JGHN F. KENNEDY BEFORE THE GREATER HOUSTON MINISTERIAL ASSOCIATION." SEPTEMBER 12. E960: THE‘RELIGIOUS ISSUE ’ Thesis for the Degree of Ph. D. ‘ MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY DEANE ALWYN KEMPER 1968 LIBRARY Michigan Stan University THESI. This is to certify that the - thesis entitled JOHN F. KENNEDY BEFORE THE GREATER HOUSTON Ifll‘IISTERIAL ASSOCIATICN, SEPTEMBER 12, 1960: THE RELIGIOUS ISSUE presented by DEANE A KEEPER has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for L119— degree in M— 4 i Kim?“ ’ ’ 2%! N : W9? a Cl-wcé’ 1 \Major professor Date July 2h, 1968 0-169 ?‘ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 1293 10361 7936 WNW ‘ -~ a m HI) ‘ JAN I) 2003 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Speech and Theatre, College of Communication Arts, Michigan State Univer- sity, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Loc- tor of Philosophy degree. Kenneth G. Hance Director or Thesis Guidance Committee: Kenneth G. Nance , Chairman Jerry A. Anderson Madison Kuhn David C . 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KENNEDY BEFORE THE mm MINISTERIAL WWW, W 12, 1960: THE RELIGIQJS ISSIE By DeaneAlwynKenper A DISSERI‘NI‘IQJ Stbnitted to Midfigan State Uniwrsity in partial fulfilment of the requiramnts forthedegreeof MOROFPHIIDSOPHY DeparumntofSpaedxand'l‘heatm 1968 DEANE.ADWYN KEMPER @ Copyright by 1969 W I would like to express my appreciatim to those whose labors on my behalf have aided m in this acadanic mdeavor: Dr. Kenneth G. Hmce, my advisor and thesis director, who gave gmertmsly and tirelessly of himself did offered oomtant emaganent; Dr. David C. Ralph, who lent somd comsel and excellent instruction in speech criticism Dr. Jerry M. Anderson, who first urged that this topic be purwed when it was but an idea. Dr. Madison Kdmmho instilled a love for Presidential history: Joyce Stewart, who typed the final text: My wife Lillian, without whose typing, editing, correcting, and constant good humr this study would have been inpossible. iii WWW me O O O O O O O O 0 O O O I O O 0 O O C O O n 1 Chapter I. mmsmvrmm............ 12 'lhe Background of the Oocasim The Preparation of the Speech Preparations for the Event in Ibistm II. MMSEIAMACATPDLIC.....,..... 42 M...- ”#188998 W m Biography of John F. Kennedy A Description of Anti-Catholic Political Activityin1960 III. IBELIEVEINANAMERICA............. 71 Kamedy's Views m Church and State, in Merica MWIEEf Senator Kermedy's Religion as a Factor in His 0m Political Career IV. IBELIEVEINAPRESW............ 9]. Kemedy's Views on Religim and the Presidency An Analysis of the Senator's Appeal to the Cmstitutim A Descriptim of the ”Poling Incident“ as am Issue in the Carmaign V. mCNEIWGHSIF'fiIEYWEREWCSORM... 109 Kennedy's Citatim of HisWar Record AnAppealmAnericanDocumts MAppealtotheAlatm iv VI. Iasxyw'rmrcmmmwwmnm mmmOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO... Kaundy'sAppealforFairPlayBasedm His Record in the Omgress Remedy ' s Disavowal of Church Cmtrol Kamedy's Offer to resign Rather Than to Violate His Cmscience VII. ANYCAWM EOR'I‘HBOFPICE, I THINK, WWWNMQJESTIQJS OFMWWQ....OOO..0.0 An Analysis of the Qaestim-md-Ansmr Period VIII. mm................. AudienceandCriticalReactimtothe Progran The Ckntirxued Use of the Film Record of the Event WWWICNS................ APPDIDIXES A. 'DemtoftheAddressbyJoth. Kennedybefore the Greater Honstm Ministerial Association, WIZ'lgéocooooooooooOo B. Marks of Senator John P. Kennedy. Qaestim and Answer, Ministerial Association of Greater Boston, Septenber 12, 1960. . . . . C. Text of Statsnent by Natimal Conference of CitizensforlbligiomFreedan. . . . . . . 8mm 0 O O O O O O O O O b O O O O O O O O O O O 118 ISO 163 190 203 206 215 219 Table 1. 2. 3. 4. LISPOFTABIES Fourteen Key States and Catholic Pepulatim. Votecxangeinthe1956md196031ectims. Offsetting Effects of the Religious Issue. . Fourteen Key States with Electoral Votes and Darocratic Percentage of 1960 Popular Vbte 87 142 144 147 MIG! Statanent of Purpose In 1960, for the seocnd tine in the twentieth century, the Danocratic Party naninated a Hanan Catholic for the office of President of the thited States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the sax of an anbassador, a graduate of Harvard, a military hero, a Pulitzer Prize winner, and the jmior Senator fran mssachusetts, began his run for the White Home in 1956 after narrowly losing his party's Vice Presidential nanination to Senator Estes Kefauver of Wm. He was too astute a politician not to be mare of political problem stenndng fran his Hanan Catholic faith. Beginning in March of 1959, nearly a year before he been a cholared candidate for the nation's highest office, Kennedy began to speak forthrightly (:1 issues relating to his faith. 01 that occasion the young Senator spoke his vials to writer Fletcher Knebel of g magazine in an interviev that placated many Protestants but drew negative reaction frun the Catholic press. During the West Virginia prinary in April of 1960, Kennedy chmgedthestbjectofasdxeduledaddresstomekmricanSocietyof Newspaper Editors in Washinqtm, D.C. . fran foreign policy to religim. Ithadbeenthehopeofthekemedycmpaignstaffthatthesemo cmplete and widely publicized statements of the candidate's views «:1 churdm and state would serve to answer any religious questions that might arise during the caupaign. It soon became apparent, however, that the anti-Catholic attacks of Protestant clergyman and pnblishing hmnses could not be effectively silenced with a repetition of past statanents. Inhen, m8eptenber7,agroupof 150 clargynen, headedbyDr. Norman Vincent Peale and Dr. Harold John Ockenga, issued a position paper questianing the ability of a Roman Catholic President to withstand pressure fronn the hierarchy of his own Churdn, the Delmcratic candidate could no longer maintain his silence m the religious issm. John P. Kennedy delivered his mly ”religious issue" address of the post-Canventim canpaign to the Greater Homtan Ministerial Association an Septenber 12, just four days after pnblication of the press release issued by the Peale Group. This study will present an analysis of this single speech, which was delivered in the Crystal Ballroan of fine Rios Hotel in Houston. The analysis will include research on the preparatians and expectaticns of those involved in the event, the occasion itself, including the question-and-answer session which inmediately followed the speech, andtheinpactof, andcriticalreactimto, theaddressinthe days and weeks after Kennedy's appearance before the Hurstan clergy. Theresearchwill focusanthisspeednalaneandwillnotbe... analysis of the overall speaking of President Kennedy. 'Ihe brief biographical data included will be presented as a religious biography of John F. Kennedy. Addresses delivered by the candidate prior to Septanber 12, 1960, will be cansifired mly as they relate to the Houston presentatian. Special attention will be paid to the £05 interview and the A.S.N.E. address as these two sources contain much material that was incorporated into the Houston remarks. Repeated attenpts over a period of fifteen nonths to secure a filnedcopyandavoicetapeofxemedy'smtanappearanceendedin frustration. As a result, there will be no detailed treatment of delivery factors. Cements relating to delivery will be included only as they are found in research sources. The events of history between 1960 and the present have created an enoticnal atmosphere that makes a precise assessment of fine effectiveness of Kennedy's presentation all but impossible. As a result, the inpact of the candidate's speeches an the religious issue will be judged by reaction to the Senator's remarks fran the audience, his critics en the religious issue, and the nation's press. As proposed, the subject possess historical nerit for light that can be shed en John I“. Kennedy's handling of the potent religious issue. Rhetorically, an investigation of this occasion may be of value as historians, nenbers of the Denocratic canpaign staff, and even sane of Kennedy's nest severe critics agreed that the candidate had presented forthright, satisfactory answers to the questions of church and state raised by his faith. Catholic nanninees for the nation's highest office in 1928 and 1960 faced withering fire fren anti-Catholic polenicists, but the candidacy of Gangressman Willien E. Miller, a Rxnan Catholic, for the Vice Presidency an the 1964 republican ticket headed by Barry Goldwater failed to gener- ate even an anti-papist whisper. Similarly, the tragic and meteoric Presidential effort of Senator Robert F. Kennedy and the sustained drive of Senator Eugene McCarthy in 1968 have not resulted in discussion of any religious tapic. It may well be that the enormous issues of war, crime, race rela- tions, poverty, and the when crisis have, in 1968, made religious debate a luxury the nation can ill-afford. John Kennedy's election and performance as President may also have served to still the voices of bigotry. But the young Senator's eloquent defense of his faith before the clergy of WWbediscomtedasastiflinginflnmceonthosewhomld judge a political aspirant by his dnurdn affiliation. Method of Ibsearch The speech under consideration in this project lends itself very welltorhetoricalreseardnthatoonsidersunskeysegnentsofanec- trenely critical cenpaign address. 'lhe specific segmts to be analyzed and evaluated in the study include: 1. theissue: thereligiousquestionwas thsprimaryconcernof millions of voters in 1960. The entire matter of a Man Catholic dnief executive had been left unresolved and largely undiscmsed since 1928. The thonghtofaRmanCatholic headirngamajorparty ticketwas a political taboo until Kennedy's noninatien. 2. the setting: Kennedy's appearance before the clergy of Houston and the actual arrangenents for the nesting were the result of conplex historical and political factors that deuonstrate the need for the mdern Presidential candidate to adjust and adapt to imuediate issues. 3. the occasion: never before in the history of the United States had a Presidential aspirant been called upon to defend publicly his religions views and be pnblicly questioned on then. The Kennedy con- frontation with the Houston ministers represents a uniqnn chapter in American political lore. 4. the audience: John F. Kennedy's imnediate audience was a group of several hundred South was clergyman, nenenen, and various spectators. By television, however, the Senator addressed thonsands of‘I‘exans. In addition, throughthepress anda filmmadeofthe presentation, the speaker counsnicated his views to the entire nation. 5. the speaker: Senator Kennedy was responsive to the issues of the canpaign and the sensitivities and loyalties of his audience. as demnstratedthisresponsivenessinhis addressandhis answersonthe evening of Septerber 12, 1960. 'l‘hevehicle fortheenalysisoftheseseparateelenentsofthe address is the speedn itself. There are, in all, eight chapters in the entire worm 'Ihe first six chapters are headed by a portion of the addressasreadbySenatorKemnedy. 'l‘heentire address ispresented chronologically in these six opening quotations. 'lhe chapter titles aretakenfronnthesegnentofthespeechstudiedineadndnapter. All qmtationsfrontheaddress,vmetherattheteadsofonaptersorinthe text of the study, are set in italic-type. 'Ihe conplete text of fine speech is presented in Appendix A. Thus, the subjects of Chapters I through VI are as follows: ChapterI: thebackgrorfloftheoccasion, thepreparationofthe speedn, and the preparations for the event in Benton. Chapter II: the issues of the canpaion, a religious biography of John F. Kennedy , and a description of anti-Catholic political activity in 1960. Chapter III: Kennedy's views on church and state in America and an analysis of Senator Kennedy's religion as a factor in his om political career. Chapter Iv: Kennedy's views on religion and the Presidency, an analysis of the Senator's appeal to the Constitution, and a description of the "Pcling incident“ as an issue in the cantpaign. Chapter V: Kennedy's use of personal proof in citing his war record, anamealtoAnericandocunents, endanappealtotheAlanno. QnapterVI: Kennedy'sappeal for fairplaybasedonhisrecordin the Congress, his disavowal of church control, and his offer to resign rather than to violate his conscience. Chapter VII presents an analysis of the qnestion-and-answer period that follwed the address, while Chapter VIII concems itself with audienceandcritical reactiontotheprogramandthecontinuedmeof the event in repeated television showings of the film record. Appendix B contains the uncorrected copy of the text of the question-and-answer period a: printed by the Denocratic National Connittee. flnroughoutthestuiy,theargunentsandevidenceerployedbythe speaker are analyzed and evaluated. By use of "flashback," Kennedy's historical and personal references are presented in detail. Wnenn the Senatorlookstothe future, hispmpheticutterancesareelaboratodon fron the vantage point of the present which allots, on the researcher's part, generous use of the glorious gift of hindsight. TheText 'merearetwoavailabletextsof John F. Kennedy's address tothe Greater Houston Ministerial Association. The first record presmts the Speednasitwaswrittenbythecandidateend'lheodoreScrensen. This textwasprintedverbatimbyflneWthemmingafterths speech was delivered and is included in the collection of the speeches of Senator John F. Remedy, pnblished by the Congressional Snbcomnittee of the Comnittee on Comunications. 'meseoxndtextistherecordoftheaddressasitwasdeliveredby thespeakeronSeptalberlZ, 1960. Itisthisspokonaccountthathas beenerployedinthis stnrly. 'nneNewYcrkTines ranthis secondversion of the speech as "a transcription of a television broadcast" on Septerber 13, 1960.1 The particular version chosen for incorporation into this stnxiy was taken fronn The Wof the President 1960 by Theodoren. mite. This recordwas selectedas it representswnatwas actually saidandis setinparagraphsinessentiallythesane fonnnas the written text. A careful collation of the two accounts reveals oventy discrepancies betnmnthe unrecords, most ofwhidn involve onlyoneorbvowords. Nodifferences inmaningorerphasisaretobe found. Anecpanded treatnentoftextualmattersisinclndedindnapterlv. metectoftheqnnstion-and-enswersession,whidnwasutilizedin thesmdyandreproducedinAppendixB, istakenfronadocumtprinted and circulated by the Danocratic National Connittee. 'nne original text was theworkofapress stencgrafinerwhoreoardedwhatwassaid for distribution to the various new services and papers. Not surprisingly, because of the haste involved, the first newspaper printings of the interrogation period are filled with errors. 1New York Tines, Sept. 13, 1960, p. 22. Many of these mistakes were eliminated fronn the later Democratic National Comnittee printing of the record. For exanple, one minister's quotation of a Catholic source originally identified as the Solace of m has been corrected to the Syllabnn of Errog. Despite this general ”cleaning up" of the text, many incorrect references remain such as Max Gaulke being identified as Max Delcke. Insomch as no voice tape, video tape, or film record of the occasion was made available, no at- tanptwasmadetocorrecttheerrorscontainedintherecord. Thetext distributed by the Denocratic National Connittee is presented “as is,“ as itis thebestrecordingoftheprooeedings tobefound. Sources The following works were read for biographical material on John F. Kennedy and the Kennedy family: James MacGregor Burns, :73}; m, A Political Profigg. which is a cenpaign biography, yet still the labor of a professional historian: Ieo Danore, the Cape Cod Years of .1553 Ridnard J. Nnalen, lnej‘omding Father, which remains the standard biography of the late President's father: Joseph F. Dinneen, 33% m3 Hubert J. W: M: a chronicle of Kennedy"s exploits as a PT boat captain in World War II. “Inside" views of Kennedy and of the 1960 election capaign were gleaned fron Paul B. Pay, The Pleasure of His Com, a light, but personal work of a forner shimate; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., 5; __'I‘l'_nousand Days, an excellent history of the New Frontier, but which offers little on the religious issue in 1960: Pierre Salinger, Mum, the mannirs of the former White House press secretary: Evelyn Lincoln, My glve Years with John F. Kennedy: and, nost importantly, W C. Sorensen, m, the lucid account of the co-author of the Houston speech whose work was invaluable for the infonnation {rovided regarding the planning for and preparation of the address. Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960, is still the standardworkon theNinun-Kennedy electionandwas close athand throughont the preparation of this study; Lucy S. Davidcwicz and Dean J. Goldstein, Politics in a Pluralist Denocraq, a thorough donograflnic analysis of the 1960 Presidential contest: Paul '1‘. David, 'nne Presidential Election and Transition, 1960-1961, was valuable for insight into the effects of religion and voting in 1960 as was the article by Philip Converse, Angus Canpbell, Warren Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, “Stability and Change in 1960: A Reinstating Election“: Ithiel deSola Pool, Candidates, Issues, and Strategies: A Conputer Sinulation of the 1960 Election, presented data \pon which carpaign strategies were based, including strategy on the religions issue. 'lhe Repnblican view of the canpaign was found in Richard M. Nixon, Six Crises. Nunerousworkswereconsultedregardingreligionasapersonaland political force in the life of John Remedy. Moog the nore valuanle efforts were Patricia Barrett, wow Liberty and the American Presidency, and Lawrence H. Fuchs, John F. Kennedy and American Catholocism. Of chcidsdly lesser worth was '1'. S. Settel, [he Faith of JFK. Historical and political backgrounds were researched wing several sources. Histories consulted were Same]. Eliot unison, The Oxford gigtorlof the American Peeple; Nathan Sdnadnner, 'nnonas Jefferson: 'Ihonas D. Clark, Frontier America: The Story of the Westward vaenent. 10 Political insight was gained fronn Sanuel lubell, 'lhe Putin‘s of American Politics; and John Gunther, Ibosevelt in Retrospect: A Profile in Histog. Journalistic sources provided valuable information about the events as they occurred as well as editorial Opinion. The Houston Chronicle, the Houston Post,annd the Houston Press were surveyed for local coverage. The major news magazines, 23E! Newsweek, 0.5. News a World lgport, and gijgwere consulted. Hanan Catholic Opinion was taken fronn the pages of America and Carmel. mfic articles that were especially valuable for purposes of this study include Fletcher Knebel, "Dorocratic Fore- cast: A Catholic in 1960," g; and John w. 'mrnnbull, ”The Clergy Faces Mr. Kennedy," The W. 'l‘urnbull's piece was an extremely perceptive evaluation of the Houston confrontation. The New York Times was con- stantly used and its coverage of the events of the 1960 election pro- vided continuity. 'Materials on the activities of anti-Catholic propagandists were taken fronnewssonrcesandfronalargenmberof tractsandpanphlets, many of which were made available fronn the officers of the Greater Houston Ministerial Association. 'lhe unpnblished Ph.D. thesis of Elton H. Wallace, “Alfred E. anith, the Religious Issue: Oklahoma City, September 20, 1928,“ was often re- ferredtoinordertomakepointsofconparisonbeononannithand Kennedy. The voluninous files of the Denocratic National Conuittee in Washington, D.C., yielded a wealth of material on Kennedy and the religions issue in 1960. Mary Klynes, head librarian of the National ll Comnittee, was extremely helpful in providing records that included articles and editorials fronn scores of Mnerican nonspapers. Inflouston, interviewswidnGecrgeRedcandHerbertMezaofthe Greater Houston Ministerial Association and Sidney Hopkins of the Rice Hotelprovidedaverbalreconstructionofthepreparations fortheevant in the Gulf Coast City. In addition, Mr. Rack annd Mr. mza graciously lent their personal files on the Kennedy appearance: annd the hundreds of newspaper clippinngs, religions panphlets, and letters in these col- lections were utilized frequently in the preparation of this shady. CHAPTER I YOUR W INVITATIO‘I I am gmteéwfi 6M yawn gene/Laue invitation to Auto. my ur’m.’ The Greater Houston Ministerial Association nreets for lunch once each nunth. It is a "sleepy” organization that is not unlike similar gronrns of clergyman that convene in cities across Anerica. Of the more than one thousand Protestant ministers serving in the Houston area, sotewhat less thann fifty break bread with their fellow pastors at regular meetings of the Association. The body is entirely Protestant, as Catholic and Jewish clerics have never expressed an interest in the gronp. At the same time, however, the Association is hardly representative of the city's Protestant clergy as Southern Bqntist ministers refine to unite with interfaith organizations. In a metropolitan center where Southern Baptist Churches occupy eleven columns of listings in the telephone directory, no ecclesiastical gronp can be thought of as representative while the Baptists remain outsich. On Septan'ber 12, 1960, however, all of this was to chance. More thann six hundred clergymen, including rabbis, Ronan Catholic priests, 1John F. Kennedy, Address delivered to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association, Septetber 12, 1960. Verbatim record in W H. White, 'Ihe W of the President 1960 (New York: Pocket Boots, Inc” a PP. . rqina‘fediticn published by Atheneun Home, 1961. 13 and Southern Baptist preachers would assen'ble sonewhat self-consciously intheCrystalBallroonofthe mos Hotel indomtoan Houston tohear the junior Senator fron Massadnmetts express his views on the number one emotional issue in the 1960 Presidential carpaign. Jdnn Fitzgerald Kennedy's appearance before the Greater Houston Ministerial Association cane anout primarily throudn the efforts of one mar—the lbv. Herbert mza. In June of 1960, sane three months before the Sept-enter 12 neeting, fibre, in his capacity as Vice President and program dnainnnan of fine ministerial grcnp, proposed that both the Rapnblican and Denccratic nonunses for President of the United States he invited to appear before the Association in the fall. Except for the ordnance of the personalities involved, the programs surnqested by luv. Mr. Meza represented a standard practice of the Houston clerical body. At previons meetings the clergynnen had heard and interrogated runners of the Horatcn board of education, representatives of the polio department, hopefuls for the office of mayor of Houston, and, ononeoccasicnn, aanannCatholiccanndidate fortheunitedStates Senate. 'nnis Senatorial aspirant, Henry B. Gonzales, spoke at the invitation of his friend, Herbert Meza. His appearance, according to Mara, camed sone stir anong several mothers of the Association who were not kindly disposed to liberal, mnocratic, Ronan Catholic politicians. Herbert Meza was well were in the month of June that Richard M. Ninrnn and John F. Kennedy were the probanle standard bearers for their respective parties. His om personal sentinents, as a Denocrat, were with Kennedy. 'Bne adverse criticism resulting fro'rn Henry Gonzales' l4 speech, however, convinced him that an invitation extended only to the Bostonian world be interpreted by the clergy of Boston as a manifesta- tion of his own biases. Accordinngly, Meza carefully preposed that both nondnees be invited to address the Greater Boston Ministerial Associa- tion.1 A month later, after both parties had adjonrned their conventions, invitatims were sent to both Presidential aspirants. The Reoblicans responded pronptly in the affirmativenRichard Nixon would speak to the clergy of Boston.2 Fran the Democrats, however, nothing was heard. It would be difficult to envision a more unlikely candidate to pronote a meeting encouraging a fair exonange of ideas on the religions issue finann Herbert mza, fine associate pastor of fine Bellaire Presbyterian Church of Boston. While Meza was born and reared a m Catholic in a Spanish-speaking family in Tarpa, Florida, he be- came, at fine age of eighmenn, a Protestant convert and joined fine Presbyterian dnurdn. After serving in the Marine Corps in World War II, Meza ennrolled at Davidson College in North Carolina. Following gradua- tion, he attended Union 'lheolcgical Saninnary of Ridnmond, Virginia where he earned the Badnelor of Divinity degree. Upon ordination Meza served as a missionary for four years in Spain and Portugal. '1 had tronble getting into the Iberian Peninsula Jintention with luv. Mr. Herbert Meza, former vice president of Greater Houston Ministerial Association, Feb. 16, 1968. 2Vice President Nixon visited Boston during the campaign, but he was formd to cancel his appearance before fine clergyman because of a sdneduling conflict. 15 because I was a Protestant missionary,” he recalls. Be taught for a tire at the Presbyterian theological Seminary near Lisbon and later helped fond a clinic in the city. Meza was expelled from Portugal ”on at least two occasions" for proselytizing activity.l But, unlike other Kman Catholics turned Protestant who devoted their efforts in 1960 to opposing a Catholic Presidential candidate, Berbert Meza was, by contrast, an ardent supporter of Jdnn F. Kennedy. Neza disclaim partisan considerations in initiating Kennedy's speech to the Boston ministers, however. mv. George Beck, pastor of fine Zion Infinerann Church in Boston and presidennt of the Greater Boston Ministerial Association in 1960, agrees. kdc, a political inchpenchnt who voted for Richard Nixon in fine Presidential election, gives full credit to Meza for the original niche of having the candidates address fine city's clergy. "We were neutral," he says, "I wish we could have had Nixon. ”2 'lhe actual invitation to the Kennedy carpaign party to address the Boston clergy was tendered by the Harris County Demcratic organiza- tion. The co-chairmenn for the Democrats in the county in 1960 were Woodrow Seals (now a Federal judge in Boston) and John B. Crooker, Jr. (presently Chairman of fine Civil Aeronautics Board). Judge Seals was contacted by the Rey. Mr. sza, and it was he Who proffered the original invitation to the Kennedy party in late July. The invitation specified that fine snbject of Kennedy's address should be his religion. Nixon's invitation indicated no subject. 1'Meza interview. zInterview with Rev. Mr. George Rack, former president of Greater Boston Ministerial Association, Feb. 17, 1968. 16 'Ihe Greater Boston Ministerial Association does not met durin'n the sumer nonfins of July and August, and during the hot Houston sumer the city's clergy all but forgot about the offer extended to Senator Kennedy. Richard Nixon followed mp his original acceptance wifin a W of regret that he would not be 831e, after all, to appear before fine grop. It became apparent to George Beck and Herbert Meza that fine Danoorats had pocketed fineir invitation and were waiting for fine course of fine empaign to determine whether fineir candidate should speak to and be interrogated on fine religious issre when he visited Bostm in mid-September. During fine silent sumer, however, fine sequence of events that would place Kennedy before fie Boston ministers was beginning to un- fold. On Argust 25, Ebert P. Kennedy, fine Senator's campaign manager, received a lZS-page report from the Sinulmatics Corporation. The stnriy was a green light for open discnssion of fine religions issue and the engaging of Richard M. Nixon in fine no: fanos television debates. 'lhe Simulmatics Corporation was fostered by fie Advisory Council of fie Democratic National Comitme and was oninosly dubbed ”The People Madnim." Gnairman and dnief fineoretician of fine corporation was Professor lfiniel de Sola Pool of Massadnnsetts Institute of technology. ”It is an activity that tries to predict hunan behavior," said Pool by way of definition. ”In fine 1960 election, fine services of Simulmatics were nsed by fine Kennedy strategists to estimate fie reaction of fine electorate to different sets of carpaign strategies.'l 1‘11» People Machine," Newsweek, April 2, 1960, p. 57. 17 Jdnn F. Kennedy was identified as just as member of a new genera- tion of politicians who both read and Mrstood polls. might Eisednower, Barry Tnman, and Adlai Stevenson, according to Pool, neifiner nsed nor trusted pnblic cpinicn findings. 'lhe sore cannot be said of any of fine top political figures of 1960. Nixon, Rockefeller, and Kennedy all relied on polls, read finon carefully, and understood fiem. A new political generation finally conpleted fine revolution finat had begun wifin Gallup's tednno- logical revolution in 1936. Jdnn F. Kennedy in particular not only understood enough to trust re- search; he understood enough to how Wren and in what respects to distrnst it. Be could ask fie right qnsstions and could distinguish between find- ings and inplications. The same capacity for renou- bering and nsing numbers that so awed economists who chaltwifin him also stoodhim in goodstead with survey researchers.1 'me Simulmatia people orployed finree essential conponents in fineir behavior predictions. An IBM 704 corputer was engaged for news- sary mafinematical amputations. Secondly, raw data on the electorate consisting of interviews with 100,000 registered voters taken between 1952 and 1960 by several organizations were sorted into 480 voter classifications. These data were then reduced to tape and stored in fine conputer. The final element consisted of communications and social- psychological fineory taken fron research studies done at several universities, primarily Colmbia.2 Pool, Dr. William McPhee of fie Bureau of Applied Social Research at Colmbia, and Edward Greenfield, a busiressman in New York and a llfiniel deSola Pool, Rnbert p. Abelson, and Samuel L. Popkin, Candidates, Issnes, and Strategies: A Conouter Simulation of fine 1960 Wemms lfinfie: 'Ifie Fesaailsett's Insti- E55 0! 133551091] Press: 1951’, W0 20-21. W, April 2, 1960, p. 57. 18 footer aide to Governor W. Averill Barriman, believed they could find suitfinle financing for fineir project ($65,000) fron New York City Deno- cr'ats.1 ”best professors in fine social sciences are Democrats," offered Pool in explanation for fine gronp's search of partisan support.2 When financing was secured in early 1959, Dr. Bonert Abelson, a Yale profes- sor of psychology and an expert in designing coputer nodels, became a fourth partrer. 'nne Simulmatics Corporation was flared: and Pool, McPhee, and Abelson began designing fineir nodel of the American electorate. Several qnestions were sntmitted to fine Peqnle Madnine in an effort to discern fine attitudes of fine Merican voting plblic. One such qrestion asked: "that would happen on election day if fine issue of anti-Cafinolicism becone 'mudn more s‘alient' in fine voters' minds?"3 A (bfinitive answer, it was felt, would provide the Kennedy campaign staff wifin a guiéline for handling fie explosive religions issue. 'lhe report of fie Simulmatics Corporation concluded on August 25: Kennedytodayhas lost finebulk offinevoteshewould lose if fine election caupaign were to be embittered by the issue of anti-Catholicism. 'Ihe net worst has been done. If the campaign beeches orbittered, he will lose a few nore reluctant Protestant votes to Nixon, but will gain Catholic and minority group votes. Bitter anti-Catholicism in the carpaign would bring about a reaction against prejudice and for Kennedy fronn Catholics and others who would resent overt prejudice. It is in Kennedy's hands to handle fine religions issue during the cam- paign in a way that maximizes Kennedy votes based on L[tonnes B. Nbrgan, ”me People Machine," Er's, (IZXXII (January, 1961), 55. W, April 2, 1960, p. 57. abbrgan, agar-'3, canon, 53. l9 religios prejudice and minimizes furfiner defections. On balance, is would not lose furfier from forthright and persistent attention to fie religions issnne, and would gain. 'lhe simulation shots that finere has al— ready been a serions defection fron Kenredy by Protestant voters. Under fiese circumstances, it makes no sense to brnsh the religions issnne under fine rug. Kennedy has already suffered fine disad- vantages of fine issue even finolgh it is not entit- tered now - and witholt refeiving conpensating advantages inherent in it. No umber of fine Sitmflmatics staff, it sholld be pointed out, was involved in strategy decisions in fine Democratic Presidential canpaign as fine Peeple Machine was strictly advisory. Pool, in fact, disclaimed a king-maker role. Even thongh Simulmaties had spelled out the mood of fie nation on the religions issue and had indicated fine best postures for Kennedy in fine television debates, Pool minimized his firm's efforts, saying, ”Any experienced politician using his own internal cornputer colldconenpwifin finesane conclusions, , , , 'nnemachinewas anofier voice that the candidate consulted."2 It is, however, difficult to minimize fine report of fine Simulmatics Corporation regarding fine religions issue. "Even thongh it is not em- bittered nov"--in fie words of fie report—the coast was clear for Jdnn F. Kennedy to speak olt decisively on the question wifinout fear finat candor might lose fie election. As the carpaign began, fine qnestion left in fine minds of fine Remedy staffers now was that of tim- ing—Wen should fine religions issue be discussed? Democratic Presidential aspirants traditionally open their con- paigns in Detroit's Cadillac Square on Labor Day wten they address 1mm, 54. W, April 2, 1960, p. 57. 20 union workers fronn fine autonobile industry turned out by the ever- faifinful Walter mufiner. Before this official mnday opener, hovever, Kennedy mach ”unofficial" qnpearances on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday in Maine, San Francisco, and Alaska. Frown Michigan fine candidate jetted to fine West Coast, where he left his om Oonvair in Favor of a train in whidn 1e whistle-stopped his way down fine length of California in a style ronninisoent of Harry S. Tron-an twelve years before. It was in California, deems Theodore B. White, that Kennedy began to sense ans» fie qnestion of religion on fine mime of fine nation. 'Be first questions concerning fine candidate and his religion in finis canpaign had been asked long before fine quadrennial election year be— gan. 'nne munmn'ing continued in fine West Virginia primary and on finrough fine Convention in Los Angeles. Nov, in Septorber, fine old echo of fear was slowly being amplified - not only in fine border states of 'Iennessee and Kentucky, but in cbmstate Indiana and Illinois, in fine farm belt, above all in the Soufin. No politician as sensitine or as well-informed as Kennedy, traveling through California's Central Val- ley, where lived transplanted Cklahonans, 'nexans, Arkansas, reededtobetold finat finesegutDemocrats were disturbed by finis candidate of Rum Catholic 1 faifin: and if Ewen, so were millions of ofiners. It was in California also—at Modesto—finat a heckler from fie crowd surrounding Kennedy's rear platform shouted, "Do you believe all Protestants are heretics?” 1'nneodore B. White, 'ne Makin of fie President 1960 (New York: Met m3, IDCo, 1961) y me -:IIO 2]. ”No,” care fine instant reply frcm the candidate. "And I hope you don‘t finink all Catholics are.”1 'lhe Senator's brother mbert, neanwhile, was touring the South. In Atlanta on Septonber 7 fine canpaign manager identified Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, and Texas as "prdaleu states." The handicap finat created fine prdnlen in these states, he said, was fine candidate's religion. Robert Kennedy indicated that his brother hoped to overcome religions objections with fine sane approadn used in the West Virginia primary sane months before. an that occasion, when Kennedy crushed the 1960 Presidential hopes of Senator Hdaert H. Hunfinrey, he had faced fine issne squarely and had given frank and candid answers to all sincere qnestions. "The overriding question and fine. only question is whefiner Senator Kennedy believes in fine sqaaration of church and state,” argned fine younger brofiner. "He's said unequivocably finat he does.” Two Southern governors, Luther H. Hodges of North Carolina and J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. of Virginia agreed with Robert Kennedy that religion could well deter- mine the results of fine election in their states.2 President Dwight D. Eisenhower, meanwhile, took fine liberty of speaking for Ednard Nixon and said that under no circumstances muld fine mpnblicans interject fine issne of religion into fine campaign. A candidate's faifin, the President hoped, was a netter that could be ”laid on fine shelf and forgotten until after the election is over."3 1Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), p. 186. 2New York Time, Sept. 8, 1960, p. 24. 3mm, p. 1. 22 It seened to Herbert Meza that fine Denocratic candidate's religion would be forgotten until Kennedy's scheduled Boston campaign appear» ance on September 12 was over. On September 6 Meza wrote to Texas State Senator Henry Gonzales in Austin: We have been trying to get Senator Kennedy to be our speaker here in Houston and I think we may yet be successful. You may remerber fine very warm response finat you had when you addressed us sore tine ago. I have been working finrough Woodrow Seals and he is very anxious to have fine Senator speak to 1.8. I would be very grateful if you could lend your inflnence towards fine fulfillment of this invitation. You realize, of course, as I do and perhaps more so, that Senator Kennedy will have to face the religions issne and it may be that addressing the Protestant ministers as you did will be helpful. If you can help to in finis matter, I would be grateful. Thus, even though Simulmatics had reported finat open discussion of religion could aid fine Danocratic came—and even though Kennedy's political sensitivities told him finat frank discussion was needed, fine Danocrats preferred to wait until late Octdaer to speak to the qnestion. At a date near fine end of fine campaign, it was reasoned, the issue could be treated frankly without time for a possible backlash. But, Theodore White observes, "Decisions in a campaign are forced on one by timing of emotions over whidn no one has control.” The emotional determinantinthis caseoccurredcnSepterberVas onthisdayPobert Kennedy and President Eisenhower were not the only ones speaking to reporters on the religious issue. For on that same date, a statenent was made by fine National Conference of Citizens for Religions Freedomz 1letter fron Rev. Mr. Herbert Meza, vice president of Greater Houston Ministerial Association, Houston, Texas, Sept. 6, 1960. 2Seeninppenndixcforaccxnpletetenctoffinestatenentbyfine National Conference of Citizens for Religions Freedom. 23 The wIntional Conference was an £11.99. body whose inportance stewed fronthe eminence of fine co-chairnnen of the gronp, fine Rev. Dr. Norman Vincent Peale of Marble Collegiate Gnur'dn in New York and the Rev. Dr. Harold John Ockenga of Park Street Church in Bcsirm. Dr. Peale read fine organization's position papers to asserbled reporters, and fine National Conference of Citizens for Religious Freedon was imnediately rechristened "line Peale Group" in honor of its spokesman. The Peale Gronp, which had met at fine Mayflower Hotel in Washington, was corpcsed of 150 ministers and laymen identified by Peale as being ”more or less representative of evangelical, conserva- tive mm.“ The conferees, meeting under the mtto, "Take care to be fair," included Daniel Poling, editor of The Christian Herald: Dr. George M. Dodnerty, pastor of fine New York Avenue Presbyterian Gnurdn in Washington: Glenn L. Archer, executive director of the P. 0. A. 0.: Dr. Clyde W. Taylor, public affairs secretary for the National Association of Evangelicals: Dr. Charles Clayton Nbrrison, footer editor of '_Ihe Christian Century: and Dr. L. Nelson Bell. associate editor of Christianity T0655 and fafier-in-law of Billy Graham. The Peale Group's statenent expressed a concern that a Catholic Presiant would be unable to resist church pressures in matters involv- ing foreign relations, freedon of religion, and education. Beginning with a premise describing the Rom Catholic Church a ”a political as well as a religion: organization,” the National Conference stated: It is inconceivable that a Ponan Catholic President would not be under extreme pressure by fine hierarchy of his lNew York Times, Sept. 8, 1960, p. 1. 24 dnurfintoaccedetoitspolicieswithrespectto foreignn relations in matters, including representa- tion to fine Vatican.1 The statanent cited persecution of Protestant ministers and nus- sionaries in Spain and Colonbia. After observing that nations in which fine Bonan Catholic population constitutes a majority often institute repressive neasures against ofiner religions, fine report accused the Cafinolic Church in America of atterpting to break down the wall of separation of church and state by a continuous carpaign to secure pnblic funds for fine support of its sdnools and other institutions. In dncosing an sample to support fineir dnarge of Catholic exploitation of fine ptblic treasury, the Peale Gronp resorted to half-truth and insinuation. In Ohio today (a state wifin a Man Catholic governor), according to an Attorney Gemral's ruling, Bonan Cafinolic nuns and sisters mgy be placed on the pninlic payroll as sdncol teachers. In rebuttal, gin}; magazine reported fine facts concerning etployuennt of nuns in the anio pnblic sdncols. The decision to hire Catholic sisters to teach in pfinlic classroom was m before fine Hanan Catholic Mike DiSalle todc office as fine state's dnief executive. In 1958, while Pmt‘ Instant Republican .. C. Williann O'Neill was serving as governor, Attorney General Willian B. Saxbe ruled finat fine thirty-nine year old practice of hiring nuns to relieve teacher shortags was not in viola- tion of fine anio Constitution. Governor DiSalle demanded an apology fron Dr. Peale, saying, "This matter has never been before me."3 1mm” Sept. 7, 1960, p. 25. 2mm. 3"The Canpaign," Time, Sept. 19, 1960, p. 21. 25 The seoning inflnence of Daniel Poling in the position paper of the National Conference of Citizens for religious Freedom was evidenced by a section questioning the ability of a lbnan Catholic President to attend and participate in meetings of other faiths. “Would not a Ronan Catholic President," the Peale Group asked rhetorically, . . . be gravely handicapped in offering to fine Merican people and to fine world an exarple of fine religious liberty our people cherish?"l A terse evaluation of the nature and origin of fine religions issue in the 1960 Presichntial canpaign concluded fi'e Protestant organization's statement. Finally, that finere is a "religious issue" in the present political canpaign is not the fault of any candidate. It is created by the nature of the Hanan Catholic Church which is, in a very real sense, both a dnurdn and a temporal state. Dr. Peale told reporters that the statement had been prepared be- fore the National Conference convened and had been urnanimnsly adopted by the body. He refined to identifl the author(s) of the docunent. According to L. Nelson Bell, a nedical doctor and a Presbyterian lay- man, "nne only discussion concerned its length. Sore peOple thought it was too long."3 Dr. Bell expressed alarm at a Protestant lad< of understanding of Catholicism. "Psnedo tolerance,” he said, "is not tolerance at all but simply ignorance.” If Kennedy were to be elected, then Senate majority leachrship would pass to Mike Mansfield of Montana; and John W. M:Cormack luau York Tines, Sept. 8, 1960, p. 25. 2mm. 3.22.22- 26 of Massachusetts would continue as majority leader in the House of Representatives. "Both are fine men, but both belong to a church with readquartsrs in m," concluded Bell.1 Kennedy was corpared to Nikita Khruschev by Harold Ockenga. Each man, said the Boston cleric, is ”a captive of a system. ”2 When asked if fie group had considered Richard Nixon's Quaker faith, Peale, an amnounoed snpporter of fine Vice President, said, "I don't know that he ever let it bother him."3 maction to the National Conference meeting was not long in conning. Jdnn C. Bennett, dean of fine faculty at Union Theological Seminary in New York, wrote in Christianity and Crisis: The religious opposition to Senator Kennedy of the type associated with a kind of Protestant under- world - an opposition that expresses itself in un- signed manifestoes and stirs 1p undisguised hatred of Catholics - is still wifin us, and it is hard to say whefiner there is more or less of it now than in earlier periods . 'Ihere is are curions onincidence in these attadid., p. 20. 137 Home Rules mittee, boo other treasures had been joired to it. line first m a $300,000,000 appropriation for loans for higaer edxcation. 'Ihe seomd provicbd $375,000,000 in loan honey for private school con- structicn as a part of N113 aid was davimely designed to mollify Ronan Catholic critics of the Fecbral aid program. are Catholic who was not mollified, Meier, was Jam J. Delaney, autocratic mpresmtatixe frun Greens, New York. Delaney had a solid recordof joiningsevacrfliern autocratic oolleagues mthe fifteen— umber Rules Connittee and sxpporting Mninistration proposals against thecppositimof £1me ardenSmfliemDenocrats. 01 July 18, however, in a m runinisoent of Mrssentative Jain P. M's perfom in Sit-mitt” in the Eightybfirst Omgress, mlansy beerted the mutation, oorplaining that fle President's m1 aid progran rapresmted 'discriminatim" against parochial sd1m13.1 He tested the $375,000,000 exteisim of on ”hat a little bit of sq:."2 Sorensen explained fliat Delaney voted with the omvictim flat, onoepassedby oomittee, fle NII'Asection ofthe Federal aid lavwould bekilledbyProtestmtnulbersoffleBome. Atmy rate: No mat of pleading by fl'1e President or Ribiooff could butbehim. fibreadl'nmtfltmnanyleadersofhis churdi, hehadnointerestinbargains ortrades another subjects. "He dich't want a thing," said O‘Brien [Renew aide I'M other Northem W Catholic Denocrats, My J. Madden of Indian aid m P. O'Neill of Nassadueetts, voted in favor of the assure. 21909 York Times, July 19, 1961, p. l. 138 Lawrence O'Brien]. ”I wishke had.” 'Ihe are mlmey was attacked by editorials and Protestant spdtesnen, flue more he was fiplaucbd by his Caflxolic mutants md colleague. numdia‘tely afterflae vote, AdamClaytm Powellwasqmtedas saying, 'I don't fliink it's hmless. 'Ihere'e plenty of tire left in this W32 Powell's disclaimrs to the contrary, l'tderal aid to eduoaticn was, for all practical purpcees, dead for 1961. 'Omgress- um Jams J. Disney," in fle words of Merica,‘played W to the mm aid Cook um.“ 01 Mat 1), flue an Qplied to fle Presichnt's Mralaidprogran forflieyearwhenPonell introduoedanotionto consiar the bill. 'lhe motim was chfeated, 242—169. Jdm 1". Randy as a Senator and as a Presidential mpirant had takm a struxg staid against Federal aid to parochial schools. Further, Kermdy had pledged to flue Greater Horatm Ministerial Associatim that he would, if elected, act according to his own views, ”in accordance wbfl: what my cans cécnce tells me to be in at: national iwtuut, and Mow: regard to outside religious mama an dictate." In the first mrths of the New Pmntier, the President had kept his pranise to tie lens clergyman. ‘Ihe nation's first Rman Catholic Chief Emotive had been decisive and adanam in opposing severe pressure fron flashierardwofhisamo'nudi. Becameleactedinacoordmoewifli 1Sorensen, p. 361. 2m» York ‘l‘ines, July 19, 1961, p. 1. aware Do We Go frun Here?” macs, mg. 26, 1961, p. 652. 139 his own views, President Remedy saw his Federal aid to educatiau bill go dam to defeat in flue Oagress. Remedy earned up his views au possible clerial pressure and the Presihuoy in what was to becone flue most controversial paragraphs of the autire addressul But 1.6 the m: should can: -- and I do not concede any conflict to be hemotuy possible -- when my 055410.: would «equine m. to tithe): violate ll conscience, or violate the national tntvuut, an I woutd mtg» the 0561“, and I hapc any othu conscientious public «hunt woutd do (the- mac. 'nue Boetauian himself, however, seated unable to cauprehend why swuasmshmndwmtical cement. m firsttimethe Squatorhadmeedsuriuavievof ctr-science, oath, andpuialicserb viawa influenodcnegazineinterviewwiflunetduernuebel. authat occasion W said: Whatever aue's religion in his private life may be, for the Officeholder, nothing takes premdence over hisoathtoqiuoldfluemetitutiauandallitsparts— inclurling the First W and flue strict separatiou of duur'du and state. Mm flue Cafluolic press criticized Senator Kauuedy's position cu religion cud puulio office after flue appearance of the look article and aocmedfleBostauianofover-acccumdating fearfulProtestants, the Senatorcalledflueentire stomof reaction 'Wctcedancing. 'nueyakmwlefluerIreallyneanfluatmyosthofofficecalesabovemy 1'duqateIrVIIIis(hvovtedlargavelytocritical mactiontufluespeech, includingcuumtmfluisparticularparagraph. 21.06:, m. 3, 1959, p. 17. 140 coluscience,‘ he lauented. “Well, of course there's no conflict. It's part of your conscience to meet your oath."1 Smator Kennecy's second excursion into fle fixture mermd the Presidential electim less than two months may. Expressing again his hope that flue nation might duoose its nsv leader cu the "not £46014," flue Denocratic aspirant uttered what was, perhaps, flue most memorable sentuuoe of flue address: But 415 this election to decided on the basis that 40,000,000 Madam loot mm chance 05 being Pmldcht on the day they were baptized, then it a the whole nation that will be the loam in the was 05 Catholics and non-Catholics mound flue wonld, and in the eyes 06 0M. own people. In flue spring of 1960, Kennedy had expressed similar sentiments to flue nation's mr editors. In fluat discussim of flue religious issue he said, 'Arewe to adnit to fle world—worse still, arewe to adudttoaarselues—fluatuethirdofourpopulatim is foreverbarred fruuu the White Home?"2 Despite fluis final appeal fluat electiau issues take precedence over the eccluiastioal, Jdun Ramsay’s m Catholicism was, of course, a veryrealandinportmtfactorinflueoutccueoffle 196OPresidsntial race. In flue chys aruduonfle that followed Novenber 8, flue politicians, statistician, sud behavioral scientists would digest and redigest the electiaureturm inordertodetenuirehovflueyomgSeI-uatorfrun Massadumetts hadbeau dale to ascendto aposition neverbefore reached byauulberofhisccumruiau. 13m, p. 245. 20.8. Nara & Vbrld m, May 2, 1960, p. 92. 14]. the statistical results of flue closest Presidential electim in mica history duav that Jdun F. Remedy polled 34,221,389 popular votes to Richard M. Nixm's 34,108.51. A percentag breakdown shows 50.08 percuut of the major party vote in the newer-ado colum. Kennedy garnered 303electora1votes mm, 219. (SmatoraarryByrdof Virginia polled the remaining fifteen tallies in the Electoral College.) It has hem deserved that a shift of 9,000 votes in Illinois and 10,000 in mssouri would have beau sufficient to throw the election into the Home of Wives, were the Byrd electors would have detennined flue om. , Que of the earliest We of religious voting in the 1960 electiaumsmadsbycwell Phillips offla miller): Tines: 'Iheremarstobe anarrowmnsensus arongflue experts that it [religion] helped Mr. Ramsey a little mthanithurthim- thathegainedmre frunthe massing of Catholic stangflu where it is crnoentr'ated1 than he lost flurougu Protestant detections elsewhere. Porsurport, millipepointswtfluatxmq candedsevauofflie eleven states in which Ram Cafluolia mmtitute thirty or more percent or the population Wmetts, Oaunecticut, mode Island, New York, Paunsylvnnia, New Jersey, mud Louisiana. the Senator also piled up larguuajorities inCafluolicufluancenters that allmedhimtoolaim victoryinmralstatssbynarrcwnergins. hmfluase dtiesand states were New York City, 62.9 parcel-rt cud Nev York, 52.8 percent: Philachlphia, 57.2 peraut 816 Pennsylvania, 51.3 percent: Chicago, 63.7 percent cud Illinois, 50.6 percent. 189: York Time, Nov. 20, 1961, p. 8-5. 142 Phillips caucedus that religion may have cost the Democrats the states of Kmttdty, Mess, duio, Wiscmsin, and atlaham, but wucludes that Demoratic losses in flu South were not so gmat as originally feared became of flu solid bloc of Negro voters casting Denocratic ballots. the Sunny msearch Center of flu adversity of Miduigan analyzed flu 1956 natiaual election, using a semis, duosen by strict prfluability nefluds,o£ 1763\oters. In 1960, flu sane sanple, nonreduoedby about tax percent wiflu Mb as flue principal cause of reduction, was again studied. TaleZshovsfluevoteduauginfluelectorateinflu 1956 and 1960 elections. m2 m m m m: 1956 am 1960 818011081 1956 vote for 1960 m. C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Omal hr Stevenscn % Eisenhower 8 Mud; 33 17 50 Nimn 6 44 SO '35 31' 160' 'nu religion siguificance of flu cross-ever ballots in the 1956 and 1960 electiaus is 3 follows: Vote dumge beaten 1956 and 1960 follows religious lines very closely. Wifluin flue 6 percent who fiolloved a Stemaumiam paflu (Tdule 2), 90 percent are Protestant andcnly 8percentareCafluolic. Moog flue larger group of. Eisenhowerxemudy duangers, har- 1‘Wilip Oauverse et al., ”Stability and Gmge in 1960: A min- stating Blectiau," Mei-Ta? Political Science review, LV (June, 1951) , 272. 143 ever, mly 40 peth are Protestant and close to 60 percent are Cafluolic. Overall, Eisenhaner and Nixm were essentially eveu in attracting flue Protestuut vote: Protestants voted sixty-four percent Rapublian in 1956 and sixtybthree percent G.O.P. in 1960. John F. Remedy succeeded, hazever, inreomfllringtheCafluolicvoteaslupiledupeigdutyperb cent of flue ballots of m Catholics as caupared to Steveuscn's total of fifty-cue percent in 1956. lbs 1956 election, it should be pointed out, represents an extremely poor statistical baseline because of flu great persmal popularity of GeruralEised-ucwer. 'nuSurveyRssearflquntersolvedthisneammt prduleln by analyzing data fran several electims. They caucluded: Wewwlderpectaneuocraticproportimofflu pqmlar vote to fall in the vicinity of 53—54 percent. Outside offlu South, such avotewould fall short ofa 50-50 split with flue lbptblicans: within the South flure would be a strmg Demcratic majority exaedinq a 2-to—1 division. In analyzing flue Catholic vote, the researchers offer flue opinion fluat "nonnal' Democratic streugth among Ibsen Cafluolics (assuming flue fluence of short-term isstus) mm to sixty-three percent of flu total. Kennedy, in attracting eighty percent of the votes frcn umbers of his faith, picked up a seventeen percent surplus over the “normal" vote. ”01 such grounds," flue authors conclude, "it appears that Kaunedywm avotebmus fronCatholice mingtodomxt fourperoent of flu natiaual bio-party vote."3 122.13- 2Ibid. , p. 274. 31|:bid., p. 275. 144 Jdun P. W, havever, wore than lost fluese gains in the bfectiaus of Protestant Duosratic and indepenuhnt voters who cast fluir ballots for Riduard Nixon. Pbcve a normal defectim rate of six percent, flue Survey Research Center staff found that flue Democrats lost 3.6 peroaut of flu Norflum Protestant vote and 17.2 percent of flusanuvoteinflueSouth. 'nueoverall findings offlueUniver-sityof Miduigan group are summarized in MR 3. ‘4 ~—OA~'m‘.—h—A m3 mmwmmcuwsuswsl Area ton-partyvote cum-ids the Sm, Kauuedy's at!“ fm.“ wna O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O 5.2% Losses from Protestant Democrats and mmu..o...o...........-3.6% NB! 1.6% Insi&fluSouflu,Kauudy's I II mmcathOIj-GOCOOOOOOOOOOOO. 007% Losses frunProtestantDenocratsa-ud Incupendents....‘..............-l7.2% NE]? ~16.S% For flu natiau as a whole, Kemuedy's I I m fm MOI-1a O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O 4.3% Losses frat Protestant W and 1W3. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 £05‘ m -202! 1libid. , p. 278. 145 Caucerning their conclusion that Kenrudy lost 2.2t of flu national vote because of his religiau, flue anfluors caution fluat, “more is every reasau to believe that fluese preliminary estimates underestimate flue illportauce of l'eligim in the 1960 vote aud, in particular, under- estimate flu magnitude of flu auti-Catholic vote."1 Amajor wetness of flu Converse §_t__a_l_. study is fluat it fails to cauvert its findings free flu popular vote to flu Electoral College vote, and it is flu latter vote that elects Presidents. 'nu ally break- doaunudeinflunationaltallydiscriminatesbetuueuSouflumdnon- Souflu. Paul '1'. David duallenges fluis diduotany by asking, 'wluflur any cauceivdule Presidential nonilue of flu Democratic party could reason- ablyhavebeenexpectedtopoll anormal Deuocraticvote inallparts of flu country at flu sane tine."2 the study would be mom couprel'unsive if it presented a more atailedbreakdevnoffludatarelatingtoflu religiouu vote influe 1960 electiau. Evuu flue terns, Protestant and Catholic, have been quustiaud. Dwidmicz and Goldstein, deserving that Gennans, Scuudinaviauu, and Irish—all groups of flue “Old Iumuigratiau'—surported Kasudy, while W fmdmuntalists—“Old Stock Pluuricans'-did not ’eie 2'nue failure of 1m 3. Johnson in flue South in 1964, while piling up flu greatest majority in Pmerican history, euoeuplifies flu difficulty of appealing to all segments of flu Democratic spectrum. Paul '1'. David, "nu Political Changes of 1960-1961,” in 'llue Presidential Electiau and Transition, 1960-1961, ed. by Paul '1'. David‘mashingtm: t ml 0 p. 323. 146 suggest fluat new labels may be in order. ”Old Dmigrant aud Old Stock hrurican may be note relevant political categories than Protestaut and Catholic," fluy cauc’lucb.1 V. 0. Key, Jr., raised a pertinent point when he smeated ”the existence of awe type of regional differentiation" between Ranan Catholics offluNortheastandthmeofflueFarWest regiaus cfour country. ”It sears prduable,“ he daserves, "that Northeastern Catholics behave differently from those of flu Far West. '2 Even flu Catholic candidate himself was aware of flu differuucee of those within his om Guurch. Wheu both Presidential aspirants ameared at Cardinal Spellman's Al Sniflu Dinner in 1960, Remedy mentiaud to Arthur Sdulesinger, Jr. , fluat flue vealfluy Catholics pressut davicuuly preferred a conservative Quaker to a liberal of their own commiau. “It all goes to shov,” Iu said, "that, whau the duips are dam, muy counts nore than religion."3 Inviewoffluestrengflu offlu data carpiledbyflueSurvey mseardu alter and other quantitative scholars, it would be very difficult to arguuthatJdunKennedldidmt loeeflularvotesbecauseofhis faith. Electoral votes may be mofluer nutter, haveuur. Areadingofflu results of flueballotingin flue fcurteauswmq stamssetforfluinfluaaileymrandunismostinteresting. Tabled lists fluse key states in descending oruhr of the Democratic percentage of the 1960 Presidential vote. 1mm; s. Dawidavicz and Ieau J. Goldstein, Politics in a pluralist m (New York: Institute of Human Relatiaus Es, 13355, p. 53. 2v. 0. Key, Jr., ”Interpreting flue Election meats," in David, p. 175. JSdulesinger, p. 72. 147 TABIE 4 mmmmmmmm WCWAEG'19GOPOHMRWPE State Electoral Vote 8 Democratic m Island 4 63.6 Masaduuuetm 16 60.4 Caructicut 8 53.7 Maryland 9 53.6 New York 45 52.6 Pennsylvauia 32 51.2 Miduigan 20 51.0 Mimusota 11 50.7 New Jersey 16 50.4 Illinois 27 50.1 mane TOI‘AL 1'55 California 32 49.7 Mautana 4 48.7 Wisconsin 12 48.1 duio 25 46.7 EPUBLICPN mm 73 Senatorxaurudycquturedtenofthe fom'teaustatesmdflureby gained sixty-two percent of his actual electoral votes (188 out of 303) or seventy percent of flu total needed for electicn (188 out of 269). line, while holding Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, and flexes—with a total of eighty-nine electoral votes—in flue Souflu, Remedy was able to take ten of the fourteen swing states with large Cafluolic populatiors and, wiflu than, win flue electiau. In eight of those states with total electoral delegates numbering 168, Kaunedy's margin ranged fran 0.1 percent to 3.7 percent. Given flue Survey bseardu mter's figure that flue Democratic nominee gained 1.6 percent of flue popular vote on flue religious issue in flue non-Souflurn states, flu Catholic populations in fluse states may well have canprised 148 flue margin of victory. Indeed, in five of the states, holding 106 of flueelectoralvotes,fluewimuingoanocraticpercentagewas lessfluanflu 1.6 £19m. Benuard C. Hermessy cites flue work of (Inverse et a1. and cmcludes: though various activations and vote influences have not cud cannot be fully explained, flue most careful analysis seals toshowfluatSenatorKenrudy,hadl'unotbeena Catholic, would have been elected by a two-party nujority causiderduly greater than flue 50.1 permnt he received. Herurussy, however, falls into flue save error as does flu Survey luseardu muter. Presidents of flue mited States are not elected by popular vote. Had the religious issue been runoved fron flue 1960 election, Jdun F. Wmay’verywell hauutakenfluepopularvote while Richard M. Nixon might have um flue electiau. Sauatcr Remedy caucludedhis adduess by quoting flue Presidential oathof office—observing, ashedid so,thatitisnearly identicalto flu oaflu aduinistered to Caugresmun and Seuators. 'nue recitation of fluis oaflu is, aspreviouuly motioned, flue truly directqmtationtobe fouudinfluentiresguedu. 'nuoafluwasalsoafavodtexemudyflunu inreuuarksaufluereligiousissuuinflueWestVirginiaPrimary. Qua television broadcast fran Charleston on May 8, flu candidate invoked both flulavsofmanandfluelavsofcod: SowrmanymanstandsauflustepsoffluCapitoland tabesflueoathof officeofPresident,luis swearing tosupportflueseparatiauofduumduandstflmheputs auhaudauthesibleandraises flu'oflurhandtoGod uhetakesfluoath. Nudiftubreakshisoacn,ruis notmly cauuuittingacdne againstflueOmstitution, 1Bernard C. Burussy, Public iniau (Behont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Gummy, , p. 06. 149 forwhidu Oagress cau inpeadu him—- and should impeach him—butluiscanittingasinagainst . Asin againstGod, forhehaaswornonflunible. Inauoflurcaupaigu address that inclufledmanyofflue fluouqhtsex- pressed at Houatau, flu Masaduusetts Senatrur stated fluat his purpose in cupaigning in West Virginia was to express his iuhas mncerninq his hisfaithandfluPresiduucytoapopunaceflutwa-overwluhningly Protestant. IansurefluatlureinfluisstateofWestVirginia fluatrucrubeliewsthatl'dbaacandidateforthe Presidencyifldidn'tthinklcouldkeepmycathof office. Nomyoucamuottellmafluatcnfludaylm born,itwasaaidIcouldneverrunufchresiduutbr causelwoulau'tmetwoathofoffice. Icauuto flustateothstVirginiavtuiduhasfsuurmJubersof my co-religionists fluan any state in the Uniau. I couldmthavecauutureifldidn'tfeelfluatlwas going to get couplets Opportunity to run for office as afellankuuricaninfluisstate. Imuldmtrumfcuj it, ifinanyway, Ididn'tfeellcoulddoflujob. JohnF. Kauudyappearedbefiorethegaflueringofclergyinfloustm forreasonsflutvuresimilartohisratiaualeforauteringflunauocratic primaryinWestVirginie. Heacoeptedfluinvitatimoftbeereater munisterialusociatimtodamstratetoflueeofrm-Caflulic faith that, as a Hanan Cafluolic, ru could indeed “cleanly am that I will (macaw execute «the. 05641:. 0‘ President 06 the United States and will «to the but 06 my My mauve, putts/t, and adult! the. Con- Amn, 40 help me God." ISettel, p. 107. 2John F. Kennedy Self-Portrait (New York: Caedmn Records, 1964), .Side 1, E33 5. WWII ANYCAI‘DIMEEORMGFICE, I mmsummsuem‘ mmmammswmmm Imuudiately following flue reading of flu prepared tut, flu caudi- date admitted himlf to flu quustiaus of the mandala nun assenbled beforehim. 'l‘hatflueSenatcrhadbemabletocaupletehisaddresswas asourceof relieftohis aides. liemedy'svoicehadbeenamatterofconcamtofluenanocratic cmpaigustaffinfluwseksfluatprecededflulbustmappoarm. 'lhe candidatshadcontractedavirusduringflucauwntiauinnosAngales in July, mud a resulting throat infection had lingered through aperiod ofrestatflymnisPort. KaunedyleftCapeOodonAugust'ltoretumto Washingtauforaspecial session of Congress. QufluSenate floor, flu naniruecamuuicatedwithhiscolleaguusbywritingnotesaslutriedto avoid using his voice. At a press cauference au August 20, Kennedy answered, “I have recouured,'toareporter's questioncmcerninghis throat.1 ‘ Neverfluless, a speech therapistwas retained as slumberof flu “paign party. Professor David Blair MoClcaky of the Bostau university School ofFiruandApplied Arts, describedflueSenator's problauas Haw York Times, July 21, 1960, p. 52. 150 15]. 'a matter of breafluing.“ 'lhs instructor said Kennedyneeded to leam 'breathing fruuu flu diaphraga aud taking care withhisreturning."l Astraixudqualitywasncticsdinflucandidats's voiceinflu Californiaumistle-stopswinginearlySeptauber. Inreportingauflu losAngelesSuriquuditoriunrallythatcauclurledflutmr,Tinunuga- zine wrote: “Jack Kennedy was visibly weary, with deep circles under 2 hiseyesaudmaunoushoarserusscreepingintohisvoice.‘ Professor MoClosky assessed his pupil's progress a: September 10: Ourprdulauucauesdomtofluis~amueuduohasto talkforten-and-a-halfhoun‘s,asflu5enatordidflu day before yesterday -- and yesterday was just about asbad—issubjecttogreatstrainauhisvoice. Also,asaufluwhistle-stoptrain,whmyoukeep goingfrauufluecoldairoffluairbcauditiauedcarto 90degreesoutsideandbadcagain,youarebomdto have some fatiguu. There is absolutely nothing wrong pafluolcgically. Aductoreacamined Sen. Kennedy fluis naming, mud tu is inA-l cauditicn. Ifyoudau'tuseyoun‘diaphragnaticbreafluing, your voicegetsstuffedupinfluthroat,andflureis pinduing.1tisallamtteroftraining,likea singeroractor. .Kemudywillbeingoodshape againumday. It's justacaseofbeingtired,“ nextweekwm'tbgsorough. 'l'herewon'tbemy whistle-stepping. Jdmxauudy,however,wastakingnoduances. MfluDauocratic culpaignstaffflewto‘lexasauandaynight,workcautinuudauflu addresstobedeliveredtoflumuuinisters. Kenmdy'saxutribu— tiausaudquustiausuurewrittauauatabletastuagaintriedtospare hisvoioe. Item, 9. 204. 2m, Sept. 19, 1960, p. 23. he. York lbrald Tribune, Sept. 11, 1960. 152 InfluLauStarState,truut0ProfessorMoClcsky'sword,flu oandidatewasinfiruvoice. Despiteafulldayoftravelandspeech- mldngaoross'rexas,xemudy,astufacedflunoustmministers,gave noevidencuofflufatiguuorstrichncyfluathadbemnotedfluwesk baton. flereadhispreparedtaactwifluoutnoticeablestrain, andhis voiaranairudclearuudstraugashemsuunedquustiausfmfluflcor. Despite flu opiniau of Rabbi mutt I. Rain of flu Mle ananu E1 of Houstm that “After Senator Remedy read his statenent, flure were noquestiaus tobeasked,'lsevenofxam'sbroflurclergyumduseto addrlessquueriestofluDestrucraticnauiuuee.2 Acoordingtoflugrourud rulesoffluoccasion, flueewhowisludtoaskquustionsweretoraise fluirhandsandberemguizedbyflerbertbuza. fiuywouldflungoto auofflureeuuuicrcphaus thathadbeensetupinfluaislesofflu Crystal Bellman and direct fluir quustiaus to flu Senator himself. 'l‘l'u quustiaurs were to identify fluauuelves by name and city. (July ministers were permitted to ask questiaus. 3 In his descriptiau of flu Greater Houstm Ministerial Association nesting of September 12, 1960, 'lheodore Sorensen writes, “After flu speech care a barrage of questiaus, nau of flueuu wholly friendly." A reading of flu give-and-take between flu politician and flu parsous supports Sorensen's juudguent. 1‘lrurustcru Chrcnicle, Sept. 15, 1960. 2Per a couplets text of flu quustiau-and-auswer period, see Amendixa. 3mm interview. 4 Sorensen, p. 191. 153 flusevenclergynunwhointerrogatedKemudyinfluforty—minute session addressed quustiaus au five subjects. M ministers inquired aboutfluPolingincichut,andflnoflursaskedquustimsrelatingto fluseparatiauofduurduandstate. aupastorwascaucernedabout persecutiauofProtestantsinaaainandIatinAmericannatiaus. Anoflur clericquustiaudxemudyregardingCafluolicteaduingmnuntal reservatiau.1 Finally, one minister who sealed to have forgotten the purpose of flu gathering, dues to prcbe flu candidate's views on right to woo: luvs. As was previously nuntiaud, John Feuuuudy sealed to anticipate certainquustiaus: mdl’upresentudatleastpartialmrs influ textofhisaddress. 'nucaudidate's statment fluathebelievedina Pmsident "who can attend any outflow, comic: on dinwu MA 06642“. W ”WWW mm W to MW." and his meat and omelet: mowers toquestiaus regardingfluPoling incident (seeOuapterIV) indicate careful briefing and preparatiau au fluis subject. Hun flu luv. clamNormanofOorpmduristi sought infornuationaboutpressure frat Cardinal Dourjurty in Randy's rejectiau of Poling's invitatim, however, itmightwellbe assumed fluat flu Senator spokewithmre carrtesyfluaucmvictimwl'mtuprefaoedhis auswerwiflufluwords, “I will be culighmd to explain." Similarly, flu candidate had at least touclud on flu subject of fluquustimaskedhyuaxcaulkeregardingprotectiauofprotestmt libntalreservatimisfluterunuuuuallyauployedtodescribeflu teaching of flu Ram Catholic Church fluat cannicauts may knowingly lietoflucseindividualsutuohauunorighttoflutruth. 154 missimaries in Catholic omntries when he proclained his oppositim to religious ooercim in oflier lands. Kenmdy had. in fact, strengflmoned his original assertim by adding the sentence, "And that you {on any pmacutéan wt any time, by anyone, in any cannery" (see Chapter VI). In additim, flie Dameratic naninee supplied a direct answer to Gaulke's qmstim pledging to use his “influence as President of flue Limited Statestopemit, toexmxrageflledevelqnentoffreedanallovarflxe world.“ km flie freedans Remedy chanted inportmt was ”flue right of free religious practice.” 'mrouglmt his preliminary renarks, Senator Remedy had affirmed his beliefinflweseparationofchurehandstateaswellashiss‘pporthr flxe First Wt and its guarmtses of religious freedan. In flme interrogatim period, two quaries, fm different angles, were addressed to the Catholic candidate regarding dutch-state relatims. E. E. Wesflmreland, a figmewelllominflomtmasflnpastorofflueSouth MainBaptistcmrch, readaoopyofaresolutimpassedbyaaaptist group in St. Louis: With (hep sincerity and in Christian grace. we plead with SenatorJoth. Wasflapersmpresmtlycm— cemedinflmisnettertoappealtoCardinalthing, Mr. Famedy's om hierarchical superior of Bostm, to present to flxe Vatican Senator Ramsay's statatent relative to flue separatim of drum and state in flue thited States and religious freedan as separated in flue Cmstitutim of flue United States, in om: flaat flue Vatican may officially authorize such a belief for all m Caflnlics in flue mited States. Vbsflrcreland's recitaticn was follmed by applause frun flue audience. Kennedy, W,wasmtswayedbyflxeaudimoe'sresponsaandansmred frankly: 155 MayI justsayfluataslcbnotaoceptfluerightof any. as I said. ecclesiastical official. to tell re what I shall do in the sphere of my public responsibility as an elected official, I ch not prepose to also to ask [sic] CardinalmshingtoaskflueVaticantotakesaneactiau. The candidate's reply also drew applause and was cmsistaut with his earlier remark. ”I do not speak (on my dmh on public mum -- and the chuck dou not speak {or me." The secaud questiauer au flue subject of church-state relations instructed the future president in Roman Catholic lav. Robert m} a Presbyterian. cited the Syllabus of Errors. which he specified to be still binding em all Catholics according to the Cafluolic Mlgpsdia. Hefluenlauuduedafluree-partquestiauaufluerelatimshipcfflue Catholic Ouurch and flue state. at (no point citing 'Pchut forty-six“ m flue freedun of intellect and sciauos. Kaunedy, wisely. refused to be dram auto unfaniliar mud and declined to argue flue mauings of obscure ecclesiastical writings. He stood. instead, au flue statement of flue Natiaual Cafluolic Welfare Oun- mittee of 1948. “mat in my juriguent.‘ he asserted. 'is flue view held by Cafluolics in this country. may support flue Constitutiaual ssparatiau offlnrduaudstateandarenotir’uerrorinfluatregard.‘ President John C. Barrett of Unim Theological Seminary of New York omtedmfluetypeofquestimraisedbyflcnareninaneditorialin er. mLaren's knwhdge of Cafluolic flueology was no better fluan Mr. Kennedy's. The Syllabus of Errors. which he identified as the work ofPepeleom,wascmposeHofU§prauomcamtsofP0pePimD{and was issmd in Decanter of 1864. In additim. history kmws no Leo XIX. ‘me last Pmtiff bearing that name was Leo XIII. Kenneth Scott Latourette. A History of Christimig (New York: Harper 5. Brofluers, 1953). pp. 1099-1101? 156 Christianity and Crisis. In flu Protestant fluologian's view. flue Church was, in a sense, bringing these reactions on itself. Iutitbesaidfluatflumuanauurchhasitselfto fluank for many of fluse attitudes. It still gives an outsider flu inpressim of a nonolithic body that is burderud with an accumlatiau of “infallible“ statanents fluat are a flureat to nau-Gafluolics. Also. flu absence of W public debate was; its clerical leaders prevents flu world fran recognizing how much fluy dif- fer au major issues. Nor is flure a clear repudiatiau by flu more enlighterud and religiously morally lualthier partsoffluduurchoffluosepartsfluatareeiflur decadent or rigid inlfluir civil as well as ecclesi- astical intolerance. By farflumstautagonistic interrogatorwasB. E. beard, a ministsroffluduurfluofcurist. SeekingtoquestimfluSenatorm fluissuuofnentalreservatim.floherdbeganhisrauarkswifluaqmta- tiau frunflu Catholic BugplQedia: 'So fluat a false statauntknow- inglymadetoauwhohasnotarighttoflutruthwillmtbealie.‘ 'l‘kuministerflunaddedthreemrequntatiausfrmfluCafluolic mcyclopediaJ aue fraufluOsservatore Mano. anda statelent frmu PepeJomloaIIfranfluSt.Iouislbviewbefioreluwascutslurtbya voice fromfluaudience,whidu cmplained, 'I objecttothis. 'nutinu ismingout.’ Mardfinallygottoflupointofhisquustimand asked.simly.'Doyousubscribetofludoctriruofrmtalresemtim which 'I have qmted fran flu Cafluolic authorities}w QuceagainfluSenatoransweredasalayman. Headmittsdtonot havingreadfluCatholic Encyclopedia. butadded, “I dau'tagreewiflu flu statetIent. I find no difficulty in saying so.“ The opiniaus expressed in flu Osservatore Banana. flue candidate mcplaixud. were not 13am c. Bennett, “me Room Catholic 'Issuu‘ Again,“ current-11g and Crisis, Sept. 19, 1960, p. 125. 157 bindingonhim. mnudyflunaskedhisirquisitortorepeathisqmta- tiau ofPopeJdm, andnowardrepliedx Pope John XXIII only recently stated according to flu St. Louis Review date of Booster 1.2, 1958. 'Cafluolics m ustrergthtwardfluoammaidandflue Cafluolichierarchyhasflurightanddutyofguiding them." Doyousubscribetofluat? Muudybeganhismsuurtoflucleric's “tuave—yow-stopped—beating your—wife?" quusticnbyexpressinghis belief fluat flue POpewas speaking about faith andnurals. "I would think,“ ru rejoined. “any Baptist minister or Congregatiaual minister has flu right and duty to guide his flock." Afterexplaining flu difficulty of oumuntingon a statetunt wifluutlcmingflucmtextinwhifluitmused,8enatorxemudycm- cludedhisanswerfluathesavnothinginfluquotatimfluatneantflu Pautiff'coufldguideuuoranyauooulddirectnuinfulfillingmy publicduty." Apparently dissatisfied at not receiving a 'yes" or ”no" ansuur, flulbv.m.flowardutteredatactlessreplyu “'nuarukyou, sir. 'nun youcbnotagreewithflumpeinfluatstatmut?‘ Mudystillwouldnotbebadgeredandagaineaplainedfluatlu muldnothazardaninterpretatiauofflupapalstatmentwifluoutread- ing it in its entirety. 'nu candidate fluau affirnud: Iwouldbegladtostatetoyoufluatnoaucandirect an in flu fulfillment of my duties as a public official mderflulhitedStatesOonstitutiau. 'l‘hatIandirected toserveflupecpleofflumitedStatss,sworntodo so.tookanoathtoGod. Thatismyflat statalunt. I umldnotwanttogointodetailsmasentencewhidu ymreadtonuwhiduImaynotmderstandoonpletely. 'nuargumtativequustiausputtofluCafluoliccmdidatebyflu ministersassaubledinfluRicerteldisplayedasingle—mindedviewof 158 fluRmanCafluliccuurduasamulifluicbcdydmmudingtotalsflndssim auflupartofitscammicantsincivilaswellasecclesiastical affairs. fludaybeforexemedyaddressedflulmstmclergy.fluvery M. Mr. FrancisB. Sayre.DeanofWashingtauCafludra1.discussedthis mutality inhis mmhisccngregatiau. RunmyfriendDr. Pealecitesflumfulprecedentof whatharpensinSpainorOoladaiatoday.lumissesflu point aboutAnerica. Vb are not Spain. or Colatbia: not bouudbyahistoryandtraditiaufluatbindsusnuribuudly tofluMiddlquessbutwearearuwnatiau.entubledby anewexporinentinanewworld.bywhiduwehavesought toreflectflufactfluatcodnedsmall.notjmtsme. inhisaauimage.andfluatflureforewecmtrustau anoflurinequalityandliberty. Afewdayslater.afterfluneuocraticmnirueamearedinflu Crystal Bellman. columnist Walternimnan applauded Renrudy's standcn dumchandstate. especiallyhisassertimfluathispositimwasshared by'fluknsricanCafluliccmrduinflumitedStateswifluwhanIam associated.’ Lippnancamunted: Itisnotflupcsitiau offlumnish CafluolicClmrflu inSpain.orfluOolaubianCafluo1icamrduincolmbia. It is flu position not of all Mexican Catholics but of 'flu overwhelming nejcrity" offluan. 'I‘tuseareflu ansuersofabraveandtruflufulmfl‘ Byfar. flumostsunprisingandleastrelevantquuryputtoSauator Remedy influ interrogatim sessimwas fluat ofCanauHouardC. Rutenbar. «he questioned flu anti-right to work law plank in flu 1960 l'1"rnncis8. Sayre. senuupreadudithingthafludral. Washington D.C.. Sept. 17. 1960. 2Vhlter Lippnan. “Ibday and Murrow.” Washm Post. Sept. 20. 1960' p. #120 159 Damcratic platform.1 (A reading of Kauudy's address reveals absolutely no anticipation of questions regarding closed shops.) 'nu candidate hardlyseeuedurupreparedtodiscuss labor. however. askuprovideda cogent. ecu-paragraph $fense citing Taft-Hartley. flu advantages of uniform lave in interstate cameras. and flu fact fluat flue anti-right to work provisiou 'has been in flu last fluree platforms.“ men flu interrogation period ended. there were still ministers in liuu at flu floor micmrinus waiting to quiz flu candidate. Befiore flumeetingbegan. however. fluluv. Georgeluckwasnotsurewhatflu respouseoffluclergynunwculdbemungi‘venfluopportmitytoask questious. mck. flurefore. fearful of flu possibility of flu television caneras transmitting stouy silence into fluousands of 'l'eoos living room. planted questious with certain ministers to be read if flu session bogged down. 'I had a number of quustious sent into me.“ lu explains. “I distributed flan to flu audience in case things fell off. We fluought flure would be a dull fluud. or gerural resenfluent.'2 Noru of “'3 plmuted queries. however. was read. Herbert Luza was flu recipient of several hug-distance telephou calls fronpeoplewanting fluirquustiousputtoSenatorKemudy. A' 1than questioued eight years after flu event about Senator Kennedy's appearance before flu Ibutou clergy. Harris County Deuucratic official lbbert Kilgarlin said. 'fluou fluingfluat sticks outinnwmindabout fluat night was fluat after Kemudy's great speech ou flu religious issue. thisouministergotupandaskedaquustiouaboutrighttowork 1303.” 2m interview. 160 ladyfronWashingtou. D.C..requustedbuzato"hskm.xemudyusuatfluoee nuusaredoingfluatIseemlkingupanddownflucorridorsofflu Pentagou.‘ Nuoflurwonancalledandasleedfluminister: 'Doyoulmovvtuat'shappeninginSpain?' 'Isaid. 'bbdam.Ijusthappmtohavecouufrcmfour yearsofmissiouary service inSpainaudPortugal." 'du.flunyoudoknon' 'Iknowverywell.‘ Stuhungupoune. Imediately after flu Greater Hountou Ministerial Association nest- ingofSepten'berlz. 1960.dissatisfactiouwasexpressed regardingflus lustilenatureoffluquustiousarrifluquustiours. 'nuNawYork‘rines reported: Association leaders couplainod bitterly afterward fluatfluquustiauingofSenatorKauudyhadbeen linedinanuruduly acrinrnicusvein.by “eac- tremist" ministersmupordinarily shunrudflu associaticnnuetings. 'l‘iupassageofeightyearshasdorulittletoduangefluisassess— mntoffluquustiou-and—answersessiouinflumindsofesorgeluduand Herbert Mesa. 'nu Rev. Mr. Meza offers flu Opinion fluat “Tl-u Baptists.2 caueinandnunopolizedfluquustiousimediately. 'nuywerenotso Minterestedinanswersasmakingstatouents.' Mezahastenstoadd fluatthiswasjustaboutvtuatluhadanticipated. "Iexpectedexactly 1new York Time. Sept. 14, 1960. p. 32. 2()uly flurse of flu seven ministers raising questions at flu nesting were.inacfluality.Baptists.In'leaospar1ance.hoaever.flumrd t" is virtually synouomus with 'fundauentalist." Thus. nature of flu Quurdu of Christ. flu Disciples of Christ. or other cmservatiw groups are coumuly identified with the marmoth Souflurn Baptist Conven- tion. which has some 2.000.000 numbers in leans. Interestingly. nou- Baptistsin'l‘emscorplainofflugreatinfluunceoffluBaptistsin localandstate affairsmduasProtestantsinMassaduuusttsdecryflu power of m Cafluolics. 161 whatwegot—" lu adds. “sane belligerent questions withanattenptto oomicateaudindict raflurthauseekd'l GeorgsRecksaysfrankly. 'Iwasdisamointedinfluquustiou-md answer. Ifelt fluat itwasveryunintelligent.‘ Accordingtolbck.flu Baptistscauutodefendflufaiflu.raflurfluantogain insight. luck alsofluught Herbert buza's penussive leadership of fluqusstiou-and- aruwerpericdcautributedtofluproblon. 'Vbsetupourrulestoask aquustiou-nostatenunts— Ifluinkiuzauesalittletootolemtin fluatrespect. Sowehadlo'ugquotesfluatwastedalotoftine."2 Throughit a11-the1ongqmtat1ons.themr1amatory quustious. arudflutustileattiturhoffluinterrogators—JdruP.Kemudyhmdled himself with skill and restraint. iu answered even flu rust prejudicial quustiousfluroughlyandoourteouslywifluutmydisplayofauuoyaue. Qurepcrternotedfluatflumlydisplayofirritatioutomarfluentire eveningwasnotdirectedbyoratflufiuatorbufiwaseiduibitedbyflu audiencotovardfluluv.m.B.B.Bonardu¢mrucarricdseveralcpan bcdcstoaflocrmicrophouandbadgeredflucandidatewifluquutatious fronCafluolicwriters. 'nu Senator. in coucluding his appearance before fluministers. repeatedhisgratifladeatbeinginvitedtoaddressflubcdy. He assumedhisruarersfluatruborenoresmflnenttovardflusewtuquustioud himregardinghisfaiflu. 'Idau'twantanyouetofluinkbecauuefluy interrogatemoufluisveryinpcrtantqusstim.'saidKauudy. 'fluatI regardfluatasmfairquustiouing.‘ Heendedfluraflurtonseoccasicn 1Tera interview. 2luck interview. 162 withalighttoufluwtuniudrewlauqhterwithfluobservaticn: "Iam sure Ihavemadenoconverts tomychurch.' Sustainedapplausegreeted Kennedy's last remarks. and a mall crowd of vullwishing clerics surrounded flu Dauucratic candidate as he left flu platfom. Afewveeksafterfluevent. meiknutouclergmanrecordedhis inpressious of flu Crystal Ballroom coufrontatiou. In flu Rev. John W. 'mrnbull's introspective cotparisou of the couduct of flu preachers and fluat of flu politician. flu preaciurs definitely cane off secmd best. 'Purnbull asked: Was it really flue young Senator fron Massachusetts win was ou trial or was it we? Might not flu world see with alamung clarity flu contrast between his un- failing patience. dignity. hmesty. intelligauce. and courtesy. and our own bumbling. strident. and often tupelessly irrelevant interrogation? Tiu grace and gentility whidu we like to fluink of as typical of flu Pnerican. yes even of flu Christian spirit -- might fluworldnotseeagcoddealnureof fluatinhis face fluan in ours. as fluse faces passed across flu televisiou screen? And flun what of us who represent ourselves as nun of God? Nbst cluttering of all. perhaps. whose, loyalty to flu Cmstitutiou which separates and state and forbids religious tests to pub- lic office was really open to questiou in fluse pro- ceedings -- his or ours? We M‘JQ’L'I n- n»—..—-p-a.—_:-.LL m rannnyq- .———- keno—m J”remain. pp. 33-34. WWII THEM In his book was flu President 1960. 'l‘luodore H. White writes fluat a Presicuntial candidate. in making caupaign speeches. addressesthrsedistinctaudienoes. 'nuoseauriicuoesare. inascending crchr according to size. flu persoual (or physical) audiauca. flu “strategically calculated auriienm.“ and the national audiauce. 'nu physical audiauce. despite its being flu smallest of flu three. is. accordingtomite. flumostinportantofflubodies readud by flu Presidential aspirant. Its importance lies in its flaility to provide imuediate response to flue speaker. For flu candidate. whoever iu is. sits at flu center cfawebof affairs socouplexas tobedehunuanized: his ideas. his phrases. his finauces. his sdudules are all preparedforhimbyothers: whereveriupauues toccnsult wiflu staff. he must already make flu detadud causative decisious of a President. 'Ihus mly flu personal audi- ence. below flu level of strategic calculatiou. can give himfluouthingheneedsnost: fluiespunseofwannflu or frost. of applause or indifference. 'l‘iu middle audience. in White's sduoue. is flu “strategically cal- oulated audience.“ This body is essentially couprised of flu local populaceoffluareainwhiduflucandidateappears. 'nuresiduutsof liul'uite. 305-06. 163 164 a state or even a group of states follov the office-seekers mt byradio.televisim.andnavspapersaslucalpaigminfluirregim.nu muiruemkesmeofthisexposuretodiscmsregimalissms.s\pport local cmdidates naming m his tidcet. and eruourage volmteer party markets. nulastandlargestoffluflireeaudieruesisflunafim. Ina: electimyear.fluAnuricmpewlekeq3trackofflucandidatelbyread- ingnarlspaperaccomtsofcmpaignspeedusandseeingfihnclipam television. 'nunewscoverageofspeedusis.byandlaxge.armtixu affair. 'Not fordaysorvueks.'saysmtite.'willflucandidatem flueffectofanyspeediorstatenuntmflunatimalmodormflu Muritygrmptowhidiitisspecifically addressed.'1 Jde.Kemudy.aslustoodbeforefluclergymn.reportezs. tehvisimcaturas.mdmicropluusinfluniceflotelmflueveningof Septarberlz.l960.wasaddrassingallflireeoffluaauiiminwhat myhavebemflusinglemstinportantspeedxofflumludy-Niam minim. Thisanalysis offlueffects of. andreaction to. fluaddress to flu Greater sttm Ministerial Association will focxu m eada of flu flueemfliauesdescribedbynuodommmte. Manyreporterswtudescribedflucmfrmtatimofpreadurmd politicianinfluRiceHotelCrystalBallroanseaudbmtmwritmga fairy-taletypestoryinemidxfludashingyoxmmfacedaband of hostile. antagcnistic. anti-Caflulic bigots and. slowly but stirely. wm thanover mtil flu clergynun,--by fluendofflueming. hadbecmu 1mm. . p. 305. 165 fast friends with the Damcratic naninee. Scripps-flward writer CharlesLucy. foremle.wassatulwabletodiscernclergylmfran laymenwtunXemudywas applaudedby flugafluring. "Several tines his answersdrewapplatuefrauflucrowdfringe—notminieters—crwded into flu m1 ballroanwhere he spoke." chrmicled Lucey.” Theodore mite‘s record states: He had addressed a sullen. ahlust hostile audimoe when hebegan. Hehadwmfluapplameofmanyandflu persmal synpathies of more: flu nesting had closed in respect and friendship. It may be that flu writers were juiging all the waist-ere present byfludauaturofflusewtuaddressedquestiautoflucandidate. Not all of flu clerics in attendance. however. were “fighting fmdamtalists." opposedtofluprwospectofaRananCaflulic'stakixgtpresimat 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Several Catholic priests. for mangle. had telephaud officers of flu Greater mist-ax Ministerial Association to ask if fluy might attend flu gafluring. 'Ihey were invited. and may of then cam. In additicm. in Ibuston. which is ”gut Damcratic territory.“ it is hard to belimu that flu Rev. Herbert Maze was flu mly Protestant minister in town who favored flu electim of flu Massachmetts Senator. Voices raisedby clergymenwhowere present thateveninginflu Rice Hotel offer a different View than that of flu journalists. Boflx organization-president. George Keck. and vice-presidmt Herbert Nuza stmigly believe that 'the Baptists." by fluir performance during flu J'floustcl‘x Press. Sept. 13. 1960. p. 4. 2White. p. 313. 166 ueetingandfluirstatenentstoflupressafterwards.gavefluninisterial Association 'abadnanu.‘ Influir reckming. met offluministers presentweresincerelymdrespectfullyinterestedinfluisstusandin luaringwhatSmatoerludyhadtosay.1 Jamm'nmzbullwritesflutareporteraskedhimifrudidmt believefluandiauehadbeenraflur'cool'initsrespmsetolhuudy. Turnbullcouldrutagree: Ithadnotseanedsotonusonflucmtrary.1 felt that Mr. Kemudyhadevokedaramfitably friarlly. syupaflutic. even enthusiastic respmse. His arrival inthemanwasgreetedbystandingapplatuezhis anmers to several questions were warmly applatded andevencluerednotmlybyflugallerymtalsoby flubreflxren: whenhehad finished. he received saleflxing approaching an ovatim and could hardly get mtoffluroanforfluswamofnflnisterswlucrowded ammdhimeagertoseehhntpclese.t3shakehis hand.tospeakawordofenamr . Ttuatrlieme.flm.whidiwastensemdeaquctmtasdescribedin awterl.wasalso.forflumstpart.co\n'teomandrespectful. met dasemrsoffluwcasim.mr.wemmmlyofflusmnpastors Muarosetoaskqtustimsinfluinterrogatimsessimandmtflu several hundredwho listened in silence. SidluynopkixuoffluRiceibtelstaffoffersalamm'sviavof fluprooadings. "SemtorKerrudy'sspeed11nfluerstalBallroan.’ lusays. 'willgaduminhistoryas'xenudy'sddaatewiflxfluaaptist preachers.”3 Asasumurystatanent offlumaker's relatimship withasnull.butvocalportimofhisaudialue. Hopkins'assesmunt libel: and Maze interviews. M1. p. 32. 3% interviav. 167 ismtfarfranflutruth. Jammm-udy'sappearatuebeforeflu Greater Homtm Ministerial Associatim was. infect. anutnally ealploitativesituatim. 'n'unamcrats. firstly. smxghttoexploitflumeetingforpolitical gain. 'nutimmgoffluaooeptaueoffluoriginalinvitatien.fluhir- ingoffluCrystalBallroan.fluatte\pttostuvefluleadersofflu MinisterialAssociatimasidetoallwlyndeormsmtointrpdweflu cardidate.andfluarrangingoftelevisimcoverageovermreflun tamty'nexastelevisimuatimsgives anpletestimxytoflulesser regardflulaemudystaffhadforflupersaulatdiaue. Inthe Demcratic View. seemingly. flu physical auiience was inportant mly asitprovidedabadcgromdfiorflutelevisimcaiurasandbecamefm itsrankscatuflueewluaddreseedqtustiautoflucandidate. _ Nolesseaqaloitative.ruwever.vureflueenunoffluclofl1wlu canebearingqtustimsflutsanghttoeditorialize.raflurflmtoin- quire. 'nuir attalpted exploitation was not political. but ecclesiastical. Itwasfluirhopeflxatwiflzfluirlwyrinthiruqtustims.asludinflu presmceofreportersandtelevisimlmses.fluycouldforcemenudy into a cmflict between his chad: and his oaflx of office. Sud) a an- flict. fluybelieved. mightbe sufficienttosave flumite House for Protestantism. Moffluministersvtuq‘ustiaudflunamuespokewithreporters after flu meeting had adjounud. Baptist E. H. Westmoreland said. 'I dmbtflxatrudwwgedfluviavsofanyministerspreemtatflunuetingfl luau York Times. Sept. 14, 1960. p. 32. 168 K.0mmute.1alsoaaaptist.uuhaddemuedxenrudy'scandidacy frunhis pulpit. stated. ”The issuewill cantimu with flu emu intmsity asbefore."2 Severalministers expressedagrecmntwifli fluir Baptist brethren. while oflurs stated their belief that W's appearance mudservetoalleviateflutensiausmromdingflureligio‘uissiu. Influduaueofanypre—andpost-Kemudyin—depthsttflyofflu Greater Houstm Ministerial Msociatim authorship. my attanpted assess- nuntofflueffectofJolmF. mudy'sstatmtsandarmrsmflu opinims of flu city's clergymldbehazardom. ifnot foolhardy. PresidentGeorgeEuck. however. offersaninterestingpersaulevalua- timoffluinpactomeatorMuudymfluclericalbody. InfluScuthwe'reusedtobigmthsandalot of pranises. L.B.J. andSamRayburnaretypical 'lexas politicians. Kemudy was different because hewas intelligentinhisappreada. direct. md haust.andverysinoere. ...Hewasn'tjusta mrtridibayfranflunast. Ithinknenyofflu ministersvuredifiappointedbecatueMudyhandled hinuelftoo . 'n'u mast caispicuous mit in Kemudy's “strategically calculated" audienoewas. of course.flu8tate of'rexas. whichwasacflressed "live" by television. In 1960. flu tau Star State was alloted unity-fam- electuralvotes. Inastateinwhidxfluombixudnutbershipofcon- gregationsinfluSmflurnBaptist Omventim.flucmrch of Christ. and flu Disciples of Christ exceeded flu nutter of Presidmtial voters 1A favdaysbeforeflugafluringtookplaoe. Dr. White told George ludcfluttuumldattendalfluighludidmtbelicve'anygoodcould beaooalplished.' “interview. zilomtm Chruucle. Sept. 13. 1960. p. 8. 3m interview. 169 (2.588.000 to 2.312.000). the inportance of the Catholic Saiator's appeal is difficult to overestiimte. fluprimaryrespauibilityforkeepingMasinfluDamcratic colum in Wm not flat of flu Presidential candidate. but of hisrmningnete.lqnde.Jd'msm. Alfluughflureareasmmyac- cantsoffluselectimoffluSmatemjoriteradertothasecond spotmfluDamcratictidcetasflurearewriterswtureportedonflu event. allobeemrsagreethatSemtorJdmsmwasselectedforflu balmcehecouldbringflutidcetasaSwflunur. InSeptatber.influ heatofflucatpaign.flubitterness flutman'edtherelatimsofflu TexasDamcratsandfluKauudyfiorcesatfluLosMgelesGmmtimwas forgotten. InseSpeakerSthyburnlaudedemKemudyandblasted the Iloustm clergy. Identifying hinaelf as a "hard-shell Baptist." Raybmnsaidoffluministers."nuymlyaskedsilly questiom. Aswe sayinnypartof'nexas.tuate 'eub].oodraw."1 SautorJdrum.fluseomd'Iexantoocctpyfluseomdspotma Dmucratictidcettuadedbyaflarvardgraduateinfluumtieflmcenfluy (JdmNarueGanur.wluranwifl1FranklinDelarumoseveltin1932was flufirst).tookflulibertyofspeakingforflumtirelau$tar3tatet .Ithinkhehassettledflureligiousqtustimaue andforall. Hisanswerscanleavemdabtin'mxam' gindsmhzjom Kenudy stands at flu separatim of dmrch Rulexenudy'sstatatuntofhisviewsnayruthavemdedfludo‘mm ofallTexans.aNewYorkTinussurveyindicatedflurewassaneinpact 11mm: Guronicle. Sept. 13. 1960. p. 8. 2mm: :Press.'Sept. 13. 1960. p. l. 170 on 'borderlixu" skeptics. Citing flu results of a "state-wide canvass of (pinim' (flu nufludology of which. mfortmately. was not described). flu E193 emrized: Salient indicatims of flu survey were: 1. SautorKemudyl'ulpedhiscatueraflurflm hittingitbyhis ticklishappeararuebeforeaprotestant clerical forum studded with militant anti-Caflulics. 2. mile eliciting wide-spread approval of his good faith. Iu did little to cmvinoe “hard slull' sectarians fliat Caflulic dun-d: influences and policies can be excluded frun flu realm of gavermunt. 3. He disturbed sate cauervative ministers by his rejection of religious inflwue m piblic office. 4. M oocasim produced little indicatim of diminishing flu sectarian controversy which has been seething flxroughout predaninantly Protestant Tassel ever Since flu Massachusetts Senator's ncmination. 'numanwhois. perhaps. flumost infltuntialclergynuninallof Ibrasremaixudminpressedbyxemudy'smrdstoflumtmclergy. The Rev. Dr. Wally A. Criswell of flu First Baptist omen of Dallas2 said of flu Bostmian. "me more I listen to him the nose I 'na-he."3 Criswell was later interviewed for a special "religim aid politics“ editionof theweekly'rexasdaserver. Iugavefluuvoreportersaninter- esting description of flu Greater Houstm Ministerial Association meet- ingofSeptarberlZ. muttixmgthatruhadmtbempresmt. Dr. Crisuull saidhehadtalkedwith a friendwhodid attend. Retoldmefliat itwasflubiggeet farceheever savinhislife. mflurightsidewasflupress.and mfluleftsideabmdioflabortoughsandpriests luau York Thus. Sept. 14. 1960. p. 32. 2m Juu 5. 1968. Dr. Criswell was elected president of flu Southern Baptist Conventim. 3Dallas maxim. Sept. 14. 1960. Sec. 4. p. 2. 171 inordifirycloflus—mywaytogethim DescribinghineelfasaDatocratwtuhadvetedagaimtmose‘ult. mm.and5tevexum.flupastoroffluworld'slargestaaptistmm declaredflutnomCaflulicsluuldbeabletoluld public office. HmaskedhisreactimtoSemtorKenudy'spremiseflut'Nopvaoa Wofimwuhmwcmndwuehimtoviolatehiscaucieme. Crimll said flatly. “He's lyin' about that."2 Itmymllbeflutflueloqmuflflmomsofmr. Kemudy'sdefemsofhisfaifliandhiscandidacybefomfluclergymn offloustmwaspaidrugreatertributeflianfliisaomsationbyflu closed-anindedpreadurofflur'irstBaptista-uu'dxofoallas. Criswell, evidently.wasabletofindnoflavinfluarguuntsoffluyomg Senator. Bismlyrecmrse.flurefore.mtobrandl(emudyaliar. Mofflureligiau-basedoppositimtofluneuocratictidcet cmtinmdafterSepteiberlZ.nuchasithadbefore. Danocratic NatimalCaunitteeChaimanHmryM.Jadcsmdurgedfl1at'anorganiza- timof'muforubm'arespeiwmslmOOadaymmty-fcur radio stations to appeal for religious intolerance.'3 CarrP.Collins. nmudbyJacksmasfluluadofflugroupspmsoringflubroadcast. refmedtocommnthadcsm'sdurga.exoqettosayflnatflubroad— castswouldcmtimu. fiuTmsObeerveralsocamuntedmCarrOollins' '"Iexansfor Niam' associatim. A phrase luard repeatedly m flu broadcasts was. 1"I'eicas (laserver. Sept. 30. 1960. p. 2. 2mm. 3 New York Tinus. Sept. 17. 1960. p. 14. 172 "DomtbemlslsdbyxemudymdhisCaflulic friendsJ'l mile flu mti-Caflulic extrenists cmtinued fluir activities. flu Cafluliccmdidatedrumoordcrouisastuccaplstedhisbriefcmpaign taIrOftluImStarState. Politicalwritersmdcolumistssaw Mudy'stelevisedfloustmappearanceasaprimryfactorinflu enflmsiasticcrwdsflutgreetedhiminrbrtmrfli. Dallas. new BoustaicolunustBoByersxutedflutcrowdsestimtedbypoliceat 100.000and150.000assulbledtuseeandluarwmdmlmhds AgreatnunypemlearesayingSachmxamudy’s two-dayslveepacroes'l‘eatastimudflutideinfaverof aDenocratic presidential victoryinflxisstatecmu Nov.8. 'nuybasefliisopinimprinurilymmpoints: me. mapparmtlyveiyfavorable pualicreactimto Mudy's mutm statemtoauernimthereligimu isn’t bio.flutrmuouscmwdsfliatwanudtoses him. Penupeflubestassesmtofflu'lbtaspoliticalscuuinflu walosomeatormudy'saddresstofluBomtmministerswasbyJaus Ibstm. 'nuNewYork'rinescolumist reported. "Mudyispidtingup the mti-preadur vote. medium large.'3 WflulQGOvotewasmti—preadurorpro—Mudy-Jdm. MsvotedDanocraticinanatiaulelectimfaflufirsttiimsince 1948. Dyflunarravmarginof 46.233outer 2.311.570hanots cast. the nematscapmredfluamty-fiommmaectoraivotes. 1m mserver. Sept. 30. l960. p. 9. 2Bouetcs'i Chronicle. Sept. 18. I960. allow York Times. Sept. 16. 1960. p. 30. 173 Mom.houwr.certainlyhadmmupolymguuratim apossible'anti-preadur'vote. Mostofflunatimhadnevertuardof w.A.&iswell.butflunauesofNommVincthealsadDanielPoling warelomalloverknerica. Idem P. lumudy's 'strategically calculamd Mim'abrade.300.000'lbxasvoten.flI-\italsoin- cltuedamllgroupofzastcoastProteetantclergym Mudyae- captedfluinvitationofnerbertbuzatoaddressfluaoustmmnisters rutprimrilybecamsofanti-Caflulicisstusraisedmflumlfcoast. butinrespauetoflustatnsntoffluflatiaulomferauefor lbligiousPreedan. ‘nucmdidatelouwflutl’eale.Poling.andoflur span-anon aid officials of flu N.C.R.P. and flu P.O.A.U. would not be abletoescqefluwordeluspdceinfluCrystalBallrom. Mscould restasswedfliat.inarimalfliatisaspredictableasflurotatim offluearflunewamwiflifluirprcbingpmcilsmdndcrophauswmld greetflusereverondclergynmwithcopiesofhisstatmtaurecord fluircmlmtsforfluaftemomeditiaumdflusixo'clodtm. Dr. Peale. houvor.wasmttobsinnudiatsly availableformt. mSept-mer9.fludayafterflup\blicatimofflul=ealeGrotpstats- mt.flupastoroffluMarbleOollegiatecnm testedtheweatherof amtevmtsmdcussrvedflutahiflxprosmecclesiasticalsystu (fluNatimalcmfieretueforluligiauProedoflwasabwttocollide with an evenhigherpressme political system (flu Dementia Party). malicingfliatfluomingstombm'ehimmfliingbutill.fluauflurof 'nuPoverofPositive'minkiflgleftmrdwithhissecretaryflutlu wasgoingma'religious retreat" where. hopefully. fluweaflurwould becalnur. 174 'nuPealeGrcup. however.latrhdSenatorlhnrudy'sadiresstoflne Boutonclergy. 'nuluv.DonaldGill.onleaveofabsoncetoserveas executive director of flu National Conference for luligious Freedom releasedastatanmnt calling the speech 'flu met couplets. ouguivccal ondreassuringstatonuntwhidncouldbeenquctedofanypersoninhis position."1 Gill told reporters that Dr. Beale had nothing to do with fludraftingcfflustatonnent'becatuetuwasonareligionsretreat ondcouldnctbereached.'2 DmielPolingdescribedKemudy's standas'conrageonu.‘ mile expressingreservatiouabontflunatureandpourcfflnemmflulic dnurdn.flueditoroffludnristionfbraldsaidtuwasofflucpinion thatfluDennocraticcandidatewasconpletelysincareinhisrmrkson dnm‘dnandstate. Hewouldnot. however. eaaness hisbeliefsasto wluflurfluCaflnolicnomuewouldbeabletowiflnstondhierardnical pressure if elected. Poling conclubd: 'I'minfavor ofdroppingthe issueascftcdnay."3 'l'hreedaysafterfluacustonadlressonflureligioisisstu.a statomntbyDr.NormanVincentPealewasreleasedbyfluNational ConferenceforluligicusFreedm. Becamefluministerhinuelfwas still on his religious retreat. his views were nude pnblic by Donald B. Gill. Peale's statenontamomcedhis resignation fronfluNc.R.!-'. as well as his attonpt at resigning his post at Marble Collegiate Qnurch. nueldersanddeaconsofflucongregation.lncwever.refmedtoaccept flupastor'sresignation. 11bid.. Sept. 14. 1960. p. 33. 21bid. 31hid. . p. 34. 175 Peale's press release containedarathercuricusversion ofthe minister'sinmlvomtinflugropflnatborehisnanuaswellasan astounding statement of his views on religion and politics. ”I on strongly opposed.” Peale had written (mumbly with a straight face). to any adnixture of religions discussion and political partisanship.” 'nuclericexplaiiudflnathehadattondedfluconferenceasaninvited guest'imnocently.likeababeinfluwocds.' Benninimizedhisrole asasessionleadermdofficialspdceamfcrflubodymddecriedflu factthatithadbeendrbbedflu'PealeGronp.“ 'Imsnctdnped.“ said theminister-author. 'Iwas just stupid."1 'Ihus.inaperfcnnan