's native language" ”No social barrier due to language, no red-tape or bureaucracy and lack of religious coercion” "Greater variety, better quality, cultural activities” "Intellectualism, free thought” ' ”Education system in university, easy access to cultural life" "Diversity of ideas and ways of viewing life and possibilities for living" ”General cultural life-—music and theatre" ”More friendly society-~more consideration for others” ”More leisure and more individual creativity in education” "Life for a single woman is easier in America, socially and economically" "The historic idealism and American culture and background but we wouldn't necessarily return to USA" ”No controlled institutional type life for me in America" ”Food, consumer luxuries, ease of access to books, entertainment, the High Sierra Mountains” "I am socially and economically adjusted there" 398 "American society is more concerned about the future than the archaic past" ”Contemporary American poetry as well as related arts, e.g., painting and music. The opportunity to continue my professional pursuits.” ”Places to go and things to do and especially the public library and coffee houses and things like clothes and food are cheaper.” "Sports, both as Spectator on tv and participant as American football, baseball, basketball” ”More recreational activities, good cheap restaurants, places to dance, extensive group encounter activities” "Availability of activities, culture, sport, travel; financial security, ability to earn and save money; don't need to be aggressive to get everyday services" "More religious freedom to deviate” "Separation of church and state" "A Rabbi ministering to a congregation, decorum" ”Lack of rigidity within orthodox Jewish circles in matters of dress, educ.“ ”More advanced in every respect except religion" "Importance of synagogue as social and religious center for all members of family” ——— ”Ability to worship in any of the synagogues, reform, conservative, orthodox" ”Tighter organization of the Jewish community" ”Feeling of Jewish community and lack of discrimination within the Jewish community" "Separation of Church and state (didn't think this would bother me in Israel--it does) 2) in comparison to Israel, the efficiency and politeness of government agencies in America, 3) absence of glorification of the military in USA (didn't think this would bother me here—-it does), 4) no sense of dependency on other nations for the nation's existence as opposed to Israel's almost frantic pleading for arms and money. The American view of this problem (for Israel) is quite different from the Israeli view.” ”Freedom” (2) 399 "Moral freedom“ (3) "Sense of freedom" (2) "Freedom of the individual” ”Discover, freedom in academia" "Freedom to dissent and/or non-conform" ”More personal freedom of space and privacy” "Sense of freedom of space and privacy" "More freedom in my teaching profession, better public service” ”Freedom of space and movement, government attitudes toward animals and pets" ”More personal freedom, more progressive society, lack of restrictive borders" ”Economic freedom and personal freedom unrestricted by narrow, all pervasive social customs" ”Greater personal freedom in the U.S., less bureaucracy, people more mannerly, religion more personal. There is no sense of community in Israel as in the Jewish community in the U.S. Religious experience is different and less satisfying” ”Less government control" ”Equality before the law; government by law” "Concept that government that governs least governs best" ”Contracts are final, decisions are made and carried out with dispatch" "Elected representatives represent districts or political subdivision, not political parties” ”Easier to get information or things in the U.S.A." ”Being able to travel freely, no stiff taxes” ”Less red-tape and government interference with wide-open spaces” ”Less red tape and government interference and problems” ”Efficient offices, better schools, less red—tape and fair distribution of wealth” ”No socialism” "Social activism” 400 "Dislike socialism” "U.S. is more flexible society" ”Prefer a capitalist to a socialist society" ”It is important to acquire new things without having the feeling that I'm depriving an Israeli, or an immigrant from another country other than Anglo-Saxon because I can get them without taxes. Government officials with a little status act like they're playing 'God' when they allow you to have something if you are a day late, etc.!" "Israel is rapidly losing its sense of purpose and is adopting the superficial American values; we are returning to the inverted triangle management workers of economics" ”Pragmatism, progressive thinking, creative thinking, e.g., not stagnant conformism and conservatism as in Israel” ”Since being in Israel I have come to like almost all aspects of life in America better than here" ”The factor of being able to obtain or attain at a much higher rate than here where ambition is frowned upon except if you're boarding a bus” ”Freer attitude toward life in America, people leave one another alone, a mark of respect for difference. Less stress on material things in America. Much fuller cultural life in America and broader and deeper thinking on almost any subject. People not afraid in America of new things, ideas. People in Israel very much more friendly on a superficial basis but it's impossible to form deep relationships unless you give your identity over to them. The Naturei Karta sect are an epiphany of Israel. The groups all want you to be just like them. Only they know the way. It's very strange and causes much tension because there are so many ways of life here.” APPENDIX G SPECIFIC COMMENTS BY OLIM 0N ASPECTS OF LIFE IN AMERICA THEY LIKED APPENDIX G SPECIFIC COMMENTS BY OLIM ON ASPECTS OF LIFE IN AMERICA THEY LIKED Following are comments by respondents in this study on aspects of life in America which they liked. Some of these comments have been already discussed in the chapter, those which were not mentioned are listed here: ”Entertainment possibilities and cultural stimulation” ”General cultural life—-music and theater" ”Contemporary American poetry as well as related arts, e.g., painting and music” "Superior medical care" ”People less primitive” ”Knowing the system” ”Shopping centers” ”Conveniences and material benefits" ”Less red—tape and government interference with problems" ”Elected representatives represent districts or political sub- divisions not political parties” ”N0 equipment to do the job properly--either at work or appliances at home” ”Money” ”Comforts, five-day week” "Sundays” ”Nice clothing and cheaper prices” ”My friends, Sports, i.e., skiing" ”2-day week—end” "Modern way of life” 401 402 ”Efficient offices, better schools, less red—tape and fair distribution of wealth” ”Administrative efficiency, cleanliness, public places, courtesy, wages and after income tax, standard of living” "Style of living" "Economic” ”Communication” ”Efficiency” "General failure to assimilate” "Drive—ins” "Gov't organization, personal education standard, food Standard” ”Transportation” "Private detached house” ”Working conditions" ”People are polite” ”Life in general” ”The alternative in 'youth culture'" "Education, sophistication and materialism” ”Job opportunities” "Larger homes” ”Physical comforts” "Luxuries" ”Owning a home as opposed to owning an apt." ”News broadcasts, tv” ”Cultural” “House cleaning ease” ”Family” ”Sense of freedom of space and privacy” ”Lack of institutionalization” ”Social activism” "Variety, opportunity” ”Equality before the law; gov't by law" ”Less gov't control" ”Familiarity" ”Affluence” 403 "My girlfriend" ”Root beer” "Museums, art galleries, antiques" "Entertainment" "Taking child to zoos, amusement parks, etc." "Service" "Business procedures" ”Greater mobility" ”Recreation” "Trust" "Youth culture and awareness" ”Language, schools, openness beyond petty money problems” "Entertainment and relaxation facilities” ”More freedom in my teaching profession, better public services” "Much easier to accomplish objectives" ”Work attitudes, courtesies, pioneering spirit, imagination, public activism" ”Idealism growing, here waning" "You make more money--but big deal!" ”Prosperity” "Consumer goods" "Libraries” "More free time” "Dislike socialism” ”A certain way of life” "Easier life as a housewife” ”Freedom of space and movement, government attitudes towards animals and pets" ”Life for a single woman is easier in America, socially and economically” "Less conservatism" ”A variety of foods” "Socially” ”Job satisfaction" ”Better manners" 404 "Cleanliness, politeness, quietness" ”Home repair and services are available” ”More advanced in every aSpect except religion” "Open market for employment and goods” ”Ease of living" ”Sports” "Medical comfort” "Americans" "Leisure time" "Financial" ”Housing in America" ”All aspects of life" "Goods, luxury, salaries” ”Materialism" ”Material luxuries" "Better income" ”Lack of war tension" ”Advantages, college courses that can be taken in English” "Economic security" "Everyday living” "U.S. is more flexible society" ”Standard of living and diversity” ”Easier to earn a living in the U.S.A.” ”Taxes aren't as high, clothes, etc. are more in quantity" "Professional opportunities" ”More diversified cultural life" ”Civil liberties" ”Community work, longer school hours” ”Sports both as spectator on tv and participant as American football, baseball and basketball" ”Easier communication with people” J‘..__._-_. -. _. _ .’ 405 "Greater variety, better quality, cultural activities” "Easier life for mother with small babies” "Happy Shops, intellectual contacts” ”Sense of aliveness andinterest in ideas and change" "I am a pilot and miss flying" ”I like the higher earning power based on talent ability” APPENDIX H PROFILES 0N INDIVIDUAL RESPONDENTS, THEIR COMMENTS ON ASPECTS OF LIFE IN ISRAEL APPENDIX H PROFILES ON INDIVIDUAL RESPONDENTS, THEIR COMMENTS ON ASPECTS OF LIFE IN ISRAEL My feelings of adjustment . . . at the present time are strongly affected by the question of long term housing. Single persons are at a disadvantage. . . . I still cannot buy a flat and will probably have to rent year-by-year at a cost approximately equal to half my net salary. For this reason it will not be practical for me to buy any major appliances,which are the main items to be purchased duty free. . I have tried to treat this problem of housing as an extraneous factor in filling out this questionnaire except where a question specifically applies to it Since the questionnaire deals mainly with deeper psychological atti- tudes towards life in Israel, rather than short-term economic factors. Regarding the "pioneering spirit” in Israel: I have found the opposite to be true. One reason I came here was to leave what seemed to be a highly materialistic culture [in the U.S.] Israelis seem to be no less material— istic nowadays than Americans, regardless of whether the country can afford it. The only ”pioneering spirit” seems to be that of the few Americans like myself who came looking for a place where people are happy without status symbols. This may have been the case in Israel 5 or 10 years ago, but not now. I am disturbed to think that Israeli society is borrowing from American culture not its best aspects (e.g., efficiency, good management) but its worst-~and I wonder to what extent this is due to the motivation to new immigrants to indulge themselves in economic privileges. This both encourages materialism among immigrants and creates the ”status urge" among their Israeli neighbors. M, non—affiliated, single, age 30~34, native born American, urbanite, attended graduate school, no formal Jewish education, professional, salary $8-12,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 1,000 0 1,400 monthly, arrived July, 1969. 406 407 I must emphasize that a) I have been dedicated all my life to the Zionist ideology of a Jewish homeland any my wife not; b) I am very concerned about my older (High School) children's adjustment to school; c) my wife is very upset about the loss of living standards we suffer, particularly housing and food; d) Israeli bureaucracy has a lot to do with our problems, particularly the many hours it takes to accomplish the most trivial transactions at the bank, at the Jewish Agency, etc., most of the problems could be settled by telephone, if the petty tyrants would come off of their "high horses” and not insist on personal visits, d) shopping especially at the supermarket, is a fantastic chore, with stupidity and inefficiency of checkout people deplorable. There is almost no facility for shipping for purchases with take more than a few baskets or bags-~one box is about the limit, e) foods are not kept fresh, and the standard of purity and freedom from adulterants (bugs, cockroaches, etc. in bottled drinks and bread is not at all uncommon) is dngraceful. Frozen foods are kept at too high a temperature and dairy products are frequently spoiling by the time we get them home, f) the exorbitant cost of housing is an absolute must for government intervention. For anyone who has not 1) been here for more than 5 years or 2) not receiving German reparations, or 3) not already wealthy upon arrival housing is next to impossible. With my family of 9 (7 children) I had a gorgeous home of 11 rooms (380 sq. m) plus basement and garage in a beautiful neigh- borhood of New Jersey on my salary. I am afraid that I cannot obtain a house or apartment here of more than 100—120 sq. m., with high mortgage payments, less food for my children, and no money for education. In other words, the problem I have to face is this: In America it is difficult to be a Jew; America is geared to observe Christian customs. In Israel it is difficult to be a Jew: Israel requires you to be wealthy before you come. Visited Israel 4 weeks, prior to aliyah, equal chance of remaining at this point, still living in Hostel, everything as yet unsettled. Male, Orthodox, married with 7 children, age 40-44, born in the United States, living on a hostel, attended graduate school, high school Hebrew, Engineering executive, salary $25-30,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 2—3,000 monthly, arrived January, 1971. —-_—— ‘1 a- J ' 7.177-111.3‘5. :m. ‘- ..—--— -_ e,»— ,..‘ — ,._ __ 408 (The inefficiency and red tape make just getting through the day a major task. It is this plus the fact that if this hinders my being able to do my job the way I have to, I will seriously consider not remaining in Israel. I am not alone in this feeling, having spoken to many professionals who feel the same way. We can't fathom how the country manages to function given the impossible attitude of employees and government workers. We can only guess that the productivity level is terribly low——if westerners are to be persuaded to stay the bureaucracy and the attitude of those who run it will have to change.) Contrary to what many people believe westerners do not come here for material gain. Material factors plays almost no part in their decision. They come out of a desire to contribute. But they soon find they are hindered at every turn in their efforts to do so. This frustration causes many to leave, disenchanted with Israeli society. Male, conservative, unmarried, age 30-34, native American, living on Hostel, doctorate level, afternoon Jewish education, professor, salary $8-12,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 1,000—1,400, monthly, arrived January, 1971. I feel that Israel and Israelis are too apt to imitate the worst aspects of American life and ways, that there is union only because of external pressure, and precious little idealiSm left. The Israelis are if anything more materialistic, more jealous of their neighbors and less nationalistic (but more chauvinistic) than the Americans on the average. I think the greatest dangers to Israel's survival are the prOSpect of a nation of people with little idealism, of absorbing immigrants merely for the sake of statistics (more citizens, more soldiers) of the dehumanizing effects of the so-called special privileges for newcomers, of overcrowding in large urban centers, and the general grasping attitude of the average Israeli. As far as my work is concerned, I find that I am employed way below my level. I am constantly fatigued due to the long hours (45 hours) but nobody is particularly concerned about my lack of output or how I could improve my efficiency by working shorter hours, or by being provided with a technician, etc. As long as I punch in and out on the time clock, nobody cares. In short, I am worried for Israel's survival due to internal pressures more than the Arab threat. I feel I am contributing little except existing as a statistic. I feel that this questionnaire 409 is not adequate because it asks the stock questions similar to those already posed to me by an Israel government employee. I feel that this survey also reduces me to a mere statistic rather than investigating me as an individual. Male, Orthodox, widowed without children, age 50—54, born in Israel, spent over 40 years in America, living in city, attended graduate school, Hebrew college level, professional, salary $l6—20,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 2-3,000 monthly, arrived July, 1970. Male, non-affiliated, divorced with children, age 45-49, native I came to Israel because I believe there should be a place where Jews can live freely like gentiles live any place else. My personal religious activity is of no consequence. Israel's future lies in its ability to be financially independent in a modern technological world. I want to help as much as one man can in my field of electronic manufacture and export. Every dollar we earn means that much less charity we need from the diaspora. It will take another generation to overcome the oriental philosophies of the existing knesset. We must have separation of church and State. It will take many, many more olim who are productive not pensioners. I can live with the discomforts and frustrations because I enjoy the challenge and the "frontierism." I personally feel I am accomplishing something. Unfortunately in the 10 months I've been here I've seen too many people leave Israel. They were good and useful people but their ”absorption" was a torture especially for the children. I truly hope something comes of this Survey, because the ministry of absorptionneedsa complete overhaul. Too many of its people are untrained, hostile, and even ignorant of their own country. American, living in city, Bachelor of Arts, afternoon Jewish school, executive, Service position, arrived July, 1969. 5_. .l- 410 I find most Israelis arrogant, intolerant and most rude and ignorant in the arts. A very pushy, self-confident people. Most Israelis couldn't care less about what's going on outside of their own homes. (not politically speaking) Israeli women seem to be cleaning house all day or else in the kitchen. No concern for art for art's sake. No market for paintings and generally taste, most of the people you find at museums or concerts or plays are touristS-—level of thinking is generally the same. The same people look down on other peOple who don't do the same things they do general intolerance. Israeli peOple are the rudest people I have ever met——even waiting on a bus line becomes a nightmare. It's hard to live in a country where everyone thinks he's right. Female, non—affiliated, married, no children, age 18-24, native American, husband from Iraq, living in city, college—-no degree, Sunday school Jewish education, husband high school, salary $4-8,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. ZOO—300 monthly, arrived January, 1971. I really wish something could be done about the deplor- able way in which the Jewish Agency in New York handles new immigrants, you would think because her staff consists of Israelis they would be able to prepare a new immigrant in what to expect in Israel or at least give a few helpful hints as to what to bring or what type of ulpan or kibbutz would be best for the learning of Hebrew. For myself, being my first trip to Israel I received no such help at all. Many of my questions were unanswered and thus I came to this country unprepared in many aspects. . . . I do feel a person in this position should be able to Speak English fluently in order to be any assistance at all or why bother coming. And again in the live in Ulpan I was attending we also got very little communication with Israel. It was like living at an international resort without the luxury. We concentrated on learning Hebrew and that was all. Very little effort was made in 5 months to help us get acquainted with anything outside our walls. When we did venture out I felt sort of lost and was anxious to return to the protective walls of the Ulpan which I must say took care of all our needs. We had no responsibilities other than studying including maid service every day. They also hindered our assimilation into the life here. Maybe if these are corrected 8 out of 10 Americans wouldn't return home. Female, reform, single, age l8-24, native born American, urbanite, college graduate, Sunday School, salary $4-8,000 per year, salary in Israel below I.L. ZOO/month, arrived July, 1970. 411 Our biggest headache here in Israel is the Jewish Agency. They don't do their job but ”pass the buck" to someone else. (I sometimes wonder if some of them actually know what his job is). We understand that we can't get more than a 3—1/2 room flat and not to exceed 65 sq. meter (of their housing). They don't allow people to plan for the future. We haven't any children yet, but once we get settled we plan to have at least 2 or 3. Their lack of consideration to allow people to plan for the future is very bad. If we can't get what we want soon, we're going to return to the States. (All we want is a 3-3 1/2 room apartment of 85-100 sq. meters.) Male, Conservative, married, age 25—29, native born American, urbanite, 1-2 years of college, learned in cheder (intensive afternoon school), professional, salary $8-12,000/year, salary in Israel IL 800—999/month, arrived July, 1970. The most pressing reason for Staying here is the deteriorating moral and safe way of life in the States also the growing anti— semitism from the extreme left as well as the existing extreme right has given me a "It could happen here complex" based on what happened to my father in Europe. The lack of spirituality here and the following of goyish customs (black singers on radio, see—thru dresses, dope, etc.) as well as rampant poverty leading to prostitution is appalling. Israel is generally free of air pollution although the beaches of Ashdod Ashkelon are as filthy as U.S. ones. Israeli taxesare completely unfair. The national—socialist Structure is fascist in nature—— democratic for the Israeli but fascist for the Arab. The necessary evil of identity cards further complicate this. I do not like the cheating here or the mistrust--3 co— signers for loans, etc., that exists here or three weeks to cash checks from the states. The multitude of papers and forms in this bureaucracy is ridiculous considering the population which is as small as Brooklyn. I have become strongly anti—Zionist since coming here. My conservative political views often align me with Gahal and I am appalled at their treatment in the press as well as religious matters (generally negative). My new founded anti- Zionism will most likely keep me from becoming a citizen. My advise to AmericanS--if you can't line up a job from the States—-stay home if you can. Male, Orthodox, married with 1-2 children, age 18-24, native American, living in the city, college graduate, high Hebrew education, professional job, salary $8-12,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. $00 monthly, arrived July, 1970. 412 For a westerner the absorption system is degrading, demoralizing and certainly discouraging. Israelis themselves are great. The reason we are finding it so difficult and depressing is the Shaleach from Montreal actually fed us lies. We told the man we were coming-«regardless. I have 7 children. Why not tell me the truth? People from S. America said that everything they were told was the truth. How can such a large organization not be ashamed to have such a man doing this particular job? Had we been physically prepared-- and we still would have come. After we were here we dis— covered that even if my wife and myself worked at good paying jobs, it would be impossible to feed, clothe and educate our children and not by Canadian standards either. We "have" to go to a Kibbutz. Why weren't we told before. Everybody here knew it. Yes, we still would have come. That was the initial shock plus many others that we were fed. The Absorption Center staff are most certainly not suited for westerners. Aside from our crew having food poisoning quite regularly, it seems yofi_have to be Russian to receive any assistance without asking. Male, Conservative, married with 7 children, age 25—29, Canadian born, high school education, salary $12—16,000/year. Because I was unable to get a job after the ulpan we came to a kibbutz. We are unhappy with kibbutz life and because I cannot get employment on the outside, we are returning to the U.S. we received absolutely no help from government agencies. There was no job offered to me for more than 500 lira a month. This is insufficient to feed and house my family. My wife likes Israel, my children speak Hebrew only, and if I were assured a decent job, I would definitely return. I think that prospective immigrants should be assured a job and housing before coming. Male, married with 4 children, age 35-39, finished college or university with B.A., administrative position in America, salary $16,000-20,000/year. 413 I love the place in spite of all the troubles I encountered and the difficulties at first. I wanted to be here more than I wanted anything else in the world and no one or nothing was going to keep me from this purpose. I did not feel that because America's doors were open to me I should run back as soon as I had a little trouble, that is the mistake that most Americans make when they came here—-Israel is only good when it lives up to the standards which they have set for her and if not, well, we can run back to the "fat land of plenty." What will they do if someday America just ceased to be fat and rich. This has always unfortunately been our fault. It was always richer, eaSier, better somewhere else. Jews are, after all, normal, greedy people like everyone else. I am a trained artist and ceramacist. I have worked at all sorts of untrained and unskilled jobs since I have been in Israel. Female, non-affiliated, married with l—2 children, age 35—39, born in United States, living in city, college without degree, College of Jewish Studies, 8-12,000, 1400-2000 I.L., arrived June, 1967- December, 1967. Having visited Israel 2 years ago I had some idea of the physical conditions but none about the people and dealing with the government. For the most part I find I have things in common with Israelis who have lived outside Israel as they have broader points of view—~as for the government it is riddled with inefficiency and dead weight; unless one has ”protectizia" it's darn hard to get anything. Before coming to Israel we are promised "Ha-olam Haba" [the future world]—— but are not told that we will have to beg, cajole, fight and scratch for it. This is for me the most unbearable thing of all. Because I know that so many people here are without Equuate housing, food, and money as they don't either (1) know the rules of the game, or (2) don't know someone who knows someone, i.e., ”protectisia" they are forced to exist in a very low standard of living. This is neither socialistic nor democratic it just plain stinks. On the other hand, there is no other country that I know of that tries to help new immi- grants as does Israel. But, I do feel that the methods employed by the government need to be thoroughly scrutinized. I do want to try to make a good life (not necessarily materialistic speaking) for my daughter and myself here in Israel——and I am trying-—the trick is not to lose perspective! Female, non-affiliated, divorced with children, age 35-39, born in United States, living in city, college without degree, afternoon Hebrew school, $4-8,000, I.L., 600-800, arrived July, 1970—December, 1970. 414 Library facilities are horribly inadequate for my field (medieval history) and all serious research involves trips abroad to adequate libraries. Not only money is involved here--those who make purchasing policy at Hebrew University deliberately buy monographs and not the texts, etc. that a Ph.D. candidate (or Ph.D.) finds essential to his work. Haifa University is more flexible in this reSpect. After 4 years and the cholera epidemic I am still appalled by the lack of standards of hygiene in all phases of food- handling in Israel. Israel has an enviable reputation (inter— nationally) on medicare—-but local clinics are abominably organized and staffed and "specialists" appallingly inefficient and even primitive by comparison with N.Y. specialists. The general attitude of all medical personnel (from Kupat Holim clinics, through Bellinson and Tel Hashomer hospitals to IL 100 per visit specialists) is that it matters not at all to keep patients waiting 3 or 4 hours for treatment. If more American Specialists (e.g., gyneCOIOgists) could be persuaded to come, I, for one, would be delighted. Female, Orthodox, married with children, age 30—34, born in the United States, graduate school, high income in Israel, arrived June, 1967—December, 1967. Although we are returning to the U.S. primarily for personal reasons a few are relevant to this study. These include: 1) Israeli High schools seem very poor. There is no structure, no individual concern for the needs of the student. Students are treated like ”bricks" in a series, in the group. Teachers are very poorly qualified and seem to have no understanding of the psychological needs of their Students. There is a lack of friendliness on the part of administrators and teachers towards students and parents. Teachers seem to delight in seeing how many can be failed rather than to push them up and see how many can be passed. Standards do not exist. There is a dichotomy between what is in the syllabus and what is actually learned. There is too much memory study and no learning of individual think- ing; of a concern for learning skills and concepts. It's a purely factual learning which is meaningless. 2) Olim are not well prepared for life in Israel. The Jewish Agency would do well to set up courses in "preparatory instruction" in the U.S. for prOSpective immigrants rather than try to fill a quota without any idea on the part of the newcomers what they are getting into. To give financial assistance is not enough. Far more important is psychological help by telling "olim" what life is like BEFORE they come. This ought to be taught by immigrants who for whatever reason did NOT stay, not by Israelis who obviously give a slanted picture. 415 3) Inefficiency in most offices or official (public) places, with particular emphasis on banks. There are too many so-called officials who A) don't know their jobs, B) seem almost totally indifferent to those they deal with, C) seem to "go by the book".and don't consider each case. Banks are run in the most archaic way which to me goes back to the Ottoman Empire. There is needless duplication, waste of time, and a refusal to change when shown how to do things quicker and more efficient. I find many officals lazy, rude and bureaucrats in the classical sense. 4) The nation seems to be totally unconcerned and unpre— pared for serious social problems (Black Panthers, et al.). 5) Incomes are terribly out of proportion to the cost of living. This disproportion causes many hardships and enables only a few to establish a comfortable living Standard comparable to Western nations. (Israel seems to desire and strive for Western standards). Housing is outrageously high, so are clothing, appliances and travel abroad. 6) Medical services are run poorly (Kupat Cholim) and the dispensation of drugs much too haphazardly and quickly. Many medical procedures are old and not the best. The most frustrating aspects of adjustment are the bureau- cratic procedures, inefficiency, waste of time, lack of rational system, connected with everything in the absorption process from landing in Haifa through finding housing, getting medical insurance, etc. Also in almost all cases officials were either incompletely informed or misinformed in details (as compared to official brochures, advice of non-official based on prior experience, etc.). The entire procedural process should be centralized, rationalized, simplified-—and made uniform. Housing is another big deterrent to living in Israel unless one comes with lots of capital. Immigrant housing is unsatisfactory for U.S. immigrants and private housing is overpriced~—even given the mortgage benefits, etc. Also information on housing, land, etc. is very hard to come by from any official sources-~or anywhere for that matter. Male, Orthodox, married, 1-2 children, age 40—44, born in Western Europe, living in city, graduate school, Hebrew college, $20-25,000, I.L. 1400-2000, arrived January, 1970-June, 1970. 416 I have been here six weeks and I am not impressed with the Israeli people as a whole, I get the feeling that Ameri- cans, especially are rejected. You get the run around and it seems like a joke to the Israelis. It is very difficult to get some cooperation including all ofyourJewish Agencies. You are being misled in America as here in Israel. In my opinion, or as I see it, it is very important to correct all the Jewish Agencies that deal with immigration to Israel, the truth good or bad. Israel was a large burning flame in my heart before I came here, after about six weeks in Israel the flame is almost dead. Sorry if I seem to be rude or maybe ignorant of a lot of things but I have to call it as I see it and I assure you that I am not the only American that sees it that way. Sorry, I am going back to the States, Thursday, 29th, I wish I could talk to some of you people, maybe we could get to have a better understanding and make improvements on the first impression an immigrant gets in Israel. Regardless of anything, it is my people and my land and that is the most important thing to me. Male, non-affiliated, divorced with children, age 54—64, born in the United States, living in the city, elementary education, tradesman, salary $16—20,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 600—800 monthly. I love Israel though I am not blind to its faults. Life is difficult financially and technologically and education is Spotty but the country is alive and I am part of it. The people are proud of it and I am too. We found friends that are closer than family. For this, I am happy to stay. We met people of all faiths, races and religions. My daughter has Jewish friends, Arab friends, and Christian friends as do I. We met people at the University born here or in Africa or Asia. The whole world is here or at least a little portion of each part of the world. I guess we always knew back home that people were people wherever they come from or whatever their race, religion, or color but it took coming to Israel to realize the truth of it to realize people really can live together. So even if there are frustrations in daily life here and everyone will admit there are it will be very hard to get me to leave . . . I have found that once here if you have as little to do with the Jewish Agency as possible you have a better chance of making it. All the incredible promises they made in Boston were just that . . . I find my actual jobs require a lot more physical effort for a lot less pay and satisfaction but somehow or other the jobs that I do for 23 pay give immenSE satisfaction. I work with a group of mixed‘ Arab and Jewish teenage boys in my spare time. If a person is lazy this is not the country for them. But if you want to work and are not too concerned for the money not only do they accept you but they let you. In the States this is so in theory but not fact. Living conditions are less physically ideal and certainly more expensive comparatively but this too can be cempensated for by the fact the houses are easily adaptable to American standards if you can raise the money . I like living here, I like the people and after all that is what this country is really all about despite the hoopla about religious reasons, etc. Female, Orthodox, divorced with children, age 25-29, born in the U.S., living in the city, graduate school, afternoon Hebrew school, salary $12—16,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 2-3,000 monthly. Much can be written about conditions and what has trans- pired with just our family, but in short our opinions are as such. 1) the JA in Los Angeles paints far too good a picture as to conditions here. The AACA in Los Angeles evaded most of the questions we asked and definitely did little or gave us very little satisfaction here in Israel. 2) We received fair housing here and although we had to do much to fix the place up and after spending a lot of money we finally have a decent place to live. This is all we ever received from Israel. We paid our own way in coming here and owe no one a penny for being here. Things could have been a lot easier had we have gotten the right answers and a little help. 3) Too much emphasis has been put on the question of the people in general being able to adjust themselves to Israel. This to my opinion is and should be reversed. It should be if Israel can adjust itself to the people instead. How can one adjust themselves to the bad sanitation and unclean conditions here. To the lies and deceit and the wide use of subterfuge by so many people here including the authorities themselves. How can one get conditioned to the rudeness, the inconsideration, the impolite manners, that is so relevant here . . and so many other things. So far we love the country as a whole because of its Biblical and historical values. We came here because of the fact we wanted to be amongst Jews and wanted to be amongst our own people. This we have, but in having this we have to put up with so many things that we are not accustomed to and never can be. I have my pension and we get along nicely on what we have, however, I would hate to think of raising children here under these conditions as described above. We intend to remain for as long as we can and only hope that if only a small percentage of the Americans and Canadians that come here will stay and perhaps have some say and be of some help in reconditioning so many of these people in the right way to live. Male, conservative, married with 1-2 children, age 55-64, born in U.S. living in city, college degree, cheder, business, salary $16-20,000/ year, salary in Israel I.L. l—l,400 monthly, arrived July, 1969. 418 We have experienced and are in the midst of many diffi- culties with housing, bureaucracy and other specific and (we hope) transient problems. The solution or passing of these specific problems would greatly improve day—to-day state of mind. Except for these problems our adjustment has been OK, the immigrant benefits are generous, but they are administered so badly as to leave a bad taste. I recommend that: a) the Ministry of Absorption do everything possible to reduce their own "red tape" and to simplify their procedures and rules, b) that various relevant responsibilities presently spread among various government departments (e.g., interior, treasury, etc.) Should be transferred to the Ministry of Absorption or, at least, so arranged that the ministry can act as the agent for the immigrant who desires it. Male, Orthodox, married with 3-4 children, born in Western Europe, living in the city, graduate school, afternoon Jewish school, professional, salary $20-25,000/year, salary in Israel I.L. 2—3,000/month, arrived July, 1969. My life is upside down. Only to be home again — USA — I find it impossible to adjust here or identify. I miss "things” too much. All that was minor before (in the USA) are major to me now. One cannot live here in our circum- stances (on 550 IL a month). The Jewish Agency has lied to us, no apartment, rent subsidy for 4 months instead of 12. How can we live? New York (JA) talks a ”rosy" story of the wonderful life here. A job for all, housing, help, etc. Lies! We are sent on wild goose chases. Tel Aviv to Rehovoth to Rishon and back. In 2 years my husband is dis— charged, we are leaving Israel and I hope forEVER. Let a religious or Zionist with stars (of David) in his eyes take our places and our burden. If one could live like some Americans in Savyon, etc. than "Israel is Great" in their words. Why not? They are not down to 5 IL by the 15th of the month. Shalom Israel. Female, Orthodox, married with no children, age 18-24, native of U.S., high school education, afternoon Hebrew, husband education 9—10 grade, clerical job, salary $4—8,000 dollars per year, salary in Israel IL 400—500 monthly, arrived July, 1970, husband born in Israel. 419 Regarding the decision to come and certainty of remaining-— I believe that one reason for our successful absorption into Israel indeed perhaps the most important one, was the fact that when we decided to come, we decided we would be staying. We therefore met problems head—on, solving them, rather than throwing up our hands at them. Before we came, we knew nothing of either AACA or AACI, something which could have been extremely helpful. The J.A. was extremely unhelpful, and what information we got out of the main N.Y. Effice was given begrudgingly, and some of it (e.g., regarding citizenship, laws) was entirely wrong. Our local Shaliach was extremely good, but for the most part, we made up our minds we would come to Israel in spite of the J.A. since we certainly weren't getting much help from it. Those persons who helped our adjustment were not from the Absorption Center (I want this to be clear). IsraEIi families which took a personal interest in us. "Home Hospitality" is really the only effective absorption methods and a hos— pitality "network" should be set up around every center. Living in a center is not living in Israel--it's living in ”Jewish- Agency—Lord” and-personal outside contacts are the only way a new immigrant can really see his new country, get to know it, and understand why_he hag—come. Male, non—affiliated, married with 2 children, age 25—29, born in the U.S., living on a co—op village, graduate school, no formal Jewish education, professional, salary $4-8,000/year, salary in Israel IL 1,000-1,400 monthly, arrived January, 1968. We do not consider ourselves typical olim as we do not have all the problems the others have. We are middle—aged, childless, well-to—do idealistic and optimistic to a fault, adaptable and resourceful. Frankly, we do not understand how most olim manage to adjust to Israel--in their situations, we doubt if we could manage. So while we are blissfully happy, please remember that we are not Ehdergoing the frus— trations and hardships that others undergo. We can ignore red tape or laugh at it or send our lawyer to take care of it—-we are not alone dependent on ourselves and on the kindness of strangers, etc. We have made many friends, all Israeli, most of whom speak English, so we are supported by both types of help, paid and voluntary. We have money and luck-~we don't need courage, determination or intelligence. Male, Orthodox, married with no children, age 50-54, born in U.S., living in small town, some college, cheder, business, before and since coming salary $20~25,000/year, arrived January, 1971. 420 I feel my adjustment to Israel is complete and if I have any complaints they are the same as those of Israelis. I do feel there could be improvement in the education system. I have many Israeli friends from all walks of life and have no I do not feel I am a typical feeling of being an outsider. example for this survey. When I first came to Israel in 1961 I came just to see and know the country. I was not a Jew at the time. After I was here for 3 years I met and married an Israeli of Egyptian background. We had a son, went to America (on his request) and divorced there. It was only after this ‘ that I converted to Judaism and I returned to Israel with my ‘ son to make our life here. My adjustment to Israel and its people has been complete and my roots are planted here. I feel that if Americans want to come here and settle they must forget that they are Americans and not hold on to this fact. Female, conservative, divorced with children, age 40—44, born in America, living in the city, graduate school, no formal Jewish education, professional, salary $4—8,000/year, salary in Israel IL l—l,400 monthly, arrived June, 1967. I think the Jewish Agency in the U.S. and Israel do not give you any help at all. They stink, everything that we did was on our own and with the help of family and friends. Israel is asking people to come and when they do come all they get is run around from all the agencies. So far I have found what I came for. Housing is a major problem, Help! My main dissatisfaction lies with Hebrew University. Origi— nal thought is discouraged and the student is encouraged to memorize and parrot other opinions rather than formulate his own. . . . I am unhappy at the lack of tolerance, the irreligious love for the religious. There are many problems, religious, social national——but I have faith we can solve them because we all are part of the Jewish people and Jewish traditions. I don't even consider the possibility of returning to the U.S. and feel optimistic about my future here. I think my current problems, mainly job-wise and social are reasonable considering the short time I've been here. There are many problems, religious, social, national—-but I have faith we can solve them because we all are part of the Jewish people and Jewish tradition. I am satisfied living in Israel. I have much trouble getting an apartment. I have no means to buy one, so I have to rent one paying monthly every high rent and am never sure how long I will stay in it. I am not protected. After 10 months or one 421 year they usually raise the rent or give you notice finding They need the apartment for their always some reason for it. Sometimes I am afraid son or daughter or themselves, etc. that I will have to return to U.S.A. For a female meeting and absorbing with Israeli guys is easy enough; but it's very difficult to get to know Israeli females. I don't have any Israeli girlfriends, all American. The guys seem to be shopping for olim who will bring good presents and tax free! or free passport abroad! It cost too much to get started in Israel. The tax reduction is a farce. I don't understand yet how the Israeli can afford luxury items based on their average income. It is exceedingly important for both husband and wife to have a speaking knowledge of Hebrew before aliyah. Successful adjustment very difficult without this. Two types of Americans come to Israel 1) religious Jews, 2) alienated Youth. If you are alienated in America to begin with then it is difficult to feel happy in any country. Male, Orthodox, married with 1—2 children, 30—34 years, born in U.S., living on a hostel, college graduate, yeshiva, professional, salary $20—25,000/year, arrived January, 1971. It's too early for me to make an honest evaluation at this I do not like being ”absorbed” without a job or money time. coming in. When we finish at the A.C. we'll have pg_money Inadequate information from J.A. in for even necessities. Pros- America regarding C.O.L. including price of mercaz. pective employers are slow in responding to requests for interviews, etc. (cost of living). The A.C. has no physical or social activities for teen aged children and adults. Cultural activities are not even The elementary school is undisciplined and considered here. so are the children—~adult classes are held, but children's aren't and they fight in the streets. There is no one to watch them. Three times in the time we've been here a small child had to be stitched up from rock throwing. There is no ”local” doctor for emergency treatment. We find American children less able to survive the streets than their Russian counterparts who think nothing of picking up a knife when necessary. And Russian parents encourage it. This has made our adjustment more difficult. My kids want to go back to Amefiza where at least a small child was not molested by adult sized mentors. I love Israel and all it stands for and I would not like to leave. If we are able to find a job and get out of EHE'Mercaz we'll make it. Female, conservative, married with 3—4 children, native American, living in an Absorption Center, B.A., salary $20-25,000/year, arrived January, 1971. 422 There is a deep and all-pervasive lack of sincerity by government officials who are personnel agents for government hiring in: 1) Doing what they say they will do when they say they are going to do it. 2) In doing anything unless you continuously push them for an answer. 3) Giving you an honest and direct answer as to what your pay and benefits will be. 4) In expecting a prospective employee to commit himself and his entire lifetime to moving and buying housing in the job area with no commitment as to job pay or stability on their part. There is a concerted effort by real estate tycoons to take the immigrants for everything they have. Government control is needed here. Israel is founded on idealistic principles and practices this idealism in the large picture-—but for the individual living here the idealism comes apart at the seams. Male, conservative, married with 3—4 children, age 55—64, born in United States, city, high school ll-12 grades, afternoon Hebrew school, $20—25,000, I.L. 0, arrived July, 1970 - December, 1970. The attitude of Israeli shOp-owners, towards people who do not Speak or understand Hebrew and English people in particular, is disillusioning, disheartening, and disgusting in that either the price of any article (or even apartments on the open market) immediately goes up or, unless you give the exact amount asked for, you are short changed when giving a larger bill to cover the cost of purchases. And——when con- fronted with the dishonesty, you are told that Israel is a poor country, Americans are rich, and we shouldn't get insulted if we are cheated a little here and there; after all, we're all Jews aren't we? If that isn't Chutzpa, I'd like to know what is. In America, the Jews try to obliterate the image of the conniving ShleCkimage of the Jew and go to all lengths to stampede it out of existence, and in Israel they are proud of this image. Plus, the bigotry and anti—semitism amongst the Jews in Israel is scandalous. For a country built on religious freedom for all Jews, the attitude of looking down one's nose on the so called ”black Jews or Morrocan, etc., is Sickening. Aside for my great love for the country of Israel, one of the reasons for my immigrating to Israel was my belief that all Jews in Israel are and would be treated equally (socially and otherwise). So as that there will be no 423 doubt as to my sincere beliefs, I am an Ashkanazie, white, Jewess. As for your bureaucrats in offices dealing with Olim, it would be highly satisfactory if they were better informed, each agreed on information given, less of a captain and more of a mate pulling to keep the ship together. A little education in the above for the Israelis would not hurt. Female, conservative, widowed with children, age 45-49, born in the U.S., high school education, ll-12, learned in Cheder, living 1n hostel, $8,000—12,000, I.L. 600—800, arrived after January, 1971. The particular center (hostel) in which we were domiciled was as good as any concentration camp I have ever read about—- but just barely. We would have enjoyed being in another center where we could have enjoyed an ulpan, a sense of economic security, tours, etc. 2) The Jewish Agency, Israel Aliyah Center representative was very helpful about assigning us to the hostel. He actually lied grossly about its charms, nearness to my employment, etc. and availability of other quarter. 3) I was asked to come to Israel to help change the economic base and also to help create a more westernized way of life. The first thing we heard upon arrival, and from a JA representative was "Don't think you're going to change us, we are going to change you!" 4) The JA representatives whenever I had had the mis- fortune to have to meet with them would always sound off about ”When I came here in 1943 I lived in a tent." (Per- sonally,I think for some of them tree, pig sty, hole in the ground, garbage dump, etc. would have been more appropriate.) While I did not come to Israel because of any special benefits, I certainly did want to take advantage of all those made available to me. For reasons such as the above, I am ng£_interested in adopting to Israeli culture, etc. I did not come here through motives of culture, Zionism, nationalism (God forbid) or even Israeli-ism. I came here for my own personal Jewish way of life. In any way that I can help advance the Jewish- ness of the country, I am ready, willing, and able to work. If I can assist the individual Jews in the country, I am here and raring to go. Therefore, the fact that the average run—of—the—sty Israeli civil servant acts as if he were still in the tree, does not relate in any way either to my coming here, my staying or my returning (which, again, God forbid). Male, Orthodox, married with 4 children, age 40-44 years, native—born U.S., highest education--Jewish and general, salary $16—20,000/yr. salary in Israel IL 1,400-2,000/month. 424 . I believe the failure of significant English—speakin aliya derives primarily from the questions regarding sat faction with sense of belongingness, feeling of being at home, as a Jew in Israel, and being a part of the people resentment of Israelis against each Israeli (and his pocket book) when an American fami settles here with 1,2,3 or more children. No serious sus- g is- olim 1y tained effort is made to reduce the resentment of Israelis (old-time olim and sabras) against newcomers and their ”rights and benefits,” Golda, Ben-Gurion, Sapir et al., simply say aliya from the west means life for us but they continue to doom aliya by allowing returnees to truthfully and regretfully tell their families and friends that the "Israelis don't want us.” There is much less anti-semitism in the U.S. than anti-Americanism in Israel. Male, conservative, married with 3-4 children, age 45—49, born in United States, graduate school, afternoon Hebrew school, income not stated, arrived January, 1970 — June, 1970. There are times when I find it very hard to adjust to special social conditions on the kibbutz, e.g., tensions rising from such close living or boring manual labor. Having been on a kibbutz in one form or another all the time that I have been in Israel, my impressions of and integration into Israeli society have naturally been strongly influenced by my place of residence. Being on a kibbutz, I am not faced with such irritating problems as proper housing and work as are olim living in the cities, but on the other hand, kibbutz living presents its own special problems. The kibbutz is what first attracted me here and is certainly what has kept me here——I sometimes wonder if I would stay in Israel if for some reason I became disillusioned with kib life. The kibbutz is certainly not the pioneering commun that it was 30 years ago, but I still feel that it is sup to any other form of community. Male, non—affiliated, unmarried, 18-24, born in United States on kibbutz, college without degree, afternoon Hebrew School, (doesn't apply), arrived January, 1970 - June, 1970. butz ity erior , liv1ng income 425 This sheet valid only for kibbutz life, for the most part. However I would not remain here even if I moved to the city. Red tape, attitude of Israelis, the way government is run would still bother me. There is no sense in coming 3,000 miles and end up in Tel Aviv. Some of the questions are not clear in meaning, for instance, #304 there is no place to indicate how long one has been here which is a factor in "belongingness" or "rootedness." To be quite blunt, Israel is fine, its the people who are driving me away. Physically the land is beautiful, physically I feel quite well, emotionally and spiritually I have never experienced worse. I would, and have felt safer and more secure about my person in New York City at 2 a.m. on the street than I have in any city in Israel at 2 p.m. I have never experienced the kind of inter- ference with my head by complete strangers like the type here. These are only a few of my thoughts. I now sincerely question whether even the worst conditions in the states could drive me back here. Female, reformed, unmarried, age 18-24, born in the U.S., living on a kibbutz, some college, Sunday School education. APPENDIX I LIST OF ABSORPTION CENTERS, HOSTELS, AND KIBBUTZ ULPANIM AND THEIR LOCATIONS APPENDIX I LIST OF ABSORPTION CENTERS, HOSTELS, AND KIBBUTZ ULPANIM AND THEIR LOCATIONS Center 1. Afula A.C. 2. Arad A.C. 3. Ashdod A.C. 4. Beer Sheva A.C. 5. Carmiel A.C. 6. Dimona A.C. 7. Givat Brenner A.C. 8. Haifa A.C. 9. Jerusalem A.C. 10. Kiryat Shmona A.C. ll Mevasseret Zion A.C. 12. Nazareth Alef A.C. 13. Nazareth Beth A.C. l4. Natanya A.C. 15. Sderot A.C. 426 Absorption Centers Location Afula Arad Ashdod Beer Sheva Carmiel (near Haifa) Dimona (South of Beersheva) Givat Brenner (SE of Tel Aviv) Haifa Jerusalem Kiryat Shmona near Jerusalem Judean Hills Nazareth Illit Nazareth Illit Netanya Sderot (S. of Ashkelon) 427 Centers (Merkazay Klita) in Israel W Name Address 1_ Afula A.C. R'chov Givat HaMore 185, Afula 2. Arad A.C. Merkaz Klita, Arad 3_ Ashdod A.C. R'chov Shivei Zion l, Ashdod 4, Beer Sheva A.C. R'chov Yitzhak Sadeh 20, Beer Sheva 5. Carmiel A.C. R'chov Hale'ena 11, Carmiel 6. Dimona A.C. R'chov HaNitzahon 194, Dimona 7. Givat Brenner A.C. Kibbutz Givat Brenner P.O. 8. Haifa A.C. R'chov Shderot HaMeginim 131, Haifa 9. Jerusalem A.C. R'chov Bar Yohay 146, Jerusalem 10. Kiryat Shmona A.C. R'chov Trumpeldor 45, Kiryat Shmona 11. Mevasseret Zion A.C. Harey Yehudah, Jerusalem 12. Nazareth Alef A.C. Shkuna Dromit, Nazareth Illit l3. Nazareth Bet A.C. Shkuna Dromit, Nazareth Illit Shikun Dora, Natanya l4. Natanya A.C. R'chov Tzahal 508, Sderot lS. Sderot A.C. ___= 1 2‘. . "rt-‘3.-.- __..-.——.-.--=’vP— .44,"— 428 Hostels in Israel Hostel Location 1. Ashkelon Hostel Ashkelon 2. Beer Sheva - Student Hostel Beer Sheva 3. Beit Brodetzki Hostel Tel Aviv 4. Beit Giora Hostel Jerusalem Jaffa S. Goldstein Hostel 6. Kfar Chabad Hostel Kfar Chabad 7. Lod Aleph Hostel Lod 8. Lod Beth Hostel Lod 9. Lod Gimmel Hostel Lod 10. Nazareth Acadmaim Hostel Nazareth Nazareth Nazareth Student Hostel 12. Ramat Aviv Hostel Ramat Aviv l3. Ramat Yosef Hostel Bat Yam l4. Rassco Hostel Jerusalem Herzliah Pituach 15. Sharonit Hostel Hostels (Me'onot) in Israel Hostel 1. 2. 10. ll. Ashkelon Hostel Beer Sheva Student Hostel Beit Brodetzki Hostel Beit Giora Hostel Goldstein Hostel Kfar Chabad Hostel Lod Aleph Hostel Lod Bet Hostel Lod Gimmel Hostel Nazareth Acadmaim Hostel Nazareth Student Hostel Ramat Aviv Hostel Ramat Yosef Hostel Rassco Hostel Sharonit Hostel Address R'chov HaNitzahon 20, Ashkelon R'chov Bet Remet 3, Beer Sheba R'chov Brodetzki 36, Tel Aviv R'chov Rabinowitz 33, Jerusalem R'chov Yefet 74, Jaffa Kfar Chabad Shikun Khisakhon Gimmel, Lod R'chov Feinstein, Lod Shderot David HaMelech 9, Lod R'chov HaCarmel 25, Nazareth Illit Shkhuna Dromit, Nazareth Illit R'chov Tagor 32, Ramat Aviv R'chov Katznelson 63, Bat Yam R'chov Shimoni 36, Jerusalem R'chov Havatzelet Hasharon 37 Herzliah Pituach ’ NEE. 1. Allonim 2. Amir 3. Ashdod Yaakov (Meuhad) 4. Beerot Yitzhak (Religious) 5. Beit Alfa 6. Beit Hashita 7. Dafna Dovrat 9. Ein Dor 10. Bin Gev 11. Bin Harod (Meuhad) 12. Bin Hahoresh 13. Bin Hamifratz 14. Bin Hashofet 15. Bin Shemer l6. Gan Shmuel 17. Cat 18. G'aton 19. Gesher 20. Gil'ad 21. Ginegar 22. Givat Brenner 23. Givat Haim (Ihud) 24, Givat Oz 25. Glil Yam 26. Hanita Haogen 2;: Hatzor ASthd Hazorea 29. 430 Kibbutz Ulpanim Haifa Tiberias Tiberias Tel Aviv Afula Afula Tiberias Afula Afula Tiberias Afula Hadera Haifa Haifa Hadera Hadera Ashkelon Haifa Tiberias Haifa Afula Tel Aviv Hadera Afula Tel Aviv Haifa Natanya Ashdod Haifa Postal Address Allonim PO Ha—Galil Ha-Elyon Mobile PO Emeq Ha—Yarden Mobile PO Tel Aviv—Yafo PO Gilboa Mobile PO Beit Hashita PO Ha—Galil Ha-Elyon Mobile PO Yizreel Mobile PO Ha—Galil Ha—Tachton Mobile PO Ein Gev PO Ein Harod Meuhad PO Ein Hahoresh P0 Asherat Mobile PO Ein Hoshofet PO Shomron Mobile PO Shomron Mobile PO Sde Gat Mobile PO Maale Ha—Galil Mobile P0 Emeq Bet Shean Mobile PO Hevel Megiddo Mobile PO Ginegar PO Givat Brenner PO Givat Haim Ihud PO Hevel Megiddo Mobile PO Glil Yam PO Ha-Galil Ha—Maaravi Mobile PO Lev Ha—Sharon Mobile PO Hatzor Ashdod PO Hazorea PO Name ___._ 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Heftzi Bah Hulda Kfar Blum Kfar Hanassi Maabarot Maagan Michael Maayan Zvi Manara Matzuva Merhavia Mishmar Ha'emek Mishmar Hasharon Mizra Msilot Na'an Negba Netzer Sereni Nir David Netiv Halamed Hay Palmachim Parod Ramat David Ramat Hakovesh Ramat HashOfet Ramot MenaShe Regavim Revivim Ruhama 431 Afula Tel Aviva Tiberias Tiberias Natanya Hadera Hadera Tiberias Haifa Afula Haifa Natanya Afula Afula Tel Aviv Ashkelon Tel Aviv Afula Jerusalem Tel-Aviv Tiberias Afula Tel Aviv Haifa Haifa Hadera Beer Sheva Ashkelon Postal Address Gilboa Mobile PO Ayalon Mobile PO Ha—Galil Ha—Elyon Mobile PO Hevel Korazim Mobile PO Maabarot P0 Menashe Mobile PO Hof Karmel Mobile PO Ha-Galil Ha-Elyon Mobile PO Ha-Galil Ha-Maaravi Mobile PO Merhavia PO Mishmar Ha'emek PO Mishmar Hasharon PO Mizra PO Gilboa Mobile PO Na'an PO Nahal Lakhish Zafon Mobile PO Beer Yaskov PO Gilboa Mobile PO Ha—Ela Mobile PO Rishon LeZion PO Merom Ha-Galil Mobile PO Ramat David PO Ramat Hakovesh PO Ramat Hashofet PO Hevel Megiddo Mobile PO Menashe Mobile PO Ha-Negev Mobile PO Hof Ashkelon Mobile PO r W W 7 W W" Viw'i’" 7'7' ifiiwm- _ :".-'.a ”-'flE-.H“!££ f‘“ ' __ __. .....—..-. -—-','D_r—’— _ _——-v"""'- ‘._ . ’,_ _-- a __ W“ -Name 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. Sarid Sde Eliyahu (religious) Sde Nehemia Sdot Yam Shefayim Yad Mordechai Yifat Yizre'el 432 Afula Afula Tiberias Caesarea Tel Aviv Ashkelon Afula Afula Postal Address Sarid PO Emeq Beit She'an Mobile PO Ha-Galil Ha—Elyon Mobile PO Shomron Mobile PO Shefayim PO Hof Ashkelon Mobile PO Yifat PO Yizre'el Mobile P0 APPENDIX J CITIES, SUBURBS, AND COMMUNITIES WHERE AMERICAN OLIM HAVE SETTLED IN ISRAEL APPENDIX J CITIES, SUBURBS, AND COMMUNITIES WHERE AMERICAN OLIM HAVE SETTLED IN ISRAEL* 1. Afula 21. Kiryat Bialik 2. Ashdod 22. Kiryat Motzkin 3. Arad 23. Kiryat Ono 4. Ashkelon 24. Kiryat Shmona 5. Bat Yam 25. Nahariya 6. Beer Sheva 26. Natanya 7. Bnai Brak 27. Petach Tikvah 8. Carmiel 28. Raanana 9. Eilat 29. Ramat Aviv 10. Gedera 30. Ramat Chen 11. Givatayim 31. Ramat Can 12. Hadera 32. Ramat HaSharon 13. Haifa 33. Rehovot 14. Herzliah 34. Remon 15. Holon 35. Rishon LeZion 16. Jaffa 36. Safed 17. Jerusalem 37. Savyon 18. Kfar Saba 38. Tel Aviv 19. Kfar Shmaryahu 39. Tiberias 20. Kiron 40. Tivon *Respondents of this study have settled in these cities, suburbs, and communities. 433 1|II||I II II‘ II |I.. . .J...‘ ‘1‘ I . .‘ ‘IJ APPENDIX K COMMUNICATIONS APPENDIX K ISRAEL DEFENCE roncss 53'1”"? "I” N” GENERAL STAFF r@7 abban noun PUBLIC RELATIONS omcs "3 may 1urn my 9, Humor Ben~Avl sf. 9 ‘JK‘IJ 'IDD‘R 'm IoL 229210 1191'° -5” 17 November 1969 TllnAVlV, .. aux-5n Mr. Harry L. Jubas, 14430 Sherwood, Oak Park, Michigan 428937, U.S. . Dear Mr.Jubas, Thank you for your letter to the Minister of Defence of 6 October, 1969, which was handed to our office, which has caused the delay in replying. Unfortunately, due to the security situation and the burden of work on the soldiers and officers of the Israel Defence Fbrces, we regret that we cannot fulfil your request. In the future, when we will be able to be of assistance to you, we shall be pleased to receive any suggestions you have. Yours sincerely, / Q 24,. ,x/ - L'I‘.COL. 14./M1 « Drarcrog/ man: RELATIONS. A , 2:2:~—752fi; 1:;437’ [4J%’//,/ ,//’/‘ m r/ .,:L . M41Dmu 05m 434 435 Emu-I haw-m STATE OF ISRAEL MINISTRY OF DEFENCE Tublic Relations Office Tel-Aviv, December 7, 1969 1:2/ 400/1/ 19286 Mr. Harry L. Jubas, 14430 Sherwood, Oak Park, Hichigan 48237, Dear Sir, Ne have been asked to acknowledge hereby receipt of your letters dated October 6 and November 14, 1969 and addressed to the Minister of Defence. Your request has been examined, but we are sorry to inform you that we can unfortunately not comply with your request. Yours sincerely, 3. Be I e In Ch ge of ormation 436 581W‘.r\:"'17: STATE OFISRAEL Ministry of Education and Culture .lerusalem___,lhxxmmer_1,_1969_ Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood, “Ema“— Oak Park, Michigan U. S. A. Dear Mr. Jubas, We have received your letter of November 25. The subject that you have chosen for your dissertation seems to me a most interesting one and we shall naturally do what we can to help you obtain material, meet people and visit schools. However, I think it is somewhat early to work out a program for 1970-1971. I suggest that you inform us two or three months in advance of the date of your arrival and how long you intend to stay in this country. We could then draw up a tentative program. Meanwhile, I suggest that you correSpond with the Henriette Szold Institute, Columbia St., Kiryat Menachem, Jerusalem, and perhaps with the departments of education of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and The University of Tel—Aviv. The process of the educational absorption of immigrants naturally begins with the immigrants themselves and includes their children at all levels of education up to and including the university. Different measures are taken at different levels. I enclose a copy of the Educational Reform recently adopted by the Knesset which has as one of its objects the social and cultural integration of underprivileged children, who are in the main the children of immigrants from Moslem countries. I am at your disposal if you have any other questions. Sincerely yours, m M, Shmuel Bendor Director, Foreign Relations monan encl: 1 document - educational reform 437 HWY/1'": nnnvn HD’D1J’11NH THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM SCHOOLOFEDUCAHON December 31, 1969 1u>n5 wean an Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park Michigan 48237 U. S. A. Dear Mr. Jubas, Please excuse the delay of my answer to your letter of December 15th (with enclosures). I quite agree with Mr. Bendor's and your own opinion that the "Ulpan" alternative would be a subject of great interest. You could possibly include the University Ulpanim and their impact on foreign student's integration in the Israeli Society. There are at least two of our members of faculty - Dr. Gina Ortar and Dr. Haim Adler — who could guide your work during the year here. As to the formal aspect of registration you should register as "Visiting Student" with our office for Foreign Students to whom I sent a copy of this and your recent letter. Looking forward to meeting you in due time. I am Sincerely'yours, ‘EU‘.SS‘\QAA~09 Eve Salmon Secretary for Academic Affairs Copies: Office for Foreign Students (with copy of Mr. Jubas letter). Mr. Sh. Bendor, Ministry of Education and Culture. 438 15x0 nus-Inn pan ‘ P n D 5 i y 1 x n 11 a n n TEL. 62402, 62403 .‘Ju nuanannn up”): “mum“? Imam'np '11-. oibwn. THE HENRIETTA SZOID INSTITUTE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES COLUMBM my mRYALMENAcHEM JERUSALEM,ISRAEL Mr. Harry L. Jubas Jerusalem, 4th February, 1970. 14430 Sherwood Oak Parkz Michican 48237. Dear Mr. Jubas, Your letter has been wandering arOund for some reasons, until fit arrived at our place. I was very happy to learn that you will be doing your Ph.D. theses on such an important problem as the absorption of immigrants in Israel. T have sent you, via Surface mail, our Progress Report for the years 1964-1966, in which some of the studies which we conducted are described. When the Progress Report for 1967-69 is finished we shall be sending it to you. We also sent you our List of Publications in which you might be able to find all the Research Reports printed in English on some of the topics of interest to you. We shall then be happy to furnish you any of the reports y0u will order. In the Progress Report you will find (pages 60 - 102) artidles which appeared in "Megamoth" the leading Israeli quarterly in theBBehavioral Sciences. Most of the articles in Hebrew on the topics of immigration and its absorption which have been published in Israel were published in this Quarterly since its inception in 1949. The names of the articles are printed in English so that you might find those which will interest you and, of course, see how you can come to learn their contents. Wist best regards and wishes for success in your dissertation, (:E::?ngerely yours, , TTTT‘7E: / , ,/ / LCQ C (.ch 65% 7 d)- 3 0V", Dr. Chanan Rapapor ' / Director I remain, nun-5n nukowainu TEL-AVIV UNIVERSITY January 4, 1970 Reference No. ROB/3072 Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park, Michigan 48237 U. S. A. Dear Mr. Jubas: I have your December 15 letter and am pleased to read that you will be spending your sabbatical leave in Israel. As for your request for material on immigrant absorption, I would be pleased to offer any assistance I can. I suggest, first, that you try to obtain copies of Megamot, the Israeli Behavioral Sciences Journal, published by the Szold Institute in Jerusalem. Almost each issue has some article on the subject. You might write directly to them for material published by the Institute (Henrietta Szold Institute, Columbia Street, Kiryat Menahem, Jerusalem). Under separate cover I am sending you one of their brochures. Aslo, Eisenstadt'a book, Israeli Society, recently published in English, has a great deal of information on the subject. Perhaps you could obtain a copy of Influencing the Youth Culture, by Eaton and Chen, from the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and a copy of my dissertation which also deals with the subject, available from University Microfilms. I suggest that you see Sara Smilansky's book, Psychodramatic Play in Culturally Dis; advantaged Children (Niley, 1969) and Judith Shoval's, Immigrants on the Threshold (Atherton Press). Finally, I recommend that you contact Professor Moshe Smilansky at the Tel Aviv University, who has done much research in the area. I hope to meet you when you are in Israel. Sincerely, Michael Chen, Chairman Department of Educational Sciences RAMAT-AVIV. TEL-AVIV TEL. 41611! .9D :vau-bn A'IN'Inifi ,nv’vu’nun “’1’ 440 gar-31cm (university 4 \‘J‘N'WJ nV‘UWJ‘JVN .\ (gamut-Gan, gorse! \ A ' J" D 1 Deperimeni of Sociology n'AWI’XIVV np’nnn Phone 7 5 110 3 11959 Cables UNIBARILAN n'y'un June 24, 1970 Mr. Zvi folkloric: Executive Director Ber-11m University 23125 Coolidge Oak Park, Mich. 48237 us so Lo Dear Mr. Tolkiovieu Needless to say, I will be nest happy to extend to Mr. Barry Jubas and his family any assistance they may need. I will certainly be willing to guide bin on his doctoral thesis. Your sincerely, Leonard Weller, Associate refessor Bhoirnan, Department of Sociology DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE AND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE Jerusalem, February 5, 1970 Mr. Barry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park, Michigan U. S. A. Dear Mr. Jubas, The Deputy Prime Minister has asked me to thank you for your letter of January 5 concerning your intended research in Israel. we shall be happy to help you make the contacts you mention, as well as others, perhaps. I suggest that you call me upon your arrival in Israel (Tel. 86820). 1 81?:e yours, I J1 ket' Public Relations 442 b s w v: -. n a 'I j n _ STATE OF ISRAEL Ministry of Education and Culture mm. W Ref. No. Qflfl/EL Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park, Michigan U. S. A. Dear Mr. Jubas, I have received your letter of April 2. I do not think that I am qualified to give you the guidance that you require. May I suggest that you address your request either to Dr. Adler or Dr. Ortar. They will, I am sure, be able to offer you practical advice. I will, of course, continue to help in any way I can. Yours sincerely, Kim” Shmuel Bendor Director, Foreign Relations menu 443 THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM OFFICE FOR OVERSEAS STUDENTS Mr. Harry Leib Jubas Date: Jan. 25, 1970 14430 .J’herwood Oak Park, Michigan 48237 U.S.A. Dear Mr. Jubas, We are glad to inform you that you have been accepted by the Hebrew University for the coming academic year. (1970/71) Your status at the Hebrew University will be: Xisiting Graduate Student ._ This acceptance notice is non—conditional/conditional: Permit us to inform you once again that a good working knowledge of the Hebrew language is a basic prerequisite for success in your academic endeavors. Please contact our office upon your arrival in Israel. Hours are as follows: Sunday to Thursday — 11:00 AM. to 1:00 P.M. With best wishes for success in your studies. / UNIVERSITY JERUSALEM 444 gm , .57 5 is ‘ I i g {l r t, a ;; ~ filial: '3’“? Ifix‘dllfliplll. H EDA? Esfiifirfifl "9.x -: w: rim": :“J‘\'.': Wu n.~u::,“.‘:' ‘l‘it‘l re 3 me :w UN‘thlQK'IT.'ri,".lz5'.§‘1"'-’ MFDICAL SCHOOL - JEli‘,l_~A‘.'r‘-l Department of Medical Education Luv 1 r F IJIWL ‘1'} 7|: drill May 12, 1970 Mr. Harry L. Jubas l4430 Sherwood Oak Park, Michigan 48237. Dear Mr. Jubas, Thank you for your letter. I will be pleased to assist you in whatever way I can in your work for your dissertation. Please ring me at the Medical School when you arrive (3844i, Ext.652). I look forward to meeting you. Sincerely yours 6%» Jamil Judith T. Shuval Senior Lecturer THE ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH 19 George Washington St. I'. O. B. 7 1 5 0 Jerusalem, ISRAEL M47/337O May 14, 1970 Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park 7, Michigan 48237 U S A Dear Mr. Jubas: In reply to your letter of May 4, we shall be pleased to do what we can to facilihte your work on your proposed thesis project here. I myself will be leaving Israel for a couple of months, beginning about August 10, but I hope to see you before I go, and to introduce you to some of our other staff members. May I call your attention to the book by Dr. Abraham Weinberg, Migration and Belongingz Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague, Netherlands, 1961, devoted to an extensive analysis of the adjustment of immigrants attending Ulpan "Etzion" in Jerusalem in 1954, which is relevant to your topic. Should you be planning to do systematic fieldwork and data analysis, your budget dollar for this will probably go further for these in Israel than in the States, but it still may be best to have the Institute staff advise you on facilities and optimal use of your research funds. Please give my best regards to Dr. Ruth Useem and to her husband. Most sincerely, Louis Guttman Scientific Director 446 ’mnw mun 1mm? mun THE ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH ”'81 11” Head Offlcu, 19 I‘lUJJ‘W'I 'ITI'J T“ 19 George Washington St. 7 ‘ 5° -" c" P. O. B. 7 1 5 0 nv'ywjfia Jerusalem, Israel Cable Address : ASRI. Jerusalem Israel Telephone : 14062 - 2523!. 132:1- 14062 :uvnn'w November 29, 1970 A21/3808 T0 WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Mr; Harry Jubas is attending my courses at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Work on his dissertation ("the Adjustment of Americans and Canadians in Israel and their Integration into Israeli Society") is being done in consultation with me and my associates at the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. oflm firm Louis Guttman Professor of Social and Psychological Measurement, The Hebrew University, and Scientific Director, The Israel Institute of Applied Social Research A Public Non-Profit Organizaiion- EsIablished 1948 101: .mn mwn‘; x'm may 1017.: 447 Ministry of Immigrant Absorption Minister's Office Jerusalem, 2 March, 1970 Mr. Harry L. Jubas 14430 Sherwood Oak Park Michigan 48237 Dear Sir, Thank you for your letter of 16th Feb. 1970. We appreciate your wish to do a research about the influence of Ulpamim in the absorption of immigrants into Israel society. We would suggest that Dr. E. Ahiram, the Director of Planning and Research Division will assist you in with information regarding people you will have to meet. May I say, that we are unable to assist you in finding a flat. These arrangements you will have to do through the University. Thank you for your kind attention. Yours faithfully, A. Eshed c.c. Dr. E. Ahiram 448 MINISTRY or IMMIGRANT ABSORPTION TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: This is to introduce Harry Jubas, a Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University, who has come to Israel to do research on THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS OF AMERICANS AND CANADIANS IN ISRAEL AND THWIR ASSIMILATION IN THE ISRAFHISOCIETY. I ask that the Officials in the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption give all the necessary COOperation, assistance and information he may request in order to carry out the adove research. 3 §.S;M S. Shenhar Spokesman of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption 449 MINISTRY OF IMMIGRANT ABSORPTION T0 WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: The Ministry of Immigrant Absorption in Israel is concerned with the problem of adjustment of immigrants in their new home, and the factors which influence this adjustment process. We, therefore, welcome the initiative of Mr. Harry Jubas in this important field and will help him with informantion necessary to accomplish his study of the Adjustment of Americans and Canadian Immigrants in Israel and their Assimilation into Israeli Society. a 4 C SAM at S. Shenhar Spokesman Ministry of Immigrant Absorption "ses-e; «st 450 ‘13:": sun nfi”¥a‘3?f‘3! nw'wmrz 1‘33“; n17m..rrnn A3506 3.2.in0 of inherit. twins. and Canadians. in Is: '- "10:1 :VWIH 11'!) mar” — n5) lip-m1 Jim 26m .141 - 56201 :m‘m NATIONAL OFFICE 53c, HAVARKON SYREET IE-L-AVIV -— ISRAEL no.3. 26101 TELEPHONE: 56201-2 CABLES: AMCANION November 4, 1970 To Vhom It May Concern: The Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel is vitally concerned’nithcthe question of adjustment of Americans and Canadians to their new home. One element is their adjustment provided by the Jewish Agency is the hostel or absorption center. we, therefore, wholeheartedly support the work done hy Mr. Harry Jubes in this field and will give him all the aid necessary to accomplish a scientific study of the role of the absorption center and the hostel in the adjustment of Americans and Canadians to Israel. s;27e1/fim< Melvin Borenstein Director of Organisation 451 tin-nan; :Tnpl arr-Inn Inn) nl'll'an'fl Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel : rum 1WD Junfin - x a) "rim Jim 2610: .1 .n — mot :ns‘m NATIONAL OFFICE: 53 a, HAYARKON SYREET TEL-AVIV — ISRAEL P.O.3. 26I01 ‘I'ELEPHONE: 56201-2 CABLES: AMCANION Dear Member, This is to introduce Mr. Harry Jubas, a Ph.D. candidate at Michigan State University who has come to Israel to do a study on the Adiustment of Americans and Canadians in Israel and their Integration into Israeli Society. Many of you have been quite satisfied and feel yourselves to be well adjusted in Israel. Some of you have had problems which you have overcome. Having the knowledge and information of what helped you most or caused your difficulties will be helpful to Americans and Canadians who are already here and those who are planning to come to Israel to settle. We, the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel are vitally concerned with the, question of adjustment of Americans and Canadians to their new home. We therefore wholeheartedly support the work being done by Mr. Harry Jubas in this field and we ask you to give your assistance by completing the attached questionnaire without delay in order to accomplish this scientific study. Give us a hand and cooperate in this vital research and study which is a great under— taking. It is very important that we receive the completed answer sheets as soon as possible. Thank you for your cooperation. Sincerely yours, W mg MELVIN BORENSTEIN Director of Organization 452 nvt'zm nt'wb np'mnn nt'nnrn mun-In THE JEWISH AGENCY IMMIGRATION a ABSORPTION DEPARTMENT :vmb u union: ' 30201 :11u5b l I JIVAOINCY : nvpfignl; I 022 ‘ 810 ‘1]! 022-230 "’15 ”P5” .................... 30°11'70 ,u'bmfi' 2 5 s 2 l l I 11959 a I “2 " "‘ ass—375 my a»: l‘ n Itantznn 5:5 n712y tanon ,oat'i tan an nx 1’15: ivxnb n1: ’3’1fl :by npnnn nx 111y5 ~13 tau: xanni IJ’W’D noaaanvztx: 11np11 nannn untnaynni Badman nwipi npvwnxn p~biy 5m nibinenn 1a5nn" ."nabxawrn nirybt yrvoh nnvbpni nvbyn 'nn ’waty nu wpnb ’Jvan .btyb not): apnnn 913’: sub 15 notawn n’xnatnavxn 5:: 031'; nob '1 71332 331’ —1: .3 b DJD/D 453 artvn nvvbpt 11mm 13113 nnwb «"5wn 150:: ‘3 ,o»2w13~ 1nnn 61171 ‘50 1970 mama so 5 '7 2 mum union ‘2: _l __________ DJfiIDPIT ,oni‘I ’wxn 1n nu Irxnb ’JII1J navwv 11135 bxnw»: nntwn IJ’W’D nuaowaviixn 3"n1u ’biv nibinon jvbnn" by (U11DP11) 1pnn ."nibxWWIn nwana uniabnwni 5N1W’3 n11p1 nob nnb nnabpn wwwn 71319n nrn wpnn ’JN . 6 bairw nIn by ,wpaaw HVKDWIBJNHI risen nu 0:1 I .11pnn nx vxafi .n ) .l/JC 1nzw .w .nrbvn novbpfi 11wnn 1:11 NN/ww In”)! ”DD $51115 aim 454 n~5vn nn~5p5 11w: 1pnb51 11::n5 nix x"5wn 110": ‘r9 ,D'5D119 1970 13DJ1J5 16 1”]1YDH 535 flxanb 13:9 trann ,031‘1 anxn 1n nx nr: 1’3fl5 1::n ur'ntxb-zaa 0'11n55 11ann ,IJ'W’D noaowaaztx: 11np11 n15inonn 195nn" n111x npnn 111yb nan-59 fianwv5 a: 1px Unabxaw'n Hanna ontafiynn1 bxnwva nuapt np91oxn nvbiy 5w ,nvatpn wawn ’9‘101 novbp arawn ’5HJD ban n1: wpnb ’Jln nova: 119nn jfitxfi n51?» 1D? qnw51 oaw‘i nab 11ry5 .unbtaa 455 90/23n/3 on _____._,._28.10.10. wax-5n n1)1yn1 nu~5p vrnwn ’Hnin ’5’1: .R van 031': an 'HTJH niziynni naISpn trans by apnn 111y 031'; no .31171 a"naxn nvbtyn novfip: 11133 531 inn ~"y izrvzy: 15 wwryfit 15:75 nawpnx .aanbias aura: n5iyn q1n~v1 nvaaon “fig; 591: .x :5: :nxb 456 ISRAEL GOLDSTEIN . invvn'na ‘m'nw Zipp No. 92—228 JERUSALEM,PINSKERSIREETII 1pva'n'n1.n'5v11' Tel. 16020 .‘N June 21, 1972 Mr. Harry Jubas 14430 Sherwood Street Oak Park 37, Michigan. Dear Mr. Jubas: I have been asked to prepare an article on AMERICAN ALIYAH T0 ISRAEL. I find that there is very little available material for the period commencing with the Six Days' War in June 1967. My attention has been called to the fact that you have been studying this period. If any of your findings havebeen published, I would appreciate it very much if you would let me know where I can find them. If you happen to have available reprints of articles which you have published, I would be grateful for them and would be glad to return them to you. Your work has been mentioned to me by Dr. Antonovsky. Yours sincerely, Dr. Israel Golzjtein IG/dtc 457 nuabpninvhyn np5nn,ntwnvn nnaion The Jewish Agency Department of hnmlgraflon & Absorpflon ~55an Bnann nawh Office at the Director General Jerusalem, May 11, 1973 Dr. Harry Jubas Director of Education and Youth Activities Beth Abraham-Hillel 5075 w. Maple Road Birmingham, Michigan 48010 Dear Dr. Jubas: Your letter of 20th April to Mr. L.A. Pincus, chairman of the Jewish Agency, has been handed over to me by his request. 1. 1'he "Dichter Report" has not been shelved, although "The Jerusalem POST" did in fact report something to this effect. 2. The above mentioned report will be made available to you by our New York office. Therefore, I would like to ask you to adress yourself to Mr. Y. Amitai, The head of our delegation for U.S.A. and Canada, at 515 Park Avenue. Copy of this letter will be forwarded to Mr. Amitai for the purpose of allowing you to read the report. 3. We shall kindly request you in the event that you will use or quote from the "Dichter Report" in your research paper that you will submit to Mr. Amitai the final draft, according to our obligations vis-a-vis the "Dichter Institute". A letter stating your agreement we would ask you to send to Mr. tmitai. Sincerely, P\\\\\ / J \\> \ 0 fl Uzi Nar as Director Ge eral cco Mr. Lvo PinCuS ( Mr. N. Bar-Giora Mr. Y; Amitai APPENDIX L GLOSSARY APPENDIX L GLOSSARY AGORA (pl. Agorot): One hundredth of the Israeli lira. AGUDAT ISRAEL: Religious party of Israel. ALIYA (pl. aliyot) (literally ”assent”): Immigration to Israel. ALIYA BET: Jewish immigration into Palestine in defiance of immi- gration restrictions imposed by the British Government which referred to it as "illegal immigration.” AM HASEFER: The people of the book. AM OLAM (Hebrew for "Eternal People"): Organization founded by Jewish youth in Russia in 1881, its objective was emigration, with the stress on agriculture as a means to national regeneration. ASHKENAZAI (pl. Ashkenazim): Jew from Central or Eastern Europe, especially Germany. ASSEPHAT HANIVHARIM: The Elected Assembly of the Jewish community. BAGRUT: Matriculation. BAR MITZVA: Religious celebration of the thirteenth birthday by a boy at which time he is initiated into full religious duties. BILU (initials of the Hebrew sentence: Beth Ya'akov Lechu Venelcha "House of Jacob, come let us go!” Isaiah 2:5): Group of Jewish pioneer students who went to Palestine in 1882 and founded Rishon Le Zion, Petah Tikvah, Zihron Yaakov and Rosh Pina. BRICHA: Underground organization which smuggled Jewish survivors out of post—war Europe and helped them reach the shores of Palestine. 4S8 459 CHAG: Holiday; festival. CHALUTZ (p1. chalutzim): Pioneer. CHIBAT ZION (pl. Chovevai Zion): Lover of Zion. COHEN (p1. Cohanim): Priest. DATI (pl. dati'im): Religiously observant. DAYAN (p1. dayanim): Judge of religious court. DIASPORA: All countries in which there are Jewish communities outside the State of Israel. DUNAM: Land measurement unit of 1,000 square meters; four dunam equal one acre. ERETZ ISRAEL: Land of Israel. EYN BRERA: No choice. GALUT: The exile. GAR'IN: Nucleus or initial group of pioneers forming basis of a future collective settlement. HAAPALA: Blockade running, immigration under difficult conditions (to Palestine during the Mandatory regime). HABAD: (Abbreviation for Hochma, Bina, Dea-—”Wisdom, Understanding, Knowledge”): intellectual hassidic movement founded in 18th century in Poland by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady and still surviving in small conventicles in the United States and Canada. HACHSHARA: Pioneer training abroad and in Israel. Hachshara farms are training centers where youth movement members obtain initial agricultural preparation and experience of group life. HAGANAH: Jewish self—defense organization before the establishment of the State of Israel. HALACHA: Jewish religious law. HALUKA (Hebrew for ”Distribution”): Organized collection of charity funds for distribution among poor and pious Jews in Palestine. ‘-W‘“h" .1 ; .u‘. I a I - "1""- _._.._. _-—.—-T'-f 9" __......—h—'---" " .- _.4 .—-——— 460 HALUTZ: Member of Zionist youth movements who participate in the pioneering endeavor in Israel. HALUTZIUT: (The qualities of) pioneering. HANUKKA: Dedication, Festival of Lights. HASHOMER: (Literally ”The Watchman"); a defense organization in the early days of Jewish settlement. HASHOMER HATZAIR: Zionist youth movement. HASKALA: The enlightenment. HASSIDIC: Appertaining to a religious movement among the Jews in 18th century Poland, which spread throughout Eastern Europe and, from there, in the 20th century, to America and Palestine. HECHALUTZ: Organization composed of Habonim, Hashomer Hatzair, Haole, Hechalutz, Hatzair and other youth movements, with individual non—youth movement members. HEDER: An elementary religious school. HOVEVEI—ZION (”Lovers of Zion”): Early group of Zionists founded by Rabbi Z. H. Kalischer at Thorn in 1860, who advanced the view that the salvation of the Jews could only be accomplished through self—help and colonization in Palestine. HOZER (pl. hozrim): Israeli emigrant returning home. KASHRUT: Dietary laws. KEREN HAYESOD: Palestine Foundation Fund, financial instrument of the World Zionist Organization. KIBBUTZ (pl. kibbutzim): Collective settlement based upon communal ownership of all housing and property as well as the principles of full direct democracy and self-labor of all adult members. KIBBUTZ GALYUOT: (literally, "in-gathering of the exiles”); in- gathering of Jews from the DiaSpora. KIBBUTZNIK: Colloquial reference to member of a kibbutz. KIPA: Skull—cap worn by observant Jews. KNESSET: Israeli parliament. 461 KOLEL: ”Jewish Community” in Palestine, of which there were four, later seven, entitled to send out collectors to obtain Haluka donations from Jews abroad. KVUTZA: Variation of the kibbutz—type of settlement; usually smaller in size and membership. MA'APIL: A human blockade——runner defying immigration restrictions imposed by the British Mandatory Government in Palestine. MACHON: Institute. MAHAL: ("Mitnadvei Hutz—la—Aretz" Overseas Volunteers): Jewish volunteers, mainly from Western countries, who took part in the War of Independence. MAMZER (pl. mamzerim): Illegitimate child. MITZVA (pl. mitzvot): A religious obligation; commandment. MIZRACHI: Orthodox party in the Zionist movement. MIZUG HAGALUYOT: (literally, "integration of the exiles"); integration of Jews coming to Israel from various countries of the Diaspora. MOSHAV (pl. moshavim): Cooperative smallholders' settlement based upon individual farm units and cooperative marketing and purchase. MOSHAVA (pl. moshavot): Cooperative village. MOSHAV SHITUFI: Semi—collective settlent combining the main features of kibbutz and moshav. MUKHTAR: Headman of village under the Turkish and British administrations of Palestine. NACHAL: A group combining military service with work in an agricul- tural settlement. NETUREI KARTA: (literally city guardians); a small group of extreme zealots opposed to Zionism and a Jewish State. OLEH (pl. olim): Immigrant. OLIM CHADASHIM: New immigrants. PROTECTSIA: Favoritism; influence; pull. SABRA: (literally ”cactus”); Israeli—born youngster. ~. ...a —--J 462 SANHEDRIN: Jewish notables, assembly of seventy~one ordained schOIurs which was both supreme court and legislature. SEPHARDI (pl. sephardim): Jew of Spanish (Iberian) stock. SHABBAT: Sabbath. SHALIACH (pl. Shlichim): Emissary, messenger, sent by Jewish Agency to promote aliya. SHERUT LA'AM: "Service to the people, and sh'nat sherut, a year of service” work programs for visiting youth sponsored by the Jewish Agency. SHTETL: (From the Yiddish); Jewish village in Eastern Europe. TANACH: Bible "The Pentateuch,” ”The Prophets," and "The Writings." TORAH: Pentateuch, also used more broadly to refer to the teachings of Judaism. ULPAN (pl. ulpanim): Residential seminar for the intensive study of Hebrew. VAAD LEUMI: National Council of Palestine Jewry recognized as the official representative in matters of local affairs by the British Mandatory Government. YAHADUT: Judaism. YERIDA: (literally ”descent"); emigration from Israel. YESHIVA (pl. yeshivot): Religious academy; a religion-oriented Jewish day school. YIDISHKEIT: (From the Yiddish); Jewishness. YISHUV: The Jewish community in Palestine. YOM HA'ATZMAUT: Independence Day. YORED (pl. yordim): An emigrant from Israel. YOUTH ALIYA: Organization for the rescue of Jewish children from Nazi—occupied Europe and other countries, and their settlement in Israel. BI BL IOGRAPHY Wm . ' “9"“ '3‘- Win-fir", In? _ __;__ _ ,_ fr‘ "" "' ' BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Adams, W., ed. The Brain Drain. New York: Macmillan, 1968. Agar, Herbert. The Saving Remnant; An Account of Jewish Survival. New York: Viking Press, 1960. Allport, G. W. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Doubleday, 1958. American Jewish Yearbook. Vol. 71. 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