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"Eu 3 .o LIBRA R Y V; Micfiigan State ‘ " University This is to certify that the thesis entitled A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF CLINICAL CONCOMITANTS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE presented by Audrey Doris Landers has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. degree in Psychology Date /[//7/2V / / 0-7639 ABSTRACT A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF CLINICAL CONCOMITANTS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE By Audrey Doris Landers The present investigation was designed to explore the notion of symptom subtypes associated with the menstrual cycle and to provide a test of the exacerbation explanation of menstrual cycle symptomatology. Questionnaire data and video-taped free speech samples (scored for content and nonverbal behaviors) were collected from six women during the five-months period of study. Individual analyses of the data were performed. The study claims uniqueness in two respects: it examines nonverbal concomitants of the menstrual cycle; it examines changes, not in isolation, but in the context of a broad variety of behaviors. The outcome strongly supported both the existence of symptom subtypes and the validity of an exacerbation theory of menstrual cycle symptomatology. Women respond to the influence of the menstrual cycle phases differently. The changes that do occur in association with the menstrual cycle phases represent exacerbations of behaviors that occur to a lesser extent throughout the rest of the cycle. Audrey Doris Landers However, a primary conclusion of the study is that, in general, the influence of the menstrual cycle rhythm has been over-estimated. Previous researchers have, for the most part, examined only a few behaviors and have then concluded that the menstrual cycle exerts a dramatic effect upon them. This study, while confirming changes in behavior associated with the menstrual cycle, puts these changes in perspective by examining a large number of variables. Variance analyses revealed reliable changes in the variables, but concordance coefficients revealed an essentially stable personal profile for each subject. Viewed in this light, the menstrual cycle‘s influence appears much less impressive. Overall behavioral consistency is more striking. Behaviors change in association with the biological rhythm, but the changes are not as extreme as previous research (and superstition) might have one believe. The investigator attempts to account for the well-documented relationship between menstrual cycle phases and such pressing issues as suicide and crime by offering the following integrative formula- tion: The menstrual cycle provides a biological predisposition. Environmental factors and, possibly, other internal factors exert stronger influence in determining the behavior that a woman finally exhibits. However, the menstrual cycle takes on added importance in extreme cases: cases, for example, of women who are chronically depressed or characteristically impulsive. In such instances, an "exacerbated" depression might take the form of suicide; an "exacer- bated" impulsivity, the form of crime. The menstrual cycle influence would function as a sort of "last straw." A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF CLINICAL CONCOMITANTS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE By Audrey Doris Landers A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State Lhfiversity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology 1972 The presentation of the following research at the University of Alabama provided the inspiration for this poem. standably, wishes to remain anonymous. Ovulate Ovulate And in between Menstrew ate. Menstrew ate Menstrew ate Or else you can Interpolate. Bear a smile All the while. Wear a grin If not within. Hurl the barb And wield the axe. Then duck behind The cycle facts. And if the merc Should gravitate Time to circ Umnavigate. ii The "poet," under- Tuscaloosa, Alabama circa l97l PREFACE The present research was conceived of and executed within a framework which included a combination of physiological and clinical efforts. However, it is not within the scope of this dissertation to discuss in detail the physiological portion of this study. Therefore, this paper will be limited to consideration of the clinical portion of the research. Appendix A contains a brief description of the physiological part of the investigation. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................ LIST OF FIGURES ........................ INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....... The Behaviors Associated with the Menstrual Cycle ......... ' ............. The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Symptomatology ................. The Specific Components of Menstrual Cycle Symptomatology ................. Theories of Menstrual Cycle Symptomatology ..... Statement of the Problem .............. METHOD ........................ Subjects ...................... Procedure ..................... Scoring ...................... Nonverbal data ................. Questionnaire data ............... Content data .................. RESULTS ........................ Division of the Menstrual Cycle into Five Phases ..................... Menstrual phase ................. Premenstrual phase ............... Ovulatory phase ................. Intermenstrual phase I ............. IntermenstrUal phase II ............. Missing data .................. iv Page ix CHAPTER Page The Individual Differences and the Group Pattern: A Global View ............ 3l Nonverbal data ................. 3l Questionnaire data ............... 54 Content data .................. 83 The Individual Differences and the Group Pattern: An Examination of Specific Variables .................... 98 IV. DISCUSSION ...................... l08 Methodological Considerations and Directions for Future Research ............... ll4 APPENDIX A. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PART OF THE INVESTIGATION ............... l20 B. THE APPLICATIONS OF THE SIX WOMEN SELECTED FOR PARTICIPATION IN THE "HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT" .......... l2l C. THE QUESTIONNAIRE ................... 139 D. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SPEECH SAMPLE .......... 144 E. A SAMPLE RATING SHEET FOR THE NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR DATA ....................... l45 REFERENCES .......................... l46 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page I. THE 20 QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS .............. l9 2. NONVERBAL DATA: GRAND MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 33 3. S]: NONVERBAL DATA--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 35 4. $2: NONVERBAL DATA-~PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 36 5. S3: NONVERBAL DATA--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 37 6. S4: NONVERBAL DATA--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 38 7. $5: NONVERBAL DATA-—PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 39 8. S6: NONVERBAL DATA-~PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 4O 9. S]: NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 45 lO. $2: NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 46 ll. S3: NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 47 l2. S4: NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 48 l3. $5: NONVERBAL DATA-~CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 49 14. S6: NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS 50 15. QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS: GRAND MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS ...................... 55 l6. S]: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS ...................... 58 l7. $2: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS ...................... 6O l8. S3: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS ...................... 62 vi TABLE 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. S6: CONTENT DATA: .ORDERINGS .ORDERINGS .ORDERINGS .ORDERINGS QUESTIONNAIRE ORDERINGS QUESTIONNAIRE ORDERINGS QUESTIONNAIRE ORDERINGS QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE ORDERINGS QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE ORDERINGS FACTORS--PHASE CONTENT DATA--PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA—~PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--PHASE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND vii MEANS AND RANK OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO GRAND MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS ...... RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . RANK ORDERINGS . . . . Page 64 66 68 71 73 75 77 79 8l 84 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 TABLE Page 38. S4: CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS . . . . 95 39. $5: CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS . . . . 96 40. S6: CONTENT DATA--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS . . . . 97 41. NONVERBAL DATA: SUMMARY OF VARIANCE ANALYSES ...... 100 42. QUESTIONNAIRE DATA: SUMMARY OF VARIANCE ANALYSES . . . . 102 43. CONTENT DATA: SUMMARY OF VARIANCE ANALYSES ....... 104 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page l. S]: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 23 2 $2: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 24 3. s3: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 25 4. S4: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 26 5. $5: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 27 6 $6: DAILY BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS ...... 28 7. $5: NONVERBAL DATA--PHASE MEANS ............ 42 8. s NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS ............ 52 , ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The Behaviors Associated with the Menstrual Cycle Beginning in the early 1900's and continuing into the present, evidence has accumulated which provides overwhelming support for the relationship between menstrual cycle phases in women and such prob- lems as job attendance, physical and mental health, suicide, and crime. Dalton (l964) states that 45% of female industrial employees who reported sick did so during the four premenstrual and the four menstrual days of their cycle. It has been estimated that in the United States this monthly absenteeism in women causes industry an annual loss of five billion dollars (Parker, l960, as cited in Dalton, l964). Dalton also reports that 52% Of emergency accident admissions, 49% Of acute medical and surgical admissions, and 46% of acute psychiatric admissions occur in women during this interval. Jacobs and Charles (l970) report that 47% of women seeking psychi- atric help as emergencies or as walk-ins to a clinic do so during the premenstrual or menstrual phase. Dalton (l966) points out that 54% of children brought to clinics with minor coughs or colds are brought during the premenstrual or menstrual phase of their mother's cycle. Estimates of the percent Of suicides or suicide attempts occurring during menstruation range from 22% to 36% (Heller, l900; Ollendorf, l905; and Slavik, l940, as cited in Gregory, l957a, l957b). Combining the four menstrual and premenstrual days of the cycle, Dalton (l964) reports that 53% Of attempted suicides occurred during this period. Estimates of the percent of women criminals who committed their crimes in the premenstrual or menstrual phase range from 49% to 85% (Cooke, l945; Dalton, l964; and Morton, Additon, Addison, Hunt, and Sullivan, 1953). The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Symptomatology Data obtained from surveys dealing with the incidence Of menstrual cycle symptoms provide additional poignant evidence for the importance of these phenomena. More than a third of female factory workers have been found to apply for treatment of premenstrual symptoms (Bickers and Woods, l95l, as cited in Coppen and Kessel, l963). Israel (l938) states that premenstrual symptoms occur in 40% of otherwise healthy women. Altman, Knowles, and Bull (l94l) report that in their sample of young college women, 61.5% suffered from premenstrual depression, and 80% suffered from premenstrual tension. Sweeney (1934) estimates that 30% of women experience a premenstrual syndrome, while Freed (1945) estimates 40%. Other investigators have estimated that 60% and even 95% of American women suffer from premenstrual symptoms at some time (Flumann, l956, as cited in Dalton, l964; Pennington, l957). Symptoms of premenstrual tension have been experienced by 85% of female students considered to be in good health (Suarez-Murias, l953, as cited in Sutherland and Stewart, l965). Shainess (l96l) reports that in a sample of women in high economic and educational levels, 85% had symptoms of pre- menstrual tension and l5% had severe, disabling tension. Dysmen- orrhea (menstrual pain) has been found to occur in 50% of service women (Drillien, l946, as cited in Coppen and Kessel, l963), in 75% Of neurotic women (O'Neill, l95l, as cited in Coppen and Kessel, l963), and in 68% Of school girls (Golub, Land, and Meduke, l958, (as cited in Coppen and Kessel, l963). Coppen and Kessel (l963) studied five hundred patients of general practitioners and found moderate or severe dysmenorrhea in 45% of these women. The Specific Components of Menstrual Cycle Symptomatology The studies cited above generalize about percentages Of women exhibiting behaviors and experiencing symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. In contrast to these studies are those which attempt to examine more closely the specific behaviors and symptoms. McCance, Luff, and Widdowson (l937) collected daily data from one hundred sixty-seven women over a six-month period on a variety of physical and psychological variables. Their results are contained in frequency distributions Of the variables they studied: fatigue, abdominal pain, backache, headache, breast changes, sexual feelings and intercourse, depression, elation, tendency to cry, irritability, intellectual capacity, and tension. The graphs pro- vide evidence for the physical and emotional periodicity associated with menstrual cycle phases. Altman, Knowles, and Bull (1941) studied ten women for five months and measured basal body tempera- ture, pulse rate, vaginal smears, duration of cycle, days of bleed- ing, electrical potential, occurrence of pain, quality and quantity of sleep, physical and mental activity, mood, worries, tension, irritability, and fatigue. They related these variables to the ovulatory and premenstrual phases. Sutherland and Stewart (1965) analyzed questionnaire responses of one hundred fifty women. They paid particular attention to blood clots, change in appetite, diarrhoea, constipation, facial acne, dry or Oily scalp and hair, body swelling, aching in varicose veins or rheumatism, vaginal discharge, water retention, hypersomnia, and insomnia. The study reported on the frequency with which these symptoms occur in the premenstrual phase. Theories of Menstrual Cyc1e4§ymptomatology Investigators have attempted to do more than isolate the components of menstrual cycle phase symptomatology. They have begun to ask more specific questions of their data and to develop theories to account for the cyclical changes in behavior and mood that are associated with the cyclical biological changes in women which define the menstrual cycle. As early as 1939, Benedek and Rubenstein asked if phases of the ovarian function were reflected in the psychic processes as observed in psychoanalysis. Their aim was to describe emotional states as they were correlated with hormonal states. Using dream material produced by neurotic patients in analysis as indicators of emotional states, they found that oestrone activity was correlated with a heterosexual tendency and that progesterone activity was correlated with a passive receptive, narcissistic attitude. Benedek and Rubenstein concluded that the emotional states, as expressions Of the underlying instinctual tendencies, easily coordinated with the conception Of the instinct theory of psychoanalysis. Coppen and Kessel (1963) obtained questionnaire data regard— ing the frequency and intensity of Several menstrual cycle phase symptoms from five hundred patients of general practitioners. These patients also completed the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Coppen and Kessel concluded that premenstrual symptoms were an exacerbation Of personality traits related to neuroticism. 0n the other hand, Rees (1953) found that while the premenstrual syndrome occurred more Often in neurotics than in normals, there was no simple relation- ship between neuroticism and the premenstrual syndrome. Moreover, many severely neurotic women were free from the premenstrual syndrome, while, conversely, a severe premenstrual syndrome could exist in women with little or no Sign of neurosis, maladjustment, or insta- bility. Greene and Dalton (1953) hypothesized that a cyclical change in sodium and, therefore, water metabolism occurred to a slight extent in healthy women and to an exaggerated state in sufferers of the premenstrual syndrome. They treated 61 patients with daily injections Of 10 to 25 mgm. progesterone and found that 51 became completely symptom-free and 4 improved. Their findings cast additional doubt upon Coppen and Kessel's conclusion that neurotic traits are responsible for premenstrual symptoms. Gottschalk, Kaplan, Gleser, and Winget (1962) developed a method of assessing anxiety and hostility and used it to measure the changes in these emotions that are associated with the biological rhythms Of the menstrual cycle. Their Verbal Anxiety Scale involves a content analysis of speech samples to assess the labile and immediate magnitude of emotional states. Gottschalk E3221: hypothe- sized that the amount Of a woman's anxiety and hostility would vary with the phases of the menstrual cycle in a consistent and typical fashion over rather long periods Of time. They also predicted that the quality and quantity of the changes in these affects would depend upon the meaning of the different phases Of the cycle to the indivi- ual woman and that no group patterns of anxiety and hostility would necessarily be observed. 0f five women studied, two who were studied for three cycles and one who was studied for two cycles showed significant rhythmical patterns in anxiety and hostility levels during the menstrual cycle. The two other women (One was studied for two cycles; the other, for one cycle.) failed to show significant differences. No uniformity among all five women was shown in patterns of change in the emotional variables. Ivey and Bardwick (1968) used Gottschalk's Verbal Anxiety Scale to examine differences in anxiety level of twenty-six women during two menstrual cycles. Verbal speech samples were recorded at ovulation and premenstrually. Ivey and Bardwick hoped that by using a larger sample of subjects than Gotschalk et_al, (1962), they would Obtain statistically significant results. Premenstrual anxiety scores were found to be significantly higher than anxiety scores at ovula- tion for the twenty—six subjects taken as a group. However, there were five subjects whose anxiety level at ovulation was consistently higher than in the premenstrual phase. Taken together, the findings of Coppen and Kessel (l963), Rees (1953), Greene and Dalton (1953), Gottschalk §t_al, (1962), and Ivey and Bardwick (1968) suggest that the cyclical changes in women associated with the menstrual cycle resist explanation in terms of a single collective group pattern. The recent work of Moos (1968a, 1968b, 1969a, 1969b, and Moos gt_al., 1969) attempts to integrate previous research findings. Moos developed a forty-seven item Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and obtained questionnaire responses from 839 women. He intercor- related and factor analyzed the responses from this sample for the premenstrual, menstrual, and intermenstrual phases Of the women's most recent cycle and for her worst cycle. Eight symptom groups resulted which reflected factors that appeared in all four factor analyses and which accounted for more than 90% Of the variance in each analysis. The eight symptom groups were labelled as follows: pain, concentration, behavioral change, autonomic reactions, water retention, negative affect, arousal, and control. Moos found positive intercorrelations of symptom scales across cycle phases, indicating that women who complain of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms com- plain Of these symptoms intermenstrually too. Relatively high correlations were also found between menstrual cycles, suggesting that women have consistent symptoms from one cycle to another. The inter- correlations among the eight scales averaged across the three menstrual cycle phases were all positive: women who scored high on one scale tended tO score high on other scales as well. Yet, accord— ing to Moos, these intercorrelations were low enough to point toward the existence Of several groups Of women, differentiated in terms of their particular symptom areas. Thus, Moos implied that subtypes Of symptoms indicate the existence Of corresponding subtypes Of women. Statement Of the Problem The literature, especially MOOS' recent work (1968a, 1968b, 1969a, 1969b, and Moos §t_al., 1969), seems to point toward a con— ceptualization of menstrual cycle symptomatology in terms of more than a Single menstrual cycle syndrome. There may be groups Of women with different symptom subtypes. Even the general patterning of subtypes may not be the same: some women may experience most symptoms premenstrually and menstrually; others may experience most symptoms in just one phase, etc. Gottschalk §t_al. (1962) did not consider the notion Of symptom subtypes as a possible explanation Of the failure to find phasic variations in all subjects. It is possible that the two subjects who did not show significant changes in anxiety and hostility were not, what Moos might call, the "negative affect type." Similarly, it is possible that Of the twenty-six subjects Ivey and Bardwick (1968) studied for cyclical changes in anxiety, the five subjects who did not adhere to the pattern set by the twenty- one others were not the "negative affect type." Furthermore, it appears that the symptoms which occur in the premenstrual and menstrual phases are exacerbations Of symptoms which occur to a lesser extent throughout the cycle. Coppen and Kessel (1963) were thinking in terms of an exacerbation theory when they concluded that premenstrual symptoms represent an exacerbation Of personality traits related to neuroticism. However, the only personality test which Coppen and Kessel administered was the Maudsley Personality Inventory (measuring neuroticism and extra- version), so their exacerbation theory was limited. They could not combine exacerbation theory with the notion Of symptom subtypes. On the other hand, the studies by Rees (1953) and Green and Dalton (1953), when taken together, appear to be early forerunners of an exacerbation theory which includes symptom subtypes. Even the early work of Benedek and Rubenstein (1939a, 1939b) is compatible with exacerbation theory, when particular attention is directed toward their idea of underlying instinctual tendencies which receive expression during particular phases of the menstrual cycle. 10 The present study was designed to explore further the notion of symptom subtypes associated with the menstrual cycle and to pro- vide a test of an exacerbation explanation Of menstrual cycle symptomatology. An exacerbation theory implies continuity: the woman does not take on any radically new and different characteris- tics during the phases Of her menstrual cycle; rather, existing characteristics appear more prominently. Testing such a theory necessitates making-separate Observations during each menstrual cycle phase and collecting data over several phases. A longitudinal study of a small group of women would provide strong evidence in support of or against an exacerbation theory. The present study was designed to collect such evidence. It was expected that support would be found for both the existence Of symptom subtypes and for an exacerbation explanation Of menstrual cycle symptomatology. To support the existence of symptom subtypes, the present study must reveal differences among women with regard to the specific symptom profile which character- izes them. TO support exacerbation theory, the study must demonstrate two things: (1) that changes do occur in association with menstrual cycle phases, but (2) that these changes are subsumed within the broader framework of a general consistency of behavior within individual women. Thus, behaviors which are generally characteristic of a woman are expected to remain SO, despite any fluctuations in those behaviors that may occur in conjunction with the menstrual cycle phases. Likewise, behaviors which are not generally 11 characteristic of a woman are not expected to suddenly appear during particular phases of the menstrual cycle. In essence, exacerbation theory demands variation, but variation within a larger, consistent pattern. Conspicuously absent from menstrual cycle research have been measures of nonverbal behavior. Although psychology usually defines itself as the study Of behavior, psychologists (at least those engaged in researching the menstrual cycle) have so far examined only indirect indices Of behavior, such as the self-report Menstrual Distress Questionnaire of Moos (1968a, 1968b, 1969a, 1969b, and Moos gt_al,, 1969) and the Verbal Anxiety Scale used by Gottschalk 3331. (1962) and Ivey and Bardwick (1968) to assess the affect present in the content of verbal speech samples. This is particularly surprising in view of the wide range of psychological areas that have been studied with a broad spectrum of nonverbal techniques. Nonverbal behaviors such as facial expressions and body movements have been found to be meaningful reflections of moods. (For a comprehensive review of the nonverbal behavior literature, see Ekman, 1965, and Huisinga, 1970.) The present study of the menstrual cycle claims uniqueness by including measures of nonverbal concomitants Of menstrual cycle phases. It is anticipated that the validity Of the symptom subtype notion and of exacerbation theory will be revealed clearly by nonverbal behavior data and supported further by ques- tionnaire data and content data, which will be collected also and scored in the manner of the above—mentioned researchers. CHAPTER II METHOD Subjects §§ were selected from a group of ninety-one women who responded to the following notice which appeared in the Michigan State University State News: FEMALE STUDENTS needed for long-term psychology research project to be conducted winter and spring terms. To be eligible for participation in the project, you must not be taking oral contraceptives and you must be available during spring break. Those selected for the project will be paid for their participation. If interested, come to Room 120 Psychology Research Building, Friday Dec. 4 between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. The ninety-one potential §§ completed an application for participa- tion in the "Human Female Psychological Research Project." A large number of applicants were eliminated on the basis of some responses on the application. Women were eliminated who had a history of taking oral contraceptives, who were married, and who had been pregnant. These variables have been found to be sig- nificantly related to behaviors associated with menstrual cycle phases (Dalton, 1964; Moos, 1968a, 1968b, 1969a, 1969b). Women with a history of psychoactive drug use, health problems (e.g. only one kidney; recent mononucleosis; allergies), or grossly irregular 12 13 menstrual cycles (e.g. cycle length varying from 15—50 days; menstrual flow varying from l—12 days) were also eliminated. From 19 potential §§ still eligible for participation in the project, six were selected according to the ease with which they could be scheduled to participate. Appendix B contains the completed applications of these six women. The specific nature of the investigation was disguised. The importance of the menstrual cycle, pgr_§§, was de-emphasized. Since §§ were also to participate in a physiological part of the study, it seemed believable that the nature Of the study was precisely as stated on the application. Some potential §§ asked for more information. Some asked if the study dealt with sexual practices. A few potential SS asked if the study dealt with the menstrual cycle. In all cases, the response given implied that the interest was in collecting physiological and clinical data on the same group of women over a long period of time and examining the relationship between the physio- logical and clinical variables. Questions regarding the concern about the use of oral contraceptives and about pregnancy were handled by saying that a woman taking birth control pills and a pregnant woman are both in altered states Of the body, and the present study was concerned with unaltered body states. Women who questioned the concern about menstrual cycle variables were simply told that the menstrual cycle is an important piece of physiological information. The room used for interviewing potential §§ was labelled "Human Female Psychological Research Center." Hopefully, this added to the appearance that the interest Of the investigators was in the human female, in a general sense. 14 Procedure At a brief meeting held just prior to the formal beginning of data collection, §§ received a Propper ovulation thermometer. The thermometer was packaged with the manufacturer's directions regarding its use. At the meeting, these directions were discussed. §§ then took their temperature; the investigators watched to make sure that §s were able to read their thermometer correctly. §§ then received a small pad which contained their name and places for them to record the date, their basal body temperature, the number of hours they had slept the previous night, and whether or not they were menstruating. Basal body temperature was taken every morning before getting out Of bed and recorded to the tenth of a degree. SS came to the project at the same time every day, five days per week, for five months (January 11-June 11) winter and spring terms at Michigan State Uni- versity. In the physiological part of the study, they turned in their temperature slip(S). On Mondays, three were turned in: One for Saturday, Sunday, and Monday mornings. In this way, data were obtained for at least four complete menstrual cycles. At each session, §§ completed a questionnaire composed pri- marily of items from the Mood Adjective Check List (Nowlis, 1965) and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (Moos, 1969b). Every Friday, they received a packet containing questionnaires to be completed on Saturday and Sunday. TO control for possible order effects, six 15 forms of the questionnaire were used: one for each week day and one for weekends. Appendix C contains a copy of the questionnaire. Also at each session, upon completion of the questionnaire, §§ put on a neck microphone, sat down in a chair positioned for video-taping, and delivered a speech sample of approximately five minutes duration. The instructions for the delivery Of the speech sample are contained in Appendix D. The closed-circuit television equipment was adjusted to record st full body position on the right side of the screen and an enlarged image of st face in the upper left quadrant of the screen. Upon completion Of the video-taping, S left. There was never need for Soto see g, However, when S occasidnally arrived for the session early or late, she would see E briefly, while the question— naire materials were being changed. Scoring Nonverbal data.--Several women interviewed as potential SS for the research expressed interest in participating in some other capacity, if not selected to be S, From this group, six were selected to be raters of the video-taped, nonverbal behavior data. Initially, in an effort to construct a nonverbal behavior rating scale, the group Of raters Observed soundless video tapes of Ss. Each rater noted those nonverbal behaviors which seemed characteristic Of one or more §§~ From the Observations of 16 the group, 11 behaviors were chosen to comprise the rating scale. These behaviors were operationally-defined in the following manner: (1) smiling-~an upward curvature of the mouth; (2) squinting--a narrowing of the eyes; (3) brow or forehead movement--a raising Of the eyebrows or a wrinkling Of the forehead; (4) head hanging down-- the head in a forward, downward position; eyes not visible; (5) shrug shoulders--an upward and downward movement of one or both shoulders; (6) rhythmic leg or foot movement-—repetitive (at least twice) move- ment of the legs or feet; (7) arm or hand movement-~any discernible movement of the arm(s) or hand(s), but not finger(s); (8) scratching-- repetitive (at least twice) movement of the hands or fingers over the skin surface; (9) change of body position-~a shifting of position involving movement Of the waist or buttocks; a crossing or uncrossing of the legs at the ankles or knees; (10) playing with hair--a hand to hair movement, such as involved in hair twirling, stroking, or placing hair in front or in back of shoulders; (11) long pause--cessation of mouth movement for a period of approximately five seconds or more. After several practice sessions, the raters were divided into two rating groups of three raters each. At rating sessions, a rating group Observed soundless video tapes of Ss. §§ were always presented in the same rotating order, allowing both rating groups equal exposure to all subjects. No information was Obtained on the menstrual cycles of the raters. However, during the course of the rating, the raters were ignorant of where SS were in their menstrual cycles. 17 While it is possible that the rater's menstrual cycle phases could have affected their ratings, the possibility for interaction between Ss' and raters' menstrual cycle phases was controlled by the rating procedure, which, for any given rating session, randomly matched the menstrual cycle phases Of the three raters in a rating group with those of Ss. For rating purposes, §§ were assigned an identification number. The video tapes were stopped at twenty-second intervals, and the raters indicated on rating sheets which of the nonverbal behaviors had occurred during the interval. Appendix E contains a sample rating sheet. The first and last intervals were not included in the rating. This decision reflects the fact that behaviors at the beginning and at the end of the speech sample involved sitting down and adjusting the microphone or standing up and removing the microphone--i.e., nonverbal behaviors Obviously dictated by the experimental situation and produced by every S, For each of the three raters, totals were Obtained for each nonverbal behavior. These totals were then expressed as percentages of the total number Of nonverbal behaviors that had been rated. Thus, direct comparisons among nonverbal behavior categories could be made. Finally, for each behavior the three raters' ratings were averaged tO yield mean percentages. These mean percentages constituted the nonverbal behavior data which were subjected to subsequent analyses. 18 In addition to the eleven behaviors mentioned above, two other nonverbal behavior variables were examined. The first was the total number of nonverbal behaviors rated. Again, each rating ses- sion yielded three of these totals-~one from each rater. The mean Of these three totals was subjected to subsequent analyses. The second variable was simply the number Of twenty-second intervals rated--i.e., a measure reflecting the length of the speech sample. Questionnaire data.--For purposes Of analysis, the question- naire items were regrouped into the twelve Mood Adjective Check List (MACL) factors and the eight Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) factors. These twenty factors and the items they contain appear in Table 1. Each daily administration of the qUestionnaire yielded a mean score for each of the twenty factors. These daily factor means constituted the questionnaire data which were subjected to subsequent analyses. Content data.—-The verbal content Of the speech samples produced by §§ was typed from the video-taped recordings. For scoring purposes, §§ were assigned an identification letter. These Speech samples were scored by one rater, who employed the method proposed by Gottschalk et_alj (1962) for the assessment of verbal expressions Of anxiety and hostility. This method utilizes five scoring categories: anxiety, overt hostility directed outward, overt hostility directed inward, covert hostility directed outward, and covert hostility directed inward. A category to detect the 1 L . TABLE 1 THE 20 QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS 12 MACL Factors Aggression defiant rebellious angry grouchy annoyed fed-up Anxiety clutched up fearful jittery Surgencx carefree playful witty lively talkative Elation elated overjoyed pleased refreshed Concentration introspective intent attentive earnest serious contemplative concentrating engaged in thought Fatigue drowsy dull sluggish tired Social Affection affectionate forgiving kindly warmhearted Sadness regretful sad sorry Skepticism dubious skeptical suspicious Egotism egotistic self—centered aloof boastful Vigor active energetic vigorous New leisurely nonchalant TABLE 1 (Continued) 8 MDQ Factors Pain muscle stiffness headache cramps (uterine or pelvic) backache fatigued general aches and pains Concentration insomnia forgetful confused lowered judgment difficulty concentrating distractible accidents (e.g. cut finger, break dish) lowered motor coordina— tion Behavior Change lowered school or work performance took naps or stayed in ' bed stayed at home decreased efficiency avoided social activities Autonomic Reactions dizzy or faint cold sweats nausea or vomiting hot flashes Water Retention weight gain skin disorders painful breasts swelling (e.g. abdomen, breasts, or ankles) Negative Affect cried lonely anxious restless irritable mood swings depressed (sad or blue) tense Arousal orderly excited feelings of well—being bursts of energy or activity Control feelings of suffocation _ chest pains ringing in the ears heart pounding numbness or tingling in hands or feet blind spots or fuzzy vision 21 expression Of positive affect was added for the purposes of this study. The scoring of positive affect followed the same guidelines as those used for the scoring of anxiety. A detailed discussion of this scoring method is reported by Gottschalk egg. (1962). Each category score was expressed as a percentage of the sum Of the ratings in the six categories. This enabled direct compari- sons to be made among the content categories. These percentages constituted the content data which were subjected to subsequent analyses. In addition to the 6 variables mentioned above, 3 global content variables were also examined. The first was the sum of the affect ratings, defined simply as the sum of the scores on thefirst 6 variables. The second was the number of rated word groups. These two variables reflect, in a broad sense, measures of the amount of affective material present in the speech sample. The third additional variable was the total number of words in the speech sample. CHAPTER III RESULTS Division Of the Menstrual Cycle into Five Phases Figures 1 through 6 display the daily basal body temperature recordings made by _S_s during their five months of participation in the study. Circled points indicate reported days of menstruation. These figures provided the basis for the division of each menstrual cycle into the five phases which were examined in the study. The phases were defined as follows: Menstrualgphase.--A menstrual phase Of four days duration was identified by _S_s' reported days of menstruation. When more than four menstrual days occurred, the first four were selected to r‘epresent the menstrual phase. Sometimes, however, _S_menstruated for more than four days and one or two of the first four menstrual days Occurred on a weekend. In such cases, in order to avoid the 1055 0f a critical data day, the non-weekend days of menstruation were Selected to represent the phase. (E.g., if _S_menstruated from Sunday through Thursday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday were taken to represent the menstrual phase.) 22 23 ——-L€/S mwzHomoumm mmzhoom 44HQom nSHoom 44HQom 44Hoom 44Hoom 44Hz0z N msmz0z ”_m m m4m0 __ N 0 e P 0 0 0 N 0_ 0 seem N aaaea _00cpmcms 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 _0.0 0_.0 00.0 NN.0 00.0 N0.0 Mm -cae00 0.0% 0 N N F 0 0 N N 0.0_ a eeae aaacN 00.0 a0.0 N0.0 0_.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 Fm.0 00.0 N0.0 .m. _aaaemeaz NM WM. %% x. WW Wm. wow Mme” mam. .m. m. nu 11D» SO» I.“ Am A5 old 69 IMO n L. 55 ”LA L.U D. 3/ 3/ MD D. 3M L. I. a 1.5 1. NH mu... 1.5 G U./ U .L. H Ira 3 an. 90 O- OH 3 1.. u D. 0 u- uu UO a MD. D» |.. 6 I.. u I... 1P «1.1-. la “U D... u lm u S 6 5 6 _ 0e20mm0m0 ¥zz0z "Nm e mnm<~ 37 Poo. v a * 0_ ".mm ..N0.00 n N2 .000. 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In uu p u In u S 6 6 6 _ 002000000 0200 020 02002 00020--0200 000002202 .00 m m4mox 0000\000 d14414004¢¢041£11£4idl{1111 v0OOOO0O...O.09.00.0.O00.000O.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 5 DP P} P 00mu—aocm ngzm czoo ac? -mcm: cam: vmwcwgo0 \3000 E Intermenstrual Phase II m:_0:0:cm [:] Ovulatory Phase E Premenstrual Phase 53 g Intermenstrual Phase I I Menstrual Phase 0000000 .55-*— n. 0.00 5 .lO““ .OS-~ _ _ 5 2 .50-~ .450— 40—- 35—— 3o-- .L l 0.000309 00:00.00 08,002.62 0000 0.0 000000000 00 0003.000 :00: FIGURE 7 NONVERBAL DATA--PHASE MEANS SS: 0 -4..~—- 0152-- 1 “‘0’ 0*..- _ytu-‘r v£ 43 Scratching Position with Hair Change Play Long Pause FIGURE 7 (Continued) 70 1 60'— 50 ‘ 40 4 30 _ 20 — lO - . a $0, .0 .v 0 V 0 0’0. v .0 0'. ° .0 .' 0.0. v O O ’0 v.' -0. '0 Number of Intervals Rated Total Number of Behaviors 44 characteristic nonverbal behaviors. In the same way, 55 rarely squinted or paused, regardless of her menstrual cycle phase. Figure 7 illustrates the pattern that holds for all §§, a pattern in which the consistency across phases is more striking than the variation. For each §) 4 cycle means (phases collapsed) were calcu- 'lated for each of the ll nonverbal behavior categories. Each of the 4 cycle means represents the average of 20 data days, i.e., ll days in each of 5 phases. For each §, the 4 groups of cycle nueans were rank-ordered. Tables 9-l4 contain these means and their corresponding rank orderings. To determine the stability of these rankings across menstrual qyr:les, Kendall‘s coefficient of concordance (Siegel, l956) was cal<:ulated on the 6 sets of rankings of cycle means (i.e., one set for‘ each subject). As noted in Tables 9-l4, for every §3 Kendall's coerfficient reveals an association among the rankings that is sig- ni1=icant at beyond the .OOl level. Thus, each §fs nonverbal behavior renuained highly consistent as she moved from one cycle to the next, thrwaughout the course of the study. As can be seen in Table 9, from the beginning to the end 0f iflne study (i.e., from Cycle I to Cycle IV), smiling was always hlgffly characteristic of S]. As Table l0 reveals, in every cycle 0f tune study, 82 exhibited more arm and hand movement and brow and TOY‘Ehead movement than any other nonverbal behaviors. In like 45 000. v 0 0 00 ..wm .000.N0 . N0 N00. . 0 0 0 00 N 0 0 0 0 0 00 N 0000 00 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 No.0 0N.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 0N.0 .m 00 N 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 00 0 0000 000 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 NN.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 NN.0 .m 0.00 N 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 0.00 0 0000 00 00000 00.0 No.0 00.0 N0.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 N0.0 00.0 NN.0 .m 00 N 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0000 . 00:98 00.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 N0.0 NN.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0N.0 _m _ Md .03 S NV N1. 33 L.H 408 S S mm 00. mm 0 00 00 mm 00, 00 .0 0. $5 UurA L.U D0 3/ 3/ “H p 8M 1.... IL 3 1.5 1. mm” mu... 1L5 0 U./. U L. H [.3 3 an.» 30 p 0H 8 0|... u L. 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Nx mmm. u z N N ON 0 N m 00 m 0 0 m 0000 >0 00000 No.0 No.0 No.0 No.0 0N.o No.0 00.0 No.0 0N.0 00.0 00.0 .m m m 00 m N N op o 0 0 m 0000 . 000 00000 No.0 No.0 oo.o 00.0 0N.0 mo.o 00.0 00.0 0m.o 00.0 00.0 .m N m 00 m N w 00 o 0 0 m 0000 00 00000 00.0 No.0 No.0 mo.o NN.0 mo.o No.0 No.0 0N.0 NN.0 00.0 .m N a OF N m m 00 m 0 0 N 0000 0 00000 No.0 No.0 No.0 No.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 No.0 NN.0 NN.0 m0.o .m .00.. Md d3 8 WV N... 33 L.H J08 S S 90 L.L OU. 3 OJ 03 U.U. U8 OJ b w DU 1.? S? J Aw AD OJ 59 J0 n L. SD U...A L.U P. a/ 3/ nn 0. 3M L. L a 1.5 1. NH mu: L5 0 U./ U L. H L.3 3 GP. 30 D. OH 6 1. U n. O U. UU UO a MD. 0.. L. 5 L. U L. 1.0. 1.1. J UU D. U J U S 5 5 5 . .0 002000000 0200 020 02002 00020--0000 000002202 wp m0m<0 . m 51 manner, Table ll reveals that for 5 head hanging down and brow 3. and forehead movement were most characteristic of her in every menstrual cycle. Similar statements could be made about 54-56. This marked degree of consistency, easily seen by vertically scan- ning the ranks in Tables 9-l4, means that the behavior of these women was highly stable during the period of this study. Behaviors with a low ranking at the beginning of the study (Cycle 1) do not appear prominently at the end of the study (Cycle IV): i.e., they retain their low ranking. Likewise, characteristic behaviors (those with a high ranking) remain characteristic throughout the study. Figure 8 displays the cycle means of one §3 35, on the non- verbal behavior categories. It serves to illustrate the consistency across cycles that characterizes the nonverbal behavior of all the §s. Arm and hand movement is most characteristic of 55. Despite cyclic fluctuations in the amount of arm and hand movement, it is always more characteristic of 35 than any other behavior. Even in Cycle 11, when the amount of arm and hand movement is lowest, there is still more arm and hand movement than anything else. Similarly, rhythmic leg and foot movement and scratching are the next most frequently occurring behaviors. Again, although there are variations in the absolute amount of these behaviors, they always retain their positions as 35's second and third most characteristic nonverbal behaviors. In the same way, 55 rarely squinted or paused at any time during the study. Figure 8 illustrates the pattern that holds for 52 ucmsm>oz . C 0 Q .0 - 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.».0.0.0.0.0.0.u.0.0.0.0.0.0.».0hnaa.0.0.0.0.».0akm0 0 0 02 N 0... 0 wax u he???wowowowowowowowowowowowowowowowowowonon a? egg | 00000002 CG!{‘4OG‘({¢G‘4C“({lG!{C‘C‘CC“‘C.‘CCCCCCCCC.CCCCCC 000 00 ”mamambaabamzcaeaamtaemn”maaggnfiafianammn0nznw0a..... 0000N000 ‘OOOOCOOQ‘OC we».nouonououonononononouo X I 000c00000 "0.0000000” 00000 I 0300 00.0 .0..... .0. I "00.3? 0000 0000 vmmcmgo0 .1 \3ogm T. 11 W” e e e e v. 1. 1. 0| 1' E C C C C vn_ v. v. v. v. C C C C I g D 00.00 .00....00 I -. m00 0E wnwu o—.. m l0. 0 0 0 ll. _ 0 _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 O agommpmo Now>0gmm 0002m>coz 0000 00 000coammm 0o 0000000 :00: FIGURE 8 NONVERBAL DATA--CYCLE MEANS o - S5 53 0LoN>mzwm ...... .. o 00 E: .00%00000“...0.000000% 0 0.00 0000 00000 ............ 000>0m000 O O 0 O O O O Wunuwunowowowonowouowuu 0+0 LmnEzz r . 0 _ 0 _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 m w m 4 3 2 l . m0000 . @000 0000 0002 0000 . I I 00000000 mmcozu III-III... mcwcupogum FIGURE 8 (Continued) 54 all the Ss--a pattern in which the consistency over time (i.e., across cycles) is more striking than the variation. Questionnaire data.—-For each S, grand means were calculated for each of the 20 questionnaire factors. The grand means represent the average of the daily factor means obtained on the 80 critical data days under investigation. The 20 grand means were then rank- ordered, with the largest grand mean receiving the rank of l. Table 15 contains these grand means and their rank orderings for each §_on each of the questionnaire factors. To determine whether these 6 sets of rankings differ sig- nificantly from each other, they were subjected to Friedman's two- way analysis of variance by ranks (Siegel, l956). The outcome was highly significant (X: = 71.7, g_f_= 19, p < .001). The sets of rank-ordered means are different. Thus, the §s can be differentiated on the basis of their responses to the questionnaire. Examination of Table 15 reveals the differences among the subjects. For example, S1 received her highest score on the MACL Concentration factor. 82 received her highest score on the Fatigue factor; $3, on the Nonchalance factor; $4, on Skepticism; SS, on Social Affection; and S6, on Vigor. Additional differences among the Ss (differences to which Friedman's test is insensitive) are revealed in Table l5. These may be regarded as differences in ”general responsiveness" to the questionnaire. It is of interest to note, for example, that for 55 TABLE 15 QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS: GRAND MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGSa MDQ C .0 .5 CU om C S- S— "-2 O 0) 4—> 0 E0 'I- > r- t— : "-0) O°r- +3 'I—-l-’ (U O Q) >53 :44 LC +40 U) S- C U (U: CU GJOJ (Gd) 3 44 ".3 S '52 ‘38 132'} 8’32 8 S 0.. C.) mo .I. 4 .l 4 1. 6 2 4 2 3 2 11 8 3 0 3 3 7 D O 6 4 5 1| 6 .|. .|.. .I. - m w m w m w Exasaaxm 1. 8 1. 5 1. 8 2 1 2 1 1. 3 w W m N % a 36:68 .1. 9 1. 2 1. 1 3. 2 1. 3 1. 7 .| 0 7 4 0 compom¥w< “w 3 6 7 9 9 m w m a 2 m 632681.331...52329L2 & 4 mu M % m. 6:26.528 1. 1 2 4 1. 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 7 1| 8 7 .| 8 :oSm 6” RN 3 6. 5 RN | 7 7 3 5 6 2 8 6 1| 3 9 65831.2 1.6 1.7 21 27 1.5 1| 1| 8 6 6 .l 0 11 >.w..x: raw 4“ 1|. Qw 11. A“ u. . < .I. 6 .II 6 .|. 7 2 8 2 0 1| .| .| 1! .II 1| % w m... 3 m M 55863 L 8 1. 7 1. 2 2 2 1. 4 1. 9 1| .II ._| 57 S4, 15 of 20 factors have absolute scores that are higher than the absolute score of 51's highest score. Clearly, S4 is more responsive to the questionnaire than is S]. Such observations strengthen the conclusion of Friedman's test. For each §, 5 phase means (cycles collapsed) were calculated for each of the 20 questionnaire factors. Each of the 5 phase means represents the average of l6 data days, i.e., 4 days in each of 4 cycles. For each §, the 5 groups of phase means were rank-ordered. Tables 16-21 contain these means and their corresponding rank orderings. To determine the consistency in these rankings across menstrual cycle phases, Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Siegel, 1956) was calculated on each of the 6 sets of rankings of phase means (i.e., one set for each §). As noted in Tables l6-2l, for every §, Kendall's coefficient reveals an association among the rankings that is significant at beyond the .001 level. Thus, each §fs questionnaire responses remained highly consistent as she moved from one phase of her menstrual cycle to another. 32 (Table l7) always scored highest on the Fatigue factor. 56 (Table 2l) scored highest on the Vigor factor in every phase of her menstrual cycle. The other gs showed only slight variation in the factor which received the highest score. This high degree of overall consistency, easily seen by vertically scanning the ranks in Tables 16-2l, means that the questionnaire responses of these 58 TABLE 16 S]: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS——PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O .5 f6 um C $- 5.. 'FC 0 Q) P 0 E0 "_ > r— r- : q—Q) O‘l— -|—’ "—4-, (U o (1.) >01 24—) LC PU m S— C U ass: 00 (DO) 1'60) 3 44 .,_ : _Cru pres +144 ow— o : ru 0 (1)—C 30) rucu (09— S. O D. Q 004.) (CC 3:! Z< < L) Menstrual X l 08 1.28 l 26 l 00 l 19 l 66 1.86 0.84 “age Rank 15 9 10 18 14 2 1 20 Inter— 'i 1.14 1.23 1.20 0.97 1.16 1.93 1.50 0.85 menstrual Phase I Rank 14 10 ll 19 12 2 5 20 Ovulatory x 1.07 1.18 1.32 1.00 1.20 2.02 1.67 0.85 Phase Rank 16 14 9 18.5 12 2 6 20 Inter- ‘2 1.03 1.32 1.20 0.98 1.17 1.77 1.91 0.84 menstrual Phase II Rank 17 8 l3 19 15 4 1 20 Pre— i' 1.02 1.26 1.13 0.95 1.17 1.73 1.80 0.82 menstrual Phase Rank 17.5 9 l3 19 12 5 2 20 w = .908 x = 86.24*, gf_= 19 * p < .001 59 TABLE 16 (Continued) MACL m 3 5 5 9 % mocmpmgocoz . 1H . 9m 1” . ..| 8 ul- 5 1| 0 1| .4 1| 6 fl 5 % 7 w 5 w 5 Lomv> 0 Q 0 1|. o o o 0 1| .| 1| 8 .II 5 1| 9 1| 7 8 9 3 3 8 O 0 AU 1| 0 5.563 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 m 5 m m m... EmVUWpamxm . 1n . RN . . 1| 8 .II 3 .| 8 1| 8 .II 4 1 a w m s 3 mmmcumm 9” . . . . 9m .| 3 1| 9 1| 7 1| 9 1| 0 9 cowuomw$< 3 w 5 MN... _A/w Q. m m m w 7 mzmwpmm . . . . 7d 1| 5 1| 3 2 1| 1| 5 1| 3 ,. a % 6 1 % 5595:8on . . 7. 8. . 1| 4 .| .|1 1| 3 .ll 3 1| .|. m w 5 n m n cowpmpm . . . . . . .l 3 ..l 7 1| 4 .l. 2 11 4 E 5 3 5 9 % & xocmmgam . . 1H . 1n . . . .II .| 1! 5 1| 3 1| 2 .|. 1| 4 O 9 6 2 .3353 4. a” A” A 4. 1| 6 .II 4 .| 5 .II 7 1| 7 8 2 .Iu 7 5 203333 3 4. 4. 2 3 .II 8 1| 6 1- 8 l .II 1| 8 60 TABLE 17 $2: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS-~PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C .O .‘3 (U U U) C L S- w- E O Q) '1'" O E O 'l- > F- r— : "—0) 0"" H -I—-|-’ (U o 0) >01 :44 S— C “U U) L C U (U: 00 010) (C50) 3 -l-‘ ..— 1: £115 +2 rd +_,+_, UN- 0 c (O O (1)—C 30.) f6 0) d)“— S— O Q. 0 mo <0: 305 Z< < L) Menstrua1 i: 1.61 1.56 1 29 0 94 1.45 2 01 1 89 0.80. Phase Rank 14 15 18‘ 19 16 5 7.5 20 Inter- it 1.50 1.54 1.20 0.94 1.33 1.93 1.77 0.84 menstrua1 Phase I Rank {15 14 18 19 17 6 11 20 Ovu1atory x 1.38 2.00 1.40 0.95 1.30 1.66 1.72 0.82 Phase Rank 16 5 15 19 18 11.5 10 20 Inter— if 1.66 A 1.90 1.54 1.00 1.22 1.59 1.70 0.86 menstrua1 ‘ Phase 11 Rank 10 7 15 19 18 13 9 20 Pre-, it 1.44 1.91 1.47 1.02 1.75 1.72 2.03 0.95 menstrua1 1 Phase Rank 18 7 16 19 9 1O 5 20 w = .787 x2 = 74.79*, g): =19 * p < .001 61 TABLE 17 (Continued) MACL % w 3 "w % 8:22.22 2 3 1. 7 2 4 2 2 2 2 w m w a w 5.3; 1. 2 1. 9 1. 3 1. 7 1. 7 M m "w 5 % m m M. % mu. % 55:88 2 5 1. 5 1. 8 2 4 1. 4 3 0 6 9 7 3263 8 0 ..21. 3 .4. 4 7. 8 6. 2 1| 0 8.5842 m 8 2 w % meuom 7“ 2 ..I 8 2 3 2 3 2 3 7 0 5 1 4 e 9 m m % cowpmgpcwucou 1J .5 . . . 2 4 2 2 2 5 .| 6 .II 6 m 5 w M m m 8.5.5; 1. 7. 1. 3 1. 9 1. 1 2 4 1| 1| % n m... % N 5583 1. 9 L o 1. 7 1. 5 1. 8 M. w m .05 m. 5221.7 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.5 .II _ 1| .| 1| 1- _ m M. m. m w 85852 1. 1 1. 4 2 2 L 5 1. 3 1| 1| .II “M 62 TABLE 18 $3: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS-—PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O .5 f5 om C L S. '1'": O (D ‘1') 0 E0 '1" > v— |—- : "—0) o.,— -|-> "—49 (U C 0) >01 C-|—1 S—C 4—‘0 U) S- E U (DC OL) 00) (60) 3 -|-’ -.— c _Crc +JrU +J-1-> cnu— O C (U 0 (DC 3CD MG) CIJH— S— O Q. U 1334.) (DC 301 Z< < (J Menstrua] x 1.36 1.19 1.77 1.05 1 08 1.56 1.80 1.02 Phase Rank 13 16 5 19 18 1o 4 20 Inter- 'i 1.35 1.31 2.24 1.02 1.02 1.48 1.72 0.97 menstrua1 Phase I Rank 14 15 2 18.5 18.5 10 5 20 Ovu1atory x 1.31 1.27 1.76 1.02 1.02 1.52 1.80 0.94 Phase Rank 15 16 4 18.5 18.5 11 3 20 Inter- i‘ 1.31 1.27 1.67 0.94 1.11 1.59 1.83 1.07 menstrua1 Phase II Rank 14 15 7 20 18 10 3.5 19 Pre- i" 1.30 1.24 1.51 0.97 1.20 1.55 2.03 0.92 menstrua1 Phase Rank 13 16 11 19 17 9 3 20 w = .905 x2 = 85.94*, g: = 19 P < .001 63 TABLE 18 (Continued) MACL m w s w m % ..8:1.31.7.1.71.81.4 I w m m m... m Emwuomm . . . . . 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 2 7 8 4 2 0 EmBBmem Aw 4. 5. 9. 6 1 8 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 7 0 6 8 5 7 mmmccmm 5” 5. H. 5. 8 6. 9 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:842 w w w w n 5 2308 L 9 1. 9 1 9 1. 2 L 5 5 M m 3 5 m 25.58 7. 6 . 3 . 5 8 RW . 8 .62. w m m. a cosmbcwucoo 9H 2 . 4 . 2 7“ W.” 2 a w w n ..5. 8.56; 1. 4 1. 3 1. 3 1. 6 L o 1 1 1 A, 1 1 w "w m :7. m 5 .8533 . 7 . 6 . 6 . . Rm 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 m a m 1 1 C o o o a o 1 1 1 1 1 m m m n .2 2338.162 L 5 L 2 1. 2 1. 6 1. 5 s, 1 1 1 . 1 64 TABLE 19 S4: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORSé-PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C .53 4.1 (O DU) C S— S. "-2 C CD 4", 0 EC ’l— > I'_ F- : "-0) 01- +3 'I-+—‘ rd 0 (I) >03 C-P S—C 4-‘0 U) S— C U (5: DU 00) COG) 3 +3 .r— :: .cru was 44-1-1 019- o 1: r5 O 0).: :0) (6(1) (D'4— S- O a. L) can: <:a: 23:2 :z<: <: g9 Menstrua] if 2.07 2 19 1 79 1 00 1 59 2 64 2.13 0.90 Phase Rank 13 9 16 19 18 6 10.5 20 Inter— if 1.88 2.44 1.92 0.95 1.59 2.80 1.95 1.05 . menstrua1 Phase I Rank 15 9 14 20 18 5 13 19 0vu1atory X 1.82 2.30 1.91 0.97 1.56 2.80 2.23 0.90 Phase Rank 15 8 15 19 ‘18 6 1o 20 Inter- if 1.80 2.27 1.74 1.00 . 1.61 2.76 2.23 0.88 menstrua] - Phase II Rank ”16 9 17 19 18 6 10 20 Pre- 'i 2.01 2.29 1.79 1.02 1.44 2.77 2.30 0.85 menstruaI Phase Rank 15 10 16 19 18 5 . 8 20 w = .964 x2 = 91.55*, g:_= 19 * p < .001 mucmpmcucoz Lomw> Emwpomm Emwu.paaxm mmmccmm 65 cowpomee< Fwwoom TABLE 19 (Continued) MACL mzmwpmm CO wHMchmUCOU co.pm_m zucmmgsm Apmvxc< cowmmmgmm< 14 1.85 2.00 12 12 12 12 10.5 16 14 13 2.39 2.02 2.13 14 7 .5 1 3.42 3.58 2.59 2.08 2.13 .5 1 2.67 3.54 3.54 2.61 2.73 2.96 3.21 2.88 3.25 2.73 3.13 3.35 2.45 2.13 2.00 3.14 2.91 3.06 3.31 .61 .61 1.75 3.02 3.16 2.83 3.33 3.27 2.59 2.02 2.16 1.53 3.15 3.41 1.84 3.11 1 17 1 17 17 15 17 2.17 12 10 11 13 11 13 11 1.97 2.42 2.11 2.06 2.54 2.15 11 2.26 2.04 2.19 2.04 2.31 2.29 2.25 2.04 15 14 66 TABLE 20 55: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS—-PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O .5 (U Um C L S- W“: 0 <1) 4-’ 0 E0 .,_ > .— .— g "—0) O°r- +2 'r--|-’ a: 0 CU >01 C-F’ LC #0 U1 5— C U (U: 00 (DO) MO.) 3 P .,... : 4:215 +3115 44+) CDH— O C '5 O (1)-C 30.) (5(1) a)“— L O D. L) one.) <0: 301 Z< < O Menstrua] X 1.45 1.66 1.75 1.05 1 13 2.02 2.70 0.97 Phase Rank 17 16 15 19 18 12 4 20 Inter- 2' 1.36 1.73 1.82 1.02 1.06 2.04 2.56 0.95 menstrua1 Phase I Rank 17 16 15 19 18 12 4 20 0vu1atory x 1.34 1.69 1.89 0.97 1.13 2.05 2.81 0.97 Phase Rank 17 16 14 20 18 10 4 19 Inter- i’ 1.25 1.82 1.91 1.03 1.09 1.98 2.64 1.00 menstruaI Phase II Rank 17 16 15 19 18 13 4 20 Pre- i‘ 1.38 1.75 1.74 1.13 1.23 2.05 2.50 1.01 menstrua1 Phase Rank 17 15 16 19 18 11 3.5 20 w .969 x2 92.07*, gj_= 19 < .001 67 TABLE 20 (Continued) MACL % 5 2 m m a 8:22.982 2 5. 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 1 4 7 0 LODP> 7 7 0 7 5 5 . 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 7 5 2 9 2 5503 1. 0. 2. 1. 0. . 2 8 2 1 2 8 2 8 2 2 5 3 m m... m 55.58.; 2. 0 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 3 m. w 3 m 5 o mmmcvmm . . 7U . . an 2 3 1 3 1 5 2 1 2 9 8385.2 % ow m 8 mm FMwUOW n/m 1 2 7 2 2 3 1| 2 2 m5. 4 m. m... ohm 83m, m . «A . . . .pn. 2 1. 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 0 n % m m % 5:23.528 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 mm 5 .6. M % AZ. cor w . . . . . . .p E 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 n. a w m m. Aucwmgz . . . . . m 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 8 ..| 0 1 .2 ate W 2 0 m4. 2 u. . < Al“ 9 2 8 2 2 1 4 2 7 w m «a. m 5 n 8583?. . 4 . 4 . 3 9M . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 68 TABLE 21 56: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--PHASE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O :3 f5 Um C S— 5— “PC 0 OJ +’ 0 E0 ~-‘- > .— .— C eF—Q) 0,,— +-’ 'I-P (U o (U >07 C“ L: “U U) $- C U (U: 00 QJQ) (Ga) 3 44 "r" C It"! “(U 444-, UVQ— o C “3 O 0).: 30) (Um GJ‘F 5- O O. L) COL) (CZ 301 Z< < (J Menstrua] x 1 29 1.29 1.27 1 05 1 17 1.59 .98 1 22 Phase Rank 15 16 17 20 19 1o 18 Inter- 1' 1.27 1.38 1.21 1.03 1.16 1.61 .97 1.14 menstrua] Phase I Rank 14 12 16 20 18 1o .5 19 Ovu1atory x 1.24 1.21 1.26 1.17 1.13 1.37 .34 1.02 Phase Rank 14 15 13 17 19 1o 20 Inter- i’ 1.38 1.23 1.14 1.09 1.30 1.48 .28 1.09 menstrual Phase II Rank 12.5 16 *"5T8" 19 15 11 20 Pre- i' 1.15 1.25 1.27 1.02 1.16 1.55 .98 1.13 menstrua] Phase Rank 18 15.5 14 20 17 1o 19 w .965 x2 91.64*, g:_= 19 < .001 69 MACL TABLE 21 (Continued) 3 w 5 5 m m mocmFmsocoz an . . 1H . . 2 .I. 3 2 2 2 m a n ..7. w Lomp> . . . . . a 2 2 2 2 2 m m m... m m Emwpomm . . . . . 3 3 7 1| 5 Emeuepam “A 9w 1M 3” aw o o xm .l 4 1| 5 1| 8 .II. 4 1n 3 5 OJ 9 5 5 mmmcm 3w J .1“ I. 2 5. Um 1!. 3 1| 7 1|. 6 1|. 7 1| 5 1|. 9 6 4 8 830362 8 8 5 O. 9 RN 7. me00m .1. .l 6 2 ..l 6 1.. 6 w m m m 5 % mzmwpmm . . . . . . 1.... _II ..I. 3 .l 1: .l. 2 1|! .l m. m w m .5... cowpmgpcmucou . . . . . 2 2 2 2 2 m4. w 5 W M 5 w E e o o o o o o prme 1|. 1: 6 1.. 1|. 6 .l- w w M m w Xucwmgzm . . . . . ..Iu 1| 2 2 1| xpwwxé 3 4. 2 a.” A... 1- 2 .I- ..l. .l 2 1| 0 1| 2 9 3 n m m :owmmmgmm< ,m 9d . . . 1 1| .II 1|. 1| 70 women are not changing radically during certain phases of their menstrual cycle. For each §, 4 cycle means (phases collapsed) were calcu- lated for each of the 20 questionnaire factors. Each of the 4 cycle means represents the average of 20 data days, i.e., 4 days in each of 5 phases. For each §, the 4 groups of cycle means were rank-ordered. Tables 22-27 contain these means and their cor- responding rank orderings. To determine the stability of these rankings across men- strual cycles, Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Siegel, 1956) was calculated on the 6 sets of rankings of cycle means (i.e., one set for each §). As noted in Tables 22-27, for every §, Kendall's coefficient reveals an association among the rankings that is sig- nificant at beyond the .001 level. Thus, each §fs questionnaire responses remained highly consistent as she moved from one cycle to the next, throughout the course of the study. As can be seen in Table 23, from the beginning to the end of the study (i.e., from Cycle I to Cycle IV), S1 always scored highest on the Fatigue factor. The other §s showed only slight variation across cycles in the factor which received the highest score. This marked degree of overall consistency, easily seen by vertically scan- ning the ranks in Tables 22-27, means that the questionnaire responses of these women were highly stable during the period of this study. 71 TABLE 22 S]: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS——CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C ’O .E (0 UV? C S.— S— =rC O Q) 1') 0 EC 'I“ > r— p— : “—0) o..— 4—1 -r—-|-> (U 0 0) >0) C-P L: “U U) S. C 0 «SC 00 (DO) r50.) 3 -I-' I: 8 $2 ‘58 “5’5 88: 2 S D. L) mu 0 E0 «r- > .— r— : “I—GJ O'l— +4 "—44 (O O (1) >05 C44 LC +30 U) S— C U (DC 00 (DO) “30) 3 H .._ : .CrU +Jru 44+) cm— 0 c (O O (1).: 30) (6(1) OJ“- 5— O D. c.) COL) <11 30: Z r— r— : ‘r-GJ O'r— -1-’ "—44 (U 0 CU >03 :44 LE #0 U) S— C U (DC 00 (1)0) (60) 3 +4 .._ 5 £113 +103 444—) 0w- 0 c 0.3 O (1).: :0.) 65(1) 0'4— 5— 0 Q. L) mt.) <0: 30: Z< < O 'i 1 27 1 32 1 98 0 96 1 09 1 41 1 65 1.00 Cyc1e I Rank 16 12 2 20 18 10 5 19 i' 1.22 1.21 1.75 1.00 1.00 1.64 1.67 1.02 Cyc1e II Rank 15 16 3 19.5 19.5 8 6 18 'i 1.36 1.31 1.72 1.02 1.02 1.59 2.04 0.97 Cyc1e III Rank 15 16 6 18.5 18.5 9 3 20 i' 1.47 1.20 1.72 1.00 1.22 1.53 1.97 0.96 Cyc1e IV Rank 12 17 8 19 16 9 3 20 w = .872 x2 = 66.30*, _di =19 * p < .001 76 TABLE 24 (Continued) MACL 7 7 0 5 8222282 .I. 2 2 om 2 2 2 ..l 9. q. m“ mm Low; 3 .3 4. 2 Z 9“ .l 0 9 9 5.503 3 4 4. 3 4. M. 3. 4 5 7 3 W 530.53% a” 6. A 4 . O 3 2 w m mmmcumm 4. 7. . . 1| 1|- ] .l. 1' 3 5.58»: N % % B $.88 .1. 1. .1 L 1. 4 w M... % msmwpmm rm . . . mm m“ .9 :4. 20322880 . . m4. 7“ n m w s m. co.“m_m 1“ a. 1“ a. 1” 9H 1” 1. mm m w m xucmmgzm . . . . m“ 2. MW av 33:: 1. 7 1. 7 1. 7 1. 8 m m... a m :OWmmmme< . . . . ..I 1| 1| .II 11 10 10 15 77 TABLE 25 S4: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O .5 r0 om C S— S— “PC 0 (1) +3 0 E0 °f- > I— l— : "—0) o-.— +-> ~r—-1—> as o 0) >03 CH LC -l—)U U) S— C U «SC 00 did) (50) 3 43 -r- c .5215 +411: -1->-1-> ow— o 1: (U O (1).: :34) 1'50.) GJH— S.— O D. (.3 DBL) <01 30: Z5 5. 0 ~.— as M >5 U C 44 a) -u- m u E .— U) 44 C O C 3 r- 44 U') H“ U) (U (1) OJ (I) 'r- 0) 03 (U U G) +9 ‘l— S. .C S. 0r- U? 44 U °I- w- G) C D. +3 C U U? x S— m C +4 U '4- "U G) O U) C D5 C 3 |—‘ O (U 0 “- (U x U) 0r- o < < (I) LIJ 0 LI. (I) <2 U) U‘) LIJ > Z 1.83 2.18 2.08 1.71 2.96 3.00 2.77 3.10 3.02 2.50 1.90 1.97 15 8 11 16 4 3 5 1 2 7 13 12 2.24 2.28 2.23 1.63 3.21 3.44 2.76 3.28 3.63 2.67 1.97 2.15 10 9 11 17 4 2 6 3 1 7 14 13 2.22 2.43 1.96 1.61 3.03 3.32 2.63 3.37 3.58 2.31 2.03 1.90 10 7 13 17 4 3 6 2 1 9 12 14 2.21 2.35 ‘2.26 1.72 2.97 3.25 2.94 3.35 3.33 2.63 2.18 2.30 13 8 12 18 4- 3 5 1 2 7 14 10 79 TABLE 26 $5: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ C O .5 (U UM C S. 5.. ”PC 0 CU 4") 0 EO "_ > 1— p— : "—0) 0-1— 44 ~r-4-> (U 0 (1) >03 C-H LC #0 (n S- C U r15: 00 GJCIJ (6(1) :3 +9 .._ g _cm urn -1—>~1—> cm- 0 : r0 0 (1).: 30) (60.) (DH— S— O Q. C.) COL) <0: 30: Z5 5— O 'l- (U U? >3 U C +3 OJ 'I- U) U E l— (D +9 C O C :3 r— -|-’ U) “I- (D ‘U G) G) a) ’l— Q) U ‘15 U 0) +3 'I- 5-. .C $_ .._ m 4.) Q °r- °r- d) C D. +9 O U U3 X S- M C +3 U ‘l— '0 0 O U) C O? C :3 r— 0 r6 0 ‘I— (U x 03 , 'I- O < < (I) LIJ U Ll— (f) < V) (I) LLI > Z 2.02 2.05 2.29 2.60 2.91 1.82 2.86 1.92 1.92 1.91 2.58 2.07 10 8 6 4 1 14 2 11.5 11.5 13 5 7 1.91 2.20 2.29 2.39 2.93 2.17 2.99 2.20 2.22 2.11 2.67 2.50 14 9.5 7 6 2 11 1 9.5 8 13 3 5 71.76 2.07 2.38 2.60 2.83 2.01 2.91 1.83 2.07 2.11 2.85 2.52 15 9.5 7 5 3 11 1 13 9.5 8 2 6 1.97 2.10 2.43 2.44 2.71 2.45 3.00 1.88 2.10 2.38 2.90‘ 2.45 13 10.5 8 7 3 5.5 1 15 10.5 9 2 5.5 81 TABLE 27 S6: QUESTIONNAIRE FACTORS--CYCLE MEANS AND RANK ORDERINGS MDQ f C 1 O .5 05 001 C S— S— "r-C 0 CU +3 0 E0 'l— > r— ,— C "—0) o..— 4—) "—4-, (U 0 0) >05 C-P S—C 4—‘0 U! L .5 0 2g 88 33 as a 2 (5 g (DC 30) rUCU (DH— 5- O a. L) 03L) <0: 30: Z a 2 a 1 a 1 a 1 7 9 9 .1. 7 7 6 4 .5303 .l. 9 .l. 8 1H 8 1. 9 3 w 5 0 0 530.58% 8 3 . 3. 8 5 2 6 mm MW 5. w“ do 3225 1. 5 1. 5 L 7 1. 7 5 .I... O 5.58on M 1 8 6 meuom 2 5 2 5 .l 7 .l 7 w mu. m w 25:: 1. 2 1. 2 1. o 1. o n m w mm 5595.588 2 2 2 2 2 . 4 m m w % 5.55 1. 7 a 7 1. 5 L 5 hocmmLzm 7m 4 9m 4 .l. 6 .1H 6 8 0 3 3 5 5 3 2 35.525 1. 1 1. o 1. 3 1. 4 0 7 4 3 8 6 5 5 55333 L 8 1. 9 1. 9 1. 8 83 Content data.—-Because of the tremendousTy time-consuming nature of the scoring task, the rater who scored the content data did not comp1ete the scoring for a11 S5. For S1 and S6, on1y 2 cyc1es of data, Cyc1es III and IV, were scored. For $3, on1y 3 cyc1es of data, Cyc1es II, III, and IV, were scored. For 52, S4, and S5, a11 4 cyc1es of data were scored. Thus, for S1 and S6, on1y 40 critica1 days were ana1yzed; for S3, on1y 6O critica1 days; for 52, S4, and for $5, a11 80 days. For each S, grand means were ca1cu1ated for each of the 6 content categories among which direct comparisons cou1d be made. The grand means represent the average of the dai1y mean percentages obtained on the criticaT data days under investigation. The 6 grand means were then rank-ordered, with the Targest grand mean receiving a rank of 1. TabTe 28 contains these grand means and their rank orderings for each §_on each of these 6 content categories. To determine whether these 6 sets of rankings differ sig- nificant1y from each other, they were subjected to Friedman's two- way ana1ysis of variance by ranks (Siege1, 1956). The outcome was high1y significant (XE = 23.5, gj_= 5, p < .001). The sets of rank- ordered means are different. Thus, the §s can be differentiated on the basis of the affective content of their speech samp1es. For each 5, 5 phase means (cyc1es c011apsed) were ca1cu1ated for each of the 6 content categories. Each of the phase means represents the average of 8, 12, or 16 data days, i.e., 4 days in 84 00000000: 000 :0 pmvxm mmwp oz .000000030 pmmg0m: 0:0 00 0000300 000 00005 00000» 0000 .0000 0 0 0 4 N 0 0000 0 m 04.0 00.0 N0.0 00.0 0N.0 00.0 .m 0 0 N 0 0 4 0000 0 m 04.0 00.0 N_.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 0 0 N 0 4 0 0000 4 m 00.0 40.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 0 4 0 0 N 0 0000 0 m 04.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 40.0 N0.0 .m 0 0 N 0 0 4 0000 N m N0.0 00.0 00.0 _0.0 4_.0 00.0 .m 0 0 m 0 4 N 0000 0 m 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0_.0 .m 000ch 00030H 0002030 0002000 00 0000004 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0w00wwm Hgm>ou pr>o uLw>oo pgm>o . . n_ 7? 0000000000 0000 000 00000 00000 "0000 0000000 0N 00040 85 each of 2, 3, or 4 cyc1es. For each S, the groups of phase means were rank-ordered. Tab1es 29—34 contain these means and their rank orderings. To determine the consistency in these rankings across men- strua1 cyc1e phases, Kenda11's coefficient of concordance (Siege1, 1956) was ca1cu1ated on each of the 6 sets of rankings of phase means (i.e., one set for each S). As noted in Tab1es 29-34, for each §, Kenda11's coefficient reveaTS an association among the rank- ings that is significant at beyond the .01 1eve1. Thus, the affective content of each S's speech sampTes remained highTy consistent as she moved from one phase of her menstruaT cyc1e to another. This high degree of consistency is easiTy seen by vertica11y scanning the ranks in Tab1es 29-34. For each §, cyc1e means (phases co11apsed) were ca1cu1ated for each of the 6 content categories. Each cyc1e mean represents the average of 20 data days, i.e., 4 days in each of 5 phases. For each §, the groups of cyc1e means were rank-ordered. Tab1es 35-40 contain these means and their corresponding rank orderings. To determine the stabi1ity of these rankings across men- strua1 cyc1es, Kenda11's coefficient of concordance (Siege1, 1956) was ca1cu1ated on the data of 82, S S4, and S Spearman's rank 3’ 5' correTation coefficient (Siege1, 1956), which is 1inear1y re1ated to Kenda11's coefficient of concordance, was ca1cu1ated on the data of S1 and S6. As noted in Tab1es 36-39, for S , S S , and S 2 3’ 4 5’ _.o.va.<. 86 0 u 0 .0 u 0 0000.000 1 m 000. u 0 0 m m m m N 0000 00000 000000005 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m -000 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 N 0000 00 00000 000000000 00.0 00.0 40.0 00.0 00.0 0N.0 00 -00000 0 0 N 0 4 0 0000 00000 04.0 00.0 NN.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 0000000>0 0 N 0 0 4 0 0000 0 00000 000000005 04.0 0N.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 m. -00000 0 N 0 0 0 4 0000 00000 40.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 N0.0 00.0 .m. 000000000 000300 000300 0003000 0003030 00 0000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0w0 ”MN HL¢>OQ #Lw>O HLO>OQ HL¢>O . u. . n— .— moszmomo ¥z00 000>0 000>00 000>0 .0. 0 ...000000000 0000 000 00000 00000ii<000 0000000 "N0 om m00 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 N 0 0000 0 00000 _00000000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0N.0 00.0 0. -00000 0 4 0 0 N 0 0000 00000 0000000 04.0 00.0 40.0 00.0 40.0 00.0 00 0 0 00030H 00030H 0003000 0003000 00 0000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0w0 ”MM 9L0>OU #L¢>O HL¢>OU #LQ>O . u. . m .m mwszmomo ¥zoo 000>0 000>00 000>0 .0. 0 .4 mwszmoxo ¥z00 000>0 000>00 000>0 .0. 0 ”mm mm 0000 0 0 m m N 0 0000 0 00000 _00000005 00.0 40.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0.0 0. -00000 0 m m m N m 0000 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0. 000000000 000300 000300 0003000 0003000 0000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000 000>00 000>0 000>00 000>0 0>0000o0 mwszmomo ¥z0 00000 40.0 40.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0 0 0 0 4 N 0000 000 00000 04.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00030H 000300 0003000 0003000 00 0000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0w00wwm 000>00 000>0 000>00 000>0 . . 0 mm m0m0uu<0<0 0200200 . m 93 S.va¥ 4 u 0 .0 u 0 0000.00N - 0 000. u 0 0 4 0 0 N 0 0000 00 00000 00.0 00.0 N_.0 N0.0 00.0 N0.0 .m 0 0 N 0 0 4 0000 000 00000 N0.0 00.0 0N.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .0 0 0 N 0 0 4 0000 00 00000 04.0 00.0 0N.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 .0 0 4 N 0 0 0 0000 0 00000 04.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 00030H 000300 0003000 0003000 00 0000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0», ”MN 000>00 000>0 000>00 000>0 .0. 0 000000000 0000 000 00000 00000-0000 0000000 .N0 mm m00<0 94 40. v a * 0 u 0 .0 u 0 0000._4_ u 0 000. n 0 0 4 N 0 0 0 0000 >0 00000 00.0 N_.0 0_.0 __.0 00.0 00.0 .m _ 0 0 4 N 0 0000 000 0_000 04.0 00.0 _ N_.0 00.0 0_.0 N0.0 .m 0 0 4 0 N 0 0000 00 00000 00.0 0_.0 . 00.0 00.0 00.0 40.0 .m ngmch , 000300 ugmzpzo 0003000 om 0000000 000440000 000400000 000000000 000_00000 0w0 WM“ pgm>oo pgm>o pgm>oo . pgm>o .p. 0 .0 maszmomo ¥zuuu<~0 00000 N0.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m _ 0 N 0 0 4 000 04000 00.0 40.0 0N.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 .m % _ 0 N 0 0 4 0000 00 04000 N0.0 00.0 N_.0 00.0 00.0 0_.0 .m _ 0 0 0 4 N 0000 H 2008 00.0 00.0 _0.0 00.0 00.0 0_.0 .m 00030H 00030H 0003000 0003000 00 0000000 000_00000 000000000 000_00000 000000000 0”, ”MN p0w>oo pgm>o pgw>ou me>o .p. 0 .4 maszmomo ¥zUII0 000>0 04.0 00.0 00.0 N0.0 00.0 00.0 m 0 4 N 0 0 0 0000 000 00000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 0 0 4 0 N 0 0000 00 00000 04.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0N.0 00.0 .m 0 0 N 0 4 0 0000 0 00000 04.0 N0.0 0N.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 .m 000300 000320 0003000 vgmzpzo om 0000000 >00000000 >00000000 000000000 >00000000 0w00wwm pgm>ow pgm>o u>m>oo pgm>o . . 0 .0 mm m0m<~ moszmomo ¥zuns<~0 00000 04.0 00.0 00.0 00.0. NN.0 00.0 .m 0 0 0 4 N 0 0000 000 000>0 00.0 00.0 00.0 40.0 4N.0 00.0 .m 000300 000300 ugmzpzo 0003030 um >000x00 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0w00wwm pgm>oo ugw>o pgw>oo uLm>o . . 0 .0 ed m0mous092. 8o. NS. :5. :5. >8. >8. NS. 30. own. 80. NS. ..an ..an 9a ..an 0.30 x 0228 0 Q: 3020 x 33.3 w N0: N0; 000.20 M «m m M 000000 > .N ..N «N .N .N N .N 000000 > «0 L 0 0 0 0 0 000.0: 200.5 >>>é~ 30.2 08. >8. >8. 2:. 3m. 20. «8. 000°. >om. 8o. >8. 2.2. x «323 v .0an mxw . me me 0.02. x 333 o 0320. x 0293 v .8; 8: ~03 N0: 0000 4 00 .0 0 00 3020 > & mwpuxnv m L. t— t— ..3: 20.5 008.8 03.3 08. ~8. 08. >8. NS. 2:. mno. 02. >00. coo. NNN. 0 0 )I 1 00.0.. 00.0 0.0. .00 ..0 0 00. 00 0.0 0.0 00... 0. .0. 9ND. 30. 55 U.‘ IrU n. m/ m/ mtfinu .er 3M 1. IIH A 0 I. SJ 3 a 106 19 H J.— U. U l. U a A J H no.3 3 a D. a 0 D. U 3 19 U 0 A N 3 D. 9 0 U- U U U 0 a 5 n. I! ..D J 3 n . [0 l. u l. ..v p ..v .4 J P u S J W S I: J U S a 6 0.0. 3 .D 0 n. 3 E N. M [J 3 D. U Uuz (w mmm>._zcz S. HES. l()l 0000 x 0000 x 000000 x 000000 >~ mo>oxu m mo>oxu ~— 0000 mp 000000 mm 00.000 um ¢~N~0mlm F' N '— U‘IMO—o—ONI mr-I—OOI— I ‘0 opwoomlm F F NNMr—r-NI oopooolp ¢m~NFN|m F LO ,— cmvmow' NNONOmlm PMCPr—M l 05 O '— cmmoow} o—F-COCO— I M O .._ NNN—oml me mx— pr 000uo> 0000 x 0000 x 000000 x 00o: 000000 mmpoxo ma—oxo 0000 mamas; 000000 N¢NN°LD 00000 1 c~a.—m : >m¢.m> : ape. apw. an «pr & «N i 000. me pr «mxm & —>o. me 1 mam. & >c—. imxm ovp. 0000 x maa0 x 000000 x :00: 000000 moPvo 000000 0000 000000 mopoxo IDMMNOU') 00000 tmxm mm>.w~ omm.mp me mpo. ape. mmo. %§ «pr L >00. Nx— % a 1 mmN. me & 1 —mo. me one. one. one. 0000 x «>00 x 000000 x 000: 000000 mm>uxu 000000 mao0 000000 mopuxo 0 sfd'o—om 00000 om—.m¢ m>w.op 0pc. «me No0. mmo. mom. #mxm ppo. «mxw Nx— wmw. L avm. *MXN omo. 102 0000 x 000000 0000 x 000000 000000 x 00_u0u 0000 000000 000000 :00: 00000 wm—w—F m—.~ imx— 90.0 m0.F mm.— Nx— mm.— 00.0 m0.p mm.o mw.p tux— 0N #— mo.~ me m~._ #— mm._ 0000 x 000000 0000 x 00—000 000000 x 000000 000000 :00: 00000 [\Nu—WO— mm.F mm._ 00.0 Fm.m mN.m ¢—.N pw.— mw.~ 0~xp Nx— * N NM — #— Nw.— mm.o Nw._ 00.— 0m.o mm. _ 0N m0._ mm._ 0000 x 000000 0000 x 000000 000000 x 000000 0000 000000 000000 :00: 00000 r0 OJF-!¢ F-CD pr 3i In 0 ,— ,— k ,— wm.p om.p m 00 ,— l\ to a ,— .— N .— *Nx_ mm.” V 00 0 L0 0.0 N C!) ,— co ,— ,— m¢.o N N ,— ywx— Ln ~.~ No.— aaueleqauoN msyzofia ms;3;1daxs “OllaaiJV l9L3OS anfipzeg UOLIPJQUBDUOQ Kauafiqns V [OJzuog lesnouv uOLSSBJBfi 139;JV aAgzefiaN uo;;uaqau 4919M suognaeaa DLWOUOIHV asueqa JOLAE U38 uo;1941ueou03 gu0 0o >m00 000>o 000>00 000>o . . 0 mum00 0° >xwal c: .- l-‘NF-Pl—m I 0‘ I—MNOON I oo '— '- t—LDr-r—l—Nl N ,— caw)uac>c>0-| COP—FFN I LO l—r—v—NOI-I | CO me mx. Nx. 0.000. 0000 x 0000 x 000000 x 000000 00.000 00.000 0000 000000 00.000 OQ‘MOOCD 000: 00000 o0..m¢ «me 0m mm.m «mxw oo.v me «N 0w0. kmxm ..o. «mxm .N.. «me «m *N mvo. mmw. moo. .0.00 00.000 NV 00 0000 x 0000 x 00.000 000000 x 000000 00.000 0000 000000 00.000 mNNl—OO :00: 00000 t. 00.00m 0. 0N.m. 0. .o.m Nme. mNo. ow.. N.o. mm.. Nx. #— N... 0000 x 0000 x 000000 x 000000 00.000 00.000 0000 000000 00.000 I-NLDMI—O 0002 0:000 00.900 Nx. «m NN.0. Nx. 0m 0N.0 cam. nmo. anx— wx. aN mm.. one. mac. 106 column) indicate, for each §, the number of significant Cycles effects, Phases effects, etc., which her data contain. Column totals (bottom row) indicate, for each variable, the number of sig- nificant Cycles effects, Phases effects, etc., which the entire data set--i.e., the data of all 6 §s--contains. The grand means are presented again here to facilitate comparisons among variables. All of the §s do exhibit changes associated with the men- strual cycle. For each individual §, some variables are clearly more sensitive than others to the influence of the menstrual cycle. These "sensitive" variables are not necessarily the ones most characteristic of the §_(i.e., the ones with the larger grand means). For example, Table 4l shows that arm and hand movement accounted for 46.7% (nearly half) of 35's nonverbal behavior. The variance analyses yielded a significant Cycles effect, a significant Phases effect, a significant Days effect, a significant Cycles by Phases interaction, and a significant Phases by Days interaction. Clearly, for S5, arm and hand movement is quite characteristic of her and also highly sensitive to changes associated with the menstrual cycle. Arm and hand movement is quite characteristic of 54 also, accounting for 30.9% of her nonverbal behavior. However, for S4, arm and hand movement appears to be insensitive to menstrual cycle influences: the variance analysis yielded no significant result. 0n the other hand, variance analyses of 84's smiling, changing body position, and long pause behavior yielded several significant effects. These l07 three behaviors, together, account for less than 7% of 84's nonverbal behavior. The §s, as a group, are not equally reactive to menstrual cycle influences. This can be seen by scanning the row totals of Tables 4l-43. For example, as seen in Table 4l, 32 showed a total of seven Phases effects on the nonverbal behavior variables, while S1 showed only one. In general, the variables, as a group, are not equally sensitive. This becomes apparent when one attends to the column totals in Tables 41-43. For example, as seen in Table 4l, the variance analyses of “rhythmic leg or foot movement" and "arm and/or hand movement" yielded the greatest number of significant results. The composite, or summary, variables ("number of intervals rated" and "total number of nonverbal behaviors") yielded the next greatest number of significant results. "Scratching" and "squinting" yielded very few. CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION The purpose of the present study was twofold: (l) to explore the notion of symptom subtypes associated with the menstrual cycle, and (2) to provide a preliminary test of an exacerbation theory of menstrual cycle symptomatology. The outcome of the study strongly supports both the existence of symptom subtypes and the validity of an exacerbation explanation of menstrual cycle sympto- matology. The empirical evidence for symptom subtypes lies in the highly significant results of the 3 Friedman analyses of variance by ranks (p < .001 in all 3 analyses), which compared the rank- ordered grand means of §s' nonverbal, questionnaire, and content data. Whether one attends to the nonverbal behavior data (Table 2), the questionnaire data (Table l5), or the content data (Table 28), the finding is the same: the sets of rankings (and, therefore, the .§$) are different. This finding is, essentially, a finding of individual dif- ferences. Standing alone, such a finding is neither impressive nor relevant. It must be demonstrated to be reliable and part of a larger pattern. That the dependent measures are reliable has been 108 109 well-documented in the literature (Huisinga, T970; Moos, l969b; Nowlis, 1965; and Gottschalk et_al,, 1962). Additional empirical support for their reliability can be taken from the results of the series of Kendall's tests (all significant at the .01 level or the .OOl level), which demonstrated high intra-§ consistency across menstrual cycle phases and over time on the nonverbal, questionnaire, and content measures. These tests could not have yielded such lgrge coefficients of concordance if the measures were unreliable. The conceptualization of menstrual cycle symptomatology in terms of symptom subtypes is consistent with previous research. However, cast in this light, most previou$ research appears accurate, but limited. Only Moos (l968a, 1968b, l969a, l969b) and Moos g3;j§L. (T969) deal directly with symptom subtypes. Coppen and Kessel's conclusion (1963) was limited to neurotic personality traits. Greene and Dalton (l953) limited their research to cyclical changes in water metabolism. Gottschalk gt_al, (1962) associated changes in anxiety and hostility with the biological rhythm of the menstrual cycle. Ivey and Bardwick (l968) studied only changes in anxiety. Taken together, the results of these researchers form a convincing ‘argument for the existence of symptom subtypes. Previous findings can be viewed as components of the subtype picture, with each investigator looking at a different manifestation. It was not the object of this investigation to identify specific symptom subtypes. The finding that the §s are different 110 is the principal support which this research gives to the symptom subtypes idea. However, if every woman were different, the subtype notion would be inappropriate: a subtype implies a grouping, i.e., a class containing more than one member. In this context, it is important to note that in the present study, some of the §s do, indeed, appear similar. For example, Table 2, which contains the grand means for all §s on the nonverbal behavior variables, strongly tempts one to group together 52 with S5 and S3 with S4. The pattern of rankings is quite similar for each pair. Table l5, which con- tains the grand means for all §s on the questionnaire factors, suggests a grouping of $5 with 36. Table 28, which contains the grand means on the content data, suggests a grouping of S1 with S4, S2 with $5, and S3 with 56. These groupings may well be the mani- festation of symptom subtypes. The results of the Kendall's tests also provide the crucial beginnings of support for the exacerbation theory. Consistency in each §fs behavior is a necessary condition of the exacerbation theory. However, consistency over cycles and across menstrual cycle phases could exist without any changes occurring in §fs responses as she moves through the phases of her menstrual cycle and through time. Thus, the coefficients of concordance only reveal that as a woman moves from phase to phase or cycle to cycle, she does not exhibit behaviors that are not generally characteristic of her at other times. The coefficients do not, however, provide any information regarding how the menstrual cycle influences these behaviors. lll The variance analyses become important at this point. They reveal that there are significant changes occurring within the variables. Changes within variables coupled with a consistent rela- tionship among_variables--this finding supports the exacerbation position. To summarize, women do show changes associated with the menstrual cycle, but they are changes which occur within a consistent pattern of behavior. Women, clearly, do not become radically dif- ferent at "that time of the month"--they simply become more or less of what they have been all month long. This finding of an overall consistency in a woman's behavior, across menstrual cycle phases and over time, is really not surprising. The idea of general behavioral consistency, with minor variation, not radical change, is compatible with most psychological theory. Learning theorists would argue that well-learned, well-practised behaviors-~behaviors with high habit strength--would not be expected to be suddenly displaced by rarely-used behaviors of weak habit strength. Behaviors do not appear and disappear in unpredictable fashion. Psychotherapists and students of personality would argue that people change gradually. They do not present one picture of themself one day and another, markedly different, picture the next. It should be noted that the significant phases effects that were found in the study did not generally occur because the §s scored higher on "symptom-type" variables in the premenstrual and/ or menstrual phase than in other phases. At least as often as not, llZ intermenstrual and/or ovulatory means of "symptom-type" variables were as high or higher than the mean scores at menstruation or premenstrually. This finding is not unique to the present investi- gation. It will be recalled that Ivey and Bardwick (1968) found that nearly 20% of their subjects consistently experienced more anxiety at ovulation than premenstrually. Exacerbation theory is supported if it can be interpreted broadly. The interpretation would have to be broad enough to allow for “exacerbation“ occurring at ovulation or intermenstrually, since not all women experience most distress premenstrually. Thus, for some women, the premenstrual phase would be accompanied by a reduc- tion in "symptoms“ and a rise in positive feelings and behaviors. Such an interpretation also tempts one to do away with the traditional menstrual cycle vocabulary. "Exacerbation" implies a worsening; usymptom" implies an ailment. To speak of "smiling behavior" or I'affectionateness" becoming "exacerbated" premenstrually illustrates this point. Words like “exaggerated" and "trait,“ aside from being more nearly neutral than "exacerbated“ and "symptom,'l may, in fact, be more accurate as well. The preponderance of significant cycles effects in the variance analyses (Tables 4l-43) merits special consideration. These effects occurred despite the fact that the missing data problem was handled by a process which assumed no cycles effect, i.e., collapsed across cycles to create missing data days; and, thereby, biased the data against yielding significant cycles effects. ll3 A significant cycles effect cannot be interpreted in terms of menstrual cycle influences. If §_experiences Cycle I differently from Cycle II, etc., this implies that the influence of the environ- ment or, perhaps, other internal factors, is overriding the influence of the menstrual cycle, a biological rhythm, assumed to possess a high degree of constancy. This finding takes on added importance when one realizes that, on the whole, the variance analyses yielded a greater number of significant cycles effects than phases effects. This suggests that the menstrual cycle may provide only a tendency to respond in a certain way, and interaction with other factors determines the final response. Such would be the case when, for example, something very good happens to a woman pre- menstrually. She might feel good, despite a I‘negative" premenstrual predisposition. Conversely, suffering from a severe head cold, she might feel bad, even if she were at midcycle, a time which might otherwise be associated with feelings of well-being° The biological changes of the menstrual cycle may be accompanied by arousal states. One might wonder if women are consciously aware of these arousal states and if they have explanations for them. In this context, the work of Schacter and Singer (l962) becomes relevant. Schacter and Singer emphasize the importance of the cognitive aspects of a situation in labelling arousal states for which the individual has no explanation. The large number of cycles affects that occurred in the present investigation suggests that, perhaps, women are 114 not aware of cyclical changes in arousal states associated with the menstrual cycle. If they were, one would expect to find phases effects, since the women would then employ the same "explanation" for the arousal state each time it was experienced. However, it appears more likely that women are "explaining" their internal states in terms of situationally-dictated cognitions. Methodological Considerations and Directions for Future Research The variance analyses must be interpreted with caution. Tables 41-43 summarize the results of 6(13+20+9) analyses--i.e., analyses for each of the 6 subjects on the 13 nonverbal behavior variables, the 20 questionnaire factors, and the 9 content variables. Of these 252 analyses, each with 6 F-ratios, the probability that some of the "significant“ F-ratios occurred by chance must be acknowl- edged. Tables 41-43 suggest strongly that one must think twice before designing a piece of menstrual cycle research that involves grouping of Ss. For example, not 1 of 42 variables investigated pro- duced a significant phases effect for all Ss. However, all §s did show some significant phases effects. Thus, the assignment of S; to groups would tend to depress or even obliterate effects that exist in Ss as individuals but not in the group as a whole. Sidman (1960) states the case against the group-type experi- ment and in favor of the analyses of individual data somewhat more eloquently: 115 ". . . data obtained from the averaging of behavior within the individual are . . . preferable to data obtained from the averaged behavior of a large number of subjects ..... Group averages are contaminated both by intra- and intersubject variability. Individual averages are free from the latter. . . Group data may often describe a process, or a functional relation, that has no validity for any individual . . . we often have no way of evaluating whether or not a given example of group data actually does provide a true picture of individual behavior processes." pp. 472-275 "As a criterion of reliability and generality, intersubject replication is a more powerful tool than intergroup replication. . . With intersubject replication . . . each additional experi- ment increases the representativeness of the findings. Indeed, replication of an experiment with two subjects establishes greater generality for the data among the individuals of a popu- 1ation than does replication with two groups of subjects whose individual data have been combined." p. 75 Sidman would see the present research as 6 replications of an experiment. Each of the 6 §s exhibited reliable changes associated with her menstrual cycle phases. But, in each case, the changes occurred within her characteristic behavioral pattern. When so much time and effort goes into a longitudinal study like the present one, it is a shame to be confronted with a missing data problem because data were collected only five days each week. When such a long-term research project is undertaken, effort should be made to collect data seven days each week, if at all possible. For the same reason, analyses of vaginal smears, to locate ovulation, should be secured. When so much depends upon the accurate location of menstrual cycle phases, the most reliable method possible should be employed. Basal body temperature is subject to so many influences 116 (e.g., lack of sleep, change in diet, etc.) that a more stable indicator of ovulation would be preferable. Only S5 yielded basal body temperature data that made the location of an ovulatory phase fairly simple. Her temperature record was the most regular of all Ss, in terms of shoWing rather clearly the "classic“ pattern of temperature shifts thought to occur in association with the menstrual cycle. It is of interest at this point to speculate about 55. Her daily speech samples revealed her to be, perhaps, the most "organized“ of the subjects, in the sense that she scheduled her daily activities and seemed to adhere to her scheduling quite well. One might wonder if her "organized" life style led her to produce such a "well-organized" temperature record. Another possibility is that 55's physiological "organization" came first, and it was this that led her to live an "organized" way of life. A third possibility is that the physiologi- cal and psychological interact together. This idea of reciprocal interaction between the physiological and psychological systems of an individual seems most likely. Future research might explore this relationship. The possibility was introduced earlier that the menstrual cycle phases of the raters might have affected their ratings of Ss' behavior. The present study attempted to control this possibility by randomly matching §s and raters at each rating session. If one really feels that phase effects of raters could influence 117 rating, the use of male raters would provide the logical control. Of course, whether or not menstrual cycle phases do affect women's perceptions of others is, in itself, a viable research issue. A primary conclusion of this study is that the influence of the menstrual cycle can be, and often is, overriden by more influ— ential environmental factors. A future investigation might test this idea by involving premenstrual women in experimentally- manipulated situations. For example, one might predict significant differences among groups of premenstrual women who participate in the same task under the following experimental conditions: a condi- tion in which no reference is made to their menstrual cycle phase; a condition in which the women are told that performance is sometimes impaired premenstrually; a condition in which they were told that performance on the task may be impaired premenstrually, but they should try to do as well as possible, since their reward is dependent upon their performance; and a condition in which they are told that performance on the particular task is known to be facilitated by the premenstrual phase. The present research suggests that the influence of the menstrual cycle has been over-estimated. Previous researchers have, generally, examined only a few behaviors and concluded that the menstrual cycle has a dramatic effect upon them. This study, while it revealed changes in behavior associated with the menstrual cycle, put the changes into perspective by examining a wide spectrum of 118 behavior. The significant variance analyses in the study revealed changes in the variables, while the significant concordance coefficients, which examined all the variables under investigation for each S, revealed an essentially stable personal profile. Viewed in this light, the menstrual cycle‘s influence appears much less impressive. Overall behavioral consistency emerges much more strikingly. Behaviors are changing in association with the bio- logical rhythm, but the changes are not as dramatic as previous research and superstition might have one believe. Yet, the statistics regarding the relationship of the men- strual cycle to suicide and crime, for example, are impressive and cannot be ignored. An integrative conclusion would be the follow- ing: The menstrual cycle exerts its influence by providing a biological predisposition. Environmental factors and, possibly, other internal factors exert more influence in determining the behavior that a woman finally exhibits. However, the menstrual cycle takes on added importance in extreme cases: cases, for example, of women who are chronically depressed or characteristically impulsive. In such instances, the menstrual cycle might act like a “last straw." An "exacerbated" depression might take the form of suicide; an "exacerbated" impulsivity, the form of crime. Investigations of "extreme" populations such as women psychiatric patients or women prisoners would be a logical next step. 119 Freud has said, ”Anatomy is destiny." The results of this study indicate that anatomy and physiology are not destiny: at most, they are tendency. Those women who have been labelled "once-a-month witches" must have been pretty spooky all month long! APPENDICES APPENDIX A A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PART OF THE INVESTIGATION APPENDIX A A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PART OF THE INVESTIGATION During the physiological part of the investigation, each §_ reported her basal body temperature for that morning and the number of hours sleep she had had the previous night. She also reported whether or not she was menstruating. She was weighed and then seated in a comfortable chair. Electrodes were attached, and the §_was instructed to relax. She was told that some sounds would be presented through earphones, and she should attend to these sounds. Her task was to press a microswitch, as fast as she could, after the sound stopped. After five minutes of adaptation, 15 trials of 78 db., l-second white noise were presented. The intertrial interval varied randomly from 15-60 seconds, with a mean of 30 seconds. The intensity and duration of stimuli were the same each day. Heart rate, respira- tion, skin potential, and vasomotor response were continuously recorded on a Grass P7 four channel polygraph. Stimuli were pre- sented on tape through Sharpe Stereo earphones. §s were tested individually in a sound-attenuated room. 120 APPENDIX B THE APPLICATIONS OF THE SIX WOMEN SELECTED FOR PARTICIPATION IN THE "HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT" 121 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Name 51 'Address at MSU Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Soph. Sr. Grad. Major Elementary Ed. Grade Point Average 3.3 Age 20 Height {5'4" Weight 125 Race White Marital Status (Circle One): Married' Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? N9 Do you have a boyfriend? No Are you currently taking oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? --- . Do you feel it is likely that you will begin taking oral contraceptives any time in the next five months? No Are there any medications which you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) No If so, what are they? Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? Nb‘ If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in the next five months? Nb Would you say that, in general, your health is (circle 0 - : Poor Fair Satisfactory Good W Describe any health problems you have at the present time: --- 122 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? Nb If so, what were they? ' How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin your period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 28 days ‘ . (approx.) How long is your menstrual flow? (i.e., how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 6 days Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis- comert? (e.g., Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) No Ifso, what do you take? About how often do you take it? About how_many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? None Have you ever been pregnant?_ (This includes pregnancies that have been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) ‘ None How many classes have you missed this term? ,About 5 How many nights this term have you gone without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc.)? ane--usuaZZy get 7-8 hours. , What is your MAIN source of financial support? (e.g., parents, self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) Parents If self, where are you employed? Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? Self .._ If so, what are they? From serLempZoyment in summer and vacations. AL (What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? 1/3 What made you respond to this ad? Curiosity 123 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca- tion? Yes ' Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from January 11 to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, church activities, community organizations, etc.) Human Potential Dorm Group (3 hrs. per week) 124 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Name S2 Address at MSU Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Soph. Junior Grad. Major Dietetics _ Grade Point Average 3.43 Age 21 Height 517-1/2" Weight 139 Race Caucasian Marital Status (Circle One): Married Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? No . Do you have a boyfriend? No one specific Are you currently taking Oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? Do you feel it is likelythat you will begin taking oral contraceptives any time in_the next five months? No Are there any medications which you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) No If so, what are they? Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? No If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in the next five months? No Would you say that, in general, your health is (circle one): Poor Fair Satisfactory Excel lent Describe any health problems you have at the present time: Usually tired, but that's an occupational hazard. 125 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? No If so, what were they? How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin your period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 25—32 days How long is your menstrual flow? (i. e. how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 5 days Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis- comfort? (e. g. , Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) No If so, what do you take? About how often do you take it? A About how many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? None Have you ever been pregnant? (This includes pregnancies that have been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) No How many classes have you misSed this term? One How many nights this term have you gone without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc.)? 1 or 2 A What is your MAIN Source of financial support? (e.g., parents, self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) , Mostly parents If self, where are you employed? I am also employed byythe University. .1 Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? No If so, what are they? What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? What made you respond to this ad? It seemed an interesting way to make some money (which I need) and I was curious. 126 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca- tion? Yes Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from January 11 to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, church activities, community organizations, etc.) my job in the lab some occasional committee appointments in the Foods Department Henorary sorority 127 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Name S3 Address at MSU Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Junior Sr. Grad. Major Wildlife Biology Grade Point Average 2.4 Age 19 Height 5'5” Weight 120 lb. Race White Marital Status (Circle One): Married Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? No Do you have a boyfriend? No Are you currently taking oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? Do you feel it is likely that you will begin taking oral contraceptives any time in the next five months? No Are there any medications which you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) No If so, what are they? Midol Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? No If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in the next five months? No Would you say that, in general, your health ' (circle one): Poor Fair Satisfactory ‘ Excellent Describe any health problems you have at the present time: None 1‘ 1 1 1‘ l 128 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? No If so, what were they? How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin your period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 28~30 How long is your menstrual flow? (i.e., how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 5 Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis- comfort? (e.g., Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) Yes If so, what do you take? Andbl About how often do you take it? Only occasionally, when I need it; Usually the lst or 2nd day only, if'at all. About how many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? None Have you ever been pregnant? (This includes pregnancies that have been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) No How many classes have you missed this term? Most all of’Physics Lecture How many nights this term have you gone without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc.)? Once What is your MAIN source of financial support? (e.g., parents, self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) Self If self, where are you employed? Was employed during the summer. Am looking_fbr a job now. Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? Yes_ If so, what are they? Parents“ . school What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? "Tyition What made you respond to this ad? I need agjob, plus the curiosity of'an ad needing girls not taking contraceptives. 129 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca— tion? Yes Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from Januaryll to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, church activities, community organizations, etc.) Job 130 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT S Name 4 Address at MSU Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Soph. Junior Grad. Major Child Development Grade Point Average 3.25 Age 21 Height 5'7" Weight 150# Race Cauc. Marital Status (Circle One): Married Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? No Do you have a boyfriend? No Are you currently taking oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? Do you feel it is likely that you will begin taking oral contraceptives any time in the next five months? No Are there any medications which you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) If so, what are they? super-Plenimom Vitamins Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? No If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in the next five months? No Would you say that, in general, your health (circle one): Poor Fair Satisfactory Excel lent Describe any health problems you have at the present time: would like to lose some weight. 131 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? No If so, what were they? How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin your period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 28 days How long is your menstrual flow? (i.e., how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 4 days Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis— comfort? (e.g., Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) No If so, what do you take? About how often do you take it? About hOw many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? 0 Have you ever been pregnant? (This includes pregnancies that have been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) No How many classes have you missed this term? Approx. 3 timesgclass How many nights this term have you gone without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc.)? 1 night What is your MAIN source of financial support? (e.g., parents, self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) parents/scholarships If self, where are you employed? Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? No If so, what are they? What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? 1/4 What made you respond to this ad? Interest—-fingnces 132 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca- tion? f Yes Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from Januaryll to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, church activities, community organizations, etc.) Chapel council Sec. —— Martin Luther Chapel Chapel Choir -- Martin Luther Chapel Omicron Nu -- Home Ec. Organization 133 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Name 55 Address at MSU Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Junior Sr. Grad. Major No Pref. Grade Point Average 3.3 Age 19 Height 5'6" Weight 115 Race Whitey Marital Status (Circle One): Married Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? No Do you have a boyfriend? Yes Are you currently taking oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? Do you feel it is likely that you will begin taking oral contraceptives any time in the next five months? No Are there any medications which you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) No If so, what are they? Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? No If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in thenext five months? Not likely Would you say that, in general, yodr health (circle one): Poor Fair Satisfactory ‘ Excel lent Describe any health problems you have at the present time: 134 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? No If so, what were they? . How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin yOur period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 28 How long is your menstrual flow? (i.e., how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 5—6 days Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis- comfort? (e.g., Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) No 1 If so, what do you take? ‘ ‘ About how often do you take it?’ About how many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? NOne. Have you ever been pregnant? (This includes pregnancies that have been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) No How many classes have you misSed this term? NCne HOw many nights this term have you gone without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc. )? None . What is your MAIN source of financial support? (e.g., parents, self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) self; parents If self, where are you employed? Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? No If so, what are they? What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? What made you respond to this ad? I am interested in Psychology and Psych. Research. I also met the requirements of the ad, and I was interested by the ad in this particular research project. 135 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca- tion? Yes Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from Januaryll to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, church activities, community organizations, etc.) 136 APPLICATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN FEMALE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Name S6 Address at MSU j 1 Phone No. at MSU Student No. Class Rank (Circle One): Freshman Junior Sr. Grad. Major El. Education Grade Point Average 2.43 Age 19 Height 5'6-344" Weight 140 Race White Marital Status (Circle One):. Married Widowed Divorced If you are unmarried, is it likely that you will marry before the end of spring term? No Are you engaged? No Do you have a boyfriend? Yes Are you currently taking oral contraceptives? No If so, what kind? Do you feel it is likely that you will begin taking oral contraceptives at any time in the next five months? No Are there any medications which_you take regularly? (e.g., aspirin, sleeping pills, thyroid pills, tranquilizers, diet pills, diuretics, pamprin or Midol for your period, etc.) No If so, what are they? Have you ever taken any psychogenic drugs, like speed, LSD, ampheta- mines, barbiturates? No If so, what did you take? How long ago? Is it likely that you will take any psychogenic drugs in the next five months? No Would you say that, in general, your health is (circl- o e : Poor Fair Satisfactory Good W Describe any health problems you have at the present time: 137 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 2 Have you, in the past, had any serious health problems? If so, what were they? How long ago? How long is your menstrual cycle? (i.e., when you begin your period, how many days is it until you begin your next period?) 28—30 How long is your menstrual flow? (i.e., how many days is it from the beginning to the end of menstrual bleeding?) Count the first and last days as full days. 5 days Do you take any form of medications to aid you with menstrual dis- comfort? (e.g., Midol, Pamprin, a diuretic, etc.) No If so, what do you take? About how often do you take it? About how many times per month do you have sexual intercourse? None Have you ever been pregnant? (This includes pregnancies that have ‘ been terminated by abortion or miscarriage.) No How many classes have you missed this term? .None How many nights this term have you gone Without sleep (to cram for an exam, to party, etc.)? None What is your MAIN source of financial support? (e.g., parents,self, savings, scholarship, fellowship, etc.) ' Self If self, where are you employed? Not presently Do you have ADDITIONAL sources of support? No If so, what are they? What proportion of your total expenses do they cover? What made you respond to this ad? I;participated in some Psychology experiments last winter for 151 for class and I was interested in them. This sounded interesting and I would like to help out. 138 Application for Participation in HFPRP Page 3 Are you willing to participate in this project during spring vaca- tion? Yes Would you be able to arrange your schedule so that you could participate in this study? (i.e., one hour per morning, 5 days per week, from Januaryll to the end of spring term?) Yes Please list below all of your extracurricular activities. (e.g., dorm activities, sorority activities, sports, Church activities, community organizations, etc.) Church group Skiing APPENDIX C THE QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX C THE QUESTIONNAIRE Human Female Psychological Research Project Each of the following words or phrases describes feelings you may have had or things you may have experienced during the last 24 hours. For each word or phrase, indicate on the answer sheet to what extent the word or phrase describes what you felt or experienced. Blacken the space on your answer sheet according to how well each alternative describes your feelings or experiences. Use the following code: 1 2 3 4 5 Not at all Slightly Moderately Strongly Extremely 139 0'1 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. #OON 0&0me irritable aloof annoyed decreased efficiency fed-up excited mood swings necked or petted pleased depreSSed (sad or blue) defiant tense difficulty concentrating fatigued sexually aroused leisurely clutched up feelings of well-being regretful jittery active increased interest in men talkative orderly 140 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. kindly blind spots or fuzzy vision distractable sluggish increased desire for chocolate accidents (e.g., cut finger, break dish overjoyed nausea or vomiting serious carefree rebellious lowered motor coordination feelings of suffocation forgiving bursts of energy or activity lowered school or work per- formance dubious cold sweats took naps or stayed in bed changed eating habits insomnia self-centered forgetful 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 141 vigorous cried hot flashes painful breasts chest pains sorry lonely confused warmhearted general aches and pains pimples contemplative refreshed dull tired sad skin disorders swelling (e.g., abdomen, breasts, or ankles) lowered judgment ringing in the ears muscle stiffness anxious numbness or tingling in hands or feet 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. concentrating fearful headache dizzy or faint engaged in thought egotistic introspective increased desire for alcoholic beverages cramps (uterine or pelvic) stayed at home angry grouchy restless intent sexy attentive playful backache boastful decreased interest in men drowsy witty elated 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. energetic lively avoided social activities suspicious earnest 142 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. masturbated weight gain skeptical nonchalant affectionate 143 The following items are to be answered YES or NO. Blacken the space corresponding to number 1 if your answer is YES. Blacken the space corresponding to number 2 if your answer is NO. During the last 24 hours, did you: 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. clean your room or apartment? bake or cook something special? sew, knit, crochet, etc. do laundry? iron clothes? buy something pretty? go shopping for clothes? go shopping for groceries? go out with a girlfriend? go out with a guy? engage in sexual intercourse? have an argument? arrive late for a class or meeting? miss a class or meeting? wash your hair? set your hair? take any medication (e.g., aspirin, Midol, Dristan, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.)? If your answer to this question is YES, indicate right on your answer sheet the kind of medication you took. APPENDIX D INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SPEECH SAMPLE APPENDIX D INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SPEECH SAMPLE Human Female Psychological Research Project Now move to the chair positioned for the video-taping. Talk for about 5 minutes about your daily experiences. Include those experiences which were important to you and howgyou felt about thgm, In other words, what's really been going on with you in the last 24 hours, or since you last came to the Project? There are no right or wrong ways to do this. You may talk about many things or just one. You may talk about experiences in any order you wish- --do not feel constrained to relate them chrOnologically. You may talk about your feelings at this very moment, your reactions to participation in the Project, etc. Anything is acceptable! 144 APPENDIX E A SAMPLE RATING SHEET FOR THE NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR DATA 145 ego—n: cvmpa “man Amv umxoccm .zamcm Aev mzoexcm .mmcmp Amv ummmmgamc .xaamecz ANV pcmucoo .zaam; "mFaEem nommam to cowmmmggsw _memcmw @m w m m m. , m. m m w m. a 1 wmzma ace; 1 , can; see; N \ newmeQ . :owpwmoaTxuon Q - - 111 we mmcmco N \ mcwcoemcum 1 pcmsm>oe 0. \. \ \_ \_ \¢H \ \ \ \ U26: LO EL< pcmsm>os poop QN \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \_ \ LO Dw— Uszflxhzm m x x \ memu_:o;m macsm m x x \ exou mcwmcm; use: . ummcmgow.mcwpxcwcz m x x x x \ L0\ncm mzogn mcwmwmm s savagescm s\.\.\\.\.\.\. \. maze... om mp mp NF oF mp eF m_ N_ FF op m m m m m e m N P 2. HE E A mcmmn .mucma .mmmemV.m> mmmau .pgwxm "mco apogee 9N .Qmm ”mPQEmm coooqm mo camp Nu H.oz m .m.m. m_m_pwcH m.gmpmm REFERENCES I u’ e. REFERENCES Altman, M., Knowles, E., and Bull, H. A psychosomatic study of the sex cycle in women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1941, 3, 199- 225. Benedek, T., and Rubenstein, B. The correlations between ovarian activity and psychodynamic processes: I. The ovulative phase. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1939a, 1, 245-270. Benedek, T., and Rubenstein, B. The correlations between ovarian activity and psychodynamic processes: II. The menstrual phase. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1939b, 1, 461-485. Cooke, W. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1945, 42, 457. Coppen, A., and Kessel, N. Menstruation and personality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 109, 711-721. Dalton, K. The Premenstrual Syndrome, Springfield, 111.: Charles C. Rhomas, 1964. Dalton, K. The influence of mother's menstruation on her child. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1966, 59, 1014. Ekman, P. Communications through nonverbal behavior: A source of information about an interpersonal relationship. In Tomkins, S., and Izard, C. (eds.) Affect, Cognition, and Personality, New York: Springer, 1965, pp. 390-442. Freed, S. The treatment of premenstrual distress with special con- sideration of the androgens. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1945, 1.21, 377. Gottschalk, L., Kaplan, S., Gleser, G., and Winget, C. Variations in magnitude of emotion: A method applied to anxiety and hostility during phases of the menstrual cycle. Psycho- somatic Medicine, 1962, 24, 300-311. Greene, R., and Dalton, K. The premenstrual syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1953, l, 1007. 146 147 Gregory, A. The menstrual cycle and its disorders in psychiatric patients--I. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, l957a, 3, 61-79. Gregory, A. The menstrual cycle and its disorders in psychiatric patients--II. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1957b, 2, 199-224. Huisinga, D. The relation of several nonverbal behaviors to self- concept and anxiety. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1970. Israel, S. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1938, 119, 1721. Ivey, M., and Bardwick, J. Patterns of affective fluctuations in the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1968, 39, 336- 345. Jacobs, T., and Charles, E. Correlation of psychiatric symptomatology and the menstrual cycle in an outpatient population. Ameri— can Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 199, 1504-1508. McCance, R., Luff, M., and Widdowson, E. Physical and emotional periodicity in women. Journal of Hygiene, 1937, 32, 571. Moos, R. Typology of menstrual cycle symptoms. American Journal ' of Obstetrics and Gynecology, l969a, 193, 390-402. Moos, R. Preliminary Manual for the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. (Available by request to Moos, R., Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305.) l969b. Moos, R. The development of a Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1968a, 39, 853-867. Moos, R. Psychological aspects of oral contraceptives. ArChives of General Psychiatry, 1968b,'l9, 87-94. Moos, R., Kopell, B., Melges, F., Yalom, I., Lunde, D., Clayton, R., and Hamburg, D. Variations in symptoms and mood during the menstrual cycle. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1969, 13, 37-44. Morton, J., Additon, H., Addison, R., Hunt, L., and Sullivan, J. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1953, 93, 1182. 148 Nowlis, V. Research with the Mood Adjective Check List. In Tomkins, S., and Izard, C. (eds.), Affect, Cognition, and Personality, New York: Springer, 1965, 352-389. Pennington, V. Meprobate (Miltown) in premenstrual tension. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1947, 199, 638. Rees, L. Psychosomatic aspects of the premenstrual tension syndrome. Journal of Mental Science, 1953, 99, 62. Shainess, N. A reevaluation of some aspects of femininity through a study of menstruation: Apreliminary report. Comparative Psychiatry, 1961, 9, 20-25. Schacter, S., and Singer, J. "Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.“ Psychological Review, 1962, 69, 379-399. Sidman, Murray. Tactics of Scientific Research, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1960. Siegel, S. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956. Sutherland, H., and Stewart, I. A critical analysis of the pre- menstrual syndrome. Lancet, 1965, 1, 1180-1183. Sweeney, J. Menstrual edema: Preliminary report. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1934, 193, 234. ~‘. “if“ IllJIHWIHHIIHII111111111111111111111111