immunoassay: Of VALEE “IMAM DECISION-«MAKING MODE MD DECISKJH-IMMEWM Mbrthbogmofhb. MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSIT‘Y MARILYN HOSTETLER EEGSR I973 |fll\\il\l1\i\2i|||9‘|fl\\\|11|l\fli\(lllil|Iltfllflflflflfl L - n m y ’ a 1 1.. L‘zu'v'fiaoiiy This is to certify that the thesis entitled INTERRELATIONSHIPS 0F VALUE ORIENTATION, DECISION-MAKING MODE AND DECISION-IMPLEMENTING STYLE 0F SELECTED LOW SOClO-ECONOMIC STATUS NEGRO HOMEMAKERS presented by MARILYN H. EIGSTI has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for P’LD degreein [QMIl/U £CO/057' Z2545 («fl/7767444 ' Major professor ‘ ' I Date Mam/413$ /773 O") 639 ABSTRACT INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF VALUE ORIENTATION. DECISION-MAKING MODE AND DECISION-IMPLEMENTING STYLE OF SELECTED LOW SOCIO—ECONOMIC STATUS BLACK HOMEMAKERS By Marilyn H. Eigsti This descriptive study explored the interrelationships among value orientation, decision—making mode and decision-implementing style. Each of these components was quantified using instruments that had been previously tested in other research. The interrelationships between employment and value orientation and employment and decision— implementing styles was also studied. The value orientation, state of nature, was conceptualized as a continuum. At one end is a belief in fate and at the other end a belief in control. This variable was quantified using the "Test of Epistemological and Instrumental Beliefs" developed by Brim, Glass, Lavin and Goodman. Decision—making style was defined as - hypothetical, factual or action suggestive - mode used to develop, analyze and classify ideas related to decision-making problems (Bustrillos, 1963). Each homemaker was asked to respond to three decision problems. Her verbal response was considered to illustrate the mode of decision-making used by the home- maker. Responses were tape recorded, transcribed and coded. Marilyn II. Eigsti Style of decision-implementing was measured by using paired statements about organization which expressed the amount of task or person centeredness of homemakers (Nichols, 1964). The sample consisted of 62 low socio-economic status Black homemakers randomly selected from those living in a Chicago owned, high rise apartment complex. Twenty—five homemakers were employed and thirty-seven were full time homemakers. The hypothesis that homemakers would tend to be more fate than control oriented was not supported. This finding is inconsistent with the findings of previous research. One explanation is that about one-third of the homemakers were classified in the intermediate area of the fate- control continuum. These homemakers seem to be in a transitional stage experiencing conflict between the desire to control and the desire to be controlled. Value orientations were found to be related to decision—making modes. The action suggestive mode was used most frequently by persons expressing a fate orientation. This mode was also used more frequently by homemakers in the intermediate and control orientation groups. Value orientations were related to decision-implementing style in the following manner: fate orientation-task style and control orienta- tion-person style. Marilyn H. Eigsti The existence of the relationship between decision-implementing style and decision-making mode was supported. The particular relation- ships were found to exist between: task style-action suggestive mode. person style-hypothetical mode and the intermediate area of the person- task style continuum-factual mode. The hypothesis that non—employed homemakers would tend to have a task style while employed homemakers would tend to have a per- son style was not supported. This may be due to the increased respon- sibilities and stresses of the ghetto homemaker. The hostile environ- ment, present in this sample area, may cause dependency upon others for safety. A person center ed orientation may be one way of coping wit the environment leaving task performance secondary in importance. Support was also established for the hypothesis that fate oriented homemakers tend to be non—employed and control oriented homemakers tend to be employed. More research is required to strengthen the findings of this study. A replication of this study using a larger and more heterogeneous sample would provide greater generalizability. Bustrillos. Nena R. ”Decision—Making Styles of Selected Mexican Home- Makers. " Unpublished Ph. T). Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1963. Nichols, Addreen. ”Person-Centered and Task—Centered Styles of Organization. ” Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1964. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF VALUE ORIENTATION, DECISION-MAKING MODE AND DECISION-IMPLEMENTING STYLE OF SELECTED LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS NEGRO HOMEMAKERS By .1 Jr?“ . DIVA 0‘;va . . Marilyn! H. Eigsti A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Family Ecology 1973 .9 is ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The dedication, guidance and cooperation given by my committee members: Dr. Frances Magrabi, chairman; Dr. Beatrice Paolucci, Dr. Twyla Shear, Dr. Margaret Bubolz and Dr. Norma Bobbitt is greatly appreciated. Each contributed to this research in a helpful and unique way. Acknowledgement is also made of the financial contributions given by General Foods Corporation, Soroptimist Federation of Ameri- cas and Michigan State University. I also wish to thank the 62 homemakers that were interviewed, the students who aSSisted with data collection and coding and the many friends and family members for their interest and encouragement. A sincere thank you to my husband, Nick, for placing a high value on education, for his statistical counsel and for the encouragement he gave. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. THE PROBLEM I Introduction 1 The Problem Objective II. HYPOTHESES, ASSUMPTIONS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Introduction 4 Hypotheses 4 Assumptions 6 Value Orientation 6 Value Orientation and Decision-Making 12 Decision-Making Style 14 Value Orientation and Decision-Implementing Style 16 Employment 1 9 III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 21 Introduction 2 1 Definition of Terms 21 Conceptual Framework 23 IV. METHODOLOGY 29 Introduction 2 9 Sample 29 Rationale for the Sample Design 29 Choosing the Sample Units 30 Collection of Data 31 Selection and Training of Interviewers 31 Conducting of Interviewing 32 Instruments Used 34 Value Orientation Instrument 34 Hypothetical Decision Problems 35 Decision-Implementing Instruments 36 Eligibility Questionnaire 37 Coding ' 38 Value Orientation 38 Decision-Making Style 39 Decision-Implementing Style 39 Testing the Hypotheses 40 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter Page V. FINDINGS 42 Introduction 42 Value Orientation 42 Mediating Group 42 Fate Group 43 Control Group 43 Value Orientation and Decision-Making Mode 44 Value Orientation and Decision-Implementing Style 46 Decision—Implementing Style and Decision-Making Mode 47 Responsibilities, Value Orientation, Decision-Implementing Style 49 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 52 Introduction 52 Conclusions 52 Value Orientation 52 Value Orientation and Decision-Making Mode 53 Value Orientation and Decision-Implementing Style 54 Decision-Implementing Style and Decision-Making Mode 55 Limitations 58 Locale of Study 58 Instruments 59 Implications 59 LITERATURE CITED 61 APPENDICES A Epistemological and Instrumental Beliefs Test 65 B Decision-Implementing Style Test 70 C Questionnaire 72 D Individual Value Orientation Scores 74 E Individual Decision-Making Modes 73 F Individual Decision—Implementing Style Scores 77 iv Table LIST OF TABLES Histogram of Total Scores for Value Orientation Frequency of Homemakers Classified as Fate or Control Oriented Chi Square of Value Orientations Frequency of Homemakers by Value Orientation and Decision-Making Modes Value Orientation and Decision—Implementing Style Scores Analysis of Variance of Decision-Implementing Style Related to Decision-Making Mode Analysis of Variance of Decision-Implementing Style Related to Employment Analysis of Variance of Employment Related to Value Orientation Page 43 44 44 45 47 49 50 51 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Interrelationships of Managerial Components 24 2 Scoring Fate-Control Orientation Items 38 vi CHAPT ER I T HE PR OB LEM Introduction Home economists have been dedicated to the improvement of family life through research, teaching and service opportunities. The approaches that have been used to improve family life have varied depending upon the specific problem and who was working to solve the problem. Home management professionals view the family as an area of life that can be managed and believe that by improving management family living can be improved. Solutions are needed to prevent the decline of the urban family as a social and economic unit so family life can be strengthened. There is little doubt that the unstable structure of the family is partially re- sponsible for ghetto problems and that the cause of these difficulties lie well within the realm of home management. It is essential that home economists working with social service agencies have information about how low socio-economic status, Black homemakers manage. 2 Each new generation tends to sustain the family living pattern of the previous generation. When the family living patterns tend to perpetuate poverty means must be found to change the pattern. Nolan reported to the American Home Economics Association Workshop on Working with Low-Income Families that: Where the roots of poverty are deep within the family structure, the self -perpetuating seeds of inadequate intellectual development, low or no aspirations, and attitudes of apathy, despair, and hopelessness are sown. Each new generation acquires the same cul- tural patterns which make the poor poorer, and the gap between them and the mainstream of American society greater. The cycle must be broken. Home economics, because of its concern for family living and its special knowledge, has a unique responsibil- ity to reach those families whose need for help is the greatest (11, p. 7). The subculture of the Black ghetto presents a host of characteristics that tend to weaken the cohesiveness of the family. Among these char- acteristics is the proportionately high number of homes headed by mothers where at least two-thirds of the children spend part of their formative years, up to age eighteen, living in a household with only one parent present. These families are often larger than white slum fam- ilies, because relatives, other than the immediate family members live in the same household and because there are often more children in the Black family. These characteristics result in the mother's assuming responsibility for more tasks and having fewer resources available (5, pp. 166-170). Poor resource management and low income could be contributing factors to family break down. The Problem Objective. The objective in this study is to analyze possible interrelationships among components of management as used by selected low socio-economic status (SES) Black homemakers. The focus will be on value orientation, especially beliefs about fate and control; decision-making mode and decision-implementing style. Each of these components has previously been the subject for research with low SES homemakers but not Black homemakers. This study will also examine differences that may exist in the areas of value orientation and decision-implementing style between homemakers who are employed outside of the home and those who are full time homemakers. CHAPTER II HYPOTHESES, ASSUMPTIONS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction This chapter will include the hypotheses, assumptions and the review of literature. The literature review will include fate-control value orientations, decision-making mode, decision-implementing style and material about low SES Black homemakers and their employment as related to the following hypotheses and assumptions. Hypotheses 1. LOW SES Black homemakers tend to be more fate than control oriented in their value orientations. 2. Low SES Black homemaker’s value orientations will tend to relate to their decision—making mode in the following manner: a. value orientations that emphasize fate will tend to use the action suggestive mode of decision—making. b. value orientations that emphasize control will tend to use the hypothetical mode of decision-making. c. value orientations that fall in the mid area of the fate-control continuum will tend to use the factual mode of decision-making. 3. Low SES Black homemaker's value orientations will tend to relate to their decision-implementing style in the following manner: a. a value orientation that tends to emphasize fate will tend to emphasize task completion. b. a value orientation that tends to emphasize control will tend to emphasize the person. 4. The decision-implementing style of low SES Black homemakers will tendto be interrelated with decision-making mode in the following manner: a. a decision-implementing style emphasizing task completion will tend to use the action suggestive mode. b. a decision—implementing style emphasizing the person will tend to use the hypothetical mode. c. a decision-implementing style that falls in the mid area of the person task continuum will tend to use the factual mode . 5. The responsibilities of low SES Black homemakers will affect their management process in the following manner: a. non-employed homemakers will tend to be more task centered in their decision-implementing style. b. employed homemakers will tend to be more person centered in their decision-implementing style. c. homemakers with a fatalistic value orientation will tend to be non- employed . d. homemakers with a control value orientation will tend to be employed. Assumptions 1. Individuals' value orientations are relatively stable over time. 2. Individuals' value orientations, decision-making mode and decision- implementing style can be identified. 3. Individuals' value orientations, decision-making mode and decision— implementing style can be measured. Value Orientation Any study of values, carried on by persons in home management ". . should have real potential for producing meaningful results for H management theory (16,p. 795). This requires a precise definition for value so that it does not become confused with terms as conviction, norm, goal, purpose, etc. "Because there is disagreement concerning the definitions and implications of terms commonly used in discussing values, research workers in the area must be meticulous in selecting and defining terms to assure coherence of the design of the study " (16,p. 795) The chief concern about values in home management rests with the rela- tion of values to decision—making. An appropriate definition for values then is one which makes the relationship between values and decisions explicit. "I A value orientation is defined as a system of beliefs that is manifest in a commitment to certain norms that guide decision-making and decision-implementing. Values and beliefs are two distinctly dif- ferent concepts. Values have an affective quality that is manifest in a commitment to act in a particular way while beliefs are categories of true and false, correct and incorrect, etc. Krech, Crutchfield and Ballachey distinguish between values and beliefs in their definition. "A value is an especially important class of beliefs shared by the members of a society or by typical occupants of all the various positions in the society, concerning what is desirable or 'good' or what ought to be” (4, p. 349). Beliefs become like values when there is a commitment to act because of the beliefs that one holds to be true. Parsons and Shils clarify this point when they state: "It is convenient to use the term value-orientation for those value notions which are (a) general, (b) organ- ized and (c) include definitely existential judgements. A value orientation is a set of linked propositions embracing both values and existential elements" (6, p. 409). The data for the empirical study of values can be derived basically by two methods. Inferring values from verbal statements or responses in reaction to symbolic desiderata or by inference from behavioral patterns or a combination of these two methods (25). Robin Williams lists testi- mony, choices, direction of interest and reward—punishment as possible methods of eliciting data for use in describing and analyzing values (8). The ”Epistemological and Instrumental Beliefs Test" by Brim, M. , (2) uses reaction to symbolic desiderata as the respondent chooses from among five alternative responses as a means for deriving data. These possible methods for data collection give support to the assumption that value orientations can be identified. The assumption that value orientations can be measured rests upon the results of numerous studies that have attempted to measure value orientations, viz.; Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (3) and Brim, Glass, Lavin, and Goodman (2 ), The relative stability of value orientations is assumed to exist on the basis that values change very slowly. Several studies have placed value orientations on a continuum. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck delineated five value orientations and the range of variations that occur within each of the orientations. The orientations are human nature, man-nature, time, activity and relational. Of partic- ular interest are the man-nature variations: subjugation to nature, har- mony with nature and mastery over nature. Subjugation to nature is expressed as an acceptance of the inevitable, fatalism and "the Lord's will. " Harmony with nature is a combination of man, nature and super- nature with each an extension of the other. Mastery over nature is a belief in man's duty to overcome natural forces and to put these forces to work for man. It is also characteristic to believe that "the Lord helps those who help themselves " (3, p. 13), Thomas Ford applied the five value orientations described by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck to the poor people of Appalachia. He concluded that, "In general they (Appalachians) tend to View their environment as being beyond their ability to control and, indeed, exerting a control of its own to which they are subjugated " (12, pp. 62-63). How one perceives himself in relation to the state of nature determines if a choice will be made to exercise control over nature or to be controlled by nature. The principle of self determination, as described by Levy (15),implies the Option to decide one's own fate and if the decision is made to design destiny then it becomes necessary to make choices. The range of jurisdiction over the decision can be represented by a scale. At the lowest end of the scale is a complete absence of control. Invisible sources manipulate the individual as if he were a puppet. The highest end of the scale holds man to be a supreme master over his own decisiOns. Man's free will does not force him to decide but decisions are made deliberately. Some research has been done on the relationship between value orientation and socio-economic status and between value orientation and race. As evidence that some values are bound to social class Edward V. Pope (33) described the values held by different social classes. Examples of extreme values held by two social classes were: snobbery in the upper class and respectability and prudery with a get by theme among the lower class. Yet there are many values shared by all social classes such as honesty, high moral standards and respect for others rights. He concludes 10 that this is evidence of different motivating factors influencing different social classes. Brim, et_al_. , (2) studied the sources of variations in individual decision-making situations. They found beliefs to be one source of variation. These beliefs were epistemological beliefs or beliefs about the state of nature and instrumental beliefs which are concerned with the relation of means to ends. Proverbs were selected to correspond to certain dimensions of decision-making e. g. , belief in fate and belief in thinking before acting. The research subjects responded to each proverb by selecting from a Likert type scale the response that most nearly described how they felt about the proverb. The lower class subjects in the Brim, _e_t__a_l. , study resided in New York City and were identified as having low mean incomes. All of the respondents were white, Jewish parents with boys nine to eleven years old. It was concluded that lower class respondents had less confidence in their ability to exercise control over their own destiny and environment as compared to the middle-class group. In addition, "the lower class wives . . . . like their husbands, Show a dependent, fatalistic approach to life " (2, p. 139). A fatalistic value orientation describes these low SES subjects. Chilman, writing about child rearing and practices, cites family life patterns that are typical of the very poor. One pattern is HA fatalistic attitude toward life with a tendency toward magical thinking, 11 rather than a more optimistic and planned approach with confidence in the individuals ability to do something about his own situation" (10, p. 50). The value orientation associated with low SES, Black homemakers is thought to be a fatalistic orientation. There has been little research in this area but many writers elude to the fate orientation as an implication derived from empirical data. Rainwater, in a discussion on identity of Black persons living in the ghetto says, In most societies, as children grow and are formed by their elders into suitable members of the society they gain increasingly a sense of competence and ability to master the behavioral environment their particular world presents. But in Negro slum culture growing up involved an ever-increasing appreciation of one's shortcomings, of the impossi- bility of finding a self sufficient and gratifying way of living (5, p. 191). Another study by Rainwater (7) on family planning among the 'poor, not only Black, explicates the differences between social classes and the use-of birth control methods. Among lower-lower class waives a fatalistic orientation prevails. The wife views pregnancy as a way of life that can only be changed by changing her husbands attitude toward the use of contraceptive devices. And this, she believes, is an impossible task and it is her lot to accept the consequences. Both of these studies by Rainwater exemplify a fatalistic orientation. 12 Value Orientation and Decision-Making The relationship of value orientation to decision-making has been explored but the relationship between value orientation and decision- making mode has not been studied. Research and literature dealing with the relationship between value orientation and decision-making will be reviewed as will research on decision making style as background for the hypothesized relationships between value orientation and decision-making mode. Irving Tallman, in an article, "T he Family As A Small Problem H Solving Group (23), explains how cognitive styles influence problem solving. . orientations provide basic psychological sets which color individuals' perceptions of situations. Integral to such orientations are the belief systems which legitim‘ize certain power relations and determine the available alternative behaviors in problematic situations. Belief systems therefore are important elements. . . . they pro- vide directions for determining how situations should be resolved. . . . those people who believe that man is capable of such mastery should be prone to view situations as problematic, whereas those who consider themselves powerless in the face of natural forces are more likely to maintain a passive and fatalistic orientation toward the world (23, p. 97). Problem solving was defined as, . . . behaviors which individuals or groups choose and implement in order to achieve desired ends" (23., p. 95) ". . . a more general as opposed to his definition for decision making as process of determining actions whether or not the outcome is assured " (23 , p. 95). Of importance is the inference that belief systems influence 13 decision making. The study by Brim, M. , reported earlier, concluded on the basis of their research that ". . . general values and orientations toward life, together with the cultural background of the respondents, seem to account for more variability in decision—making than the more traditional personality traits " (2 , p. 234), Halliday studied the relationships among decision procedure, decision context, and the decision-maker's belief about the state of nature. Three open—ended questions using technical, technical-affective and affective contexts of family living were used to elicit data about the decision—making behavior of sixty student wives. The "Test of Episte— mological and Instrumental Beliefs" (2) was used to learn about the respondents belief in the state of nature. She hypothesized that: "home- makers who use a more rational approach to decisions will tend to perceive themselves as being able to exercise control over their environ- ment, while those using a less rational approach will tend to perceive themselves as being more subject to chance or fate " (27, p. 61) This hypothesis was accepted on the basis of a negative correlation between Brim's subtest, "Belief in Fate" and the rational approach to decisioning. "Belief in Fate" is one of sixteen subtests designed for the Brim, et al. , research. The other subtests relate to decision-making but the belief in fate test was most pertinent. Harris (13) investigated joint decision-making bylhusbands and wives in relation to interest values measured by the Allport-Vernon- Lindzay "Study of Values" test. Values did not seem to influence how a 14 decision was made but rather who initiated the decision. This is contrary to the findings of Halliday who found that belief in fate, a value orientation, influenced the rationality of decision-making. Decision -Making Style Bustrillos (26) studied the decision—making style of sixteen Mexican homemakers. Style was recognized as a behavioral phenomenon composed of mode, time reference and decision-making rule elements. She predicted the dimensions of each of the elements would be organized into the following styles: 1. the hypothetical style would consist of the hypothetical mode, future time reference, and preference ranking 2. the factual style would consist of factual mode, past time reference and objective elimination 3. the action suggestive style would consist of action suggestive mode, present time reference and immediate closure. Three open-ended, hypothetical problems were given to each homemaker. After each decision problem was stated the homemaker was asked the following questions: 1. What could be done in this situation? 2. Which would you consider the best and second best thing to do? Which the worst? Why? 3. If you were faced with the same problem, what would you do? Why? 4. Have you ever experienced this problem? What did you do then (26, p. 39)? The homemaker's verbal responses were tape recorded, coded and analyzed. The factual style was the only predicted style to emerge from the data analysis. The style elements were factual mode, present 15 the management outcomes. Self actualiza'tion was measured using the "Personal Orientation Inventory" and management outcomes were quanti- fied by determining the amount of help received from other family members. There was no relationship between the two scores except for economic activities. Two sub-scales of the POI, flexibility in application of values and nature of man, were positively related to care and control activities in which family members participated (18). The nature of man sub-scale is compar- able to the range of variation in the human nature value orientation delineated by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (3). The nature of man orientation views man as essentially good. This orientation results in a person centered implement- ation of management outcomes according to the findings in the Dale study. Tasker (22) and Stouffer (21) studied organizational patterns of good and dissatisfied homemakers and satisfied and dissatisfied homemakers respectively. The dissatisfied homemakers in both studies had more inter- ruptions and in the Stouffer study more and younger children. The dissatisfied homemakers in the Stouffer study were more upset by the interruptions than were the satisfied homemakers. Both good homemakers and satisfied home— makers planned tasks and clustered activities and the satisfied homemakers identified routine as important. It appears that situational and predisposi— tional characteristics of homemakers directly influence decision-imple— menting style. Mumaw (17, 18, 32) studied the organizational patterns of 102 women and selected predispositional and situational characteristics that were believed to influence their pattern of organization. An Organizational Activities Index was developed and analyzed by a factor analysis process. 16 Hogan studied the decision-making styles of lower and upper socio- economic status homemakers. She hypothesized that over one—half of the low SES homemakers would use the factual mode. However, the action suggestive mode was used by more than one-half of the homemakers. One- third of the respondents used the factual mode and one-tenth used the hypothetical mode (2 8). Value Orientations and Decision-Implementing Styles A relationship between value orientations and decision-implementing styles was hypothesized. Decision-implementing style and organizational styles as identified by Nichols are synonymous. Nichols (30) studied the organizational style of 125 women employed full time in an automobile plant. The organizational process was conceptualized as having six components: assigning, authorizing, actuating, supervising, co-ordinating and evaluating. Polarized styles of organization result as these components are used in man- agement. A task centered style expresses concern with the job outcome while the person centered style is expressed through concern for the per- son performing the task. Paired statements about the organizational components were given to the subjects. The women were directed to choose one statement in each pair of statements with which they most nearly agreed. One statements in each pair was a task centered response and the other statement was a person centered response. The frequency of person and task centered responses was used to determine organizational style. The sample was found to be highly person centered. 17 Dale studied the relationship of the degree of self actualization to time reference and preference ranking rule. The combination of style elements resulted in unidimensional and multidimensional styles. Unidimensional styles utilized one mode, one time reference and one decision-making rule while multidimensional styles used more than one of any of the style elements. The variation in multidimensional styles was attributed to the use Of several modes. All but one homemakers used two or more styles in the decision-making process and one dimen- sion Of an element was used at least twice. The content Of the hypothet- ical problem was found to influence the number of styles used. Identifying decision—making mode by frequency of instances was not adequate. For example, some women used phrases indicating the hypothetical mode but substantiated their position by introducing factual statements. On the basis of frequency these women would be erroneously classified as using factual rather than hypothetical mode. Rivenes (2 0) studied the decision-making style of thirty—six home economics students enrolled in a decision—making course. Using the decision—making styles developed by Bustrillos, and improving upon the analysis of mode, Rivenes found two-thirds of the cases in her study used all three dimensions of mode. This was not true for time reference or decision-making rule as less than one-half of the cases utilized three dimensions for each of these elements. Most of the style patterns were multidimensional and the majority of decision patterns contained highly correlated dimensions. These dimensions were: hypothetical-factual, 18 hypothetical-action suggestive, factual—present, action suggestive future and present-past. Four factors were identified: (1) Task Standardization, (2) Task Assignment,1 (3) Task Regularization and (4) Task Arrangement. The structure Of relationships between these factors made up the individual or group organizational pattern. Of the 102 subjects organizational patterns were found tO be highly individualistic. The predispositional character— istic of Order Need was examined to determine if variation of organiza- tional pattern could be attributed to the variation in the need for order. Heilbrun's Order Scale was used to measure Order Need. This con- clusion was that Order Need explains the differences in organizational patterns. Persons with High Order Needs scored significantly higher than the Low Order Need persons on Task Standardization and Regulari— zation. A predisposition for order can be more fully expressed when only one person is involved in a task. Situational characteristics influencing organizational patterns included location Of residence, age and number of children at home and religious preference. Farm residence contributed to high scores on Task Standardization, Regularization and Arrangement. Task Assign- ment depended upon children being school age. Four or more children yielded higher scores on Task Standardization and Assignment but the scores were lowest when only two children resided in the home. Religious 1 Many of the statements used to measure Task Assignment were used in the Nichols study. Iligh reliability and validity estimates for these statements were supported by the A‘lUlliélW study (25, p. 42). 19 affiliation with the Mennonite denomination accounted for higher Task Regularization scores than with non-Mennonite religious affiliations. Mumaw concluded that, ”From these data it appears that the differences in organization patterns can be explained by a difference in value orientation, with lower scores being characteristic to the urban, less conservative populations and higher scores being characteristic to the " (32, p. 4). Value orientations rural, more conservative populations and employment of the homemaker were two predispositional characteristics cited as being fruitful for studying organizational patterns. Both of these variables are incorporated in the research reported herein. There is no research upon which to base the hypothesized relationships between value orientations and particular decision-making modes, however, the literature reviewed indicates a relationship does exist between values and decision-making. The same situation exists for the hypothesized relationships between decision-making mode and decision-implementing style. Literature on values, value orientations, decision-making and decision-implementing as these relate to the hypotheses have been reviewed. Another variable, employment, may influence the value orientation and decision-implementing style of the homemaker. There is limited research to support this relationship. 20 conceptions of the homemaker role from the lower class respondents yielded a task and order emphasis suggesting that 9. task decision- implementing style could be consistent with this emphasis. However, the employed homemakers disliked housekeeping activities more than the non-employed homemakers. The lower class respondents also had positive attitudes toward child care. VanBortel (24) studied concepts, practices and attitudes of homemakers in two social class groups also. The homemakers in .he lower socio-economic group, of "rhich one-third were employed, defined a good homemaker in terms of satisfactory family relationships. Role concepts may vary greatly from the actual role performance and therefore not be truly representative of a group of homemakers. Both studies were concerned primarily with conceptions of a good homemaker. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that decision-implementing style would be person or task oriented however the implication is that employment caused a dislike for tasks and thus could be influential in determining decision-implementing style. CHAPTER III CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Introduction This chapter will present definitions of terms used in the conceptual framework and the conceptual framework. Definition of Terms Many of the definitions of terms have been borrowed from studies that provided the measuring instruments for this research. However, some minor changes in definitions were required due to the conceptual framework used in this study, and in some cases, such as . value orientation, a source other than previous research was utilized. Reference to the original source of the definition will be noted and where no reference is cited the definition is original to this study. Value Orientation: a system of beliefs about the state of the environ- ment that is manifest in a commitment to certain norms that guide decision-making and decision-implementing (6, p. 57) Fate Orientation: a belief that one has little or no control over the environment and destiny (2 7). 21 22 Control Orientation: a belief that one has control over the environment and destiny (1). Mediating Orientation: a belief that circumstances determine if one is controlled by or has control over the environment. Decision-Making Mode: a way of developing, analyzing and classifying ideas related to the decision-making problem. Hypothetical Mode: "When ideas are stated conditionally, conjecturally, or doubtfully the mode is considered hypothetical. This relationship to certain conditions makes the action hypothetical. The mode includes both statements of conditionality and contingency " (26. p. 7). Factual Mode: "When ideas about things observed, sensed, or appre- hended are stated conclusively, unqualified by anything, then the mode is factual. These ideas need not necessarily be about "facts" for that is the content of choice, rather it is the manner of being definitive and conclusive that is pertinent to determining mode. For factual mode, no explicit or verbal relations between ideas or action and consequences is given " (26, p. 7), Action Suggestive Mode: "When action is directly suggested in a state- ment, the mode is action—suggestive. These suggestions may either assert or negate something or may take the seemingly safe road to inaction. The actions may be either manipulative or adaptive. Action verbs distinguish this type of mode " (26, p. 7). Decision-Implementing Style: An individual, behavioristic pattern of organizing and creating change'that emphasizes either task completion or human growth and development. 23 Task Style: "a concern for the tangible results of the task itself; the emphasis is on the visible outcome without consideration for the affective qualities of the task for the performer" (30, p. 7). Person Style: "a concern with the task as a means for the growth and development of the performer" (30, p. 7). Adapting Style: a concern for either the task or the person depending upon the situation. Conceptual Framework Value orientation, how one perceives the environment, is basic to this conceptual framework. One extreme is the belief that the envi— ronment can be influenced by management. Such an orientation will be designated as control. The opposite end of the continuum is the belief that the environment is not influenced by human activity. This end of the continuum will be designated as fate. A person who is fate oriented does not believe that management is possible because changes occur regardless of what a person might do to create change. No one person is consistently fate or control oriented but there are tendencies toward fate or control in general. Individuals with these tendencies will be called either fate or control oriented according to which orientation predominated when measured. Use of the fate and control orientation equally will be called mediating orientation. Value orientation is not viewed in isolation from other manage- rial activity. In particular, value orientation influences decision-making 24 mode. (Figure 1) A fate person might be expected to use the action suggestive mode because this mode implies impulsive acceptance of one alternative while minimizing the consideration given to other alternatives. The fate orientation implies a belief that there are no alternatives in a given situation, that is, only one course of action is possible. At the opposite end of the continuum the control orientation implies consideration of several alternatives. This is consistent with the hypothetical mode. If the mediating orientation is‘salient, the value orientation, i. e. , fate or control orientation, that is expressed is based on the known facts of the situation. This is basically a factual decision-making mode. action suggestive- - - -task factual ------------- adapting hypothetical -------- person DECISION-MAKING MODE !_ DECISION-IMPLEMENTING \ STYLE action suggestive——fate fate -------- task factual ----------- mediate control ----- person hypothetical —————— control VA LUE ORIENTATION Figure 1 - Interrelationships of Managerial Components Once the decision is made the next step is the style of imple- mentaizon. This study focuses on two decision—implementing style categories which appear to be consistent with a specific value orientation. 25 A task oriented style emphasizes the job outcome not the affective results on the performer. Fate oriented people tend to feel the outcome is independent of the person performing the task and thus might be ex- pected to use the task style. A person style of decision-implementing is concerned with the task as a means for growth and development of the performer. A control oriented individual believes there is interaction between the person and the activity in which he is engaged, therefore he might be expected to give consideration to the effect on the individual of the operation being performed. Control orientation is therefore consist- ent with person decision-implementing style. The decision-implementing style has implications for the decision- making mode. The action suggestive mode is concerned with action. Minimal attention is given to results and the immediate demand for action minimizes personal involvement. This mode implies a task oriented decision-implementing style. The hypothetical mode is flexible; possible consequences are considered before action. It follows logically that effects on the individual are considered which implies that person oriented decision-implementing style is used. The adapting style would be us ed by the manager who emphasizes the task one time and the person another time. He would have a definite and conclusive idea about what to do. This would be a factual decision-making mode. The manager is limited by his perception and circumstances and has no cognizance of the consequences of the action. The preceeding has shown the reasoning behind the hypothesized relationships among value orientation, decision-making mode and decision-implementing style. The control orientation tends to use the hypothetical decision—making mode and person decision—iliiplementing style. This is further supported by the implication that hypothetical decision-lilaking mode imi'flies person decision—implementing style. This secondary relationship between decision-making mode and decision— implementing style was shown for each value orientation considered. Control oriel'ltation uses hypothetical, person; fate orientation uses action suggestive, task and mediating orientation uses factual. The responsibilities of employment or of being a full time home— maker may influence value orientation. Employment may contribute to feelings of control because the employee is remunerated for creating change on the job or because money is viewed as essential for creating Changes in the environment. The full time homemaker, however, may be more fate oriented because child rearing and housekeeping combined are influenced by variables that are frequently not controllable. Another factor contributing to a fate orientation may be not having earnings available for use in Changing the environment. Position may also contribute to decision-implementing style. An employed homemaker may feel obligated to be more efficient in per- forming household chores. This attitude is expressive Of the task style. The full time homemaker with fewer time demands may be less concerned with task performance and exercise the person style by emphasizing personal growth and development. (\D ‘1 The normative position for value orientation, decision-making mode and dccision—implementing style remain the same as conceptual- ized in home management literature and research. Management is creating Change in the environment and this change occurs because the variables can be controlled. The good home manager believes she can exercise control over the environment. As control is exercised over the environment a commitment to good decision-making evolves. The hypothetical mode allows for deliberate evaluation of variables that influence the decision situation and a cognition of the relationship of means to ends. The person style of decision-implementing is expressive of the values home management professionals place upon designing an environ- ment in which family members can develop to their fullest potential. The person style is the normative style of decision—implementing. The preceeding conceptual framework is characterized by some of the same elements inherent to the framework of Paolucci (19). Her framework states, The processes are closely interrelated parts of a system, in which home managers do not necessarily proceed systematically from one process to another. More likely, they will skip back and forth between processes, repeat one or more processes at times, and eliminate some processes at other times. The framework allows for identifying particular managerial styles or patterns, and provides a way of understanding and organizing behavior so that home and family practices can be improved. . . . (19,pp. 339-340) The conceptual framework used in this study views decision-making and decision-implement ing as interrelated and influenced by value orientations. 28 A value orientation organizes and provides for an understanding of managerial behavior as values are believed to be the pervading elements in managerial behavior . CHAPT ER IV METHODOLOGY Introduction This descriptive study was conducted using survey methods. The interrelationships of selected managerial components and employ- ment status of low socioeconomic status Black homemakers were studied. This chapter will describe the sample, collection of data, instruments used, coding of data and analysis. Sample The sample consisted of 62 Black homemakers living in high rise apartments owned by the City of Chicago. Twenty five homemakers were employed and thirty—seven were full time homemakers. Rationale for the Sample Design. The low SES Black homemaker was selected for this study because her family tends to be less stable than families of other socio-economic status Incomplete families, economic insecurity, amoral behavior and interpersonal relationships contribute to the decline of the urban family as a socio-economic unit and to the inher- ent ghetto related problems generated by this instability (9, p. 153). The 29 30 lack of family solidarity characteristic of this group may be related to poor resource management and hence lies well within the realm of home management study. It is essential that home economists working with social service agencies have information about the managerial process used by the low socio-economic status, Black homemaker. The criteria used for choosing the sample were (1) the subject must be a Black homemaker, (2) the subjects must represent a simple random sample of apartment dwellers living in the Dearborn Homes com- plex, (3) the subject must have at least one child between the ages of five and twelve, and (4) some of the subjects must be homemakers working less than five hours per week for pay and the other homemakers must be employed outside of the home for a minimum of twenty hours per week. The third criterion was included so that responses to the decision problems would be realistic in terms of personal experiences with child rearing. Criterion four was necessary to determine if employment changed the homemaker's management process. No strategy was planned for controlling the number of employed or full time homemakers to be inter- viewed as these classifications were considered to be equally distributed in the sample population. Choosing the Sample Units. A Black student majoring in home economics at Chicago State College who lived in the Dearborn Homes provided a description of the high rise apartments. Thirteen buildings comprise Dearborn Homes. Ten of the buildings have six floors and three buildings have nine floors. There are a total of 720 apartments ranging in size 31 from one to three bedrooms. The apartment numbers in each building were listed in numeri- cal order. A random sample of 113 apartments was drawn from the total population of 720 apartments using a table of random numbers. Collection of Data Selection and Training of Interviewers. Two Black home economics students from Chicago State College were employed to collect data. The interviewers were each given a copy of interviewing tactics and cautions (1, pp. 137—139) to study and then the researcher went over each point explaining in greater detail and emphasizing the importance of each point. The students were then asked to study the instruments and practice interviewing each other. When the materials were familiar and self- confidence was established the interviewers were told to interview their mothers and several other persons. When this was done a group session was held to answer questions and build self confidence. The interviewers were also shown how to code the objective materials. Data collection started August 1, 1970,and was completed by September 15, 1970. Each interviewer was given a shoulder type hand- bag for carrying the inter view materials. Included were eligibility ques- tionnaires, tape recorder and tapes, the three testing instruments, apartment numbers of the sample drawn and a transparent plastic enve- lope containing a letter of introduction. The shoulder type handbag was chosen for safety reasons. Many 32 persons going into the ghetto area have been assaulted because of the belief that most brief cases and similar devices contain money. The shoulder type bag is also typical for students who seldom carry valuables. The interviewers were directed to interview at the time of the first contact if possible. If the homemaker did not have time an appoint- ment was made, however most contacts resulted in an interview to deter- mine eligibility before an appointment was established. If no one was home the interviewer was asked to make two return calls in at attempt to make a contact. Sixty-two homemakers agreed to be interviewed, four home- makers were not eligible, five homemakers refused and contact could not be made at forty-two apartments. Contact could only be made during day light hours for the safety of the interviewers. This is also the time when most families are at work and probably explains why there were a large number of families who could not be contacted. Conducting of Interviewing. The interviewers introduced themselves as students 'at Chicago State College. They explained that they were taking a survey of homemaker's opinions and that it would take about twenty minutes. If the homemaker was hesitant about admitting the interviewer the homemaker was handed a letter of introduction on Chicago State Col- lege stationery. The eligibility form was completed first. If the homemaker fulfilled the eligibility criterion the value orientation test was adminis- tered. The forty-eight proverbs and statements about life were printed 33 on three by five inch cards. The homemaker was handed five envelopes with one of the five responses typed on each envelope: strongly agree, agree, don't know, disagree and strongly disagree. The interviewer explained that the stack of cards contained statements about life and the homemaker should place each card in the envelope that best described her feelings about the statement. The cards were then left in the enve- lopes until the interviewer returned home and recorded the responses. The interviewers were instructed to read all written material to the homemaker as the homemaker followed along. This made it possible for an illiterate woman to conceal her illiteracy. The three decision problems were printed on three pages of colored paper and were labeled Problem A, Problem B or Problem C. The three pages were stapled together into booklet form. The interviewer explained that the tape recorder would record the homemaker's answers to the three decision problems. The homemaker was assured that her anonymity would be maintained and that there were no right or wrong answers. The decision problems were described as being experiences that many families have. The interviewer then read each problem as the homemaker followed along in her booklet. The interviewer then asked the following questions which are the same questions asked in the Bust- rillos research: 1. What could be done in this situation? 2. Which would you consider the best and second best thing to do? Which the worst? Why? 3. If you were faced with the same problem what would you do? Why? 34 4. Have you ever experienced this problem? What did you do (26, pp.151-152)? Decision-implementing style data were gathered using Nichols' Organizational Style instrument. The twelve paired statements were printed on colored paper with one pair of statements per page and a space next to each statement for a check to indicate the statement that the homemaker most nearly agreed with. The interviewer handed the homemaker the booklet and explained that these were twelve pairs of statements. As the interviewer read the statements the homemaker followed along and marked her response using a felt tipped marking pen. Instruments Used Each of the instruments used in this research was used in earlier research. This section will describe the three instruments that were used and describe the pretesting of each instrument. Pretesting was done during the 1968-1969 and 1969-1970 school years. Value Orientation Instrument. The "Epistemological and Instrumental Be- liefs" instrument (Appendix A) used by Brim, M was selected to measure two value orientations: belief in fate and belief in thinking before acting, i. e. , control. The original test of eighty items consisted of proverbs and state- ments about life that are answered on a five dimension, Likert type scale. It was decided to shorten the test to forty-eight items having the greatest discriminatory power so the interview could be completed at one time with- out tiring the homemaker. Shortening the test made it necessary to test for reliability. Testing the reliability was achieved by giving the shortened 35 form of the test to four homemakers who lived in an apartment complex adjacent to the apartments where the sample was to be drawn. These homemakers were aides in the Expanded Nutrition Education Program of the Illinois Cooperative Extension Service at the time of the testing. The reliability of the test was calculated using Hoyt and Stunkard's two- way analysis of variance (14). The coefficient of reliability was found to be 0. 56 which means 56 percent of the variance of scores can be attributed to the discrimination of the test. Hypothetical Decision Problems. Measurement of the decision-making mode variable utilized hypothetical decision problems similar to those us ed in the Bustrillos research. Because both this study and the Bust- rillos study used minority group samples few changes were necessary. Criteria for the decision problems used in the Bustrillos research and also in this study were: 1. that the problems be meaningful to the sample families being interviewed: 2. that the problems be managerial rather than personal in nature; 3. that the problems be non-repetitive and non- routine (26. p. 36), The following hypothetical decision problems were us ed in this research: 1. The family ironing has piled up for several weeks because the mother is working. The twelve year old daughter does not like to do the ironing. 2. The mother works and likes her job as well as the money she earns. However, the husband likes her to stay home so he can sleep before going to work at night. He cannot sleep very 36 well now because he has to watch the children. 3. A grade school age child knows he is supposed to go to bed at a certain time but recently he refuses to go when told it is time. Problems one and two were used in the Bustrillos research. The third problem was substituted for the following Bustrillos problem: For quite sometime now, the family has felt a need for a washing machine. The mother can not finish washing all the clothes for her four children, her husband and herself without getting a back ache. They have an old, broken machine. School has just started and they naturally have too many expenses (26, p. 151) . This problem was not relevant for the homemakers in this study who live in apartments where laundry facilities are provided. The hypothetical problems were pretested by reading them to the four women. Their responses indicated that the problems were meaningful to the homemakers and the elicited responses were manage- rial. The non—repetitive, non—routine criterion was also met as the homemakers indicated that they would not tolerate this type of behavior. Decision—Implementing Instrument. Nichols' organizational style in- strument was chosen to measure decision—implementing style (Appendix B ) This instrument consists of twelve paired statements. One statement in each pair is person centered and the other statement is task centered. Pretesting reliability was deemed essential because Nichol 8' sample was comprised of women factory employees of unspecified racial character- istics and the proposed research sample was to be comprised of Black homemakers. The Nichol s' organizational style instrument was tested on eight Black home economics majors at Chicago State College with 37 backgrounds similar to the sample homemakers. These eight women also took an equivalent form of the test "The Orientation Inventory" by Bass (31), It was decided not to administer the Bass test to the four homemakers who were used to pretest the other two instruments because of the complex wording and irrelevant items for the typical poor Black homemaker. The Orientation Inventory test measures a persons reactions to the challenges of jobs and to persons with whom he is working. The inventory generates three scores measuring task-orientation, self- orientation and interaction-orientation. Task-orientation reflects con- cern about completing a job, self —orientation reflects concern about the reward received from doing a job and interaction-orientation reflects a superficial concern about the social aspects of group activities. The scores for task-orientation and self-orientation were correlated with the task and person orientation scores from the decision-implementing style test. The interaction-orientation score was not applicable in the context of this research and was deleted. The correlation coefficient between scores of the eight Black home economics majors on the Nichol test and the Bass test was 0. 81. It was decided to proceed with the Nichol instrument. Eligibility Questionnaire It was essential to keep the questionnaire as short as possible. Attention span, time available for interviewing and the suspicious nature of ghetto families demanded that only questions be asked which established eligibility in the study and identified the employment status of the homemaker. 38 The criteria established for sample selection were used as an outline for the questionnaire (Appendix C). The questions established the following eligibility requirements: are there children in the family and are the children five to twelve years Old. The homemaker's employment status, hours per week employed and kind of work were also established. CODING Value Orientation. The six proverbs or statements about life that measured fate and control were scored according to directions given by Brim, et_a_l. (2, p. 74). A strongly agree response received five points, agree four points, don't know three points, disagree two points and strongly disagree one point. A high score indicated a high degree of belief in fate if the item was a fate item or a high degree of belief in control if the item was a con— trol item. These raw scores were transferred to a plus—minus scoring system so the absolute value of the score indicated the degree of belief in fate and control. (Figure 2) Figure 2 -— Scoring Fate-Control Orientation Items. Brim, et a1. Scores Scores Response for Fate and Control Fate Control Strongly Agree 5 +2 —2 Agree 4 +1 —1 Don't Know 3 O 0 Disagree 2 -1 +1 Strongly Disagree 1 —2 +2 The homemakers scores were summed to give a net fate score, a net control score and a total score. (Appendix D) 39 Decision-Making Style. The decision-making style responses were recorded on tape. Two home economics majors at Goshen College were hired to transcribe the recordings. Each student worked independently and listened to short sections of tape at a time before writing the response in a notebook. It was necessary to listen to the same section of tape repeatedly to transcribe the recordings accurately. There were words and occasionally a large section that could not be transcribed due to background noises. These omissions were noted in the transcriptions. The two students who transcribed the tapes plus a third college student and the researcher served as a panel for coding the transcribed tapes. Coding rules from the Bustrillos research were used. Each panel member coded the same transcription and then a comparison of the coded section was noted. Disagreements in coding were noted and the interpretation of coding rules was clarified. The section was recoded noting any further discrepancies and correcting conflicts. Then a new section of transcription was coded. This process of refining the coding rules continued until 90% agreement was established among the four panel members. The transcriptions were then coded for each of the decision- making style elements. Responses were then tallied on a grid for each homemaker and the modal response indicated for each decision-making style element. (Appendix E) Decision—Implementing Style. The decision-implementing test was scored by the researcher. The task centered responses were counted as were the person centered responses. Then the scores were placed on a 40 continuum of 0 to 25. A score of zero indicates 12 person centered responses, a score of 25 indicates 12 task centered responses and a score of 12 represents six task centered and six person centered responses. (Appendix F) Testing the Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 stated that low SES homemakers tend to be more fate than control oriented in their value orientation. A Chi Square test was used to test the null hypothesis of no difference between the number of homemakers with either a fate or a control orientation. Hypothesis 1 would be accepted or rejected at the p=0. 05 level of significance. Hypothesis 2 was tested using a Chi Square test to determine if value orientation influenced decision-making mode. The null hypothesis would be accepted or rejected at the p=0. 05 level of significance. Hypothesis 3 correlated value orientation and decision-imple- menting elements in the following way: fate and task completion and control and person centeredness. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co- efficient was used to determine the relationship of the variables. .Also, a Fisher r to Z transformation was used to test the hypothesis 9 =0. 50. This value of rho was selected because it was close to the value of r which had been previously determined. The 95% confidence interval was found for rho, if this interval did not include zero then the true value of (0150. The hypothesis would be accepted or rejected at the p=0. 05 level. Hypotheses 4 and 5 were tested using analysis of variance and the stated relationships would be accepted or rejected at the p=0. 05 level. 41 Hypothese 4 stated that decision-implementing style will be interrelated with decision-making mode in the following ways: hypothetical mode - person style, factual mode - adapting style and action suggestive mode - task style. Subparts a and b of hypothesis 5 stated that non-employed homemakers will tend to be task center ed while employed homemakers will tend to be more person centered. Subparts c and d stated that homemakers with a fatalistic value orientation will tend to be non-employed and homemakers with a control value orientation will tend to be employed. CHAPTER V FINDINGS Introduction Selected managerial components were tested for relative fre- quencies and interrelationships. The frequency of fate and control value orientations were analyzed to determine tendencies in the sample. The managerial components tested for interrelationships were: value orien- tation and decision—making mode, value orientation and decision-imple— menting style, decision—implementing style and decision-making mode. A test was also used to find if the responsibilities of being employed or of being a full time homemaker influenced value orientation and decision- implementing style. The analytical results for each hypothesis will be presented in this chapter. Value Orientation Hypothesis 1 states: Low SES Black. homemakers tend to be more fate than control oriented in their value orientation. Mediating Group. An identifiable mid group was made up of persons with 42 43 a total score of -1, 0 or +1. These scores could result in one of three ways: (1) answering all questions with "don't know", however no one answered this way, (2) agree with all six questions on the average (Appendix D, Identification number 46), or (3) disagree with all six ques— tions on the average. (Appendix D, Identification number 31) The mid group is inconsistent because to agree or disagree with both fate and control questions is an inconsistent response. Twenty—six persons make up the mid group. (Table 1) Table 1 -- Histogram of Total Scores for Value Orientation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X -6 —5 —4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 CONTROL MID FATE GROUP (MEDIATING) Fate Group. The fate group consists of 19 homemakers with scores ranging from +2 to +6. Control Group. Seventeen homemakers with total scores ranging from -2 to —6 are classified as control oriented. A Chi Square test was used to test the hypothesis that more 44 homemakers will be fate than control oriented. All homemakers, except those with a total score of zero, were used in the calculations. (Table 2) The computed Chi Square was 1. 278 with one degree of freedom; the null hypothesis could not be rejected at the p=0. 05 level. (Table 3) Table 2 —- Frequency of Homemakers Classified as Fate or Control Oriented. - Value Orientation Number Fate 30 Control 21 Mid Group with Scores of Zero* 11 Total 62 *Omitted from Chi Square calculations. Table 3 —- Chi Square of Value Orientations Control Fate _‘ Orientation Orientation fo 21 30 fe 25 26 2 _ _ ‘x -1.278 d.f. —1 Value Orientation and Decision-Making Mode Hypothesis 2 states: Low SES Black homemakers value orientations will tend to relate to their decision—making mode in the following manner: a. value orientations that emphasize fate will tend to use the action suggestive mode of decision— making. 45 b. value orientations that emphasize control will tend to use the hypothetical mode of decision- making. c. value orientations that fall in the mid area of the fate-control continuum will tend to use the factual mode of decision-making. Fifty-one value orientation scores, including zero scores, were used in the calculations. Eleven homemakers were eliminated on the basis of their decision—making mode scores. Four of these persons had no tapes and seven person's responses were combinations of several decision- making modes and much unclassifiable material. The distribution of homemakers is presented in Table 4. Table 4 -- Frequency of Homemakers by Value Orientation and Decision- Making Mode Decision-Making Mode Value Orientation Action Suggestive Hypothetical Factual Fate 1 0 2 5 Mediating 1 2 0 1 1 Control 6 2 3 x2=17.05 d.f. =6 The hypothesis of random association is rejected at p=0. 01 level of significance with a 12:17. 05 at 6 degrees of freedom. However, ' close examination of the data reveals that the action suggestive category in each value orientation has the greatest number of cases while the hypothesis states the relationship to be greatest in action suggestive-fate, hypothetical—control and factual-mediating. The fate category is the only 46 category to have proportionately higher frequencies in the action suggestive group as compared to the other decision-making modes for any specific value orientation. The distribution of scores for decision-making mode was less than ideal. The modal score was action suggestive, next fre- quent was factual and the hypothetical class contained only four individuals. There were too few homemakers using the hypothetical mode to generalize about this category. Value Orientation and Decision-Implementing Style Hypothesis 3 states: A low SES Black homemaker's value orientation will tend to relate to decision-implementing style in the following manner: a. a value orientation that tends to emphasize fate will tend to emphasize task completion b. a value orientation that tends to emphasize control will tend to emphasize the person A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient statistic was used to test the hypothesis of relationship between fate and task completion and between control and person. The dependent variable, person and task centeredness scores ranging from 3 to 25, was corre- lated with the independent variable fate and control scores ranging from -6 to +6. (Table 5) All 62 homemakers, including those with value orientation scores of zero were used. A fairly high degree of relation- ship was found to exist between fate and task and between control and person. The hypOthesis was accepted on the basis of the 95% confidence interval, the value of rho is =0. 398 to 0. 732 and the calculated value of r=+0. 589. Decision-Implementing Style Scores* Task C enter ed 47 Person Centered Table 5 -- Value Orientation and Decision-Implementing Style Scores 0 1 2 3 x x x 4 5 x x x x xx x x x 6 7 x x xx x x xx 8 x 9 x xxx xx x x 10 11 x x x x 12 x x 13 x x xx 14 x 15 x x x xx x x 16 x 17 x x 18 x x xx xx 19 x 20 x 21 22 23 x x x 24 25 x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 Control Oriented Fate Oriented Value Orientation Scores *Decision—Implementing Style Scor es =i<>1:< 8 -1 +2 +1 +2 —2 -1 +1 —2 9,: 9 +1 0 0 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +2 10 +1 0 +1 +2 0 -2 -2 -4 -2 1 1 0 0 +2 +2 0 o -2 -2 0* 1 3 -2 +1 0 -1 -1 +2 +2 +3 +2 1 4 +1 0 +2 +3 +1 -2 +1 0 +3 16 +1 0 -1 0 -1 o 0 +1 +1 2: 1 7 +1 0 +1 +2 0 +1 +2 +3 +5 18 0 0 +1 +1 -2 -2 -2 -6 -5 19 +2 0 0 +2 0 -1 +2 +1 +3 20 +1 +1 +1 +3 +1 —1 +1 +1 +4 21 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +3 +4 22 +1 +1 —1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +3 +4 23 0 o 0 0 +1 +1 +2 +4 +4 24 —2 0 -2 -4 +1 -2 +1 0 -4 26 +1 0 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 +3 +5 27 0 0 0 O 0 +1 0 +1 +1 28 +1 0 0 +1 +1 +1 +1 +3 +4 29 0 O O 0 +1 -1 0 o 0* 30 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 +1 -1 -4 31 -1 0 -2 -3 0 +1 +1 +2 -1=:< 37 0 0 0 0 +2 -1 -1 o 0* 38 -1 —1 +1 -1 0 -2 -1 -3 -4 39 -1 -1 -2 -4 +1 -1 +1 +1 -3 40 -2 +2 -2 -2 +1 -2 +2 +1 -1 >:: 41 0 +2 +2 +4 +2 -1 +1 +2 +6 42 0 0 +1 +1 0 0 +1 +1 +2 43 0 0 -2 -2 o -2 -2 -4 -6 44 +1 0 +1 +2 0 -2 -2 -4 —2 45 +2 0 +2 +4 —1 —1 -2 -4 0* 46 +1 +1 +1 +3 +1 -2 - 1 -2 +1 2: 47 —1 0 +2 +1 0 +2 -2 0 +1 9,. 48 0 0 +1 +1 0 -2 -1 -3 -2 49 +1 +1 +2 +4 0 -2 -2 -4 4: 50 0 -1 +2 +1 +1 —1 -2 -2 -1 52 O 0 +1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 +1 >:< 53 o 0 0 0 o -1 +2 +1 +1 +~ .4 VP- 75 Individual Value Orientation Scores (cont'd.) FATE Questions CONTROL Questions Id entif i — Net Net Total cation 1 2 3 Score 1 2 3 Score Score 54 -1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 -1 +2 +3 55 -1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 -2 +2 +4 56 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -2 -2 -3 57 -1 -2 +1 -2 +1 0 +2 +3 +1 * 58 —1 0 —1 -2 -1 -1 +1 -1 -3 59 -2 -2 -2 -6 +1 -1 -1 -1 —7 60 +2 +1 -1 +2 -2 -1 -1 —4 -2 62 +2 0 —2 0 +1 -2 -2 -3 —3 63 0 +1 0 +1 —1 +1 +1 +1 +2 64 0 0 +1 +1 0 —1 0 -l 0 66 0 -1 +1 0 —1 —2 +2 -1 -1* 69 —2 0 —2 -4 -2 -1 +1 -2 -6 70 -1 0 —l -2 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1* 71 +1 0 0 +1 +1 -2 +1 0 +1 72 +1 +1 -1 +1 0 —2 +2 0 +1 73 +2 0 +2 +4 -1 -2 -1 -4 0* 74 +1 0 +2 +3 -2 -2 +1 -3 0 " 75 -2 0 -1 —3 +1 -1 -1 —1 -4 *Denotes mid group APPENDIX E Identification INDIVIDUAL DECISION-MAKING MODES Mode action suggestive factual action suggestive factual action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive factual action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive factual factual hypothetical hypothetical factual factual action suggestive factual factual action suggestive action suggestive factual action suggestive 76 Identification 42 43 44 45 46 49 5O 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 62 63 64 66 70 71 72 73 74 75 Mode action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive factual factual action suggestive factual factual hypothetical action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive action suggestive factual action suggestive- action suggestive factual action suggestive action suggestive factual factUal factual hypothetical APPENDIX F Decision-Implementing Style Scores Identification Score1 Identification Score Identification Score 1 9 28 11 58 7 2 9 29 5 59 5 3 1 30 9 60 7 4 7 31 7 62 3 5 17 37 15 63 5 6 5 38 3 64 18 7 12 39 15 66 13 8 5 40 16 ll 69 9 9 7 41 16 70 3 10 5 42 9 71 15 11 23 43 15 72 19 13 25 44 13 73 15 14 23 45 18 74 11 16 14 46 7 75 15 17 11 47 18 18 18 48 8 19 15 49 20 20 13 50 15 21 13 52 23 22 12 53 18 23 7 54 18 24 11 55 9 26 9 56 9 27 13 57 17 iAll task centered responses - 25 All person centered responses — 0 77