A FACTOR ANALYTIC S'I'UD‘.‘I OF SELF-ESTEEM Thesis for the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Charles R. Berger I966 79;; S ‘93 III III II III I“ 11 III III I19 III I, I A _———________...-_._~_ . -v PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE Wraszzmu o IL L.— L—I MSU Is An Affirmdlve Adion/Equal Opportunity Institution ., . w ‘ ‘5'... I; ”Aw“? {I%‘ cMmS—oi W '_“'7 ‘37 “— ‘;_.; " :;.".1'L Auk! I :3 I33!" ABSTRACT A FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF SBLF-ESTEEM by Charles R. Berger The purpose of this study was to explore various dimensions of self-esteem and to determine whether males and females differ with reSpect to self-esteem factor structure. Another aim of this in- vestigation was to develop a measure of selfeesteem. Self-esteem was defined as the overall evaluation a person places upon himself. This evaluation was seen as arising from at least two sources: (1) one's own evaluation of his abilities and attributes and (2) the evaluation a person perceives others to place on him. This definition led to the hypothesis that if a set of self- esteem items were factor anadyzed, at least two identifiable factors would emerge: one factor concerned with an individual's evaluation of himself and the other with the evaluation an individual perceives others to place upon him. Since a prior factor analytic study of a self measure had demonstrated the existence of sex differences in factor structure, sex differences in factor structure were hypothesized in the present investigation. The study consisted of two phases. In Phase 1 existing data collected for R2 items designed to measure self-esteem were factor analyzed. The sample consisted of 298 undergraduate students. There were equal numbers of males and females in the sample. Charles R. Berger Five identifiable factors were extracted from the Phase 1 data. Factor I (labeled Shyness) was related to an individual's ability to initiate communication with strangers. Factor II (Anxiety) was concerned with worry about others' evaluations of the self, while Factor III (Negative Self-Evaluation) had to do with self-dislike and feelings of failure. Factor IV (Positive Self-Evaluation) was related to feelings of success and superiority. Factor V (Certainty) was concerned with certainty about others' evaluations of the self. Twenty-six items were retained from the Phase 1 analysis. The writer constructed 5n new items for a total of 80 items in the Phase 2 instrument. This questionnaire was administered to 272 undergraduate college students. There were 19“ males and 78 females in the sample. Four separate factor analyses were performed on the Phase 2 data. First, the data for the total sample were factor analyzed. Then 116 males were randomly deleted from the sample to equalize the number of males and females. The data for the equalized sample (N=156) were factor analyzed. Finally, the male and female data were factored separately. The same five factors feund in the Phase 1 analysis were extracted in the Phase 2 analysis of the total sample, the sex equalized sample, and the male sample. However, the Negative Self-Evaluation and Certainty factors formed a single dimension for the female group, thus indicating that the females tended to evaluate themselves negatively if they were uncertain of others' feelings about them. This unique dimension of self-esteem for females was labeled Social Security. The Charles R. Berger sex difference found was attributed to differing sex roles in our society. The positive and negative self—evaluation factors were taken as evidence fer the existence of the first source of self-esteem postulated: one's own evaluation of one's self. The Anxiety and Certainty factors were interpreted as indicating a second source of self-esteem: the evaluation a person perceives others to place upon him. The Shyness factor seemed to cut across these two classes of factors. The findings of this study also indicated that total scores de- rived from self-esteem measures should be viewed.with caution and that sex differences should be considered in experiments involving the variable self~esteem. Finally, it was recommended that future studies examine whether the dimensions extracted in the present study differentially predict such dependent variables as persuasibility. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Dr. Gerald Miller for constructive criticism and guidance in every phase of this study, and wishes to acknowledge the assistance given by the other members of the committee. Dr. Alice Eagly provided data for part of this investigation and helped the author to provide a clearer rationale for this study. Dr. Bradley Greenberg clarified several methodological points. The author also wishes to express his gratitude to the following: Al Talbott and his staff for their efficient data processing; Mrs. Shirley Sherman for not only typing the manuscript but also for clarifying many procedural details; and finally, Mrs. Charles Berger and Master Douglas Berger for their patience and encouragement even under stress producing conditions. ii A FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF SELF-ESTEEM By Charles R. Berger A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Communication 1966 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I RATIONALE AND HYPOTHESES A Conceptual Analysis of Self-Esteem . . . The Janis and Field Measure of Hypothesis One . Sex Differences in Hypothesis Two . II METHODS AND RESULTS Phase 1 . . . . . Phase 2 . . . . . Item Selection . . Self-Esteem 0 Subjects and Procedures Data Analysis . . Results . . . . . Summary . . . . . Analysis by Se . Males . . . . . . Females . . . . . III DISCUSSION . . . . . Self-Esteem as a Communication Limitations of the Study . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . iii Self-Esteem and Variable Persuasibility O Page 10 l2 l2 13 1” 1a 19 19 19 20 21 27 27 28 29 33 35 37 39 nnnnnnn TABLE LIST OF TABLES Frequency Distribution of IS Janis and Field Items Across Five Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . Five Highest Loading Items on Factor I . . Five Highest Loading Items on Factor II . . Five Highest Loading Items on Factor III . Five Highest Loading Items on Factor IV . Five Highest Loading Items on Factor V . . Percentage of Variance Explained by Each of Factors for Males . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Variance Explained by Each of Five Factors for Females . . . . . . . . . Ten Highest Loading Items on Factor III fer iv Females Page 18 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 31 APPENDIX A: APPENDIX B: APPENDIX C: APPENDIX D: APPENDIX E: APPENDIX F: APPENDIX G: LIST OF APPENDICES Means, Standard Deviations and Rotated Factor Loadings fer Total Sample - Phase Means, Standard Deviations and Rotated Factor Loadings for Total Sample - Phase Means, Standard Deviations and Rotated Factor Loadings for Sex Equalized saniple-PhaSe2 o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Means, Standard Deviations and Rotated Factor Loadings for Males - Phase 2 . . Means, Standard Deviations and Rotated Factor Loadings for Females - Phase 2 . Phase 1 Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . Phase 2 Questionnaire . . . . . . . . - .117 CHAPTER I RATIONALE AND HYPOTHESES The concept of self-esteem has been employed in numerous studies in the areas of communication and social psychology. For example, Stotland, Thorley, Thomas, Cohen and Zander (22) reported that persons of high self-esteem protect themselves against unfavorable evaluations better than individuals of low self-esteem; Radlow and Berger (18) found an inverse relationship between selfesteem and gossiping behavior, and Cohen (2) reported a relation between self-esteem and susceptability to social influence. Finally, Gelfand (5) found that subjects exposed to experience inconsistent with their self-evaluations (High esteem- Failure and Low esteem-Success groups) showed significantly more verbal conditioning than did subjects whose experiences were consistent with their self-attitudes. Self-esteem has proved to be a predictor of persuasibility. Janis (lO), Janis and Field (ll), Cox and Bauer (M), Leventhal and Perloe (16) and Silverman (21) have found significant relations between the two variables; however, the nature of this relationship is not clear. Janis and Janis and Field reported an inverse linear relation- ship between self-esteem and persuasibility among males, while Cox and Bauer and Silverman found significant curvilinear relations between the two variables. It is interesting to note that Cox and Bauer found the relation between self-esteem and persuasibility in a sample of females while Janis and Field fbund no significant correlation among females. 1 This inconsistency may be due to the differences in samples employed in the investigations. Janis and Field studied high school students and Cox.and Bauer investigated females in the 35-50 age range. In the Janis (10), Janis and Field (11), Cox and Bauer (u), and Silverman (21) studies self-esteem was measured.by some form of the Janis and Field Personality Questionnaire (12). Thus, it would appear that subjects in the different samples 1e8ponded differentially to the measure of self—esteem. It is usually assumed that self-esteem is a generalized state of an individual, and it is further assumed that measures of self-esteem are unidimensional. However, this assumption may not be tenable; thus, the groups used in the studies cited above may have responded to the various dimensions of self-esteem differentially. Under conditions of multidimensionality, classification of subjects as high or low in self-esteem on the basis of total scores would be suspect. Wylie (23) has recommended that instruments designed to measure the phenomenal self be internally factor analyzed to obtain some indication of the number of basic processes needed to account for re3ponse variance. Although no evidence for factor analysis of self-esteem measures has been given by any of the investigators cited above, Janis and Hovland (13) have indicated that different aspects of self-esteem might be distinguished in order to improve predictions of an individual's persuasibility. Coopersmith (3) has pointed out that there have been few studies concerned exclusively with the variable self-esteem. He concludes that clarifigation and definition of what is meant by self-esteem is essential. Thus, two basic problems are intimately associated with the concept of self-esteem. First, clear definitions of the concept have been noticeably lacking. Second, this lack of definitional clarity has led to the development of gross, "unidimensional" measures of self-esteem. It is the aim of the present research to develop a clearer conceptual definition of self-esteem and to eXplore some dimensions that make up the self-esteem construct. A Conceptual Analysis of Self-Esteem A brief discussion of some definitions of self-esteem offered by various writers may illustrate the lack of clear definition discussed by Coopersmith (3). Hovland, Janis, and Kelly (9) state that pe0ple with low self- esteem feel shy, inadequate, and inhibited socially. They suggest that this particular constellation of personality factors predisposes a person to be highly persuasible. Cohen (2) defines self-esteem as, "the degree of correspondence between an individual's ideal and actual concepts of himself." (p. 103) Cohen further states that the extent to which a person meets these ideals will influence his feelings of success or failure which should then generalize to the entire self-percept, giving rise to feelings of high or low self-esteem. Cohen indicates that, "persons of low self-esteem may allow their attitudes about themselves to be more affected by what other persons communicate to them concerning their performance and re3ponsi- bilities." (p. 10a) Cox and Bauer (u) differentiate between generalized self- confidence and Specific self-confidence. They indicate that generalized self-confidence is a personality variable, while specific self-confidence is the confidence one has in perfbrming a Specific task or in solving a specific problem. It is evident from the above discussion that self-esteem has been vaguely defined. Furthermore, the use of’a number of terms such as self-confidence, self-assertion, self-regard, and pride have further clouded the definitional process. Thus, it can be seen that there is a need for a clearer conceptualization of the concept of self-esteem. In order to arrive at a statement of the possible dimensions that comprise self-esteem, a more precise conceptual analysis of the construct is necessary. Since most of the self theories are somewhat incomplete, this undertaking is difficult. Perhaps the most complete self theory is presented by Carl ROgers; however, Hall and Lindzey (8) point out that the theory is not completely formulated and is under constant revision . Another difficulty in employing ROgers' theory in the present context is that it is centered on the individual. This emphasis con- trasts with the views of such investigators as Janis and Cohen, who attempt to identify sub-groups of the_general population comprised of individuals who possess high or low self-esteem. While the writer recognizes this problem, there may be more generality in Rpgers' formu- lation than is initially apparent. Rogers holds that the personality is revealed in what a person says about himself; thus, his theory is primarily concerned with the phenomenal self. He indicates that there is little need to probe the unconscious, that self-reports are useful as direct sources of in- formation about the individual. On this particular point Rogers' views do not differ from those of such investigators as Janis and Cohen, who along with other investigators, use the results obtained from self- report personality measures to classify subjects on the variable under study. Obviously, Rogers' position stands in marked contrast to the views of such personality theorists as Freud, Jung and Adler. These theorists emphasize the unconscious and motives originating therefrom, and view self-reports as susPect. Rogers' (19) theory of personality and behavior contains several basic propositions each of which he regards as assumptions or>hypotheses subject to test. Let us consider several of these propositions. Rogers states: "AS a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of the self is formed-an organized, fluid, but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the 'I' or the 'me', together with values attached to these concepts." (p. 501) This proposition stresses the development of the self. Rogers indicates the importance of evaluational interaction with others as a determinant of the Self structure. His position seems to be similar to the brief statement of Hovland, Janis and Kelly (9), who characterize peOple with low self-esteem as socially inhibited and Shy. In another statement Rogers defines the self and lists the elements which make up the self structure. He states that "The self structure is an organized configuration of perceptions of the self which are admissible to awareness."* (p. 501—502) Rogers also asserts that the self structure consists of the following elements: (1) Per- ceptions of one's characteristics and abilities, (2) The percepts and concepts of the self in relation to others and the environment, (3) The value qualities which are perceived as associated with experiences and objects; and, (4) The goals and ideals which are perceived as having positive or negative valence. The quoted portion of the above statement underscores the reliance placed by Rogers on the phenomenal self as a central construct in his theory. The four elements of the self that Rogers proposes are also of interest. If one compares elements one and twa with the statement of Hovland, Janis and Kelly (9) cited earlier, it appears that ROgers' element one corresponds to Hovland, Janis and Kelly's notion of feelings of personal inadequacy; that is, an individual might perceive himself as a failure or as a worthless individual. Furthermore, Hovland, Janis and Kelly's concepts of shyness and social inhibitions seem to relate to ROger's second element of the self: percepts and concepts of the self in relation to others. The basic difference seems to be the perception an individual has of himself independent of others; as contrasted with the social self. If one compares Cohen's conceptual analysis of self-esteem with Rogers' treatment, Cohen's definition fits nicely with Rogers' element four. Cohen indicates that people who do not meet ideals that they have *ItaliES mine . set for themselves will experience feelings of failure and that such feelings will generalize to the entire self-percept, resulting in _ generalized low self-esteem. In terms of ROgers' formulation, this would mean that a person who perceives that he has failed to reach valued _ goals will perceive that he has difficulty in relating to others and the environment and also experience a lowering of his estimate of his own perceived ability. Rogers states in a later prOposition that psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of the self. It appears that Rogers' view of adjustment is akin to Cohen's notion of self-esteem. In terms of Rogers' proposition, the implication is that high self- esteem is dependent upon the congruity of the four elements of the self structure with experience. If there is incongruity, then there will be reduction of self-esteem. For example, if a person thinks of himself as intelligent and fails at some academic task, he should experience some loss of self-esteem. Within Rogers' framework this failure would result in some lowering of estimate of perceived ability. According to Cohen's conceptual analysis this failure Should affect the entire self-percept. This generalization hypothesis remains to be tested. Even if a person has failed at some Special task, will this failure affect his perceived ability to relate to others? Cohen does not jprovide a clear answer to this question. Rogers and Dymond 9.13.11. (20) have conducted studies designed to test some of Rogers' pmpositions. Most of these studies have used the Q sort technique. Usually, individuals have performed an ideal self and an actual self sort using the same set of items. The tw0 sorts are then correlated, and the correlation obtained is considered a rough index of adjustment. Typical correlations for "normal" subjects are around .60. Correlations for pre-therapy subjects are usually near zero or negative. These correlations usually increase as therapy pregresses. Unfortunately, Rogers and Dymond eta}; (20) report no attempt to determine the dimensionality of the 100 items employed in the Q sort studies. It would be interesting to see whether the dimensions tapped by the items correspond to Regers' four elements of the self. Using the Q sort technique, Gordon and Cartwright (6) tested the hypothesis that subjects with greater congruence between ideal self and actual self sorts would report fewer problems relating to others. This hypothesis was not supported by the data, a result that casts some doubt on Cohen's notion of generalization. If one assumes that the items used in the study are multi-dimensional, then people who are actually low on some of the dimensions Should be low on all of them; hence, they should perceive that they have more difficulty in inter- personal relations than people who are congruent with their ideal dimensions. Gordon and Cortwright's study shows that this is not the case. While the self-concept or structure of the self should be differentiated from self-esteem which arises from an evaluational process, it seems that Rogers' elements of the self structure might serve as a conceptual aid in the development of self-esteem measures. In particular the first tiro elements of the self outlined by Rogers' seem to define two sources of self-esteem: one's evaluation of his own characteristics and abilities and the evaluation a person perceives others to have of him. It might be argued that the two sources posited are not independent, since a person‘s evaluation of himself is probably partially contingent on the evaluation he perceives others to have of him. However, it seems possible that these two evaluations might be quite independent of each other. For»example, a person might feel, as a result of con- tinued task failure, that he is a worthless individual; however, this same person might receive a great deal of positive reinfbrcement from his peers with reference to his cheerful disposition. This type of in- congruity in evaluations might lead such a person to say, "You.know-- most people think I'm a nice fellow, but I'm really pretty worthless." While such a statement might be indicative of "false modesty," it could indicate a conflict between the two evaluational processes. Of course, there is the classic case of the person who thinks he is wonderful while others think he is a pompous fecl. For this type of person, at least one a3pect of the evaluational process discussed above has broken down. While he may be competent and as a result confident of his abilities, he ignores certain of his attributes which result in negative feedback from others. Another situation worthy of consideration is one in which a person evaluates his abilities highly but worries about whether other people like him. Hovland, Janis and Kelly's characterization of the 10 low self-esteem type would lead one to believe that this Situation is rare; however, it seems reasonable to suggest that a person may feel quite adequate in performing tasks and yet worry about whether people like him. Any overall index of self-esteem would probably mask such discrepencies. The preceding discussion yields the following general definition of self-esteem. Self-esteem is the overall evaluation a person places on himself. This evaluation arises from at least two sources: (1) Ones own evaluation of his abilities and attributes and (2) the evaluation a person perceives others to place on him. While this definition is quite general, it seems to provide a useful framework for instrument construction. The definition implies that self-esteem can be most adequately measured with a multi-dimensional instrument. The above discussion and the definition of self-esteem have led to a multi-facated view of the concept. Certainly, no Single instrument is capable of exhausting all possible dimensions of self- esteem; however, the preceding conceptual analysis has yielded several possibilities . The Janis and Field Measure of Self-Esteem As an argument for the assessment of dimensionality, consider the frequently used measure of self-esteem designed by Janis and Field (12). Originally, the instrument was divided into three sections: Feelings of Inadequacy, Social Inhibitions, and Test Anxiety. However, in recent studies involving persuasibility as a dependent variable, investigators have employed only the Feelings of Inadequacy items, 11 possibly because in the original study reported by Janis and Field (11) these items yielded the highest correlation with persuasibility (.29). Item 7 from the Feelings of Inadequaoy Scale reads, "In . general, how confident do you feel about your abilities?" The subject checks one of the following responses: Very, Fairly, Slightly, Not Very or Not at All. This particular item seems to fit into Rogers' category of perceptions of one's characteristics and abilities. Now, assume that a particular subject checks the alternative "Very." This reSponse would contribute to a high selfeesteem score. Next, consider Item 23 which reads, "How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of'you?" The subject is presented with the same reSponse alternatives as in Item 7. This seems to fit into category two of Rogers' formulation: self in relation to others. Suppose that our hypothetical subject checks the alternative "Very." This reSponse would contribute to a low self-esteem score. Apparently our hypothetical subject is confident of his abilities, but he is worried about what other peOple think of him. Summing these two scores would place the subject in the middle of the selfeesteem distribution. Finally, assume that a second hypothetical subject checks the same two items exactly opposite; he indicates low confidence in his abilities and a lack of concern about what others think of him. This second subject would also fall in the middle of the self-esteem distribution. If these two subjects were exposed to a deodorant advertisement that emphasized loss of friends resulting from failure to buy the product, the first subject might be more persuasible than the second. Yet both fall in the middle of the self-esteem distribution. 12 The above example underscores the possible danger of assuming that self-esteem is unidimensional. The example also indicates the possibility that measures such as the Janis and Field inventory are not unidimensional. This possibility leads to the following hypothesis: Hypothesis One: If a set of self-esteem items are factor analyzed, two or more factors will emerge. Of these, at least two will be identifiable: One will be a factor relating to perceptions of characteristics and abilities of the self, and a second.will refer to the relation between the self and others. Sex Differences In Self-Esteem and Persuasibility_ Although Janis and Field (11) found no relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility in females, they did find that females were generally more persuasible than males. This would imply that there may be differences in the way in which males and females responded to the measure of self-esteem. While Cox and Bauer (u) did find a relationship between the two variables among females, the marked curvilinearity of their data suggests that self-esteem may have been operating differently among the middle aged females studied. There is evidence of marked sex differences in factor structures obtained when actual self versus ideal self discrepancy scores are factor analyzed. For example, Guertin and Jourard (7) factor analyzed discrepancy scores fer forty items reSponded to by fifty male and fifty—four female college students. For males, they fbund a well structured first factor which they labeled self-esteem; for females, no such factor emerged. The first factor for females seemed to indicate the capacity fer females to display warmth in social settings. 13 The authors conclude that when discrepancy scores are employed as a self measure, summing discrepancies for females is extremely mis- leading, since the factor structure for females was less well defined. While such a discrepancy measure was not employed in the present study, the above evidence indicates that sex differences are important when measuring self-esteem. These considerations lead to the fbllowing hypothesis: Hypothesis Two: There will be differences between males and females in the factor structures of the self-esteem items. It Should be pointed out that the nature of this study precluded the generation of numerous hypotheses. However, based on the results of the present investigation, later studies will test several hypotheses regarding the relationship beWeen self-esteem and selected dependent variables . CHAPTER II METHODS AND RESULTS This study was designed not only to test the hypotheses pre- sented above but also to deve10p a useful measure of self-esteem. In order to accomplish these objectives, existing data were factor analyzed and the results used to guide item construction for the instrument used in the second phase. In this chapter the results obtained in the Phase 1 analysis will be summarized briefly. The results of the Phase 2 analysis will then be presented and discussed in detail. Phase 1 Data collected for 1:2 items used to measure self-esteem in a prior study were analyzed in Phase 1. Twenty-three of these items were taken from the Janis and Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (12). The other 19 items were constructed by Dr. Alice Eagly of the Psychology Department of Michigan State University. Several of the items written by Eagly were worded to provide balance to the Janis and Field items. This procedure was followed because a majority of the Janis and Field items ‘are worded negatively. Most of the questions in the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale ask the subject about such matters as disliking himself, feeling inferior to others, and experiencing worry about others' opinions of him. Eagly's items were worded positively in order to counterbalance this trend. 1“ 15 SS were 298 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses at Michigan State University. There were equal numbers of males and females in the sample. §s responded to the items in class. The items were scored so that a low score on an item represented a low self-esteem reSponse and a high score on an item indicated a high selfeesteem response. All items had five response categories. Means and standard deviations were computed for each item. The data were factor analyzed and a principal axis solution was obtained. Also, Varimax rotation procedures were used with the Kiel-Wrigley criterion (1n) set at three. The analysis yielded a seven factor Solution; however, both the sixth and seventh factors were too small and too Specific to in- terpret. As a consequence, the five factor Solution was selected for further interpretation. The total variance explained by the five factors was 50.90%. The largest single factor accounted for 1n.15% of the variance, while the smallest factor extracted explained 8.12% of the response variance. All of the five factors were well structured; that is, each contained variables that loaded exclusively on it as well as additional items with mixed loadings. The complete factor matrix appears in Appendix A- Factor I accounted for 1M.15% of the total variance and was well structured. This factor was concerned with the ability of an individual to meet strangers in a social Situation. The highest loading item on this factor, was, "How often are you troubled.with shyness?" (-.766). The second highest loading item, (-.7u5), on this factor was, "Do you find it hard to make talk when you meet new peOple?" Other'high loading items on this factor were Similar to the items listed above. In general, 16 the items that loaded highly on this factor seem to be measuring a shyness dimension of self-esteem. As a result, this factor was labeled Shyness. The second factor extracted explained 10.82% of the total reSponse variance. The item, "How often do you feel worried or’bothered about what other people think of'you?" was the highest loading item on Factor II (-.792). The second highest loading item on this factor (-.766) was, "When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might n<_>_t_ have a good Opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it?" Items with high loadings on this factor served to define an anxiety dimension. While this factor was given the _ general label of anxiety, it Should be emphasized that, for the most part, the anxiety is Specific to others' evaluation of the self. Factor III explained 9.0796 of the total variance and was con- cerned with a person's negative evaluation of himself. The highest loading item (.756) on this factor was, "Do you ever think that you are a worthless individual?" The item, "Do you ever feel so discouraged with yourself that you.wonder whether anything is worthwhile?", had a loading of .716 on Factor III. Other items that loaded highly on Factor III had to do with disliking one's self and feeling that one could do nothing well. Thus, this dimension of self-esteem was called Negative Self—Evaluation. The fourth factor extracted accounted for 8.74% of the total variability. The two highest loading items on this factor were, "How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know?" (.7ou), and, "How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything 17 well?" (.699). The items loading on this factor seemed to define a dimension of self-esteem that was labeled Positive Self-Evaluation. It might be expected that Factors III and IV would form a single bi-polar factor. A two dimensional plot of the factors revealed that they are fairly, although not totally independent of each other. Apparently, the correlations between the positive and negative items contained in the factors were not enough to form a single dimension. The fifth and final factor identified explained 8.12% of the total variance. Only two items had loadings in excess of .60 on this factor. The item, "How sure are you that other people like you?", had a loading of -.730 on this factor, while the item, "How sure are you that you get along with other peOple?" loaded -.702 on Factor V. Factor V, like Factors I and II, is more social in nature than Factors III and IV. The content of the high loading items on Factor V suggests the existence of a dimension of self-esteem that relates to certainty about relations with others; thus, this factor was labeled Certainty. It is interesting to note that concern or anxiety about relationships with others (Factor II) is relatively independent of the level of certainty about these relationships. Considering the results at a more general level, it appears that Factors I, II and V are social factors which eXplicitly refer to other peOple, while Factors III and IV are more personal and closer to one's own evaluation of himself. This result lends support to the writer's definition of self-esteem discussed above. Since the Janis and Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale has fre- quently been employed as a measure of self-esteem and since all of the 18 scale items were used in the Phase 1 analysis, the results for this particular set of items will be considered below. Of the 23 items which make up the scale, 15 had loadings greater than .60 on some factor. The frequency distribution of these 15 items across the five factors is contained in Table 1. Table 1. Frequency Distribution of 15 Janis and Field Items Across Five Factors Number of Items Factor Loading .60 or More I-Shyness II-Anxiety III-Negative Self-Evaluation IV-Positive Self-Evaluation V-Certainty I'-‘ m'oosmm Total InSpection of Table 1 reveals that the Janis and Field items loaded mainly on the Shyness, Anxiety, and Negative Self-Evaluation factors. This result casts doubt on the assumption that the Janis and Field measure is unidimensional; hence, users of this measure should be aware that a total score derived from a summation of individual item scores is perhaps misleading. Furthermore, the results from studies in which the Janis and Field measure has been employed should be reconsidered in light of this finding. For example, it is possible that Cox and Bauer's (II) middle aged females had self-esteem factors different from Janis and Field's (11) high school girls; thus leading to conflicting fi ndings . 19 Phase 2 Item Selection Two criteria were employed to select items from the Phase 1 set for>use in Phase 2. First, in order to be considered, an item had to have a factor loading of at least .50. Second, intercorrelation matrices for items with loadings of .50 or more were constructed for each factor. In order to be included in the final set of items, a _given item had to correlate at least .uo with all other items in its matrix. Using these procedures, 26 of the original #2 items were retained. In addition, the writer constructed 5n new items. These items were added to the 26 items retained from Phase 1 fer a total of 80 items. Sixty items were designed to tap the Shyness, Anxiety and Certainty factors (20 itens per factor), and 20 items were constructed to represent the Positive and Negative Self-Evaluation factors (10 items per factor). The self-esteem items were combined with questions designed to mask the intent of the study. The final instrument contained 116 items. A copy of this questionnaire appears in Appendix G. Subjects and Procedures §s were 272 undergraduate students enrolled in business writing and commrmication courses at Michigan State University. §_s reSponded to the questionnaire in class. The sample consisted of 19“ males and 78 females. The following instructions were given before distribution of the test materials. 20 "He are asking you to c00perate with us in under- taking research designed to throw better light upon the process of communication. All answers you give will be kept in strict confidence and the reporting of the results will be in such a manner that ng_ individual will be identified. Thus, it is not necessary to include your name or student number on the answer sheet. After you have read the instructions on the front of the booklet, you may begin." The test booklets and I.B.M. machine scored answer sheets were then distributed to the class. The average length of time taken to complete the test was approximately 35 minutes. Data Analysis The data were transferred from the answer sheets to I.B.M. cards using an I.B.M. 1230 Optical Scanner Scoring Machine. All items were scored'such that a low score on an item indicated a low self-esteem response, while a high score on an item indicated a high self-esteem reSponse. Pour separate factor analyses were performed on the 80 self- esteem items. First, the data for all 272 Se were factored. Then 116 males were randomly deleted from the sample in order to equalize the number of males and females. The data for the equalized group (N=156) were factor analyzed. This equalizing procedure was used to obtain a sample with a sex ratio that more closely approximated the sex split outside of the Michigan State University population. Finally, the data for the 19s males and the 78 females were factored separately. In all four factor analyses principal axis solutions were obtained and Varimax rotation analysis was used with the Kiel-Wrigley criterion (1n) set at three. Means and standard deviations were also computed for each item. 21 Results The factor analysis of the total sample with sex unequalized yielded six factors; however, the sixth factor accounted for only 3% of the total variability. Five factors explained u6.lB% of the total variance. The largest factor accounted for 11.78% of the total reSponse variance, while the smallest factor explained 7.33% of the total variability. These results are fairly consistent with those obtained in Phase 1. A complete matrix of factor loadings may be found in Appendix B- Since the results obtained for the sample with sex equalized are perhaps more useful in terms of generalizability, and since the factors extracted from the equalized and unequalized groups did not differ to any great extent, the factors obtained for the sex equalized group will be presented below. With sexes equalized, the factor analysis of the total sample yielded 8 factors. The sixth, seventh and eighth factors individually accounted for less than 3% of the total variance; hence, the five factor solution was chosen fer further interpretation. Five factors explained #6.86% of the.tota1 variability. The largest factor accounted for 13.39% of the total variance, while the smallest factor explained 6.u8% of the total response variability. Factor I-Shyness This well structured first factor explained 13.39% of the total variance. Thirteen of the 20 items designed to tap this dimension had loadings in excess of .60 in Factor I. The five highest loading items 22 on this factor with their second highest loading on any other factor are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Five Highest Loading Items on Factor I Factor I Second Highest Item Loading Loading 1. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. .795 -.102 2. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? .788 -.226 3. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. .776 -.221 4. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? .772 -.257 5. How often are you troubled with shyness? .762 -.317 Variance Explained by the Factor 13.39% The content of the items loading highly on Factor I seems to relate to an individual's ability to initiate communication with strangers. This characterization is consistent with the interpretation of Factor I given in Phase 1. It is interesting to note that the Shyness factor accounted for the largest percentage of variance in both phases. The existence of this factor lends some support to the definition of self-esteem given by Hovland, Janis and Kelly (9), who have stated that people with low self-esteem tend to feel shy. While this may be so, it appears that shyness is only gng_dimension of self-esteem; thus, some peOple might be very shy but not necessarily low on the other dimensions that comprise self-esteem. 23 Factor II - Anxiety As was the case in the Phase 1 analysis, the second largest factor to emerge in Phase 2 was one relating to anxiety aaout others' evaluation of the self. Factor II accounted for 10.61% of the total variance and was fairly well structured. Table 3 lists the five highest loading items on the Anxiety factor. Table 3. Five Highest Loading Items on Factor II Factor II Second Highest Item Loading loading 1. How often do you worry about whether other people like you? -.799 -.l60 2. You worry about what other people like to be with you. -.780 -.211 3. You worry about what other people think of you. -.780 .112 It. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good opinion of you, how con- cerned or worried do you feel about it? -.707 -.127 5. You don't worry about whether peeple like to be with you. -.705 -.l92 Variance Explained by the Factor 10.61% The nature of the Anxiety factor is similar across both phases of the Study. The main theme of this factor is worry about whether other people like one. .Other items loading on this factor had to do with anxiety about mistakes made at social gatherings, and worry about whether people regard one as inferior or as a failure. Generally, this factor may be interpreted as indicating anxiety about the possibility of negative reinforcement from other people. 21+ Factor III-Negative Self-Evaluation The third factor extracted explained 8.38% of the total variance. Table 4 contains the five highest loading items on this factor. Table u. Five Highest Loading Items on Factor III Factor III Second Highest Item Loading Loading 1. How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether'any- thing is worthwhile? -.718 -.2u5 2. How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? -.667 -.l29 3. How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? -.659 -.172 u. How often do you feel that you are a failure? --537 '4‘“ 5. How often do you feel that there is no reason for»your existence? -.637 -.l60 Variance Explained by the Factor 8.38% Table fl indicates that although the items loading highly on Factor III tend to have rather pure loadings, Item H has a loading of -.uuu on Factor IV. Factor III is quite similar to the third factor extracted in Phase 1. In both phases the Negative Selfefivaluation factor was the third largest factor in terms of variance explained. Factor III seems to be measuring the negative asPect of one's own evaluation of himself. Since items concerned.with self-dislike also loaded on this factor, it is probable that people with low scores on this factor come close to the usual conception of the low self- esteem type . 25 Factor IV-Positive Self-Evaluation This factor accounted for 8.00% of the total variance. Table 5 summarizes the five highest loading items on Factor IV. Table 5. Five Highest Loading Items on Factor IV Factor IV Second Highest Item Loading Loading 1. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? -.695 -.383 2. You are certain that some day you will be a success. -.63u -.3uu 3. How often do you feel so pleased.with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? -.627 .31u u. How often do you feel that you, as an individual are worth a great deal? -.610 -.252 5. How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and Variance Explained by the Factor 8.00% It is interesting to note that Items 1, 2 and 5 in Table 5 were designed to measure the Certainty factor found in Phase 1. From the results it appears that certainty about future success is relatively independent of certainty about others' opinions of the self. Further- more, it seems that the emphasis of Factor IV shifted from feeling good about one's self (Phase 1) to possible success in the future (Phase 2). In Spite of this shift in emphasis, Factor IV is primarily concerned with positive evaluation of the self. 26 Again a single bi-polar factor failed to emerge with reSpect to positive and negative self-evaluation. A two dimensional plot of Factors III and IV revealed that an oblique solution might provide a better fit to the data. However, it appeared that the reference vectors would have to have an angle of about 70° between them to provide a better fit; hence, the correlation between the two factors is not too substantial. Factor V-Certainty The final identifiable factor extracted in the analysis of the sex equalized sample accounted for 6.u8% of the total variability. 0f the 20 items designed to tap the Certainty factor found in Phase 1, only five had loadings that exceeded .60. A list of the five highest loading items is presented in Table 6. Table 6. Five Highest Loading Items on Factor V Factor V Second Highest Item loading Loading 1. How certain are you that other people like to be with you? -.690 .2u1 2. How sure are you that your friends really like you? -.679 -.296 3. You are sure that other people like you. -.669 -.2|+3 u. You are not sure whether other people 5. How sure are you that other people like you? -.619 -.3u1 Variance Explained by the Factor 6.u8% 27 It appears that the Certainty factor is more Specific than was apparent from the results obtained in Phase 1. It was noted that some of the items designed to measure certainty loaded on Factor IV. While Factor IV relates to certainty about future success, Factor V has to do with certainty about others' evaluation of the self. Interestingly, certainty about one's relationships with others seem to be independent of anxiety about these relationships (Factor 11). The items listed in Table 6 had low loadings on the Anxiety Factor. 3mg The results of the total sample (sex equalized) analysis done in Phase 2 are quite consistent with the findings of Phase 1. Factors I, II, III and V are very similar across both analyses. Factor IV, while somewhat different from Phase 1 to Phase 2, seems to be related to a person's positive evaluation of himself. Certainly, the results obtained clearly indicate that self- esteem is composed of a number of relatively independent variables. Thus, it is probable that in order to talk meaningfully about self- esteem, one must keep in mind that he is referring to several dimensions which are quite different. AnalLsis by Sex It was noted earlier that sex differences in factor structure were eXpected; however, the exact nature of these differences could not be stipulated in advance. Furthermore, a problem encountered when one wishes to compare factors is that there is no test for evaluating differences between factors. Thus, one cannot make probability statements 28 about observed differences in factor structures. In Spite of this limitation, the findings seem to indicate sex differences in factor structure. “11.9.9; The factor analysis for males yielded six factors. Since the sixth factor accounted for only 3% of the total variance, the five factor solution was selected for interpretation. This solution ex— plained #6.L¢%of the total variability. The largest factor extracted accounted fer 11.14% of the total reSponse variance, while the smallest factor explained 7.“5% of the total variability. The factors extracted in the male analysis were very similar to those obtained in the analysis of the sex equalized sample. The table below summarizes the percentage of variance explained by each of the five factors identified for males. Table 7. Percentage of Variance Explained by Each of Five Factors for Males Percentage of Variance Explained Factor I - Shyness 11.1u% II - Anxiety 10.73% III - Negative Self-Evaluation 8.73% IV - Certainty 7.99% V - Positive Self-Evaluation " 7.u5% Total u6.0u% 29 The rank order of the factors for males with respect to variance explained is somewhat different from the total sample results. In the findings for the sex equalized sample, the Positive Self- Evaluation factor explained 8.00% of the total variability, while the Certainty factor explained 6.|+8% of the variance. In Spite of this result, the nature of the factors obtained for males was basically the same as those found for the total sample. Females Seven factors were extracted from the female data. Factors V, VI and VII each accounted for less than 5% of the total variance. The five factor solution explained 51.87% of the total variance in the female, group. The largest factor extracted accounted for 15.30% of the total variability, while the smallest factor explained only 3.72% of the total reSponse variance. Since the fifth factor was small and contained only one item with a loading greater than .50, interpretation of this factor was impossible. The remaining four factors were large and well structured enough to interpret. The following table summarizes the percentages of variance accounted for by each of the five factors. 30 Table 8. Percentage of Variance Explained by Each of Five Factors for Females Factor Percentage of Variance Explained I - Shyness 15.30% II - Anxiety 12.68% III - Certainty - Negative Self-Evaluation 12.03% IV - Positive Self-Evaluation 8.1% V - Unidentified 3.72% Total 51.8796 A comparison of Tables 7 and 8 reveals that the five factors extracted for females accotmted for 5.83% more variance than the five factors extracted for males. Furthermore, it can be seen that the first four factors for females account for more of the total variance than the five factors for males, indicating that a more parsimonious ex- planation of variance was obtained for females. Compariscn of Tables 7 and 8 also reveals that what were separate factors for males (Negative Self-Evaluation and Certainty) tended to form a single dimension for the females. The Anxiety and Shyness factors extracted for females were very similar to the same two factors identified for males. While the factor loadings for items associated with the Anxiety and Shyness dimensions of self-esteem did vary somewhat between sexes, the general picture is one of consistency between males and females on these twa factors. 31 A crude measure of consistency between male and female results is the number of items common to both sexes with loadings of more than .60. Males had in items with loadings in excess of .60 on the Shyness factor. Of these 1n items, 12 had loadings of more than n60 on the Shyness factor identified for females, while the remaining two items loaded in the .50 range. Applying the same measure to the Anxiety factor, males had 13 items with loadings in excess of .60. Of these 13 items, 11 loaded .60 or more on the female Anxiety factor. In contrast to the consistencies between the sexes feund above, Factor III for females was quite unique. Table 9 reveals the tendency of uncertainty about others' evaluation of the self to be linked with negative self-evaluation for females. Table 9. Ten Highest Loading Items on Factor III for Females Item Factor III Second Highest Loading Loading 1. You are sure that other people like you. ,7u5 -,250 2. How certain are you that other people like to be with you? .732 .253 3. How sure are you that other people like you? .667 .379 n. How sure are you that you get along with other people? .665 .33“ 5. People have a negative opinion of you. .663 .221} 5. How sure are you that your friends really like you? .657 .311 7. How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you.wonder whether'anything is worthwhile? .6u8 -.u32 8. How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? .6u3 -.223 9. One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. .609 .137 10. How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? .581 . .359 Variance Explained by the Factor 12.03% 32 Table 9 clearly demonstrates that the items which defined the Negative Self-Evaluation and Certainty factors for males combined to form a single dimension for females. The content of high loading items on this factor seem to indicate a dimension that might be labeled Social Security. Apparently, the more certain a female is that she is well liked by others, the more positively She regards herself. Or, the more a female feels that she is worth something, the more certain she is that other people like her. Interestingly, this relationship did 22£_hold for males. The feurth factor'extracted for females was Similar’to the Positive SelfLEvaluation factor found for males; however, there was one significant difference found.between the sexes on this particular factor. The item, "How often do you feel superior to most of the peOple you know?" had a loading of .663 on the male Positive Self- Evaluation factor. For females, the item had a loading of only .112 on Positive SelfaEvaluation, while it loaded highest on the Shyness factor (.288). Although a loading of .288 is not Satistically impressive, it does indicate that the female's self evaluation is related to her ability to interact with strangers. The above findings generally indicate that sources of positive and/or negative self-evaluation differ for males and females. It appears that the female tends to evaluate herself in terms of social success, while the male evaluates himself using criteria that were not identified in the present study. CHAPTER III DISCUSSION The findings presented above indicate that self-esteem is not a unidimensional variable. While there may be several dimensions that were not identified in the present study, the factors extracted appear to fall into two categories. First, the Positive and Negative Self- Evaluation factors seem to fit with the first evaluational process postulated, one's own evaluation of one's self, or perceptions of characteristics and abilities of the self. Second, the Anxiety and Certainty factors appear to be associated with the second process postulated, a person's perceived evaluation of himself by others, or the relation of the self to others. Actually, the Anxiety and Certainty factors are concerned.with anxiety about, or certainty of this evaluation by other pe0p1e. The Shyness factor seems to cut across these two classes of factors. Although the findings discussed above generally support the first hypothesis of this study, the sex differences found require modification of the conclusion given above. For males, the Positive and Negative Self-Evaluation factors are relatively independent of the Shyness, Anxiety and Certainty factors, but for females Certainty is related to Negative Self-Evaluation. This finding indicates that a female's self-esteem stems from different sources than a male's. The results suggest that females tend to derive their self-esteem, or some part of it, from social success, while males tend to rely on other 33 34 sources. This finding is consistent with the interpretation of Guertin and Jourard (7) who, on the basis of factor analytic evidence, state, "Perhaps a woman's self-esteem should be evaluated in this narrower area of warmth in social settings, rather than in the gross general area required for men." (p. 2uu) Thus, when dealing with self-esteem it appears that sex differences cannot be ignored. Further- more, other variables such as age, education, socio-economic status and birth order may also produce differences in selfeesteem factor structure. While differences between the sexes are somewhat striking, the question of w_hy_ such differences exist remains unanswered. Janis and Field (11) Suggest that differentiated sex roles in our society may produce differences between sexes in general perSuasibility. The same .29 Egg explanation can be used to account for differences feund in the present study. It is probable that in our society males are required to master more roles than females. Men are not only expected to be good fathers, they are also expected to have good business sense and to be successful on their job. On the other hand, females are encouraged to master fewer roles so that they will be dependent on males. Perhaps the only area in which women are encouraged.to excell over'men is social relations. The woman is expected to be a good hostess and active in social affairs. Kuhn (15) has presented evidence, derived from reSponses to the Twenty Statements Test, indicating that male college students display more self-identification within the social system than female college students. He found the opposite result among grade school boys and 35 girls, while in a high school group the sexes did.not differ significantly. He related these differences, in part, to social participation. Thus, as age increases, both males and females engage more extensively in social activities, and as a result, gain greater self-identification in the social system. But at college age, the male has exceeded the female in the development of self-identification. This difference probably results from the tendency for males to master more roles than females. Considering Kuhn's evidence and the findings of the present study, it can be suggested that as individuals move from the high school en- vironment into adulthood the differences in self-esteem factor structure between the sexes should become more pronounced. Unfortunately, the .age range sampled in the present study was too restricted to permit an investigation of this hypothesis. Future studies should take into account this possibility. SelfeEsteem as a Communication Variable It was noted in Chapter I that selfeesteem has been employed in a number of communication studies. Generally, selfeesteem has been used tavpredict.an individual's level of susceptibility to persuasion, or social influence. One possible reason for the conflicting results obtained in these studies is that the dimensionality of the selféesteem measure used was not assessed. Thus, two individuals could have the same tgtgl_selfeesteem score, but have very different patterns of selfhesteem. Since the construct of self-esteem is made up of several factors, one could obtain a score on each of these variables for a given individual. For a group of individuals, these scores could then be 36 correlated with persuasibility scores using multiple correlation techniques. By employing this procedure, one could determine which particular dimension of self-esteem accounts for the most variance in persuasibility scores. It could be, for example, that males and females differ with reSpect to which dimension of self—esteem explains the most persuasibility variance. Another approach that might be employed to clarify the relation- ship between self-esteem and persuasibility is the reSponse pattern technique. By using this method, the researcher could classify a person as either high or low on each self-esteem factor. Given four factors, there are 16 possible reSponse patterns. One could then group subjects with similar response patterns and compare their mean persuasibility scores. If this approach was employed, one could pinpoint the most persuasible and least persuasible self-esteem types. The two approaches outlined above would serve to clarify the nature of the relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility. Furthermore, these two approaches could be employed with any dependent variable of interest. Individual dimensions of self-esteem might also be used to predict the effects of particular types of messages. For example, it seems reasonable to Suggest that peOple who have high scores on the Anxiety factor (people who worry much about what others think of them) should.be more susceptible to message appeals which contain threats of social disapproval if the communicator's position is not adOpted. In the experimental situation used by Asch (1), it is probable that the high anxiety type might be more susceptible to group pressure than the 37 low anxiety type. Head (17) has asserted that the concept of self is developed through conununication. Thus, self-esteem might be fruitfully employed as a dependent variable in communication research..- For example, one might study the Specific effects of criticism from a highly credible source on a receivers' self-esteem; that is, one could seek to determine which dimensions of self-esteem are affected by criticism. Also, the effects of different psycho-therapeutic strategies on the dimensions of self- esteem could be investigated. For example, the effects of prescriptive therapy directed at a particular problem area (like excessive shyness) could be compared with the effects of non-directive therapy. Limitations of the Studl In concluding, the limitations of the present study will be explicitly stated, so that future researchers may eXpand the findings discussed above. First, the samples used in both phases of this study were non-random and were restricted to college students. Hence, one cannot be sure that the same factors would be extracted if a random sanple of a more general population were studied. Second, a broader sampling of items might be employed in future studies. In Phase 2 of the present study, the writer was attempting to build sub-scales with enough highly correlated items to achieve acceptable sub-scale reliabilities. Future factor analytic studies of self-esteem should include a minimum number of items to define the factors found in this study and also use a more heterogeneous set of items to define new self-esteem factors . 38 Third, no attempt was made to assess the differential pre- dictiveness of the factors extracted in this study. While it has been demonstrated that self-esteem is statistically_multidimensional, the psychological dimensionality of the consturct must be established. Do the factors found in the present study predict dependent variables differentially? This final question will be dealt with in future research by the writer. 10. 13. 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY . Asch, S. E. 1958. Effects of group pressure Upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In Haccoby, E., Newcomb, T., and Hartley, E. (eds.) Readings in Social Psyghology, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 178-183. Cohen, A. R. 1959. Some implications of self-esteem for social influence. In Hovland, C. I. and Janis, I. L. (eds.), Personality and Persuasibilit , New Haven: Yale University Press. 102-120. _. Coopersmith, S. 1959. A method fOr determining types of self-esteem. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 87-9n. Cox, D. F. and Bauer, R. A. 196a. Self-confidence and.persuasibility in women. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28, u53-#66. Gelfand, D. M. 1962. The influence of self-esteem on rate of verbal conditioning and social matching behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 259-265. Gordon, T. and Cartwright, D. 19514. The effect of psycho1herapy upon certain attitudes toward others. In Rogers, C. R. and Dymond, R.F. (eds.), Psychotherapy and Personality Changg, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 167-195. Guertin, W. H. and Jourard, S. H. 1962. Characteristics of real-self- ideal-self discrepancy scores revealed by factor analysis. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 2u1-2u5. Hall, C. S. and Lindzey, G. 1957. Theories of Personality, New York: Wiley. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L. and Kelley, H.H. 1953. Communication and Persuasion, New Haven: Yale University Press. 17u-2lu. Janis, I. L. 1954. Personality correlates of susceptibility to persuasion. Journal of Personality, 22, sou-518. Janis, I. L. and Field, P. B. 1959. Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility. In Hovland, C.I. and Janis, I. L. (eds.), Personality and Persuasibility, New Haven: Yale University Press. 55-68. Janis, LL. and Field, P.B. 1959. The Janis and Field personality questionnaire. In Hovland, C.I. and Janis, I. L. (eds.), Per- sonality and Persuasibility, New Haven: Yale University Press. 300-302. Janis, I.L~ and Hovland, C.I. 1959. Theoretical Categories fer analyzing individual differences. In Hovland, C.I. and Janis, I.L. (eds.), Personality and Persuasibility, New Haven: Yale University Press. 255-279. 39 l“. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. HO Kiel, D.F. and Wrigley, C.F. 1960. Effects upon the factorial solution of rotating varying numbers of factors. Paper pre- sented before the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, September 6, 1960. Kuhn, M.H. 1960. Self-attitudes by age, sex and professional training. Sociological Quarterly, 1, 39-55. Leventhal, H. and Perloe, S. 1962. A relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 385-388. Mead, G.H. 193M. Mind Self and Society, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2H2-24H. Radlow, R. and Berger, P. 1959. Relationship of degree of self-esteem to gossiping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 153-155. ROgers, C.R. 1951. Client Centered Therapy, Boston: Houghton Hifflin. Rogers, C.R. and Dymond, R.F. 195“. Psychotherapy_and Personality Change, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Silverman, I. 196%. Differential effects of ego threat upon per- suasibility for high and low self-esteem subjects. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 567-572. Stotland, E., Thorley, 8., Thomas, E., Cohen, A.R. and Zander, A. 1957. The effects of group expectations and self-esteem upon self-evaluation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, SH, 55-63. Wylie, R.C. 1961. The Self Concept, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 23-110. APPENDIX A #2 Means and Standard Deviations Total Sample Phase 1 (N=298) Item 1. How often are you troubled with shyness? 2. Do you find it hard to make talk when you meet new people? 3. When in a group of peeple, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? a. How comfortable are you.when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? 5. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? 6. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? 7. Do you ever feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? 8. When you Speak in a class discussion, how sure of yourself do you feel? 9. How often do you feel that you have handled yourself well at social gatherings? 10. When you talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how pleased are you with your perfOrmance? 11. How often do you feel self-conscious? 12. When you are trying to win at a game or Sport and.you know that other people are watching you, how rattled or flustered do you uSually get? 13. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other pe0ple think of you? 1%. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good Opinion of you, how concern35_or worried do you feel about it? Mean 3.35 3.59 3.33 3.60 2.81 3.68 3.07 3.58 3.88 3.36 2.70 3.16 2.65 2.Nu SOD. 1.11 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.16 #3 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean 15. How much do you worry about how well you get along with other peOple? 2.99 16. How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? 3.17 17. When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? 3.36 18. How much dij u worry about whether other people will regard you as a success in your job or career? 2.8a 19. How often do you.worry about criticisms that might be made of your work by those reSponsible for checking up on your work? 2.96 20. When you have made an embarrassing mistake or have done something that makes you look foolish, how long do you usually keep worrying about it? 2.90 21. Do you ever think that you are a worth- less individual? 3.99 22. Do you ever feel so discouraged with yourself that you.wonder whether anything is worthwhile? 3.47 23. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? 3.36 28. How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? 3.71 25. How often do you feel free of self-criticism? 2.70 26. How often do you feel inferior to most of the people you know? 3.83 27. How often do you feel to blame for your mistakes? 1.82 28. How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? 3.01 1.08 1.05 .89 1.1” 1.07 .98 1.12 1.11 1.04 1.12 44 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean 29. How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? 2.40 30. Do you ever feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at any undertaking? 2.97 31. How often do you feel proud of yourself? 3.33 32. In general, how confident do you feel about your abilities? 3.89 33. How often do you feel that you are a successful person? 3.32 34. When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how pleased do you usually feel about the impression you are making? 3.53 35. How confident are you that your success in your future job or career is assured? 3.52 36. How often do you feel successful because you have reached an important goal? 3.44 37. How sure are you that other peOple like you? 3.81 38. How sure are you that you get along with other peOple? 4.10 39. How confident do you feel that some day people you know will look up to you and reSpect you? 3.86 40. How often do you feel pleased or flattered about what other people think of you? 3.59 41. How often do you feel that you are making a good impression on other people? 3.73 42. How sure are you that you will be complimented by whoever is reSponsible for checking up on your work? 3.60 .76 .80 .85 .80 1.09 .81 .83 .87 45 Rot ate d Fact or Ioadin gs 3" Total Sample Phase 1 (N=298) Item F 1. How often are you troubled with shyness? -766 2. Do you find it hard to make talk when you meet new people? -745 3. When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? -713 4. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? -689 5. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your 0WD age, how afraid or worried do you feel? -657 6. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? -653 7. Do you ever feel afraid or anxious when you are gohg into a room by yourself where other peoP1e have already . gathered and are talking? -634 8. When you Speak in a class dis- cussion, how sure of yourself do you feel? -596 9.. How often do you feel that you have handled yourself well at a social gathering? -567 10. When you talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how pleased are you with your performance? -523 11. How often do you feel self- conscious? -518 *Decimal point omitted. Factor Loading P2 -095 -205 -265 -102 —303 -106 -149 -150 027 069 -303 F3 085 -093 028 —osu 168 033 251 065 129 290 403 F4 006 -017 -006 143 115 184 068 257 259 278 110 -115 -160 -171 -289 024 -227 072 -101 -194 -115 -142 .616 .631 .608 .590 .565 524 497 458 443 453 554 46 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. When you are trying to win in a game or Sport and you know that other people are watching you, how rattled or flustered do you usually get? How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? -418 ~217 When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a > good opinion of you, how con- cerned or worried do you feel about it? How much do you.worry about how well you get along with other people? How often do you.worry about whether other people like to be with you? When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you.usua1ly feel about the impression you are making? How much do you.worry about whether other people will regard you as a success in your jOb or career? How often do you.worry about criticisms that might be made of your work by those responsible for checking up on your work? When you have made an embarrassing mistake or have done something that makes you look fOOliSh, how long do you -012 -245 -215 -1l4 044 -217 usually keep worrying about it? -267 F2 F1+ ~260 283 179. -791 157 043 -766 104 093 -708 202 078 -679 210 -080 -651 088 07. -626 140 019 -556 071 180 -510 173 056 Factop Loading -ouo -007 015 -231 -250 -015 088 084 -025 357 701 606 662 620 450 422 401 365 47. Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 21. Do you ever think that you are a worthless individual? 22. Do you ever feel so dis- couraged.with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? . 23. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? 24. How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well. 25. How often do you feel free of self-criticism? 26. How often do you feel inferior to most of the people you know? 27. How often do you feel to blame fer your mistakes. 28. How often do you feel superior to most of the pe0ple you know? 29. How often do you have the feeling that you can do every- thing well? 30. Do you ever feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at any under- taking? 31. How often do you feel proud of yourself? 32. In general, how confident do you feel about your abilities? 33. How often do you feel that you are a successful person? -201 -178 -199 -256 029 -339 094 054 -099 -1us -091 -311 -229 Factor Loading 2 -159 -349 -216 ~148 -229 -305 -046 -043 ~17n -109 003 -174 -106 F 3 756 716 667 625 508 466 436 028 065 -076 321 221 391 Pu 116 009 022 134 101 169 059 704 699 698 635 525 503 -186 -151 -216 ~201 -075 -190 133 -046 ~081 -080 -220 -318 -417 684 689 578 537 327 490 222 503 539 532 562 552 644 48 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Factor Loadings Item 34. When you are trying to con- vince other people who disagree with your ideas, how pleased do you usually feel about the impression you are making? 35. How confident are you that your success in your future job or career is assured? 36. How often do you feel success— ful because you have reached an important goal? 37. How sure are you that other people like you? 38. How sure are you that you get along with other people? 39. How confident do you feel that some day people you know will look up to you and reSpect you? 40. How often do you feel pleased or flattered about what other people think of you? 41. How often do you feel that you are making a good im- pression on other people? 42. How sure are you that you will be complimented by whoever is responsible for checking up on your work? Variance Explained by Factor F 1 -296 -290 -206 -137 -183 -128 -031 -303 -110 14.15% F2 -012 -143 087 -147 -059 -130 099 101 019 10.82% 9.07% 8.74% 8.12% F3 089 171 221 154 051 035 -044 337 199 F4 457 398 379 016 ~085 395 177 331 211 019 -3u7 -32u -730 -702 -587 ~562 -558 -u7o 305 413 347 598 540 535 359 581 317 APPEN DI X B 49 Means and Standard Deviations Total Sample Phase 2 (N=272) Item 1. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? 2. How often are you troubled with shyness? 3. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. 4. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? 5. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a con- versation? 6. You are a shy person. 7. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. 8. Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. 9. You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befOre. 10. When in a group of peOple, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 11. How sure of yourself do you feel when among.strangers? 12. How comfortable are you.when speaking in front of a group of strangers? 13. You are not a shy person. 14. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? 15. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of conversation? Mean 3.46 3. 31+ 3. 38 3.31 3.52 aous 3.55 t 3.31 3.43 3.47 3.52 2.83 3.31 2.97 2.99 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.00 .87 1.04 1.03 1.10 .80 50 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by your- self where other peeple are gathered and are talking? ‘ When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. How often do you worry about whether people like you? You worry about whether pe0p1e like to be with you. You worry about what other people think of you. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? You don't worry about what other people think of you. You worry about the impression you make on other people. When you think of the possibility that some of'your friends or acquaintances might ppt_ have a good opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? Mean 3.36 2.97 3.65 2.77 2.12 3.23 3.11 2.87 3.27 2.93 2.57 3.05 2.78 3.48 1.00 .80 1.06 .83 51 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean 30. You don't worry about the impression you make on other’people. 2.71 31. How often do you worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? 3.66 32. How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? 3.64 33. How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? 3.45 34. If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? 2.93 35. How often do you worry about whethervyou are attractive to members of the opposite sex? 2.99 36. How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as inferior? 3.58 37. How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? 3.62 38. How much do you.worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? 3.21 39. When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? 3.52 40. How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? 3.95 41. How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? 3.46 42. How often do you feel that you are a worth- less individual? 3.94 43. How often do you feel that you are a failure? 3.68 44. How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? 3.94 .87 .93 1.08 1.10 .88 .84 .82 .77 1.06 52 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 45. 46. “7. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. How often do you feel that there is nothing you can do well? How often do you feel that you are helpless? You regard yourself as a failure. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? You fail at most of the things you try to do. You regard yourself as a success. How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? You are certain that some day you will be a success. How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and respect you? How often do you feel proud of yourself? How often do you feel that you, as an individual are worth a great deal? How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? You don't place a high value on yourself. You value yourself highly. Mean 3.90 3.68 4.07 3.64 3.60 3.97 3.31 3.86 3.64 2.93 3.65 3.43 3.44 3.35 2.90 2.88 3.75 3.72 .81 .85 .85 .86 .84 53 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. You succeed at most of the things you try to do. Mean 3.70 You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success 0 How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? You are sure that other people like you. How sure are you that your friends really like you? How certain are you that other people like to be with you? How sure are you that other peOple like you? How sure are you that you get along with other pe0ple? How sure are you that people have a positive opinion of you? You are not sure whether other people like you. After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? How sure are you that members of the Opposite sex regard you as attractive? People have a negative opinion of you. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? How sure are you that people don't talk about you behind your back? 3.41 3.38 3.62 3.82 3.5“ 3.66 3.93 3.52 3.62 3.54 3.22 3.88 3.29 “.33 3.59 2.65 1.06 1.06 .75 .80 .89 1.08 54 Rotated Factor Loadings* Total Sample Phase 2 (N=272) It F em 1 1. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? -766 2. How often are you troubled with shyness? -763 3. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. -736 4. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? -729 10. 11. 12. 13. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? -728 You are a Shy person. -720 You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. ~716 Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. -709 You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befOre. -683 When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? -673 How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? -670 How comfortable are you.when speaking in front of a group of strangers? -631 You are not a shy person. -619 *Decimal points omitted Factor Loading F2 -166 -149 -149 -190 -186 -073 -212 -169 -075 -243 -195 -130 -050 F3 183 211 045 107 063 257 053 -001 098 161 058 100 211 F u 092 038 046 198 173 090 149 096 002 053 236 286 079 202 088 234 305 210 113 226 169 211 236 290 002 061 698 658 623 711 642 611 633 569 526 597 630 507 440 55 Rotated Factor Item 14. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraidcr worried do you feel? 15. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of the conversation? 16. How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? 17. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? 18. When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? 19. How often do you feel that you are "the life of the party?" 20. You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. 21. How often do you worry about whether peOple like you? 22. You worry about whether people like to be with you. 23. You worry about what other people think of you. Loadings (continued -581 -509 -502 —464 -409 -369 -330 -057 -165 -118 Factor Loading F 2 -108 —085 -240 -018 -042 021 -161 -794 -770 -756 F 3 O8“ 079 216 -094 083 -069 080 079 024 080 F4 261 269 007 359 100 313 188 103 085 098 -091 196 101 234 050 355 -098 090 170 -064 433 384 367 408 189 365 186 659 657 605 56 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? You don't worry about what other people think of you. You worry about the impression you make on other people. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good Opinion -113 -138 -064 of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? You don't worry about the im- pression you make on other people. How often do you worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? How much do you.worry about the possibility tht your friends really don't like you? How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? -065 -088 ~109 -183 -188 026 -162 -055 2 -718 -700 -697 -689 -684 -664 -661 -632 -624 -606 -538 PFactor Loading 3 221 073 -051 164 020 020 -034 172 150 181 130 F u 066 128 053 104 181 067 101 036 -004 -031 174 120 -028 —102 -060 042 176 -156 281 069 255 021 595 532 506 519 511 489 506 545 418 493 340 57 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as inferior? How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the im- pression you are making? How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? -081 -278 -073 -210 -157 -059 How often do you feel so discour- aged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? How often do you feel that you are a failure? How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? -102 -125 -126 -171 Factor Loading F 2 -504 -492 -445 -418 -404 -067 -220 -082 -l67 -070 F 3 099 197 338 322 -009 690 689 681 644 639 F u -085 -025 030 -040 008 105 073 186 369 015 139 110 047 178 084 125 140 091 127 088 297 371 321 355 195 510 558 530 611 451 58 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 45. 46. 47. 48. I+9. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. How often do you feel that there is nothing you can do well? How often do you feel that you are helpless? You regard yourself as a failure. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? You fail at most of the things you try to do. You regard yourself as a success. How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? You are certain that some day you.will be a success. How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and reSpect you? -061 -125 -001 -052 -152 -126 —031 025 -209 -l38 -229 -166 -211 Factor Loading 2 -146 -208 -086 -220 -211 -007 -l20 —027 001 -087 -114 —026 -067 F 3 616 615 613 545 513 506 441 387 321 322 183 326 230 F u 203 084 233 267 212 294 387 204 -013 704 671 653 598 049 076 179 184 149 089 053 249 301 152 101 097 217 448 450 469 453 397 366 363 255 237 650 560 570 507 59 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item F 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. How often do you feel proud of yourself? -148 How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal? -190 How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? -170 How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? -100 You don't place a high value on yourself. —107 You value yourself highly. “ -l47 You succeed at most of the things you try to do. ~118 You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. -l88 How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? -021 You are sure that other people like you. -100 How sure are you that your friends really like you? 052 How certain are you that other people like to be with you? -221 How sure are you that other people like you? -162 How sure are you that you get along with other peOple? -300 Factor Loading -043 -105 -083 -015 -073 002 -072 -105 ~078 -106 -153 -100 -130 -112 3 271 293 041 -059 418 337 181 367 092 254 179 256 281 240 u 559 555 5:0 531 517 486 442 439 390 125 193 168 260 105 290 224 164 161 109 137 -055 170 131 689 671 647 614 591 494 491 366 321 471 391 251 403 184 576 546 572 567 520 60 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 72. 73. 7”. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. How sure are you that people have a positive opinion of you? You are not sure whether other people like you. After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? How sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? People have a negative opinion of you. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? How sure are you that people don't talk about you behind your back? Variance Explained by the Factor -252 -273 -134 -214 -117 -331 -219 -245 -142 Factor Loading 2 -094 -215 -090 -116 -O64 -092 -001 155 001 235 190 077 -002 366 093 337 081 -058 11.78% 10.71% 8.79% 283 110 291 314 103 220 -122 099 039 7.52% 590 562 511 498 494 477 406 366 214 7.33% 556 484 378 408 407 403 341 234 071 APPENDI X C 61 Means and Standard Deviations Sexes Equalized Phase 2 (N=156) Item 1. 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. How comfortable are you when starting a con- versation with people whom you don't know? How often are you troubled with shyness? When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a con- versation? Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befOre. You are a shy person. When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? How comfortable are you when speaking in front of a group of strangers? You are not a shy person. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? Mean 3.44 3.47 3.32 3.26 3.51 3.31 3.50 3.39 3.31 3.64 .89 1.02 .85 1.02 1.06 .81 1.09 1.01 1.10 1.05 62 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of the con- versation? How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? How often do you think you are making a good impression on other peOple? You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. How often do you worry about whether people like you? You.worry about whether peOple like to be with you. You worry about what other people think of'you. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might pp:- have a good opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? You don't worry about whether peOple like to be with you. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? You don't worry about what other people think of you. You.worry about the impression you make on other people. How often do you worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? Mean 2.98 2.72 3.21 3.58 2.06 3.23 3.11 3.05 2.79 3.31 2.89 2.62 3.62 SOD. .79 .84 .82 63 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. no. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. How much do you.worry about how well you get along with other peOple? You don't worry about the impression you make on other peOple. How often do you.worry about whether other people like to be with you? How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as inferior? How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you.wonder whether anything is worthwhile? How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? How often do you feel that you are a failure? How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? Mean 3.48 2.70 3.48 3.70 3.61 3.64 2.93 3.48 3.14 3.3” 3.83 3.89 3.62 3.86 1.06 .88 1.03 .83 .80 1.11 64 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean 46. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? 3.59 47. How often do you feel that there is nothing you can do well? 3.89 48. How often do you feel that you are helpless? 3.57 49. You regard yourself as a failure. 4.00 50. You fail at most of the things you try to do. 3.91 51. How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? 3.55 52. You regard yourself as a success. 3.23 53. How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? 4.31 54. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? 3.53 55. You are certain that some day you will be a success. 3.53 56. How often do you feel so pleased with your- self that you think you could succeed at anything? 2.83 57. How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal? 3.26 58. How certain are you that some day the peOple you know will look up to you and reSpect you? 3.36 59. You don't place a high value on yourself. 3.68 60. How often do you feel proud of yourself? 3.36 61. How often do you feel superior to most of the peOple you know? 2.83 62. How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? 2.79 63. How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? 3.34 .82 .74 .72 .82 .77 .76 .77 1.02 .85 .81 .80 .88 .86 1.06 65 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Mean 3.68 3.66 3.31 3.55 3.85 3.60 3.62 3.67 3.89 3.94 3.57 4.30 3.31 3.25 3.81 3.53 Item 64. You value yourself highly. 65. You succeed at most of the things you try to do. 66. You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. 67. How certain are you that other people like to be with you? 68. How sure are you that your friends really like you? 69. You are sure that other people like you. 70. You are not sure whether other peOple like you. 71. How sure are you that other people like you? 72. People have a negative opinion of you. 73. How sure are you that you get along with other people? 74. How sure are you that people have a positive opinion of you? 75. One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. 76. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? 77. How sure are you that members of the Opposite sex regard you as attractive? 78. One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. 79. After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? 80. How sure are you that people don't talk about you behind your back? 2.64 1.02 .78 .79 .84 1.09 66 Rotated Factor loadings* Sexes Equalized Phase (N=156) Item 1. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. 2. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new peOple? 3. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. 4. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? 5. How often are you troubled with shyness? 6. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? '7. Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. 8. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? 9. You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befOre. 10. You are a shy person. 11. When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 12. How comfortable are you.when speaking in front of a group of strangers? *Decimal point omitted. 795 788 776 772 762 752 749 743 702 691 666 625 2 Factor Loading F2 -023 -144 -221 -121 -199 -108 -155 -179 -042 -036 -264 -137 F3 -011 -226 -052 -112 -317 -057 -004 -118 023 -311 -182 -029 F u -084 -086 -189 -209 018 -165 -128 -226 -037 -059 012 -314 -102 -123 -122 -257 -053 -155 -106 -144 -225 ~127 -261 021 650 715 705 732 724 631 612 670 547 595 615 509 67 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 1 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. You are not a shy person. 601 When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of peOple your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? 556 When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? 532 When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? 526 When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of conversation? 520 How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" 513 How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other peOple have already gathered and are talking. 507 How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? 350 You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. 317 How often do you worry about whether other people like you? 022 You.worry about whether people like to be with you. 118 You.worry about what other people think of you. 112 Factor Loading F 2 -056 -174 -038 -059 -082 049 -096 027 -143 -799 -780 -780 F 3 -287 -095 -078 017 -138 062 -232 018 085 -063 015 -096 F u ~104 -306 -104 -288 -317 -242 031 011 -277 -160 -105 -102 5 -098 048 097 -149 -223 -189 -089 -273 066 -075 -211 035 467 445 311 385 446 363 329 198 209 674 678 641 68 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item F1 25. When you think of the possibility 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. that some of your friends or acquaintances might ppE_have a good opinion of you, how con- cerned or worried do you feel about it? You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other peOple think of you? 029 087 107 You don't worry about what other people think of you. You worry about the impression you make on other peOple. How often do you worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? You don't worry about the impression you make on other peOple. How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? How concerned are you about the possibility that other peOple regard you as inferior? 142 078 236 063 196 133 -079 053 231 Factor Loading F2 -707 -705 -704 -695 -685 -683 -665 -644 -604 -548 -537 -508 F 3 -127 042 -233 -071 079 -138 -106 005 -145 -188 -201 -165 F u -092 -192 -066 -067 -112 ~066 -093 -090 ~053 -171 ~063 -057 067 -006 -157 049 168 -226 -227 110 -267 -126 -008 -017 530 543 590 515 522 596 517 473 478 387 336 342 69 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 37. How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? 38. How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? 39. When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? 40. How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? 41. How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? 42. How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? 43. How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? 44. How often do you feel that you are a failure? 45. How often do you feel there is no reason for your existence? 46. How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? 47. How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? -011 064 154 167 111 100 049 143 158 058 107 Factor Loading F2 -446 -424 -410 -385 -245 -088 -031 -177 -068 -193 -197 F3 -340 -041 020 -276 -718 -677 -659 -637 -637 -612 -559 F4 006 122 088 040 -061 -093 -119 -444 -12 -279 -283 -109 -071 -l48 -132 -200 -129 -172 -o47 -160 -055 -066 327 205 222 272 631 501 481 657 460 496 448 Item F 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 70 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) How often do you feel that you are helpless? 135 You regard yourself as a failure. -0 80 You fail at most of the things you try to do. 127 How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? 185 You regard yourself as a success. 018 How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? -096 How sure are you that some day you will be a success? 213 You are certain that some day you will be a success. 159 How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? 314 How often do you feel that you, as an individual are worth a great deal? 222 How certain are you that some day the peOple you know will look up tO>you and reSpect you? 257 You don't place a high value on yourself? 093 How often do you feel proud of yourself? 184 How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? 157 Factor Loading 2 -203 -136 081 -247 -078 -004 -1oz -041 -129 -104 -065 -061 ~030 -004 3 -548 -532 -479 -457 -438 -337 -383 -344 -160 -252 -229 -372 ~214 050 F u 038 -304 -240 -214 -393 -274 -695 —634 -627 -610 -574 -572 ~561 -520 ~071 -174 -053 -096 -114 ~234 -081 -046 -050 -l38 -090 -080 ~206 -099 366 430 312 359 366 253 692 549 536 514 460 484 438 308 71 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) F Item 1 62. How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? 265 63. How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? -046 64. You value yourself highly. 231 65. You succeed at most of the things you try to do. 148 66. You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. 276 67. How certain are you that other people like to be with you? 241 68. How sure are you that your friends really like you? -038 69. You are sure that other people like you. 032 70. You are not sure whether other peOple like you. 248 71. How sure are you that other peOple like you? 191 72. People have a negative opinion of you. 104 73. How sure are you that you get along with other people? 389 74. How sure are you that people have a positive Opinion of'you? 387 75. One thing is certain, you don't get along with other peOple. 183 76. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? 366 2 -095 -097 -095 -046 -115 -058 -171 —147 -l95 -070 -118 -085 -095 -071 -117 3 068 -020 -366 -153 -398 -190 -127 -243 —097 -287 ~379 -004 -249 -233 -020 Factor Loading 8 —506 -504 -484 -473 -439 -139 -296 -176 ~093 -341 ~115 -012 -200 060 -333 -186 -136 -138 -026 -193 -690 -679 -669 —649 —619 ~537 -532 -505 -473 -435 374 284 449 272 477 593 595 561 538 623 470 500 516 320 449 72 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 77. How sure are you that members of the Opposite sex regard you as attractive? 78. One thing is certain, you get along well with other peOple. 79. After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? 80. How sure are you that people don't talk about you.behind your back? Variance Explained by the Factor 302 298 270 115 13.39% Factor Loading F2 -084 -034 -101 167 10.61% F 3 114 -282 -004 -O77 8.38% 8.00% 6.48% F u -293 004 -274 -157 -360 -351 -345 -232 326 293 277 126 APPENDIX D 74 Means and Standard Deviations Male Group Phase 2 (N=194) Item 10. 11. 13. l”. 15. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new peOple? You are a shy person. How often are you troubled with shyness? When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a con- versation? Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with peOple whom you don't know? Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. How comertable are you when Speaking in front of a group of strangers? You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befOre. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? You are not a Shy person. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of the conversation? Mean 3.46 3.50 3.36 3.53 3.31 3.30 3.35 2.86 3.45 3.57 30u7 3.02 3.56 3.30 2.97 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.07 .89 1.03 .80 75 Mears and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? When in a grOUp of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? How often do you.worry about whether people like you? You worry about whether people like to be with you. You worry about what other people think of you. You don't worry about whether other people like to be with you. How often do you feel worried or’bothered about what other people think of you? You worry about the impression you make on other people. You don't worry about what other people think of you. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might ppt. have a good Opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? Mean 3.46 2.97 2.16 3.65 3.23 3.11 2.80 3.27 2.55 2.96 3.07 3.50 3.61 .81 .82 1.06 .81 76 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. '43. 44. 45. You don't worry about the impression you make on other peOple. How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? How often do you.worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? If you hear someone make a.negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? How concerned are you about the possibility that other peOple regard you as inferior? How often do you.worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? How often do you feel that you are helpless? How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? How often do you feel that you are a failure? How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? How often do you feel that you are a worth- less individual? How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? You regard yourself as a failure. Mean 2.72 3.45 3.53 3.24 3.76 3.96 3.72 3.47 3.97 3.93 4.10 .89 .74 1.11 1.13 .87 .80 1.07 .80 77 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item us. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? You fail at most of the things you try to do. How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. You regard yourself as a success. You are sure that other people like you. How sure are you that your friends really like you? How sure are you that you get along with other people? How sure are you that people have a positive opinion of you? How certain are you that other peOple like to be with you? After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? How sure are you that other people like you? How sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? You are not sure whether other people like you. People have a negative opinion of you. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? Mean 3.94 3.67 3.63 4.01 4.30 3.42 3.34 3.61 3.79 3.90 3.49 3.52 3.53 3.65 3.20 3.54 3.87 3.27 .81 .87 1.10 78 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean 64. How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" 2.83 65. How often do you think you are making a . good impression on other peOple? 3.58 66. One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. 4.32 67. One thing is certain, you get along well with other peOple. 3.88 68. How sure are you that peOple don't talk about you behind your back? 2.62 69. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? 3.73 70. How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? 2.99 71. You are certain that some day you will be a success. 3.72 72. How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? 2.97 73. How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and reSpect you? 3.47 74. How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal? 3.36 75. You don't place a high value on yourself. 3.79 76. How often do you feel proud of yourself? 3.47 77. How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? 2.99 78. You value yourself highly. 3.73 79. You succeed at most of the things you try to do. 3.73 80. How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? 3.40 S.D. .88 .75 .76 .82 1.08 .85 .74 .88 .80 .87 .78 1.06 79 Rotated Factor Loadings* Male Group Phase 2 (N=194) Item. Fl 1. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new peOple? —754 2. You are a shy person. -741 3. How often are you troubled with shyness? -738 4. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? -704 5. Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. -701 6. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? -694 7. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. -685 8. How comfortable are you when speaking in front of a group of strangers? -680 9. You find it easy to talk to peOple whom you have never met before. -668 10. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. -665 11. When in a group of peOple, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? -650 12. When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? -630 13. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? -611 *Decima1 point omitted Factor Loading 2 -167 -120 -l64 -201 -l62 —208 -142 -O9l -l28 -202 -218 4058 -184 3 151 220 155 034 -020 081 051 045 113 039 109 004 015 u 312 -069 -088 -251 -210 -356 -284 -028 -259 -293 ~270 -111 -428 049 125 045 188 082 170 006 295 -o74 120 039 281 191 718 632 605 636 569 686 572 560 548 584 557 492 627 80 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) It . F en _ l 14. You are not a shy person. -609 15. When in a group of people, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. how often do you feel that you are the leader of the conversation? -502 How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room.by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? -486 When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? -405 You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. ' -351 When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? -324 How often do you worry about whether people like you? -056 You worry about whether people like to be with. you. -195 You worry about what other peOple think of you. -lO9 You don't worry about whether peOple like to be with you. -079 How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? -116 You worry about the impression you make on other peOple. -054 You don't worry about what other people think of you. -109 Factor Loading 2 -095 -072 -319 -006 -147 -061 -784 -780 -756 -709 -703 -702 -695 3 183 011 207 -l49 -098 090 063 -009 037 023 162 028 040 u 011 -166 -158 -259 -094 -116 -062 -112 -061 -093 -101 -080 7008 108 327 —043 383 178 079 144 111 104 141 062 -017 130 425 392 408 400 195 136 647 671 599 538 548 504 514 81 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. When you think of the possibility that some of your ftiends or acquaintances might not have a good Opinion of EU, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? How much do you worry about how well you get along with other peOple? How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? You don't worry about the impression you make on other people. How often do you.worry about whether other people like to be with you. How often do you worry about the possibility that the peOple you know have a negative opinion of you? How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the Opposite sex? If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as inferior? How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? -019 -068 -017 -178 -218 -162 -111 -O47 -278 -127 Factor Loading F2 -677 -659 —652 -651 -603 -601 -559 -522 -467 ~44o F3 174 -097 100 -098 165 147 077 086 198 269 F u -003 -l82 010 187 -l36 -311 -168 ~07l -165 025 -010 079 007 127 081 048 -073 092 -038 089 490 487 435 516 463 508 364 296 364 290 82 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 1 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? -162 How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? -218 How often do you feel that you are helpless? ~102 How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? -061 How often do you feel that you are a failure? -108 How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? ~090 How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? -103 How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? ~188 You regard yourself as a failure.-076 How often do you have that feeling that there is nothing you can do well? ~009 How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? -O46 How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? -112 You fail at most of the things you try to do. -106 Factor Loading F F 2 -422 -405 -209 -O47 -l37 -182 -o74 -047 -021 -088 -208 -223 -002 3 -040 318 696 672 669 667 662 649 646 617 581 563 480 F u -081 -225 —141 -067 -l42 -157 -066 023 -187 -046 —269 -l99 -049 -115 -l35 025 198 345 072 234 023 229 165 220 128 358 226 382 559 501 617 515 513 460 510 418 503 435 372 83 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 50. How sure are you that your 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. parents think highly of you? You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. You regard yourself as a success. You are sure that other peOple like you. How sure are you that your friends really like you? How sure are you that you get along with other people? How sure are you that people have a positive Opinion of you? How certain are you that other people like to be with you? After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? 008 -142 -O78 -161 -008 -3ou ~241 ~251 -117 How sure are you that other people like you? How sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? You are not sure whether other people like you. People have a negative opinion of you. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? -202 -151 -317 -140 -363 Factor Loading F2 -O29 -o7u -137 -046 -131 -13u -096 -1uu -064 -1un -188 -200 -O25 -085 F 3 436 435 419 161 100 172 zuu 183 202 191 -008 154 331 163 F u -282 -172 051 -703 -640 -636 -626 -575 -55u -548 -53u -505 -476 -468 185 391 353 135 235 101 212 233 258 301 362 126 069 152 305 398 328 566 492 555 563 502 431 489 u7u 435 360 407 84 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 1 64. How often do you feel that you 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. are the "life of the party?" -272 How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? -195 One thing is certain, you don't ‘ get along with other people. -298 One thing is certain, you get along well with other peOple. —183 How sure are you that peOple don't talk about you behind your back? -093 How sure are you that some day you will be a success? -llO How often do you feel superior to most of the peOple you know? -029 You are certain that some day you will be a success. -169 How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? —l72 How certain are you that some day the peOple you know will look up to you and respect you? ~239 How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a _ great deal? -110 You don't place a high value on yourself. -066 How often do you feel proud of yourself? -l22 Factor Loading P2 000 217 -011 003 -065 —066 -027 ~010 -l20 -086 -100 -099 ~088 F3 -090 100 283 308 -105 342 -1ou 313 194 249 278 403 285 F u -uu7 ~436 -3uu -323 -146 -l41 -205 -088 -142 -212 -303 ~133 -340 284 029 -123 -044 027 672 663 650 641 605 563 560 558 362 287 302 234 046 605 ugu 556 512 538 508 507 531 85 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 1 77. How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? -O77 78. You value yourself highly. -097 79. You succeed at most of the things you try to do. ~103 80. How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? -083 Variance Explained by the Factor Factor Loading 2 -o7u -oou -025 -059 11.14% 10.73% 3 073 337 231 148 8.73% 7.99% u -224 -202 097 -085 521 uu7 378 333 7.45% 338 363 217 150 APPENDIX E 86 Means and Standard Deviations Female Group Phase 2 (N=78) Item l. How often are you troubled with shyness? 2. Finding things to talk about with strangers is dfficult. 3. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with peOple whom you don't know? 4. You find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. 5. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? 6. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? 7. You are a shy person. 8. When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 9. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? 10. You are not a shy person. ll. You find it easy to talk to peOple whom you have never met before. 12. Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. 13. How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" 14. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? 15. How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other peOple have already gathered and are talking? Mean 3.30 3.46 3.34 3.50 3.46 3.47 3.32 3.45 3.39 3.33 3.39 3.32 2.62 2.94 3.09 1.10 .83 .82 1.03 1.02 .76 87 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item Mean S.D. 16. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of conversation? 3.03 .80 17. When you meet a person from a foreign country how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? 3.68 1.06 18. How comfortable are you when Speaking in front of a group of strangers? 2.75 1.08 19. When you have to talk in front of a class or a ‘ group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? 2.84 1.13 20. How often do you think you are making a good impression on other peOple? 3.61 .56 21. How sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? 3.30 .80 22. How sure are you that people don't talk about you behind your back? 2.75 1.08 23. How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? 2.60 .70 24. How often do you worry about whether peeple like you? 3.23 .93 25. You worry about what other peOple think of you. 2.86 .93 26. You don't worry about what other peOple think of you. 2.86 .94 27. How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other peOple think of you? 3.3l .85 28. When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? 3.00 .98 29. How often do you worry about the possibility that peOple have a negative opinion of you? 3.58 .74 30. You don't worry about the impression you make on other people. 2.69 .97 88 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. I+2. 43. nu. 45. You worry about the impression you make on other people. You worry about whether other people like to be with you. How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. How concerned are you about the possibility that other peeple regard you as inferior? If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? How often do you worry about whether other peOple like to be with you? How often do you worry about the possibility that other peOple regard you as a failure? How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? How often do you worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? You are sure that other people like you. How certain are you that other people like to be with you? Mean 2.64 3.11 3.42 2.72 3.66 2.79 3.45 3.70 3.69 3.10 3.56 2.81 3.46 3.62 3.59 .89 .87 .88 1.00 .84 .84 .75 .85 .78 1.00 89 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. How sure are you that other people like you? How sure are you that you get along with other peOple? People have a negative Opinion of you. How sure are you that your friends really like you? How often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. How often do you feel that you are a worth- less individual? You fail at most of the things you try to do. You are not sure whether other people like you. How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? You regard youself as a success. You regard yourself as a failure. How often do you feel that you are a failure? How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? How often do you. fGEl that you are helpless? How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? Mean 3.69 4.00 3.89 3.91 3.39 3.89 4.37 3.86 3.86 3.81 3.97 3.23 3.98 3.59 3.82 3.48 4.31 3.50 .85 .74 .64 .80 90 Means and Standard Deviations (continued) Item 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. How sure are you that some day you will be a success? You are certain that some day you will be a success. How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and reSpect you? You succeed at most of the things you try to do. You are sure that other people have a positive opinion of you. You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? How often do you feel proud of yourself? How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal? You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. You don't place a high value on yourself. After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? You value yourself highly. Mean 3.81 3.44 3.48 2.83 3.30 3.33 3.62 3.64 3.39 3.34 2.69 3.34 3.31 2.04 3.68 3.56 3.67 S.D. .78 .83 .75 .74 1.08 .85 .71 91 Rotated Factor Loadings* Female Group Phase 2 (N=78) Item Fl 1. How often are you troubled with shyness? 860 2. Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. 823 3. How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? 806 4. You find it difficult to talk to peOple whom you have never met before. 802 5. When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? 792 6. How difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? 754 7. You are a shy person. 745 8. When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 741 9. How sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? 737 10. You are not a shy person. 723 ll. You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befbre. 689 12. Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. 662 13. How often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" 586 14. When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? 585 *Decimal points omitted Factor Loading F2 -199 -179 -159 -278 -1eu -237 ~039 -322 —288 -032 038 -185 065 -073 F 3 168 019 211 062 119 176 232 204 098 139 113 -012 062 -006 F u 002 221 245 145 086 029 042 095 200 113 120 273 312 417 150 -246 -091 -007 -096 153 235 —081 080 291 -ou5 -370 061 081 830 820 789 746 685 680 668 710 681 640 506 684 452 529 92 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of conversation? When you meet a person from a foreign country, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? How comfortable are you when speaking in front of a group of strangers? When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? How sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? How sure are you that people don't talk about you behind your back? How often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? How often do you worry about whether people like you? You worry about what other people think of you. 579 553 547 530 499 369 341 302 288 067 110 Factor Loading F F 2 -097 -165 015 -251 -264 -053 077 168 026 -820 -801 3 171 195 101 059 032 161 237 173 073 091 029 F4 -O73 259 065 272 287 219 282 212 112 061 084 120 190 -37u -031 012 -011 -017 085 -119 -124 103 394 475 453 422 402 213 258 202 115 704 672 Item F 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 93 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) You don't worry about what other people think of you. 198 How often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? 136 When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good opinion of you:_how concerned or worried do you feel about it? 093 How often do you worry about the possibility that people have a negative opinion of you? 231 You don't worry about the im- pression you make on other people. 176 You worry about the impression you make on other people. 03l You worry about whether other peOple like to be with you. 110 How much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? 172 You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. 062 How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as inferior? 256 If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? 013 How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? 105 Factor Loadin F3 F2 -745 -736 -73u -709 -705 -688 -679 -670 -641 -626 -613 -562 003 411 054 253 -050 -311 245 252 003 080 212 358 a F 5 002 160 -003 -103 231 -1us 013 -122 080 060 239 -100 097 -268 081 -078 122 111 -053 127 215 143 -061 -450 620 740 625 636 541 637 615 554 442 483 487 662 94 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item F1 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. an. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. How often do you worry about the possibility that other peOple regard you as a failure? 035 How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? -l24 How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? 152 How often do you feel that you dislike yourself? 312 How often do you worry about whether-you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? -036 When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the im- pression you are making? 141 You are sure that other people like you. -006 How certain are you that other people like to be with you? 258 How sure are you that other people like you? 200 How sure are you that you get along with other’people? 334 People have a negative opinion of you. 123 How sure are you that your friends really like you? -145 How often do you feel so dis— couraged.with yourself that you wonder whether anything is worthwhile? 170 Factor Loading F2 -533 -523 -508 -351 -344 -335 -250 024 -100 -oue -185 -196 -432 F3 369 368 314 325 117 098 745 732 677 665 663 657 648 F4 -019 154 083 231 -030 265 179 204 397 075 224 311 012 305 -131 033 173 -309 109 -03u -143 017 023 114 013 -025 514 465 388 410 230 224 651 665 652 562 552 588 637 95 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item Fl 51. How often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? 197 52. One thing is certain, you don't get along with other peOple. 137 53. How often do you feel that you are a worthless individual? 256 54. You fail at most of the things you try to do. 235 55. You are not sure whether other 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. people like you. 251 How often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? 262 You regard yourself as a success.060 You regard yourself as a failure—107 How often do you feel that you are a failure? 277 How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? 208 How often do you feel that you are helpless? 203 How sure are you that your parents think highly of you? -Ol2 How often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? 291 One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. 324 How sure are you that some day you will be a success? 267 You are certain that some day you will be a success. 251 Factor Loading F 2 -223 036 -231 -006 -236 -191 -099 -337 -381 -397 -249 -072 -239 -032 -205 -206 F 3 643 609 581 581 566 560 543 488 473 456 441 364 359 342 279 314 F u -151 053 009 126 315 153 499 183 309 260 004 149 293 110 746 572 122 -063 359 -144 -072 -055 093 271 248 108 -386 227 -051 -110 204 200 540 398 585 429 543 445 565 470 602 488 447 212 359 247 789 571 96 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Item F 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? 401 How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? -O84 How certain are you that some day the people you know will look up to you and respect you? 203 You succeed at most of the things you try to do. 236 You are sure that people have a positive opinion of you. 289 You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. 362 When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? 307 How often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? 365 How often do you feel proud of yourself? 223 How often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal? 383 You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with a stranger. 248 You don't place a high value on yourself. 256 After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impression of you? ' 167 Factor Loading F2 -136 -074 -050 -212 -105 -245 -075 -101 055 -187 -273 -146 ~106 F 3 170 157 256 028 477 244 194 076 376 281 -228 290 062 F u 568 562 560 559 549 491 480 462 443 421 344 329 449 169 -243 109 010 064 -017 -103 -166 066 160 -191 604 -475 559 412 434 414 628 492 378 376 395 463 314 644 470 97 Rotated Factor Loadings (continued) Factor Loading Item 1 F2 F3 F” F5 h 80. You value yourself highly. 265 -093 347 366 441 528 Variance Explained by the Factor 15.30% 12.68% 12.03% 8.14% 3.72% APPEN DI X F INSTRUCTIONS In this booklet, the questions you are asked mainly concern your ideas and feelings about yourself. Each question is followed by five alternative answers. For each question, check the one alternative that best represents the answer that you would make to the question. Some of the questions require that you make some rather difficult judgments about yourself. Try to answer the questions as objectively and honestly as possible. We ask only that you do the best you can. It is important that you answer all of the questions. Answer even those questions on which you.may'be uncertain. You.will probably be able to go through the questions in this booklet quite rapidly 0 Mark your answers on the machine-scored answer sheet that is provided. Be sure to include your student number, class, and sex on the answer sheet. It is not necessary to write in your name. Now go ahead and answer the questions. -1- Do you ever feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by your— self where other people have already gathered and are talking? 1. Very often 2 . Fairly often 3. Sometimes h. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How much do you think that you would like the work of a building contractor? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3 . Only slightly h. Not very much 5. Not at all How slow are you in making up your mind? 1. Very slow 2. Fairly slow 3. A bit SlOW h. Not very slow 5. Not at all slow How certain are you that you could do better than most of the present politicians if you were in office? 1. Very certain 2. Fairly certain 3. A bit certain h. Not very certain 5. Not at all certain How certain are you that we can settle the international problems we face today? 1. Very certain 2. Fairly certain 3. A bit certain h. Not very certain 5. Not at all certain How hard is it for you to start a conversation with strangers? 1. Very hard 2. Fairly hard 3. Slightly hard h. Not very hard 5. Not at all hard 10. 11. l2. 13. How 1. 2. 3. h. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4- 5. How and 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How for \np'u) r\) O 0 How 10 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -2- much do you want to be an important person in the community? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all much do you mind having to rush when working? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all much do you like being in lots of social activities? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all confident do you feel that some day the people you know will look upcO you respect you? Very confident Fairly confident A bit confident Not very confident Not at all confident sure are you that you will be complimented by whoever is responsible checking up on your work? Very sure Fairly sure A bit sure Not very sure Not at all sure much do you enjoy playing practical jokes on people? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all much would like to drive a racing car? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all 15. 16. 17. 18. I9. 20. How 1. 2. 3. h. 5. How 1. 2. 3. h. 5. How lo 2. 3. he 5. NOW -3- uneasy are you about handling knives and other sharp~bladed instruments? Very uneasy Fairly uneasy Slightly uneasy Not very uneasy Not at all uneasy often are you troubled with Shyness?‘ Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? Very sure of myself Fairly sure of myself A bit sure of myself Not very sure of myself Not at all sure of myself comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? 1. 2. 3. L. c. d How -. f ..O 3. t. 5. How Very comfortable Fairly comfortable Slightly comfortable Not very comfortable Not at all comfortable often do you feel that you dislike yourself? Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never much do you like to be with a crowd who play jokes on one another? very mudl Fairly much Cnly slightly Not very much th at all you the qype to be a political leader? Definitely yes Probably yes UndeCLded Probably no Definitely no 21. 22. 23. 24. 2S. 26. 27. How 1. 2. 30 he 5. How 4,- sure are you that you get along well with other peOple? Very sure Fairly sure A bit sure Not very sure Not at all sure often do you get feelings like crawling, burning, tingling. or "going to sleep" in different parts of your body? 1. 2. 3. [£0- 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How \ntrkuln}4 0 0 Do Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never calm are you in dangerous situations? Very calm Fairly calm Slightly calm Not very calm Not at all calm good an idea is it for clubs to have hard initiations? Very good Fairly good Slightly good Not very good Not at all good you ever feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at any undertaking? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 10 2. 3. be 5. Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never afraid are you of a Windstorm? Very afraid Fairly afraid Slightly afraid Not very afraid Not at all.afraid often do yC1 like to boast about your achievements? Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. -5- When you work at something, how much do you like to read and study about it? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 30 Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How often do you have the feeling that there is nothing you can do well? 1. Very often 2 . Fairly often 3. Sometimes h. Once in a great while 5. Practically never When you are trying to win in a game or sport and you know that other people are watching you, how rattled or flustered do you usually get? 1. Very rattled or flustered 2. Fairly rattled or flustered 3. Slightly rattled or flustered h. Not very rattled or flustered 5. Not at all rattled or flustered How hard did you try to make the best school grades that you could? 1. Very hard 2. Fairly hard 3. Slightly hard 4. Not very hard ‘ 5. Not at all hard How adequately do you perform when working under a lot of pressure? 1. Very adequately 2. Fairly adequately 3. Slightly adequately 4. Not very adequately 5. Not at all adequately How often do you feel self-conscious? 1. Very often 2. Fairly often 3. Sometimes 1;. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How often do you worry about criticisms that might be made of your work by whoever is responsible for checking up on your work? 1. Very often 2. Fairly often 30 501719th b. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. hO. hl. -6... Do you ever feel that you are about to go to pieces? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no Do you think that people who get into trouble have only themselves to blame? I. 20 3. ’40 5. Do 1. 2. 3. 4- 5. Definitely yes PrObably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no you usually avoid talking about other people's problems? Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no Are you apt to hide your feelings in some things, to the point that peOple may hurt you without their knowing about it? 1. 2. 3. 4. S. Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no » Definitely no Do you think that the average person is able to appreciate art and music? 1. 2. 30 4. 5. Do 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. S. Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided ProbablyAno Definitely no you prefer a shower to a bath tub? Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no often do you feel to blame for your mistakes? Very often Fairly often Sometimes Once in a great while, Practically never 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. -7- When you think about the possibility that some of your friends or acquaint— ances might not have a good Opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? 1. Very concerned or worried 2. Fairly concerned or worried 3. Slightly concerned or worried h. Not very concerned or worried 5. Not at all concerned or worried How Often do you feel worried or bothered abaut what other peOple think of you? 1. Very often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How confident are you that your success in your future job or career is assured? . . 1. Very confident 2. Fairly confident 3. A bit confident 4. Not very confident 5. Not at all confident Would.you like to be an astronaut? 1. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no How much do you like to keep your things neat and tidy and in good order? ' 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How much wouldyou like the work Of a clerk in a large department stole? -0 Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How Often do you feel that you are making a good impression on other persons? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3 . Some times 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 49. SO. 51. S2. 53. S4. 55. -8- How much would you like the work Of a dress designer? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How Often do you like to go to parties and other affairs where there is lots Of loud fun? 1. Very often 2. Fairly Often 3 . Some times 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How tense and anxious do you get when you think other peOple are disapproving of you? 1. Very tense and anxious 2. Fairly tense and anxious 3. Slightly tense and anxious 4. Not very tense and anxious 5. Not at all tense and anxious When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how pleased do you usually feel about the impression you are making. 1. VEry pleased 2. Fairly pleased 3. Slightly pleased 4. Not very pleased 5. Not at all pleased How often do you feel that you have handled yourself well at a social gathering? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3 . Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never Ikayou like adventure stories better than romantic stories? 14 Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 44 Probably no 5 . Definite 1y no lkmlmuch do you worry about whether other people will regard you as a snuress or a failure in your job or career? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all 56. 5?. 58. S9. 60. 61. 62. -9... Would you like to be in the Armed Services? 1. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no When you are trying to convince Other peOple who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making?' 1. Very worried 2. Fairly worried 3. Slightly worried 4. Not very worried 5. Not at all worried How Often do you get disgusted with yourself? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How much do you like hunting? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How Often do you feel free of self-criticism? 1. Very Often 2 . Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How much would you like the work Of a garage mechanic? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How Often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3 . Some times 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never -10.. 63. How sure are you that other people like you? 1. Very sure 2. Fairly sure 3. A bit sure 4. Not very sure 5. Not at all sure 64. ‘Would you do almost anything on a dare? l. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no 65. When in a group of peOple how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 1. Very often 2. Fairly often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 66. How often do you feel proud of yourself? 1. Very often 2. Fairly often 3 . Some times 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 6?. Would you like to be a nurse? 1. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no 68. DO you ever feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder whether any- thing is worthewhile? 1. Very often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 69. How frightening to you is the thoughtof being in an automobile accident? 1. Very frightening 2. Fairly frightening 3. Slightly frightening 4. Not very frightening 5. Not at all frightening 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. -11- How irritated do you get when you see someone spit on the sidewalk? 1. Very irritated 2. Fairly irritated 3. Slightly irritated 4. Not very irritated 5. Not at all irritated How stable is your personality? 1. Very stable 2. Fairly stable 3. A bit stable 4. Not very stable 5. Not at all stable How likely are you to let someone know that he annoys you? 1. Very likely 2. Fairly likely 3. A bit likely 4. Not very likely 5. Not at all likely How Often are you bothered by a skin condibluu, such as a+hletc's foot, rash, etc.? 1- Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How often were you spanked or whipped as a child? 1. Very often 2 . Fairly cften 3 . Some times 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How nervous does it make you when you get blamed for making a mistake? 1. Very nervous 2. Fairly nervous 3. Slightly nervous 4. Not very nervous 5. Not at all nervous When you have made an embarrassing mistake or have done something that makes you look foolish, how long do you usually keep on worrying about it? 1. Very long 2. Fairly long 3. Only a while 4. Not very long 5. Not a: all long 77- 78. 79- 80. 81. 82. 83. How 1. 2. 3. )4. 5. DO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. S. In 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Do 1. 2. 3. he 5. -12- easily do you get excited? Very easily Fairly easily A bit easily Not very easily Not at all easily people seem naturally to turn to you when decisions have to be made? Definitely yes Probably yes undecided Probably no Definitely no guilty would you feel if you weren't doing your share of the hard work a group you belonged to? Very guilty Fairly guilty Slightly guilty Not very guilty Not at all guilty much do you like mechanics magazines? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all general, how confident do you feel about your abilities? Very confident Fairly confident A bit confident Not very confident Not at all confident Often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? Very Often Fairly Of ten Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never you find it hard to make talk when you meet new peOple? very hard Fairly hard Slightly hard Not very hard Not at all hard 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -13- Often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never you inclined to take things hard? Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no DO you ever cross the street just to avoid meeting someone? lo 2. 3. 4. So How 1. 2. 3. he 5. Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no much do you worry about how well you get along with other peOple? Very much Fairly much Only slightly Not very much Not at all When you talk in front Of a class or a group of peOple of your own age, how pleased are you with your performance? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Very pleased Fairly pleased Slightly pleased Not very pleased Not at all pleased scared do you feel when you move to a strange place? Very scared Fairly scared Slightly scared Not very scared Not at all scared afraid are you of the dark? Very afraid Fairly afraid Slightly afraid Not very afraid Not at all afraid 91. 92. 93. 9h. 95. ?6o 97. -14- How brave are you.when there is some possibility that you may be hurt physically? 1. Very brave 2. Fairly brave 3. Slightly brave 4. Not very brave 5. Not at all brave Are you stricter about right and wrong than most people? 1. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no In school how Often were you sent to the principal for cutting up? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How talented are you when it comes to understanding the other person, and sympathizing with his problems? 1. Very talented 2. Fairly talented 3. Only slightly talented 4. Not very talented 5. Not at all talented How Often do you feel that you are a successful person? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never When you get too much change in a store, how likely are you to give it back? 1. Very likely 2. Fairly likely 30 A bit likely 4. Not very likely 5. Not at all likely Do you ever think that you are a worthless individual? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3 . S one time s 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 980 99. 100. 101 O 102. 103. 104. -15- When someone talks against certain groups or nationalities, how likely are you tO speak up against such talk even though it makes you unpopular? Very likely Fairly likely A bit likely Not very likely Not at all likely When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own how afraid or worried do you usually feel? age, 1. Very afraid or worried 2. Fairly afraid or worried 3. Slightly afraid or worried 4. Not very afraid or worried 5. Not at all afraid or worried How often do you feel inferior to most of the people you know? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never How hard is it for you to "bawl out" someone who is not doing his job prOperly? 1. Very hard 2. Fairly hard 3. Slightly hard 4. Not very hard 5. Not at all hard Would you like to be a lawyer? 1. 2. 3. 4. SO Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably no Definitely no Do you ever feel like picking a fist fight with someone? 1. Definitely yes 2. Probably yes 3. Undecided 4. Probably no 5. Definitely no ng ofgen do you feel pleased or flattered about what other peOple think 0 you. 1. Very Often 2. Fairly often 3. Sometimes 4. Once in a great while 5. Practically never 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 12-2-65jd -16- When you dream, do you have the same dream over and over? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How 1. 2. 3. 4. E: I. Definitely yes Probably yes Undecided Probably nO Definitely no often do you feel successful because you have reached an important goal? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Once in a great while Practically never When you speak in a class discussion, how sure of yourself do you feel? 1. Very sure of myself 2. Fairly sure of myself 3. A bit sure Of myself 4. Not very sure of myself 5. Not at all sure of myself How much would you like the work of a librarian? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 50 N01: at all If you were a reporter, how much would you like to report news Of the theatre? 1. very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all How much do some Of the habits Of members of your family bother and annoy you? 1. Very much 2. Fairly much 3. Only slightly 4. Not very much 5. Not at all APPENDIX G OPI NI ON PROFI LE INS TRUCT I ONS In this booklet, the questions you are asked concern your ideas and feelings about various matters. Each question is followed by five alternative answers. For each question, check the 99$ alternative that best represents the answer that you would make to the question. Remember, there are no "correct" answers to any of the items. Your opinions are what matter. Some Of the questions require that you make some rather difficult judgments. Try to answer the questions as objectively and honestly as possible. It is important that you answer El}. of the questions. Answer even those questions on which you may be mcertain. You will probably be able to go through the questions in this booklet quite rapidly. Mark your answers on the machine-scored answer sheet that is provided. Be sure to include your student number, class, and sex on the answer sheet. It is not necessary to write in your name. Now go ahead and answer the questions. How much do you worry about the possibility that your friends really don't like you? . Don't Worry At All Don't Worry Much Worry Somewhat Worry Much . Worry Very Much (”SEONH How often do you think you are making a good impression on other people? 1. Not At All 2. Not Very Often 3. Sometimes It. Fairly Often 5. Very Often How often do you worry about the possibility that other people regard you as a failure? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often . Not At All m-t-‘wNH o :r. 8 sure are you that your parents think highly of you? Not At All Sure Not Very Sure Somewhat Sure Fairly Sure Very Sure UiganO-i How sure are you that people you know don't talk about you behind your back? Not At All Sure Not Very Sure Somewhat Sure . Fairly Sure . Very Sure UT-FwNH 0 When among a group of strangers, how much difficulty do you have starting a conversation? . Very Much Difficulty Fair Amount of Difficulty Some Difficulty Not Very Much Difficulty No Difficulty At All (II-R.C.)NH lo. ll. 12. 2 Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. mngH o Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree How concerned are you about the possibility that other people regard you as (fl-FQNH inferior? Very Concerned Fairly Concerned Somewhat Concerned Not Too Concerned Not At All Concerned How often do you.worry about whether you are attractive to members of the opposite sex? 01430353!" 0 Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often You find it easy to talk to people whom you have never met befbre. Ul-F'CDNH Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree One thing is certain, you get along well with other people. (TI-FUN“ o Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree People often betray the confidence you place in them. 0"ng!“ O Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 13. 1!}. 15. 16. 17. 18. 3 You succeed at most of the things you try to do. 014-:me Strongly Dis agree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree When you meet a person from a foreign comtry, how much difficulty do you have thinking of things to talk about? 01.:me e No Difficulty At All Not Very Much Difficulty Some Difficulty Fair Amount of Difficulty Very Much Difficulty After a date, how sure are you that the person you have been out with has a good impress ion of you? m-ECDNH Very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are at the center of attention? (”J-TQMH Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All How often do you feel afraid or anxious when you are going into a room by yourself where other people have already gathered and are talking? I. 2. 3. u. 5. Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often Some day it Will probably be shown that palm reading can explain a lot of things. (fi-FCONH e Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2“. u How often do you worry about whether people like you? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes u. Not very Often 5. Not At All You are not at all certain that some day you will be a success. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree There is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel great love, gratitude, and respect for his parents. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree One thing is certain, you don't get along with other people. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree How often do you worry about whether other people like to be with you? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes Is. Not Very Often 5. Not At All When you meet a stranger, how sure are you that he accepts you? Not At All Sure Not Very Sure Somewhat Sure Fairly Sure very Sure 014':va 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. “#QNH o o e e '< 011 M‘anH 5 often do you feel that there is no reason for your existence? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All often do you feel that everything you do turns out poorly? Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often certain are you that some day the people you know will look 14) to you respect you? Not At All Certain Not Very Certain Somewhat Certain Fairly Certain Very Certain sure are you that members of the opposite sex regard you as attractive? Very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure worry about the impression you make on other people. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Most people are more inclined to help others than to think of themselves first. “gun.” eeeee '4 on 0‘ng" o Strongly Disagree Dis agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree find it difficult to talk to people whom you have never met before. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 32. 33. 3H. 35. 37. 6 How often do you worry about the possibility that the people you know have a negative opinion of you? . Not At All . Not Very Often . Sometimes . Fairly Often . Very Often 0147me When you have to talk in front of a class or a group of people your own age, how afraid or worried do you feel? . Very Worried . Fairly Worried . Somewhat Worried . Not Too Worried . Not At All Worried 0141'me How often do you feel so pleased with yourself that you think you could succeed at anything? . Not At All . Not Very Often . Sometimes . Fairly Often . Very Often 0143me When you are trying to convince other people who disagree with your ideas, how worried do you usually feel about the impression you are making? Not At All Worried Not Too Worried Somewhat Worried Fairly Worried Very Worried O UTFCONH 0 Some people are born with an urge to jump from high places. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree If you hear someone make a negative comment about you, how much do you worry about it? 1. Don't Worry At All 2. Don't Worry Much 3. Worry Somewhat u. Worry Much 5. Worry Very Much 38. 39. no. '41. '42. 1&3. How (fitQMH e No to m-CUNH 7 often do you feel worried or bothered about what other people think of you? Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often one is going to care much what happens to you, when you get right down it. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Nowadays more and more people are prying into matters that should remain personal and private. mchI-i e e Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree much do you worry about how well you get along with other people? Don't Worry At All Don't Worry Much Worry Somewhat Worry Much Worry Very Much sure of yourself do you feel when among strangers? Very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure often do you feel proud of yourself? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All an. '45. '46. 147. '48. I49. 8 Nobody ever learned anything really important except through suffering. l. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral 4. Agree 5. Strongly Agree No weakness or difficulty can hold ‘3 back if we have enough will power. 1. Strongly Disagree 2 . Di sagree 3. Neutral 14. Agree 5 . Strongly Agree You value yourself highly. l. Strongly Agree 2 . Agree 3. Neutral 4. Disagree 5 . Strongly Disagree How sure are you that people have a positive opinion of you? 1. Very Sure 2. Fairly Sure 3. Somewhat Sure '4. Not Very Sure 5. Not At All Sure How sure are you that you get along with other people? Very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure 0141'OJNH 0 Finding things to talk about with strangers is easy. 1. Strongly Disagree 2 . Dis agree 3. Neutral 14. Agree 5 Strongly Agree 9 How sure are you that you will do better than your parents? very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure mcwMH Juvenile delinquents are hardly better than criminals and ought to‘be severely‘ . punished. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Agree You are not sure whether other people like you. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral “. Agree 5. Strongly Agree You regard yourself as a success. . Strongly Disagree . Disagree . Neutral . Agree . Strongly Agree U‘FQNH Finding things to talk about with strangers is difficult. l. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree You don't worry about what other people think of you. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral 4. figree S. Strongly Agree r< ou enjoy being with others. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5 . Strongly Disagree 57. 10 Most people speak sincerely when they talk with you. 1 . Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral #. Disagree 5 . Strongly Disagree 58. How often are you troubled with shyness? 59. 60. 61. 62. 1. Not At All 2. Not Very Often 3. Sometimes u. Fairly Often 5. vepyf Often You find it enjoyable to talk with others about your ideas. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5 . Strongly Agree An insult to our honor should always be punished. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5 . Strongly Agree People rarely tell the truth when their own interests are at stake. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Agree Good luck is something a person has to make fer himself. 1 . Strongly Dis agree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Disagree 63. 6O. 65. 66. 67. 68. 11 When in a group of people, how often do you feel that you are the leader of conversation. 1. Not At All 2. Not Very Often 3. Sometime '4. Fairly Often 5. Very Often You worry about whether people like to be with you. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Human nature is fundamentally co-operative. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree When in a group of people, how often do you have trouble thinking of the right things to talk about? 1. 2. 3. '4. 5. 01$?)MH You (£3:an Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often often do you feel that you dislike yourself? Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often are very loyal to your friends. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. How 0";me 0 You 1. 2. 3. u. 5. You 12 often do you feel that you are a failure? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All don't worry about the impression you make on other people. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree feel that it is better to talk about problems with other people than to depend on your own reasoning. O U'l-F'wMH Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree You feel that the best way to solve the prOblems of the world is by working with others . “5'03”?“ 0 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree often do you feel that you, as an individual, are worth a great deal. Not At All Not very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often comfortable are you when speaking in front of a group of strangers? kmCmbmwh Fairly Comfortable Somewhat Comfortable Not Very Comfortable Not At All Comfortable 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. How mthI-i 13 often do you feel superior to most of the people you know? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be better off. 1. 2. 3. u. S. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree If you don't watch yourself, peOple will take advantage of you. (III-'CONH O mngH Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree often do you feel that you are the "life of the party?" Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All When you think of the possibility that some of your friends or acquaintances might not have a good opinion of you, how concerned or worried do you feel about it? 1. very Worried 2. Fairly Worried 3. Somewhat Worried u. Not Too Worried 5. Not At All Worried No sane, normal, decent person could ever think of hurting a close friend or relative. Ul-FQMH Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 81. 82. 83. 8Q. 85. 86. 1“ People have a negative opinion of you. O 014':me Strong 1y Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree What other people think is important to you. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Agree You don't place a high value on yourself. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree How comfortable are you when starting a conversation with people whom you don't know? L‘Wowfinwh 2. Fairly Comfortable 3. Somewhat Comfortable u. Not very Comfortable 5. Not At All Comfortable How sure are you that your friends really like you? 1. very Sure 2. Fairly Sure 3. Somewhat Sure u. Not Very Sure 5. Not At All Sure How much do you worry about embarrassing mistakes you make at social gatherings? 1. Worry very Much 2. Worry Much 3. Worry Somewhat u. Dont Worry Much 5. Don't Worry At All 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. How 15 often do you feel so discouraged with yourself that you wonder*whether anything is worthwhile? Ul-FQNH 0 Not at All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often very Often Attending meetings is uncomertable for you. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Familiarity breeds contempt. 1. 2. 3. u. 5. You (fl-FWNH o How 01:02.0." 0 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree are sure that other people like you. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree often do you feel that your life is worth nothing? Not At All Not Very Often Sometimes Fairly Often Very Often Most people can be trusted. “30”!“ . Strongly Dis agree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 93. 99. 95. 96. 97. 98. UL: canar- 0 You 1. 2. 3. u. You UT-S'wNH You 16 often do you have the feeling that you can do everything well? very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All are certain that someday you.will be a success. Strong 1y Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree often do you feel that there is nothing you can do well? very often Fairly Often Sometimes Not Very Often Not At All regard yourself as a failure. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree are not a shy person. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree worry about what other peoole think of you. Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 10”. 105. 17 How often do you feel that you are helpless? 1. Very Often 2. Fairly Often 3. Sometimes u. Not Very Often 5. Not At All Human beings find it very easy to be dishonest. l. Strongly Di sagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Agree You don't worry about whether people like to be with you. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5 Strongly Disagree How sure are you that some day you will be a success? Very Sure Fairly Sure Somewhat Sure Not Very Sure Not At All Sure (ll-PEONH You fail at most of the things you try to do. 1. Strongly Disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neutral u. Agree 5. Strongly Agree You are a shy person. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Neutral u. Disagree 5 Strongly Disagree How sure are you that other people like you? Not At All Sure Not very Sure Somewhat Sure . Fairly Sure very Sure wthH so 18 106. You would rather talk with a close friend than talk with strangers. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. (ll-POOR)!“ U'IL'ODMI-A Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree certain are you that other people like to be with you? Not At All Certain Not very Certain Somewhat Certain Fairly Certain Very Certain From your observation of people, it is better to be suspicious of them than trusting. (fl-FUN“ o MIQNH o Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree often do you think that you are a-worthless individual? Very Often Fairly Often Sometimes Not very Often Not At All difficult do you find making talk when meeting new people? Very Difficult Fairly Difficult Somewha t Di f fi cult Not Very Difficult Not At All Difficult During the average weekday, how many hours per day do you spend watdhing television? UIKCOME-J None Less than 1 hour per day Between 1 and 2 hours per day Between 2 and 3 hours per day More than 3 hours per day 112. 113. 11“. 115. 116. 19 How much do you think television programs help you to solve your personal problems? Not at all Not Very Much Help Help Somewhat Help a Fair Amount Help Very Much U'l-FCDNF" During the average weekend, how many hours per day do you spend watching television? More than 3 hours per day Between 2 and 3 hours per day Between 1 and 2 hours per day Less than 1 hour per day . None 013003054 Within your family are you: 1. The oldest child 2. The second oldest child 3. The third oldest child u. The fourth oldest child 5. The fifth oldest child or less Are you - 1. Male 2 Female What is your age: 18 years old or less 19 years old 20 years old 21 years old 22 years old or more Ul-F'OJNH ‘Immmm