iNS!GHT$ OF THE MiDDLE-AGED CHILD CONCERNENG
THE F‘ARENT N A HOME FOR OLD PEOPLE

Thain Gar the Dam of Ph. D:
MICE-{EGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Racho'l P. No“
1959

 

I I III I II III III IIIIII II IIIII II IIII III IIIIIII

\

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
INSIGHTS OF TAB MIDDLE-AGED CHILD C(Ji‘J-Sfiflflmd
THE PAdbl‘I’T LI A H0123 FOR OLD PEOPLE

presented bg

Rachel P. Noll

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

_P_h_'L_ degree in M

Wm zflméwn

Major pl‘fifessor

Dme October 1, 1959

0-169

 

 

 

 

 

n—W “103
Swag

 

INSIGHTS OF THE MIDDLEqAGED CHILD CONCERNING THE PARENT

IN A HOME FOR OLD PEOPLE

By
Rachel P. Noll

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

College of Education
Guidance and Counselor Training

1959

Approved QflflLJZ 7(ZLLXMW

Rachel P. Noll

The personal interview method was used in an attempt
to (I) investigate the closeness of relationship between the
parents living in a Home for Old People and their adult child
who was responsible for the parents' affairs; and (2) to in-
vestigate the extent of guilt feelings on the part of the
child in regard to her or his care of the parent. It was felt
this purpose could be accomplished by attempting to determine
the amount of insight and knowledge possessed by the child in
regard to the activities, interests, feelings, and attitudes
of the parent.

A population of 29 parents over 65 years of age and
three parents between 50 and 60 years of age from two Homes
for Old Pepple were interviewed using the Schedule entitled
"Your Activities and Attitudes” developed by Ruth 8. Cavan,
Ernest W. Burgess, Robert J. havighurst of the University of
Chicago. The adult middle-aged child who was responsible for
his or her parent’s affairs was also interviewed in regard to
the parent using a copy of the same questionnaire, but with
appropriate changes in pronouns to fit the sex of the parent
and insertion of a few pertinent questions. The responses
were compared to see how much agreement there was thus in-
dicating the amount of insight into and knowledge of the
activities, interests, feelings, and attitudes of the parent

held by the child.

Rachel P. Noll

2.

In addition to the questionnaire, certain open-end

questions were asked informally of both parent and child to

point up the parent's feeling about living in a Home for Old

People and about the care received from the child, and to

point up the child's feelings in regard to his care of the

parent and the child's insight into the feelings of the

parent about this. Responses were interpreted in regard to

guilt feelings toward the parent where appropriate.

The findings were:

1.

There was a greater number of responses in agree-
ment between the parent and child on Attitudes of
the parent than on the Activities and Interests
of the parent.

While a substantial majority of the parents were
living at the Homes through necessity, most of
them.were satisfied with the place of residence.

Most of the parents strongly advised against

living with one's children although a substantial

majority had done so.

While a bare majority of parents at the Home for
Women were satisfied with the care and attention
given by their children, a substantial majority
at the other Home were not satisfied as evidenced
in response to an oblique question on.whether
adult children take care of old parents the way

they should.

 

5.

Rachel P. Noll

3.

Most of the adult responsible children felt they
should be doing more for their parents but most
did not feel they should have their parents living
with them again. (Most of the parents had lived
with their adult responsible children anywhere
from a few weeks to 23 years.)

Most of the adult responsible children felt that
their parents were sathfifled with the attention
and care received from their children and a
majority felt that their parents did not want to
live with them.

Guilt feelings on the part of the child regarding
the parent seemed to be evidenced in connection

with a few responses.

The conclusion were:

1.

2.

3.

There was a reasonable amount of"inner”understand-
ing of the parent by the child. The relationship
was close rather than distant.

Most of the parents were satisfied with the place
of residence.

However, a majority of the parents were not satis-
fied with care given old people by their adult
children, therefore, probably not satisfied with
care given by their own children. It would seem
then that a majority accepted the situation intel-

lectually but not emotionally.

Rachel P. Noll

I

“la

4. While guilt feelings seemed to be manifested in
a few places by the child in regard to the parent,

they did not seem strong or general.

INSIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE-AGED CHILD CONCERNII‘QG THE PARENT

IN A 110111") FOR. OLD PEOPLE

By
Rachel P. Noll

A DISSeRTATIDN
Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State University of Agriculture and

Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

DOCTO‘l OI“ PHILOSOPHY

College of Education
Guidance and Counselor Training

1959

ACKNOWLLDGMENTS

It is with deep appreciation that the writer wishes
to acknowledge the invaluable guidance so generously given
by her advisor, Or. Walter F. Johnson, all through the years
of graduate study and the development of this research
project.

She also wishes to express her sincere gratitude to
her Advisory Committee, Dr. Charles R. Hoffer and Dr. Iarry
F. Sundwall, for their ever-willing helpfulness; and to
Dr. Gordon S. Aldridge for his valuable advice and suggestions.

The writer is deeply indebted to Dr. Harold Anderson
and Mr. Darrel V. hinnis and the Board of Directors of the
Ingham County Hospital and Rehabilitation Center; to
Mrs. Olive Havens, Chairman of the board of Directors of The
Women's Home; and to Mrs. Helen Bogue of the Bogus Nursing
Home for permission to carry on the research project in
these Homes for Old People.

In addition, grateful acknowledgement is due
Dr. Lester halcott and Mrs. Beth Bates of the Ingham County
Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, Mrs. Lulu Howarth and

Mrs. Nellie Felton of The women’s Home, and Mrs. Bogus and

,-

Mrs. Louise Tallentino of the Bogue Nursing Home and their
staffs for their generous assistance in carrying out the

research. Grateful acknowledgement is also due to all those

residents of the Homes who so graciously consented to
participate in the project.

Much credit is due Jrs. Louis Otto who so willingly
and so efficiently typed this dissertation.

Finally the writer is deeply grateful to her husband,
Victor M. Noll, without whose constant interest and en-
couragement this work could not have been accomplished.

l{oljo:\10

Ho
Ho
Ho

Rachel P. Noll
candidate for the degree of

Doctor of PhllOSOPhy

Final Examination: October 1, 1959, 3:30 P.M.

Dissertation: Insights of the Middle-Aged Child
Concerning the Parent in a Home for
Old People.

Outline of Studies:

Major subject: Guidance and Counseling (Education)
Minor subjects: Educational Psychology, Sociology

Biographical Items:
Born, March 3, 1903, St. Paul, Hinnesota

Undergraduate Studies, bniversity of Minnesota,
1921-1924

Graduate Studies, University of Minnesota, 1928-1929;
Michigan State University, 1952-1957

Experience: Psychometrist for Special Classes,
St. Paul, Minnesota Public School System,
1925-1928; Fellowship as Assistant to Dean of
Women, University of Minnesota, 1928-1929;
Director of Educational and Vocational Guidance,
Two Rivers, Wisconsin Public School System,
1929-1930; Assistant to Dean of Women, Michigan
State University, 1943-1945.

Member of Pi lambda Theta, Kappa Delta Pi, Phi kappa Phi

CHAPTER

I

II

III

IV

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .

Foreword . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Investigation. .
Background of the Problem. . .
Statement of the Problem . . .
Limitations of the Investigation
Definition of Terms. . . . .
Plan of the Study . . . . .

REVIEW OF tilCIIN NI LIILlATUIE . .

Research Studies Using the Cavan

Schedule . . . . . . .
Other Related aesearch Studies .
Helpful Literature . . . . .

METHODS AND PROCEDURES. . . . .

‘

Design of the Investigation . .
Selection of the Sample . . .
The Instrument Used in the Study
The Pilot Study . . . . . .

Procedures for Obtaining the Data
Procedures for Analyzing the Data

ANALYSIS or JATA - ACTIVITIES . .

SUIII‘IAI~;Y 1.1%”. u l1(J[TJ~)J.LJ o o o o

The Problem . . . . . .
The Sample and Methodology .
Some of the Important Findings
Conclusions. . . . . . .
weaknesses and Strength of the
Investigation. . . . .

Comparison of Some General Results

as 'l‘hose of Other Research
Studies . . . . . . .

Implications for Further Research .

PAGE

KONG-Duh)!“

11

13
16
22

24

24
25
26
30
31
36

195
267
267
268
271
286
289

290
291

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTEITIS (cont. )

APPENDIX PAGE

I THE QUESTIH‘INNAIRLS "YOUR ACTIJII‘ILZS
AND AT'I‘ITUJLIS" . . . . . . . 294

a. Sample Copy Administered to

Old Parents . . . . . 295
b. Sample Copy Administered to
Aiddle-Aged Child . . 296
c. Sample of Letter Sent to Child. 297
II DETAILED AGCuUNT OF THE xESEARCH

STUUILS AND T1113 THO IIOMLES FOR OLD
PEOPLE. . . . . . . . . . 298
a. Personal Adjustment in Old Age. 299
b. Older People. . . . . . . 312
c. Description of the Homes Used

in the Investigation . . . 317

III SAMPLE TABULATION SHEET . . . . . 324

LIST 0].: {\L E‘EliEb; GLS . o o o o o 326

vi

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE

II

III

IV

Va

VI
VIa

VII
VIIa

VIII
VIIIa

IX
IXa
Xa

XI
XIa

XII
XIIa

XIII
XIIIa

LIST OF TABLES

Number of Cases, Age, Placement in
Family of Adult Responsible Child

Living Arrangements of Parent After
Death of or Separation from Spouse
and Number of Years of Residence in
Home for Old People and in Lansing
and Michigan . . . . . . . .

Birthplace of Parents and Their
Parents; and Parents' Farm
Experience. . . . . . . . .

Education of Parent as Reported by
Parent and by Child. . . . . .

Health of Parent as Reported by
Parent and by Child. . . . . .

Family Relationships of Parent as
Reported by Parent and by Child. .

Friendship of Parent as Reported by
Parent and by Child. .

Leisure and Recreation of Parent as
Reported by Parent and by Child. .

Clubs and Organizations of Parent as
Reported by Parent and by Child. .

Employment History of Parent as
Reported by Parent and by Child. .

When Not Gainfully Employed. . . .
Financial Security of Parent as
Reported by Parent and by Child. .

Religion of Parent as Reported by
Parent and by Child . . . . .

V11.

PAGE

42

46

50

53

56

73

95

103

119

126

I35

139

150

 

TABLES

XIV
XIVa
XV

XVa

XVI
XVIa

XVII
XVIIa

XVIII
XVIIIa

XIX
XIXa

XXII
XXIIa

XXIII
XXIIIa

XXIV
XXIVa

LIST OF TABLUS (cont.)

Earlier Life of Parent as Reported

by Parent and by Child . .

What Parent Thinks About Things as
Reported by Parent and by Child

Attitude of Parent on Health and
Child's Attitude About Parent
on liealth . . C O O .

Attitude of Parent on Friends and

Child's Attitude About Parent
on Friends . . . . . .

Attitude of Parent on Work and
Child's Attitude About Parent
on Work. . . . . . .

Attitude of Parent on Financial
Security and Child's Attitude
About Parent on Financial
Security . . . . . . .

Attitude of Parent on Religion and

Child's Attitude About Parent
on Religion . . . . . .

Attitude of Parent on Usefulness
and Child's Attitude About
Parent on Usefulness . . .

Attitude of Parent on Family and
Child's Attitude About Parent
on.Family . . . . . . .

Attitude of Parent on Happiness and

Child's Attitude About Parent
on Happiness . . . . . .

Reasons for the Parent Going to

Live at the Home for Old People

as Reported by the Parent and
by the Child 0' o o o o 0

viii

PAGE

163

179

197

202

207

212

218

223

228

233

240

Hill!

TABLE

XXV

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XXXI
XXXIa

XXXII
XXXIIa

LIST OF TABLES (cont.)

PAGE
Advice of Parent as to Living Arrange-
ments after Retirement and after
Death of or Separation from
246

Spouse 0 O O O O O O O O 0

Reactions of Parents as to Care of
Old Parents on the Part of Adult

Children 0 O O C O O O O O 249

Feelings of Adult Child in Regard to
Doing More for Her or His Old

Parent . . . . . . . . . . 253

Feelings of Adult Child as to Whether
the Old Parent Feels the Adult
Child Should Be Doing More for
Her (or Him) . . . . . . . . 256

Feelings of Adult Child in Regard to
Having the Old Parent Live with

Her (or Him) . . . . . . . . 259

Feelings of Adult Child as to Whether
the Old Parent Feels She (or He)
Should Be Living with the Adult

Child O D I I O O O O O O 265

Summary of Total Agreed Responses
for Categories of Activities. .~ . 274

Summary of Total Agreed Responses
for Categories of Attitudes . . . 278

U 1'11“.” L‘ .4i\ I

IuI‘_;O.JUdI‘lOn
Foreword

Much has been said and written since 1940 about the
growing proportion of old peeple in the population, not
only in this country but elsewhere in the world, and about
the attendant proolems such as use of leisure in retirement,
economic security, appropriate housing, family relations,
to mention but a few. But there has been a woeful lack of
actual scientific research in this area which, happily, is
being rectified to an increasing extent. There is room,
however, for much to be done. One is still struck by the
lack of research basis for much that is said on the platform,
over radio and television, and in the various written media.
An area in which some research has been done is that of the
relations between the old parent and his mature children.
One often hears and reads that the old person is no longer
cared for in the family as he was in "the good old days”;
that he or she is no longer accorded the love and respect of
his or her adult children - that the children no longer care
as they used to.

How close are the relationships of old parent and

adult child today? Does the child feel a responsibility to

2.

care for the old parent? Does he or she have insight into
the parent's feelings and attitudes? In short, is the child
satisfied with his care of the old parent or does he have
guilt feelings? One can even go a step farther and ask these
questions where the aged person has no children but has a
niece or nephew.

And how does the old parent feel about all this? Do
old parents feel neglected? How would old parents prefer to
live after retirement and widowhood? Do they feel adult
children (or relatives) are showing proper concern for and
giving the proper care of the old parent (or relative)?

The writer, an older person herself, and her adviser,
Dr. Walter F. Johnson, Professor in the Department of Admin-
istrative and Educational Services, felt that these questions
are of vital importance and of wide-spread prevalence today
and will become increasingly so in the years to come as the
proportion of old people in the population becomes greater,
if present trends continue. As a consequence, the writer
decided to do her research in this area. This decision was
reached after careful consideration of some other areas in

gerontology by her and her advisory committee.
__..2.Pur oes-..o£ .the .Inve.s!:is_____ati on

The purpose of this research project then was to

attempt to shed a little more light on some of these questions.

Background of the Problem

While still considering other areas for research in
gerontology, the writer had an opportunity to talk with
Dr. Wilma Donahue, Chairman of the DiVision or Gerontology
at the University of Michigan, about her desire to do research

in gerontology and asked for suggestions. Dr. Donahue

(-1 ‘3

mentioned immediately the need of it in all areas, but
particularly in regard to guilt feelings of adult children
relating to care of aged parents. There were no published
research studies in this, and Dr. Gordon Aldridge, Specialist
in Gerontology at Michigan state University and head of the
School of Social dork, knew of no unpublished studies, as

was obviously true also oi nr. donahue. The implications of
the problem were strongly stated by pr. Johahue in the
Foreword of the book, LOW to uclp_blucr People {6):

Jitfl industrialization has come a striking change in
social organization or the family. Ireviously, aging
members were able to retain or increase their power
and prestige within the kinship group, but today the
older generation is finding itself shelved and some-
times stranded by its younger families. That this
changed situation is a reflection of the demands of a
competitive society in which the younger family must
concentrate all its resources upon its children in
order that they may take their places successfully in
the competitive world, is not understood either by the
older or younger generation. To both groups, it ap-
pears that there is a dereliction of duty and a weak-
ening of family bonds......If an industrial society
is unkind to the aging, it is equally unkind to the
children of the aging. For the older parents, our
era has failed to maintain a family structure in
which emotional security is a built-in feature; nor
has it produced satisfying substitutes for family
roles. It has failed to emancipate the younger

persons from their sense of obligation to their
parents and, at the same time, has denied them the
means by which they can meet the obvious material
and anotional needs of the older family members.
Out of such situations are built the present-day
frustrations......

The writer proposed to study this problem under
three conditions, namely, (1) where the aged parent was
living in a home for old people, (2) where he or she was
living with an adult child, and (3) where he or she was liv-
ing alone but comparatively near the adult child. Her ad-
visory committee felt this was too big an undertaking - that
one of these conditions was enough to study. After careful
thought, the first condition was selected for investigation
because of the supposed better chance of uniformity of the
populations to be studied in regard to social and economic

background and because of long-standing interest in one of

the Homes for old people located in the Lansing area.
Statement of the Problem

In order to investigate the extent and nature of
guilt feelings, if any, on the part of the children toward
their old parents, it was felt one approach might be to at-
tempt to ascertain the closeness of relationship between
parents living in homes for old people and their children.
This, it was thought, might be accomplished by first obtain-
ing a knowledge of the parents' interests, activities, at-

titudes, and feelings; then checking to try to determine how

much insight into and knowledge of these the children had;

and lastly, attempting to ascertain the feelings of the

children themselves about their care of their parents.

The problem then, was stated as follows:

Problem - The problem of the investigation was divided

into two parts:
1. What were the attitudes, activities, interests,

and feelings oi the old parents (or relatives) living
in homes for old people; what were their feelings
about living in a Home; and what were their feelings

about the caie 5iven them by the adult responsible

child (or responsible relative)?

2. What conception was held by the adult child
(or relative) of the attitudes, activities, interests,
and feelings of the old parent (or relative); and
what were the adult child's (or relative’s) own feel-

ings about his or her care of the old parent (or

relative).

The problem then resolved itself into two

hypotheses. -

hypotheses, namely:

1. that the attitudes and feelings of a sample of

parents drawn from the populations of homes for old

people were generally those of satisfaction with the
place of residence and with the care provided by

their adult responsible child (or responsible relative)

2. that the conception by the adult child (or
relative) of the attitudes, activities, interests,
and feelings of the old parent (or relative) was
similar to that held by the old parent (or relative);
and that the adult child's (or relative's) own feelings
with regard to his/her care of the old parent (or

relative) were those of satisfaction.

Limitations of the Investigation

1. The investigation was limited to two Homes for

Old reople located in the Lansing area, namely, The Women's
Home and ti
The latter, although intended mainly for hospital and rehab-

Le Ingham County hospital and Rehabilitation Center.

ilitation purposes, housed also a iew residents who were using

it as a home.
2. It was limited to unglish-speaking, white persons

over 65 years of age who had been married and who had the

child (or relative) who was responsible for his or her care

living in the Lansing area.
3. It was also limited to persons competent mentally

to answer a questionnaire.
4. The persons also had to be well enough physically

to be sufficiently proficient in self-care and sufficiently

ambulatory to be able to live with the child (or relative).

Definition of Terms and Abbreviations

Terms

éged was a term used to refer to persons over 65 years of age.

égreed or agreed desponses referred to answers to the
questions that were the same for both parent and child.
Gavan Schedule (or Inventory or Questionnaire) referred to

the inventory entitled "Your Activities and Attitudes"
developed at the University of Chicago by Ruth 8. Gavan,

Ernest N. Burgess, and Robert J. Havighurst.

Home referred to Home for Old People

Middle-aged Parents referred to the three parents living at

the Ingham County Hospital who were between 50 and 60

years old.

Okemos and Ukemos Home referred to the Ingham County Hospital

and Rehabilitation Center.

Old and Older referred to persons over 65 years of age.

Old Parents referred to the parents at the lngham County

hospital and Rehabilitation Center who were over 65 years

of age and sometimes to the parents at The Women's Home
Responsible Adult Child 25 Adult Responsible Child referred
to the child whose name appeared on the file card of
resident of the Home as the person to be contacted in
regard to the welfare of that resident - the child who

seemed to be in charge of the affairs of the resident.

Abbreviations

£2 E; referred to Ukemos Home, meaning the Ingham county
Hospital and Rehabilitation Center.

lehab. referred to xehabilitation.

 

g; H. referred to The women's Home.

Abbreviations Used in the Tables

Ch. referred to the Responsible Adult Child.

Par. referred to Parent.

Rel. referred to relative. (One case connected with the

Women's Home was a grandmother-graddaughter relationship
and one connected with the Ingham County Hospital and
Rehabilitation Center was an aunt-niece relationship.

In all Tables but one and in all discussions, these were
simply included as mother-daughter relationships.)

lh £5 I_referred to Mother, Father, Total, respectively.

Q,Ԥ referred to Daughter, don, respectively.
Bi M

with referred to the Mother-naughter relationship and

 

iother-Son relationship, respectively.

P F
referred to the Father-Daughter and Father-don

relationships, respectively.
given bv

Agreed referred to the number of same responses

the parent and child.

9.

Plan of the Study

The present chapter has stated the purpose and problem
of this investigation and presented its background and sig-

in this chapter is a presentation

nificance. Also included

of the limitations of the investigation and a list of defin-

itions of certain terms used.
Chapter II contains a Review of Pertinent Literature.

This includes a description of the inventory, "Your Activities

and Attitudesf'as developed by Ruth 3. Cavan, Ernest W.

Burgess, and Robert J. Havighurst of the University of
Chicago.
Chapter III presents the Methods and Procedures used
in the investigation including the Design of the Investigation,
Selection of the Sample, The Instrument Used in the Study, The
Pilot Study, Procedures for Obtaining the Data, and Proced-

ures for Analyzing the Data.
Chapter IV presents the Analysis of the Data and the

Results.
Chapter V summarizes the study and its results, pre-
sents certain weaknesses and strengths of the investigation,

states conclusions drawn from the study and suggests certain

implications for further study.
The Appendix contains copies of the inventories used

in the investigation, more detailed information concerning

certain parts of the text, and samples of forms used

in tabulation of the data.
A list of references mentioned in the Review of

Pertinent Literature and in the text follows the Appendix.

 

10.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE

A thorough search of the literature revealed there
had been no published research in regard to guilt feelings
of adult children toward their old parents and in regard to
their insight into and knowledge of their parents' activities,
interests, attitudes and feelings. Also there seemed to be
no recorded unpublishei research in this area.

The only study found that dealt in any way with guilt
feelings between old parents and adult children was one re-
ported by Farrar (16) who reported ten case studies of aged
mothers and their aging daughters who were in such conflict
with each other that they had come for help to a social service
agency. his explanation of the situations was that the rivalry
for the affections of the father between mother and daughter
which normally occurs in the early childhood of daughters and
the still existing dependence on the mother for love and secur-
ity had never been satisfactorily adjusted. The fathers were
long since gone but the conflict remained. The daughters con-
sciously or unconsciously wished their mothers were not living
with them, which caused anxiety, feelings of uneasiness, and
feelings of guilt. In nine cases the daughters were the

victims of the situation and in the tenth, the mother was the

11

12.

victim. The conflict had reached the point where many of

the daughters were physically ill and others who were em-
ployed could not concentrate satisfactorily on their work.

The solutions were counseling with both mother and daughter

and in some instances, removing the mother1x>another residence.
The latter proved to be the most successful.

V~In connection with an outstanding research study
entitled "Personal Adjustment in Old Age," published in N¥////
1949 (12), a most important contribution was made to the
field of research. Two schedules or inventories were devel-
oped by Ernest w. Burgess, Ruth 8. Cavan, and Robert J.
Havighurst to obtain information on activities, interests,
attitudes and feelings of persons past 60 years of age. One
was a Schedule of Activities which was supposedly an objective
means of measurement of adjustment of old people by activities
which would be objectively observable. The other was an
Attitude Inventory which was a subjective means of arriving
at the inner adjustment of old people.~ After the instruments
had been used and perfected, they were later combined with
one schedule entitled "Your Activities and Attitudes." huch
valuable information could be obtained on interests, activi-
ties, feelings and attitudes of older people as well as
factual information and adjustment scores. Information in
regard to the study and to the development of the schedule
may be found in Appendix Ila. It was not included here because

0f the necessity of a detailed account due to the importance

Of the study and of the schedule.

r/’V

13.

Pertinent to this dissertation besides the development
of the schedule was also the finding by Gavan, et al. that
according to the 1940 census only 4-6% of persons aged 65 and
over were living outside ofi private households (ll, 12:44).
Those living elsewhere than in private households were re-
siding in boarding or lodging houses, institutions, and in
hotels. Undoubtedly this percentage has increased in the
last twenty years. Because of widowhood, more women than
men were without homes of their own - living in institutions

or with children.
Research Studies Using the Gavan Schedule

The schedule has been used in a number of adjustment
research studies (5, 15, 20, 22, 26, 27). The most important
of these was the one reported in the book, Older People by
Robert J. Havighurst and Ruth Albrect in 1953 (20). A
description 0t this excellent piece or research may be found
in Appendix 11b, again because of the importance of the study.

Ruth Albrecht published a number of articles using
some of the findings of the large research, Older People.
Three of these (2, 3, 4) were pertinent to this dissertation.

In the article, "Relationships of Older People with
their Children" (3), Albrecht quoted the following statistics:

78 of the study sample of 100 parents over 65 years
had children living

85% of this 78 had a variety of roles associated with

independence or responsibility and

14.

15B of this 78 showed dependence, distance or
neglect

The seventy-eight parent-children relationships were rated
on a scale from independent relations but mutual help and
warmth to complete neglect. Albrecht concluded, among other
things, that a common belief that "aged parents of all social
classes are apt to become dependent on their children" was
not generally true (3:34). Only six per cent were dependent
on their children for economic and physical care, or social
attention and none were completely neglected.

In her article, "The Parental mesponsibilities of
Grandparents," Albrecht stated that 90% of the sample of
one hundred parents over 65 years were also grandparents;.~
30% were also great-grandparents. But only five per cent of
the grandparents and no great-grandparents took care of the
children while the parents worked. Those who did felt well-
rewarded in the love and appreciation received. Only 14%
of the grandparents lived under the same roof with their
grandchildren. Most of the active social participation with
the family was by visits back and forth.. Only four per cent
of grandparents and seventeen per cent of great-grandparents
knew nothing or practically nothing about their families.
In all cases there had been trouble between the generations.

In her study of the relations between older people
and their own parents (4), Albrecht found that 71% of the

sample of 100 had not had to be reaponsible for their own

-__,__-_____-

15.

parents. Either the parents maintained their own independ-
ence until they died or were cared for by others.

The remainder of the studies using the Gavan, et al
schedule were considerably smaller in scope. These were
all studies using adjustment scores of the schedule to
compare the adjustment of two groups. .JuoShu Pan studied
the adjustment of 116 institutionalized women aged 60 years
old with the 2,988 non-institutionalized persons studied by
Gavan, et al. and found that the adjustment of the institu-
tionalized persons to be inferior to that of the non-
institutionalized (27). He then compared 730 old persons
living in Protestant homes with a similar group in the
Gavan pepulation, most of whom were living in their own
homes and found that females predominated numerically over
males in institutions and that the institutionalized old
people were better educated, had better health care, more
leisure time, were more religious, and felt more secure
economically than the non-institutionalized. But he also
found they had fewer contacts with friends, poorer quality
of familial relationships, and less opportunity for partici-
pation in group activities than the non-institutionalized (26).

Kleemeier gave the attitude schedule to a group of
workers and to a group of non-workers, all residents in a
fraternal home (Moosehaven, operated by the Loyal Order of
Moose in Florida) for the aged. Responses were received

from 336, or 82% of the home population. Half of the data

16.

wenagathered by interview. It was found that the workers
were better adjusted than the non-workers.

Gardner interviewed 193 persons of whom 72% were 70
years or over and two-thirds of whom were women. Fourteen
persons lived alone and the remainder with children or other
relatives (67%) or with spouses (19%). He found a strong
positive relationship between economic independence and
happiness and some correlation between health and happiness;
80% had strong social interests. Most popular activities

were visiting, listening to radio, and reading (18).

Other Related Research Studies

There were a few other research studies in which the
Gavan schedule was not used. However, the studies were re-
lated in content and/or results to those just reviewed in
which the Gavan schedule was used.

Smith reported that 490 families in all stages of the
family-life cycle were interviewed by college graduates in
two industrial cities in Pennsylvania, forty-nine were re-
tired and the remainder were mostly between 35 and 65 years
old (29). A pro-tested schedule was used. The questions
were related to family plans for later years. In regard to
parent-child relationships, most of the parents were not plan-
ning to Spend their later years with their children. When
asked what responsibilities children should take for their

parents after retirement, the most frequent responses were

17.

"see that they are provided for; care or help care for them;
give them love, respect and kindness; or parents should take
care of themselves” (29:39). Three-fourths of the couples
had lived with their parents or married children - 31L said
it had not bothered them but the remainder said the follow-
ing had bothered them: "Too crowded, no privacy. . . . . ,
. . ; our ways are different; differences in handling children;
interference or wanting to interfere; interrupting married
life; they got on my nerves; feeling like an 'imposition' or
'in the way'; caring for an invalid added work required; and
the parent being crabby and old” (29:38).

Approximately 80% of the couples lived near their
parents. There was some indication of closer relationship
between couples and parents of wife than between couples and
parents of husband. This included the giving and receiving
of advice and in giving and receiving various forms of
assistance.

Burgess stated in Chapter XII in The new Erontiers of
A inq, edited by )onahne and Ciboitts (14), that twenty-four
states have a law setting up income scale provisions to de-
termine ability of adult children to support their parents.
It was found that the great majority of adult children re-
ceived incomes below the amount of the legal requirement for
support. This law then exempts all but a fraction of the
adult children from supporting their old parents. He went

on to say, "Other factors, however, besides legal responsi-

18.

bility operate to induce adult children to offer financial
supporttn their parents. these factors range from pressure
by community opinion, feelings of moral responsibility and
affection, to positive desire to include the parent in the
family Circle. As a result, approximately a; many needy
parents are supported by their Children as are at present

on old Ape assistance rolls” (lézlo7). he pointed out that
the roles of parents and Children are changing to independent
living and to reciprocal roles, which was preferable to
three-generation households. Adult children know that

mother will drop everything and come when needed, in case of
illness or a new baby or crises, and father will give needed
financial assistance. And parents can count on assistance
from their adult child en under similar circumstances. "The
decline of familism and growth of individualism have reduced
the weight of considerations of the law, custom, and duty.

At the same time they have increased the part which affection,
congeniality and common interest play in the relation of the
older generation to the family” (14:167).

McCarthy pointed out the injustices a rigid relative
SUpport law can incur. he compared New York and Louisiana,
both of which have such a law. In New York only 8% of the
persons over 65 were receiving Old Age Assistance, whereas
in Louisiana, 65% were receiving such aid. The incomes in
New York were much higher than those in Louisiana. He cited

a case in New York of a young man who was forced into court

19.

for non-support of his father. The father had deserted the
family twenty years before and the mother had worked hard to
feed and raise her children. And now that the father was old,
he wanted the son to support him. The young man was already
gladly supporting the mother. Another young man, an elevator
operator, was supporting the mother of his wife, who was
earning nothing, as well as his wife and child. He applied
for state aid for the mother, who was not his legal responsi-
bility. New York was willing to do it only by reducing the
standard of living of the family to a relief budget.

Amen found in a study of 120 residents of a Catholic
lome, thirty of whom were male and ninety of whom were female,
that unlike the findings of Cavan (ll) in which 94% of in-
ditutionalized women lived without close family contacts,
there was a considerable anount of social interaction in-
volving the residents and their relatives and friends. Only
thirteen did not receive visitors and of these five went to
see relatives and five others had no relatives. Chi square
test revealed relation of frequency of visits to adjustment
ratings was significant at .05 level. Part of the reason
for these findings might be that the Home was Catholic.

Gavan in The American Family (10:606) reproduced a figure

 

from a study made in l944 by hobert M. Dinkel which showed
that Catholics felt a considerably greater obligation based
on traditional values toward having a troublesome parent live

in their homestnan Protestants. Also, the Catholics felt a

20.

greater obligation to support their aged parents than
Protestants (14:605).

Smith and the Jrittons studied three-generation
households in two rennsylvania communities - an urban com-
munity oi 10,000 and a rural village of 2,000. Ninety-seven
were studied in the former and forty-five in the latter.
Two-thirds were first-;eneration families plus their daughter
and her family, and in half the cases economic reasons were
given as the most important. Data were obtained by inter-

eeneration. Among many interesting

viewing a member of each 0
findiaés were that there were no major problems between the

two adult generations, the youngest generation felt quite

free from disagreements with the adults and had no more

with their parents than with their grandparents, and all

three generations were quite consistent with rebard to norms
governing the behavior of old people.

Albrecht, in a study of 204 college students who were
mostly Protestants and from the middle-class social group and
who were at least three generations removed from immigrant
parents, found that almost all had four to seven people in a
parent capacity and could, through marriage to someone with
Parents, grandparents, and breat-grandparents, have as many
as thirteen. This meant that the family could be longated to
as many as five and six generations. She felt that the out-
look for the future was bright under these cirumstances -

parents would be less reluctant to have children become in-

21.

dependent if they had their own antecedents to care for.
bmny young people came to tnis country after world Jar i,
leaving parents in Lurope and through family loneliness,
concentrated on their children and did not learn the meaning
of aging. inrough contact with several generations, young
people can watch the process of aging and can become ac-
quainted with the cultures of the various age-stages repre-
sented which would greatly enrich their understanding and
knowledge of history, sociology, psychology, family, etc.
People are staying young and active longer - 60 years old now
is like 40 years old in previous times - and independence can
be maintained longer by older people; social activities for
them are now approved; many women can find their way back
into business and education; and men can engage longer in
work activity due to recent emphasis on economic independence
of older people; pension and retirement plans are becoming
more numerous. Therefore, outlook for young people is
pleasant but they should be taught facts about aging and how
to postpone dependency as long as possible though (lS)she
emphasized the need o£ preparation for retirement and old

age.

22.

Helpful Literature

A number of books have appeared the purpose of which
is to aid adult children and old parents in their problems
of adjustment to each other and to chanpina conditions of
living (6, 25, 30).

Ollie.A. Randall, Consultant on Services for the Aged
in the Community Service society of New York, stated in an
article on family relationships of old parents (28):

Implicit in the topic under analysis is the assumption
that the older person belongs in the modern family,

an assumption which some people are inclined to be-
lieve modern ways deny. Yet if we were to delve be-
neath the surface, we would realize that to deny this
is to deny the ties of blood and of family kinship
upon which not only the structure of family but our

entire modern social structure rests.

So far as I can discover, no one has found that 'the
family' as a basic social unit has been replaced nor
has it been improved. . . . .As the anthropologists
and sociologists tell us, 'the family' has throughout
the ages and in most civilizations had, as its major
function, the care of the young §3§_the old. This is
true in our society and there is no question but that
the fundamental function of the family remains the
same. It is merely in the manner of the discharge of
its major function so far as the elderly are concerned
that any observable chanée has actually occurred.

One of the changes mentioned was that the support by the
children is indirectly through tax support of social security
(and also of old Age Assistance) both for themselves and for
the older People. Another change indicated was that the older
people do not generally live in the same household with their
children. There are more taree-generation families than ever

before but less three-generation households. when there were

fewer old people and the economy was different, they were

apt to live under the $81.10. roof. $on; the arranement 13

‘V

different and it is better that way, she maintained. Inc
older people have much more independence and freedom. ihe
only trouble is sometimes the older persons accept this in-
tellectually but not emotionally. Randall stressed that the
older person and the family need to realize what is meant by
inclusion.

The vital element of 'inclusion' in the family circle -
a strangely shaped circle these days - is not that all
members live under one roof. gather it is the main-
tenance of the feeling of being one of the family in
its culture - in its contribution to the Community

and to society generally - of being strengthened by

the fact that one's own people care what happens to
one, of their sharia; in the good and bad things of
life, even though they may be able to do little to
prevent or alleviate in a practical way he misfortunes
or the losses which come to most of us as we grow
older.

This can be achieved in separate households - even better
quite often than in the same household. She pointed out that
we are more polite and respectful outside of the home than
in it and, therefore, the older people are apt to be treated
better by their children if they live in separate households.
She said:

In conclusion, for the sake of both the very young

and the old, let us hope the place of the older

person in the family will remain firm and unquestioned.

Unless this be so, there can be little sense of the

continuity of life itself - of the very meaning of
life to each of us. (28:84)

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Design of the Investigation

The plan decided upon for the investigation was

1. to draw a sample of fifteen parents, who had the
required qualifications listed in Chapter I under
"Limitations of the Study,” from the populations of
each of two Homes for Uld People located in the Lansing
area, namely, The women's Home in Lansing and the Ingham
County Hospital and nehabilitation Center located in
Ckemos. The latter, although primarily concerned with
illness and rehabilitation, also housed a few residents
who were using it as a home. A description of the Homes
may be found in Appendix IIc. It was planned to list
all names of qualified parents in alphabetical order,
number them consecutively and draw the samples of
fifteen according to a table of random sampling numbers.

2. to interview each of the thirty parents, using
the inventory "Your activities and Attitudes” described
in Chapter II and Appendix Ila. It was decided to use
this inventory Lecause it covered effectively the in-
formation desired, was developed by experts in psychol-
osy and sociology, and had been perfected on hundreds

24

of persons over 60 years of age.

3. to interview the adult child, who was taking the
responsibility for manaéing the affairs of the parent,
using a copy of the same inventory, but asking the
questions in regard to the parent.

4. to ask certain additional open-end questions
informally at the close of the interviews to further
bring out feelings of parents and of adult responsible

children.

Selection of the Sample

 

At both Homes the supervisors (and also the Medical
Director at the Ingham County hospital and Rehabilitation
Center) went through the files and listed the names of all
residents who had the qualifications listed under "Limita-
tions of the Study" in Chapter I. It was found that fourteen
residents qualified at The Women’s Home and nineteen resi-
dents qualified at the Okemos home, plus three more who
qualified in every way except age. these three were less
than 65 years old. It was decided to use all twenty-two
since some might be lost durin; the research process.
Therefore the sample consisted of thirty-six cases. As was
anticipated, four of the cases were lost because of no
interview with the adult responsible child or relative, so
the sample population used in the research project was

thirty-two.

26.

No special physical and psychological examinations
were employed in the study. At The domen's Home the resi-
dents had to be in reasonably good health, physically and
mentally, in order to live there. At the dkemos Rome, the
Medical Director and the Supervising Nurse were well-advised
as to the physical and mental condition of their residents.

Use of the Index of Senility developed by Gavan, et al

for the same research project as the inventory "Your Activities

and Interests" (12) was considered. But the authors themselves

deemed it to be highly unsatisfactory. The correlation between

the scores on the Index and those on the inventory was only

.15.

The Instrument Used in the Study

1. A description of L e development of the inventory
"Your Activities and Attitudes” may be found in Appendix Ila.

2. The inventory "Your Activities and Attitudes” was
used essentially in its original form in the interviews with
the parents with the ’xeeption that Section R of the Atti-
tude inventory was exchanged in placement with section G so
that the schedule would be finished in a happy manner. The
last sentence of Section U was "My family does not really
care tor me" whereas the last sentence of section G was “My
life is so enjoyable that 1 almost wish it would go on

forever."

27.

Also, three categories which did not apply were
omitted in the Schedule of Activities and questions on watch-
ing television were added. The Schedule had been developed
in 1946 before television was known to the public.

The code number assigned to the parent was placed
inconspicuously at the bottom of the back page. The code
numbers devised were the initials of the Home plus the
number arbitrarily assigned to the parent plus the letter "a"
indicating the interview was with the parent or plus the
letter "b" if the interview was with the adult responsible
child. The numbers assigned to the parents were in order of
interview, not in alphabetical order of parents' names. For
instance, the sixth mother interviewed at The Women's Home
had the code number WHGa, her child had the code number NH6b.
Or, for instance, the eighth parent interviewed at the Okemos
Home had the code number OHBa and the child had the number
OHBb.

A copy of the Schedule as used with the parents may
be round in Appendix Ia.

3. The Schedule, or inventory, as used with the adult
responsible child was changed so that the pronouns repre-
sented the sex of the parent.

The same changes made in the Schedule for the Parents
werelnade in the Schedule as administered to the adult re-
sponsible child. A few questions were inserted occasionally

in the Schedule which, it was thought, might serve to further

28.

bring out the amount of insight of the child in regard to
the parent.

In addition the child was asked his or her age, the
placement in the family, e.g. oldest, youngest, middle or
only child, and how he or she felt about the questionnaire
and whether he or she wished to say anything further on any
of the questions.

The same code number as that of the parent was placed
on the lower right hand corner of the back page but the
letter "b" was placed after the number instead of "a" which
was used for the parent.

A copy of the Schedule as it was used with the adult
responsible child may be found in Appendix 1b.

4. After the questionnaire was finished, certain Open-
end questions were asked of the parent and of the child in
an informal manner.

One question was asked both of the parent and of the
child, namely,

How did it happen that you (or she or he) came to
live at the home?

The parent was then asked twoxnore questions, namely:
If you.were to advise a lone older person as to
where and how she or he should live after retirement
what would you tell her or him?
Quite often the question was made more personal or realistic

by adding "me, for instance."

Do you feel that adult children take care of their
parents when they get old the way they should nowadays?

29.

It was hoped that the parents would express their
real feelings about their own living arrangements and about
the care of their own children through their answers to
oblique questions such as these. It was felt that parental
loyalty and protectiveness would color answers to direct

questions. Also, insecurity and fear of consequences might
also color answers to direct questions even though assurance
had been given that responses would be kept confidential.
The adult responsible child was asked four more open-
end questions, namely,
Although your parent is receiving good care at the
Home and she (or he) seems to be reasonably happy and
you see (or write) her (or him) quite often, do you
feel as though you should be doing more for her (or
him?
The question was asked in this manner in an attempt
to allay any feeling by the child of being "put on the spot."

The next three questions were:

Do you feel as though your mother (or father)
feels you should be doing more for her (or him)?

Do you feel as though you should be having your
mother (or father) live with you?

Do you feel as though your mother (or father)
feels she (or he) should be living with you?

These questions were written on the back page of the
questionnaire only in the few cases where the questionnaire

was mailed.

30.

The Pilot Study

 

The schedule and open-end questions were tried out
on four cases in a pilot study conducted at the Bogue Nursing
Home located in East Lansing. The four mothers had the re-
quired qualifications listed in Chapter II under "Limitations
of the Study," according to the owner and manager of the
Home. Two of the mothers, it was felt by the owner of the
Home, would be easy to interview and two would be difficult.
This was done purposely to give the interviewer added ex-
perience in handling different kinds of personalities. The
interviewer was not made aware of this difference in person-
alities and was given no information in regard to any of the
interviewees so that bias would be avoided as much as possible.
All but one of the mothers had to be interviewed in two sepa-
rate sittings because of fatigue.

After the four interviews had been completed, a letter
was sent to each adult responsible child explaining the re-
search project and saying that a telephone contact would be
made for an appointment for an interview. The letter was

purposly made short and general. A copy may be seen in
Appendix Ic.
As a result of these eight interviews
1. the changes listed under The Instrument Used in
Study were made.

2. It was found also that it was better to have all

31.

the pronouns fitting the sex of parent
and all changes written into the questionnaire
before the interview with the adult responsible
child so as to avoid confusion.

3. It was found also that further explanation was
needed in the telephone contact with the adult
responsible child and cooperation enlisted. In
other words, the research project had to be "sold."

4. If the adult responsible child was unwilling to
have a personal interview, it was found that he
would consent to having a questionnaire mailed to
him, in which case the open-end questions had to
be written on the back of the questionnaire.

5. In the case of an interview by mail, it was found

that an extra sheet of paper should be included

for'comment.

Procedures for Obtaining the Data

1. Preliminary ground work
Consent to do the research in the two Homes

a.

had to be obtained from the Chairman of the
Board of Directors in the case of The Women's
Home, and from the Board of Directors of the
Rehabilitation Center and from the Director of
the Ingham County Board of Social Welfare, who

Win charge of the Ingham County Hospital.

 

32.

b. At The Women's Home, the Chairman of the Board
of Directors introduced the writer to the Head
Matron and Assistant Matron and discussed the
research project with them gaining their coop-
eration. She then took the writer through the
Home introducing her to the leaders or key
figures among the residents, explaining the
project to them and gaining their cooperation
also.

3. At the Okemos Home, the Supervising Nurse ac-
quainted the writer with the floor plan of the
institution, took her through the hospital and
Center, and introduced her to the Head Nurses and
Therapists, explaining the research project and
gaining their cooperation.

4. The interviewing
a. Since it has been shown that the appearance of

the interviewer can affect the interview,
careful attention was given to the rules govern-
ing suitable dress.

b. The routine of the residents of the Home was
interfered with as little as possible. Mail
time and nap time, for instance, were avoided.

c. The interviewer was always taken to the inter-
viewee by one of the persons in charge of the

Home, explanations were made, and the consent

 

33.

of the interviewee obtained. Addition to
research and the confidential nature of the
interview were stressed.

The interview was always made in privacy. At
The Women's Home, where each resident had her
own room, the interview took place in the
resident's room. At the Okemos Home, where,
for the most part, there were more than one oc-
cupant in a room, the interviewee was brought
to an unused office or small reception room.
Rapport with the interviewee was established
before the interview began. The nature of the
questionnaire and of the research were explained
again and the assurance that results of the
interview would be kept in confidence was also
repeated. It was explained that the question-
naires would be marked only with a code number
and the results would be used in statistical
form - "so many answered a question this way
and so many answered it that way." Quite often
the interviewees wanted to know what the research
was for and upon learning that not only was it
for the purpose of adding to research but also
to complete requirements for a degree, they
seemed quite interested. In fact, many seemed

more interested in helping the interviewer to

 

h.

as honestly and as well as they could.

It was deemed wise not to tell the parent that
the child responsible for their affairs was to
be contacted. It was felt that this knowledge
might serve to color their responses and to
worry them.

The amount of time required for the actual

half. The questionnaire proved to be an ex-
cellent instrument to get the person to talk
freely. One sitting seemed to be best.

After the questionnaire was finished, it was
closed and laid aside. Then the open-end
questions were asked in an informal manner.
Nothing was written down in the presence of the
interviewee but the responses were immediately
recorded after the termination of the interview.
All birth dates of the parents were checked V
with those recorded on their file cards located
in the offices of the Homes. These had been

verified by checking birth certificates or

birth records.

35.

j. Names and addresses and telephone numbers of

Ill .

the adult responsible children were obtained
from the file cards of the parents.

The letters were sent to the adult responsible
children on a Saturday so that they would be re-
ceived on Monday. This was done so that the
children could be contacted by telephone before
they had seen their parents and the research
project explained. About four or five letters
were sent per week so that the interviewing
could be done promptly.

Three of the adult responsible children were un-
willing to have a personal interview but after
persuasion, consented to answer the questionnaire
and questions by mail. Two others were contacted
by mail because of distance and bad driving con-
ditions and one other because the parent had re-
turned to live with the child. Only one
questionnaire was not returned. A total of

64 interviews were made.

Parents and the adult responsible children were
always given an opportunity to comment further

on the questions asked and to express an opinion

on the questionnaire.

7.

36.

Procedures for Analyzigg the Data

The response to each question on the questionnaire
by each interviewee was tabulated under the code
number of the interviewee. A sample tabulation
sheet may be found in Appendix III.

A special mark.was used for the response of the
parent (x) and a special one for the response of
the adult responsible child (0).

The relationship of parent and child was indicated
beside the code number, e.g., whether Mother-
Daughter (M D), Father-Daughter (F D), Mother-Son
(M S), or Father-Son (F S).

The total number of responses for each question
was computed separately for the Mothers, Fathers,
Daughters, and Sons for each Home.

The responses of the middle-aged parents at Okemos
Home (those between 50 and 60 years old) and their
adult responsible children were kept separate from
those of the parents over 65 years of age at Okemos
and their adult responsible children.

The totals of the responses which were the same for i ‘ n
the parent and adult responsible child were computed

for each relationship, e.g., Mother-Daughter,

Mother-Son, etc. and for each question.

All these totals were recorded on Tables - one

10.

37.

table for each category in the Schedule of
Activities and Attitudes with the exception of
General Information, which was broken up into
four tables; and one table for the responses to
each of the seven open-end questions.

Responses and totals of special interest were re-
ported and discussed in the text for each table.
Totals of responses which were the same for parent
and adult responsible child, e.g., the number of
agreed responses or responses which agreed with
each other, which were less than six were con-
sidered only low agreement; totals of agreed re-
sponses which were nine or ten and above were con-
sidered indicative of high agreement, and totals
which numbered from seven to nine were considered
indeterminate.

An important adjunct was the observance of certain
criteria for interpretation as to possibility of
the presence of guilt feelings on the part of the
adult responsible child concerning the parent.

The criteria kept in mind were, namely, whether
the child said directly that she or he felt guilty,
or statements to that effect; whether the behavior
of the child would possibly indicate presence of
guilt feelings, e.g., reluctance to be interviewed,

the breaking of interview appointments and the like;

ll.

38.

whether the child rationalized not having the
parent live with her or him; whether the child
was satisfied with her or his care of the parent,
the implication being that lack of satisfaction
would be a factor in guilt feelings; and finally
whether the answers to the open-end questions
would possibly hold indications of the presence
of guilt feelings. These criteria were admittedly
subjective in nature.

For the summary and conclusions, an item analysis
was run on each major category of the schedule to
determine the total number of low, high and in-
determinate responses for each category, and the
total number for the Activities half of the schedule
and for the Attitudes half of the schedule.

Because of the small number of cases, no attempt
was made to treat the data statistically to deter-
mine the significance of differences or of

similarity.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA - ACTIVITIES

The data collected could lend itself to many inter-

esting comparisons. In this investigation, however, three

approaches were stressed in an attempt to determine the degree

and nature of the insight of the adult responsible child into

the interests, activities and feelings of the parent and the

relation of this insight to the presence of guilt feelings,

if any, on the part of the child in regard to the parent. The

three approaches used were, namely,

1.

 

the comparison of the child's responses to the
same questions in regard to the parent with the
responses by the parent in regard to herself or
himself;

the parent's reactions to living arrangements
after death or separation from spouse and to
care given by adult children generally to old
parents;

the adult responsible child's reaction to her
or his care of the parent and to the living
arrangements of the parent as the child felt
about them and as she or he thought the parent

felt about them.

39

40.

The Tables were so set up that wherever possible the
data for both The Women's Home and the Ingham County Hospital
and Rehabilitation Center appeared side by side. When not
possible, because of too many categories, the data appeared
first in a Table for The Women's Home and then for the Ingham
County Hospital and Rehabilitation Center immediately follow-
ing in an "a" Table. For instance, Table V was the first
table in which this arrangement occurred. Table V contained
the data on Health for The Women's Home; Table Va contained
the data on Health for the Ingham County Hospital and Rehab-
ilitation Center.

Data were given in each Table for the relationships
Mother, Daughter, Son, Father and for Total. These were rep-
resented in the Tables by the letters M, D, S, F, T, re-
spectively. The Women's Home had one case which was a
grandmother-granddaughter relationship. However, this was
essentially a.mother-daughter relationship inasmuch as the
grandmother raised the granddaughter. Okemos Home (Ingham
County Hospital and Rehabilitation Center) also had one case
that was not a mother and daughter relationship but was an
aunt-niece relationship. This latter was not as close a re-
lationship as the former, i.e., the aunt did not raise the
niece but there had been considerable contact during the
years. Therefore, in all the statistics, these two cases
were incorporated in the mother-daughter numbers with the

exception of those for the Age of Parent or Relative and Age

41.

of Child or Relative. The statistics would have been thrown
out of line because the Age of the granddaughter was a little
young (37 years) and that of the niece was a little old (69
years). The ages of the Grandmother and of the Aunt were

88 years and 89 years, respectively, and were not out of
line.

In Table I, entitled "Number of Cases, Age, Placement
in Family of Adult Responsible Child," it will be seen that
there were five cases of the mother-daughter relationship,
nine cases of the mother-son relationship, making a total of
fourteen cases. At Okemos Home there were six cases of
mother-daughter relationship, three cases of mother-son re-
lationship, five cases of father-daughter relationship, and
one‘case of father-son relationship, making a total of
fifteen cases. All parents above mentioned were 65 years
old or over. There were three more cases, however, where
the parents were less than 65 years old at Okemos Home but
who had all the other qualifications to be eligible for in-
clusion in the investigation. They were between 50 and 60
years old. These cases were treated separately in the Tables
under the heading of Ingham County Hospital and Rehabilitation
Center. There were one case of motherwdaughter relationship
and two cases of mother—son relationship.

The total number of cases for the two Homes, therefore,
was 32. The total number of mothers was 24 and the total

number of fathers was eight. Twelve of the relationships

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43.

werernother-daughter, twelve were mother-son, seven were
father-daughter, and one was father-son.
The ages of the parent and of the adult responsible

child were given in whole numbers in the Table. Fractions
of years were counted as the next whole number if six months
or over. The ages of the mothers at The women's Home ranged
from 74-87 years and at Okemos from 66-89 years, with the
average age being approximately 78 years for both groups.
The range for the fathers over 65 years old at Okemos Home
was from 67-85, with the average age being 73 years and the
ages of the parents less than 65 years was 57 for the mother
and 50 and 54 years for the fathers.

_ The age range of the adult responsible children was
42-60 years for both the daughters and the sons of the mothers
at The Women's Home, the average age being 50 years old. At
Okemos Home the range was from 34-52 years for the daughters
of the parents over 65 years old and 53—59 years for the sons.
The average ages were 42 and 55, respectively. The daughter
of the 57 year old mother was 33 years old and the daughters h 4
of the middle-aged fathers were 21 and 24 years old. There- .
fore, all the adult responsible children could be classed in
the middle-aged category except the two daughters of the
middle-aged fathers.

The placement in the family of the child who had the

main responsibility for the parent was evenly divided between

the categories of "oldest," "middle," and "youngest" for the

L._-. - -

44.

three middle-aged parents at Okemos - one each. For the old
parents at Okemos, the majority of their adult reponsible
children were either the "Oldest" in the family (five) or the
"Middle" child (four). For The Women's Home the majority of
the children were either the "Oldest" in the family (four)
or the "Youngest" (five). Three of the mothers had an only
son. At Okemos Home, one mother and one father each had an
only daughter, and one mother had an only son. Therefore,
all cases but six had more than one child in the family.
The placement totals for the responsible child in the family
for parents over 65 in the two Homes were pretty evenly
divided between the "Oldest" in the family (nine) and the
"Youngest" (eight) with slightly less for the "Middle” child
(six).

It will be seen in Table II that ten of the fourteen
mothers at The women's Home, twelve of the fifteen parents
at Okemos, and all three or the middle-aged parents at Okemos
had lived with the responsible child. The range of number of
years was from two weeks to twenty years for the mothers at
The Women's Home and from two months to twenty-three years
for thetnothers at Okemos. For the fathers with daughters at
Okemos, the range was from one to four years, for the father
with a son it was sixteen years. The middle-aged mother lived
with the daughter a few months, and the fathers lived with
their responsible daughters one and one-half years and four

years respectively. So by far the majority of the parents

 

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46.

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47.

had spent some time living with the responsible child after
the death of or the separation from their mates. A total of
fifteen out of the nineteen responsible daughters and ten of
the thirteen responsible sons had had their mother or father
living with them. Only four daughters and three sons had
never had the parent living with them.

Numerous other living arrangements were tried, the
most usual being living alone and with other children in the
family before coming to live in a Home for Old People. Two
had actually been a year or more in a hospital before going
to Okemos. Not indicated in the Table was the fact that the
usual pattern before going to Okemos was that the parent was
living with the responsible child or living alone when she
or he became ill or broke a hip and needed hospitalization,
and from there went to Okemos to recuperate or be cared for.

The range of time spent in The Women's Home was for
mothers with daughters from two weeks to five years, and for
mothers with sons from one week to fifteen years. At Okemos
for parents over 65 years, the range was from a few weeks to
five years forlnothers with.daughters, from two months to
nineteen years for mothers with sons, one year to nine years
for fathers with daughters and two years for the father with
a son. The middle-aged mother had been at Okemos for six
years and thetniddle-aged fathers had been there three months
and four years, respectively. The mother with a son at The

Women's Home who had been there fifteen years and the mother

48.

with a son at Okemos who had been there nineteen years had
both served the Home as Matron and nurse, respectively.
They liked the Home so well that they decided to stay there.

Michigan had been the home of the residents of both
places for a number of years ranging from nine years to 87
years. All except one had lived in the Lansing area for
many years. Many had lived all their lives in Michigan
and/or the Lansing area.

All of the parents were born in the United States with
the exception of two mothers, one of whom was born in Canada
and one in Sweden. Table III also shows that the majority of
the parents were born in Michigan, twenty out of the thirty-
two. The remainder were born, for the most part, in adjoin-
ing mid-western states and New York State.

About a third of the fathers of the parents were born
in Michigan (ll) but less than a third of the mothers (9)
were born in Michigan. Only six of the fathers of the parents
were foreign-born and only four of the mothers. All were born
in either Canada or northern European countries.

Therefore, it could be said that the parents in the
investigation are of comparatively old American stock.

Twenty-four of the thirty-two parents lived on a farm
as children, but only five continued to live on a farm as
adults. Two more lived a few years on the farm during
married life. This is an interesting reflection of the

general trend away from agriculture in the United States as

 

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51.

a whole.

In Table IV the column marked "Agreed" is introduced.
This column lists the number of responses to the questions
that were the same for both parent and child in regard to the
parent.

The figures in Table IV indicate that there was very
little agreement between parent and child as to the amount
of education the parent had had. Four mothers and sons and
onelnother and daughter out of fourteen at The Women's Home
agreed; one in each relationship at Okemos agreed making a
total of four and the middle-aged mother and daughter agreed.

None of the parents at N.H. had less than seven grades
of education and none left school in the teens. Three of the
Okemos parents had less than seven grades and three left
school in the teens. Half of the parents at w. H. completed
four years of high school and two had two years of college
and one of these latter also had two years of normal school.
Owarhalf of the parents at Okemos had seven and eight grades
of education; one had a year at college; and one had three
years nurse' training after high school plus two more years
Of post-graduate nurse's training at a university. However,
it is evident that the parents at w. H. were a little better
educated as a whole than those at Okemos.

The reason for lack of agreement between the responses
0f the parents and the children was not clear. There did not

seem to be any general tendency on the part of the children

TABLE I V

EDUCATION OF PARENT AS REPORTED BY PARENT AND BY CHILD

 

The Women's Home

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parent 'Child Agreed
‘5arents M M Mi“
with & &
Children D S T ‘D S T D S T
Parent's Education
Grades
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 l 2 2
8 l l l l 2
High School
1 l l l
2
3
4 l 6 3 3 3 3
College or University
1
2 l l l 2 l 1
3
4
Left School
When 15 years old
When 16 years old
When 18 years old
Miscellaneous 1
Eighth Grade plus Course so
could teach 1 1
Eighth Grade plus Course in
Dressmaking 1 1
Eighth Grade plus Art School
Four Years High School plus
Art Course 1 1
Two Years at University plus
Two Years Normal School 1 1 1 1 1 1
Nurse's Training-~Three Years
in Hospital plus Two Years
Post Graduate at University
Short Course at Michigan State
University
Correspondence Course in Book-
keeping and Accounting
Not answer 1 1
Not Know
Total 5 9 14 5 9 14 1 4 5

 

 

53.
TABLE IV (cont .)

   

     

_.._—-.._ .__ ‘g—A’» A - *. -__ ’w-HW Heb. *~-.~—‘-—u—__

Ingham County Hosp. & Rehab. Center (Okemos)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parent 50- 601yrs. old
Farent“ Child AgEEed’ Parent Child égreed
MMFF MMFF ‘MF M]?
with & & & & with & &
DSDST DST DSDST DDT D DDT
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54.

to either exaggerate or disparage the amount of education of
the parent. Both took place. Some of the children over-
estimated the amount of education of the parent and some
under-estimated the amount. Only one child did not answer
and only three children admitted they did not know.

In TablesV and Va, data on "Health of Parent as Re-
ported by Parent and by Child” are presented. Only two of the
mothers living at The Women's Home reported their health as
being "Fair" whereas the remainder reported it as being "Good"
(nine reported it as such) or "Excellent" (three reported it
in this category). Eight of their adult reponsible children
(two daughters and six sons) gave the same responses as their
mothers. Proportionately more sons seemed to have insight
into the condition of their mothers' health than daughters -
two thirds of the sons but two fifths of the daughters.

At the Okemos Home, seven of the parents over 65 years
old reported their health as being "Fair“ and four more said
it was "Poor;" but four said it was "Good." Seven of their
children gave the same responses as their parents. None of
the children rated their parents' health as being "Good" and
two rated it as being "Very poor." Two of the middle-aged
parents rated their health as "Fair" and one middle-aged
father rated it as being "very Poor." Two of the daughters
gave the same responses as their middle-aged parents.

In reporting whether their health was "Worse now,"

"About the same," or "Better now" than it was when they were

 

 

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0 o o o o O 0 o QM: AHQHOOHMH
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HH 0 o o o o o o O o 0 O 002
m 0 0 o o o O O O O O O ”my

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aces nufla umAnsoua: usonufiav Amuoe

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o o o o o o SHHQGE “503$ >Hh03
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. . . . . . . . .:vdAn: Ammm
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A A . . . . . . . . . wmuwDMAo
H I" H I" N A 1H O O O O O O O O O O mono-HD
A A . . . . . . . . cowmcmpummmm

mmEaAnopQ

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A A A 0A A n A m mA ¢.dAmA o o . . . . . . . . . . AMAOH
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0A A n A m nA N.fiANA q m . . . . . . . . . 30a omHOB

wam mo

mummz mm ohmz 30> dunk was “A can“
30: mmho3 no hmuumn :uAmm: hack mA .N

m A A m n m A n n q ma «.znmA o o . . . . . . . . . . Amuoa
. O O . . C O . . “cmHH moxm

. C O O O C O Q . O O 800

 

q N N
N A A N N A A o N ¢ o A m h N m . . . . . . . . . . .hwmm
1H H H oV H n e N N 0 o o o o o o o o O choom
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vAo .mp> oouom mucmumm
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B m z muamumm
w pw¢ vAAno unwumm

DAHED Wm QZ< BZQM<m Mm Dmyflommd m< Bzud<m m0 SBA¢EZ

m> mAm4B

 

60.

N r-h-l
o-l u-h—l
Nu-lr-lo-l

A A m A N m A q o N c . . . . . . . . .vaoumxo
pawAAm hmumm numwhn mo mmmcuhonm
A A n A N A A . . .unwA: um nuwahn mo mmMCuHonm
H H o o o o o o a o O zogx “oz

.90» mAnaouu
umnu mwczu xoazv .m>m£ coumo «Anoma
umzu moAuASOAquv mo umAA m mA 30Awm .q

.AmaoADOHQ Amkohfim oz: nuA3V AMHOB

AA hqmnANAwhA omNAmn¢m AN mm . . . . . . . . TEEMAQOHQ
AMOAmmLQ oz: udcfiuA3v Amuoa

N H H H H H H o o o o o o o UQHQUSQfla wQH

H H .H H o o o o o o o o o o >WHQAA
H I" O O O O I O O O O O maclofim

A A . . . . . . . mm>umfi OAuounmz

N N . . . . msowuowwnoGOMn UAcoufio

N H H N H H N N o o o o I o o o QHHS cmxoum

A A A A n A N n N A . . . . . . . . AmVQAOHAm
n A N m n n A N . . . . . . . . wAuAhnuAu4

O O O O O O O O O “E“ m<
. . . . .fiOAHQAOAhmumv Amudmz

A A A A A A A A . wCOAumuwmo no GOAumuwmo hoodmo
A A . . . . . whammoha GOOAD 30A
ANuA wA umfiav “mayo
A A A A A A . . . . . meADOHQ AmOAmmsa 02
A A n n N N . . . . . .mudmmmna vOOAn nwwm
N N n N A e N N 5 ¢ m . . . . . . . mAnDOhu nomsoum
A A m A A A a A n ¢ N N . . . . . . . .oAQSOhu uhmmm
n A A A m A q n N n . . . mwmfiMMAum owumasonh Amhanmw
n N A a N A o CA A a o N n . . .mwmA .Ho mucus .mEhm vamQAho
. . . . . . ow uApaa: no «moo
N A A N N q N N . . . . . . . wcAuman mo find:
A A . . . . . . om zAhmo: no UfiAAm

 

A. “:83; mama.

 

A A n n m A e A n nA e .quA o a . . . . :3oqz uozz “sonuAs Amuoa
H H H n H ON m N n o o o o o o o o o o 00:02
A A A A n m A . . . . . . . . .mmmc 3am <
A A N N A A . . . . . . wxmmz 930m 09 038
A A N A A n A m c m A c m e . . . . . . . whoa no space 4
H H O O o O o O o O O 305 “oz
Numwz uwmA
vwn :A vcmmm no» vAv mmmv zcma 30m .m
u m m NA 3 a e A.» m «A oAN mm AA3 2. cm on . . . . . . . £323 82..
vcm mmAuAsoAAAAn oz: AnonAsz Amuoa
A A A A A A . . . . . . . mmAuAnoAmuAc oz
a m m A An N A . . . . . . . . .mfltfléflA
A A A m A A A A m A n m n u n A . . . . . . . . . maAma use
A A A m A A c A A m n m m n A o . . . . . . . . . mnomxomm
A A A A A m A q n A o n a m . . . . . . . .muaAon chzo<
A A A u m A q n A o OA A o . . . . . . . . aoAumaAumaoo
n a A u n q . . . . coAumaAus :A zuAaoAmmAa
A N A A . . . sBOUxmmhn m=o>umc van u>mm
m A A n m A A m u n o 0 AA n m . . . . . . . .umuAu wsAAwmm
A A A m n A A AA a a 0A n u . . . . mmoA he “may no chAAoam
A A A m m m m n . . . . . . . . .cusn uummm
o a a a m o m a a m a
a a a a a a
a m z a m 2 m m z z a m z
uwouw< uAAso usuumm uuouw< cAAno Acoumm

 

UAo .wh% oouom wucmhmm
hwucoo .nmnwm a .mwo: hucsoo Eanch

 

aAAmo Am oz< azam<m Am ousmomum m< azum<m mo mgu<mm
A.Acoova> mAmae

 

62.

 

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A A . . . . . qu comAsnn cam AAom

N A A N A A N A A . . . . . . . . .QA£ meopm
o o o o o o o O “mu"; coxOCHm

. . . . . . . «Amcw vudwmpmm

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nA A m n A mA A AA mA 0 o . . . . . . . . . . Amuoa
AAAMNMMAMOAAAon ...........oz
N H H N H H ¢ d O 0 O O I O O . O O O my”

thdah 0>Am ummA map
:A mucovAooa msOAhum ham was so» «bum .5

An A o mNN 5A m anon .2 AA . . . . . . . . 9.03:» no
use: nuAa cuAnsoue: usonuAav Amuoa
A A . . . mmwnu mo use: nuAB UmAnsouH
n n o o o N n . . . . . . . .mmmaAsmuowuom
A A N A A n n . . . . . . nuAmon usonm mane:
n N A A o A o n n . . . . . . . .oonc «AAAAAQ
o A m m A n N A o . . . . . . . . mamam=o>uwz
b A A A A u N n m N c . . . . . . . . :msAn: Amom
A A n A N n A N . . . . voow uummu A.:moon voom
m N A N o A n a n o . . . . . . . NAAmmo oou «AAA
In AH H a” O O I O O O O O Omammhv fium
m A N m oA N m OA n n . . . . . . . .mmocmmaAaooAm

hack OAQDOHu
cmuuo meAzu wcwsoAAom an» M0 cows: .0

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A A A N N n N A ¢ N N 5 ¢ n . . . . . . . mAnnonu nomsoum
A A A A A n A A A ¢ A n A N N . . . . . . . . MAnnouu “Adam
A n A A A m A A m N n . . . mmodmuAum 0Aumssmnh Amuodmw
N A A N n N A a N A 0 0A A a o N 5 . . . mwmA no mucus .wahm wmAmQAAU
N A A N N c N N . . . . . . wcAummn mo vumm
A A . . . . . . om zAhmm: no USAAm
A A A N A A o A N n o N a u N m . . . . . . . . . unwAm poem
H .H ..—.. H N .H H o o o o o o o o o o moNQUHD.
A A . . . . . . . . :OAmcmuhmmkm
NmEoAAOAQ ANUAmmnm mnoAhmm hack whm was: .n
A A A 0A A n A m mA «lfiAmA o o . . . . . . . . . . .Amuoa
H H d O O O O O O O O 0 3°: “Quuum
A A N N N A A . . . . . . . .oEmm Gnu uaon<
oAAnAmnANAANA¢w . . . . . . . . . 30:093.;
Nawm _
mo whm0> mm ohms no» :033 mma uA snap
30c wwuos ho hmuuun nuAmm: 930% mA .N
N A A n n N A h n q mA «AA.mA o a . . . . . . . . . . .Amuoa
G N N O O O O O O 0 O O O U006
N A A N N A A o N c o A m h N m . . . . . . . . . . . uAdm
H H I" ‘N H w c N N O O O O O O O O O O 0 “00m
H H N N c o o o o o o o o .HOOQ NAHU>
NoEAu ufimmwhm may
um nuAmmn 990% wumu 50% vAaoa 303 .A
ago a amnmnfimn :muvAAno
a a a a w a
m E H m 2 m m z x B m 2 mucmhmm
Ummhw< UAAao ucmhmm cam mhw< vAAno uaohmm nuAawm know .m

 

AAo .mu» oouom Acmumm

AwOEonv haucmo .nmnmm a .Qmo: hucnoo EdzmcH
l f 1!

A.ucoovm> mAm<a

 

 

 

 

 

64.

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A

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HAHN

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mm ANNAm hAofi.NAmn
A

vcm :mmAquoAAAAU oz: uDoAUA3V ANHOB

A A A A . wmAuAnoAmmAc 02
N H H n N a" O O O O O O C O O mafiomumwm
m N n N- “ 0‘ 0 o o o o o o o O mcfima wmo
N h N m B 3H o O O O O O O O O O .mfiogomm
A A A o A N m . . . . . . . . muaAOA wcAno¢
A A A o OA A o . . . . . . . . coAAAAAuucoo
A A n A . . . . .coAuchus cA AuAsoAAAAn
N A A . . . .czovxmoun mno>uoa was m>mm
n 0 0 HH n m o o o o o o 0 o fivwhnflu mgflHerfl
A A N A 0A n A . . . . mwoA po pumA Ao wcAAAozm
H N N m N n O o o o I o O O ““93 ““603
N m A A o N A . . . . . . . . . aonhmxo
unwAAm umuwm nummun mo mwuzuuonm
n A N A A . . . unwA: um numahn mo mmwcuhonm
A A . . . . . . . . 13odx #02
.905 oAnfiohu
was» uwonu xomno .m>m£ dmumo mAaoma
umfiu moAuAAOAAAAv mo umAA m mA 3OAmm .A
«m. AN mm AmEUAnonm AQOAm>£a oz: usonuAav Amuoa
A A A A . . . Umumusm8d wmA
H H O o o o o 0 o 0 o o>mHmm~
H H O 0 o o o 0 o O I Owns-Wm
A A . . . . . . mm>hma 0Au099wz
N N . . . . mDOAAQMASUCOAm OAGOAno
A N A A N N . . . . . . . . AAA coxopm
n .H N n N H o o o o o o o o havoxnvhpm
N n n n .H N o o o o O O O O ”HUHEUE
A A A A . m:0Aumhmao ho cOAuahwmo umoamo
A A . . . . . munmmoha @OOAA 30A
Aqu mA pagav hunuo
A A A A . . . . . .mSmAQOHQ AMUAwhzm 02
A n n N N . . . . . . muzmwmhm vooAn nmA:
A.uaoov .n

 

A.uc00vd> mAm<H

 

AA A A MA nA w m Am. A o mNN AA won on mA AA . . . . . . . . A2393 mo
ozoz SAAB VQAQSOAH: uzonuAav AMHOB
A A . . . cmunu mo mco: nuA3 UoAndouH
A A A A A m n w o a N A . . . . . . . .wmchsonmuom
A A A N A A n n . . . . . . :38: SEA A983
A A A A A n N A A A o m m . . . . . . . .monA.A mxAAmAQ
N A A N N A A c A m w A A A A o . . . . . . . . mmmdmso>hmz
N A A m N A A A A A A A A N m m N o . . . . . . . . :msAaz Ammm
N A A N n N A A A n A N m A N . . . . woom 3.0.3 3:33 ABBA
NAA N NAAm NANoAmomo . . .. . ..AAAmmooououAe
H IH H .H O O O O O O O O Gag—“00H” “mm
A A A N A A m A N m 0A N a 0A m A . . . . . . . .mmmcmmwAammAm

ADOA MAn:o&u
cwumo wwcAnu wcAzoAAou may no 50A£3 .0
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H H H m H oV m N m. 0 o o o o O o o o o 0 0.5.02
H H H H n N H o o o o I o o o 0 WAANHU 3m“ 4
A A N N A A . . . . . . .mAmmS know Cu 038
A A N A A m A N o N A o N A . . . . . . . whoa ho space <
.H H O o O O o 0 I O o .305 “oz
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nun :A Utmmw 50A UAv mhmv Aime 303 .m
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a a nuAa a a a a
m 2 m 2 m m 2 2 B m 2 mudmhmm

Ummuw< UAAAU Anohmm cwmhw< AAAAU acmhmm nuAmmm 930» .m

 

vAo .mhA oonom ufiwhmm

 

hwucwo .nmsmm A

.amo: Aucsoo EmnwcA

A.ucoovm> mAm<H

 

66.

NN

FHA
FHA

AND“

NHM

. C O O Q

o o 0 o .5900“

usoum 30m umoa cum udwwwoum 09:4

. O O C O

A
H H U C . C
A

aw mucmfiwoou

. anon Amaaoo vdm 89m puma oxopm
.waa Ummwnhn cam aamm

. . . awn coachm
Nuns; .om NH
O 0 o o o QHQUOH.
o o o o 0 0 0°-
0 O O O 0 0 www
magnum w>wm puma map
mfiowhom had was aoz w>mm .h

 

aoudoovm> mdm¢H

67.

55 years of age, the mothers at The Women's Home responded
in about equal numbers to the three categories, four, six,
four, respectively. Again eight of the adult responsible
children gave the same responses as their parents and again
the division was two daughters and six sons. By far the
majority of the old parents at Okemos (twelve) reported their
health as being "Worse now." Ten of their children gave the
same response. 'Only the middle-aged.mother was past 55 years
of age and she rated her health as being "About the same"
whereas her daughter rated it as being "Better now."

The mothers at The Women's Home reported a total
number of twenty-two serious physical problems or an average
of 1.6 per mother, and their children reported a total of '
thirty-two, or an average of 2.3 per parent (ll by daughters
and 21 by sons). Sixteen of the responses of the children
were the same - nine by the daughters and seven by the sons.
Here the daughters hadrnore insight or knowledge of their
mother's problems than the sons.

The old parents at Okemos reported a total of fifty-
four serious physical problems, or an average of 3.6 per
parent, and their children reported a total of fifty serious
physical problems for their parents, or an average of 3.3 per
parent. Thirty-eight of the responses were the same for both
children and parents. The middle-aged parents reported eleven
serious physical problems, or an average of 3.7, and their

children reported eight, or an average of 2.7 per parent.

68.

Thirty-eight of the responses were the same for both
children and parents. The middle-aged parents reported
eleven serious physical problems, or an average of 3.7, and
their children reported eight,or an average of 2.7 per parent.
Seven of the eight responses were the same as those of their
parents.

Therefore, there was a very high agreement among the
responses of parents at Okemos and their children.

More than twice as many "Difficulties" were reported
by the old parents at Okemos than by the mothers living at
The Women's Home - 76, or an average of 7 each, as compared
with 31, or an average of 2.2 each. The children of the
parents at the Women's Home reported thirty-seven with "Dif-
ficulties" with fifteen of the responses being the same as
those of their mothers. The children of the old parents re-
ported fifty-five "Difficulties", or an average of 3.6 per
parent, considerably less than their parents, with forty-one
responses being the same. The middle-aged parents reported
thirteen "Difficulties," or an average of 4.3 each, and their
children.reported twelve with seven of the responses being
the same as those of their parents.

Therefore, much less agreement between parents and
children on "Difficulties"-of parent - a little over half of
the responses agreed.

Ten parents at The Women's Home said they had spent no

days in bed during the past year. Only three of their adult

69.

responsible children agreed with this response. Nine of their
children said their parents had spent "a few days" in bed.
There was a total of five responses which were the same for
parents and children.

Only five of the old parents reported spending no days
in bed during the past year and only one child gave the same
response as her parent. There was a total of four responses
in agreement between parent and child. The middle-aged
parents reported having to stay in bed from a few days to a
month or more. Only one daughter's response agreed with that
of her parent. Thus, there was low agreement on responses
between parents at both Homes and their children.

Only about one-fifth of the parents at both Homes re-
ported serious accidents during the past five years and none
of the middle-aged parents. Agreement in response was almost
perfect for the old parents and for the middle-aged parents
at the Okemos Home and their children but only three-fifths
of the parents living at The Women's Home and their children
agreed.

To summarize, the health of the parents at The Women‘s
Home as reported by themselves and their adult reaponsible
children was better (Good) than that (Fair) of the parents,
both old and middle-aged, living at Okemos Home as reported
by them.and their children. The rating of health was high
and the number of serious physical problems for parent was

less for the parents living at The‘Women's Home than for

70.

parents living at Okemos Home. This was not surprising since
parents living at The Women's Home must be reasonably well to
live there.

There was high agreement between the responses of
parents at both Homes and their children on the number of
serious physical problems of the parents,less agreement on rating
of the health of the parent - about half of the responses
agreed (except for middle-aged parents where two out of three
agreed), and low agreement on number of days spent in bed.

On difficulties of parents, there was high agreement between
the responses of the parents living at Okemos and their
children, but only indeterminate agreement between the re-
sponses of the parents living at The Women's Home and their
children (half agreed). And on whether the parents‘ health
was‘worse, the same, or better than when the parent was 55
years old, there was high agreement between the responses of
the parents living at Okemos and their children, but only half
the responses of the parents at The Women‘s Home agreed with
those of their children.

Apparently then there was considerable knowledge and
insight on the part of the children of parents at both Homes
in regard to the parents' serious physical problems. There
was also considerable insight into rating of health as to
better, the same, or worse and as to difficulties of parents
by the children of the old parents living at Okemos for the

former, and by the children of all the parents for the latter.

71.

This difference in insight was not surprising since
the condition of health was obviously worse for the parents
at Okemos. It would be hard to say in regard to the parents
at The Women's Home whether it was the same, or better, or
worse. The responses of the parents themselves were about
equally divided. It was the low agreement of the responses
of the daughters that reduced the number of agreed responses,
surprisingly enough. Also the mental set of the children
toward their parents at The women's Home was that their.
parents were well and that of the children toward their
parents at Okemos was that they were not in good physical
condition. As to whether guilt feelings on the part of the,
children were revealed in the health reports is hard to say -
but it is not likely. The agreed responses on all items ex-
cept number of days spent in bed numbered half or more and
there was a high number of agreed responses on three items
for parents at Okemos and their children and for six mothers
at the Women's Home and their sons.

"Family Relationships of Parent as Reported by Parent
and Child" are dealt with.in Tables VI and VIa. Table VI
will be discussed first. The husbands of the mothers living
at The Women's Home were all dead. The range of the number
of years of widowhood was from five years to thirty-four
years with the number of cases pretty evenly divided between
the five-year categories. Interestingly enough there was

very little agreement in the responses of parent and child

H O o o o o O o o 00%;“.

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73.

popes

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80.

as to how long ago the mother became widowed - only four
agreed - two mothers and daughters and two mothers and sons.
Of course, there was total agreement that the mother was
widowed.

Twelve of the fourteen mothers at The women's Home
had been married only once, one had been married twice, and
one had been married either three or four times - there was
disagreement between the mother and daughter on this«due to_
the fact there was an annulment. There were no separations
or divorces excepting this annulment. This was not shown on
the Table but was indicated in the questionnaires in comments
made by both parent and child. There was almost total agree-
ment between parent and child - thirteen out of fourteen re-
sponses were the same.

The majority of the parents at w. H. were married be-
tween the ages of 20 and 29 years - six between 20 and 24
years old and five between 25 and 29 years old. Only three
were married in their teens. Six of the responses of the
children agreed with those of the parents - three out of
five daughters and three out of nine sons.

It is interesting to note that the mothers at w. H.
tended to rate the happiness of their marriage higher than
their children. Eleven out of fourteen.mothers rated their
marriage as having been either "happy" (five) or "very happy"
(six) whereas no daughters and three sons rated the marriage

as "happy" and one daughter and two sons rated it as "very

81.

happy." There was no agreement between.mothers and daughters
on any of the happiness categories except one case agreed

that the marriage was "unhappy." Four of the nine sons

agreed with their mothers as to the happiness of the marriage -
one case considered it "average," two cases considered it
"happy," and one "very happy." Two of the five daughters

and four of the nine sons considered it "average" and two of
the daughters and no sons considered it to have been "unhappy."
One mother rated it as having been "very unhappy" but none of
the children rated it as such. The daughters rated the
marriages of their mothers as being less happy than did the
sons. It rather looks as though the sons tended to have more
insight into the actual happiness of the marriage than did

the daughters.

Eleven of the mothers and two of the daughters and six
of the sons were certain that the mothers would marry the
same person if they had their lives to live over again. All
eight of the childreen agreed with the parents' responses.
Therefore, two-fifths of the daughters and two-thirds of
the sons gave the same response as the mothers. Again it
would seem that the sons had more insight as to the actual
happiness of the marriage. Only one mother said she would
not marry the same person whereas two of the daughters and
two of the sons said she would not. Two mothers refused to
answer this question, which was significant in itself.

Eight of the fourteen mothers said they came to The

82.

Women's Home through "choice" and four said it was "necessity."
Two more said it was "both.“ Nine children (two daughters

and seven sons) said it was "choice" on the part of the par-
ent; one daughter and five sons gave the same response as the
mother.

Two daughters and mothers agreed that it was ”necessity."
Only one son said it was "necessity" and one that it was "both"
but neither of these responses was the same as that of the
parent.

A total of eight adult responsible children gave the
same responses as the mothers (three daughters and five sons) -
just over half in each case. Could it be that almost all the
sons in their reluctance, as expressed in the interview, to
have their mothers go to a Home for Old People, be able to
accept the present living arrangements only as "choice" on
the part of theirlnothers because of guilt feelings?

In Table VIa, which gives the data on Family Relation-
ships of the residents of the Okemos Home, it will be noted
that nine of the parents over 65 years of age were widowed
because of the death of the spouse. Five were separated from
theirtnates, two of which were still living, and one was
divorced. The middle-aged mother was separated from her
husband because of her illness and because of loss of un-
insured house by fire. One middle-aged father was divorced
from his wife and the other middle-aged father was separated

from his wife which was to end in divorce. Thus the marriage

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89.

relations of the parents at Okemos were less stable than
those at The Women's Home. There was complete agreement at
both Homes on the marital status of the parent by parents and
children.

Fourteen out of the fifteen old parents had been
married only once and one had been married either two or three
times - the child and parent did not agree on this. Two of
the middle-aged parents had been married only once and one
father had been married twice. Again the responses of parent
and child agreed in this with the exception of the one case
mentioned. This was, interestingly enough, the same results
as those at W. H.

Also the age of getting married followed the same
pattern for the old parents at Okemos as at The Women's Home,
namely, three got married in their teens while seven got
married between age of 20 and 24 years old, and five between
25 and 29 years old. There was slightly better agreement
between the responses of the parents and children at Okemos
(eight out of fifteen) than at the Women's Home (six out of
fourteen). As for the middle-aged parents, the mother and
one father were married in their teens and the other father
was married between the age of 25 and 29 years old. The re-
8Ponses of the middle-aged parents and their children com-
Pletely agreed.

The rating of the happiness of the marriage of the

parents tended to be happier by the parents than by the

90.

children for both the old parents and the middle-aged parents.
This was true also at The Women's Home. Three old parents at
Okemos rated theirlnarriage as "average” whereas six rated it
as "happy" and four rated it as "very happy." However, seven
of the children rated the marriages as "average" and only two
as ”happy" and one as "very happy." The remainder of the
childrenprated the marriages as "unhappy" and "very unhappy.”
This pattern held true for the children of the middle-aged
parents as well. No middlesaged parents admitted to an un-
happy marriage but two old parents said their marriages were
"very unhappy." Only four old parents and their children
gave the same responses and only one middle-aged parent and
child. The sameness of the pattern of responses at the two
Homes was a little surprising since the marriages of the
parents at W. H. seemed definitely to be more stable than
those at Okemos.

The parents at Okemos, however, were a little less
certain that they would marry the same person had they their
lives to live over again than those at The Women's Home, and
the children of those at Okemos were considerably less certain
than the children of the parents at The‘Women‘s Home. Nine
out of fifteen old parents at Okemos were certain they would
compared with eleven out of fourteen at W. H.,and four at
Okemos were certain they would not as compared with one who
would not at w. H. Of course, the two at w. H. who refused

to answer might well be in the category of those who would

91.

not, making the total three for W. H. The three middle-aged
parents were equally divided among the three categories of
"No," "Possibly," and "Certainly." w. H. had no responses
for "Possibly" but the old parents had two.

The children of the parents at Okemos had considerably
less insight into whether the parents would marry the same
person than those of the parents at W. H. Only four out of
fifteen of the children at Okemos gave the same response as
the parents and only one child of the three middle-aged par-
ents. All of the children giving the same response were
daughters. Whereas nine of the children of parents at w. H.
gave the same response as the parents and six, or two-thirds,
of the same responses were given by the sons. This might
well reflect the difference in the stability of the marriages
of the parents in the two Homes. It might also reflect the
degree of the closeness of relationship between parent and
child at the two Homes.

The pattern for the number of living children of old
parents was approximately the same for Okemos as it was for
The Women's Home - one to three children with the majority
having two and three. Only one parent in each Home had more
than three children - one at Okemos had six and one at w. H.
had ten. For middle-aged parents the number of living
children was two, four, and eight.

The number of parents who had lived with their children

and the length of time was discussed for Table II. However,

92.

the majority of the old parents at Okemos had lived five to
fifteen years longer with their children than the majority
at The Women's Home.

By far the majority of the old parents were at Okemos
Home because of "necessity" or because of "both" (necessity
and choice), six and seven, respectively. Only two old
mothers were there because of "choice" alone. All of the
middle-aged parents said they were there because of neces-
sity but their three daughters answered in each of the three
categories of "choice," "necessity," and "both." Only one
daughter and one middle-aged parent (the mother) agreed.
As for the old parents and their children, seven were in
agreement which was about the same as for W. H., where eight
were in agreement. However, at w. H., eight mothers were
there out of choice and only two at Okemos; none of the
fathers gave pure "choice" as an answer, although four gave
"both." The sons of parents at Okemos did not hesitate to
say "necessity" was the reason for the parent being there
nor again, did the daughters. Though this is different from.
the responses at N. H., it might be construed to also mean
sensitivity and guilt feelings because of the difference in
the type of Homes. The residents of Okemos went there for
therapy at first and were staying on. Therefore, the
children might well feel better about the situation by con-
vincing themselves it was necessary for the parents to be

there, while at The Women's Home, the residents had to be

93.

well upon entrance and had to remain well in order to stay
there. Therefore, the children were aware that as far as
health went the parent could be living with them, or else-
where, and might well feel better to think their parents
came there because of choice - as, indeed, many said they
had.

Parents at both The Women's Home and at Okemos tended
to feel they had more friends than did their children.
Thirteen at W. H., twelve of the old parents at O. H., and
two of the middle-aged parents at O. H. felt they had "ten
or more" friends - the highest category in Item 1 of TablesVII
and VIIa entitled "Friendship of Parent as Reported by Parent
and by Child." However, a majority of the children agreed
with the parents - nine at w. H., eight of the old parents
and children at O. H., and two of the middle-aged parents and
children. One daughter of a mother at w. H. claimed her
mother had no friends but none of the mothers claimed this
either at W. H. or O. H., and one father claimed he had no
friends.

There was very little agreement between parents and
children at both Homes as to how many of the friends were so
close that the parents could "talk to them about almost
anything." Only two responses of children of parents at
W. H. agreed with the responses of the parents, only three
at O. H. of the old parents and their children agreed, and

one of the middle-aged parents and daughters. The parents,

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99.

particularly at w. H., claimed to talk generally to more
friends than did their children claim for them. The old
parents and their children connected with Okemos were more
conservative in reporting the number of friends with whom
the parent confided than those connected with W. H. This
might well be expected since the type of Home which W. H.
was would be more conducive to intimate friendship than the
Okemos Home. The lack of agreement between the responses of
parents and children is hard to explain. Apparently there
was very little discussion on this subject. Probably when
parents and children saw each other they were much more
interested in discussing personal and family affairs’and
probably the children liked to feel that their parents dis-
cussed personal things with them rather than with friends.
The majority of old parents at both Homes said they
saw their friends less often now than at the age of 55 years
old - eleven for each Home. Eight children of parents at
W. H. and eleven children of old parents at Okemos reported
the same thing. However, there was agreement of responses
on this of only six for w. H. and nine for Okemos. This
question did not apply to the two middle-aged fathers who
were less than 55 years old. Four of the five daughters of
parents at W. H. and four of the nine sons said their mothers
saw their friends less often, and nine of the eleven Okemos
daughters and two of the four sons reported "less often now."

Three of the w. H. sons and two each of the 0. H. daughters

100.

and sons reported "about the same," and one of the w. H.

sons reported the parent saw her friends "more often now” -

in this last instance thetnother agreed. However, there

seemed to be a slight tendency for sons to paint a little

rosier picture of how often parents saw their friends than

for the daughters or the parents themselves. Of course, thev

difference in numbers is too small to mean very much. '. .

The majority of parents and children gave as the
reasons for the parents seeing their friends less often as
being "not physically able to get about" and "no longer live
in same community." This was true of both Homes. However,
the number of responses which were the same for parents and
children connected with Okemos, was fourteen which was nearly
three times greater than the five for the old parents and
children connected with The Women's Home. However, parents
and children of Okemos connection gave a larger number of
responses - twenty-three for parents and twenty-seven for
children - than the parents and children of w. H. connection -
sixteen for parents and twenty-one for their children. But
even so there was still a greater agreement between the
Okemos old parents and their children.

This again might be interpreted as indicating lack of
insight and possibly guilt feelings on the part of the children ‘f
of the parents living at The Women's Home. They would like to
feel that their parents could go to see their friends if they

wished. This would be part of the good health picture of

101.

their parents. Also the greater number of agreed responses
for the Okemos parents and their children was due to the fact
that the parents obviously could not go to see their friends
unless they were taken by someone.

In Tables VIII and VIIIa, the leisure time activities
data are given. It will be seen that most of the parents and
their children agreed in reporting that the parents had all
day free - twelve for each Home.

All the mothers at w. H. made their beds and took care
of their own rooms during the week. They also did a little
hand laundry. However, this was not true at Okemos. The
parent often had only a bed and bed-side table in a room with
other occupants. The number of activities carried on in their
free time was approximately the same for the old parents in
both Homes - 112 for W. H. and 102 for Okemos and sixteen
for the middle-aged parents. When fourteen reSponses for
caring for room are deducted for parents at w. H., the number
is 98 as compared with 102 for Okemos. The average per
mother at w. H. was seven or eight, depending on which total
is used, and that for the old parent at Okemos was slightly
less than seven. For the middle-aged parents the average was
approximately five as given by the parent, but it was seven
as given by the daughters. The Children of parents at W. H.
reported 99 activities for their parents and those of old
Parents at Okemos reported 88 - making an average of approxi-

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_.A..l #‘777

115..

per parent at Okemos.

The children and parents of W. H. agreed on sixty-
three responses and the agreement for Okemos was seventy-four
responses. For the middle-aged parents and their children,
agreement was found in thirteen responses.

"Listening to the radio" and "reading" were among the
most popular leisure-time activities for The Women‘s Home
residents and Okemos residents - old parents as well as
middle-aged. The numbers enjoying these were for "listening
to the radio" - eleven for The Women's Home, fifteen for
Okemos old parents and two for the middle-aged parents. For
"reading" the numbers were twelve, thirteen, and three.
"Writing letters” was also very popular with thirteen at The
Women's Home, with ten old parents and two middle-aged parents
at Okemos pursuing this interest. The women at The Women's
Home also showed considerable interest in sewing, crocheting,
or knitting - twelve doing this. In fact they were very
busy on two self-instituted projects. Knitting squares for
afghans for veteran's homes and for afghans for needy babies
was one project. The other one was sewing binders and making
bandages for cancer patients. Watching television was popular
at The Women's Home but not quite soxnuch so at Okemos, the
responses being ten, eight, and two respectively.

Okemos parents, of course, had the services of a
Divisional Therapist to help them to develop leisure-time

activities and interests. This was both a strength and a

116.

weakness. There were more activities and equipment available
than at The Women's Home, but self-instituted activities tend
to beinore challenging and satisfying.

Favorite activities numbered also about the same for
w. H. and for old parents at Okemos, namely twenty-six and
thirty-one, respectively - these averaged slightly less than
two per person at N. H. and slightly more than two per person
at Okemos. One middle-aged father had nine but the other two
parents averaged two each. fourteen responses by the children
of the parents at w. H. were the same - the sons gave eleven
of these and the daughters three. The sons showed con-
siderably more insight. They also credited their mothers
with more activities than the daughters, seventy-two, or
eight per mother, as compared with twenty-seven, or about
five per mother, and also with more favorite pastimes than
the daughters, seventeen as compared with five. Not only
could this be construed as more insight on the part of the

sons but also it could be construed that they liked to think

of their mothers as being happy and active and were proud of 7'“

their activities. This again would make them feel more com-

fortable about their mothers living in a Home and alleviate

any guilt feelings. However, the daughters reSponses might

be construed as indicating somewhat of a sex rivalry. .f
By far the majority of parents at both Homes had no

Plans for the future with the exception of the two middle-

aged fathers, both of whom had plans. Four mothers at w. H.

—_.___. \

117.

and threernothers at Okemos indicated they had plans; but
none of the old fathers said they had plans for the future.
The mothers' plans were chiefly concerned with visiting rel-
atives and continuing present activities; but the two fathers
had plans that would take them.away from the Home. One
planned to go live with his daughter and help her care for
the little grand-child and also help her with his pension.

The other father was training himself to be self-supporting.
The children were well aware of these plans, or lack of plans,
and there was high.agreement between their responses and those
of their parents.

Four mothers at The Women's Home and five old mothers,
all the old fathers, and all three middle-aged parents at
Okemos belonged to no organizations or clubs at the time of
the interview, according to the data in Tables IX and IXa.
Two mothers at w. H. and one old mother at Okemos belonged to
one organization and three at each Home belonged to two or-
ganizations. Three more mothers at w. H. belonged to three
organizations and two more to four orrnore. The mothers at
W. H. were considerably more active than those at Okemos
according to their reports - a total of ten at The Women's
Home and four at Okemos. The children of the parents at both
Homes tended to agree with the parents' reports.

Church clubs and circles had the most reponses for both
Homes. Women's Club, Sorority, bridge or other social club,

D. A. R., were represented at w. H. but not at Okemos. Both

 

 

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122.

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123.

Homes had members belonging to a lodge, charitable organiza-
tions, business or professional groups. Okemos had members
in art association, grange, and Sunday school class. Neither
Home had anyone belonging to a club for elderly people. w. H.
had a total club membership of sixteen and Okemos, seven.

The children for parents of each Home reported thirteen and
eight, respectively, with six identical responses between
parent and child for W. H. and five for Okemos.

Two mothers at w. H. held office but none at Okemos.
And nine mothers at d. H. and three at Okemos were attending
club meetings anywhere from less than one a month up to one a
week.

Mostof the mothers at both Homes reported giving less
time to organizations now than when they were 55 years old.
The six fathers' responses at Okemos were evenly divided be-
tween "Less now" and "About the same" indicating that three
fathers never had given any time to organizations.

"Not physical able to attend meetings" was the reason
most commonly checked for giving less time to organizations
now - eleven for each Home. Five children of parents at W. H.
and nine children of old parents at Okemos agreed with this
response. Thus the children of old parents at Okemos showed
more insight into why the parents gave less time than the
children of parents at w. H. No parents at either Home gave
loss of interest as a reason but three children for each Home

did give this as a reason.

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124 C

It would seem the children of w. H. residents tended
to minimize any physical disability of their mothers - the
daughters in this case more so than the sons. One daughter
and four sons agreed with their mothers in their being phys-
ically unable to attend club meetings and give time.

Turning to Tables X and Xa which give the “Employment
History of Parent as Reported by Parent and Child," it will
be noted that twelve mothers at The Women's Home and all the
parents at Okemos - old and middle-aged - had earned money
during their adult life, either working for others or for
themselves. There was almost complete agreement between the
responses of the parents and of their children.

The type of work done by parents at The Women's Home
was about equally divided between menial jobs and "white-
collar" jobs. For parents living at Okemos, it was mostly
menial. It will be remembered that the parents were middle-
aged during the depression and many mothers said they did
whatever they could to help keep the family together. School
teaching, clerical work, district representative for an in-
surance company, postmaster and express agent, ownership of
apartment house or hotel were all represented at The Women's
Home as well as the menial occupations of housework, cleaning,
laundry work, baking, etc. And at Okemos, nursing, contract-
ifig, travelling photography, private secretary, ranching,
selling of real estate were represented. Twenty responses

were given by the parents at w. H. and eighteen by the

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130.

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132.

 

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H . “:00 V «x 392.

133.

children. Fifteen of these were the same for both parents
and children. As for the middle-aged parents, six reponses
were given by them and six by their children. Five of these
were the same for both parents and children. Thus, there was
considerable knowledge on the part of the children of parents
living at The women's Home in regard to the occupational
activities of their parents, and on the part of the children
of the middle-aged parents. There was less agreement for
parents at Okemos and their bhildren; but still half of the
responses agreed.

Only one mother at The women's Home was working part-
time now but three old parents were at Okemos (two mothers
and one father) and the middle-aged mother and one middle-
aged father at Okemos were working part-time. The mother at
The Women's Home was selling cards. One old mother at Okemos
was a trained nurse and she kept the patients in her ward
supplied with fresh water. She also was in charge of the
library and was editor of their monthly paper. The other old
mother embroidered pillow cases and other articles and sold
them. The father worked in the gardens and on the lawns in
the summer time. Another father repaired and upholstered
chairs but he did not think of it as part—time work but as a
hobby, as did the father who made plastic figures. The middle-
aged mother wove beautiful skirts and other products on the
looms and the middle-aged father was associate editor of the

monthly paper and also did secretarial work and mimeographing.

134.

It was obvious why the residents at the two Homes did
not have full-time employment now so the question was not
asked at all at Okemos and not consistently asked at The
Women's Home.

The responses of the children of parents at w. H. in
regard to part-time employment did not coincide with those of
the parents. One parent reported selling cards but no child
reported this. One son reported that the mother was doing
quilting for pay but no mother reported this. At Okemos, the
responses of the children corresponded with the responses of
the parents.

The chief interests of Tables XI and XIa are that the
mothers at The Women's Home gave more responses than Okemos
parents as to what they did after they gave up their regular
jobs; there was high agreement between their responses and
their children's responses, low agreement between the re-
sponses of the old parents at Okemos and their children's
responses; and almost perfect agreement between the children
of the middle-aged parents and their children. Many of the
parents at Okemos worked until they went into the Home. As
for most of the residents of The Women's Home, they did other
things such as going back into their homes and keeping house,
gettingtnarried, etc. after their regular jobs.

All of the mothers at w. H. were taking care of their
own rooms during the week. The parents at Okemos were not

doing this. The set-up at Okemos was not conducive of this.

135.

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137.

Tables XII and XIIa give the data on "Financial

Security of Parent as Reported by Parent and by Child." No
parents living at The Women's Home and none of their children
responded that the parent "Can't make ends meet." Two parents
said they had "Enough to get along" and eleven said they were
"Comfortable." One said she was "Well-to-do." The majority
of the children said their mothers either had'enough to get
along'or were "Comfortable." Eight responses were the same
for both parent and child - six of which were for "Comfortable."
The responses of the old mothers at Okemos were equally divided
between "Can't make ends meet," "Enough to get along," and
"Comfortable." Two of the old fathers reported "Can't make
ends meet" and four reported they were ”Comfortable." Only
three children gave the same report as their parents. Seven
children felt their parents couldn't make ends meet and five
felt they were "Comfortable" with three saying they had
"Enough to get along." One middle-aged father and the middle—
aged mother said they were comfortable. The other middle-aged
father said he had enough to get along. Only one daughter
gave the same response as the parent - that was the daughter
and her mother.

In answer to the question "Are you in better or a
worse (financial) position now than you were at age 55?", the
responses of the mothers residing at The Women's Home were
pretty evenly divided between the categories "Worse now,“

"About the same," and "Better now." Seven of their children,

 

 

 

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140.

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142.

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144.

however, felt their financial position was "worse now."
Four children and their parents agreed in their reports.

Eleven of the old parents at Okemos and ten of their
children reported that the parents‘ financial position was
"worse now.” Seven parents and children agreed in their re-
ports. The old fathers were evenly divided in their responses
between "worse now" and "about the same." The question did
not apply to the two middle-aged fathers who are less than
55 years old; but the middle-aged mother said her financial
position was "about the same” but her daughter felt it was
"worse now." For all three Homes, the majority of the children
felt the financial position of their parents was "worse now"
but a few for each Home - four for W. H. and two for Okemos -
said the position was better now.

The "Chief means of support," of course, for the
parents of both Homes was being in a "Home for Old People."
There was complete agreement between parents and children in
this. For the parents in The Women's Home the second most
important means of support was "Investments 0r Savings."

Nine mothers and ten children reported this with nine re-
sponses being the same for both the mothers and their children.
Three mothers said they received "pensions from earlier 0c-
CuPations" and the categories of "Social Security," "Old Age
Assistance from the State," "Aid from Children," and “Payments
from insurance annuities" received two responses each from

the parents. The parents gave a total of thirty-five re-

145.

sponses, the daughters gave thirteen, and the sons, twenty-
eight. The thirteen responses of the daughters were all the
same as those of their mothers. Nineteen of the sons' re-
sponses were the same as those of their mothers. Interest-
ingly enough, five children - one daughter and four sons -
reported giving aid to their mothers but only two mothers re-
ported receiving aid. However, out of the total of thirty-
five responses for the mothers and forty-one for their
children, thirty-two were the same for both the mothers and
their children - a very high rate of agreement.

As for the old parents at Okemos, the second most
important means of support as reported by thirteen of the old
parents and by twelve children was "Old Age Assistance from
the State.” One father was paying the full price of living
at Okemos without aid of any sort. However, his daughter
said his funds were about depleted, although he himself
thought he still had plenty; and he would have to receive
support from the Home and from the State.

Again, as for The Women's Home, three mothers reported
receiving aid from their children but seven children reported
giving aid. N0 parents either old or middle-aged at Okemos
or their children reported income from insurance annuities
or from pensions from earlier occupations and only three
parents, which included one middle-aged father, and one
child reported income from investments and savings. The

three middle-aged parents had income from Social Security for

146.

disability, the mother also had Old Age Assistance. One
middle-aged father and his daughter reported earning a little
money. Strangely enough, the total number of responses for
old parents at Okemos for "Chief means of Support" was thirty-
six, one more than for the parents at The Women's Home; the
total number of children's responses was forty-one, which
was the same as for The Women's Home, and thirty-two parents
at Okemos and their childrengave the same responses which
was also identical with the number of same responses for The
Women‘s Home. There were six same responses for the middle-
aged parents and their children.

Ten of the fourteen mothers at The Women's Home and
nine of their children said they felt the source of income
gave them permanent security. A total of thirteen responses
was the same for both parents and children. Three parents
and children said they did not think so and one parent and
one child were doubtful. The children were asked how they
thought the parent felt about their security and their re-
sponses tallied very closely with the responses just
mentioned.

But only three old mothers and three old fathers,
or a total of six, felt their present source of income gave
them permanent security but thirteen children felt that it
did. Two of the old parents said it did not and seven were
doubtful. Six of the children's responses were the same as

the parents. The children, when asked how they thought their

147.

parents felt about the source of income giving permanent
security, ten said they thought their parents did think so,
two said they did not, and three said they did not know.

The three middle-aged parents and two of their children re-
ported feeling the parents had permanent financial security.
However, the children either said they did not know how the
parent felt or said they thought the parent was doubtful.

Thus Tables XII and XIIa show that the by far the
majortiy of parents at The Women's Home felt secure finan-
cially and the majority of old parents at Okemos felt in-
secure financially. Also there was high agreement between
parents at The Women's Home and their children as to the
parents‘ security but low agreement between the old parents
and their children. The agreement was high for the middle-
aged parents and their children.

The occupations of the husband were numerous and
varied. The mothers at The Women's Home listed seventeen
whereas the old mothers at Okemos listed ten. In addition,
two responses of Okemos mothers were "non—support" and "left
her.” "Farmer" was given by three women's Home residents
and by four Okemos residents. Five sons gave it for The
women's Home and two daughters for Okemos. Instead of the
main occupation being given, all the occupations were listed.
There was a mixture of "white collar" and "blue collar" 0c-
cupations for the husbands of mothers at The Women's Home

but the professions and business predominated. As for Okemos,

148.

one husband was a minister. The rest of the husbands were
skilled and unskilled workers.

Most of the parents at both homes no longer owned their
own homes - only three of the mothers at The women's Home
(and two of their children reported they still did); and one
mother at Okemos and her daughter reported that the mother
still owned her own home. All of the parents at both Homes
except one owned their own homes at one time. Most of the
responses of the children were the same as those of the
parents.

It can safely be said that the parents at The Women's
Home enjoyed a greater feeling of financial security and came
from a higher socio-economic background as provided by their
husbands than the old mothers of Okemos. The children of the
parents living at The Women's Home and of the middle-aged
children had much better insight into the feeling of per-
manence of security on the part of the parents than the
children of the old parents at Okemos.

In Tables XIII and XIIIa may be found the data on the
"Religion of the Parent as Reported by Parent and by Child."
Only one parent in each category, i.e., one mother at The
women‘s Home, one old mother and one old father and one middle-
aged father at Okemos, were Roman Catholic. All the other
parents were Protestant. All the usual denominations were
about equally represented at The Women's Home. Half of the

old parents at Okemos were Methodist. Two more were Baptist.

 

 

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158.

Two others said they were no particular denomination. Eleven
out of thirteen responses of parents at The Women's Home were
the same as their children, and ten out of thirteen responses
of old parents at Okemos were the same. None of the re—
sponses of old parents at Okemos were the same. None of the
responses of the Protestant middle-aged parents and their
children were the same.

Thirteen of the parents at The Women's Home and ten
old parents and the two middle-aged fathers at Okemos said
they were church members. Eight of the responses of the
children of the parents living at The Women's Home agreed
with those of their parents, thirteen of the responses of
the children of the old parents at Okemos agreed with those
of their parents, and two children agreed with their middle-
aged parents as to whether the parents were church members
or not. Why the children of parents living at Okemos Home
should have considerably more insight or knowledge in regard
to church membership of their parents than those of parents
living at The Women's Home is hard to explain. Perhaps re-
ligion was of more concern to the Okemos parents and their
children and they talked more about it. Also it must be re-
membered that more of the parents at Okemos had lived with
their children and had lived longer with them.

The amount of church attendance was about equal for
the parents of both Homes. The children of the parents liv-

ing at Okemos Home had more knowledge of church attendance

159.

of their parents (nine agreed responses for old parents and

their children and two for middle—aged parents and their

children) than the parents of The Women‘s Home and their
children (six agreed responses).

Twelve parents at each Home said they attended church
less often now than when they were 55 years old. Six children
of Women’s home parentage and ten children of Okemos Home
parentage agreed with their parents as to whether church at-
tendance was ”Less often now,” "About the same,” or "More
often now." Again the children of the old parents at Okemos
had more knowledge of their parents' religious activities
than the children of The women's Home parents. This question
did not apply to the two middle-aged fathers since they were
not 55 years old.

The chief reason given by the parents at both Homes
for attending church less than when 55 years old was that they

were not physically able to "o. The number of children agree-

0

n

ing with their parents on this response was four for ihe
Women's Home and seven for Okemos. Again more agreement
among old parents of Okemos and their children than for
parents of The Women's Home and their children.

Nine parents at The women‘s Home believed in an after
life (life after death) and twelve old parents and two middle-
aged parents at Okemos Home were also sure of an after life.
Eight of the adult responsible children of h. H. parentage

and ten of the children of the old parents and two of the

160.

Children of the middle-aged parents at Okemos agreed. The
total number of agreed responses was eight for parents at The
Women's Home and their children, eleven and three, respec-
tively for old parents and for middle-aged parents at Okemos
Home and their children. Children of‘HUKfi parents at each
Home, or a total of six adult responsible children, did not
know. The children of Okemos parents had more insight into
their parents' beliefs than did the children of The women's
Home parents.

However, eleven mothers at w. H. listened to church
services over the radio ”about once or twice a week" and six
children agreed. Only six old parents at Okemos listened
that often to church services over the radio with only three
children agreeing. Three middle-aged parents reported
listening that often with only one child agreeing.

Twelve parents at The women's Home said they read the
Bible or other religious book or prayer book every day.
Seven of their children agreed. Eight old parents and two
middle-aged said they read the Bible or religious book that
often. Five of their children agreed. Two middle-aged
parents said they read the Bible or religious books that
often but no children agreed. Total number of agreed re-
sponses was seven for the Women's Home parents and their
children, eight for u. H. parents and their children and

for middle-aged parents and their children.

161.

Thus in listening to church services on the radio and
reading the Bible or religious books the parents at The
Women's Home reported more activity than the parents at
Okemos and there was more agreement from their children on
reading the Bible or religious books. Otherwise the children
of the old parents at Okemos showed more insight into their
parents' religious beliefs and activities.

Turning to Tables XIV and XIVa, it will be seen that
the fathers of nine of the mothers at The women's Home and
of eleven of the old parents and of the two middle-aged par-
ents were farmers. nine children for each Home gave the same
response for the old parents but none of the middle-aged
children agreed. however, farming was the main occupation
reported. The other occupations reported were chiefly in the
professional and business categories for the fathers of the
Women's Home parents and chiefly in the business, skilled,
and unskilled categories for the fathers of the Okemos parents.
Thirteen children of The women's Home mothers agreed with the
responses of their mothers while nine of the children of old
parents at ukemos and none of the children of the middle-aged
parents agreed with their parents' responses.

It is quite interesting to note that half of the
mothers at The Women's Home and nine of the old parents and
all of the middle-aged parents at Okemos were ”in-between"
children in their own families. Four more at N. H. and at

Okemos were the youngest children in their own families.

 

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173.

There was practically perfect agreement between the responses
of the parents and their children.

The range of number of children living to be five or
older was from one to fourteen.

The farm background and large families were typical
of the times into which the old parents were born and raised -
75 to 85 years ago for many of them.

Most of their parents lived well into their seventies
and many into their eighties and nineties. From one angle
this is surprising since the proportion of persons living
well into their seventies and eighties was considerably less
30 and 40 years ago than it is now. However, from another
viewpoint, it is not surprising since heredity is supposed
to be one, if not the most, important factor for longevity.

Most of the old parents at both Homes reported good
health as a child and nine children at w. H. and six at
Okemos agreed that it must have been - total agreed responses
nine and eight respectively. All the middle-aged parents
reported good health and all the responses of their children
agreed with this.

No parents and none of their adult responsible children
reported any dislike on the part of the parents when in their
teens for their fathers with the exception of one middle-aged
father who reported "considerable dislike" and the daughter
of one mother at The Women's Home who reported "mild dislike.2

The majority of the parents at both Homes reported "very

174.

strong attachment" for their fathers with the exception of
the other two middle-aged parents who reported "mild attach-
ment." Two parents at The Women's Home and one old parent
at Okemos Home refused to answer. Could this have been an
indication of guilt feelings on the part of these parents
toward thgig fathers?

The total number of agreed responses for the parents
at W.H. and their adult responsible children was seven; for
the old parents at O.H., five; and for the middle-aged
parents and their children, two.

Also no parents reported any dislike when in their
teens of their mothers with the exception of one mother at
The Women's Home who admitted to "considerable dislike" and
one old father at Okemos Home who admitted to "mild dislike."
One daughter and one son of mothers at The Women's Home re-
ported "considerable dislike" but their mothers did not admit
to this. The majority of the parents at both Homes, includ-
ing a majority of the middle-aged parents, reported feeling
a "very strong attachment" to their mothers. Again two
mothers at The Women's Home and one mother at Okemos Home
refused to answer (the same three).

The total number of same responses for parents at The
Women's Home and their children was five; for old parents at
Okemos Home and their children, three; and for middle—aged

parents and their children, none.

175.

Thus the amount of insight into the parents' feelings
for £3533 parents was low for the adult responsible children.

The majority of the parents at The Women's Home and of
the old parents at Okemos Home reported having an "average
number" of friends of the same sex when they were in their
teens. Two middle-aged parents reported having a "great
many." More parents at w.H. reported "a great many" than
old parents at O.H. The total number of same responses for
parents at W.H. and their children was seven; for old parents
at O.H. and their children was five; and for the middle-aged
parents and their children was two.

About half the parents at N.H. and a little over half
of the old parents at O.H. reported an "average number” of
friends of the opposite sex when they were in their late
teens. The two middle-aged fathers who were both divorced
said they had almost no friends of the opposite sex at that
age. Sixxnothers but no fathers married in their late teens -
three who were living at w.H., two old mothers at O.H., and
the middle-aged mother. The total number of same (or agreed)
responses for parents at «.H. and their children was six; for
old parents at O.H., seven; and for the middle-aged parents
and their children, one.

Thus there was not very much knowledge or insight on
the part of the adult responsible children in regard to

their parents'popularity when the latter were in their teens.

176.

Approximately two-thirds of the mothers at W.H. and
three-fifths of the old parents at O.H. and one middle-aged
father came from families comfortably well off financially.
Two of the three middle-aged parents came from families who
had ”enough to get along." No parents came from families
who "couldn‘ttnake ends meet." None of the children said
their parents came from families who "couldn't make ends meet."
The total number of agreed responses for parents at W.H. and
their children was seven; for old parents at O.H. and their
children, three; for middle—aged parents and their children,
one.

There was low agreement on the economic position of
the parents' family when the parents were twelve years old.

No parents reported that they never attended religious
services when they were twelve years old but four of their -
adult responsible children reported this - one daughter and
one son of parents at w.H. and daughters of two old parents
at O.H. Most of the parents reported attending religious
services "about once a week." The total number of agreed re-
sponses for parents at W.H. and their children was five; for
old parents at O.H. and their children, seven; and for middle-
aged parents and their children, none.

Again there was low agreement. However, there was a
little higher agreement between parents at W.H. and their
children than for parents at O.H. on all items with the ex-

ception of this one where there was a little higher agreement

177.

for the old parents at O.H. and their children.

Generally speaking, the amount of knowledge of and
insight of the adult reponsible children into the early life
of their parents was low.

Tables XV and XVa deal with data on "What Parents
Think About Things as Reported by Parent and Child."

There was high agreement between the responses of
parents living at Women's Home and their adult responsible
children (ten and eleven responses the same) on all the
items except two under the first two categories dealing with
what the parents thought about present day conditions and how
life had treated them.

For the old parents at Okemos Home and their adult re-
sponsible children there was high agreement on only two items,
low agreement on three (five and six same responses), and
indeterminate agreement (seven and eight same responses) on
the rest. There was high agreement on all but three items
for the middle-aged parents and their children.

But for insight into and knowledge of the happy and
unhappy periods in the parents' lives the agreement of re-
sponses of parents at The Women's Home and their children was
considerably less, five and six respectively. The amount of
agreement for Okemos remained the same, seven and eight,
respectively, for old parents and their children and two for
middle-aged parents and their children. Why there should be

this difference is hard to explain except that four parents

 

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192.

at The Women's Home said that "all periods were equally
happy" and six said that they "never had an unhappy period."
The parents at Okemos and almost all the children of parents
at both Homes tended generally to be more analytical.

The list of things the parents found hardest to bear
during their life time covered the whole gamut of human suf-
fering. The response most often given had to do with death -
death of spouse or of children or of parents. Although the
adult responsible children listed about the same number of
things hard to bear as their parents, the number of same re-
sponses was low.

Most of the parents considered that their lives had
held the average amount of happiness or a moderate amount of
happiness. About half of their children agreed with their
responses with the exception of the middle—aged parents where-
only one child agreed.

Also most of the parents were either "Reasonably
satisfied" or "Well satisfied" with what they had accomplished
in life. About half of the children of the old parents at
Okemos agreed with the responses of their parents but only
five children of parents at The Women's Home agreed and no
children of the middle-aged parents agreed. The one parent
at The Women's Home who was "dissatisfied" had done a great
deal of good in her life - much more than the average person -
yet she felt she should have done more. Two old fathers felt

they were failures. The three daughters of the middle-aged

193..

parents thought their parents should have felt "dissatisfied"
but actually they felt "reasonably satisfied."

One of the categories was "If you could have three
wishes, what would they be?" Most of the wishes of parents
at both Homes had to do with health and physical condition -
either that it would be better or would continue to be as
good as it was. The second most common wish had to do with
welfare of and longing for family. Half of the adult re-
sponsible children of the middle-aged parents gave the same
responses as their parents. But only two children of the
parents at The Women's Home gave the same. This lack of in-
sight of the adult responsible children of the parents at
W.H. could have been due in part to their feeling that their
parents enjoyed good health and were therefore not concerned
about it.

When asked what age group the parent felt she or he
was in, only five parents (four at The Women's Home and one
old mother at Okemos Home) said they were "Aged." ‘Most said
they were either "old" or "Elderly” but a few said they felt
"middle-aged." Only a few of the children thought of their
parents as being "Aged." The number of same responses for
parents at both Homes and their children was low (five and
four) but for the middle-aged parents and their children,
there were two agreed responses. Many of the children said
they hadn't thought about this. As one said, "She's my

mother, that's all."

194.

A little over half of the parents voted in the last
national election with the exception of the middle-aged par-
ents. Only one of them voted. The agreement of response
was high for the Okemos parents and their children but in-
determinate for the parents at The women's Home and their
children (eight agreed responses).

One is struck by the comparative lack of insight of
the children of the parents living at The Women's Home except
in the first two categories which concerned attitudes. This
might have been due to the fact that half of the parents were
living alone immediately before entering The women‘s Home
whereas most of the parents at Okemos were living with their

children.

CHAPTER V

ANALYSIS OF DATA - ATTITUDES

The Tables just discussed dealt with the "Activities"
part of the Schedule and gave the data on general information
about the parents and on their interests and activities as
reported by them and by their adult responsible children.

The next eight Tables will deal with the "Attitudes"
part of the Schedule and in them will be presented the data
on the Attitudes of the parents on their health, friendship,
work, financial security, religion, usefulness, happiness
and the adult responsible child's attitude about the parent
in these eight categories. The child was asked to give her
or his own opinion on the statements.

It was explained to both the parent and the child that
some of the statements contradicted each other but that
answers should be given to every question. The interviewees
were asked to state for each question whether they agreed,
disagreed, or were doubtful.

In Tables XVI and XVIa the data-are presented on the
"Attitudes of Parent on Health and Child's Attitude About
Parent on Health." There was considerable agreement between
the parents' attitudes and those of their children toward

the parents' health. With the exception of two of the seven

195

 

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uwopw< vaao “cohmm cmmhw< UHHSO udohmm mocsuHuu< nsow .z

 

vHo .mus oo-om ucmumm
Amoeoxov houseo .cmsom a .dmo: muddoo EmcwcH

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘ i! *“‘I.q“ i

39H<mm 20 92mm¢m BDOQ<
MQDBHBH< m.DHHmU Qz< EHH<mm ZO BZmd<m ho HDDBHBH<

mH>N.aHm<H

 

 

199.

 

HHH!“

mH H
nH H

HH

mH

mH
mH

hm

Hmd‘

«up: ~¢

dHHHmH
lHHH nH

nnpa -«
«w\

,4
H

N0

oeH:
ome

MOI-“n

\TONM

o o . . . Hmuoa
In C O O N
N b . . . omuwmmwn
e H . . . owhw¢
.uHuHam mo HHnm use memos Home HHHum H
o o . . . HmpOH
H O O C N:
a a . . . mohwmmHQ
H m 0 o 0 $0“?
.da 0» sounds
m on on wchcHwon push mH nuHmM£ >2
0 m . O O ngo—H
H H . . . mmhwdeQ
m m . . . 3pm...
.3oc cm H amnu happen
oHuuHH m uHmm H .umw:§o> mm: H :053
0 0 O o o HQUOHH.
I" AH O O O N
m c . . . wouwmmwn
e . . . mmnm<

.oHU soon we push
UHsoa H .soom gonads Hum“ u.:mo H HH

.5

.d

 

MH>X 395—.

200.

items, namely "1 am perfectly satisfied with my health" and
"I still feel young and full of spirit," the number of agreed
responses ranged from nine to almost perfect agreement for
the parents at The Women's Home and the old parents at Okemos
Home and their children. There was perfect agreement on four
of the items between the responses of the middle-aged parents
and their children and two-thirds agreement on all other
items except one where there was none, namely, "I still feel
young and full of spirit." Most of the parents at The Women's
Home and.middle-aged parents and five of the old parents at
Okemos agreed with this statement, but most of the children
disagreed. The attitudes, however, of parents and children
toward the health of the parent were generally very good.
Tables XVII and XVIIa deal with the data on "Attitude
of Parent on Friends and Child's Attitude About Parent on
Friends." There was less agreement between the responses of
parents and children on attitude toward friendship than on
attitude toward health. However, even so, over half of the
responses were identical on over half of the seven statements
for the parents of The Women's Home and their adult responsible
children (five) and for the old parents of Okemos Home and
their children (four). The range in number of identical re-
sponses was from eight to twelve. For the middle-aged parents
and their children there was high agreement on only three of
the seven statements (perfect agreement on two of these).
For each of the remaining four statements only one response

was identical.

 

0 m «H a m «H . . . HGHOH
H 0 . O O N
o n «H a m o . . . aupwmmHo
.q o o o “my? 0 mwcflfiu

Hedomhoa unonw on meu on mac 0: u>m£ H .«

 

« H «H o m «H . . . Hmuoa
H H H . . . N
N H o « m n . . . mouwmmHn
N q q m . . . wwhw<
.couNo whoa mucloN
>8 mom UHdoo H NH thdmmn we UHsok H .n
e N «H o m «H . . . Hapoa
N H H n . . . N
o H 0H s n a . . . mmuwmmHo
H N H H N . . . «onw<
.395 E“ H mm
kHOfiOH m6 ND @3900 H UGSU ©993th MU>OHH H oN
« N «H a m «H . . . Hmuoe
N N « . . . N
« H o o n a . . . aoummmHa
H n H N H . . . ounw<
, «whomwn
Udfi Hw>0 H dmfiu 30S mflfimwhm NHOE 0>w£ H oH
m G a m a copprno
a a
z z z mucupmm muesuHHu< snow .2
vaouw< eHHco uaoumm

 

mEom m.ameo3 ~38

 

mQZmHmm ZO HZMd<m Ebom<
MODHHHB< m.QHH:O QZ< mazmHmh ZO 82mm<m ho mQDBHBH<

HH>X mHm<H

202.

m m
H

h m
OH 5
N

m 5
OH N
OH 5

(\U‘Nd'

«H

«H
HH

0V .d.
OH J.

C

mmv-IG

|.'5‘4"'.'

NNo-lln

\TI-Hfl

 

#H
MH

0 o HQUOB

O C N

. . mmthmHQ
. . oohw<

.MON £mH3

pHdoo oco>cm ecumeN boom map HHm o>w2 H

o O HQUOH—
N
. . omhwmmHQ

. . mmhw<

cam >eamn oNHH >sruxme wucwwh

0 o HapO'H

o
. . mwhwmeHa
. . omhw<

nose >choH as H was» musmwuN 3

H553 HHBH ENE.

.HsNummno
N >cme >2

.mEHu on» No
0N om m>m£ H

O
(x

o
\O

 

n N H n n N H o H H H o mH «HH mH w a . . . HNNOB
H I" C 0. Nu
m H « H H . . . mouwmmHo
n N H m n N H o H H H 0 0H m s nH o s . . . amuw<
.dwuNo whoa mucloN >8
mom pHsoo H NH Newman: on UHsos H .n
HH m nNHmHNNancHHmHoo ...Hmuo.H.
n n .0. N
N H H « N N m N n o « m . . . mauwmmHa
H H n H H « H n s N m o N « . . . mouw<
.Boc Em H mm >Hmc0H
mm on pHnoo H was“ pmsmmhc uo>ma H .N
HH n nNH> NNmmHeHHmHoo ...Hmuo.H.
n H N n H N . . . N
H H n H H o N H n a H m a « m . . . mmuwmmHa
N H H H H n N H n H N . . . mouw<
.ouoNon
be: hm>o H cmnu soc mvcmHuN whoa o>mc H .H
a m a o H m o m Q B m a :othHno
a a a a a e
m 2 B m 2 m m 2 B m 2 mucmhmm
Umwhm< vHHno ucohmm cm on 2w<_ UHHSU ucmnwm mocsuHuu< usow .2

 

cHo .wu> oouom unmpmm

 

Amoonov hmucmo .nmnwm a .amom >uc:oo EwfiwaH

 

szmHmm ZO BZmfidm BDON<
MQDBHHH< m.QHH:U DZ< mQZmHmm zo Ezmm4m mo mDDHHBHQ

GHH>N MHm<H

 

204 .

\Oo-l

‘OHo-lm

NH
HH

ONNm
n HQ
MNHS
nN m
H H

Non
n HQ
acHfi
HHnm
H H

mH .vHH mH
H H H
nH d 0 HH
H H n

2“,“:
unrae
0N2

ome

c o . .
N 0 O
Q a 0 O
c a O O
N H O O
H O O
m m C 0
w 0 O c

H O O
m 0 O O
H N . .
o Q 0 O
H . .
N o O O
n n O O

. Hmuoh
. N
. mohwmmwn

oao>8m mUGoHNN boom any HHm o>mn H .N

. HNNOH

N.
aohmmmHQ
. oohw<
.Hzthono use
>ddd£ NNHH >8 mime mucoHuN >cME >2 .0

. HNHOH
. N
. omhwmmHQ

. omhm<
.waHu any No £088 >HN80H
8m H peep mecmHhN zoN om m>m£ H .m

. Hench
. N
. mouwmmHQ
. emhm<
.mwcHnu

Hmcomaod adobe ou xHeu on mco 0: o>m£ H .«

 

H.9800v

«HH>XVMHN<H

 

 

205.

The general climate of feeling of all of the parents
in regard to friendship was good and the children of the
parents at The Women's Home and of the old parents at Okemos
tended to agree with this. But the children of the middle-
aged parents felt their parents were lonelier than the parents
themselves felt.

There was the possibility of revelation of guilt feel-
ings on the part of the children of the parents at The Women's
Home by the statement for which there was the least number
of agreed responses (five) for them and their parents. Over
half (eight) of the parents agreed with the statement "I .
would be happier if I could see my friends more often," but
nine of their children (all five daughters and four of the
sons) disagreed with the statement. It can be speculated
that either the children felt that their parents' friends
were now at the Home or that they were rationalizing their
laxity in providing the necessary transportation. Or perhaps
they felt their parents would not be made any happier by
seeing the friends who lived elsewhere than in the Home more
often.

Tables XVIII and XVIIIa are concerned with the
"Attitude of Parent on Work.and Child' Attitude About Parent
on Work."

The general attitude of the parents and their adult
responsible children in regard to work on the part of the

parents was that while the parents could no longer do the

 

a o H «H o m «H . . . Haves
H H H . . . N
o m H w o N o . . . ouhwmoHo
H H n N n o . . . omhw<
.0» banana“ HOOH on xsoa o:_o>mn H .q
m n m «H o m «H . . . HmUOB
H H H . . . N
n H N o s m m . . . mmuwmmHo
m m n a s n m . . . wmpw<
.06 30a H xuoa on» zuHa oonmHumm Em H .n
HH 0 m «H o m «H . . . HmuoB
H H . . . N
o o n a o n «H . . . ocuwmmHa
N N c N N N . . . omhw< .xhoa
Hausa: Ho ocHx use ob pmw60H o: coo H .N
s Q n «H o m ¢H . . . Hmuoa
H H N .. . . N
s H n m s s m . . . oouwmmHo
n n m s H h . . . mokw< .ov ou xuok
oanwmov o>mn H Sana tho hand: as H .H
B m a H m a douoHHno
a a ;
z z E mpdohmm moU3uH9u< h:o~..2
ouww< oHHao acoumm

 

080m m.:oaoz 0:9

 

¥m03 ZO Hzmmdm BDOm< MQDBHHB< $.0HHSO Qz<_¥m03 zo Bzmm<m mo mDDBHEH<

HHH>X mHm<H

 

207.

nH
nH

(Dr-lo sid’o-IO‘

N‘OHON

cH

OH

¢H
cH

¢H

H.ud00v

. . . Mm

sea
wwww< .n .oma op
30: Boax H can» oEHu ovum whon_m>mn H

. Hence

0 O O N

oonwumHn

owhw<

.mhomon ho>o can» 30:.3903 hmuuon op H

O O O Annoy

. C O N.

. . . oohwowHa

. . . oohw< .Hwoa he nuHa >995:

ou o>mn_H c033 ooumumnHm hHodn pow H

HHH>N MHm<H

.b

.0

.m

NHH n nNHmHs ansHHcho ...Hmuoa
H H H H N N . . . N
H H H s H m n n . . . awkwamHo
N H H N N H H a H a N oH n a oH o e . . . owpw< v

.ov 30¢ H Huoz mnu nuHs omHmmHumm Em H .n

n N H m n N H a m N N mH sszmH o a . . . Hmuoa

s N N . . . N
N H H N N H H s N H H m N o o n m . . . mopmmmHo
H H H H H n H H H a N m m H s . . . mmpw<

.xhoa Hnmoms
mo oCHx Ham ow powSOH on one H .N

 

H H m m N H c H N H N mH «HH.mH o o . . . HmuOH
1H N N 0 o o N
H N H H o N s a n s . . . mmuwamHo
H H H n N.H¢ HH Nu Nmmw mm . . .m9%<
.oo op xwo3
mquHmmo obs: H Co£3 cho hams: Em H .H
B m Q a B m D m a H m a nmsuHHLO
a a a a a a
m z B m z m m z 2 a m E mucwhmm mmUSHHup< snow .2
oomhw< UHHno ucwhmm to on hm< UHHnO ucmhmm

 

.UHo .mh> oonom unmade
Hmoamxov hmucoo .nman a .mmom hucnoo EmnwcH

 

MMOZ ZO Hzmm<m HDOQ¢
MQDHHHH< m.QHH:O Qz< XMOS ZO 82mm<m mo HQDBHBH<

mHHH>X m4m¢fi

209.

 

 

(Vt-1'0

Flt-IN

Uhd ax
r4 H4
.Hcv m

nH H
NH

OH

mon
nH e
mde
mm m

mH #HH mH
H H m
«H n.: NH

uon
HNH¢
beH:
mon

mH «HH_mH
N

w H m n

a n 0 OH

\‘fN‘O
mu—IO

‘ONHO‘

mnHo

. Hmuoe
. N
. mmuwmmHo

. mmhw<
.mmn Cu 30:
3053 H cmnu mEHu mohu whoa o>m£ H

. HmHOB

N.
. mmhwmmHQ
. wmhw<

.ohowmn um>m smzu 3o: xhoz weapon ow H

A.ucoov mHHH>N mHm<H

. HmHOB
. N
. monwmeo
. oohw<
.xhoz He nuH3 >hhfi: ou
m>m5 H 5&53 vmhmumnHH NHUmn pow H

. Hence
m
. omhwmmwo

. mohw<

.ou Uhmahom HOOH ou_Hhos o: obs: H

.h

.d

210.

work they used to be able to do, they still could do useful
work and were satisfied with what work they could do - the
latter was especially true of the parents, both old and
middle-aged at Okemos. The parents at Okemos were much more
apt to get flustered over their work than those at The
Women's Home. The difference in health between the residents
of the two Homes could be the explanation for this.

More parents at The Women's Home felt they had more
free time than they knew how to use than the parents at
Okemos. This could be explained by the fact that the parents
at Okemos were receiving therapy and were helped to keep busy
by the hospital staff.

There was high agreement on two statements for
responses of the parents at The Women's Home and their chil-
dren and not less than seven or eight agreed responses for
the remaining four statements. For the old parents at Okemos
Home and their adult responsible children, there was high
agreement on two of the statements but low agreement on one.
For the other four statements, the number of agreed responses
ranged from seven to nine. There was a high rate of agree-
ment on all statements but one between the responses of the
middle-aged parents and their children.

Turning to Tables XIX and XIXa, it will be seen that
they are concerned with the "Attitude of Parent on Financial
Security and Child's Attitude About Parent on Financial

Security."

 

 

 

 

nH m m «H o m «H . . . Hauoe
H H . . . ouhwmmHa
nH w m nH w m «H . . . awhw< .uom based one atom: 58 HH< .«
NH 0 n «H o m «H . . . HQHOH
H H H . . . N
NH o n nH o « nH . . . owuwamHa
. . . oohw¢
.oHuoa on» cH u:mo.m u.:a>m: H .n
HH N « «H o m «H . . . HeuOB
H O C O N
N H H . . . mmhwmmwo
HH n « NH m s nH . . . umuw<
.wcon bow on Nocoe nwsocm obs: H .N
N m N «H o m «H . . . HmuOB
H H C O O N
o m H a a N a . . . «ouwumHa
H H e N N m . . . mmpw¢
.uooe mono mxmn_ou oHnm uman as H .H
B m Q B m Q fimthwno
a a
z z z mucmpmm mmosuHuu< use» .2
compw< UHHzo unwpum
080: m.cmeoz one
51 a - 5

 

NBHMDomm H<HUZ<ZHM ZO Hzmm<m BDOQ<
mQDHHHH< n.24HEU QZ< WHHMDOHm H<HOZ<ZHm ZO 82mm<m mo MQDHHBH<

xHx MHQ<H

 

212.

 

u\«w\

0H

nH
nH

H¢lfl

Min-40s NEG

Oat-40

“NM

. . . mmuwmmwn
O O 0 $0.“?

.hccmm >um>o Gamma H 30: noum3 ou 0>m£ H .h

woe
H
o

H . . . Hmuoe
. N
. . . mohwmmwa
O o o 00%?
.mnn :mo zones pmnu de£u%ho>o o>a£ H .w

¢0H¢
o
o

qfl O O O HquOrH.
O O O N
‘VH O O O 8hw<
.muuomaoo mean hnme nuH3.UmvH>ouu Em H .m

 

A.uc00v xHN mam<H

 

N H H n n N H NH m n « mH «IfiHmH o a o . . HavOE
H N H H . . . N
H H . . . wmhwamHQ
N H H N n N H NH m n a mH «.NHNH m N . . . amuw<
.hom Uuhmo 0km mucus he HH< .«
N H H n n N H N H n n mH «ldeH o a . . . Hmuoa
N N H H . . . N
N H H N n N H m m N N N o « m . . . oauwmmHo
H N H H o H N m N n . . . ompw¢
.vao3 may cw ammo a u.cm>m£ H .n
n N H n n N H w H n H n mH «H; mH o o . . . Hmuoa
H H H H N N . . . N
H H H H H N H H q H m . . . mmuwmmHa
N H H N N H H N H n H N NH n o a n « . . . wmuw<
.chHm umw on ch05 nwsocm w>mn H .N
N H H n n N H OH N N o mH «ZfiHmH c o . . . Hmuoh
H N H H N H H o n n . . . N
H H H N H H m H H H o H m n H N . . . awkwamHn
H H H H H m H H N N m v N a . . . mmuw<
.ummE wvcm «Hue ou «Ham uwah Em H .H
H D Q a B m D m G H m D cmHUHHSU
a a a a a a
m E B m 2 m m E Z 9 m 2 mucmhmm
wwwhw< UHHAU udmumm vowuw< UHHno unopmm movnuHuu< know .2

 

uHo .mpN oouom Hcmumm

 

Hmowaov panama .nmfimm a .amo: Nucdoo EmnwcH
é

wHHMDomm H<HOZ<ZHm ZO Hzmm<m Ebomd
MODBHBB< m.QHHzU 92¢ WBHMDOMM H<Hoz<sz ZO Hzmm<m mo mQDBHBH<

QNHN §m<9

 

214.

 

r-lc-IHM

NH!“

HHH

HHN

H

OH H

OH H

H OH H

H

H H
(\v-lw

OH H

MH

nH

mH
MH

Nady-IQ

r-l

H
n
w

r-h-l

A.uc00v

“M
H
N0

,4
¢

a . J . HNHOH
H O O C N
. . . mmuwmmwo
w . . . wmhwd
.Nccmn
Nuw>u anaw H 30: nouwz ou o>mn H .N

o O O C Hmpoe
N
mmhwmeQ
. . . omuw<
.Nan ado choe.uw£u waHnuth>o m>m£ H .0

Hub
0
o
o

0 o o Haven...
N
. . . omhmmmHo
. . . amum<
.muhowaoo 080: Name nqu U0fiw>0ha an H .m

NHHo
O
O
O

waN HHm<B

215.

There was a high rate of agreement between the re-
sponses of the parents of both Homes and those of their chil-
dren as to attitude toward the financial security of the
parents. There was agreement on all but two or three state-
ments of two-thirds or more of the parents and their children.
This high agreement in attitude is consistent for the parents
at The Women's Home and their adult responsible children and
the middle-aged parents at Okemos and their children with the
response made to a similar question in the first part of the
questionnaire which dealt with interests, activities, and
feelings. For the old parents at Okemos and their children
this high agreement in attitude toward financial security
of the parents is a marked increase over that expressed in
the first part of the questionnaire. Why this should be so
is hard to explain. However, there were seven statements
in which to express feelings on security in Table XIX as
compared with one in Table XII in the first part of the
questionnaire.

Most of the parents and their children felt that the
parents had "enough money to get along" but many felt they
were ”just able to make ends meet" with outside help. Al-
most all the parents and their children felt that all the
Parents' needs were cared for and that the parents were pro-
vided with many home comforts. More old parents at Okemos
and their children felt that they had to watch how they spent

every penny than did the parents at The Women's Home and their

216.

children and the.middle-aged parents at Okemos and their
children.

In Tables XX and XXa, the.data on "Attitude of Parent
on Religion and Child's Attitude.About Parent on Religion"
are presented.

For the unequivocal statements, whether negative or
positive, in regard to religion, there was high agreement
between the responses of parents living at The Women's Home
and their adult responsible children, and between the re-
sponses of the old parents at Okemos Home and their children.
There was high agreement on all the statements between the
responses of the middle-aged parents and their children.

There were two statements on which there was some
confusion on the part of The Women's Home parents and their
children as to how to answer them, namely, the first one
reading "Religion is fairly important in my life" and the
seventh one reading "Religion is only one of many interests.”
The word "fairly” in the first statement and the word "only"
in the last were the sourcesof confusion. The old parents at
Okemos and their children were confused on the latter state-
ment but not in the first. As a consequence of this con-
fusion, the number of identical responses of parents and
children was low.

The agreement of the parents living at The Women's
Home and their adult responsible children was greater in re-

gard to attitude toward religion as shown in Table xx than

 

 

HH N « «H o m «H . . . Hmuoe
H . 0 . N
HH N « NH m « nH . . . mowwmmHm
N H H . . . mouw<
.08 0» some came u.cmsov :OHwHHom .«
HH N « «H o m «H . . . Hmuos
H C O O N
N H H H . . . wowwmmHD
HH N « NH m « NH . . . mouw<
.oE.ou uHOMEoo umohw m mH :OHwHHum .n
nH o « «H o m «H . . . Hench
H .H O O O N
nH a « mH o s «H . . » muuwmmHn
O O 0 00k?
.coHMHHmw Mom on: o: o>m£ H .N
o m H «H o m «H . . . HduoB
H H n . . . N
n N H H . . . omnwmmwa
o m H OH 0 « oH . . . omww<
.NMHH NB 6H samuHOQEH NHhHmm mH :OHwHHam .H
B m G B m Q coucHHnU
a a
z z 2 unohmm mmvsuwuu< Macy .z
vuohw< oHHno udoumm
mac: m.:oEo: one .I

 

ZOHGHHMM ZO
Hzmm<m HDOQ< QQDBHHH< m.QHHIO Qz< ZOHOHHmm ZO Hzmm<m m0 MQDBHEHQ

xx MHm<H

\

 

 

 

218.

 

MHv-Hn

cw4r~

nHHm

nH«

\OCOQ CDNd’N‘Y

Q‘GHQ

MOO OHNO

“Int-ION

NHNM

“NM

«H
NH

0 o o HQHOH.
. \ C O N
. . . wohwmowa
. . . omhw<
.mumoumucw made no 0:0 NHco wH aonHHom .an

o o o HQHO'H.

. . . mmhwmmwa

. . . mohm4 .oMHH NE
aw wcHnu unduNOQEH umos map mH :onHHom .0

O o o HmUO—H.
O O O N
. . . oohwmch
. . . mmww<
.08 mHmn ou Mahmud so NHoh u.:ov H .m

 

AuuCOOv XX MHm<H

N H H n m N H OH H N n e mH squmH o o . . . Hmuos
H H H N N H H . . . N
H H q s H H . . . waywamHo
N H H N m N H m H H n n o s m nH m m . . . «NNNN

.05 cu uwowsoo ummuw m mH :OHmHHom .n

nNH n nNHmHHnnomH«HHmHom ...Hmuo.H.

 

H H C O . N
n N H n n N H nH H n m o nH « o mH o o . . . mmuwmmHa
H H . . . mohw<
.:OHwHHoh you own on o>mn H .N
n N H n n N H NH H n n m MH «.fiHmH o o . . . HQNOH
H H H H H H H . . . N
H H n n H H . . . mowwmmHQ
N H H N N H H HH H N n m HH « N «H m o . . . oohw<
.NNHH
he sH unmuhOQEH NHhHmm wH SOHwHHmm .H
9mm 0 Bmammfimm, GGNUHHSU
a an a a. a a
NH 2 .H NH 2 m NH 2 2 .H. m 2 mucahmm mounuwpfia .HHHOM. .2
vaupw< NHHeo ucmumm umuum< NHHco ucmumm

 

«Ho .muN oo-om uaaumm
Amoaoxov housmo .nmcmm a .mmom huddoo EdnwfiH

 

|lln 1:

.1

ZOHUHHHM ZO
mBzmmem .Hbomd. MQDHHHHAH m..Q.HHmD 02¢. ZOHGHHMZ ZO bamgm NHO HQDBHBHAH

QXN am<fi

220.

 

 

N N n n N m N nH «HH nH o a . . . kuoa
. H H m H « m n N . . . N
H H s s N N . . . woumamHa
N N n N N n H o n n m n m . . . moum<
.mumououaw
Name mo mco NHco mH :OHwHHom .N
H H n m. N m.H« mH «HHMHco . . .Hmuoa
H H H n H N « H n . . . N
H H H o o H H . . . mopwmmHo
H H H n N o H N w n n oH a o . . . omuw<
.oMHH N8 SH NCHAH
pamuhomaH umoa any wH :OHwHHom .0
n N n n N w H N mH «.4HmH o a . . . Hmuoe
H H H H H N N N H H . . . N
N H N N H N H H o s m HH n m . . . umuwmmHo
H H s e N N . . . manN
.oe mHoz ou wohmhd so NHmw u.:oc H .m
N H n m N nHHn MH«HHchm . . .Hmwoa
H H H . . . N
N H N n N NH H N NH s m «H m o . . . maummmHo
H H N N H H . . . omuw<
.me cu nods cums u.cmoou :OHMHHam .«
383 39 39;

Ax
V

 

221.

it was for religious activity as shown in Table XIII. As for
the old parents and middle-aged parents living at the Okemos
Home and their adult responsible children, the same high
agreement was evidenced in Table XXa as was shown in

Table XIIIa.

All but a very few parents found great comfort in re-
ligion and prayer.

Tables XXI and XXIa are concerned with the "Attitude
of Parent on Usefulness and Child's Attitude About Parent on
Usefulness."

There was much higher agreement between the responses
of the middle-aged parents at Okemos and their adult respons-
ible children in regard to attitude toward usefulness of
parent than there was between the responses of the parents
at the Women's Home and the old parents at Okemos and their
children. For the middleaaged parents and their children,
all statements except one had a high number of agreed re-
sponses but for the other parents at both Homes and their
children, about half the statements had a high number of
agreed responses and the other half had seven and eight
agreed responses.

A greater number of parents living at The Women's Home
and their adult responsible children felt the parents were
still living useful lives than did the old parents living at
Okemos Home and their children - twelve for w.H. as compared

with eight for O.H. Two out of the three middle-aged parents

 

m N H «H o m «H . . . H6908
H O O C N
N N m N H HH . . . mouwmmHa
H H o N s N . . . mauw¢ .wcH>HH :H
udHoa 0: push w.owmnu Hoom H moEHuueom .«
N « n «H o m «H HouoB
H H n O O O N
N s m 0H 0 s 0H . . . mouwauHo
m N H H . . . mauw< .ou
cu yams H HHN how uhonm oou Nwm mNov «:9 .n
HH m n «H o m «H . . . kuoH
H O O O N
HH m n NH 0 s NH . . . maumamHm
H H H . . . mohm< X.
.306 mmonnHamoE NH NMHH N2 .N
NH m « «H o m «H . . . Hmpoe
H H H H N . . . N
H H . . . omhwmmHQ
HH m n NH w « NH . . . amuw<
.08 vaONm «monu Op 0m:.06¢m 8d H .H
B m o B m o :sMUHHnu
a a
2 Z Z mucoumm moosuwuu< 950% .2
vauuw< NHHno uaoumm

 

@803 m.:0803 038

WWMZHDmmmD ZO 82mm<m Ebomd
HQDBHBH< m.QHHmO Q24 mmMZHDmmmD zo 92mm<m m0 QQDHHBH<

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223.

I1 1

 

w «H o m «H . . . HauOH
In 1H d O O O N
« w m H m . . . owhmmmwa
« N « n m . . . mmuw<
.Hamwm: mhm> no: «H
mme we umnu 30: wcHHomm AHmn u.:mo H .5
NH «H a m «H . . . Hmuoe
N H H . . . N
NH NH w c «H . . . munwmmHa
o o o my“? OQMWHH
%8 mo cowhwa Hammms umoE any mw mwna .0
OH «H o m «H . . . Hmuoa
H .H 0 O O N
n o n n n . . . mopwmeo
N N m N HH . . . mmuw«
.Hsmwmz tam hman.HHHum mH aMHH >2 .nwx
H.ucoov Hxx.m4m<9

 

HH n nNHNHHNNomHSHmHoo ...H30.H
N H H . . . N
H H N N N oH H n H m oH N m NH 0 N . . . amuwmmHa
H H H N H H n H N N N . . . omuw<
.ov ou puma
H HHm pom yucca oou mum mzmv Nah .n
NNH nNHN NNNchHHmHoN ...H3oa A
N N N H H . . . N
n N H n n N H N n n H NH « N N n a . . . mauwmmHa _
H H H H o N a . . . mmuw<
.30: mmmHmchme mH NMHH z: .N
N H H n n N H m N N « mH «HH mH o a . . . Hmpoa
N N n N H . . . N
H H H H H H . . . muumamHn
N H H n N H H m N N « NH « m HH « N . . . mauw<
.08 Una—Ohm fluonu OH meH grow 80 H oH
a m a a a m a m a a m a :NNUHHno
a a a a a a
m z a m z N N 2 z N N z movsuHuu< know .2
mWaum< «HHno ucwumm vomuw< «HHno ucmumm wucmumm

 

uHo .muN oouom “coumm1.
Hmomeov houcwu .nmzmm a .Qmom zucsoo EmnmnH

 

mmMZHDmmmD ZO 82mm¢m Ebom<
HQDHHBB< m.QHHmU Qz< mmmqummmb ZO 82mm<m &O HQDHHBH<

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225.

 

H H

H H

OH H

NH H
NH H

MH «HH MH 0
N H

m H N « N

NH n o o n

mH «HHmH o
N H

mH «HH NH m
H

mH «HH mH o
« N

m N o m

h N m m «

MH «HHmH o

n H N

m H « m «

h N m h N

A.ucoov

a . . . HmuOB
H C O . N.
N . . . ovummmHo
o . . . wouw<
.HSMNmD >hw> no: mH «NHH
NE uwnu 3o: wdHHmmm 3H0: p.6mo H
o O o o provfi
H . . . N
h . . . . omhwmwwn
H . . . 00hw<

.uNHH Na
mo UOHhmm Hammad umoe Gnu mH mHnB

a . . . Hmpoa
N O O O N
n . . . mwhwmmwo
« . . . mohw<
.Hnwwma Udm Nmsn HHHum mH wwHH >2
0 . . . HauOB

o
« . . . wohwmmH:
m 0 O O 00:”?
.wnH>HH :H
ucwom on yuan m.¢honu Humm H mméflumSOm

226.

and their children felt the parents were leading useful
lives. In fact, two middle-aged parents said this was the
"most useful period" of their lives. Only one daughter
agreed with this, however. Only one parent at The Women's
Home felt her life was "meaningless now" but six old parents
at Okemos Home (four mothers and two fathers) felt this way.
But only one daughter of parents at each Home shared in this
attitude.

Data on ”Attitude of Parent on Family and Child's
Attitude About Parent on Family" are presented in Tables XXII
and XXIIa.

There was perfect agreement between the responses of
the parents living at The Women's Home and those of their
adult responsible children that the families really care for
the parents. There was high agreement on this by the old
parents at Okemos and their children on this and high agree-
ment by the parents at The women's Home and their children
and the old parents at Okemos and their children that the
"family likes to have them (the parents) around," and that
the parents think their "family is the finest in the world."
There was perfect agreement on all three of these statements
between the middle-aged parents and their children.

Almost all the parents in both Homes and their children
disagreed with the statement that the families were "always

trying to boss" the parents.

 

HH 0 m «H o m «H . . . HauOB
H H H o o O N
H H H . . . oohwmmwo
HH 0 m NH N m . NH . . . mouw< .eHuos
any SH umafiwm onu mH NHHENM NE Haws» H .«
o m « «H o m «H . . . HauOB
N O O O N
m « « w « « HH . . . oohwmmHn
H H o m H H . . . oohw< .oe ou
:OHucouum shoe Nam oHnoB NHHEdM Na new; H .m
o o n «H a m «H . . . Hmuoe
H .H o o o N
« n H . . . oohwmwwa
a o n a o n «H . . . mmum<
.oE mumohu NHHENH
Na as: may :uHs vowumHHMm NHuoomNom an H .N
HH N « «H a m «H . . . HdeB
H H « N N H . . . owhwmwwa
OH N m 0H N n nH . . . oouw<
.USSOMM QB o>m£ ou moxHH NHHEQH N: .H
B m a B m n :oHUHHSU
a a
z z z museumm mucsuHuu< use» .2
cowhw< UHH£0 ucohmm

 

mEom mwmoeoz 0:9

DIHIF"

 

 

[I'll

 

 

I'll

MHHE<L ZO Hzmx<m BDOm< MQDHHHB< m.QHHmD QZ< aHHZ<m ZO Hzmz<m m0 HQDHHBH<

HHXN mHm<H

228,

 

 

«H a «H o n «H . . . Hayes
«H a «H a m «H . . . oohwmmwa
o o o 00Hw<
.oa pom ohmo NHHmop uod mooo NHHEom N2 .N
N N «H o m «H . . . Hmuos
H H n N H N . . . N
o e 0H 0 « N . . . «upwmmHo
H H m . . . oohw<
. - .mhouon UHU um>o
H can» Bo: :oHuoommm ocm o>0H whoa new H .0
NH w «H o m «H . . . Hauoe
NH m nH m m nH . . . oohwmea
H H H o o . mwhw¢
..ma anon on waHNhu mNmaHm wH NHHadM N2 .m
H.udoov HHXX MHm<B
A -n my cud 9 m... {A u o GUOH
.. c w. W 1 H H H Human-

NHH n MNHOH «HmmH«HHnHoo . . .Hmuou.
H H H. H H . . . N
H H H N H H m n H H m H « o « m . . . uwuwmmHo
H H H H H m H « a N N n H « . . . wahwd
.08 cu COHucouum
duos Nae UHsozvzHHadm Na cmHa H .n
H H n n NHm nnNmH«HHmHoo . . .Hmuom.
H H H H H H H . . . N
H H N H o H H . . . wouwmmHn
H H N N H H N n n H N n « NH m m . . . oogm<
.08 mumohu NHHBQN NE N93
map nuHB UMHHmHumm NHuothmQ Ed H .N
nNH n nNHoHHNn«mH«HHmHoa ...Hmuo.H
H H N H H . . . N
n n H H . . . vmhwmmwa
n N H n n N H oH H N n « HH « N NH m N . . . «mum<

.25on me 96: on movHHH NHHEmm NZ .H

.HHOHuooa «1.23 .335 .NHHEmH wHHH>HH 0: 9:3 HHON .HH

1

 

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cumsw< «Hwno uamumm umuua< «HHao assume

 

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if

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230.

 

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ounth

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n He
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c w
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231,

Agreement of response was the lowest on the statement
that the parents get "more love and affection now than ever
before."

All of the parents at The Women's Home and nearly all
of the parents at Okemos Home agreed with the statement that
they were "perfectly satisfied with the way" their family
treated them. But their adult responsible children were not
so sure. There were nine identical responses for The Women's
Home parents and their children, eight for old parents at
Okemos Home and their children, and one for middle-aged
parents and their children.

Almost all the parents disagreed with the statement
that they wished their family "would pay more attention” to
them with the exception of the old mothers at Okemos - four
of the nine agreed with the statement. Five of the nine sons
of the mothers at The Women‘s Home and seven of the eleven
daughters and two of the three sons of old parents at Okemos
Home also agreed with the statement. Could this reflect
guilt feelings on the part of the children? Or does it mean
that the children were being more truthful than their parents.

Generally speaking the parents and their children had
the attitude that parents felt wanted and cared for by their
families and were satisfied with the treatment received.

Tables XXIII and XXIIIa are concerned with the data
on "Attitude of Parent and Child's Attitude About Parent on

Happiness."

 

N m N «H o m «H . . . HdeH
H I" H C O C N
e n H N e H NH . . . mauwmmHa
H H o N e H . . . wuuw< .~>HH
on common mme new wmoH o>m£ 0» Boom H .«
m « H «H o m «H . . . Hmuoh
e O O O N
n n m o N m . . ..mmuwmmHa
N H H o n n m . . . wowm<
.Bofi mH uH can» uoHaams on UHsoo mHHH N: .nrt
N m N «H a m «H . . . HmuOH
.H o o o M.
e N N 0H m m e . . . «mummmHo
n n e e N . . . wmuw<
.uom::om was H coca me Need: mm umsh Em H .N
m e H «H o m qH . . . Hmuoa .
H I" O O . N!
m e H e m H nH . . . mmuwmmHa
N e n H . . . mauw< r
.mMHH as no dawn umowhmmuo as» aw mwnh .H ,
B m a H m D souvHHno
a a
z z z wuaohom movzuHuu< 950% .2
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mwmszm<m ZO Bzmm<m BDOm<

aflom m.cm503 «:9

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233.

 

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NH

0H

MGM-4Q

MCOION‘I‘

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mu-IO

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HH

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HH n nNHoHHNmmHeHHmHeo . .Hmuos
H N H H . . .N
H H N N N m H H H m NH n 0 OH s e . . umuwmmHa
H H H H n H N n H N . . mmuw<
.homcsoN
was H soa3 mm Needs mm umnh Ed H .N
NN n NNHN nNNmHeHHmHoo . .138.
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235.

 

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common mmoH one mmoH a>mn 0» Boom H .«

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it

236.

In.regard to Attitude toward happiness of the parent,
all but one parent at The Women's Home and two middle-aged
parents at Okemos Home disagreed with the statement "This is
the dreariest time of my life." Nine of the fifteen old
parents at Okemos Home agreed with the statement. However,
half of the adult responsible children of the parents at both
Homes and two of the daughters of the three middle-aged
parents agreed with the statement. There were only five
identical responses for the parents at The Women's Home and
their children but eight for the old parents and two for the
middle-aged parents at Okemos and their children.

Three-fifths of the mothers at The Women's Home agreed
with the statement "I am just as happy as when I was younger"
but two-thirds of their adult responsible children disagreed
with the statement in regard to their parents - there were
seven identical responses. Also two-thirds of the old
parents and of the middle-aged parents at Okemos disagreed
with the statement, and three-fourths of the children of the
former and two-thirds of the children of the latter also dis-
agreed with the statement.

Most of the parents at both Homes and their children
disagreed with the statements "I seem to have less and less
reason to live," "These are the best years of my life"

(three at W.H. and two at O.H. agreed), and ”My life is full
of worry." lAgreement between responses of parents and children

was high on all of these statements.

237.

However reaction to the statement "My life could be
happier than it is now" was more on the pessimistic side
except for mothers at The Women‘s Home and their sons.

About one-third of the mothers disagreed and about a third
more were doubtful while two-thirds of their sons disagreed.
Whereas two-thirds of the old parents at Okemos and of their
children, and two-thirds of the middle-aged parents and all
of their children agreed with the statement. Could it be
that guilt feelings were manifested on the part of the sons
of mothers at The Women's Home - they were anxious to feel
that their mothers could not be any happier than they were?
There were three identical responses between mothers and
sons on disagreement.

however, the mothers at The Women‘s Home were con-
sistently happy in their responses - and the parents at Okemos
Home were consistently much less happy in their responses.
Difference in health could have played a part in this and
difference in type of Home could also have played a large
part. Another important factor was that half of the parents
at The Women's Home reported they were there because of their
own choice but only two old parents at Okemos Home were
there through pure choice.

Four parents at The Women's Home and three old parents
at Okemos Home and the middle-aged mother felt that their
lives were "so enjoyable that" they almost wished their lives

"would go on forever.” Three sons of parents at W.H. and two

children of parents at O.U. also agreed with this.

In Tables XXIV through XXX are presented the data in
regard to the responses to the open-question which were
asked after the questionnaire "Your Activities and Attitudes"
was completed.

In Table XXIV the data are concerned with the "Reasons
for the Parent Going to Live at the Home for Old People as
Reported by the Parent and by the Child."

In answer to the open-end question concerned with
"Reasons for the Parent going to Live at the Home for Old
People," half of the parents at the Women's Home and their
adult responsible children (one daughter and seven sons) said
that going to the Home was the result of "choice" on the part
of the parent. There were seven identical responses.

Three mothers and their daughters said it was result
of "necessity," and one mother and her daughter and three
mothers and two of the sons said it was the result "of
necessity but like it." There was almost perfect agreement
between the responses of the parents and their children -
thirteen out of the total of fourteen responses were identical.

The picture for the Okemos Home was quite different.
Only one old mother and one old father and one son said that
going to the Home was the result of choice. No middle-aged
parents and none of their children said that it was the re-

sult of choice. Eleven old parents and thirteen adult re-

sponsible children said going to the Home was the result of

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mucoesou

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243.

"necessity" - there were ten identical responses on this.
One middle-aged father and his daughter said it was the
result of "necessity."

One old father and his daughter and the middle-aged
mother and her daughter said that going to the Home was the
result "of necessity but like it." One middle-aged father
and his daughter said it was the result of "choice and neces-
sity;" and one old father reported that his going to the Home
was "neither (the result of) choice nor necessity." Twelve
of the total number of fifteen responses were identical for
the old parents and their children. For the middle-aged
parents and their children there was perfect agreement -
three out of three responses.

The comment most commonly made by the parents at The
Women's Home and by their children was that the parent "tried.
living with child but it did not work out" satisfactorily.
Failure in health due to not eating properly was the next
most common reason.

The comment most commonly made by the old parents at
Okemos and by their children was that the parent "became ill
or fell and broke hip while living with" the adult responsible
child. Illness was also involved in the reasons reported by
the middle-aged parents and their children. The pattern
commonly reported by most of the parents at Okemos Home and
by their children was that the parent became seriously ill

or fell and broke hip and went to a hospital. The parents'

244.

savings became depleted and/or the expense was too great for
the child; so the parents were sent or taken to the Ingham
County Hospital and Rehabilitation Center at Okemos for
convalescence and therapy. Although the Medical Director
and Supervising Nurse felt that the parents were recovered
enough to return to the child's home, the children themselves
did not seem to think so.

In addition to the reason for going to live at the
Home for old people, the parents were asked "If you were to
advise a lone older person as to where and how she or he
should live after retirement, what would you tell her or
him? Often the interviewer would add "me, for instance."

Table XXV entitled "Advice of Parent as to Living
Arrangements aftet Retirement and After Death of or Separation
from Spouse" concerned with the responses of the parents to
this question.

Eight of the fourteen parents living at The Women's
Home and eight of the fifteen old parents at Okemos Home and
the middle-aged mother advised living in a Home for Old
People. This was particularly interesting in regard to the
parents living at Okemos since only two reported going there
out of pure choice. The parents at The women's Home appar-
ently felt they had chosen wisely.

The other six parents at The Women's Home and six of
the old parents at Okemos Home and one middle-aged father

advised living "alone as long as you can." But all of these

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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247

parents advised that when (you) can no longer live alone,
go to live in a Home for Old People.

One old mother at Okemos and one middle-aged father
advised going to "live with your children." But thirteen of
the fourteen mothers at The Women's Home and seven of the
fifteen old parents and two of the three middle-aged parents

at Okemos said emphatically ”Do not live with your children."

Many of these respondents, a little over half, had not been
living with their children but many had.

One comment quite often made by the mothers at The
Women's Home was "I would advise living in a home such as
this; probably it is the best solution. I like it here."
Another was "My sons did not want me to go into a Home but
I thought it best; I like it here.”

Among the many interesting comments one was made by
two old fathers at Okemos to the effect "Have your children
live with you if you can, but don't do it in reverse."

In addition to the two open-end questions mentioned,
the parents were also asked ”Do you feel that adult children
take care of their parents when they get old the way they
should nowadays?” The responses given by the parents to this
question are presented in Table XXVI entitled "Reactions of
Parents as to Care of Old Parents on the Part of Adult Chil-
dren."

Eight of the fourteen mothers at The women's Home

- . - . ’ b
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250 .

responsible children) said ”Yes” they thought the adult
children did take care of their old parents the way they,
should nowadays. At Okemos Home, five old parents (three
with daughters and two with sons) and one middle-aged father
said "Yes."

Four parents at The Women's Home (one with a daughter
and three with sons) said "No." Seven old parents at Okemos
(six With daughters and one with a son) and one middle-aged
father said "No.”

The other responses were evasive and could probably
be interpreted as negative. One parent in each of the three
groups of parents answered "Some do and some don't," and one
mother at The Women's Home and two old mothers at Okemos
Home evaded the question by saying they didn't know.

Thus a bare majority of parents at The Women's Home
felt adult children were taking care of old parents as they
should but an overwhelming majority at Okemos Home, twelve
out of eighteen, gave negative answers.

Among the interesting negative comments was "The
children do not take care of their old parents the way they
should nowadays because they are not expected to." Another
was "The homes are big enough now - as big as in the old
days - but the children do not want the parents; they want to
live alone." Some felt the children should pay more attention

to their old parents.

251.

The parents who answered in the negative were not as
prone to elaborate as those who answered in the affirmative.

Among the interesting positive comments was "The
children of all in the Home do many nice things for their
parents. The adult children take care of their old parents
as well as they ever did." And some parents pointed out
they “just do it differently now." One parent commented
"Yes (children do take care of parents the way they should
now). In the old days the children did not take such good
care of their old parents. The parents lived with their
children but they had to work very hard and often had very
poor sleeping arrangements."

It will be noted that the answers to this question
tend to belie the attitude toward family as expressed by the
parents in Table XXII, especially in regard to the parents
living at Okemos. Which were their real feelings? It
probably is safe to say that those expressed in answer to
the oblique question just discussed were the real ones. Some
of the comments made in a general way actually were related
to the parents' own experience.-

In Table XXVII is presented the data on "Feelings of
the Adult Child in Regard to Doing More for Her or His Old
Parent."

The adult responsible child was asked the following
Open-end question, "Although.your parent is receiving good

care at the Home and she (or he) seems to be reasonably happy

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255.

and you see (or write) her (or him) quite often, do you feel
as though you should be doing more for her (or him)?" Three
of the five responsible daughters and six of the nine re-
sponsible sons of the parents at The Women's Home answered
"Yes." Interestingly enough, nine children (seven daughters
and two sons) of the old parents and two daughters of the
middle-aged fathers at Okemos also answered, "Yes." One
more son of a parent at W.H. and of an old parent at O.H.
answered, "Perhaps." The remaining children answered, "No."
In other words, two-thirds of the adult reaponsible children
of the parents at both Homes felt they should be doing more
for their parents even though the latter seemed happy and
well-cared for. This could be interpreted as meaning these
children definitely suffered from guilt feelings.

Some of the negative comments were "I have done and am
doing all I can," "I did at first but not now. The Home has
done wonders (for my mother)."

Among the positive comments were ”Yes, but my mother
would not allow it anyway;" "Yes! I would like to do more but
there is not much you can do........;" "Yes, but we do not
have the money for gasoline;" "Yes, but I work nights and it
is hard to get out there" (this was from daughters who cared
for home and children during the daytime as well as working
nightsl).

In Table XXVIII is presented the data on "Feelings of

Adult Responsible Child as to Whether the Old Parent Feels

256 .

 

 

 

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257.

the Adult Child Should Be Doing More for Her (or Him)."

The adult responsible children were also asked if they
thought their parents felt as though the children should be
doing more for them. The answer was "No" for most of the
adult responsible children of the parents at The Women's
Home and of the old parents at Okemos Home - ten and eleven,
respectively. The daughter of one middle-aged father also
answered "No." No children of parents at The Women's Home
answered "Yes" but two sons answered, "Perhaps" and one
daughter and one son answered "Once in a while."

Three daughters of old parents at Okemos and the
daughter of one middle-aged parent answered "Yes."

The children in most cases did not elaborate on their
answers. There were a few comments, however. One was "She
does not want to be a burden to me and my family." Another
was "He knows I have been out of work for a long time." One
daughter remarked that she thought her father liked it at
Okemos very much - "They are 'better to me than my own folks
could be'." Another daughter commented "I think he feels
that he is getting more than he deserves as it is; but still
he never shows any gratitude."

Data on "Feelings of Adult Responsible Child in Regard
to Having the Old Parent Live with Her (or Him) are presented
in Table XXIX.

The adult responsible children were then asked "Do

you feel as though you should be having your mother (or father)

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259.

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262.

live with you?" None of the children of the parents living
at The Women's Home answered "Yes," and only three of the
children of old parents and one daughter of a middle-aged
father living at Okemos answered "Yes." Two more children of
old parents living at Okemos answered "Perhaps." These re-
sults could be interpreted in several ways. Most of the
adult responsible children had guilt feelings about doing
more for their parents but they did not extend as far as
having the parents live with them. Or it could be said that
the children felt that the parents were living in a very nice
place and were better off there. It must be remembered also
that most of the parents had lived with the adult responsible
child at some time and that half of the mothers living at

The Women's Home had gone there through pure choice. It must
also be remembered that most of the parents themselves advised
against living with one's children. It could well have been
that the children as well as the parents were aware of a dif-
ficult situation.

There were many comments on this question - especially
by the children with parents living at The Women's Home.

Some of the negative comments were "No. I think it is
better this way now. It was hard for me to accept the idea
at first of her going to live at the Home."; "No. My mother
likes it better in the Home."; "No. My mother is very inde-
pendent."; "No. We had her living with us but she was not

satisfied."; "No, not now. We are not financially or phys-

263.

ically able to have her back with us. We are now supporting
our children who are out of work.”

Some of the positive comments were "Yes, basically"
(had answered "No" but admitted to guilt feelings); "Yes.

I urged him to live with me but he feels more secure at
Okemos. If he needs medical attention he has it there.
Also.......there are more things he can do there. He does

not want to be in the way of me and the children. We have
only two bedrooms."; "Yes. I feel sometimes I should bring
him back home. I have tried it three times though and he
always starts drinking again. I think three times is enough."
(His aged sister is already living with them.); "Yes. He is
living with me now (just came)......Truthfully, I'm the only
one who'll take him."

In Table XXX is presented the data as to "Whether the
Old Parent Feels She (or He) Should Be Living With the Adult
Child."

In answer to the question "Do you feel as though your
mother (or father) feels she (or he) should be living with
you?" there were a few more "Yes" responses than for the pre-
vious question - a total of nine responses for both Homes as
compared to a total of four. The daughters of two mothers.
at The Women's Home, the daughters of three old mothers and
the sons of two old fathers and the daughters of the two
middle-aged fathers responded "Yes." One son of a mother at

W.H. and one daughter of an old mother at O.H. responded

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266.

 

"At times." All but one of the remainder responded "No."
The one, a daughter of an old mother at Okemos, evaded the .

question by answering she did not know.

 

One of the negative comments most often made was "No.

 

My mother likesit better in the Home - prefers living there." 5
Another was "No. My mother is very independent." Still another
"No. He doesn't want to live with his children. He would pre-

fer to live alone although he receives good care (at Okemos)

«—

and is in better health than when he went there."

Some examples of the "Yes" comments were "Yes, basically;"
”Yes. Even though my mother is feeling better at Okemos, has
made good friends, says she does not want to be a burden to
her children, and she requires much care, she still feels she

should be living with me and my family."

CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

The Problem

 

The purpose of this investigation was to try to deter-
mine the nature and extent of guilt feelings of adult children
toward their parents living in Homes for Old People as shown
in the amount of insight and knowledge in regard to activities,
interests, attitudes, and feelings of their parents; how the
parents actually felt about their living conditions and the
care received from their adult responsible children, and how
the adult responsible children felt about their care of their
parents as compared with how the parents felt about this.

Two hypotheses were proposed:

1. that the attitudes and feelings of a sample of

parents drawn from the population of Homes for
Old People were generally those of satisfaction
with the place of residence and with the care
provided by their adult responsible child

2. that the conception by the adult child of the

attitudes, activities, interests, and feelings
of the parent was similar to that held by the

parent; and that the adult child‘s own feelings

267

268.

with regard to her/his care of the old parent

were those of satisfaction.

Sample and Methodology

 

The population studied by the interview method in this
investigation consisted of 29 parents over 65 years of age
and three parents between the ages of 50 and 60 years of age
from two Homes for Old People, namely, The Women's Home of
Lansing and the Ingham County Hospital and Rehabilitation
Center of Okemos (called Okemos Home in this study). All the
parents meeting the qualifications for the investigation were
used in both Homes so no sampling was necessary.

In addition to the parents, their adult responsible
children were also interviewed in regard to the parents using
the same questionnaire but with suitable change of pronouns
and addition of a few pertinent questions. The parents were
not told that their children were going to be interviewed.

.A total of sixty-four interviews were used in the in-
vestigation.

In addition, a Pilot Study was conducted on four cases
at Bogue Nursing Home of East Lansing and their adult respons-
ible children.

The average age of the fourteen mothers at The Women's
Home was about 79 years old, that of the old parents (65 years
old and over) at the Okemos Home was 77 years and that of the

middle-aged parents was 54 years.

269.

The average age of the adult responsible children of
parents at The Women's Home was 50 years; that of the adult
responsible children of the old parents at Okemos was 48 years,
and that of the responsible children of the middle-aged parents
was 26 years.

The questionnaire used was "Your Activities and Atti-
tudes" developed by Ernest w. Burgess, Ruth S. Gavan, and
Robert J. Havighurst of the University of Chicago. In
addition to the questionnaire, (a) the parents were asked to
tell why they were living at the Home; what advice as to
living conditions they would give to a lone, retired person;
and whether they felt adult children were taking care of their
old parents the way they should nowadays. (b) The adult re-
sponsible children were also asked why the parent was living
at the Home. In addition they were asked whether they felt
they should be doing more for their parents even though the
parents seemed to be well-cared for and reasonably happy,

: whether they thought the parents felt they should do more,
whether they felt they should have their parents living with
them, and whether they thought the parents felt they should be
living with them.

The object of these questions was to point up any
satisfaction or dissatisfaction on the part of the parents
and any guilt feelings on the part of the adult responsible

children.

270.

If space had permitted, many interesting comparisons

could have been made in analyzing the data. Since space did

not permit, the analysis was limitedtnainly to three approaches

in an attempt to carry out the purpose of the investigation.

The three approaches were:

1.

the comparison of the adult responsible child‘s
responses to the same questionnaire in regard to
the parent with the responses of the parent in an
attempt to ascertain the closeness of relation-
ship between the two by the amount of insight and
knowledge possessed by the former in regard to
the latter.

the study of the parents' advice as to living ar-
rangements for a lone retired parent and their
reaction to care given generally by adult re-
sponsible children of their old parents in an
attempt to ascertain how they really felt about
their own living arrangements and their care by
their adult responsible children so as to see
how these related to

the adult responsible children's reactions to
their care of their old parents and what they
believedtheir parents' reactions to be in regard

to this care.

The possibility of presence or absence of guilt feel—

ings on the part of the adult responsible child toward the

271.

parent was constantly borne in mind.
Because of the small number of cases, no attempt was
made to determine the significance of difference or of

similarity.

Some of the Important Findings

 

Population and Interviews

1. The population used in the investigation was of
solid American stock almost all of whom had lived in this
country for at least three generations, and who had enjoyed
moderate to comfortable circumstances. Many of the parents
had lived on farms as children but not as adults, thus re-
flecting the general change in economy in the United States.
All but seven of the thirty-two parents had lived with the
adult responsible child anywhere from two weeks to 23 years
and had resided in the Home for Old People from two weeks to
19 years. It was emphasized how fragile a thread life and
health hang in old age. Four of the old parents have died
since the investigation began, one has had an incapacitating
stroke and one has failed mentally.

2. The questionnaire was easily understood and time
required for the interview was anywhere from one hour to two
and a half hours. One sitting was best. It served to en-
courage interviewees to talk freely as well as to obtain

needed information. Two parent questionnaires could not be

272.

used in this investigation because the adult responsible
child or relative refused to cooperate. One broke appoint-
ments six times, another never returned a mailed question-
naire although contacted several times by telephone and
always promising to do so. The cases used in the investiga-
tion were all very cooperative with the exception of one
parent and two of the adult responsible children who ans-
wered by mail. One of the latter had to be reminded several
times to send it but when she did, it was a full report plus
extra information. The other had to be reminded only once
but did not give a detailed report. Both were always very

nice, however.

Activities and Attitudes

3. Since a detailed report of findings on the re-
sponses to the questionnaire has been presented in Chapters IV
and V on the analysis of the data, a summary of the number of
responses which.were in agreement for the parent and the

adult responsible child are presented in Tables XXXI and XXXIa

and XXXII and XXXIIa.

 

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HwoosuHuumv
mmHhowoumo N umaHm
m m H m e m mwans

paces macHns ucmumm use;

Hznomoumo oco ou magma NV
moHHowoumo HH
H m N e N c o ucoumm Ho mHHH noHHhmm

HwHDHOHm mafia
possumHthmcm pom
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mHmmm no: Ahowoumo Hv
mmHhowouao m
H m H m e m H conHHom

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hHmmm uoc hhowmumo HV
mloowoumo o
N H N n H N kuHhsomm

mmHhowoumo N
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HHHsusHmo uoz cue:

A.u§00v HKNX MHm<B

 

 

.udonmm ofin Ho omonn nuH3 Umonmm
SOHga UHHno oHnHmcommon quvm Ho mowdommmn Ho nonaa: Hdon ncomonmomin

 

nH HmHOB
oEom um o>HH on wcHow now condom
on Hmnoe wanna
0N NN w Hmuoe
mEouH h
m N N mwmcHammz
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msouH b
n N N ¢OHwHHoM
maonH h
m N mandoom HmHocmch
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279.

The total agreed responses for each category, e.g.,
Iealth, Family, Friends, etc., of each of the two parts of the
questionnaire, were tabulated under three headings for each
group of parents and their adult responsible children, namely,
for the parents at The Women's Home and their adult responsible
children, for the parents over 65 years old and for the par-
ents between 50 and 60 years old at the Ingham County Hospital
and Rehabilitation Center (Okemos Home) and their adult re-
sponsible children.

These headings consisted of "Low" (agreement), "In-
determinate” (agreement), and "High" (agreement) and were
based on the number of agreed responses which, it was felt,
warranted these groupings. For the parents at The Women's
Home and the old parents at Okemos Home, zero and l-6 (agreed)
responses were tabulated or grouped under "Low" (agreement)
which meant that roughly two-fifths or less of the responses
of the adult responsible child agreed with those of the
parent; 7-9 (agreed) responses were grouped under "Indeter-
minate" (agreement) which meant that roughly one-half to
three-fifths of the responses of the adult responsible child
agreed with those of the parent; and lO-lA or 15 (agreed) re-
sponses were grouped under "High" (agreement) which meant
that roughly two-thirds to three-thirds of the responses of
the adult responsible child agreed with those of the parent.

For the parents 50-60 years old at Okemos Home, zero

and one (agreed) response was grouped under "Low" (agreement)

280.

which meant one-third of the responses of the adult respons-
ible child agreed with those of the parent; l/2 - 3/5 (agreed)
responses under "Indeterminate" (agreement) which meant
roughly one-half to three-fifths of lists of illnesses,
difficulties, etc. of parent as reported by the adult re-
sponsible child agreed with those listed by the parentfitwo
(agreed) responses were grouped under "High" (agreement)
which meant two-thirds of the responses of the adult re-
sponsible child agreed with those of the parent; and three
(agreed) responses were grouped under "High" (agreement)
which meant that all of the responses of the adult responsible
child agreed with those of the parent.

Comparing the totals of the tWO Tables with each other
one is struck by the considerably greater prOportion of
agreed responses under the "High" (agreement) heading for the
Attitudes part of the questionnaire than for the Activities
part. This would show a closer inner relationship between
parents and their adult responsible children than knowledge
of activities and interests of the parents by the children.

It would be difficult to say whether there was a great
deal of insight and knowledge on the part of the adult re-
sponsible child concerning the activities, interests, and
feelings of the parents or not. But if it is remembered that
in the "Indeterminate" area of agreement were represented
agreement between half and more of the parents and their

children, the picture becomes more positive in favor of “High"

 

There were only three responses so it was eliminated
from the Table.

281.

(agreement). If a third of the responses in the "Indeter-
minate" area could be considered as belonging to nine agreed
responses and combined with the "High" agreement area, the
conclusion could be reached that thereumre.fairly high
knowledge and insight on the part of the adult responsible
children in regard to the activities, interests, and feelings
of the parents.

As the analysis stands, the findings would indicate
that the amount of insight and knowledge shown on the
Activities part of the questionnaire by the adult responsible
children of the parents at The Women's Home would be indeter-
minate, by the adult responsible children.of the old parents
at Okemos somewhat greater, and by the children of the middle-
aged parents a high amount. However, the picture of high
agreement on the part of middle-aged parents and their
children is distorted since there was no indeterminate area
due to the presence of only three cases.

For all the adult responsible children and their
parents, the category on which there was highest agreement
was "Family" and, understandably enough, the area on which
there was lowest agreement was "Earlier Life of Parent."

For the Attitudes part of the questionnaire, the
number of agreed responses were pretty evenly distributed
between the "Indeterminate" and "High" areas of agreement for
the parents at The Women's Home and the old parents at Okemos

Home and their adult responsible children. For the reason

282.

mentioned earlier, a much higher number of agreed responses
were in the "High" areas of agreement for the middle-aged
parents and their children. However, there were a much
greater number of agreed responses in the "Low” area than
for the other two groups of parents and their children - two
and five times as many.

The findings would indicate quite high agreement be-
tween parents at The Women's Home and their adult responsible
children on inner attitudes, somewhat less between old par-
ents at Okemos Home and their children, and much higher
agreement between middle-aged parents and their children;
but also, in contrast, many more agreed responses in the low

areas of agreement.

How Parents 50-60 Years Old Differed
From Those Over 65

1. Two had plans for the future which would take
them out of the Home.

2. Two were earning a fair amount of money even
though being in a Home and one was studying Business and
Accounting in order to become independent and self-supporting.

3. There were several responses where there was no
agreement between the parents and their adult responsible
children.

Otherwise, the parents 50-60 years old responded

pretty much in the same way as the parents over 65 years old.

283.

Open—End Questions

1. There was high agreement between all the parents
and their adult responsible children as to the reasons for
the parents going to live at the Home. Half of the parents
at The Women's Home and their children said that the parents
went through choice on the part of the parents; but only two
old parents at Okemos Home and their children and no middle-
aged parents and their children said the reason was choice.
Most of the parents went because of necessity and a few went
because of a combination of choice and necessity.

2. Almost all of the parents advised against living
with one's children. Only one old mother and one middle-aged
father at Okemos advised doing so. Eight of the fourteen
parents at The Women's Home and eight of the fifteen old
parents at Okemos Home and one middle—aged mother advised
going to live at a Home for Old People. The remaining
thirteen parents advised living alone as long as possible
and then going to live in a Home for Old People.

3. A total of fourteen parents felt adult children do
take care of their old parents the way they should and a
total of eighteen parents felt adult children either def-
initely do not take care of their old parents the way they
should (twelve) or were evasive (six).

4. Twenty of the thirty-two adult responsible children

said they felt they should be doing more for their parents.

284.

One child of parents at each Home answered "Perhaps” and the
remaining ten children, including the daughter of the middle-
aged mother answered "No." It would seem then that all but
ten of the adult responsible children tended to harbor guilt
feelings regarding the amount of attention they were giving
their parents and possibly the amount of care. Many of those
who gave positive answers had done much and were still doing
much for their parents. The ten giving negative answers
either felt that they were doing all they possibly could or
that the parents had everything they wanted and were living
in the manner which they preferred.

5. Most of the adult responsible children felt that
their parents were satisfied with the attention and the care
they were receiving from their children. Twenty-two an-
sweredwrlo” to the question whether they thought the parents
felt their children should be doing more. Only three of the
daughters of old parents at Okemos Home and the daughter of
one middle-aged father answered "Yes." The remaining six
children answered "Perhaps," "Once in a while," and one
daughter of an old father said she did not know how her
father felt about this.

However, it was shown that half of the parents them-
selves did not feel that adult children took care of their
old parents the way they should nowadays and a few more were
evasive. Could it be that the adult responsible children

were lacking in insight or could it be that the presence of

285.

guilt feelings made them want to feel that their parents were
satisfied. There is also the possibility that the parents,
in answering the oblique question, were referring only to
other cases than their own. However their comments did not
bear this out. This difference in reaction is also inter-
esting in the light of the high agreement between children
and parents in the sections on "Family" in the questionnaire
that the parents did not feel neglected.

6. Twenty-six of the adult responsible children did not
feel they should have their parents living with them. The
remaining six answered either "Yes" or "Perhaps." Therefore,
the guilt feelings about doing more for the parents did not
extend as far as having the parents live with them. However,
in the light of the parents' responses to advice on living
arrangements, the children were justified in this reaction
and, therefore, there was no basis for guilt feelings. In
addition it will be remembered that most of the parents were
satisfied with the place of residence and many of the children
felt the Homes were nice places to live. Also, in a majority
of cases the parents had lived with their children and both
knew what to expect.

7. The response of the adult responsible children as
to whether they thought the parents themselves felt they
should be living with their children was not so overwhelmingly
in the negative. However, a total of twenty answered "No."

The remaining twelve answered "Yes." The discussion on the

286.

immediately preceding question would hold also for this.

Conclusions

 

Conclusions in Regard to the Problem and the Hypotheses

1. Almost all of the parents were satisfied with the
place of residence if those parents were included who gave
living in a Home for Old People as second choice to living
alone.

2. Since a majority of the total for both Homes did
not feel that old parents were cared for by their adult
children the way they should be, it could be concluded that
they were not satisfied with the care and attention provided
by their own adult responsible children. Therefore, the
situation was accepted intellectually by the majority but not
emotionally.

3. There was a reasonable amount ofuinnernunderstanding
of the parent by the child as evinced by the number of agreed
responses on the Attitudes part of the questionnaire. The
relationship was close rather than distant.

4. While guilt feelings seemed to be manifested in a
few places by the child in regard to the parent, they did not
seem strong or general.

5. Therefore, the general conclusion drawn from the
findings in this investigation was that guilt feelings on the

part of adult children were neither as strong nor as wide-

spread as pictured in the quotation by Dr. Wilma Donahue

stated in Chapter I under the topic, Background of the

 

Problem.

6. However, in many cases the adult resgonsible
children were caught between their responsibilities to their
parents, to their own children and grandchildren, and to
themselves to provide for their own old age.

7. Most of the adult responsible children had done

and were doing a great deal for their parents.

8. The responses of the parents 50-60 years old and
their adult responsible children were similar in most instances
as those of the parents over 65 years of age and their

children, i.e., they reacted the same.

Other Conclusions

1. Although almost all of the parents studied at
Okemos Home were receiving Old Age Assistance and were not
generally on quite as high a socio-economic level as those
parents studied at The Women; Home, they too came from solid
American three-generation or more family backgrounds and not
from indigent backgrounds. It is possible that they were the
victims of depression and inflation. At the time of middle-

age when children were grown and when they would have had an

288.

opportunity to provide for old age, they were caught up in
the economic depression of the 1930's. Upon reaching old
age they were caught in economic inflation and when illness
or accident struck, their meager savings soon vanished.

2. There should be more Homes for Old People in the
Lansing area like The Women's Home with its home-like furn-
ishings and atmosphere and social and economic freedom for
its residents. There should be one for men as well as women
and/or one for old couples to go to if they so desired.

Like The Women's Home, they should be allowed to furnish their
own.rooms with their own furniture. And the homes should have
the added advantages of an infirmary.

3. If Albrecht is right in her predictions, as mentioned
in Chapter 11, our families should be encouraged and educated
to keep our old parents in the family relationship. Emphasis
should be placed by our sociologists and psychologists on the
rich cultural and social advantages instead of upon the frus-
trations and irritations. The intense emotional relation-
ship in the nuclear family could be mitigated by the inclusion
of more persons in the parent relationship and all would bene-
fit. Our culture could have some of the benefits of the ex-
tended family without the disadvantages.

4. It was felt that the happiness of the parents could
be increased if transportation were provided to church and
church activities and to see old friends, but especially to

church, and preferably to their own church.

289.

Weaknesses and Strengths of the Investigation
Weaknesses

l. The number of cases was too small for the con-
clusions to be considered general.

2. The investigation was essentially subjective in
character since all responses came from within the individuals

interviewed, and the interpretation from within the interviewer.

3. The persons interviewed might have prevaricated at
times.
4. Unconscious bias of the interviewer would be

present.

5. No objective test was given to parent for senility

nor for physical fitness.

Strengths

l. The investigation was objective insofar as the

responses were checked in the main on a carefully worked

out schedule.

2. The strength of all interviews being given by the
same person was that there was probably as consistent an ap-

proach to each person as was possible.

3. The interviewer had had considerable training and

experience in interviewing.

 

290.

4. The results were tabulated under the code number
of each case. Therefore, as omissions and/or errors might
be found, it was possible to check back and make the necessary
corrections. ‘

5. The small number of cases was a strength because
the interviewer could handle all the interviewing of both
parent and adult responsible child and thus got to know the
subjects quinzthoroughly - as thoroughly as is possible in
one interview.

6. There was the possibility that the results could
be added to the already existing research in which the

schedule, "Your Activities and Attitudes,” had been used.

Comparison of Some General Results as Those
of Other Research Studies

Same

1. As in the case of other research studies mentioned
in Chapter II, there were more women past 65 than men.
2. The cases had all day free.

3. "Listening to the radio" and "reading” were the

'most popular leisure time actiVities.

4. More women were active in organizations than men.
(In fact in this investigation the men were not active at all

but ten mothers at The Women's home and four mothers past 65

years old at Okemos home were active.)

291.

5. Wishes of the parents had to do mostly with health
and secondly with the welfare of their families.
Different

l. A higher proportion of the children were contribut-
ing something to the financial support of the parents than

was reported generally.

Implicationsqfor Further‘gesearch

 

 

1. Two other types of Homes for Old People could be
studied in the same way as was done for this investigation,
namely, a Home in which the parents, and/or their children,
pay the full cost of their living and a fraternal Home. Such
a study would probably tap different socio-eeonomic levels
than were tapped in this investigation.

2. Other homes of the same type as were represented in
this investigation could be studied in the same way and thus
the total number of cases be increased. In this manner the
findings and conclusions of the present study could be
verified.

3. Parents who are living with their children should
be studied in the same way to determine whether their re-

actions and those of their children differ from those in-

dicated in this investigation.

292.

4. Parents living alone should also be studied in the
same manner in order to compare their reactions and those of
their children with those found in this investigation and
with those which result from the study of parents living with
their children.

5. Actually more facets of the present investigation
could be given further study, such as, difference in re-
actions of the sexes to the questions; Case studies could be

presented and studied, etc.

APPENDIX

The Questionnaires "Your Activities and
Attitudes” as used for the parents (Ia), and
as used for the adult responsible child (1b).

The introductory letter sent to the

adult responsible child (To).

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at" -
__n_s____._

 

f’rP‘oQ MJ I'x Ik

vouR ACTIVITIES and Annuors

Prepared by

Ernest W. Burgess, Ruth 5. Covon, and Robert J. Havighurst
The University of Chicago

Although the number of middle-aged and older persons
in the United States is increasing, we know very little of
what interests these people may have, of how they are spend-
ing their time, or the kind of work they do. The only relia—
ble way to get information about experiences during the
fifties, sixties, and the later years of life is to ask peeple
of these ages.

If you will tell us about your past experience and your
present condition of life, you will help in the gathering of
information that may better the life conditions of middle-
aged and older persons. It will take between 60 and 90
minutes toanswer the questions in this booklet. Thank you
for your cooperation.

 

Check the answers to each question in the spaces pro-
vided, as in the example below.

Are you a man? \/ or a woman?

 

‘

This schedule is designed to measure our activ' .
and attitudes. Please do not discuss it with gtfirs, ltles

Published by
Science Research Associates, 228 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago 4 III

Copyright 1948-, by Science Research Associates

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America

“W.

A. General Information B. Your Health 5.

WK

1. Are you a man? or a woman?

 

1 . How would you rate your health atthe present '

 

 

 

 

 

 

S

time
2‘ How Old were You on your last birthday? 7 “E1
_ Verypoor................___.i l

‘ PoorOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO——

3e Whatraceareyou? White‘s-o... Fairs.ooeoooooeoeeeoccno— I
Negro0Ooooo Good ooeooooeoo-eooooco.._.. b
Other..,,,, Excellent................__ i
4. In what country were you born? 2. Is your health better or worse now that I
was when you were 55 years of age? "
50 In What country was your father bOrn? Worse now a e e o o o o e o o e a o o 0—— 7.331

 

Aboutthe same ............__. 123'

Yourmother? Betternow...............__

 

, 6. In what city do you live now? (If you live 3. What are your serious physical problems?

 

 

 

 

onafarm, give the nearest place where you poor sight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .____ ”5
usgailly ShOP‘) Blind or nearly so . . . . . . . . . .————
Stati, Hardthearing............_.——
e . Deafornearlyso...........——-
. Cri led arms hands or 1e . . ._...
7. Do you live on a farm? Yes No 59,521.31 rheumhtic stiffnessgs. . , ,__,, 1, Wt
. . . Hearttrouble...........n-————' ]
8. How long have you hvedm(or near) the city Stomach trouble . . . . . . . . . , , ,_._._
where you live? years. High blood pressure . . . . . . . . .—-—— 1
N0 h Slcal I'Oblems o o o o o 0 o 0/
9. Ifyou live inacity, inwhat kind of neighbor- 0th§,y(what gas it?) . . . , _ , , . . P, 1

hood do you live?

 

 

Business district . . . . . . . . .
Roaming house district . . . . .
Apartment house district . . . .
Hotel district. . . . . . . . . . . .
Small private homes
(5roomsorless) ..........____
Large private homes
(6roomsormore).........

-———— 4. Below is a list of difficulties wattle"?le 1
often have. Check those that trouble 1°“ Ho

. Shortness of breath at night . ./
Shortness of breath after slight 3. ll

/

exercise M/ In;
Heartburn 000'....'....../i
Swelling of feet or legs - . . - / th

10. How lon have you lived in this nei hbor- Feeling tired . . ,. . . . . . . . . . -- m;
g g Have had nervous breakdown . . --/

 

 

 

 

hood?
. Difficultyinurination . .oo'“:
11. Check thelast grade ofschool that you have Constipation , , , . . . . ..--/
finished. Aching joints . . . . . . ...:::”/
Naschooling...............- gacmcfi’s "'12:” ...~-/
Grades 1_2_3_4_5__6__'L_8__. Bgffifn -/ H
HighSchool 1_2_3__4___ n azacfe;"”,,,....m~: P,
conege' 14—3—4— Ne difficulties .. . . . . . ..
Other schooling (number of years) 0 d‘ bed 135W,“
Business..............._______ - sum
College, post graduate . . . . . .._______.' 5' Howmanydaysdldyou pe . ,.--/
Trade .................________ Autheume...--""....../
Other coo-000.00.000.00. Amonthormore o"".....,/ "HE
Two to four Weeks ' ' '2 ...... / " -
12. Ifyou went toan ungraded school, what was Afew aays . . . . . . ....... /

 

your age when you left school?. . . . None , , , , . . . -

 

 

___._——--—-“"'——_

iarlis Which of the following things often trouble

you?

72.: sleeplessnesS . . . . . . .
Bad dreams .
Tire too easily. . . . . . .
Food doesn’t taste good .
Feel“blue".........

\

Nervousness . . . . .
Dislike noise . . . . . . .
Worry about my health
Forgetfulness . . . . . . . .
Troubled with none of these

I
O
O
O
O O
C
O
O O
O

 

I. Have you had any serious accidents in the
last five years?

Yes....
No.....

If so, what?

tIIII

~_—————o
.O'OOOOOOOOCCOIOO

goooootoaO.ooooo————t—

 

.....

 

C. Your Family

Which of the following applies to you?

Never been married . . . . . . . . .
..... Married and living with

2..“ husbandorwife...........____
Married but separated . . . . . .

 

..—_——n—I—

Widoworwidower ..........___'_

How many years ago were
youwidowed7............____.

if}. How many times have you been
marrmd?‘ . O C . . C 0 . C . C . . C . C C

 

What was your age at the time of your (first)
'marriage700000000000000000

 

l How doyou rate the happiness of your (last)
" marriage?

Very unhappy.
Unhappy .. . .
- Average . . . .
""" Happy . . . . .
.... Very happy . .

‘u
‘l

 

 

C
C
O C C...“—
C
.

 

marry the same person?

.—_

no 0 l o a a e e o e o e e e e e e I e o e
«‘53 FOSSibly e e e e e o o o a o o e o e o
(I. certainly a o o e e o e o o o o o

'1
’t

3. How many living children doyou now have?

 

 

 

7.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

With whom are you living?

Withhusbandorwife . . . . . . . .
With husband or wife and children
With children alone . . . . . . . . .
Alone... ..... . .....
Withparents
Withrelatives.............
Withfriends
Others (who. are they?)

Where do you live?

 

My own home or apartment .
Someone else’s home . . . . .
Roaming house . . . . .
Hotel................
Home for old people . . . . . .
Other (where ?)

W

How long have you lived in this place?
years.

 

How does your present neighborhood com-
pare with the one you livedinwhen you were
55? (If you live in the same neighborhood,
but it has changed, check any‘changes.)

Notsogood...............
Aboutthesame ...........i____.
BeterOO‘OOOOOO

 

 

Are your present living arrangements the
result of:

Choice....~...........
Necessity . .. ..
Both

OOOOOO...Q.____”

.‘OOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOQ

 

How often do you see some of your family
or close relatives?

Less than once ayear . . . .
About once a month
Once or twice a week . . . .
Everyday............
Have no family or relatives

If you have a family or close
they neglect you?

Yes, completely . . . . . . .
Alittle.......... '
Notatall

relatives, do

00......
“a

0.000.000.00010.
“M

If you have a family or close r -
el
they try to interfere in your affaiitges, do
Yes,often.....,,”

Yes, once in a while
Almost never

5.

1.

D. Your Friends

How many friends do you have?

 

None . . . . . . .
One to four . . .
Five to nine . .
Ten or more . .

 

O . . .
O Q . .
9 O O o
0 O O o
O o e e
' I o o
. O . .
Q C Q‘ .

 

How many of these are such close friends
that you can talk to them about almost

anything?0IOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO‘

 

Do you see your friends more or less often
now than when you Were 55 years old?

Lessoftennow
Aboutthesame
MoreOItennow 0.00.0000...

 

 

 

Ifyou do not see your friends often, is it
because:

They have passed away . . . . . . .
Can’taffordit
.Lost interestinthem . . . . . . . .
Not physically able to get about .
No longer live in same community.
Other (what?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Do you often see or hear from children or
young people who are friends? (Include
nieces, nephews, grandchildren.)

Less than once a year .
A few times a year . . .
Once or twice a month

About once a week . . . .

EverywvyOOOOOOOOOOOO
Have no friends among children

oryoungpeople

__._——.—-—
._._-—u—~—--
___—___”

. Q . .

.___....__.__. __ -

. 0 O Q .
. O . . .
. . Q . .

.____.__._._———-

 

 

E. Leisure and Recreation

How much free time do you have?

Anfiyooooeeoooeeo

AMHhYoeoeeaeeooo
AfeWhourSoooeeeeoo

Almostnoneeooooao.

 

M

O 0 e o

Wflwfi—4_-- _ in _

2. What do you do in your free time?

3. List the hobbies or favorite pastimes yo

4. Are there things you plan to do in thenei

nd—'

5. How much time each day do Yo“ spe
reading?
Neverread......o--j"::'/
Afewminutes ../-.

6.~ What magazines do you ’93

 

  
   
  

Work in and around the ho
Work in garden or yard . use. . H
Work on some hobby . . . .
Listen to the radio . . ..... . H
Farmwork

. Write letters .
Write books, articles, poems, etc.
Attendmovies
Attend theaters, lectures, concerts
Attend clubs, lodges, other

meetings ..............._

Shop __
Participate in community or

' churchwork. . . ..........._
Play golf, other sports . . . . . . .—
Play cards or other table games ._

Takerides ...............___:-.

Visit or entertain friends . . _. . .__
Sew, crochet, or knit . . . . . .._._
Read .....
Justsitandthink.... ...... ._..
Other (what?) ——-—

 

 

now have

 

_4”

 

 

 

yearortwo? _
YeSOOOOOODOOOOOOO..

Nooeneoooeoeoeoeooooo-O/

If your answer is ‘Yes,’ what are W53

things?

Take a pleasure trip

Continue your present work . . . ../
Beginnewwork . . . .....o-.../
Redecorate or remodel home . . ./
Start a garden or farm . . . ./
Visit children, relatives, or /

friends

Other (what?)

Anhourormore ,...--o.:..,_/
Practically all day . . . . . .

a reel” 11

 

....__..’i

---~—i.H0v

l

pix-bro

as;

rnrnh—qmnb’m

firLHflh

 

 

n L... .
. M e ° ' izations to which
do you attend the mov1es? 2. 1h ck the kinds of or .an _
How often feg‘now belongs eve} is; 9"“? 39 ALA

 

 

 

 

Never 0 o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o_._——- "-V-iirffle‘
Lessthanonceamonth...... ..____. ’Luncheonclub .............
Two or three times a month . . . .___ Bridge or other social club . . . .
Aboutonceaweek .....‘....._____ Lodge—
Almosteveryday...........___ Studygroup...............
Union...................
1 Charitable or welfare organization
4 ’1 "k Veterans’ organization . . . . . . .
fig; “13:: o ttihlger:§i%h?}gafl fflifigz: “Borrowed Time” or other club
.1 WM... - 1‘3"” for elderly people . . . . . . . . .
:w‘fi'aéti-Eally all day . . . - . . . - - . Business or professional group . .
Annourormore.......----——— Townsendclub.............
Afewminutes . . . . . .- . . . . . . Churchclubor circle . . . . . . . .
Almostnever .............____. Women’sclub
P.T.A. .
MM} 11,35...th . 1 53.x. Music or art association or club .
What kind of radiohprogl'ams ddyéu pa’rti- Patriotic society . . . . . . . . . . .
" cularly like? ifs-we. Other (what?)

' “guaran—
.. Popular modern music . . . . . . .

News and commentators . . . . . .
Quizprograms
/ Humorous serials

 

__2'

\

A
13/1 , L 1' éA'k
3. If yeihaelong’tlf)k organizations, do you hold
an office in any one of them?

I

 

 

Popularserials Yes___._ ._.
:’ sermonSOOooooooeoooooooo——“— N0:Oooooo............'.
——/ Sports 0 o o o o o o o o o o o e o o o o—————- '3 V g i -
O i») 2“ J—G al./[MK ‘ ”lean
/ Old time songs e e o o e o o o o o o o b I P r/

 

e ”I. k-
/ Classmal music . . 4. If you hold office, in which organization new 6 3

 

 

 

 

Dramaticplays .............___ it?
Allofthese...............————_ . .-5 «em-w fl
Other 44 Keno-'11“, I. tiriiikj‘ v i“ J “l *3..eil.r:?£
5. How many club meetings do you usually at-
“ / . {21' _. . ,_ ..-, 4 tend each month?
. 3./~.I~.~p..f’-- ‘_...,..w.--"' 4-4 i"\ ’7 1’ “A
f .. K. " None 0.0000000000000000.
Less than one amonth. . . . . . . .
Oneortwoamonth..........
Oneaweek
Twoormoreaweek.........

i "4* ‘4‘ Wow-qr ”m aw 3

'2 *1. a ’
6. Do you give more orflilfzss, time to organiza-
tions now than when ye$wér 55 years old?

. . Less now 0 C . C O . . O . . C O C O O O
F. Clubs and 0'90“"°"°"5 About the same . . . . . .

More now . . .

'00... ‘
M
000000.000...

%

. 1 j
. To how many organizations, such as ,c ubs, 7. If you’giveSless time now wh is it
, lodges, unions, and the like, dm}fiow N t h . ’ y ?
Mlong? 0 p _YSlcally able to attend
meetings

None . . . .............. . ..______ Not interested . . . . M

0118.............. ......."

O O O O 0—.— can’t afford it hm“
TWOOOCOOOOOCOOOO.

Three oeeooooooooooooooo———-—- City00000000Oooooo.

 

 

 

Moved to a new neighborhood or
Four or more . . . . . . . Other (what?)___‘ “___“.
. p L ~ ‘- r..._ N
.1 a“ 1L 2* :_._;‘__1,-;__}~flk *5.» -)“"~":‘ f) .1. ,
t 6“ +4) WA.)— '_')—“/‘“:1 e. new ..,,.,.J.._,._,+ .

if

G. 3km! Employment History

1. During your adult life, havfie {jig} earned
money, either working for others or for

yourself—$44947“ 3

 

If the answer to Question I is 'No, omit the rest
of this section and go on to: H. When -¥oo

Weed-Not Goinfully Employed.

.,

2. Whatw grk have—yolfdone most of the time
duringyeé adult years? (Tell what kind of
work it was--for example, labor on a road
construction gang, teller in a bank, etc.)

 

 

 

 

i-J- j-L {—A/ .
3. At what age did you have your best paymg
job? '

20-29 . .
30-39. .
440—49 . .
50-59 . .
60-69 . .

 

 

O O).
4. Compa ing whatyeirha-ve “done with the work

of y brothers, sisterség} d first cousins,
would you say that e aldzone

Not as well as they did . . . . . . .
About as well as they did . . . . . .
Betterthanthey did . . . . . . . . .

9.1/42.

5. Are—you working now?‘

 

Yes, full-time . . ......... . .___;___
Yes, part’time e e e e e e e e e e e e e
NOeeee‘eeeeeoeeeeeeeeogg

 

a1 1. ‘ All
6. ‘Ifyeu—a-Pe working, what dd4you- 'Eio?

 

 

3L

7.1fyou—are working now, either part-time or
fun—t ,how does this work compare with
whatsyeukdid at the age of 55 ?

Present amount earned: Less . .

Same . .
More . .

Enjoyment of present
job: Less . ,
Same . .
More . .

 

V
yith Prefer to work pafl-tMe . . . . .

93 Other (what?)

 

8. If you are not working full-time, why not? 3.4 I

Can’tfindwork............ '-
Can’t work because of health . ..
} Retired..................
n’twantajob...........

444444

Married and stopped paid work.

9 If 4 £4 at work ow howl isit
. f 11 91g 11 , ong
sWheld filter last full-time job?
' years.

 

 

(21)» .
If a woman, or Woyed man,
please answer H.Wl1en'- NolGuin
fully Employed.

14¢ Wu .
H. When Me Not 5. :

Gainfully Employed

4,.)
1.Iflyjeujl1ad a r fllar job and stopped work-
ing, what did-5191130 then?

 

 

 

 

 

2. If you are a woman, are you taking careof
your home?

No.00000000000000000000/ I

[9130 a little or help someone else ._,,...
‘1.) oeverything myself ......-._.—.

j

.m’
QJLLAMflfiM’ MW.

4:: ..
I. 3low Security

1. How would you describe your present 9051'
tion in life? ,

Can’t make ends meet.....o--/
Enoughtogetalong......--~/
Comfortable . . . . . "/
Well-to-do .......-~...--/
Wealthy eoeoeoeeeee00"'./

 

ELM tter or a worse 9051”” now
than t age 55? l

Worsenow.......---'°""j1
Aboutthesame
../I

Betternow eeeeeeeeeoO"

 

 

1: 15:3. What is Y

4
‘1. q...A

‘v’ .
v'u h.“

I

V - . *27;

our chief means of support?

(or your husband’s) present

Your

earnings ity
SocialSecur ‘,,........---
Old Age Assistance from the state

Pension from earlier occupation .

Reliefagency...._.. .....________
Home for oldpeople . . . . . . . . ._________
Aid from children. . . . . .

Aidfromparents . . . . . . . . . . .
Payments from insurance annui-

ties.............

Investments or savings . . . . . . .
Other (what?)

 

 

 

—_-——_

4. Do you feel that your present source of in-

come gives you permanent security?

 

YeSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC

No.....................--——-—

i: i: 5' O
ye. . 5. If you are a married woman, what was your

:39:

an:

husband’s work during most of his life?

k

 

'3
/6. Do you own your own home?

,/

,i'

NOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOI
Yes, still paying for it. . . .
Yes,clear..-.........

l

7. What things have you had to do since the age

of 55 because of lowered income?

Gaveupmyhome...........
Moved to less expensive home . .
Stopped going to church . . . . . . . _
Bought less expensive foods . . . . ._
Couldn’t keep home or furnishings
inrepair
Gave up clubs . ___
Bought less expensive clothes . . ._.___
Stopped taking vacations . . . . . .______._
Gave up auto or bought cheaper Car
Have not had to do any of these . .
Other (what?)

 

 

 

J. Your Religion

it 1' What 15 YOur religion?

R0manCatholic............____._.
GreekCatholic............._;__._.__
Jewish..................'______
Protestant................______..

Denomination
Other(what?)

 

 

2. Are you a church member?

Yes-cocoooooooooooooOOOfl-fl

NOOOOIOOOOOOOOCOOOOOCOI

 

3. How often do you attend religious serv-

ices ?

Never........
Lessthanonceamonth. . . ._ . .

Once or twice a month. . . . . . .

Onceaweek
Twice a week or oftener . . . . .

INH

4. Do you attend services more or less often

now than you did at age 55?

Lessoftennow............
Aboutthe same . . . . . . .
More often now . . .

5. If you attend church less often now, why is

it?

Not physically able to go . . . . . .

Can’tafiordit‘...l...COO...

Lackofinterest...........
Church is too far away . . . . . .
Other (what?)

I!!!

 

6. Do you believe in an after life?

No....
NotsureOOOOOOOOOOO

Yes,sureofit.............

7. Do you listen to church services
radio?

Never........
Onceinawhile . . . .
About once or twice a week . . .
Three or moretimes a week . .

l' l'

 

over the

___—-
0..__._.—.——
___—

 

8. How often do you read the Prayer Book,

Bible, or other religious book?

oooooi""’.'

Never. . . . .
Lessthanonceaweek.. ..

Onceaweek
Everyday........ .....

.-.-—'—-.

«$3... Earlier life

- i2,
1. What was your“. father’s occupation? (Tell
what kind of work it was--for example,

labor on a road construction gang, teller in
a bank. etc.)

 

 

 

c. l; H _ A
2. Which child in the family wereyou?

Onlychild................

Youngest..... .......

In-between

Oldest
J.

3. How many children in you“? family lived to
the age of 5 or older?, , , ,

 

4. If your parents are alive, how old are they?

FfflfiAgQOffatheroooooooooococo——
“"Ageofmother.............

l

5. If yams/parents are not living, how old were
they at their death?

Ageoffather...........‘...
Ageofmother.............

 

» ’ . f 1.4
6. How was your/health when yon were about
12 years old?

Poor . . . . ................
Fair 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O o
GOOd O O O 0 O O O O I O 0 0 O O O O O O O

f

‘ .
J ‘4‘ ‘ h '9,
7. When you—were) ,in yourf teens, how did you
feel toward your father?

Considerable dislike . . . . . . . .

Milddislike..............

Mildattachment............

Considerable attachment . . . . .

Very strong attachment . . . . . . .
3):; ~13“? . a

- -q-H/ -2-
8. When YOWW your teens, how did you”
feel toward y” mother?

 

HI

Considerable dislike . . ..... . .
Milddislike. . . . . . . . . . .....
Mild attachment . . . . ........
Considerable attachment . . . . .

Very strong attachment . . . . . . .

4 u
lfLJ» alias \—#,}5/-

9. When yew—were in your teens, about how
many friends of the same sex did yeumave?

Almostnone
Average number. . . . . .
Agreatmany. . . . .. .

 

 

glen -U‘M . ALI-f
10. When you-were in your late teens, h

many friends of the opposite sex did 5w"? l

have ?

Almostnone
Averagenumber............
Agreatmany..............
Iwas marriedinlate teens . . ..

I 1

 

.11. ,Wpat‘jw‘aés the position of your family when
- yefiwe-re about 12 years of age?

Couldn’t make ends meet.
Enough to get along on. . . . . . .
Comfortable
Well-to-do
Wealthy

 

, .11 . .
12. How often did yesfi‘attend some religion:i
service when ymwer e about 12 years
age? ’ W .

Never...................____
Less than onceamonth. . ....._______
Once or twiceamonth........__,.
About once a week . . . . ...... ___...
Almosteve day.........___._.

L. hqt 3Fé'éthinléltloout Things

k

If you» agree with I the following statements,

1'

check Agree . Ify‘iiuxkdisagre )check Disagree .
- owe Ot—afiBWS‘T che the .3.-
If 3"? Q .gafin'uufi- 4L Mgr-”71,95 Dis-
0 Agree 9923;,
1. The people in our country
are going to have greater
prosperity and happiness

than ever before. I...
The world is headed for de- /
struction. gm.»
Young people are muCh worse /
than they used to be. f/

The country was much :6“;
off in the horse and ug VJ/I/
' days. ,
, s
. A ‘ much
2. L feelsthat no one caresiv‘ ///

what happens ‘0 “’9‘

. ‘5-
Life is just a series 0‘ d1 #//
appointments. k d
e
People have geyerally wor / /
against mew ./.

\

So.
- ife have .u
The breaks I: linst r387.- ,K/

ually gone

 

l

4.11.

4
‘r

,F—

j

..—.—-—v-—"—

3. What was the happiest period dryersf life?

Childhood, up to 12 years .
Twelve to 19 years . . . . .
Twenty to 39 years . . . .

Forty to 59 years . . . . .

Sixtyto 74years . . . . .
Since 75years . . . . . . .
Never had a happy period.
All periods were equally happy

 

HHH

 

4. What was the least happy period of you; life ?

Childhood, up to 12 years . .
Twelve to 19 years . . .
Twenty to 39 years . . .
Forty to 59 years . . . .
Sixty to '74 years . . . .
Since 75 years . . .
Never had an unhappy period
Wholelifeunhappy

 

 

5. As you look back over your/life, what things

 

 

Veryhappy
MOderately happy , ,

Ave rage
Unhappy

were the hardest for yen-(o bear?

Youi'a-ge___

 

n to 95' ”fl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I d
7 If-y'o'ti'could have three wishes, what woul
they be?
.1.
2. _#
3.

 

 

l

p I J. ’ L. ' ,r X . ‘ J
8. How do youfeel about whatyou have accom-
plished in lifé?

well satiSfied O O O O O O O O _O O O_O O
Reasonably satisfied . . . .
Dissatisfied..............._______

I

9. In which age group do you feel that fen-now
belong! (

Aged ...........
Old
Elderly.....
Middle-aged .
Youngadult..

I\ .- I ‘
I
' J

J.’

10 Did you— vote in the last national election?

YeSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOM

NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO_.———-.-"

 

Your Attitudes

If you agree with the following statements,
check Agree . If you disagree,check Disagree .
If you absolutely cannot answer, check the _?_ .
BE SURE TO ANSWER EVERY QUESTION.

A“ Di:-
Agree agree ?
1. I feel just miserable most of
the two.

2. I am perfectly satisfied with
my health.

3. I never felt better in my life.

4. If I can’t feel better soon, I
would just' as soon die.

 

 

 

 

 

5. When I was younger, I felt a
little better than I do now.

6. My health is just beginning
to be a burden to me.

7. I still feel young and full of
spirit.

 

 

 

- Dis-
A ?
1. I have more friends now thaan -——-
I ever had before.

2. I never dreamed that I could
be as lonely as I am now.

 

 

3. I would be happier if I could
.see my friends more often.

 

4. I have no one to talk to about
personal things.

5. I have so few friends thatI
am lonely much of the time.

 

6. My many friends make my
life happy and cheerful.

 

7. I have all the good friends
anyone could wish.

 

 

definite work to do.

2. I can no longer do any kind
of useful work.

3. I am satisfied with the work
I now do.

4. I have no work to look for-
ward to.

5. I get badly flustered when I
have to hurry with my
work.

6. I do better work now than
ever before.

'i. I have more free time thanI
know how to use.

meet.

along. -

comforts.
can buy.

every penny.

 

6. I have everything that money

'7. I have to watch how I spend

Dis-

Agree agree 7

1. I am happy only when I have —'

 

___—_—
_—

————-.—————

D' Dis-

ree
Agree 3L ___,

1. I am just able to make ends '

——-—'—"
————-

2. I have enough money to get

I...’
M

3. I haven’t a cent in the world.___,.____....—’
4..All my needs are cared for.___._.......—-———

5. I am provided with many home

I. ,/
’-

__a—‘fl/

//

:4 M

AD

 

 

NAME

E. Dis-

Agree ?
1. Religion is fairly important 09m
in my life.

2. I have no use for religion.

 

 

3. Religion is a’great comfort
to me.

4. Religion doesn’t mean much
to me.

5. 1 don’t rely on prayer to help
me.

6. Religion is the most impor—
tant thing in my life.

7. Religion is only one of many
interests.

 

 

 

 

 

F’ Dis-

Agree agree ?

1. I am some use to those around
me.

2. My life is meaningless now.

 

 

 

3. The days are too short for
all I want to do.

4. Sometimes I feel there’s just
no point in living.

5..My life is still busy and use-
ful.

6. This is the most useful
period of my life.

7. I can’t help feeling now that
my life-is not very useful.

 

 

 

 

6" Dis- ?

0 f0.

1. This is the dreariest time of

my life. _____..__....—.._—-———
2. I. am just as happy as when I

was younger. ____.___......_—-
3. My life couldbe happier than

it is now. ___..fl—#
4. I seem to have less and less

reason to live. ___________..____.__
5. These are the best years of

my life. ‘
6. My life is full of worry. ___...
7. My life is so enjoyable that I

almost wish it would go on

forever.
IF YOU HAVE NO LIVING FAMILY, OMIT H.

H’ Dis-

Agree a’gree ?
1. My family likes to have me
around.

2. I am perfectly satisfied with
the way my family treats
me.

3. I wish my family would pay
more attention to me.

"fl”

fl—#

4. I think my family is the finest
in the world.

5. My family is always trying to
boss me.

 

 

6. I get more love and affection
now than I ever did before.

7. My family does not really
care for me.

 

 

 

ADDRESS_

1]

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f%.f'2t"}“‘ ,4 QI'X £_._..

.

}/fi’{/{}“L'— ft Ala-r";

YOURAACTIVITIES and ATTITUDES

Prepared by

Ernest W. Burgess, Ruth 5. Covan, and Robert J. HovighUI'Si
The University of Chicago

Although the number of middle-aged and older persons
in the United States is increasing, we know very little of
what interests these peOple may have, of how they are spend-
ing their time, or the kind of work they do. The only relia-
ble way to get information about experiences during the
fifties, sixties, and the later years of life is to ask people

of these ages. , A
)6}: (5.5:.th m“, a: /'

If you will tell us about yournpast experience and your
present condition of life, you will help in the gathering of
information that may better the life conditions of middle-
aged and older persons. It will take between 60 and 90
minutes toanswer the questions in this booklet. Thank you

for your cooperation.

 

Check the answers to each question in the Spaces pro-
vided, as in the example below.

Are you a man? V or a woman?

 

This schedule is designed to measure your activities
and attitudes. Please do not discuss it with others.

. Published by
Science Research Associates, 228 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago 4 III

Capyright 1948-, by Science Research Associates
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America

 

Appendix Ic

152 Orchard Street
East Lansing, Michigan
(Date)

Name
Address

Dear Mrs. (Mr.)

 

.As we all know, the proportion of old people in
our population is increasing. Much has been written
.about them in the past few years but there has been very

little research generally - and particularly in regard
to attitudes, activities, interests and feelings of old
people.

I am an older person myself with two married
daughters and am very much interested in these problems
of aging. Consequently I am doing post-graduate research
in this area at Michigan State University. Your mother
(or father) has graciously consented to answer some
questions and I would appreciate your response as a
mature person to some questions also. It would greatly
enhance the value of the study to have your response as
well as that of yourinother (or father). The questions
will take about an hour or so to answer. The results
will be kept confidential.

I shall contact you soon. Your COOperation would
be very much appreciated.

Sincerely yours,
(Signed)

(Mrs.) Rachel V. Noll

297

11

Detailed account of research study "Personal
Adjustment in Old Age" and of develOpment of the
questionnaire "Your Activities and Attitudes" (Ila);
and detailed account of research study "Older
People" (IIb). Also detailed descriptions of the
two Homes for Old People used in the investigation,
namely, The'Women's Home and the Ingham County

Hospital and Rehabilitation Center (Okemos Home).

APPENDIX I Ia

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH STUDY,
PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT IN OLD AGE

As mentioned in Chapter II, this study was described
here in detail because of its importance to research. It
was particularly important to this investigation because of
the development of the questionnaire which was used to obtain
most of the data.

The study was concerned with personal adjustment in
old age (12) and was conducted by Ruth S. Gavan, Ernest W.
Burgess, Robert J. Havighurst, and Herbert Goldhamer of the
University of Chicago. It was undertaken for a subcommittee
on Social Adjustment in Old Age established by the Social
Science Research Council's 1944 Committee on Social Adjust-
ment. The sixteenth census of the United States (1940) was
analyzed and the persons were grouped into five-year periods
from age sixty on. The authors explain that although sixty-
five is generally used for retirement they chose sixty because
often people are no longer able to work.after that age. By
beginning with sixty, one could get a solid basis of informa-
tion on an employed group, still following the life-habits of
middle-aged persons, with which later age periods might be
compared. The census groups were studied as to age distri-

bution during later maturity, sex distribution, educational

299

300.

level, family life - whether living with spouse, children or
in institutions - financial support and employment. Two
questionnaires were develOped - one on activities as an ob-
jective measurement of adjustment of old people by activities
which would be supposedly objectively observable, and one on
attitudes which would be a subjective means ofarriving at the
inner adjustment of old people. These two questionnaires were
tested and some changes made and then combined into one,
namely, "Your Activities and Attitudes" which is the present
form.and which was used by the writer for her study. This
schedule was mailed to all parts of the United States to the
following groups. These groups were limited to white, English
speaking, sixty years of age and over, mentally competent, and
to specific occupational groups who had above average education
and familiarity with.expressing themselves and answering

questions in writing.

301.

Groups to Which Schedule Sent No. Distributed

 

 

Retired public school teachers - names 2,300
from nine state retirement systems send-
ing pensions.

Retired Methodist ministers - names from 1,092
23 Conferences from all over United States
sending pensions.

Widowsof Methodist ministers - from the 1,213
Conferences - also receive pensions

College alumni lists - Univ. of wisconsin 620
Half Century Club, Rockford College, former 216
students

Professors of sociology - to extend study 2,600

further, these in all parts of the country

were asked to have their students interview

old persons or mail schedules to elderly

friends or relatives who were to mail reply

directly in enclosed envelop to the research

staff

Miscellaneous mailing list - everyone in the 400
first four groups was asked to suggest names

of friends who might be interested and of

spouse, if interested

Total 8,441

Of these 8,441 schedules mailed out, there were 2,743 usable
returns or 32.5%. In addition, personal interviewing, using
the schedule was carried on over a period of six months in
Rockford, Illinois - an industrial city of 100,000 population,
and in Morris, Illinois - pOpulation of 7,000. Recipients of
Old Age Assistance in Rockford were included. (It is not
clear what other bases for the personal interviews were used
in Rockford or what they were in Morris.) There were 181

interviews in Rockford and 64 in Morris (12:170-171).

302.

The study group was formed from the 2,743 usable re-
turns.

This study group consisted of 499 men and 759 wdmen.

The study group was compared with the total population of

sixty years and older as shown in the sixteenth census.

It
was older, more highly urbanized, better educated, and had

more representatives of business and the professions than

was true of the census population.

In social relationships,
the study group approximated the census population - in

marital status, in place of residence, percentage of unem-
ployed. The study group included persons from all regions

of the United States and from all of the major religious
groups.

Development of the Attitude and Activities Schedules
(12: Chs. 10 & 11)

The authors considered five criteria of general ad-
justment, namely, Participation in activities, Satisfaction

with activities, Happiness, Absence of non-adjustive behavior,
and wish fulfillment.

The Attitude Inventory

It was decided to construct an Attitude Inventory on

two of the five bases and "on a third which is closely re-
lated to them:

303.

l. Satisfaction with Activities and Status. The
Inventory was devised to enable an individual to ex-
press his feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction
in six area or categories of activities and two of

status: family, friends, work, recreation, religion,
social organizations, health, and economic status.

2. General Happiness. Another category of the

Inventory was devised to represent the individual's
general state of happiness.

3. Feeling of Usefulness. Still another category

of the Inventory contained statements dealing with
an individual's feeling of usefulness.

Thus the Inventory contained ten categories.
(12:111)

How Constructed

The first step in preparing the Inventory was
to compile a list of attitudinal statements, one list
for each of the ten categories just named.

The
statements were obtained from schedules used in
other studies, from books and articles discussing
adjustment in later maturity, and from a number of

personal interviews which our field-workers had with
elderly people. (12:111-112)

Lists of over ten attitudinal statements were prepared for
each category. Eight judges gave numerical rank to the state-
ments within each category "according to what they conceived

to be a scale of personal adjustment." The authors selected

the ten statements in each category for which there was the

greatest agreement and which were most evenly distributed
over the scale. Twenty-one "mature" judges and a group of

twenty-seven graduate students in a class in Statistics were

asked to rate the statements again from most favorable to

least favorable. The rankings by the two groups were handled

304.
separately and in

each group the median rank for each statement was secured
and also the average deviation of all ranks from this

median............In some categories, the median ranks
of two or even.three statements were identical. This
fact as well as the length of the Inventory led to
elimination of three statements from each category.
The eliminations were made on the basis of the identity

of median rank, size of the average deviation, and the

results of the intensive interviews which were being
made by field-workers. (12:112)

Statements open to more than one interpretation and negative
statements with a negative meaning were also eliminated, as

well as statements which were not as closely related to the

central idea of a category as others.

Scoring of the Attitude Inventory

The first scoring devised was by a system of weights

assigned of one through seven to the rank order given to the

statements by the mature judges,

with one as the weight for the least favorable
attitude..........To secure the score for each
category, the mean of the weights was computed
for statements with which the subject agreed...

.......For convenience, the nearest whole number
was used when there was a decimal. The total

attitude score was the sum of the scores of (the)
ten categories. The higher the score, the greater
had been the number of favorable reactions, and,

by implication, the more adequate was the individual's
adjustment. (12:11?)

The Inventory was then used in one hundred interviews with

elderly people and a careful analysis made. It was found that

some of the statements were not linked together as weighted

and some of the statements were still open to several inter-

305.

pretations. Changes were made to correct these, e.g.,

weighted order was changed where necessary, ambiguous state-

ments re-phrased, and in some instances new statements sub-
stituted.

The weighted method of scoring proved to be cumbersome.
Several different methods of scoring were considered by the
authors and it was decided to use only the ”Yes” answers,

omit the middle or neutral questions in each category, and

use as score the "sum of favorable Yes answers minus the sum

of unfavorable Yes answers." (12:118-119) It was found de-

sirable to change the responses from "Yes," "No," and "?”

to "Agree,” "Disagree," and "Uncertain." This partially re-
moved the difficulty caused by the negative form of statement

where used.

Present Form of the Attitude Inventory

The form of the Attitude Inventory as it is in the
combined Activities and Attitude questionnaire called "Your
Activities and Attitude" which is used in the writer's study

has two of the original categories omitted, namely, "Organ-

izations" and "Leisure." It was found that

membership in organizations is not a general experience
of older people and the 'leisure' category was very

close in meaning to the 'happiness' category. The
statements for which an Agree response indicates good
judgment are marked with a plus sign; those for which

an A ree reaponse indicates poor adjustment are marked
wit a minus sign. (12:120)

306.

(Since this was written.a further change in scoring was made.

Three is added to the score for each category so that there

are no minus scores. In other words, all scores are positive.)

In addition, ten items were dropped and replaced

by others after the item analysis was made in regard to val-

idating the Inventory described as follows.

Reliability and Validity

Considerable space is devoted to these two aspects of

the Attitude Inventory in the book, Personal Adjustment in

Old Age (12:121-136). Briefly they are as follows:

1. Reliability. One hundred ten people filled out

the Inventory twice by mail. Product-moment cor-

relation between the scores in the first and

second was .72. Also the odd-even reliability

coefficient was computed for 200 cases selected

from the schedules that had been filled out in

personal interviews. These cases were chosen to

represent the total group in occupation, educa-

tional level, and type of community in range and

distribution of scores. Product-moment coef-

ficient of correlation between the two halves

was .90; increased by Spearman-Brown for scale

of original length .95.

307.

2. Validity

a. Correlation of .79 between the averaged
ratings of two judges who reviewed the
Attitude Inventories of 100 people but who
had not interviewed the persons and the
ratings of the judge who had interviewed the
subjects and also reviewed the Inventories.

b. Correlation of .53 between ratings of ob-
servers and Inventory.

c. Correlation of .74 between ratings of judges
who studied the subjects' self-reports in
the Schedule of Activities and the reports
of interviewer but who had not seen the
Attitude Inventory of the subjects.

d. Correlation of .78 between Attitude Inventory
score and Activity score obtained from the
Schedule of Adult Activities.

e. One hundred sixty-eight subjects who had been
among those personally interviewed were rated
by someone who knew him personally but often
not intimately.

Three rating instruments (developed by the authors) were
used: a check-list to describe the old person's activi-
ties, a set of word-portraits to describe the person's
characteristics, and a list of symptoms which indicate
senility..........The check-list consisted of ten sets
of five questions each. Each set of questions or

section of the check~list corresponded roughly to a
category of the Attitude Inventory..........The word-

308.

portraits were thumbnail sketches of the characteristic
behavior of elderly people in various aspects of life.
Six sets of portraits were prepared..........The index
of senility consisted of a list of fifteen statements
purporting to show the mental and personality changes
that come with increasing age. (12:123-126)

The product-moment correlations of the Attitude Inventory

Scores with these external measures of adjustment were

.50 i .04, .49 2‘. .04, .15 .t .04 with the Attitude Scores.

Schedule of Adult Activities

The Schedule of Adult Activities was constructed on
the three bases as mentioned above for the Attitude Inventory
and contained the ten categories listed, namely, family,
friends, work, recreation, religion, social organizations,
health, economic status, general happiness, feeling of use-
fulness. From this Schedule an Adult Activity Inventory was

constructed.

Adult Activity Inventory
how Constructed

Twenty-five items were selected from the Schedule of
Adult.Activities "covering the topics of leisure-time activi-
ties, religious activities, intimate social activities,
economic activities, and health." These items were given a
simple system of arbitrary scoring decided upon by the

authors. Answers were scaled from those showing no activity

309.

to those showing great activity and score values were assigned
with the higher score values indicating greater activity. A
score was computed for the twenty-five questions using the
selected group of 200 schedules which were used in validating
the Attitude Inventory. The 15% with the highest scores and
the 15% with the lowest scores were then selected and an item-
analysis made for each question. On the basis of this item-
analysis, six questions were discarded and new score values
were assigned. The revised Activity Inventory of nineteen
items was then re-scored for the 168 personal interview
schedules for which a check list and word portraits were
available. (These 168 cases were the ones used in validating

the Attitude Inventory.)

Scoring

Scoring of the first part of the combined Schedule is,
therefore, the simple addition of the values or scores given
to the selected items. Scores are available for each cate-
gory except for categories K - "Your Earlier Life" - and L -

"What You Think About Things."

310.

Reliability

Since the items in the Activity Inventory came from
the Schedule of Adult Activities, the authors felt it was
legitimate to take the reliability coefficients, where the
two Activities Inventory items had 81.9% and 62.6% of agree-
ment, from the correlations computed for the 200 cases where
the Schedule was answered twice.

Reliability was also checked by the split-halves
method Spearman-Brown formula and a coefficient of correlation
of .66 was obtained which was considerably lower than the .95
for the Attitude Inventory. The authors explain this by say-
ing that there were 60 evenly paired items for the latter and
only sixteen paired items for the former. "Moreover, the
selective nature of the questions precluded exact matching
of questions (in the former). It is probable that the re-
liability actually is greater than is indicated by the co-

efficient of .66." (12:138)

Validity

l. A correlation of .78 was obtained between Activity
scores and Attitude scores. This may be regarded either as
a test of validity or simply as a measure of the consistency
between the two inventories.

2. A correlation of .65 between Activity scores for
102 cases and combined scores on check-list and word-portraits

for these 102 cases.

311.

Your Activities and Attitudes

As mentioned earlier, the Activities and Attitudes
Inventories were combined into one schedule called ”Your
Activities and Attitudes.” Changes made in the early
versions have already been described. The first part of the
schedule as it now stands is based on the Activities Schedule

and has the following categories:

A. General Information G. Your Employment History

B. Your Health H. When You Here Not Gainfully
C. Your Family Employed

D. Your Friends I. Your Security

E. Leisure and Recreation J. Your Religion

F. Clubs and Organizations - K. Your Earlier Life

L. What You Think About Things
The second part of the schedule has eight categories lettered
alphabetically. There are not captions or titles at the head
of the categories designating what they are about but it is
obvious that A. is Health, 3. Friends, C. Work, D. Security
(financial), E. ieligion, F. Usefulness, G. Happiness, and

H. Family. The items may be checked either Agree, Disagree,

 

or‘z if cannot answer. Directions emphasize "BE SURE TO

ANSWER EVERY QUESTION."

APEBNDIX IIb

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH STUDY

Older People

 

A.detailed description of the research study on older
people (20) was included here because of its importance to
research, because it used the questionnaire "Your Activities
and Attitudes" as one of the instruments to obtain data, and
because some attention was paid to relationships between old
parents and their adult children. As Mentioned in Chapter II,
it was conducted by Ruth Albrecht and Dr. Robert J. Havig-
hurst. The locale of the study was a carefully chosen com-
munity which was typical of a midwestern town. The purpose
of the study was to discover the adjustment problems of the
older people and to see how these problems were related to
sex, age, social status, and marital status. A county-seat
in a midwestern state with a 1940 census population of 6100
was selected. It was typical on a number of census character-
istics of the towns between 5,000 and 10,000 in population in
the twelve north central states. There were 108 such cities
which were the largest population centers in counties that
were agricultural-industrial. This type of county had between
25% and 50% of its gainfully employed males in agriculture
and the remainder in industry, business, and other occupations.

312

 

313.

The community chosen, which was named Prairie City by the
researchers, was relatively complete and self-sufficient.
Lying outside a metropolitan area, it had an independent
social life; there was no college, university, nor state
institutionsin the community, nor was it a health or summer
resort. Its local coherence and autonomy were therefore
undisturbed.

According to the 1940 census, 10% of the population
of this community were aged 65 and over. This compared with
6.8% for the United States as a whole and 7.1% for the state
in which Prairie City was located. There were twenty-one
towns of the same type as Prairie City in the state and their
proportion of persons 65 and over range from 7.3% to 13.3%
with Prairie City almost exactly at the mean and median of
these cities.

hames of all persons over 65 years old residing in
Prairie City in 1948 were secured by using the sugar registra-
tion of May 1942 which was corrected for persons who had
moved away or who had died. The names of those who had moved
into the community between 1942 and 1948 were obtained from
Old Age Assistance lists, church membership lists, and two
convalescent home lists. A list of approximately 670 names
was secured. This was transformed into a basis of 1000 for
the study of Social Status (Warner classification) and
Marital Status by Age Group (two groupings - 65-74 and 75+)

and Sex (20:230-235).

- "at-.- - _ __ ..-.Lm. , .q-‘qlh..nm

314.

"The broad social characteristics of the elders
of Prairie City were ascertained by securing informa-
tion on every individual aged 65 or over. But for
the more detailed knowledge that was needed, it was
necessary to deal with a smaller group of people who
represented the total group. (20:248)

Drawing of samples was done scientifically to represent the
entire old-age population of Prairie City by age, sex, socio-
economic status, marital status, religion, and ethnic group.
(20:248-254) Two samples were drawn from the total group.
The first sample called the A sample (called ABQ sample in
the report in the Journal of Gerontology) was a large
stratified sample drawn so as to secure large enough number
of smaller groups to permit statistical work. In drawing
this sample, cards were made out for all persons over 65;
these cards were divided on the basis of sex; then divided
into the five socio-economic classes; then each of these
groups was further divided as to marital status, and each
marital-status group was divided as to religion (Catholic
or non-Catholic), and as to ethnicity (native-born, Norse,

or Polish). Result:

a large number of categories of which approximately
100 included entries..........Cards were then drawn
at random from.each category group so as to prov1de

a minimum of about fifteen persons in each marital
status, religious group, ethnic group, and soc1a1-
status group. A particular name might appear several

times, once in a.marital-status group, once in a 1
religious group, and so on. Thus a stratified samp e

was obtained, which included (20:250)

the total number of 221 in the A-sample.

The second sample, called the Q-sample, was a group

of 100 people drawn to represent the entire old age population

315.

of Prairie City by sex, age, socio-economic status and
marital status. the numbers in each of these categories
were to make the Q-sample correspond as closely as possible
to the distribution in the total group.

The Q-sample.was drawn as follows: When the A-group
contained more persons of a given category than were
needed in the “-sample, such as the upper-status
group, the dealred number of cases was drawn at
random from the cases in A-group; when the A-group
did not contain enough persons of a given category
to supply the Q-sample fully, as in the case of C-
status married women (lower middle class), all the
cases of that category in the A-group were taken
and enough more cases were drawn at random from the
total C-status group to fill out the required number.

The Q-sample plus almost a hundred others were inter-
viewed by a young man and a young woman using the
Cavan, et a1. schedule "Your Activities and Attitudes."
In addition a role-activities instrument was designed
composed of a set of thirteen role-areas (with ten
degrees or levels of activity defined in each role
area." (20:266) The scores ranged from 0 for lowest
degree of activity to 9 for highest degree. After
the interviewees had been given the Activities and
Attitudes schedule, they were rated by the field
workers on the role-instrument. Among other things
mutual dependence and independence of old parents and
grown children was studied, and roles of grandparents
and great-grandparents in regard to responsibility
for their grandchildren and great-grandchildren were
studied. (20:269-272)

In addition, the C-sample was studied as to personal
adjustment by means of a specially devised Adjustment Scale
by Cavan - a 10-point scale in six areas. This was in ad-
dition to the Attitudes section of the Schedule ”Your
Activities and Attitudes.”

Health was thoroughly studied by reports given by the

subject, by persons responsible for the subject, and observa-

tion by the interviewer.

316.

Obviously this is an excellent study, zxcellently
conducted. Much of the detail the writer has had to omit
but enough has been given to indicate the scope and excel-

lence of the study.

APraNDIX IIC

DBSCRIPTiUN D! THE UJHLQ USED IN THE INVESTIGATION

The 14‘ omen Ls _Home

 

The women's Home was located on west willow Street in
a large old white frame house. The house gave an impression
of comfort and graciousness. This same impression was also
evident as one crossed the verandah with its rocking chairs
and colorful flower boxes and entered the door into the
attractive hall. From the hall one caught glimpses of a
comfortably furnished, home-like living room and a dining
room with its tables covered with white table cloths, each
table adorned by a vase of flowers.

The Women's Home was established nearly forty years
ago by the Ingham County Federation of Women's Clubs to
provide a Home for ”older women of refinement and of limited
means." When it was founded the charge per month for board
and room was twenty-five dollars per month - but has been in-
creased to sixty dollars. The Home was supervised by a Special
Board of Directors - seven of them elected by the seventeen
Federated Clubs in Ingham County. The residents must be
reasonably well physically and mentally - by this was meant
they must be ambulatory and be able to take entire care of
themselves. The Federated Clubs of Ingham County made up
the difference between whatvmm paid by the residents and the

317

318.

cost of the maintenance of the Home. Those of the residents
who received Old Age Assistance received their cheeks
directly from the State through the Ingham Board of Social
Welfare and paid for their board and room themselves, being
free to spend the remainder as they saw fit. The Home could
accommodate thirty-three residents. Each resident had her
own room, and she was allowed to furnish it with her own
furniture if she so desired. The room was given a good
weekly cleaning by a maid, but in between these the resident
cared for her own room and made her bed. In addition, she
laundered her small personal things but the Home did the rest
for her. The staff needed to run the Home was composed of a
Head Matron and an Assistant Matron, two cooks and a helper,
two housekeepers - one plus an assistant - a dining room
maid, and a maintenance man (as a rule there was a maintenance
man and his wife, the latter helping with the cooking and
housekeeping.)

A special birthday dinner was given once a month at-
tended by the Board to celebrate the birthdays which any of
the residents had had during the month. Various community
organizations, such as the Girl Scouts, took a lively inter-
est in the Home and provided special entertainments and
outings as well as the.member clubs of the Federation. But
interests and activities were initiated by the residents as
well. Two of the main interests were knitting squarasfor

afghans for hospitalized veterans and for babies of needy

319.

fanilies, and sewing of dressings and making of bandages for
cancer victims. Many of the residents were involved in
church work and more would have been if transportation were
available. The residents were free to come and go at will.
The only stipulation was that they tell the Head Matron or.
her Assistant where they were going and the approximate time
of their return. Television and radio were available in the
home, many residents having their own sets as well; and a
religious service was held twice a month, the various Lansing

area ministers taking turns providing these services.

Inghamggoungyfigospitgl and Rehabilitation Center

 

The Ingham County Hospital and Rehabilitation Center
was located just outside of Okemos on Dobie Road. Originally
it was a county hospital and home for aged indigents. But
about 1950 a change took place. The Ingham County Medical
Association became interested in the idea of rehabilitation
and they and the Ingham County Board of Social Welfare in-
stituted a pilot study at the county hospital in 1951-1952
to determine the feasibility of establishing a rehabilitation
program. As a result an addition was added to the hospital
to help house facilities for the program and patients. The
first floor was opened in June or July of 1954 and the ground
floor in June 1957. About 1954 the Junior League became

interested in the problem of the increased number of aged

320 .

and included the county hospital in their concern. Not only
did they contribute money to the county projects on aging
but they gave of their time. For the county hospital they
provided a weekly session of handicraft and of service
projects for other hospitals, such as bandage rolling.
Simple refreshments were usually served. In addition, enter-
tainment was sometimes offered, such as puppet shows put on
by the Junior League members themselves. About two years
ago an auxiliary was formed and they have been active in
helping put on the fall Country Fair on the lawns of the
Hospital to earn money, which have been quite successful.
There were a full time Physical Therapist and a full
time Diversional Therapist at the Hospital and Center. The
capacity of the Hospital was 189 residents, three-fourths of
whom received Old Age Assistance. The cost was eight dollars
per day for county patients. It was ninety-six dollars per
week for private patients, which number anywhere from two to
ten. The county patients, other than those receiving 0.A.A.
could have been on direct relief, or on Aid to Disabled
through Social Security, or straight Social Security, or
could have had other pension funds. If receiving O.A.A. the
checkwwas issued as mentioned above and was brought to the
recipient, or his or her guardian, to sign; but the institu-
tion took the check, reimbursing the resident with five
dollars. Up until very recently the reimbursement was four

dollars. In order to be eligible for admittance to the

321.

Hospital and Center, county patients must have been a resie
dent in Ingham County for at least a year, must be referred
by a doctor, and must not be psychotic. Private patients
were required to have the last two requirements.

.Although the Center was primarily a hospital and
Rehabilitation Center, a feW'residents were using it as a
Home for the aged. They were those who had resided there
since before 1950 or were those who entered from other
hospitals or convalescent homes which they could not afford,
who needed therapy, and who had stayed on. It was from these
that the study group for this research project was obtained.

This Home was institutional in character of course.

It was a very cheerful and pleasant place. Residents were
encouraged to participate in handicraft, such as weaving,
leather craft, painting, crocheting, etc. and their wares
were for sale. They were displayed attractively in the
entrance hall of the hospital. Residents were also encouraged
to do as much as they could for themsevles, such as dressing
themselves, walking, making their own beds, caring for their
own dressers, etc. If the resident was seriously ill or was
a private patient, he or she had a room to himself or herself.
Otherwise there were anywhere from two to a room up to wards
of ten beds. Meals were served on trays to the residents in
their rooms with the exception of completely ambulatory men
from the wards. They came to the dining room for their

meals. Television and radio were available for the use of

322.

the residents. Some of them had their own radios. Lansing
area organizations put on special programs out at the
Hospital and Center from time to time. heligious services
were held about twice a month in the chapel by Lansing area
ministers, the Salvation Army, etc. The Catholic priest
also came to administer to the residents desiring his ser-
vices. .A few of the more enterprising residents put out a
monthly paper called the "Cheeriodical" which gave the news
of events in the Hospital and Center, including personal
notes of interest of those living there. They composed,
edited, and mimeographed the ”CheeriodiCal" themselves.

The Hospital and the Rehabilitation Center each had
its own Board of Directors. That of the Hospital was composed
of Lansing business men plus the Director of the Ingham
County Board of Social Welfare. That of the Rehabilitation
Center was composed of Lansing area physicians and qualified
laymen. The Boards were subject to the County Board of
Supervisors. The actual running of the institution was
under a part-time Medical Director and a full-time Nursing
Supervisor who was a registered nurse and who was subject
to the Medical Director. The Physical Therapist was subject
to the Rehabilitation Center Board and the Diversional
Therapist was subject to the Nursing Supervisor. A registered
nurse was in charge of each floor and was subject to the
Nursing Supervisor. These were assisted by licensed practical

nurses, practical nurses, aids, and orderlies. Dietitians

32:5.

were in charge of the kitchens, and a Matron and a Super-
intendent of Maintenance, who were subject to the Hospital

Board of Directors,'were in charge of the housekeeping and

maintenance of the institution and its grounds.

III
SAMP LE TABU LAT I ON SHE ST

A sample of the work sheet used for tabulating

data. The information was tabulated under the code
number for each case which appeared at the toP 0f the
the

sheet. The capital letters referred to the Home,
numeral to the number of the case, and a and b re-
ferred to the parent and to the adult resPOHSible
Child respectively. The relationship Of parent and
Child was indicated for each case, eg., M-S for
Mother-Son, M-D for Mother—Daughter, etc. The mark
uSP-d for the response of the parent was X and the

mark used for the adult responsible child was 0.

324

 

 

 

 

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6. I do better work now than 1 if > y; ‘ . ‘ ' i )4 '7; " ’ , fiT
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'7. I have more free time than I , ' [‘x’ 1. ~ A ' x - -‘ ’ ~
know how to use. - ‘ "a 0 7‘ O )E 7‘ f 0 Pf fi C fx L
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along. it :1 " 0 0- 0 0 L‘ ( C:
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4. All my needs are cared for. - c 0 ’3 o 7b 0 >5 {7“ __ Z\ {7
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5. I am provided with many home 1} 7 - 7, ‘_ 0 X C P: E 1‘ A A /\
comforts. _- ‘ " t " 0 O , , .‘3 L . C , m7__¢_
, .7 s ‘ _ 7e ' . , *7“
6. I have everything that money /‘ / if 0 2‘ :2 0 2: 7> Z“ )1 2L me.‘ at“ L
can bu . _ ‘ i , U . . will “_l
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LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

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2. Albrecht, Ruth. "The Parental Responsibilities of4
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Older Parents with

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their Own Parents," Marriage an
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o ' 1

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in the Later Decades,"

8° Burgess, Ernest w. "Family Living litical and

The Annals of the American Academy of P0
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9' Burgess, Ernest w. and Sydney Spector, (Directors)- IRS

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The Connoll of State Governments,

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ll. Gavan, Ruth 8. "Family Life and Family Life Substitutes
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14. Donahue, wilma, and Tibbitts, (Editors). The New
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18. Gardner, L. P. "Attitudes and Activities of the
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19. Cravett, arthur L. ”Family Relations in Middle and
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20. Havighurst, Robert J. and Ruth Albrecht. Older
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21. Havighurst, Robert J. "Problems of Sampling and Inter-
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22. Kleemeier, Robert w. "The Effect of a Work krogram on
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23. Linden, M. E. "The Older Person in the Family,"
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24. McCarthy, Henry L. "Do Children Support Their Aged
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N.Y.: New York—State Joint Legislative Committee
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25. Ogg, Elizabeth. when Parents Grow Old. New York: .
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Pan, Ju-Shu. ”Personal Adjustment of Old People,"
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Pan, Ju-Shu. "A Study of the Influence of Institu-
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Randall, Ollie A. "The Older Person in the Modern
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Smith, William H., Jr. "Family Plans for Later
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1.6 : 36-40 0

Smith, William H., Jr., Joseph H. Britton, and Jean
0. Britten. ”A Study of Three-Generation House-
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Stern, Edith M. and Mabel Ross. 292,3“9 Your Aging
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Studies of the Aged and Aging. Compiled by the Staff
of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare,
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States Government Printing Office, 1956-1957,

Vol. 7.

.OOF‘A USE 03‘9“.

331% 513:5;

 

 

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