STRATlG-RAPHY AND PALYNOLOGY OF T HE '
FRONTIER FORMATION
(UPPER CRETACEOUS), BIG HORN BASlN, WYOMING

Thesis for the Degree of Ph. D.
MICHSGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
PETER H. GRIGGS
1970

  

  

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STRATIGRAPHY AND PALYNOLOGY OF THE
FRONTIER FORMATION (UPPER CREI'ACEOUS) ,
BIG HORN BASIN, WYOMING

presented by

Peter H. Grizgs

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ABSTRACT
STRATIGRAPHY.AND PALYNOLOGY
OF THE FRONTIER FORMATION,
BIG HORN BASIN, WYOMING
By I (“’05

f‘

I<
Peter H? Griggs

The Frontier Formation, in the Big Horn Basin, consists
of alternating sandstone and shale interbedded with coal,
lignite, and bentonite. The sediment source was the Meso-
cordilleran geanticline, and in the Big Horn Basin, the
Frontier sediments were transported from the southwest and
deposited to deltaic to marine environments.

Eight sections were measured and collected, in order to
correlate and zone the formation. Fifteen stratigraphic
horizons have been correlated in various parts of the basin.
The formation is divided into four sandstone sequences;
post First wall Creek Sandstone, First Wall Creek Sandstone
(Torchlight Sandstone), Second Wall Creek Sandstone, and
Third wall Creek Sandstone (Peay Sandstone). In addition,
various bentonites have been correlated throughout the basin.

The pollen, spore, and phytoplankton assemblage con-
sists of 92 genera containing 136 species. Three genera
and 19 species are described as new. In addition, seven
gymnospermous pollen types, six acritarch types, and one
dinoflagellate type were set up but not given specific
epithets. Twenty-two taxa were found to be restricted to

the Frontier and as such represent an assemblage that

Peter H. Griggs

characterized the particular environments of deposition and
source of the Frontier sediments.

The Frontier is divided into three zones and two sub-
zones based on the stratigraphic range of several species of
phytoplankton and spores. Zone A (Ascodinium verrucosum
zone) is the lowest zone and has eight phytoplankton and
one spore species restricted to it. The age of this zone is
Cenomanian. Zone B is Turonian to Coniacian in age and has
ten spore and one phytoplankton species restricted to it.
Zone B is divided into two subzones (B1 and B2) based on
the occurrence of Palaeohystrichgphora infusorioides which
is present in subzone B2 but not in B1. Zone C (Deflandrea
victoriensis zone) is the uppermost zone. Its base is
marked by the first occurrence of Deflandrea victoriensis
which is one of three taxa restricted to this zone. Zone C
is Coniacian-Santonian (?) in age.

Postulated floral elements represented by Frontier
palynomorphs indicate that the climate was humid, warm
temperate to subtropical, and a lush vegetation was spread
over the source area coastal plain and delta. Ferns were
the most abundant plants, but conifers, angiosperms, and
others were present. Marine phytoplankton were found

throughout all sections.

STRATIGRAPHY AND PALYNOLOGY OF THE FRONTIER FORMATION
(UPPER CRETACEOUS), BIG HORN BASIN, WYOMING

By
CQ\

.7‘
- \

.'~(
Peter H3CGriggs

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Geology

1970

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer expresses his sincere thanks and appreciation
to Dr. Aureal T. Cross of the Department of Geology and the
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State
University, under whose guidance this study was made, for
his assistance and constructive criticism and for his valu-
able suggestions. The writer is also deeply indebted to
Dr. Robert Ehrlich, Dr. James H. Fisher and Dr. Jane E.
Smith of the Department of Geology, Michigan State Univer-
sity and to Dr. S. N. Stephenson, Department of Botany and
Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, for their sug-
gestions during the study, and critical reading of the
manuscript.

Pan American Petroleum Corporation generously supported
the field work and provided partial laboratory preparation
of the rock samples. Shell Oil Company, through its repre-
sentative, Mr. T. D. Cook, provided for the printing of the
plates.

This study, which is a part of a larger program of
study of the "Palynologic Analysis in the Determination
of Environments of Deposition in the Rocky Mountain Creta-
ceous", by Aureal T. Cross and several graduate students,
at Michigan State University under N.S.F. Grant GA 429,
was partially supported by this N.S.F. Grant. The Geolog-
ical Society of America and the Society of the Sigma Xi
also provided funds used specifically for laboratory
equipment and supplies and photographic supplies.

Finally to my wife, Linda, my thanks for her patience
and understanding.

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O 0 v
LIST OF FIGURES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 v1
LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
IMRODUCT IO}: 0 O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O I O O O 1
mrpose O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 O O O O 1
SO ope C C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2

Part
I O MErHODS O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 O O O 7
F1 81d MethOd S O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 7
Sample Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Anal-yea» S O O 0 C O O O O O 0 O O O O O O C O 0 O 10
motography O O O O I O O O O I O O O O O O C O 12
II. GEOLOGY OF THE FRONTIER FORMATION, BIG HORN BASIN 13
Nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Structural Developmen of the B g Horn Basin. . 1a
Lithology and Stratigraphy. . . . . . . . . . . 16
General Description of the Measured Sections. . 18
Little Sheep Mountain, South. . . . . . . . . 18
POtato Ridge. 0 O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O 19
Sherard Dome O O O O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O O 2 0
What Ant 101 1ne O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 21
mcerne Ant 1011118 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 22
AnChor Ant icline O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 23
Pitchfork Anticline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
COdy C C O l O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 25
III. PREVIOUS PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES . . . . . . . . . 27
hleObotany O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O 27
hlyrlOJ-ogy O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 7

111

IV. SYSTEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . .

General Statement . . .
Systematic Description. .
Monolete Spores . . . .
Trilete Spores. . . .
Angiospermous Pollen. .
Gymnospermous Pollen. . . . .
Group Acritarcha. . . . . .
Algae . . . . . . . . .
Dinoflagellates . . . . . .
Incertae Sedis. . . . . . . .

V} ZONATION AND CORRELNTION. . . . . .

Physical Methods. . . . . . .
Paleontological Methods . . .
Invertebrate Zonation .
Palynological Zonation. .

Distribution of Individual Taxa

Selected Palynological Zones.

Zone A (Ascodinium verrucosum).

Zone B. . . . .

Zone C (Deflandrea victoriensis)

Age and CorreIation . . . . .

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PALYNOMORPHS.

VII. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

12!»
12 5
127
128
131
13L;
13?
1&6

198

Table

1. Frontier Formation sections collected, Big

2.

3.
u.

LIST OF TABLES

Horn Basin, Wyoming . . . . . .

Frontier megaflora (after Barry, 1929).

Frontier palynomorphs, Big Horn Basin,

Local palynomorph ranges in Sherard Dome Section
with numbers referring to Figure 4

Local palynomorph ranges in Lucerne Anticline

Wyoming.

section with numbers referring to Figure 5.

Local palynomorph ranges in Cody section with

numbers referring to Figure 6 .

O

28
33

109

114

120

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1. Geologic map showing outcrop pattern of the

Frontier Formation, Big Horn Basin Wyoming.

2. Correlation chart of European type section,

reference sequence for Western Interior
(Cobban and Reeside, 1952b), fossil zones
(Cobban and Reeside, 1952b), and Big Horn
Basin section (modified after Goodell, 1962
and this report). . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Stratigraphic and palynologic correlation of

the Frontier Formation, Big Horn Basin,
wy om ing 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O

h. Local range chart for palynomorphs in the
Sherard Dome section. . . . . . . . . .

5. Local range chart for palynomorphs in the
anerne Anticline section . . . . . . .

6. Local range chart for palynomorphs in the
COdy section 0 C O O O C O O C O 0 O O 0

vi

Page

. . 5

. . 15

in pocket

112

118

122

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A. Description of measured sections . . . . . . . . 1&6

vii

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine if the rocks
of the Frontier Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the Big
Horn Basin can be correlated by the use of acid insoluble
palynomorphs, and to interpret the age of these correlated
zones and their environments of deposition.

The Frontier Formation of the Big Horn Basin is very
well suited for this investigation. Because of the
distribution of outcrOps around the margin of the basin,
it is possible to build a stratigraphic framework that
extends both parallel to and at right angles to the
ancient shoreline, thus enabling the sampling of both near
shore and more offshore marine environments.

Pollen, spores, phytOplankton and other acid insoluble
palynomorphs are particularly suited for a study of this
type. Higher plant microfossils (pollen, spores, cuticles,
etc.) are nearly ubiquitous in their occurrence in most
sedimentary environments, whereas phytOplankton are indic-
ative of most marine environments. Palynomorphs are re-
sistant to most degradational processes; their morphology

makes possible differentation and recognition; and they

2

reflect both time and environment related changes in their
qualitative and quantitative distribution in the strati-
graphic column.

Factors which control the supply of palynomorphs
in sediments have been summarized by Cross (1964). His
list includes: (1) production rates of plants and
dissemination; (2) seasonal production; (3) transportation -
wind, water, insects; (h) sedimentation - deposition,
settling, burial; (5) preservation - optimum conditions;

and (6) weathering.

Scope

At the beginning of Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian),
time uplift of the Mesocordilleran geanticline provided
vast quantities of coarse detritus which were deposited
under predominantly non-marine conditions in the fore-
deep margins of the Cordillera. This primarily coarse
clastic lithosome interfingering with marine shales con-
currently under deposition in the shelf areas to the east
composes the Frontier Formation of Wyoming.

The Frontier Formation, which in the Big Horn Basin
consists predominantly of sandstones and shales deposited
under non-marine to brackish conditions, is noted for its
scarcity of invertebrate fossils (Cobban and Reeside,
1952a; Hunter, 1952). The detailed invertebrate zonation
and correlation of the marine shales to the east is dif-

ficult to apply to the non-marine portions to the west.

3
Because of the rather wideSpread nature of the distribution
of palynomorphs in both marine and non-marine rocks, it was
felt that a detailed palynological investigation combined
with stratigraphic work would yield significant results
in the study of the Frontier Formation.

The field work connected with this study was part of a
general stratigraphic reconnaissance of the Frontier
Formation carried out by Pan American Petroleum Corporation
during the summer of 1966. The eight sections collected
were selected from some 26 sections measured in the Big
Horn Basin (Figure 1, Table 1). Each of the eight sections
were selected on the basis of exposure, for ease of measuring
and collecting, continuity, and representative distribution
around the basin. Samples were collected from each litho-
logic unit in these sections.

The data assembled from the examination of the acid
insoluble organic residues of the samples is of two types:
(1) a composite list of the microfossil flora and phyto-
plankton which comprises a partial record of the fossil
flora; (2) qualitative and quantitative data which provides
time-stratigraphic information. From these data, compo-
sitional, distributional and ecological information can be
obtained. Species lists can be compared with lists of known
age in order to more closely determine the age of the rocks
being studied.

As in many studies of this type, the principal ob-

jectives are three fold. These are (l) the zonation and

u
correlation of the Frontier outcrOps collected in the
Big Horn Basin, (2) the interpretation of the environments

of deposition and (3) a taxonomic treatment of the micro-

fossils.

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I. METHODS

Field Methods

The sections measured in this study presented dips
ranging from nearly horizontal to vertical or slightly
overturned. Measurements were made with a Jacob staff and
Brunton compass. In some cases, broad horizontal surfaces
were measured with a steel tape and the true thickness
calculated from the dip. As the section was measured, it
was divided into units, each unit being described both
graphically and verbally.

Samples were collected by digging a trench or hole
that was deep enough to recover relatively fresh rock
samples. Although true trench samples (one sample rep-
resenting about five vertical feet of section) were attemp-
ted in the earlier stages of the field work, it was found
that this method was impractical considering the time
required to trench. Each sample is considered here to be
a spot sample and to represent no more than one foot of
vertical section. Each unit was sampled at approximately
five-foot intervals depending on the lithology. The
lithologies were graded in the field as to the expected
recovery of palynomorphs with every attempt being made to

collect from gray shales and lignitic layers. Very few
7

8

samples were taken from sandstones.

Sample Preparation

Of the #77 samples collected, 342 were macerated.

These samples were selected on the basis of expected

recovery, representation of each lithologic unit in the

section and for those units greater than ten feet thick,

at ten-foot intervals. Each sample was prepared following

the procedure outlined below.

1.

Using a mortar and pestal, crush the entire sample to
one-fourth inch maximum size.

After thoroughly mixing the crushed sample, select

a representative fraction. Weigh 5 to 20 grams
depending on the expected recovery from the sample.
Place the sample in a 250 ml. beaker and digest the
sample in 25% hydrofluoric acid (16 hours).

Decant, wash and centrifuge three times to remove
the hydrofluoric acid.

Transfer the residue to 50 ml. centrifuge tubes.

Add approximately 25 ml. zinc chloride solution

(sp. gr. 1.80), mix thoroughly.

Centrifuge at about 1600 rpm for #5 to 60 minutes.
Pour off the float into a clean centrifuge tube,
wash and centrifuge several times to remove the zinc
chloride.

Add 25 ml. Schulze's solution (one part concentrated

nitric acid to one part saturated aqueous solution

9

of potassium chlorate), treat for a few seconds to
several minutes depending on the sample.

10. Decant, wash and centrifuge three times to remove
the Schulze's solution.

11. Transfer the residue to a 15 ml. tapered glass cent-
rifuge tube.

12. To stain add five drOps of 2% alcohol solution of
Safranin '0" to the residue, let stand for a few
minutes.

13. Wash residue several times to remove the Safranin
"0”.

14. Transfer the residue to 2 dram vials for storage.
The residues were mounted in Cellosize (Hydro-
xyethyl Cellulose WPO9-w-5065AA High, Union Carbide Corp-

oration) on coverslips. Several drops of Cellosize and a drOp

of residue were mixed with a toothpick on the coverslip,
every effort being made to distribute the mixture evenly
across the coverslip. The mixture is then allowed to air
dry. The Cellosize was prepared in the following manner:
1. Two grams of Cellosize; wet with methyl alcohol and
make paste.
2. Place on a hot plate, add 98 ml. of water and heat
but do not boil.
3. Heat and stir until liquid becomes clear.
h. Filter while hot and add a few crystals of phenol
as a preservative.

This makes about two and half ounces. The coverslips

10
were then inverted and mounted on the slide with Elvacite
20h“ Acrylic Resin (E. I. duPont deNemours Co., Inc.).
The Elvacite is prepared by dissolving 40 grams of
Elvacite in 75 grams of xylene, stirring occasionally.
Six slides were made from each residue.

After the slides were mounted, each one was arbitrarily
graded as to the quality of preservation and relative num-
bers of specimens per slide. The system was rather simple -
A was a good sample, B a workable sample and C a poor or
barren sample. Of the 3&2 samples macerated, 57% are either
A or B, 19% and 38% respectiveIY. 37% were ranked as C
and 5% were either lost in maceration or had no organic
residue so that the maceration was not continued. Based
on the grading system and the relative stratigraphic
position of the samples within the sections, 123 samples

were selected for study.

Analysis

Stratigraphic analysis in palynology can develOp
from two types of data; qualitative, where the strat-
igraphic range of each taxon within the sections studied,
is determined and quantitative, where the abundance of
each taxon is determined by counting in some prescribed
manner. In this study, three sections, Cody, Lucerne
Anticline and Sherard Dome, were studied by a combination
of these two methods in order to determine if one or both

would be needed to adequately zone and correlate the

11

Frontier. The Cody and Lucerne Anticline sections are
interpreted as being parallel to the shoreline with the
more marine Sherard Dome section further to the east.‘
It was found that the qualitative method, the results of
which are presented in part V, would adequately zone the
Frontier. This method was then used in the analysis of
the other five sections.

All taxa counted or tabulated were set up by a
thorough examination of four slides from each sample.
Each new species found was photographed and its ident-
ification established by reference to the published lit-
erature.

Counting techniques were developed as part of the
Cretaceous palynology program at Michigan State University.
Thompson (1969) plotted curves of the number of species
encountered against the number of specimens identified in
counting a sample. His work demonstrates that with a
count of 500 Specimens, calculation of percentages would
result in a probable error of i 0.7% for a calculated
5.0%, i 1.5% for a calculated 50.0% and i 0.9% for a cal-
culated 90.0%.

The counting procedure consisted of traversing the
coverslip in a prescribed pattern. The order and pattern
was set and was used by all persons working on the
Cretaceous palynology program. At least five traverses
were made and no more than 100 specimens were counted in

any one traverse. If 500 specimens could not be counted

12
on one slide, a second or third slide was used. Records
were kept of the traverses counted on each slide. No
attempt was made to calculate the number of palynomorphs

per gram of rock.

Photography

Photographs were taken with a Leitz Orthomat Camera
on a Zeiss Standard GFL microscope using a Neofluar
100/l.30 oil and a 25/0.60 dry objective. The latter was
used with a 2.0x OPTOVAR setting. Adox KB-lh film was
used and the prints were made on Kodabromide F-2, F-3, and

F-h and Adox bromide F-5 papers.

II. GEOLOGY OF THE FRONTIER FORMATION, BIG HORN BASIN

Nomenclature

The name Frontier Formation was originally pr0posed
by Knight (1902) for exposures in southwestern Wyoming near
the town of Frontier, about two miles north of Kemmerer
in Lincoln County. Since that time, geologists have
extended the distribution of this formation by correlation
with equivalent strata throughout Wyoming and into parts of
Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Montana. Knight's original
work was later formalized by Cobban and Beeside (1952a).
They also described, in detail, the Frontier at Cumberland
Cap, 15 miles south of Frontier, Wyoming. Here the lower
half of the formation consists of non-marine sandstones,
siltstones, mudstones, and water-laid volcanic rocks with
some coal, carbonaceous shales and limestone. The non-
marine unit is believed to be Cenomanian in age. The upper
beds are marine, consisting of sandstone, siltstone and
shale. The marine beds are dated as late Greenhorn
(Turonian), early Carlile (Turonian) and early Niobrara
(Coniacian).

Frontier correlations were extended into the Big Horn
Basin in the early 1900's as oil and gas discoveries

focused attention on this area. Washburne (1908)

13

in
differentiated two prominent sandstones (A and B) in the
lower part of the Colorado Formation near Greybull, Wyoming.
Later, Hintze (1915) proposed Peay Sandstone for the lower
sandstone (A) and Torchlight Sandstone for the upper
sandstone (B). Lupton (1916) was the first to carry the
name Frontier into the Big Horn Basin. He applied the
name, near Basin, Wyoming, to sandstones and shales that
occupy a stratigraphic position somewhat similar to that
of the type Frontier.

The Frontier formation as used in this study is defined
as those strata which lie above the Mowry shale and which
have as an upper limit the top of the first massive sand-
stone beneath several thousand feet of Upper Cretaceous
marine shale known as the Cody shale. It is common practice
to pick the Mowry - Frontier contact as the first prominent
bentonite below the lowest sandstone of the Frontier. A
correlation chart showing the time relationships of the
rocks in the study area with those of the EurOpean type
section and the Western Interior standard section is shown

in Figure 2.

Structural Development of the Big Horn Basin

The Big Horn Basin is one of several structural basins
in the central Rockies. It was formed during several
phases of crustal compression (generally referred to as the
Laramide Revolution) that were operative in the Rocky

Mountain region from late Cretaceous to the Eocene.

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16

In the study area, the Big Horn Basin rim consists
of the Big Horn Mountains on the east, the Owl Creek and Brid-
ger Mountains on the south and the Absaroka Range and
Beartooth Mountains on the west. The tectonic genesis of
these mountain masses is beyond the scope of this study.
However, it can be noted that the principal structures
developed in these basement complexes are; low-angle over-
thrusts, high-angle thrusts, abrupt flexures and tear faults.
Within the basin proper, the tabulation of structural fea-
tures that deform the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks include
anticlinal flexures, minor low-angle thrusts and normal

faults. Each of these are exhibited in Frontier outcrops.

Lithology and Stratigraphy

The Frontier Formation consists of a series of len-
ticular sandstones interbedded with softer units of shale
and mudstones containing minor beds of sandstone, bentonite,
porcellanite and coal. The sandstones are yellowish gray,
generally fine grained, “salt and pepper“ textured, and rich
in lithic (chert) fragments. Glauconite is widely dis-
seminated. Large (to three feet) brown calcareous con-
cretations are common in the thicker sandstones.

Goodall (1962) has published on the petrography of the
Frontier sandstones. He notes that the source areas were
predominantly sedimentary rocks with lesser amounts of
volcanic and low rank metamorphic rocks. Rounding and

sphericity of detrital particles is immature showing little

17
effect of prolonged transport. He also notes that the
mineralogy becomes differentiated away from the principal
distributary systems.

Chart and andesite porphyry conglomerates are rather
persistant near the top of the formation, especially along
the east side of the basin. Both Hunter (1952) and
Van Houten (1962) have suggested a "Big Horn high" in the
northern Big Horn Mountains as the source for these pebbles.
However, there is no definitive evidence that would suggest
that the source of the Frontier sediments was from any other
direction than the west (more specifically the southwest).
Neither is there any evidence for tectonically positive or
negative areas that might have influenced the distribution
of sediments.

The shales are massive to fissile, dark gray to brown
and generally quite bentonitic. The more bentonitic shales
weather deeply and form a deep "popcorn" textured layer on
exposed surfaces. Because of this type of weathering, it
is extremely difficult to describe these shales and collect
samples unless they are exposed in near vertical outcrOps.

After the publication of Cobban and Reeside's (1952a)
work several papers appeared which treated the stratigraphy
and stratigraphic correlation of the Frontier. Masters
(1952), Towse (1952), Haun (1953) and Goodell (1962) have
all dealt with the Frontier either on a regional basis or
in areas other than the Big Horn Basin. Their correlations

are based on a regional stratigraphy using both bentonites

18
and sandstone units as correlative horizons. Goodell's
work, which is the most comprehensive on a regional scale,
uses a terminology which is more generally applied in the
Powder River Basin and east of the Laramie Mountains.
There, the Frontier is divided into three units; from top
to bottom, First Wall Creek Sandstone, Second Wall Creek
Sandstone and Third Wall Creek Sandstone. In the Big Horn
Basin the First Wall Creek Sandstone is equivalent to the
Torchlight Sandstone and the Third Wall Creek Sandstone
equivalent to the Peay Sandstone. These works have shown
that correlation by rock units is extremely tenuous and that
faunal zones cross lithologically continuous units. Three
papers, Hunter (1952), Burk (1953) and Van Houten (1962),
deal Specifically with the Big Horn Basin. Again the cor-
relations are based on sandstones and bentonites. A com-
plete review of both the physical and paleontological
correlations within the basin, together with the palynolog-

ical zonation and correlation, is presented in Part V.

General Description of the Measured Sections

These sections are described in greater detail in
Appendix A. A graphic stratigraphic column for each
section is shown in Figure 3.

Little Sheep Mountain, South - 534 feet of Frontier
was measured at this section along the eastern side of
Little Sheep Mountain Anticline. The section is located
about four miles south of U.S. 14, by Jeep road, in the
southeast quarter of section 25, T56N, R95W. The beds

l9
dip steeply to the northeast at 7u° and strike N55°W.
The section follows a drainage out at right angles to the
strike. The base of the section was picked at a four
foot bentonite about 100 feet below the first of three
sandstone sequences that characterize the section.

The lowest sandstone is the Peay Sandstone of Hintze
(1915). It is a marine sand with crossbedding and local
large scale ripple marks and worm trails. Abundant black
chert pebbles form a lag deposit at the t0p of the sand-
stone. The upper sands were deposited under non-marine
to brackish conditions. The middle sand is poorly developed,
whereas, the upper sand is massive, inconspicuously strat-
ified and contains occasional plant fragments. A chert and
andesite pebble conglomerate is found at the top of the
upper sandstone. This sandstone correlates with the
Torchlight Sandstone described by Hintze (1915) from
Torchlight Dome some 23 miles to the south.

Potato Ridge - This section, previously described
by Pierce (l9u8), is located approximately 14 miles north-
east of Manderson and seven miles south of Shell in section
10, T51N, R91W. The lower half of the section is well
exposed along the north-south trending ridge, whereas, the
exposures of the upper half grade into the flat topography
of the Cody shale are poorly exposed. The measured section
is 532 feet thick and has three sandstone sequences, the
upper most being the Torchlight Sandstone.

The lower sandstone, Peay, is marine with cross-

20

bedding and cut and fill structures. Pelecypod molds are
common, gastropod molds and bone fragments are rare.

Chert pebble bands are common throughout. South and west
of this section the Peay Sandstone splits into a number of
sandy units, as the interval thickens, and it can no longer
be correlated as a single genetic unit. The upper sands
are more massive and indicate brackish to non-maria dep-
osition. The base of the section is marked by a four foot
bentonite.

Sherard Dome - This section had previously been
measured by Hunter (1952) and van Houten (1962), both
using it in their regional correlations of the Frontier in
the Big Horn Basin. The t0p of the section is located
300 feet north of U.S. 16 in section 22, T47N, R89W. The
line of section extends north through deeply incised,
east-west trending flatirons. Four sandstone sequences are
found in this 545 foot section, the base of which is a
4.6 foot bentonite.

The two lower sandstones are equivalent to the Peay
Sandstone at Potato Ridge and Little Sheep Mountain. The
sands are marine with benerally parallel bedding. Worm
tubes and trails are abundant. At the top of the third
sand sequence, which is poorly developed or absent to the
north, there is a three foot series of thin beds consisting
of black, peaty, fissile shale with abundant plant frag-

ments, sandstone and a thin conglomerate at the top. This

21
is the only "coal" bed found on the east side of the basin
and not believed to be in situ, but rather depositional
in nature. Goodell (1962) correlates this sand with the
Second Wall Creek Sandstone in the Powder River Basin.
There is a 5.6 foot conglomerate at the top of the upper
sandstone (Torchlight). Lack of marine indicators may
indicate that the two upper sandstones were deposited in
non-marine to brackish conditions.

Chabot Anticline - The location of this section was
picked over that of Burk's (1953) at Mahogany Butte Anti-
cline because of better exposures for collecting. Burk's
section is three miles west of Chabot Anticline and cor-
relation of major units between the two sections was
found to be relatively straight forward. The Frontier is
well exposed along the tightly folded nose of the anti-
cline. The beds dip 580-65o northeast and strike N65°W.
The section is located in the northeast quarter of section
18, T34N, R88W.

The section measured at Chabot anticline is 749 feet
thick. There are five sandstone sequences, four in the.
lower 450 feet, the fifth sandstone being separated from
the fourth by 267 feet of sandy shales and argillaceous
sandstones. The first three sandstones can be correlated
back to the Peay Sandstone in the northeast part of the
basin. The fourth sandstone correlates with the Second Wall
Creek Sandstone at Sherard Dome. The upper sandstone is

the Torchlight (First Wall Creek Sandstone). Immediately

22
above the first sandstone there is a four foot bentonite
that may be correlated across the southern part of the
basin.

Although no invertebrate fossils were found here,
Burk (1953) reports a fauna of early Niobraran (Fort Hays)
age and another of Niobraran (early Smoky Hills) age, 107
and 252 feet respectively, above the Cody Frontier contact
at Mahogany Butte Anticline.

Lucerne Anticline - This section had previously been
measured by Hunter (1950) and Burk (1953). It is located
approximately six miles northeast of ThermOpolis, on the
east side of the Big Horn River, and can be reached by
a dirt road, 5.6 miles north of Hot Springs State Park.
The line of section runs from the southeast to the northeast
quarter of section 9, T43N, R94W.

The beds are well exposed along the north flank of
Lucerne Anticline where they strike N54°W and dip 180
west. The base of the section is marked by a very con—
spicuous six foot bentonite. The entire Frontier section
(650 feet) is well exposed. The overlying lower Cody shales
are capped by terrace gravels.

The number of sandstone units and the percentage of
sand in the total thickness of the section increases
significantly along the southern and western margins of
the basin. It becomes, therefore, increasingly difficult
to correlate individual sandstone units as was done on the

east side of the basin (i.e., Peay and Torchlight).

23

At Lucerne Anticline the section can be divided into about
six sandstone units. The lower three are in the Peay
package of sands. There is a middle sandstone that cor-
relates with the Second Wall Creek Sandstone and the upper
sand is the Torchlight Sandstone. Ripple marks, worm ‘
trails and rare pelecypods indicate that most of the sands
were deposited in brackish to marine conditions.

Burk (1953) reports a fauna of late Carlile age
(Sage Breaks Shale Member) from the top of the upper
sandstone sequence. The horizon from which Burk collected
was reestablished in this study and although not rigorously
examined numerous well preserved Inoceramus fossils were
collected. Burk also reports a fauna of lower Niobrara
(Fort Hays Limestone Member) from concretions 86 to 116
feet above the Frontier and a fauna of Niobrara (lower
Smoky Hills Chalk Member) 201 feet above the Frontier.

Anchor Anticline - This section was originally des-
cribed by Burk (1953). No attempt was made to redescribe
the section, instead each unit was reestablished and a few
comments were added to Burk's description where necessary
(see Appendix A). The section is located in the southeast
quarter of section 1, T43N, RIOOW. The outcrOp is reached
on State Highways 120 and 116, 34.4 miles west of Therm-
opolis, then one mile north of the Hart Ranch house. The
beds crOp out along the north flank of Anchor Anticline and
strike N78°E and dip 270 north. The entire section (758

24
feet) is unconformably overlain by lower Eocene rocks
immediately to the west.

There are at least eight prominent sandstones in this
section.. The lower three are Peay sands, the fourth is the
Second Wall Creek Sandstone and the fifth correlates with
the Torchlight Sandstone (First Wall Creek Sandstone).
Three distinctive sandstones occur higher than the First
Wall Creek Sandstone. These sands, of Niobrara age, are
restricted to the southwestern corner of the basin, al-
though they can be traced into the Wind River Basin
(Goodell, p. 182, 1962).

In general the sands in this section are coarser
grained than in those sections to the east. This is
especially apparent in the upper part of the section.

The section represents an alternating sequence of marine
to brackish or non-marine deposition.

There is some question as to whether the basal
bentonite is missing. Burk (1953) claims that it is absent
and he picks a lower bentonite as the Mowry-Frontier
contact. However, he does not correlate it with the basal
bentonite at Lucerne Anticline. In this study it is assumed
that both bentonites are the same and that Burk's confusion
resulted from the expansion of the section to the west
(Figure 3).

A fauna of Niobrara age (early Smoky Hills Chalk
Member) was collected by Burk (1953) approximately 90 feet

above the Frontier. A single Camptonectes platessa White

25
was collected by Burk (1953) from the top of the upper
sandstone. This fossil is characteristic of the Fort Hays
Limestone Member of the Niobrara Shale.

Pitchfork Anticline - Pierce and Andrews (1941)
originally described the Frontier from the east side of
Pitchfork Anticline. However, since the time of their
work, numerous excavations for oil field roads and well
sites have exposed a more complete section along the
western side.

Pitchfork Anticline is located about 15 miles west
of Meeteetse and about three miles north of the Greybull
River. The section is in the southwest quarter of section
14, T48N, R102W. The beds dip 35° to 45° east and strike
N10°W.

The 659 foot section is quite sandy and can be divided
into nine sandstone units. The lower five are Peay sands,
the seventh correlates with the Second Wall Creek Sandstone,
the lower half of the eight correlates with the Torchlight
(First Wall Creek Sandstone). The upper half of the
eighth sandstone and the ninth sandstone are younger than
the Torchlight and are equivalent to the younger sands at
Anchor Anticline and Cody. The sands were deposited in a
transgressive-regressive sequence with environments ranging
from marine or brackish to non-marine.

Cody - This section, located in the northwest quarter
of section 31, T53N, R101W, is very well exposed along the
north bank of the Shoshone River at Cody, Wyoming. The

26
Shoshone River flows east out of the Absaroka Range and
cuts a deep gorge at nearly right angles to the strike of
the upturned Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. The strike of
the Frontier is N35°W and the beds dip 16° to the north-
east. The base of the section is about three-fourths of
a mile west of the Shoshone River bridge and the Cody-
Frontier contact is about one-fourth of a mile above the
bridge.

The section is 649 feet thick and consists of eight
sandstone units. The lower four are Peay (Third Wall Creek)
sands. As in the Pitchfork Anticline section, it is very
difficult to pick a Second Wall Creek sand. However, there
is a sand sequence with an associated one foot coal bed
that is stratigraphically in the right position and is
correlated with the Second Wall Creek to the east (there is
a 'coaly' unit associated with the Second Wall Creek at
Sherard Dome). The upper sandstone is divided into two
units; the lower half is the Torchlight (First Wall Creek),
the upper half is a younger sand that correlates with sands
at Pitchfork and Anchor Anticlines.

Deposition of these sandstones, which are coarses
grained than those to the east, was strongly influenced
by their proximity to the source of the sediments. Large
channels (10 feet deep, 20 feet across), conglomerates and
large scale ripple marks indicate depositional environments

of much higher energy than to the east.

III. PREVIOUS PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES

Paleobotany

Paleobotanical interest in the Frontier began in 1843
when Captain John C. Fremont collected fossil plants from a
“white indurated clay“ on Little Muddy Creek at Cumberland
Gap, in Lincoln County, about 15 miles south of the town
of Kemmerer, Wyoming. Fremont's collections were later
described by James Hall in 1845, who tentatively assigned to
them a Jurassic age. Veatch (1906) rediscovered Fremont's
plant locality and found it to be 1200 feet stratigraphically
below the base of the Oyster Ridge Sandstone (First Wall
Creek). Knowlton (1917) described a flora based on the
collections of Fremont, Veatch and others. He lists 25
species, representing seven ferns, one B uisetum, one
monocotyledon, and 16 dicotyledons. Based on collections
from the Wind River Basin, Berry (1929) expanded the flora
to include 34 species, representing 24 genera in 16 families
and 15 orders. The megaflora of the Frontier formation,

based on the above works, is listed in Table 2.

Palynology
Palynological studies of the Frontier began with a
27

28
TABLE 2

Frontier Megaflora

(AFTER BERRY, 1929)

 

 

Tracheophyta

Sphenopsida
Equisetales
Equisetaceae
Equisetum sp. Knowlton

 

Pteropsida
Filicales
Polypodiaceae
Tapeinidium? undulatum (Hall) Knowlton
MISrotaenla variabilis Knowlton
MicrOEaenia aucifolia (Hall) Knowlton
Dennstaedtia? fremonti (Hall) Knowlton
Dryopteris coloradensis Knowlton
AS Ienium occidentale Knowlton
KfiemIa fremontI'Knowlton
GymnOSpermae
Cycadales
Nilsonia mehli Berry
Coniferales
Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer
Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesquereux)
Berry
Angiospermae
Monocolyledonaea
Araceae
Sabalites sp.
Liliaceae
Smilax? coloradensis Knowlton
Dicoterdonaea
Myricaceae
Mygica nervosa Knowlton
Salicaceae
Salt; gumberlandensis Knowlton
SaIix frontierensis Knowlton
Fagaceae
Quercus stantoni Knowlton
Dryophyllum lanceolatum (Knowlton) Berry
Moraceae
Ficus fremonti Knowlton
Ficus inaeqpalis Lesquereux
Ficus? Sp. Knowlton
Ficus? Sp. Knowlton

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

 

 

 

TABLE 2
Staphyleaceae
Staphylea? fremonti Knowlton
Sterculiaceae
Sterculia towneri (Lesquereux) Berry
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum hesperium Knowlton
Cinnamomum? sp.fKnowlton
ArEIiaceae

Aralia veatchii Knowlton

Position uncertain

Qawalquea
Phyllites
Phyllites
Berry
Phyllites
Phyllites
Phyllites
Phyllites

pulchella Knowlton
ficifolius Knowlton
grandifolius-cretaceus (Lesquereux)

cretaceus (Ettinghausen) Berry
crassipes (Heer) Berry

dentata Knowlton

sp. Knowlton

30
paper by Andrews and Pearsall (1941) in which they describe
and illustrate Spores from three ferns from the Frontier
Formation of southwestern Wyoming. Spores of Anemia
fremonti Knowlton are like CicatricosiSporites dorogensis
Potonie. Those of Microtaenia paucifolia (Hall) Knowlton
resemble species of Deltoidospora (Miner) Pontonie. The
spores of Microtaenia variabilis Knowlton appear to be
small, thin, inaperturate forms.

Upshaw (1959) provides the only comprehensive paly-
nological investigation of the Frontier prior to this study.
His study (Ph.D., University of Missouri, 1959) is on the
palynology of the Frontier Formation at Little Horse Creek,
seven miles north of Dubois, in the northwestern part
of the Wind River Basin. He limited his study to one
section (752 feet) and no attempt was made to correlate
with other sections in the area. Spores referrable to
99 species in 53 genera plus an additional 95 palynomorphs
of uncertain taxanomic position are described. The tax-
onomy pertains mainly to spores with little or no treatment
of pollen and phytoplankton.

Upshaw has published two papers based on his disser-
tation. The first paper (Upshaw, 1953) describes two new
species of Agguitriradites Delcourt and Sprumont, emend.
Cookson and Dettmann (A. ornatus and A. fimbriatus) from
the Frontier at Little Horse Creek. In his second paper,
Upshaw (1964) presents a zonation for his section at Little
Horse Creek. By considering the recognition of cyclic

lithologic units, delineation of marine and non-marine

31
zones based on the ratio of spores and pollen to phyto-
plankton and a time zonation based on the range and
occurrence of species of spores, he was able to divide the

Little Horse Creek Section into seven zones.

IV. SYSTEMATICS

General Statement

The pollen, spore and phytoplankton assemblage of the
Frontier Formation, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming consist of 92
genera containing 136 species. Three new genera and 19 new
species are described. In addition. seven gymnospermous
pollen types, six acritarch types and one dinoflagellate
type were set up but not assigned specific epithets. Certain
species in nine different genera were lumped under the desig-
nation "spp.", indicating that they were not identified
beyond the genus level. Table 3 lists the palynomorph
assemblage described from the Frontier of the Big Horn Basin.

The taxanomic treatment is brief and simple. Question
marks and the "of." designation are used frequently. Spores
and pollen are arranged alphabetically within the broad
categories of monolete and trilete spores and angiospermous
and gymnospermous pollen. The classification of the acri-
tarchs used in this study is that suggested by Downie.
Evitt and Sarjeant (1963). Fossil dinoflagellates are con-
sidered to be algae and a botanical classification is
followed here. Downie. Williams and Sarjeant (1961) and

Evitt (1963) discuss the affinity of fossil dinoflagellates

32

33

TABLE 3

FRONTIER PALYNOMORPHS
BIG HORN BASIN, WYOMING

 

 

MONOLETE SPORES

Laevigatosporites Ibrahim
Laevi ates orites rana erturus Hedlund
Laevi atos orites harrdti otonie and Venitz)
TEEmson and Fqug
Laevigatosporites of. L. irroratus Hedlund

Laevi tos orites ovatEs WiIson and Webster
PeromonoIetes Couper

eromonoletes sp. 1
Petalos rites Agasie
Fefiansporites guadrangulus Agasie

Schiz ea Smit
Scfiizaea cf. 8. triangula Stanley
Schizaeois ites Fotonie
Scfiizaeois orites eocaenicus (Selling) Potonie
Verrucatosporites F?lug in Tfiomson and Pflug
Verrucatosporites favus (Potonie) Thomson and Pflug

Verrucatosporites cf. 1. pseudoreticulatus Hedlund
TRILETE SPORES

Acanthotriletes Naumova ex. Potonie and Kremp
Acan otriletes varispinosus Pocock
Ae uitrIadites DeIcourt and Sprumont emend. Cookson and
man
Agguitriadites ornatus Upshaw
A endicis orites WeyIand and Krieger
A ndicIs orites of. A. ansonii Pbcock
A endicis orites matesovai Bo khovitina) Norris
I endicis crites tricornitatus Wayland and Greifeld
-22———-__JL—IF——'-—_-—_—t——-__

Balmeis orites Coo son and Det man
Ezfmeis orites lenel ensis Cookson and Dettman
Camarozonospgrites ( c on e K aus
Calarozonos orites insi is Norris
amarozonos ori es rudis (Lesohik) Klaus
Osmarozonosgorites sp. I

Cicatriccsispori es 0 onie and Gelletich

ica ricosis orite of. C. carl lensis Pocock
Cicatricosispgrt of. E. cooksonII Balms
crassitermInaEus Hedlund

catrxcosxspgri
CIcaEricosispgrf dorogensis Fotonie and Gelletich

m

 

0
m

 

\I‘r
'00
MU)

 

 

 

 

 

 

t Frur

Cicatricosisporfsgg of. Q. mesozoicus Agasie
icatricosisporfses of. 9. mo irioi es Delcourt and

 

Sprumont

34

Cin latis orites (Thomson) Potonie
'CingpIztisporites" seudoaleolatus Couper
gig§g%atisporites radiatus StanIey

Cin ri GE Pierce
CIngutriletes clavus (Balms) Dettmann

Concavis ori es ug Delcourt and Sprumont
EoncavIs orites butorosus (Manuscript name)
ConcavIs orItes cavatus (Manuscript name)
Concavis orites Sp. I
ConcavIs orites sp. 2

Concavissimisporites Delcourt and Sprumont emend. Delcourt.

mann and ug es

Concavissimis orites puctatus (Delcourt and Sprumont)
SInEE
C athidites Couper
Ezatfiidites australis Couper
C athidites minor Couper
Deltoidoquyg (Miner) Potonie
”toicospora hallii Miner
.toinos ora Junctum (Kara-Murza) Singh
.:oinospora si ostoma Rouse
__:._c_g._5 ospora sp.
Densoisporifigg Wayland and Krieger emend. Dettmann
Densoisporites microrugulatus Brenner
Densois orites perinatus Couper
Diotzop Iidites Couper
Dictyo h lIIdites harrissii Couper
Dicty .r.Ie€g§ (Naumova) Fotonie and Kremp
1icq triletes densomuralis (Manuscript name)
Foveotrilezes van der Hammen ex. Potonie

0v . IIetes of. E. subtrian ularis Brenner
Gleic e l.<ites_TRoss) DeIcourt and Sprumont

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

933m

 

 

:1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

n

av - eni—i'ditgs of. g. ciroinidites (Cookson) Singh

: eichenuiditgg confossus ed un

(mic enii 1L es senonIcuS (Ross) Delcourt and Sprumont
Granu'fitis orfL:__s_ (TbraRIm) Potonie and Kremp

Gr

 

 

_ anu atis orites spp.
HymanopKyIlumsgorites Rouse
flzgenop y umsEorites cf. g. deltoida Rouse

KlukisEor tes Couper
K is orites seudoreticulatus Couper
LycopodIacidites Eouper emend. Potonie
chopodiacidites intraverrucatus Brenner
Lycopodiaci ites of. L. kue eri Klaus
Lycopodiumsgorites iergart ex. De court and Sprumont
chopo iumsporites of. L. marginatus Singh
Matonisporites Couper
Matonis orites impensus Hedlund
MiodeItospora (Manuscript name)
Miodeltospora parva (Manuscript name)

Osmundacidites Couper
Osmundacidites wellmanii Couper

 

 

35

Perotriletes Erdtman ex. Couper
ero riletes bursatus Hall
PerotriIetes sp.
FerotriIetes sp. 2
Perotriletes sp. 3
PsilatriIetes van der Hammen ex. Potonie
si atriletes radiatus Brenner

ReticuIatisporites (Ibrahim) Potonie and Kremp

e icu a isporites exilis (Manuscript name)
RetitriIetes Pierce

etitriletes cenomanianus Agasie

Sta linis orites Pocock
Sta Iinis orites caminus (Palme) Pocock
Stereisporites Pqug
Stereis orites antiguasporites (Wilson and Webster)
Dettmann
Taurocusporites Stover
Taurocusporites redungus (Bolkhovitina) Stover
Taurocusporites of. T, sigmentatus Stover
Taurocusporites sp. 1

TentacuIis ora (Manuscript name)
TentacuIispora conspicua (Manuscript name)

Tetrahedros ora (Manuscript name
Tetrafiedros ora dyscrita (Manuscript name)
odis orites Couper

 

 

T
TodIs orites minor Couper
TriloEos orites Rant ex. Potonie
TriIoEosporites crassus Brenner
Undulatis orites‘fiqug
UnduIatisporites scabratus (Manuscript name)

UnduIatisporites Sp. 1
Verrucosisporites Ibrahim emend. Potonie and Kremp
verrucosisporites pustulatus (Manuscript name)

verrucosisporites cf. 1. rotundus Singh
Unclassified Tri ete Spores
Trilete scabrate sp. 1

Trilete spiny sp. 1
Trilete spiny sp. 2

 

 

 

ANGIOSPERMOUS POLLEN

Clavati ollenites Couper
EIavati oIIenites hughesii Couper

Liliacidites ouper
Li iacidites cf. L, variegatus Couper

RetitricoI ites van der Hammen ex. Pierce
RetItrIcoIpites cf. R, georgensis Brenner
Re itricol ites araneus Norris
RetitricoI ites vngaris Pierce
TricoIEI es ookson ex. Couper
ricoI ites of. T, bathyreticulatus Stanley
TricoI 1

Ltes arvus Stanley
Tricolpites cf. 2, reticulatus Cookson
ico Bites sagax Norris

 

 

36

Tricol o ollenites Pflug and Thomson
TrIcOL o oIIenites henrici (Potonie) Pflug and Thomson
TricoL o olIenites of. T. retiformis Pflug and Thomson
TEIcoLpopoIIenites sp. 3

GYMNOSPERMOUS POLLEN
Alis orites Daugherty
KIIS orites-type pollen
Ca toni oIIenites Couper
Ca Eoni ollenites allidus (Reissinger) Couper
CircuIina Manawkina ex. KIaus

Circulina parva Brenner
Classo ollis Wodehouse ex. Wilson and Webster
CIassopollis classoides Pflug emend. Pocock and
Jansonius
Cycadopites Wodehouse ex. Wilson and Webster
cado ites fragilis Singh
yoadopites scabratus Stanley
Lguisetosporites Daugherty emend. Singh
gguisetosEorites multicostatus (Brenner) Norris
Eucommiidites d man emend. Hughes
lditgg minor Groot and Penny
commiiditgg troedssonii Erdtman

Inapgrturopoi.enites Pqug and Thomson

 

O
O
B
B

 

 

 

 

a or £30 oIIenites dubius Potonie and Venitz
Ina erturo oIIenites Hiatus (Potonie) Pflug and
TEomson

Ina erturo ollenites pseudoreticulatus Brenner
LaricoIdItes Potonie
Lar coidites of. L. maggus (Potonie) Potonie. Thomson

iergar
Ph llocladidites Cookson ex. Couper
thIIocIadidites-type pollen
Pitxos¥orites Steward emend. Manum
zosgorites-type pollen
Podocarpidi es Cookson ex. Couper

Podocar idites-type pollen
Ru ubivesIcuIites Pierce
R5§%Bivesiculites reductus Pierce

Tsu a o eni es otonie and Venitz
TaugapoIIenites-type pollen

Schizosporis Cookson and Dettmann
Schizosporis cf. S. parvus Cookson and Dettmann
chizos oris scabratus S anley

Unclassified Gymnospermous Pollen

Monosulcate type 1
Monosulcate type 2

ACRITARCHA

Subgroup Acanthomor hita Downie. Evitt and Sarjeant
Baltis fiEeridium Eisenack emend. Downie and Sarjeant
BaItisphEeridium multispinosum Singh

37

Michr stridium Deflandre emend. Downie and Sarjeant
Micfirzstridium spp.

Incertae Sedis
Form X sp. 1

Subgroup Pol ono or hitae Downie, Evitt and SarJeant
Var Ezcfiium (BEunf?) Downie and Sarjeant
Ver 5;

chium cf. V. europenum Stockman and
WiIIiere
Ver hachium of. V. stellatum Deflandre
Verzhachium of. V. trisuIcum Deunff
Var

c ium sp.
Subgroup Netromorphitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant
Leio usa isenack
Le ofusa spp.
Metaleiofusa Wall
Me a eiofusa spp.

Subgroup Herkomor hitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant
szatiosphaera (0. Wetzel) Deflandre
Cyma iosphaera sp. 1
ios era sp. 2 .
Subgroup PEeromor Eitae DOWnie. Evitt and SarJeant
Pterosgermopsis W. Wetzel
erospermopsis spp.
Subgroup Sphaeromorphitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant
Incertae Sedis

Form B sp. 2
Form B sp. 4
Form C sp. 1
Form C sp. 2
Form C sp. 3
ALGAE
DINOFLAGELLATES

Cyst-Family Gon aulac staceae Sarjeant and Downie
Con aulac sta (DefIandre) Sarjeant
Gon auIac sta of. Q. edwardsi (Cookson and
EIsenack) Clark and VerEIer
Gon aulac sta spp.
Cyst-Family Formeaceae Sarjeant and Downie

Formea Cookson and Eisenack
ormea amphora Cookson and Eisenack
Cyst-Family Peridiniaceae SarJeant and Downie

Apteodinium Eisenack
A teodinium granulatum Eisenack
S inidinIum 5 E

2 oo son and Eisenack
Spinidinium microceratum Stanley

Cyst-Family Broomeaceae Sarjeant and Downie
Broomea Cookson and Eisenack
Broomea of. L. Jaegeri Alberti

38

Canningia Cookson and Eisenack
anningia cf. 9. reticulata Cookson and Eisenack
Canningia of. g. rotundata Cookson and Eisenack
nni

a a cf. 9. senonica Clark and verdier
Cyst-Family Eisgrzchosphgeridiaceae (Evitt) SarJeant and

Downie

 

Hystrichokolfioma Klumpp
s ric okol oma ferox (Deflandre) Davey et a1
stricfios haeridium DefIandre '_- -
S ric os eridium spp.

011 os haeridium Davey and Williams
OII os 53eridium spp.
Tan os Hieridium fiavey and Williams
Tan os REeridium of. L. variecalamum Davey and
WIIliams

 

Cyst-Family Microdinaceae (Eisenack) Sarjeant in Davey g; a;
Microdinium Cookson and Eisenack emend. Sarjeant in
Davey 2; 5L
Microdinium of. M. irregulare Clark and Verdier
Cyst-Family Exochosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie
Exochosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie
Exochos haeridium hra mites Davey 33 a;
Cyst-Family Hystrichosp aeraceae 0. etzel) Sarjeant and
Downie
strichos haera (O. Wetzel) Deflandre
s ric os haera ramosa (Ehrenberg) 0. Wetzel
Cyst-Family Do an reaceae (Eisenack) Sarjeant and Downie
Ascodinium Cookson and Eisenack
sco inium scabrosum Cookson and Hughes
sco inium verrucosum Cookson and Hughes
Deflandiea EIsenacE emend. Williams and Downie in
vey e g;
DefIEn rea of. D. acuminata Cookson and Eisenack
n ea of. E. cooksonII Alberti
fiafIandrea echinoidea Cookson and Eisenack
andrea v c oriensis Cookson and Manum
Cyst-Family EEdoscrIniaceae SEEJeant and Downie

Pal eoh stricfio Hora (Deflandre) Deflandre and Cookson
Eggaeohisfiricfiophora infusorioides Deflandre
Cyst-Family seudocera iaceae Sarjeant and Downie

Odontoc itina De an re
Odon oc itina costata (Albert) Clark and Verdier
Odontochitina opercuIata (Wetzel) Deflandre
an Coo son '
Incertae Sedis
Form F sp. 1
Cyst-Family Membranilarnacaceae Sarjeant and Downie

Chal do HoreIIa Oookson and Eisenack
§hai§do§horella discreta Clark and Verdier
Cyst-Family ncertae Sedis

Botrzcoccus
W sp.

39
Czelogsiella Drugg and Loeblich
C clo siella sp. 1
Horolo inelIa Cookson and Eisenack
RoroIo inella a iculata Cookson and Eisenack
Palaeo eridinium (Def andre Sarjeant
PEIaeo

ridinium cretaceum Pocock
FEIaeoperidinium spp.

40
and all agree that it is preferable to treat them under the
botanical code.

Upshaw (1959) describes l4 genera and 97 species as
new, however, the names of most of the genera and species
have never been validly published. Many of the taxa des-
cribed by Upshaw have been identified in this study and in
order to indicate that the names he applied, which have been
used here, are not valid, the words "manuscript name" have
been placed after the invalid name.

Each specimen described carries a reference to a slide
and position on a slide. All samples processed were given
a ”Pb" number (Paleobotanical). These numbers refer to a
master file at Michigan State University in which all data
pertaining to collection site, age, lithology and maceration
procedure can be obtained. The letter after the "Pb" number
refers to a specific slide. The coordinates are from the
stage of a Zeiss Standard GFL microscope.

The abundance notations in the descriptions have the
following values: rare, less than 1%; occasional. l to 5%;

common, 6 to 10%; abundant, greater than 10%.

41
Systematic Descriptions

MONOLETE SPORES

Genus Laevigatosporites Ibrahim 1933
Type species Laevigatosporites vulgaris (Ibrahim) Ibrahim 1933

Iaevigatosporites gpppaperturus Hadlund 1966
Plate 1. Figure l
1966 Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 112, p. 20, pl. 5, figs. 2a,b.
Occurrence: rare in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-3, 28.4 x 103.9.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) L, breviscissus is probably
the same as this species.

Laevigatosporites haardti (Potonie and Venitz)
Thomson and Pflug 1953
Plate 1, Figure 2

1953 Palaeontographica. v. 94, Abt. B, p. 59, pl. 3,

Occurrence: rare in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 27.7 x 105.7.

Laevigatosporites of. L, irroratus Hedlund 1966
Plate 1. Figure 3
1966 Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 112, p. 20, pl. 5, figs. 4a,b.
Occurrence: rare in all sections.

Reference specimen: Slide Pb 7594-A, 38.2 x 105.6.

42

Remarks: This spore appears to be the same as Upshaw's

(1959) MonoIete spm. 3.

Laevigatosporites ovatus Wilson and Webster 1946
Plate 1, Figure 4
1946 Amer. Jour. Bot., 33, p. 273, fig. 5.
Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 75l8-B, 28.1 x 101.8.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
L. ppoIatus.

Genus Peromonoletes Couper 1953

Type species Peromonoletes bowenii Couper 1953

Peromonoletes sp. 1
Plate 1, Figures 5,6

Euagposis: Bilateral, monolete spore surrounded by a
perispore. Elongate, oval in outline. Total length 30-35
microns; width 25-30 microns. Body length 20-25 microns;
width 15-20 microns. Exine thin, smooth; perine trans-
parent, irregular. Monolete mark obscure.

Occurrence: rare to abundant in all sections.
Represents IOZ of sample in Pb 7470 at Sherard Dome.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7470-A, 42.1 x 104.8;
30.0 x IOO.2.

Remarks: Although smaller, this spore is similar to
PeromonoIetes spm. 1 described by Upshaw (1959).

Genus Petalosporites Agasie 1969
Type species Petalosporites guadrangplus Agasie 1969

43
Petalosporites guadrangplus Agasie 1969
Plate 1, Figure 7
1969 Micropaleontology, 15, p. 24, pl. 3, figs. 5-7.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.

Referepce specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 38.0 x 102.9.

Genus Schizaea Smith 1798

Schizaea of. S, triangpla Stanley 1965
Plate 1, Figure 8

1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., 49. no. 222, p. 262. pl. 34,
figs 0 “-9 e

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-A, 40.4 x 92.6.
Remarks: Frontier specimens do not have as triangular

a cross-section to the tectum supporting elements as those
described by Stanley (1965). Upshaw (1959) describes this

species as Rpticuloidosporites retifoveatus.

Genus Schizaeoisporites Potonie 1956

Type species Schizaeois orites eocaenicus (Selling)
Potonie I956

Schizaeoisporites eocaenicus (Sellings) Potonie 1956
Plate 1, Figure 11
1956 Beih. Geol. Jb., 23, p. 81. pl 11, fig. 108.
Occurrence: rare in all sections.

Referepce specimen: slide Pb 7626-A, 43.7 x 98.6.

44

Genus Verrucatosporites Pflug 1952
Lp_Thomson and Pflug 1953

Type species Verrucatos orites alienus (Potonie) Thomson
and Pflug I953

verrucatosporites favus (Potonie) Thomson and Pflug 1953
Plate 1. Figures 9. 10

1953 Palaeontographica, 94, Abt. B, p. 59, pl. 3, figs.
52-55.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B

Reference 3 ecimen: pl. 1. fig. 9, Slide Pb 7468-B,
50.3 x 90.4: 01. I, fig. 10, slide Pb 7623-8. 40.8 x 101.5.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) describes three species of

Pol odiis orites; P. aeminosus, 2. inaequalis and P.
verrucosus which are here consIdered conspecifIc witR

1. favus.

 

Verrucatosporites cf.‘y. pseudoreticulatus Hedlund 1966
Plate 1, Figure 12
1966 Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 112, p. 21, pl. 5, figs. 7a,b.
Occurrence: rare, found only in zone B at Cody station.
Reference spgcimen: slide Pb 7745-A, 39.4 x 102.2.
Remarks: Although this spore fits the species descrip-

tion given 5y Hedlund (1966), not enough specimens were
found to be certain of the identification.

45
TR ILEI‘E SPORES

Genus Acanthotriletes (Naumova) Potonie and Kremp 1954
Type species Acanthotriletes ciliatus Potonie and Kramp 1954

Acanthotriletes varispinosus Pocock 1962
Plate 1, Figure 13

1962 Palaeontographica. 111. Abt. B, p. 36, pl. 1, figs.
13-20.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7587-D, 44.5 x 100.1.

Genus Aeguitriadites (Delcourt and Sprumont)
Cookson and Dettman 1961

Type species Aeguitriadites dubius Delcourt and Sprumont 1955

Aaguitriadites ornatus Upshaw 1963
Plate 2, Figure 5

1963 Micropaleontology. 9. no. 4, p. 428, pl. 1, figs.
1-6 9 9‘14 °

Occurrence: rare, found in zone A at Cody section only.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7753-B, 40.6 x 95.5.
Remarks: In his dissertation Upshaw (1959) describes

this specIes as Coronaspora ornata. Later, Upshaw (1963)
published a description as Aequitriaditas ornatus.

Genus Appendicisporitas Wayland and Friager 1953

Type species A andicisporites tricuspidatus Wayland and
Krieger I953

46
Appendicisporites‘cf. g. jansonii Pocock 1962
Plate 2, Figure 2
1962 Palaeontographica, 111, Abt. B, p. 37, pl. 2. fig. 23.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 36.7 x 93.5.
Remarks: Frontier species are not as strongly tri-

angular as those described by Pocock (1962). Upshaw (1959)
describes this species as Appendicisporites Spm. 3.

Appendicisporites matesovai (Bolkhovitina) Norris 1967
Plate 2, Figures 1, 3

1967 Palaeontographica, 120. Abt. B, p. 94, pl. 12, figs.
11! 13-1he

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: fig. 1, slide Pb 7592-A, 50.2 x
9700; 11g. 5, 8 ide 75q9-A, “003 X 10109.

Remarks: This Spore is considered here to be the same
as Upshaw's (1959) Appendicisporites varius.

Appendicisporitas tricornitatus Wayland and Greifeld 1953
Plate 2, Figure 6
1953 Palaeontographica, 95, Abt. B, p. 43, pl. 11, fig. 52.
Occurrence: rare, found in all section.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7622-A, 33.4 x 98.8

Remarks: This spore is considered here to be the same

as Upsha's (1959) Appandicisporitas auritus.

Genus Balmeisporites Cookson and Dettman 1958

Type species Balmeis orites holodictzps Cookson and
Dettmann I93!"5

#7
Balmeisporitas glenalgensis Cookson and Dettman 1958
Plate 2, Figure 8
1958 Micropaleontology, 4, no. 1, p. 43, pl. 2, figs. 9-10.

pecurrence: rare, found only in zone B at Lucerne
Anticline.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7735-A, 45.2 x 98.3.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) illustrates two plates of
Balmeisporitas spp. He does not identify them as to species.

Genus Camarozonosporites (Potonie) Klaus 1960

Type species Camarozonoqupites (Rotaspora) cretaceus
(Wayland and KriegerT'Potonie71956

Camarozonosporites insignis Norris 1967
Plate 3, Figures 1, 3

1967 Palaeontographica, 120, Abt. B, p. 96, pl. 13, figs.
12-16 0

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 40.9 x 88.8.

Camarozonosporites rudis (Leschik) Klaus 1960
Plate 3, Figure 2

1960 Geolgischen Bundesanstalt, Jahrbuch, Sonderband 5,
p. 136, pl. 29, figs. 12, 14.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, common to all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 32.0 x 102.8.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) describes this spore as
Goniospora minor.

48

Camarozonosporitas sp. 1
Plate 2, Figure 7

Dia nosis: This spore is the same as Gonios ora me or
descrisad by Upshaw. His description follows (Upshaw 9 9,
p. 180): "The greatest diameter ranges from 39 to 53
microns. The sculpture consists of prominent, sharp,
zigzag ridges of relatively large size. A profile of the
proximal or distal face crosses 5 to 8 ridges on each face.
The trilete mark is simple; the rays extend almost to the
equator. The spore coat is relatively thick; folds are
infrequent. The color is light yellowish-green."

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 36.1 x 92.2.

Remarks: Specimens examined show the trilete mark
reaching I72 to 3/4 of the radius.

Genus Cicatricosisporites Potonie and Gelletich 1933

Type species Cicatricosis orites dorogansis Potonie and
Gelletich I933

Cicatricosisporites cf. 9, carlylansis Pocock 1962
Plate 2, Figure 4

1962 Palazontographica, 111, Abt. B, p. 40, pl. 2, figs.
33-3 .

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-8, 34.1 x 88.3.

Cicatricosisporites cf. 9, cooksonii Balma 1957
Plate 3, Figures 8, 9

1957 C.S.I.R.O. Ref. T.C. 25: p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 23-29.
pl. 2, figs. 25-26.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone B at Sherard
Dome.

49
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-B, 41.1 x 92.9.
Remarks: Balma (1957, p. 19) reports a stratigraphic

range of Kimmaridgian to Albian for this species in
Australia. Its identification is therefore questioned.

Cicatricosisporites crassiterminatus Hedlund 1966
Plate 3, Figure 6
1966 Okla. Geol. Survey Bull. 112, p. 19, pl. 4, figs. 1a-c.

Occurrence: rare, found only in Lucerne Anticline
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 39.0 x 101.1.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) describes this spore as
Corrugatisporitas densus.

Cicatricosisporites dorogensis Potonie and Gelletich 1933
Plate 3, Figure 10

1933 Gassellschaft Naturforschendar Fraunde zu Berlin, 33,
pa 522, ple 1, figs. 1-50

Occurrence: rare to occasional. found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 759l-A, 46.8 x 98.2.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) recorded this species from the
Frontier Formation of the Wind River Basin.

Cicatricosisporites of. Q, mesozoicus Agasie 1969
Plate 3, Figure 7
1969 Micropalaontology, 15, no. 1, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 12.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7473-A, 46.4 x 103.0.

Remarks: Too few specimens were found to be certain
of the spacIas identification.

50
Cicatricosis orites cf. 9, mohirioides
DaIcourt and Sprumont—I955_—_—__'
Plate 3, Figures 4, 5
1955 Mem. Soc. Belg. Geol., n.s., 4, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Occurrence: rare to occasional. found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7541-A, 50.3 x 104.0.

Genus Cingplatisporitas Thomson in Thomson and Pflug 1953

Type species Cipgplatisporites leg;speciosus Pflug in
Thomson and Pflug 1953

"Cingulatisporites" pseudoaleolatus Couper 1958
Plate 6, Figure 6

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 147, pl. 25,
figs. 5-6.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A at the Cody
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7753-B, 45.3 x 101.4.

Remarks: The writer believes that Couper (1958) made
a misInterpratation in his original description. It is
believed that the "cingulum" is simply a thin outer layer

that has split away. Thus the species is incorrectly
assigned to the genus Cingulatisporites.

Cipgulatisporites radiatus Stanley 1965
Plate 5, Figures 1, 4

1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 244, pl. 30,
figse 9-160

Occurrence: rare, found only in Lucerne Anticline
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7621-A, 46.0 x 105.6.

Remarks: Frontier specimens have a thicker "Y" shaped
thickening than those described by Stanley (1965).

51
Genus Cingutriletes Pierce emend. Dettmann 1963
Type species Cipgutriletes congruens Pierce 1961

Cipgutriletas clavus (Balma) Dettmann 1963
Plate 4, Figure 2
1963 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 77, p. 69, pl. 14, figs.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference spgcimen: slide Pb 7633-B-2, 48.2 x 102.7.

Remarks: 9. clavus is the same as Hyalospora limbata
(Manuscript name) described by Upshaw (1959)

Genus Concavisporites (Pflug) Dalcourt and Sprumont 1955

Type species Concavispprites rugulatus Pflug 1953

Concavisporites butorosus (Manuscript name)
Plate 5, Figure 2

Diagposis: Upshaw (1959) described this spore as
follows. 'The corners are rounded and the sides are con-
cave. The greatast diameter ranges from 30 to 39 microns.
The surface is laevigate. The torus is prominent, thick,
lies very close to the trilete mark, and in many cases
forms prominent disks at the corners. The trilete mark is
simple: the rays extend about 3/4 the spore radius. or to
the inner edge of the torus. Folds are common. The color
is yellowish-brown."

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7448-A, 47.5 x 97.8.

Concavisporites cavatus (Manuscript name)
Plate 5, Figure 8

52

Dia osis: Upshaw (1959) described this spore as
follows. 5The corners are rounded and the sides are straight
to slightly concave. The greatest diameter is about 25
microns. The surface is laevigate. The torus is trilobate
in appearance. peripheral at the apices, forming disks. and
deeply concave in the interlaesurae. The trilete mark is
simple; the rays extend to the equator. The spore coat is
thin; folds may be prominent."

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 34.4 x 101.4.

Concavisporites sp. 1
Plate 5, Figure 9

Dipgnosis: Spores are radial, trilete, triangular,
concave sides. Corners are rounded, sides concave with a
prominent interlaesurae torus immediately adjacent to the
trilete mark. The greatest diameter is about 22 microns.
Trilete mark distinct, simple; the rays extend more than
3/4 of the spore radius. The surface is smooth.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7475-A, 50.7 x 101.6.

Remarks: This spore is similar to Concavisporites
butorosus described by Upshaw (1959).

Concavisporites sp. 2
Plate 5, Figures 3, 6

Diagnosis: Spores are radial, trilete, triangular,
concave sides. Torus massive, lies close to the laesura.
Corners simple, without disks. The greatest diameter 30
to 35 microns. The trilete mark is simple, the rays extend
to the corners.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 44.8 x 101.0

53
Genus Concavissimis oritas Dalcourt and Sprumont amend.
DaIcourt, Dettmann and Hughes 1963

Type species Concavissimis oritas pprrucosus Dalcourt
and Sprumont amend. DaIcourt, Dettmann and Hughes 1963

Concavissimisporites unctatus (Delcourt and Sprumont)
Slngfi I964

Plate 5, Figure 14
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta Bull. 15, p. 77, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 46.8 x 99.2.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Punctatisporites globosus.

Genus Cyathidites Couper 1953

Type species Czathidites australis Couper 1953

Czathidites australis Couper 1953
Plate 5, Figure 10

1953 New Zealand Gaol. Survey, Palaoht. Bull. 22, p. 27,
pl. 2, figs. 11, 12.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 42.6 x 101.0.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
LeiotriIetes mggpus.

gyathidites minor Couper 1953
Plate 5, Figure 11

1953 New Zealand Geol. Survey, Paleont. Bull. 22, p. 28,
pl. 2, fig. 13.

54
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 38.2 x 104.8.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
LeiotriIetes recavus.

Genus Deltoidospora (Miner) Potonie 1956
Type species Deltoidospora hallii Miner 1935

Deltoidospora hallii Miner 1935
Plate 5, Figure 12
1935 Amer. Midl. Nat., v. 16, p. 618, pl. 24, fig. 7.

Occurrence: rare to common in nearly all samples,
ubiquitous species found.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 42.3 x 94.7.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
LeiotriIetes 5l222§°

Deltoidospora junctum (Kara-Murza) Singh 1964

 

Plate 5, Figure 5
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta Bull. 15, p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 16.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-B, 42.9 x 94.1.

Deltoidospora psilostoma Rouse 1959
Plate 5, Figure 13
1959 Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 311, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference Specimen: slide Pb 7518-B, 39.5 x 100.4.

55

Remarks: This spore appears to be the same as Upshaw's
(1959) Psilatriletas spm. 2.

Deltoidospora sp. 1
Plate 5, Figure 7

Dia nosis: This type was sat up as a catchall for
small, 20 microns or less, spores of the genus Deltoidospora.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, common to all sections.
Reference spgciman: slide Pb 7470-A, 42.3 x 106.0.

Remarks: Upshaw (1969) illustrates several spores
under the genus Laiotriletes that would fall in this group.

Genus Dansoisporites Wayland and Krieger
emend. Dettmann 1963

Type species Dansoisporites velatus Wayland and Krieger 1953

Dansoisporites microrugulatus Brenner 1963
Plate 4, Figure 5

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res., Bull. 27,
p. 61, pl. 15. fig. 6; pl. 16, fig. 1.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference spgcimen: slide Pb 7753-B, 43.9 x 106.8.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
PtaroEriIetes diversiformia.

Dansoisporites perinatus Couper 1958
Plate 4, Figures 1, 4

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 145, pl. 23,
figs. 6-9a

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone B at Cody
Section.

56
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7754-A, 50.9 x 101.5.

Genus Dictyophyllidites Couper 1958

Type species Dictyophyllidites harrissii Couper 1958

Dicfiyophyllidites harrissii Couper 1958
Plate 4, Figure 7

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 140, pl. 21,
figs. 5, 6.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7473-A, 44.0 x 90.6.

Remarks: This spore may be the same as Upshaw's (1959)
PsilatriIetas spm. 4.

Genus Dictyotriletes (Naumova) Potonie and Kremp 1954

Type species Dict atriletes bireticulatus (Ibrahim) Potonie
and Kremp I954

Dictyotriletes densomuralis (Manuscript name)
Plate 6, Figures 2, 5

Dia nosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this spore as
follows: ”The greatest diameter ranges from 58 to 65
microns. The surface bears a coarse reticulum which is not
noticeably reduced in the proximal polar region. The muri
are thick, low ridges; the lumina are polygonal depres-
sions. The thickness of the muri may be 1/2 the diameter
of the lumina. The trilete rays are simple, extending
almost to the equator. The spore coat is thick; folds are
rare."

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7591-A, 46.7 x 90.1.

57

Genus Foveotriletas van der Hammen ex. Potonie 1956

Type species Foveotriletas acrobiculatus (Ross) Potonie 1956

Foveotriletas of. F, subtriangularis Brenner 1963
Plate 6, Figure 3

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res. Bull. 27,
p. 62, pl. 16, fig. 2.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 35.1 x 95.6.
Remarks: Too few specimens were found to be positive

of the species identification of this Spore. Upshaw's
(1959) Foveotriletas muratus is the same as this spore.

Genus Gleichaniidites (Ross) Dalcourt and Sprumont 1955

Type species Gleichaniidites denonicus (Ross) Dalcourt and
Sprumont I955’

Gleichaniidites of. Q. circinidites (Cookson)
Singh 9

Plate 4, Figure 8
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta, Bull. 15, p. 69, pl. 8, figs. 8, 9.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 37.8 x 99.7.

Remarks: Too few specimens were found to be positive
of the Identification at the species level.

Gleichaniidites confossus Hedlund 1966
Plate 4, Figure 9
1966 Okla. Geol. Survey, Bull. 112, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 8a-c.

58

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7587-D, 44.5 x 96.2.

Gleichaniidites senonicus (Ross) Dalcourt
and Sprumont 1955

Plate 4, Figure 6
1955 Mam. Soc. Belge. Geol. n.s. no. 5, p. 26.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, ubiquitous species
found in nearIy all samples.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 37.5 x 105.8.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
LeiotriIetes pgryphus.

Genus Granulatisporites (Ibrahim) Potonie and Kremp 1954

Type species Granulatisporites gpanulatus Ibrahim 1933

Granulatisporites spp.

Plate 4, Figure 4

 

Dia nosis: Many forms of Granulatisporites are found
in the EgontIar. However, due to the lack of consistent

morphological characters, only one type was set up,
Granulatisporites spp., to serve as a catchall for spores
of is genus.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7594-A, 48.8 x 91.0.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) describes three species of

GranuIatisporites; Q, cursus, g, irroratus, and g. amplius,
from e ontier. AlI of these are incIuded in Q. spp.

Genus flymenophyllumsporites House 1957
Type species Hymanophyllumsporites deltoida Rouse 1957

59
Hypenophyllumspgrites of. g. deltoida Rouse 1957
Plate 4, Figure 11

1957 Can. Jour. Bot., v. 35, p. 363, pl. 3, figs. 54-56.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7587-D, 33.8 x 95.9.

Remarks: Too few specimens and poor preservation makes
positive identification at the species level questionable.

This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959) Lygodiumsporitas
inornatus. '

Genus Klukisporites Couper 1958

Type species Lgukisporites variegatus Couper 1958

Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus Couper 1958
Plate 4, Figure 10

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 138, pl. 19,
figs. 8-100

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A at Lucerne
Antic na.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7599-A, 48.9 x 95.3.

Genus Lycopodiacidities Couper amend. Potonie 1956
Type species Lycopodiacidites bullarinsis Couper 1953

Lycopodiacidites intraverrucatus Brenner 1963
Plate 8, Figures 1, 3

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol. Mines and Water Res. Bull. 27,
p. 63, pl. 17, fig. 3.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone B at Sherard Dome.

60

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7473-A, 36.8 x 94.2.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Stereozonosporites plactolabiatus.

Lycopodiacidites of. L, kuepperi Klaus 1960
Plate 7, Figures 3, 6

1960 Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Jahrbuch, Sonderband 5,
pa 135, pla 31, fig. 270

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 30.0 x 106.0.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) described this species as
Goniospora Iabiata. The few specimens found left some

on t as o the identification at the species level.

Genus Lycopodiumsporites Thiergart ex. Dalcourt
and Sprumont 1955

Type species L co odiumsporites agathoecus (Potonie)
Thiergart l9 8

Llogpodiumsporites cf. L, marginatus Singh 1964
Plate 6, Figure 7
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta Bull. 15, p. 41, pl. 1, figs. 7-10.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference Specimen: slide Pb 7599-A, 46.4 x 89.9.
Remarks: Many specimens in the Frontier lacked the
stroneg—FKISad network described by Singh (1964). This

Spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959) Reticulatisporites
exilis.

Genus Matonisporites Couper 1958
Type species Matonisporites phlebgpteroides Couper 1958

61

Matonisporites impensus Hedlund 1966
Plate 6, Figure 4

1966 Okla. Geol. Survey, Bull. 112, p. 13, pl. 2, figs.
la, b.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 36.8 x 102.1.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Psilatriletas spm. 4 may be
the same as Matonisporites impensus.

Genus Miodeltospora (Manuscript name)

[Magnosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this genus as
follows: "Spores are radial, trilete, triangular in aqua-
torial outline with acute-angle apicas and, in most cases
with straight sides. The spore coat is smooth. A pre-
minent thickening is present at the equatorial margin which
may be confined to the interlaesural portions or may include
the apices. In the later case, the thickness is greater in
the interlaesural areas. The trilete mark is prominent;
in most specimens the rays appear as narrow ridges which
extend to the equatorial margin. The greatest diameter of
the spore seldom exceeds 30 microns."

Miodeltospora parva (Manuscript name)
Plate 6, Figure 8

Dia nosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
follows: "The greatest diameter ranges from 21 to 26
microns. The spore coat is smooth. A prominent thickened
zone is present at the equatorial margin which may be con-
fined to the interlaesural portions or may include the
apices. In the later case, the thickness is greater in the
interlaesural areas. The trilete mark is prominent; the
rays may appear as narrow ridges which extend to the
equator. The spore coat is relatively thin except for the
marginal thickenings. The color is light yellowish-brown."

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7592-A, 40.7 x 94.5.

62

Genus Osmundacidites Couper 1953

Type species Osmundacidites wellmanii Couper 1953

Osmundacidites wellmanii Couper 1953
Plate 6, Figure 9

1953 New Zealand Geol. Survey, Paleont. Bull. 22, p. 20,
pl. 1, fig. 5.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 44.1 x 103.1.

Genus Perotriletes Erdtman ex. Couper 1953

Type species Perotriletes granulatus Couper 1953

Perotriletes bursatus Hall 1963
Plate 6, Figure 10

1963 Pollen at Spores, v. 5, no. 2, p. 434, 436, pl. 88,
figs. 16, 17.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 48.0 x 106.1.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
PerotriIetes perisaccus.

Perotriletes sp. 1
Plate 7, Figure 10

Dia nosis: Spores are triangular to subtriangular,
enclosed within a distinct perispore. The greatest diameter

ranges from 22 to 31 microns. The perine is punctate, the
central spore body psilate to scabrate. The trilete mark
is not distinct on the central spore body, but is clearly
visible on the perispore. The rays extend to the equator
of the central spore body.

63
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 35.5 x 104.7.

Remarks: Perotriletes sp. 1 differs from Perotriletes
sp. 2 in that the perine is puncate. Both of these species
are the same as Upshaw's (1959) Perotriletes diversiformia.

Perotriletes sp. 2
Plate 7, Figure 9

Dia osis: Spores are triangular to subtriangular,
enclosed within a distinct perispore. The greatest diameter
ranges from 20 to 35 microns. The perine is scabrate, the
central spore body is psilate to scabrate. The trilete mark
is not distinct on the central spore body, but is clearly
visible on the perispore. The rays extend to the equator
of the central spore body.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 38.1 x 89.1.

Remarks: Perotriletes sp. 2 differs from Perotriletes
sp. 1 in that the perine is scabrate. Both of these species
are the same as Upshaw's (1959) Perotriletes divarsiformis.

Perotriletes sp. 3
Plate 6, Figure 12

Dia nosis: Spore completely enclosed by a perine.
Greatest diameter 35 to 40 microns; central body 25 to 27
microns. The central spore body and the perine are smooth.
The trilete mark is distinct; rays extend 3/4 of the
diameter of the central spore body.

Occurrence: rare. found in all sections.
Reference gpecimen: Slide Pb 7438-A, 33.7 x 98.4.
Remarks: This spore appears to be the same as Upshaw's

(1959) ngotriletes ar utus, although he notes that‘g.
argutus does not usua y show a trilete mark.

64

Genus Psilatriletas Van der Hammen ex. Potonie 1956

Type species Psilatriletas detortus (Wayland and Krieger)
Potonie 9

Psilatriletas radiatus Brenner 1963
Plate 6, Figure 11

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res. Bull. 27,
p. 68, pl. 20, figs. 6, 7.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7473-A, 38.6 x 92.5.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
PsilatriIetes lucidus.

Genus Reticulatisporites (Ibrahim) Potonie and Kremp 1954

Type species Reticulatisporites reticulatus Ibrahim 1933

Reticulatisporites axilis (Manuscript name)
Plate 7, Figures 1, 4

Dia osis: Upshaw (1959, p. 159) describes this spore
as foIIows: “Spores are circular to broadly rounded-

triangular in equatoral outline. The greatest diameter
ranges from 34 to 51 microns. The surface bears a promi-
nent reticulus. The lumina are bounded by high, mem-
branous muri which.appear as projections standing verti-
cally on the spore margin when viewed at right angles,
the muri appear as membranes which join the projections
together. The trilete mark is simple; the rays extend

to the equator of the spore body. The spore coat is
relatively thin. The color is pale greenish-yellow.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7529-A, 42.9 x 99.5.

65
Genus Rgtitriletes Pierce 1961

Type species Retitriletes ornatus Van der Hammen

Retitriletes conomanianus Agasie 1969
Plate 6, Figure 13

1969 Micropaleontology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 24, pl. 3, figs.
9, 10.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference spscimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 42.7 x 103.6.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Perotriletes retiplicatus.

Genus Staplinisporites Pocock 1962

Type species Staplinisporites caminus (Palme) Pocock 1962

Staplinisporites caminus (Palme) Pocock 1962
Plate 7, Figures 7, 8

1962 Palaeontographica, v. 111, Abt. B, p. 49-50, pl. 5,
fig. 87; pl. 6, figs. 88-90.

Occurrence: rare, found only in Cody and Lucerne
AnticIine sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7595-A, 40.4 x 99.1.

Genus Stereisporites Pflug 1953

Type species Stereisporites stereoides (Potonie and Venitz)
Pflug 1953

Stereisporites anti uas oritas (Wilson and Webster)
Dettman I953

Plate 7, Figure 11

66

1963 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 77, p. 25, pl. 1, figs.
20, 21.

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 38.6 x 91.1.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Sppggnumsporites crassatus.

Genus Taurocusporitas Stover 1962

Type species Taupocusporites sigmentatus Stover 1962

Taurocusporitas reduncus (Bolkovitina) Stover 1962
Plate 7, Figure 16

1962 Micropaleontology, v. 8, no. 1, p. 57, pl. 1, figs.
15-21.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7756-A, 49.0 x 105.4.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Stereozonosporites verrucosus.

Taurocusporitas cf. 2, sigmentatus Stover 1962
Plate 7, Figures 2, 5

1962 Micropaleontology. v. 8, no. 1, pp. 56-57, pl. 1,
figs 0 l-lu'a

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7599-A, 41.4 x 101.8.

Genus Tentaculispora (Manuscript name)

_ Diagnosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this genus as
follows: Spores are radial. trilete, circular to broadly
triangular in equatorial outline. The spore coat is smooth
to variously ornamented. A prominent equatorial flange is

66

1963 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 77, p. 25, pl. 1, figs.
20, 21.

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 38.6 x 91.1.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)

Spppgnumsporites crassatus.

 

Genus Taurocusporitas Stover 1962

Type species Taurocusporitas sigmentatus Stover 1962

Taurocusporitas reduncus (Bolkovitina) Stover 1962
Plate 7, Figure 16

1962 Micropaleontology, v. 8, no. 1, p. 57, pl. 1, figs.
15-21 a

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7756-A, 49.0 x 105.4.

Remarks: This spore is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Stereozonosporites verrucosus.

Taurocusporitas of. T, sigmentatus Stover 1962
Plate 7, Figures 2, 5

1962 Micropaleontology. v. 8, no. 1, pp. 56-57, pl. 1,
figsa 1-1“.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7599-A, 41.4 x 101.8.

Genus Tentaculispora (Manuscript name)

. Diagnosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this genus as
follows: Spores are radial, trilete, circular to broadly
triangular in equatorial outline. The spore coat is smooth
to variously ornamented. A prominent equatorial flange is

67

usually broadest in the interlaeSural areas giving the spore
a rounded outline. The flange may be noticeably thinner at
the apicas. A prominent tentacular thickening is present on
the distal surface. Characteristically, this consists of a
circular ridge about 15 microns in diameter, enclosing a
lumen about 6 microns in diameter. The circular ridge gives
rise to several radiating, sinuous ridges which may or may
not extend to and across the flange. These ridges become
progressively less prominent toward their distal ends. The
trilete mark is distinct; the rays are bordered by a promi-
nent, raised lip which is continuous around the ends of the
rays and which reaches the inner edge of the flange."

Tentaculispora conspicua (Manuscript name)
Plate 7, Figures 15, 1?

Diagnosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
follows: The greatest diameter ranges from 57 to 69
microns. The spore coat is smooth. The central Spore body
is distinctly triangular in outline, whereas the flange is
broadest in the interlaesural areas giving the spore a
rounded outline. The flange may be noticeably thinner at
the apicas. A prominent tentacular thickening is present
on the distal surface. This consists of a circular ridge
about 15 microns in diameter, enclosing a lumen about 6
microns in diameter. The circular ridge gives rise to
several radiating, sinuous ridges which may or may not
extend to and across the flange. These ridges become pro-
gressively less prominent toward their distal ends. The
trilete markiis distinct; the rays are bordered by a
prominent, raised lip which is continuous around the ends
of the rays and which reaches the inner edge of the flange.
The spore coat is relatively thin. The color is light
yellowish brown."

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 42.9 x 96.0.

Genus Tetrahedrospora (Manuscript name)

Diagposis: Upshaw (1959) describes this genus as
follows: Spores are radial, trilete, broadly triangular
with convex sides in equatorial contour. The spore coat
consists of a thin, translucent to transparent exine
supported by thick, rigid areas arranged like the edges
of a tetrahedron. Three of these thickenings are

68

peripheral to the distal surface. The other three form
prominent lips bordering the trilete rays, and join the
distal thickenings at their extremities. The trilete

mark is distinct; the rays extend to the equator. Folding
of the thin spore coat is common on the tetrahedral faces."

Tetrahedrospora dyscrita (Manuscript name)

Plate 8, Figures 4, 6

Dia nosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
follows: "The greatest diameter ranges from 70 to 74
microns. The spore coat is thin, laevigate. wrinkled,
but supported by heavy ridges forming a peripheral tri-
angular area on the distal side and running along the rays
on the proximal side. The trilete mark is a thin line of
commissure; the rays extend to the periphery and are bor-
dered by low, heavy ridges. The color is pale yellow,
translucent; the ridges are dark brown."

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone C.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7448-A, 42.8 x 92.9.

Genus Todisporites Couper 1958

Type species Todisporites major Couper 1958

Todisporites minor Couper 1958
Plate 9, Figure 2

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, pl 135, pl. 16,
figs. 9, 10.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 43.9 x 94.8.

Remarks: Upshaw (1959) illustrates several spores
that may Be the same as Todisporites minor.

Genus Trilobosporites Pant ex. Potonie 1956

Type species Trilobos oritas hannonicus (Delcourt and
Sprumont) Potonie 1955

69
Tgilobosporites crassus Brenner 1963
Plate 9, Figure 1

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res., Bull. 27,
p. 70, pl. 23, fig. 2.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7595-A, 42.1 x 98.0.

Remarks: This Spore may be identical to Upshaw's (1959)
Epilogosporites ampligibbosus.

Genus Undulatisporites Pflug 1953

Type species Undulatisporites microcutis Pflug 1953

Undulatisporites scabratus (Manuscript name)
Plate 7, Figure 13

Dia nosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
follows: "The corners are rounded and the sides are more
or less straight. The greatest diameter ranges from 43
to 53 microns. The surface is scabrate, infrapunctate.
The trilete mark is distinct; the rays extend to the
equator, undulate, are not raised, and may or may not have
a faint marge. The spore coat is moderately thick; folds
are rare. The color is light greenish-yellow.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7594-B, 42.9 x 98.3.

Undulatisporites sp. 1

Plate 7, Figure 12
Dia nosis: Spore triangular to slightly convex.
Diameter 23 microns. Surface smooth. Trilete mark dis-
tinct; rays extend to equator, strongly undulating and
raised.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7475-A, 43.0 x 101.8.

7O

Genus Verrucosisporites Ibrahim emend.
Potonie and Kremp 1954

Type species Verrucosis oritas verrucosus Ibrahim amend.
Potonie and Kremp I954

Verrucosisporites pustulatus (Manuscript name)

Plate 7, Figure 14

D1 nosis: Upshaw (1959) describes this species as
follows: 'The greatest diameter ranges from 36 to 44

microns. The surface is covered with low verrucae which
vary from 1.0 to 4.5 microns in diameter and are rounded

to polygonal in shape. The narrow spaces between the
verrucae appear as a negative reticulum. The trilete mark
is simple; the rays extend about 3/4 the spore radius.

The wall is moderately thick. The color is light greenish-
yellow.”

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7595-A, 40.6 x 93.3.

Verrucosisporites of. y. rotundus Singh 1964
Plate 8, Figures 7, 8
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta Bull. 15, p. 96, pl. 13, fig. 3.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 50.0 x 103.4.

Remarks: To few specimens were found to be positive
of the identification.

unclassified Trilete Spores

Trilete scrabrata sp. 1

Plate 6, Figure 1

71
Diagnosis: Trilete spore, rounded to subrounded in
outline. Greatest diameter 45 microns. Surface scabrate
to finely granulosa. Trilete mark indistinct.

Occurrence: rare, found only at Lucerne Anticline
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7595-A, 38.0 x 99.1.

Remarks: This species was used as a catchall for
scrabrata spores which generally fit the diagnosis.

Trilete spiny sp. 1
Plate 8, Figure 5

Dia nosis: Spores whose surface bares numerous-small,
blunt spInes. Diameter 20 microns.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7446-A, 39.8 x 104.4.
Remarks: This species was used as a catchall for

spiny spores which generally fit the diagnosis. Upshaw's
(1959) Raistrickia mesozoica would fall in this group.

Trilete spiny Sp. 2
Plate 8, Figure 2

Dia nosis: Spores whose surface bears numerous pointed
spines. Biametar 30 to 40 microns.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 39.0 x 94.7.
Remarks: This species was used as a catchall for spiny

spores that generally fit the diagnosis. Upshaw (1959)
illustrates several spores that would fit in this group.

72
ANGIOSPERMOUS POLLEN

Genus Clavatipollenites Couper 1958

Type species glsvatipollenites hughesii Couper 1958

Clavatipollenites hughesii Couper 1958
Plate 9, Figure 5

1958 Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 159, pl. 31.
figs 0 19-22 a

Occurrence: rare, found only at Sherard Dome section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 37.0 x 97.8.

Genus Liliacidites Couper 1953

Type species Liliacidites kaitangensis Couper 1953

Liliacidites of. L. variegstus Couper 1953
Plate 9, Figure 6

1953 New Zealand Gaol. Survey, Palaont. Bull. 32, p. 56,
pl. 7, figs. 98,99.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zones A and B.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-A, 43.0 x 98.8.

Genus Retitricolpitas Van der Hamman ex. Pierce 1961
Type species Retitricolpitas ornatus van der Hamman 1956
O
Retitricolpitas cf. 3, georgensis Brenner 1963
Plate 9, Figure 7

1963

1967

1961

to be

73

Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and water Res., Bull. 27,
p. 91, pl. 38, figs. 6, 7.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7476-A, 47.3 x 102.3.

Retitricolpitas paraneus Norris 1967
Plate 9, Figures 3, 4

Palaeontographica, v. 120, Abt. B, p. 109, pl. 18,
figs. 15-200 ‘

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 32.8 x 93.1.

Retitricolpitas vulgaris Pierce 1961
Plate 9, Figure 8

Univ. Minn., Minn. Geol. Surv., Bull. 42, p. 50,
figs. 101-102.

Occurrence: rare, common in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 42.6 x 96.4.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Tricolpate Type 6 appears
a same as E, vulgaris.

Genus Tricolpites Cookson ex. Couper 1953

Type species Tricolpites reticulatus Cookson 1947

Tricolpites of. T, bathyreticulatus Stanley 1965
Plate 9. Figure 9

1965 Bull. Amer. Palaeont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 320, pl. 47,

figs. 18-23.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 37.8 x 92.8.

Tricolpites parvus Stanley 1965
Plate 9, Figure 10

1965 Bull. Amer. Palaeont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 322, pl. 47,

figs. 28-31.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, ubiquitous form,

common to all sections.

88!!) a

1947

1967

Type

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 30.3 x 100.2.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Tricolpate Type 2 may be the
as T, parvus.

Tricolpites of. T, reticulatus Cookson 1947
Plate 9, Figure 11

Science Repts., Ser. A, v. 2, pt. 8, p. 134, pl. 15,
fig. 45.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7470-A, 31.3 x 104.6.

Tricolpites sagax Morris 1967
Plate 9, Figure 12

Palaeontographica, v. 120, Abt. B, p. 107, pl. 17,
figs 0 12-19 a

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 32.9 x 107.6.

Genus Tricolpopollenites Pflug and Thomson
Lp,Thomson and Pflug 1953

species Tripolpppollenites armularius Pflug and
Thomson Lp_Thomson and Pflug I953

75

Tricolpopollenites henrici (Potonie)
Pflug and Thomson 1953

Plate 9, Figure 13

1953 Palaeontegraphica, v. 94, Abt. B, p. 95, pl. 11,
figs. 59-61.

Occurrence: rare to common, ubiquitous form found in
all samples.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7470-A, 41.5 x 104.2;
Pb 747H-B, 54.4 x 93:9.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Tricolpate Type 1, 7, and 8
may be the same as this pollen grain.

Tricolpopollenites sp. 3
Plate 9, Figure 16

Dipgposis: Thompxu)(l969) describes this type as
follows: 'preserved in polar view; polar view open cir-
cular to intersubangular; psilate (corroded?); exine about
one micron thick; colpi with smooth margins, endexine
extending across colpi as a thin granular membrane; polar
area index 1:3.5; diameter 15 to 20 microns."

Occurrence: rare to occasional, ubiquitous form found
in nearIy aII samples.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 34.4 x 105.3.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Tricolpate Type 4 is the
same as 2, sp. 3.

GYMNOSPERMOUS POLLEN

Because of poor preservation it was necessary to lump
some taxa into the genus-type categories listed below.

Genus Alisporites Daugherty 1941

Type species Alisporites oppii Daugherty 1941

Type

1958

Type

1963

76
Alisporites-type pollen
Plate 10, Figure 1

Occurrence: rare to common, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7473-A, 29.6 x 98.8.

Genus Caytonippllenites Couper 1958

species Ca toni ollenites pallidus (Reissinger)
Couper 1958

Caytonipollenites pallidus (Reissinger)
Couper 1958

Plate 11, Figure 4

Palaeontographica, v. 103, Abt. B, p. 150, pl. 26,
figs 0 7-8 e

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 31.5 x 102.5.

Genus Circulina Maljawkina ex. Klaus 1960

species Circulina meyeriana Klaus 1960

Circulina pgrva Brenner 1963
Plate 12, Figure 3

Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res., Bull. 27,
p. 84, pl. 34, figs. 2, 3.

Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7617-A, 46.6 x 98.5.

Genus Classopollis Pflug emend. Pocock and Jansonius 1961

Type

species Classopollis classoides Pflug emend. Pocock
and Jansonius 19 1

77

Classopollis classoides Pflug emend. Pocock and
Jansonius 1961

Plate 10, Figure 2
1961 Micropaleontology, v. 7, p. 439-449, pl. 1
Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 30.5 x 99.5.

Genus Cycadopites Wodehouse ex. Wilson and Webster 1946

Type species chadopites follicularis Wilson and Webster 1946

Cypadopites fragilis Singh 1964
Plate 10, Figure 4
1964 Has. Coun. Alberta, Bull. 15, p. 103, pl. 14, fig. 2.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 33.3 x 96.6.

gycadppites scabratus Stanley 1965
Plate 10, Figure 7

1967 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 271, pl. 37,
figs. 10-15.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 35.5 x 96.9.

Genus Eguieetosporitas Daugherty emend. Singh 1964

Type species Eguisetosporites chinleana Daugherty 1941

Equisetosporitas multicostatus (Brenner) Morris 1967

Plate 10, Figure 6

1967

Type

1960

1948

78

Palaeontographica, v. 120. Abt. B, pl 14, pl. 16,
fig. 15.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 44.4 x 100.3.

Genus Eucommiidites Erdtman emend. Hughes 1961

species Eucommiidites troedssonii Erdtman 1948

Eucommiidites minor Groot and Penny 1960
Plate 10, Figure 5

Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 234, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 30.9 x 105.2.

Eucommiidites troedssonii Erdtman 1948
Plate 10, Figure 8

Geol. Foren. Forh., v. 70, p. 267, text-figs. 5-10,
12-13.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 42.3 x 102.1.

Genus Inaperturopollenites Pflug ex. Thomson and Pflug

Type

amend. Potonie 1958

species Ina erturo ollenites dubius (Potonie and Venitz)
Thomson and Pflug I953

Ina erturo ollenites dubius (Potonie and Venitz)
Thomson and Pflug 1953

Plate 10, Figure 9

79

1953 Palaeontographica, v. 94, Abt. B, p. 65, pl. 4, fig.
89; pl. 5, figs. 1-13.

Occurrence: rare to common, ubiquitous form found in
all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 49.6 x 99.4.

Inaperturopollenites hiatus (Potonie) Pflug and Thomson
Lp,Thomson and Pflug 1953

Plate 10, Figure 3

1953 Palaeontographica, v. 94, Abt. B, p. 65, pl. 5, figs.
1 -200

Occurrence: rare to common, ubiquitous form found in
all sections.

Reference specimen: slide 7470-A, 32.1 x 96.3.

Inaperturppollenites pseudoreticulatus Brenner 1963
Plate 12, Figure 2

1963 Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines and Water Res. Bull. 27,
p. 72, pl. 24, fig. 2.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A at Sherard Dome.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 33.2 x 100.7.

Genus Laricoidites Potonie 1958

Type species Laricoidites magpus (Potonie) Potonie, Thomson,
Thiergart (1950)

Laricoidites of. L. magnus (Potonie) Potonie, Thomson
T iargart 1950

Plate 11, Figure 8

1950 Geol. Jahrb., v. 65, p. 48, pl. 0, figs. 9-10.

80

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 43.2 x 98.7.

Remarks: This taxa was used as a catchall for large
(60-80 microns) inaperturate grains.

Genus.Phylloc1adidites Cookson ex. Couper 1953
Type species Phyllocladidites mawsonii Cookson 1947

Phyllocladidites-type pollen
Plate 10, Figure 10
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-A, 40.8 x 105.5.

Genus Pityosporites Steward amend. Manum 1960

Type species Pityosporites antarcticus Steward 1914

Pityosporitas-type pollen
Plate 10, Figure 11
Occurrence: rare, common to all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7472-A, 40.1 x 93.9.

Genus Podocarpidites Cookson ex. Couper 1953
Type species Podocarpidites ellipticus Cookson 1947

Podocarpidites-type pollen
Plate 10, Figure 12
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7469-A, 39.6 x 93.8.

81

Genus Rugpbivesiculites Pierce 1961
Type species Rugubivesiculites convolutus Pierce 1961

Rugubivesiculites reductus Pierce 1961

Plate 10, Figure 13
Plate 11, Figure 1

1961 Univ. Minn., Minn. Geol. Surv., Bull. 42, p. 41,
p10 2, figs. 6“"‘650

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7471-C, 42.8 x 106.4;
Pb 75:8-B, £307 1 9206:

Genus Tsugapollenites Potonie and Venitz 1934

Type species Tsugapollenites igniculus (Potonie) Potonie
and Venitz 193

Tsugapollenites-type pollen
Plate 11, Figure 2
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference spgcimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 41.2 x 91.6.

Genus Schizosporis Cookson and Dettmann 1959

Type species Schizosporis reticulatus Cookson and Dettmann
1959

Schizosporis of. §, parvus Cookson and Dettmann 1959
Plate 11, Figure 6
1959 Micropaleontology. v. 5, p. 216, pl. 1, fig. 15-20.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

82

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 47.8 x 96.1.
Remarks: The affinity of Schizosporis is not known.

Therefore, some authors place it in the categroy Incertae
Sedis.

Schizosporis scabratus Stanley 1965
Plate 11, Figure 3

1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, p. 269, pl. 35,
figs. 10-.7.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 33.0 x 96.6.
Unclassified Gymnospermous Pollen

Monosulcate type 1
Plate 11, Figure 5
Dia osis: These are smooth to scabrate. Each is
broadIy ovaI to round and bears a prominent sulcus.
Diameters range from 50 to 70 microns. Exine is very
thick (4-5 microns).
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-A, 40.1 x 106.1.

Remarks: This taxa is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
MonosuIcate type 1. He refers it to the genus Androstrobus.

Monosulcate type 2
Plate 11, Figure 7
Diagnosis: These forms are elongate-oval with somewhat
pointed ends. Length 70 microns, width 35 microns. A
prominent sulcus runs the length of the body.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.

83

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7477-B, 43.1 x 89.6.

Remarks: This taxa is the same as Upshaw's (1959)
Monosulcate type 2.

Group ACRITARCHA Evitt 1963

Subgroup ACANTHOMORPHITA Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant 1963

Genus Baltisphaeridium Eisenack emend. Downie
and Sarjeant 1963

Type species Baltisphaeridium longispinosum (Eisenack)
EisenackfiI958

Baltisphaeridium multispinosum Singh 1964
Plate 12, Figure 4
1964 Res. Coun. Alberta, Bull. 15, p. 141, pl. 20, figs. 1-2.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 747l-C, 38-6 x 90.5.

Remarks: This taxa is probably the same as Upshaw's
(1959) Hystrichosphaarida Type 8.

Genus Michrystridium Deflandre emend. Downie
and Sarjeant 1963'

Type species Michrystridipp inconspicum Deflandre 1935

Michrystridium spp.
Plate 12, Figures 5-9

Occurrence: rare to abundant, ubiquitous species found
in nearly aII samples.

Reference specimens: slides Pb 7471-C, 49.9 x 101.9;
Pb 7474-B, 43.9 x 95.5; Pb 7475-A, 29.1 x 91.1: Pb 7518-A,
28.4 x 106.2; Pb 7477-B, 44.0 x 90.1.

84

Remarks: Because of the various degrees of preservation
of these small acritarchs consistent identification was only
made at the genus level.

Form X sp. 1
Plate 12, Figure 10

Diagnosis: oval in outline; "periphragm" held up by
numerous crowded very short (1-2 microns) processes;
overall diameter 15-20 microns.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 40.6 x 99.7.

Remarks: This form, described by Thompson (1969),

was set up for use in the Cretaceous palynology studies
at Michigan State University.

Subgroup POLYCONONORPHITAE Downie, Evitt,
and Sarjeant 1963

Genus Veryhachium (Deunff) Downie and Sarjeant 1963

Type species Veryhachium trisulcum Deunff 1951

Veryhachium of. V. eurqpenum Stockmans and Williere 1960
Plate 12, Figures 11, 12
1960 Senck. 1eth., v. 41, no. 1/6, p. 3, pl. 2, fig. 25.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7587-D, 50.7 x 105.6;
37.8 x 99.4.

Veryhachium cf. 1. stellatum Deflandre 1946
Plate 12, Figures 17, 18

1946 Ann. Paleon., v. 30.

85
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7587-D, 33.0 x 93.7;
Pb 7595-A. 57.2 x 99-5-

Veryhachium cf. 1, trisuleum Deunff 1951
Plate 12, Figure l
1951 C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, v. 233, pp. 321-323, figs. 1-6.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7587-D, 45.9 x 97.2.

Veryhachium sp. 1
Plate 12, Figure 15
Dia osis: Central body slightly polygonal spheroid;
psilate; processes 5 to 7, tapering, with acuminata tips,
some curved, solid, with indentation of body cavity into
bases a few microns; central body about 15 to 22 microns
in diameter, processes about 12 to 15 microns long.

Occurrence: rare, found only in Lucerne Anticline
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 35.6 x 90.9.
Remarks: This form, described by Thompson (1969), was

set up for use in the Cretaceous palynology studies at
Michigan State University.

Subgroup NETROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt, and Sarjeant 1963

Genus Leiofusa Eisenack 1938

Type species Leiofusa fusiformis (Eisenack) Eisenack 1938

Leiofusa spp.
Plate 12, Figure 20

86

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7587-D, 35.8 x 101.4.

Remarks: No attempt was made to separate the species
of Leiofusa.

Genus Metaleiofusa Wall 1965

Type species Metaleiofusa arcuata Wall 1965

Metaleiofusa spp.

Plate 12, Figure 19
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 48.6 x 90.6.

Remarks: No attempt was made to separate the species
of MetaIeiofusa.

Subgroup HERKOMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt
and Sarjeant 1963

Genus gymatiosphaera (O. Wetzel) Deflandre 1954

Type species Cymatiosphaera radiata 0. Wetzel 1933

gymatiosphaera sp. 1

Plate 12, Figure 13
Diagnosis: Diameter 10-15 microns.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 35.0 x 97.3.

87
Qymatiosphaera sp. 2
Plate 12, Figure in
Diagnosis: Diameter 20+ microns.
Occurrence: rare. found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide 7b75-A, uu.o x 91.8.

Subgroup PTEROMORPHITAE Downie, Evitt, and Sarjeant 1963

Genus Pterospermopsis w. Wetzel 1952

Type species Pterospermopsis danica w. Wetzel 1952

Pterospermgpsis spp.
Plate 12, Figure 16
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7h72-A, 27.8 x 103.7.

Remarks: No attempt was made to separate the several
apparent Species of Pterospermopsis found in the Frontier.

Subgroup SPHAEROMORPHITAE Downie. Evitt and Sarjeant 1963

The several forms placed in this group were set up by
Thompson (1969) for use in the Cretaceous palynology studies
at Michigan State University. They are referred to by in-
formal code name only.

Form B sp. 2
Plate 13, Figure 3

Diagnosis: Granular to coarsely granular, 30 to 55
microns spheres: often broken and/or folded, thin walled.

88

Occurrence: rare to occasional, ubiquitous form
common to ill sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7h7z-A, an.3 x 89.3.

Form B sp. n
Plate 13, Figure 2

Dia osis: Smooth, 60 to 70 microns, ellipsoidal,
wrink ed, thin-walled.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7592-A, M7.3 x 99.1.

Form C sp. 1
Plate 13, Figure-5
Dia nosis: Smooth, 15 to 20 microns, discoid to
sphericaé. with medium to thick wall.
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7&77-B, 32.7 x 101.6.

Form C sp. 2
Plate 13, Figure 6

Diagposis: Smooth, less than 15 microns, spherical,
with medium wall thickness.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7u75-A, nu.9 x lOl.h.

Form C sp. 3
Plate 13, Figure h

Di nosis: Smooth, 25 to 35 microns, spherical, thick-
walled, characteristically a fold in surface.

89
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7589-A, h9.l x 106.h.

DINOFLAGELLATES

Cyst-Family GONYAULACYSTACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Gonyaulacysta (Deflandre) Sarjeant
in Davey, gp_gl 1966

Type species Gonyaulaoysta jprassica (Deflandre) Gorka 1965

Gonzaulacxsta of. g. edwardsi (Cookson and Eisenack)
Clark and Verdier 1967

Plate 13, Figure 7

1967 verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., first series, part 2b,
no. 3, p. 31, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7732-C, u3.u x 100.8.

Gonyaulacysta spp.
Plate 13, Figure 8

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

 

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7h36-A, 35.3 x 96.9.

 

Remarks: Due to poor preservation of many of the dino-
flagfllates it was necessary to lump those of the genus

Gon aulac sta together, with the exception of §,-edwardsi.
Upshaw's 11939) DinoflagelLflestype 1 appears to be in

the genus Gonyaulacysta.

 

Type

1958

Type

1958

Type

90
Cyst-Family FORMEACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Formea Cookson and Eisenack 1958

species Formea amphora Cookson and Eisenack 1958

Formea amphora Cookson and Eisenack 1958
Plate 13, Figure 1

Proc. Royal Soc. Victoria, v. 70, part 1, p. 56,
p10 5, £188. 10-110

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, u6.9 x 105.u.

Cyst-Family PERIDINIACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Apteodinium Eisenack 1958

species Apteodinium granulatum Eisenack 1958

Apteodinium granulatum Eisenack 1958
Plate 1h, Figure 1

Neues Jb. Geol. Palaeont., Abh. 106, p. 386, pl. 23,
figs. 8-11;, 1110 10

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 74h6-A, no.9 x 104.3.

Genus Spinidinium Cookson and Eisenack 1962

spgcies Spinidinium styloniferum Cookson and Eisenack
19 5

91
Spinidinium microceratum Stanley 1965
Plate 14, Figure 2

1965 Bull. Amer. Paleont., v. 49, no. 222, pp. 227-228,
p10 22, figs. 5-60

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7446-A, 39.9 x 101.0.

Cyst-Family BROOMEACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Broomea Cookson and Eisenack 1958

Type species Broomea ramosa Cookson and Eisenack 1958

Broomea cf. p. Jaegeri Alberti 1961
Plate 14, Figure 3

1961 Palaeontographica, v. 116, Abt. A, p. 26, pl. 5,
figs 0 1-7 0

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A at the Cody
section.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7743-A, 47.0 x 103.0.

Remarks: Too few specimens were found to be certain
of the Identification at the species level.

Genus Canningia Cookson and Eisenack 1960
Type species Canningia reticulata Cookson and Eisenack 1960

Canningia of. g, reticulata Cookson and Eisenack 1960
Plate 14, Figure 4
1960 Palaeontology, no. 2, p. 251, pl. 38, figs. 1-2.

92
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7438-A, 42.5 x 99.4.

Canningia cf. 2, rotundata Cookson and Eisenack 1961
Plate 14, Figure 5

1961 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 74, p. 72, pl. 12, figs.
1-50

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7756-A, 36.4 x 101.3.
Remarks: Due to poor preservation there is some doubt

as to whether the specimens placed in this group are truly
Q, gotundata.

Canningia of. Q. senonica Clark and Verdier 1967
Plate 14, Figure 6

1967 Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., first series, part 24,
no. 3, p. 20, pl. 1, figs. 12-14, text-fig. 7.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7595-A, 39.7 x 94.8.

Cyst-Family HYSTRICHOSPHAERIDIACEAE (Evitt)
Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus gystrichokolpoma Klumpp 1953

Type species Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp 1953

Elstrichokolpoma ferox (Deflandre) Davey et a1 1966
Plate 15, Figure l

1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3,
p. 181.

93

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7629-A, 49.9 x 108.3.

Genus Hystrichosphaeridium Deflandre 1937

Type species H strichosphaeridium tubiferum (Ehrenberg)
Davey and Williams 1p Davey pp 5: l955

Hystrichosphaeridium spp.
Due to poor preservation it was necessary to refer some

specimens to this taxon if they possessed a central body
with processes of the type and number most like Hystricho-

sphaeridium species.

Genus Oligosphgeridium Davey and Williams
in Davey gp_gl 1966

Type species Oligosphaeridium com lex (White) Davey and
Williams in Davey pp 5; 1966

Oligosphaeridium spp.

Plate 14, Figure 7
Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7437-A, 28.8 x 105.4.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Hystrichosphaerida Type 1
appears to Be in the genus Oligosphaeridium.

Genus Tanyosphgeridium Davey and Williams
in Davey gp_gl 1966

Type species Tanyosphaeridium variecalamum Davey and Williams
in Davey 2122.; 9

94

Tanzosphaeridium cf. 1. variecalamum Davey and Williams
in Davey gp_gl'l966

Plate 15, Figures 3, 4

1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3,
p. 98, p10 6, fig. 7, text-fig. 200

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 774l-A, 36.8 x 96.0.

Cyst-Family MICRODINIACEAE (Eisenack)
Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Microdinium Cookson and Eisenack emend.
Sarjeant in Davey pp 2; 1966

Type species Microdinium ornatum Cookson and Eisenack 1960

Microdinium cf. fl. irregulare Clark and Verdier 1967
Plate 15, Figure 5

1967 Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., first series, part 24,
no. 3, p. 65, pl. 7, figs. 5-8, text-fig. 27.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7588-A, 43.3 x 93.5.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Hystrichosphaerida Type 10
is probably a species of Microdinium.

Cyst-Family EXOCHOSPHAERIDIACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Exochosphgeridium Davey and Williams
in Davey pp 31 1966

Type species Exochosphaeridium phragmites Davey 22 a; 1966

95

?Exochosphaeridium phrggmites Davey gphg; 1966
Plate 15, Figure 2

1966 Bull. British Museum (Nat. History) Geol. Supplement 3,
p. 165, p10 2, figs. 8-10.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 35.5 x 100.1.

Remarks: This species is easily confused with
Cleistosphaeridium. Therefore the genus is questioned.

Cyst-Family HYSTRICHOSPHAERACEAE (O. Wetzel) Evitt
emend. Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Hystrichosphaera (O. Wetzel) Deflandre 1937

Type species Hystrichosphaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) O. Wetzel
1933

Hystrichosphaera ramosa (Ehrenberg) O. Wetzel 1933
Plate 15, Figures 6, 7 f

1933 Palaeontographica, v. 78, pp. 35-36, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8,
10-12, 18, 19.

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.

Referepce specipe : slide Pb 7638-A, 50.9 x 105.5.

Remarks: No attempt was made to separate the various
sub-species of g, r osa set up by Davey and Williams
(Davey pp,al, 1966 . Due to the difficulty in separating
g, ramosa from g, furcata, some of the latter may be in-
cluded Here.

Cyst-Family DEFLANDREACEAE (Eisenack)
Sarjeant and Downie 1966

96
Genus Ascodinium Cookson and Eisenack 1960

Type spgcies Ascodinium acrophorium Cookson and Eisenack
19 O

Ascodinium scabrosum Cookson and Hughes 1964
Plate 16, Figure l
1964 Paleontology, v. 7, p. 40, pl. 5, figs. 1-3.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7591-A, 42.9 x 90.9.

Ascodinium verrucosum Cookson and Hughes 1964
Plate 16, Figure 2
1964 Paleontology, v. 7, p. 41, pl. 5, figs. 4-7.
Occurrence: occasional to abundant, restricted to zone A.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 38.8 x 97.5.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Dinoflagellata Type 6 is the
same as A, verrucosum.

Genus Deflandrea Eisenack emend. Williams and Downie
in Davey pp. 1 1966

Type species Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack 1938

Deflandrea of. Q, acuminata Cookson and Eisenack 1958
Plate 16, Figure 5

1958 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 70, p. 27, pl. 4, figs.
5-80

Occurrence: occasional to abundant, ubicquitous form

found In all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7518-A, 34.2 x 89.5.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Dinoflagellata Type 8
aPpears to Be the same as 2. acuminata.

97

Deflandrea of. Q. cooksonii Alberti 1959
Plate 16, Figures 3,6

1959 Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, Mitt., v. 28, p. 97, pl. 9,
figs. 1-60

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7636-C, 31.6 x 95.0.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Dinoflagellata Type 10
appears to be the same as Q. cooksonii.

Deflandrea echinoidea Cookson and Eisenack 1960
Plate 16, Figure 4
1960 Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 5-6.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7744-D, 45.9 x 104.2.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Dinoflagellata Type 9
appears to Be the same as D, echinoidea.

Deflandrea victoriensis Cookson and Manum 1964
Plate 16, Figure 7

1964 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 77, p. 522, pl. 76,
figs. 3-8.

Occurrence: rare to common, restricted to zone C.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7636-C, 38.1 x 108.0.

Remarks: Upshaw's (1959) Dinoflagellata Type 2 is
the same as Q, victorensis.

Cyst-Family ENDOSCRINIACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Palaeoh stricho hora (Deflandre)
Deflandre and Cookson 1955

98

Type spegies Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre
193

Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre 1934
Plate 17, Figures 1, 2

1934 Compte. Rende Acad. Sci. France, v. 199, p. 967, pl.
fig. 8.

Occurrence: rare to occasional, restricted to subzone
B2 and zone C.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7625-A, 47.9 x 103.8.
Cyst-Family PSEUDOCERATIACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Odontochitina Deflandre 1935

Type species Odontochitina striatoperforagg Cookson and
Eisenack 9

Odontochitina costata (Albert) Clark and Verdier 1967
Plate 17, Figure 5

1967 Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., first series, part 24,
n0. 3, pa 58, p10 13, figs. “-60

Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7732-0, 42.9 x 102.0.

Remarks: Clark and Verdier (1967) believe 9. striato-
perforata is synonymous with Q, costata.

Odontochitina o eroulata (Wetzel)
ef andre and Coo son 1955

Plate 17, Figures 3, 4

1955 Austr. Jour. Marine and Freshwater Res., v. 6, pp.
291-292. p10 3. £188. 5-60

99

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone C at Lucerne
Antic ine.

Reference specimens: slide Pb 7629-A, 40.3 x 95.5:
43.8 x $07.6.

Form F sp. 1
Plate 18, Figure 6

Dia nosis: A distinct form: three large processes,
one antapical and one "dog-leg” postcingular: in addition

smaller strichos haeridium-like processes: tabulation
not determined: apical (tetratabular) archeopyle.
Occurrence: rare, found only in zone C at Lucerne
Antic ne.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7636-C, 31.6 x 95.0.
Remarks: This form was described by Thompson (1969)
for use in the Cretaceous palynology studies at Michigan
State university. This form is very much like Forma H
(Evitt, 1961) from the Senonian of West Pakistan. It
is believed that further study will show that Form F sp. 1
is the same as Pseudoceratum ceratioides (Deflandre)

Deflandre which has a stratigraphic range in England of
Middle Cenomanian to Campanian (Clark and Verdier 1967).

Cyst-Family MEMBRANILARNACACEAE Sarjeant and Downie 1966

Genus Chalydophorella Cookson and Eisenack 1958
Type species Chalydophorella nyei Cookson and Eisenack 1958

Chalzdophorella discreta Clark and Verdier 1967
Plate 18, Figure 5

1967 Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet., first series, part 24,
no. 3, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 9-10, text-fig. 9.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 42.0 x 95.8.

100
INCERTAE SEDIS

Genus Botrycoccus Kutzing

Botrycoccus sp.
Plate 18, Figure 7
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7468-A, 38.6 x 96.6.

Remarks: No attempt was made to break down this genus
at the species level.

Genus Cyclopsiella Drugg and Loeblich 1967
Type species Czclopsiella elliptica Drugg and Loeblich 1967

7Cyclgpsiella sp. 1
Plate 18, Figure 4
Diagposis: Cyst, ellipsoidal in outline: length 40 to
50 microns: circular aperture, 10 microns in diameter pre-
sent below apex. A distinct constriction occurs slightly
below the equator.

Occurrence: rare, found only in zone A at Lucerne
Antic ine.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7599-A, 43.1 x 106.0.

Rgmarks: Drugg and Loeblich (1967) describe two
species of Cyclopsiella from the Oligiocene of Mississippi.

Genus Horologinella Cookson and Eisenack 1962

Type spgcies Horologinella apiculata Cookson and Eisenack
l9 2

101
Horologinella apiculata Cookson and Eisenack 1962
Plate 18, Figure 2
1962 Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, v. 75, p. 272, pl. 37, fig. 4.
Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone B.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7474-B, 32.6 x 96.0.

Genus Palaeoperidinium Deflandre emend. Sarjeant 1967

Type species Palaeoperidinium pypophorum Deflandre emend.
Sarjeant 1967

Palaesperidinium cretaceum Pocock 1962
Plate 16, Figure 8

1962 Palaeontographica, v. 111, Abt. B, p. , pl. 14,
figs. 219-221.

Occurrence: rare, restricted to zone A.

Reference specimen: slide Pb 7436-A, 37.6 x 93.4.

Palaesperidinium spp.
Plate 18, Figures 1, 3
Occurrence: rare, found in all sections.
Reference specimen: slide Pb 7620-A, 43.8 x 104.1.

Remarks: No attempt was made to separate the species
of Palaeoperidinium with the exception of 2. cretaceum.

V. ZONATION AND CORRELATION

Physical Methods

The correlations presented in Figure 3 are based
upon previously described sections as well as new sections
measured during this study. All of the previously described
sections (except Anchor Anticline) were remeasured and
described in order to maintain a high level of consistency
for stratigraphic interpretation. In addition to the
eight sections used here, some 18 other localities were
visited and many miles of outcrop traced in order to estab-
lish the continuity of various sand units within the
Frontier. Bentonites, sandstones, lignitic zones, beds of
siliceous or bentonitic shale and concretion zones have been
used as marker beds.

The base of the Frontier is established at a dis-
tinctive bentonite which is traceable in the subsurface
into the Clay Spur Bentonite of the Black Hills (Goodell,
1962, p. 177). This is horizon #1 on the cross section.
The thickness of this bentonite was found to range from
3.8 feet, at Cody, to 6.8 feet, at Anchor Anticline.
Outside of the Big Horn Basin, it reaches a maximum thick-

ness in the southwestern part of the state where it is

102

103
20 to 40 feet thick, thus indicating a source to the
southwest. In the subsurface the distinctive resistivity
pattern of bentonites on electric logs makes them excellent
markers. Indeed, it is possible to correlate several
distinctive resistivity patterns in the Mowry and
Frontier for great distances in the subsurface.

Horizons #2 through #4 comprise the basal sandstone
complex known in northwestern Wyoming as the Peay Sanstone
(equivalent to the Third Wall Creek Sandstone of the
Powder River Basin). Only at Little Sheep Mountain is
this sand a single lithologic unit. South and west of this
section, the Peay Sandstone splits into a number of sandy
units, reaching a maximum of five at Pitchfork Anticline.

A maximum thickness of 400 feet is reached at the Anchor
Anticline section in the southwest corner of the basin.
The uppermost sandstone of the Peay complex, marked by
horizon #4, is characterized by a black chert and andesite
porphyry pebble conglomerate at its top.

The thickness of this unit at Cody, Lucerne Anticline,
and Chabot Anticline is about the same (230, 220, and 280
feet, respectively). These thicknesses indicate that
depositional strike was northwest-southeast and the source
of the sediments was to the southwest.

Horizon #3 is a bentonite that Burk (1953) traced
across the southern margin of the basin. The correlation

of this bentonite into the Pitchfork Anticline section

from Anchor Anticline (Burk's westernmost section) is

104

somewhat questionable.

Horizons #5 and #6 are two bentonites that correlate
along the eastern side of the basin. It is possible that
bentonites on the western side of the basin (horizons
#7 and #10) may extend across and tie into those on the
east. However, there is no direct evidence, at this time,
to make such a correlation. Goodell (1962, p. 182) mentions
that in both the Big Horn Basin and the Powder River Basin
the interval between the Third (#4) and Second (#8) Wall
Creek Sandstones is a distinct lithosome. The unit consists
of bentonitic silt and claystone that forms badland tap-
ography in outcrOp and weathers into ironstone capped
I'organ—pipe" bluffs and irregular ”popcorn“ surfaces. It is
in this interval that these bentonites occur.

The interval of the Second Wall Creek Sandstone,
horizons #8 and #9, is best developed at Sherard Dome.
Although there are sandy intervals in this position to the
north of Sherard Dome, because they are poorly developed,
they are not correlated with the Second Wall Creek Sand-
stone. The unit has been traced, however, across the
southern and western parts of the basin. Several lines
of evidence suggest that the tOp of this unit was subject
to erosion or non-deposition and that a hiatus may be
present, especially in the northern part of the basin.

At Pitchfork Anticline, convergence of horizons #7 through
#10 suggest the presence of several unconformities. The

Only “coal" beds, indicating continental deposition or

105
source (if not is situ), found in the basin are at the top of

this unit, at Cody and Sherard Dome.

Along the eastern and southern margins of the basin,
horizons #11 and #12 mark the Torchlight Sandstone (First
Wall Creek Sandstone of the Powder River Basin). In this
area, this is the uppermost sandstone of the Frontier and
it is overlain by the Cody Shale. In the southwestern
corner of the basin there are younger Frontier sands above
the Torchlight (First Wall Creek) Sandstone. To the west,
at Cody, Pitchfork Anticline and Anchor Anticline, the
transgressive-regressive nature of this unit is very well
developed. The lower regressive interval (#11-#12) varies
from a massive unit to several thinner sandstones with
interbedded shales which in most cases are non-marine. These
shales, which typically weather lavender are usually associ-
ated with lignitic layers. The transgressive phase (#12-#l3)
is typically a quartzose, crossbedded sandstone, with some
marine fossils.

At both Pitchfork and Anchor Anticlines there are
sandstones of Niobrara age that occur higher in the section
than the Torchlight (First Wall Creek) Sandstone. Horizons
#14 and #15 correlate the uppermost sandstone at Pitchfork
Anticline with an intermediate sandstone at Anchor Anticline.
The uppermost sandstone at Anchor Anticline is the youngest
Frontier Sandstone in the basin and is not correlative
with sandstones in the other sections. Goodell (1962,

Figure 13) shows that the post First Wall Creek Sandstone

106
interval is more or less restricted to the Wind River Basin

(Fremont County). where it reaches a thickness to 350 feet.
His map shows that the pinchout of this interval passes west
of the Cody section, then swings southeast to include

Pitchfork and Anchor Anticlines.

Paleontological Methods

Invertebrate Zonation

Correlation of individual units of the Frontier
Formation on the basis of invertebrates, is difficult due
to the sparse faunas. Of the mollusks that are present,
most are long ranging pelecypods and gastrOpods that are
known to occur in certain lithologies only.

The published fossil zones of Cobban and Reeside
(1952b) for the Upper Cretaceous are shown in Figure 2.
It is beyond the scope of this study to examine in detail
the invertebrate fossil zones of the Upper Cretaceous.
However, these data does show that the Frontier Formation
is principally of Cenomanian and Turonian age and has
equivalence in the Great Plains section from the base of
the Upper Cretaceous through the Carlile Shale. The
basal 400 to 600 feet of the Frontier is Belle Fourche
(early Cenomanian) age, as indicated by Qslycooeras sp.,
Acanthoceras? amphibolum Morrow and Acanthoceras? sp. A.
The base is nearly everywhere conformable with the Mowry
Shale (Albian). The middle 200 to 350 feet of the Frontier

is of Greenhorn (late Cenomanian, early Turonian) age.

107

It is characterized by Dunveganoceras pondi Haas, peppl-
coceras praecox Haas and Inoceramus labiatus Schlotheim.
The upper portion of the Frontier consists of 50 to 200
feet of sandy beds, including the First Wall Creek Sand-
stone, and is primarily of Carlile (upper Turonian) age as
shown by Collignoniceras woollgsri (Mantell), Collignoniceras
hyatti (Stanton), Prionocyclus.pyomingensis Meek, Scaphites
whitfieldi Cobban and Prionocyclus reesidei Sidwell.

In the southwestern part of the Big Horn Basin and in
the Wind River Basin, the series of sandstones that overlie
the First Wall Creek sandstone are of early Niobrara
(Coniacian) age. These sandstones are characterized by
Inoceramus deformis Meek, Scaphites preventricosus Cobban

and Scaphites ventricosis Meek and Hayden.

Palynological Zonation

As was described earlier in this report, the paly-
nological zonation developed during this study is based
on a qualitative analysis of the samples. Three sections,
Cody, Lucerne Anticline and Sherard Dome, were examined in
detail. The stratigraphic range of all palynomorphs des-
cribed were plotted and a zonation established based on the
stratigraphic range of selected taxa. This zonation was

then applied to the other five sections.

Distribution of Individual Taxa

The stratigraphic ranges within the three reference

108
sections of all the palynomorphs comprise the data. These
stratigraphic ranges may be either long ranging or of limited
range; only the second being of stratigraphic value
qualitatively. There are several factors that may contrib-
ute to the limiting of the range of an organism. These
factors may Operate singly or through interactions.

The overall distribution of living plants is controlled
by climate. Whereas the local variations are controlled
by local environmental factors. Thus, changes in climate
or environment may bring about the evolutionary development
of new plants. This would be expressed in the stratigraphic
column by the introduction of new forms and the disappearance
of old groups and species. Local environmental or climatic
changes may result in the migration of plants out of the
study area. These plants may appear later in the strati-
graphic column as the plants migrate back into the area they
once occupied. Also the deve10pment of new plant communities
or associations may result from environmental changes. In
the discussion that follows, a few comments are made concern-
ing the overall stratigraphic distribution of taxa within
each of the three reference sections.

Sherard Dome - The local ranges in the Sherard Dome
section are shown in Figure 4. The distribution of
palynomorphs in this section is based on samples from the
upper 70 feet of the Mowry Shale and all but the upper 60
feet of the Frontier. Samples were collected from the

lower Cody Shale but proved to be unproductive. In this

Local palynomorph ranges in Sherard Dome section

109
TABLE 4

with numbers referring to Figure 4

Acanthotriletes varispinosus
Gonyaulacysta of. Q. edwardsi
Odontochitina costata
Foveotriletas of. F. subtriangularis
Gonyaulacysta spp.
Inaperturopollenites pseudoretisulatus
Chlamydophorella discreta
Ascodinium verrucosum
Laricoidites of. L. magpus
Deltoidospora sp. 1
Form 0 sp. 3
Canningia of. Q. reticulata
_isatricosisporites of. g. mesozoicus
figuisetosporites multicostatus
Form X sp. 1
Retitricolpitas vulgaris
Epcommiidites minor
Cartonipollenites pallidus
Palaeoperidinium cretaceum
Tricolpites sagax
Undulatisporites sp. 1
Phyllocladidites-type pollen
?§§pchosphaeridium phragmites
Laevigatosporites ovatus
Camarozonosporitas rudis
Cicatricosisporites dorogensis
Cyathidites minor
DeltoidOSpora hallii
Gleicheniidites senonicus
§oncavisporites cavatus
Stereisporites antiqpasporites
Tricolpopollenites sp. 3

Tricolpites parvus
Trico p0pollenites of. T. retiformis

Cycadopites scabratus
Monosulcate type 1
Ipsperturopollenites hiatus
Inaperturopollenites dubius
Llisporites-type pollen
Classopollis classoides
Pity03porites- -type pollen
Deflandrea cf. 2. acuminata
Form B sp. 2

Form C sp. 1

Micrhystridium spp.
Leiofusa spp.

Veryhachium cf. 1. trisulcum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iv

110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 4
48. Appendioisporites of. A. jansonii
49. gerotriletes sp. 3
50. Clavatipollenites hughesii
51. HxstzignOSQhaera ramosa
52. yerrucosisporites of. E. rotundus
23. Camarozonosporites insignis
. Todisporites minor
55. Metaleiofusa spp.
56. Retioulatisporites exilis
57. OIlgosphaeridium spp.
58. Dictxgtriletes—Eensomuralis
59. ConcaVisslmisporites puctafus
60. Eatonlsporitesimpensus
61. Pterospermopsis spp.
62. Spinidinium microceratum
63. Laevigatosporites haardti
64. Qigatricosisporites of. Q. carlylensis
65. W 2_i____t__s 108 me.
66. Wins mailman
67. W of. L. M 9 m
68. law-type pollen
69. Form C. sp. 2
70. Schizosporis scabratus
71. Lxggpogigmspozites of. L. marginatus
72. nganozonosporites sp. 1
7R. Bugubivesioulites-type pollen
7 . Densospozitgs miozorugulatus
75. Sghizosporis of. §. parvus
76. Czcadogites fragilis
77. Appendicisporites matesovai
78. HystrichOSphaeridium spp.
79. Hystrichdfiolpoma {350x
80. Eucommiiaites troeassonii
82. ‘Vbrjhaohium of. V. stellatum
83. Laevigatosporites ofig. irroratus
84. §chizaeoispgrites eocaenicus
85. Retitriletes cenomanianus
86. Cicatricosisporites CT. 2. mohirioides
87. .gpteodinium granulatum
88. Granulatisporites spp.
89. VerrucosiSporites pustulatus
90. Concavisporites butorosus
91. Form B sp.
92. .IIlQQlDlL§§ cf. I._retioulatus
93. slimline mm
94. Botrxcoccus sp.
95. Cxathidites australis
96. Tricolpopo1lenites henrici
97. ConcaviSporites sp. 2

 

111

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 4
98. figyitnipolpites cf. 3. ggorgensis
99. gymatiogphera sp. 1
100. Podocarpidites-type pollen
101. Schizaea cf.S.tr1angp1a
102. Verrucatospor1tes favus
103. Liliacidites cf. L. variegatus
10h. Deltoidospora jpnctum
105. Cicatricosisporites cooksonii
106. Monosu1cate type 2
107. Peromonoletes sp. 1
108. Perotriletes sp. 2
109. Perotriletes bursatus
110. Cinggtriletes clavus
111. Ba1tisphaer1dium multispinosum
112. Concavisporites sp. 1
113. Eggotriletes sp. 1
11h Lxcgpodiacidites intraverruncatus
115. Taggpcu3por1tes p§eudoreticu1ata
116. Qictygphx111q1tes harrisii
117. Psilatriletes radiatus
118. Verzhachium of. X. eurgpenum
119. gggcolpites cf. 2. bathxzeticulatus
120. Horologinella gpiculata
121. Gleicheniidites circinidites
122. Pglaeohystrichophora infusorioides
123. Trilete Spiny sp. 2
124. ggmatloSQhera sp. 2
125. Retitricolpitas cf. R. ggo_gensis
126. Deflandrea cf. D. cooksonii
127. Petalosporites g_gdrangu1us
128. Tentacuiisppra conspicua
‘129. flggrodinium cf. fl. 1rregg1are

 

 

112

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113
section 129 taxa were identified; of these, nine were found
only in the Mowry Shale, 52 were found only in the Frontier
and 22 were unrestricted and ranged from the lowest sample
in the section to the highest.

Lucerne Anticline - The total ranges in the Lucerne
Anticline section are shown in Figure 5. Samples examined
in this section range from the upper 30 feet of the Mowry
Shale through the Frontier and including the lower 60 feet
of the Cody Shale. Of the 1M? taxa identified from this
section, four were restricted to the Mowry Shale, 49 were
found only in the Frontier and only one was restricted to
the Cody Shale. Eighteen taxa are unrestricted and range
from the lowest sample in the section to the highest.

Cody - The local ranges in the Cody section are shown
in Figure 6. Sample distribution in this section ranged
from the upper ten feet of the Mowry Shale to the lower 15
feet of the Cody Shale. In this section, 126 taxa were
identified; of these, three were found only in the Mowry
Shale, 55 were restricted to the Frontier and none were
restricted to the Cody Shale. Twenty-four taxa were
unrestricted and ranged from the lowest sample in the sec-
tion to the highest.

In total, 161 palynomorphs were identified in the three
reference sections. Of these, 18 are long ranging species
that continue from the Mowry Shale through the Frontier
and into the lower Cody Shale. None of the taxa are re-

stricted in their stratigraphic range to either the Mowry

114

TABLE 5

Local palynomorph ranges in Lucerne Anticline section

with numbers referring to Figure 5

Laricoidites of. L. magnus
Form 0 sp. 3

Form X sp. 1

Chlamydgphorella discreta
Ascodinium verrucosum
Verrucosisporites of. E. rotundus
Camarozonosporites sp. 1
Cyathidites australis
Cingulatispgrites radiatus
Rugubivesiculites-type pollen
Spinidinium microceratum
Appendioisporites tricornitatus
Gleigheniidites confossus
Osmunacidites wellmanii
fiymenophylliumSporites of. E. deltoida
Form B sp. 2

Eucommiidites minor
Schizosporis scabratus
Alisporites-type pollen

Form C sp. 2
Camarozonosporites rudis
QEitoidospora psilostoma
gricolpOpollenites sp. 3
Tricolpites sagax

Formea amphora

Leiofusa spp.

Xgryhachium cf. 1. stellatum
Laevigatosporites ovatus
Appendicisporites matesovai
Classopollis classoides
anniggia cf. 9. reticulata
Cicatricosisporites dorogensis
Cyathidites minor
Deltoidospora hallii
Dictyotriletes densomuralis
Gleicheniidites senonicus
Stereisporites antiguasporites
Matonisporites impenses
Acanthotriletes varispinosus
gricolpites parvus

CycadOpites scabratus
Inaperturopollenites hiatus
gitjos orites-type pollen
Caitonipollenites pallidus
Deflandrea of. Q. acuminata

Micrhystridium spp.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

115

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 5
47. Veryhachium of. X. eurgpenum
#8. Veryhachium of. y. trisulcum
M9. Metaleiofusa spp.
50. Microdinium of. M. irregulare
51. Deflandrea echinoidea
52. Gonyaulagysta of. Q. edwardsi
53. Form C sp. 1
54. Tricolpites of. I. bathyreticulatus
55. Palaeoperdinium spp.
56. Camarozonosporites insignis
57. Concavisporites sp. 2
58. Lycopodiacidites of. L. Kuepperi
59. Betitricolpites of. R. ggorgensis
60. Concavisporites sp. I
61. IVoidT
62. Cicatricosisporites crassiterminatus
63. Todisporites minor
64. Retitricolpites of. 3. georgensis
65. Cycadopites fragilis
66. Schizosporis of. S. parvus
67. Veryhachium sp. 1
68. Circulina parva
69. Cicatricosisporites of. Q. mesozoicus
70. Qingutriletes clavus
71. Laevigatosporites haardti
72. _ycopodium§porites of. L. marginatus
73. Trilete Spiny sp. 1
7h. Tricolpopollenites of. T. retiformis
75. Inaperturopollenites dubius
76. Tsugapollenites-type pollen
77. fiystrichospheaera ramosa
78. Odontochitina costata
79. Baltisphaeridigm multisginosus
80. Psilatriletes radiatus
81. ggnyosphaeridium of. I. variecalamun
82. Liliaciditgg cf. L. variegatus
83. Tricolpopollenites henrici
84. Pgdocarpidites-type pollen
85. Trilete spiny sp. 2
36. Deflandrea cf. 2. cooksonii
7. A endicisporites cf. A. Jansonii
88. DegtoidOSpora sp. 1 -
89. Foveotriletes of. F. subtriangularis
90. Botrycoccus sp.
91. ?Exochosphaeridum phragmites
92. Qensosporites microrugulatus
9 . Cicatricosisporites of. Q. mohirioides
9 . 61igosphaeridium spp.
95. H strichokolpoma ferox
96. Hystrichosphaeridium spp.

 

 

116

TABLE 5

97. Pteros ermo sis spp.
98. Form B sp. E
99. Undulatis rites sp. 1
100. MiaaeItos ra pggva
GranuIaEis rites spp.
102. Beticulatis orites exilis
10 . PaIaeo riainium cretaceum
10 . Eguisegosporites multicostatus
105. G eicheniidites cirinidites
106. Eoncavissimis rites punctatus
107. PeromonoIetgg sp.
108. Cicatricosisporites of. Q. arlylensis
109. Gonyauiacngg spp.
110. Verrucosis orites pustulatus
111. MonosuIcate type 1
112. Undulatisporites scabratus
113. Eucommiidites troedssonii
114. Laevigatosporites of. L. irroratus

115. Taurocusporites sp. 1
116. Trilete scabrate sp. 1

 

    
   

 

     
  
 
  
 
    

 
 

    
 
  
   

117. cf. .

118.

119.

120. - pollen
121. sp.

122. cf. 2. reticulatus
123. pseudoreticulata
124. crassus

125. sp. 1

126. of. g. igmentatus
127. granaperturus
128. . . rotundata
129. vui aris

130. Sp. 1

131. cenomanianus

132. butorosus

13 . 2

13 .

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

1150 o

141.

142.

143.

144.

117
TABLE 5
145. Perotriletes sp. 1

146. Ignyosphaeridium of. I. variecalamun
147. Form F sp. 1

 

 

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119
TABLE 6

Local palynomorph ranges in Cody section
with numbers referring to Figure 6

(Void)
Odontochitina costata
Leiofusa spp.

MiodeltOSpora parva
Canniggia of. g. reticulata
Gonyaulacysta cf. Q.'edwardsi
Pterosperm_psis Spp.
Tricolpites of. T. bathyreticulatus
Pfiiaeopgridinium cretaceum
Metaleiofusa spp.
Eeromonoletes sp. 1
CamarozonOSporites sp. 1
Eucommiidites troedssonii
Eggpbivesioulites- -type pollen
Ascodinium verrucosum
Hy_trichokolpoma ferox
PerotriIétes sp. 1
Yeryhaofiium of. V. stellatum
RetitricOIpites of. R. g_orgensis
Cicatricosisporites dorogensis
Todisporites minor
SchizoSporis scabratus
Dictyotriietes densomuralis
Laevigatosporites ovatus

Mpg mdicisporites tricornitatus
Camarozono_porites rudis
Camarozonosporites insignis
C athidites minor
De toidospora hallii
Deltoidospora sp. 1
GleLQheniiQLtes senonicus
StereiSporites antiguasporiges
Matonisporites impensus
Tricolpgpollenites sp. 3
Trioolpopollenites of. I. rethormis
chadOpites scabratus
Cycadogites fragilis
Inaperturgpollenites dubius
CTEsBOpollis classoides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pityospgrites-type pollen
C toni lenites pallidus
De¥13ndrea of. L. acuminata
Form C sp. 2
Micrhystridium spp.
GIigosEhaeridium spp.
Veryhachium of. X. eurOpenum

120

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 6

b7. Veryhachium of. X. trisulcum

48. Form B sp. 2

#9. Reticulatisporites exilis

50. Podocarpidites-type pollen

51. ?Exochosphaeridium phragmites

52. Concavisporites sp. 1

53. Cicatricosisporites of. C. mesozoicus
5h. Cicatricosisporites sp. 1

55. Deltoidospora junctum

56. Aganthotriletes varispinosus

57. Tricolpites sagax

58. Schizosporis of. S. parvus

59. Inaperturopollenites hiatus

60. Alisporites-type pollen

61. Form B sp. 2

62. flystriohosphaeridium spp.

63. Undulatisporites sorabratus

64. Balmeisporites glenelgensis

65. Spinidinium microceratum

66. Ascodinium scabrosum

67. Tauggousporites of. E. sigmentatus
68. Form X sp. 1

6 9 o (V0161)

70. Betitrioolpites of. 5. georgensis
71. fixathidites australis

72. LaevigatOSporites haardti

7 . Deltoidospora j_mctum

7 . Concavisporites cavatus

75. Trioolpgpollenites henrici

76. Hymenophylliumsporites of. H. deltoida
77. Perotriletes sp. 2

78. DenBOSporites microrugulatus

79. onopodiumsoorites of. L. marginatus
80. Diotxotrileites densomuralis

81. Tricolpites parvus

82. Tanxosphaeridium of. 1. variecalamun
8 . gonyaulaoysta app.

8 . Chlamxdophorella discreta

85. VerrucosiSporites of. E. rotundus
86. Verrucosi8p_rites oustulatus

87. Appendicisporites trioornitatus
88. Circulina pggva

89. Trilete spiny sp. 1

90. Apteodinium granulatum

91. Concavisporites sp. 2

92 . Emmac iaitJ’eI'E—wellmani 1

93. Broomea of. E. Jaegeri

9n. Baltis haeridium multispinosum

95. granulatisporites spp.

 

121

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 6
96.Ret1tricolp1tes vulgaris
97. Canningia cf.C _. senonica
98. Cingutriletes clavus
99. Deflandrea echinoidea
100. Concavissimispprites ppctatus
101. Aeguitriadites ornatus
102. ngviggtosporfltes granaperturus
10 . Verrucatosporfltes pseudoreticulatus
10 . Reticulatisporites exilis
105. faéviga tosporftes cf.§.1rroratus
106. Form B sp. n
107. Foveotriletas cf. F. subtriang_1aris
108. Tentaculispora conspicua
109. Phyllocladidites-type pollen
110. Microdinium of. M. irregulare
111. Lycgppdiacidites cf. L. kuepgeri
112. Leptozonosporites foveolatus
113. Monosulcate type 1
11h. Egrotriletes bursatus
115. Taurocusporites Sp.I
116. Densoigpprites p_rinatus
117. Dictxpphxllidites harrisii
118. ggu isetospprites multicostatus
119. Botrycoccus sp.
120. Verrucatosporites pseudoreticulatus
121. ngatiosphera sp. 1
122. PalaeohystricMOphora infusorioides
123. Taurocusporites reduncus
12h. Canniggig of. Q. rotundata
125. Horologflnella apiculata
126. Deflandrea victoriensis

 

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Local range chart for palynomorphs in the Cody section.

Figure 6.

123

or Cody Shales. Twenty-two Species were found to be restric-
ted to the Frontier Formation. As a group they represent
an assemblage that characterizes the Frontier, representing
a reflection of the particular environments of deposition
of the Frontier and not particularly implying a time-
stratigraphic relationship. Many of these species are rare
or Spasmodic in their occurrence and their stratigraphic
value is limited. All of the 22 species are listed below
but those species marked by asterisks (*) are deemed most
useful for distinguishing the Frontier because of their
relatively abundant representation and restricted range:
ngzigatospgrites granaperturus Hedlund*
Verrucatosporites favus (Potonie) Thomson and Pflug*

Balmeisporites glenelgensis Cookson and Dettmann

 

Cicatricosisporites of. g. mohirioides Delcourt and

 

Sprumont*

Concavisporites butorosus (Manuscript name)*

 

DeltoidOSpora junctum (Kara-Murza) Singh*
Dictyophyllidites harrisii Couper*
Gleicheniidites of. g. circinidites (Cookson) Singh*

 

Granulatisporites sp. 1

Egticulatisporites exilis (Manuscript name)*
Staplinisporites caminus (Palme) Pocock
Taurocusporites reduncus (Bolkhovitina) Stover*
Taurocusporites cf. 2, sigmentatus Stover*
Tentaculispora conspicua (Manuscript name)*

Undulatisporites scabratus (Manuscript name)

12¢
Egrrucosisporites pustulatus (Manuscript name)*

Monosulcate type 2

Form B sp. n

Apteodinium granulatum Eisenack

Canningia of. Q, rotundata Cookson and Eisenack
Canningia of. Q. senonica Clark and Verdier

Horologinella apiculata Cookson and Eisenack

Selected Palynological Zones

The Frontier Formation of the Big Horn Basin has been
divided into three zones and two subzones based on the
stratigraphic range of three key species of phytOplankton.
Two of the zones, A and C, are based on the last and
first occurrence, respectively, of two species of phyto-
plankton. These two Species are morphologically diagnostic
and occur in abundance. Zone B and its two subzones lie
between zones A and C. There are no key species that de-
fine this zone and its position is usually determined by
its stratigraphic relationship to zones A and C. Due to
the time-transgressive nature of the Cody-Frontier contact,
there are two palynological zones on the eastern and three
On the western side of the basin. The palynological zones
iflbgether with their correlation between the sections studied
is shown in Figure 3.

Zone A (Ascodinium verrucosum zone) - This is the
lowest zone in the Frontier and its t0p is marked by the

disappearance of Ascodinium verrucosum, which is the most

125
diagnostic Species present. This zone includes the upper

Mowry as it was found to be impossible to separate the
Mowry from the Frontier on strictly palynological evidence
alone. Unlike zones B and C, there are a number of taxa
that are restricted to this zone and occur regularly through-
out the zone in all sections. Some of these are known to
occur stratigraphically higher elsewhere in the column.
However, it is believed that the restriction of these
species, all but one of which are phytoplankton, is re-
lated to environmental changes higher in the section (zone B%
which restrict the presence of these species to the more
marine environments of zone A. The eight species of
phytophytoplankton and one spore species which are restric-
ted to zone A are listed below:

Staplinisporites caminus (Palme) Pocock

Gonyaulacysta of. g. edwardsi (Cookson and Eisenack)

Clark and Verdier

Gonyaulacysta spp.

Ascodinium scabrosum Cookson and Hughes

Ascodinium verrucosum Cookson and Hughes

Canningia of. g. senonica Clark and Verdier

Deflandrea echinoidea Cookson and Eisenack

ChlamydOphorella discreta Clark and Verdier

Palanperidinium cretaceum Pocock

Zone B - In this zone there are no species that occur

W1th.the regularity or abundance that would allow them to

126

lend their name to the zone. There are, however, eleven
taxa that occur only in this zone. Most of these are
spores and they occur irregularly throughout the zone.
Some were found in only one section. The eleven taxa
restricted to zone B are listed below:

Schizaea of. §. triangula Stanley

Verrucatosporites favus (Potonie) Thomson and Pflug

Petalosporites guadrangulus Agasie

Cicatricosisporites cooksonii Balme

Perotriletes bursatus Hall

Lchpodiacidites intraverrucatus Brenner

Densoisporites perinatus Couper

Taurocusporites reduncus (Bolkhovitina) Stover

Tricolpites cf. 2. reticulatus Cookson

Monosulcate type 2

Horologinella apiculata Cookson and Eisenack

Zone B has been divided into two subzones (El and B2)
based on the first occurrence (or base) of Palaeohystricho—
phggg infusorioides, which is present in B2 but not in B1.
Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides is known from Albian
through the Campanian, thus it is felt that its first
occurrence in this zone indicates a changing environment
rather than a first or last occurrence based on evolutionary
(development as is the case with Ascodinium verrucosum
(zoneeA) and Deflander§_victorien§;§_(zone C). Palaeo-

hxstrichophora infusorioides was not found in the Potato

127

Ridge or Little Sheep Mountain sections. This may suggest
that this species is restricted to near shore areas and thus
its distribution is environmentally controlled.

Zone C (Deflandrea victoriensis zone) - This is the
uppermost zone of the Frontier, its base is marked by the

first occurrence of Deflandrea victoriensis, which is the

 

diagnostic Species present in the zone. The zone is present
only on the western and southwestern sides of the basin

where it includes the lower Cody Shale. Besides Deflandrea

 

victogiensis only two other taxa were found to be restricted
to this zone. They are Tetrahedrospora dyscrita and Form F.

sp. 1.

Age and Correlation

After the basic zonation was established in the three
reference sections, it was found to be easily applied to
the other five sections by a qualitative examination of all
the samples in each section. This demonstrated the validity
of the zones.

Zone A, which on the basis of invertebrates and paly-
nomorphs is considered to be of Cenomanian age in its

Frontier portion, is characterized by Ascodinum verrucosum.

 

Ascodinum verrucosum was described by Cookson and Hughes
(196h) from the Cambridge Greensand and the base of the
Chalk Marl (Cenomanian) of England. Clark and Verdier (1967)
suggest that it is possible that the Cambridge Greensand

represents either part or all of the Varconian (uppermost

128
Albian) and that the equivalent of the lowermost Chalk Marl

is missing in the lower Cenomanian sampling of the Isle of
Wight and France. This would restrict Ascodinium verrucosum
to the Albian and in particular to the Varconian. Zone A
includes part of the upper Mowry Shale. The Mowry Shale is
shown by Cobban and Reeside (1952b) to be of Albian age;
however, it should be noted that the Mowry-Frontier contact
is picked on purely lithologic evidence alone, the first
bentonite below the First Wall Creek Sandstone, and is not
tightly controlled by fossils. It is believed that this is
the first reported occurrence of Ascodinium verrucosum in
the United States. The possibility of an Albian age for
the lower part of this zone should not be discounted until
its occurrence in sections with better invertebrate control
are reported in North America.

Five of the nine taxa that are restricted to zone A
have a known stratigraphic range that is not younger than
Cenomanian. The stratigraphic ranges of the nine taxa are

listed below:

Pliensbachian-Barremian (Albian?)

Staplinisporites caminus (Palme) Pocock
Barremian-lower Cenomanian

gaggegperidinium cretaceum Pocock
Albian (Varconian)-Cenomanian

Ascodinium scabrosum Cookson and Hughes

Ascodinium verrucosum Cookson and Hughes

129

Cenomanian

Gonyaulacysta of. Q. edwardsi (Cookson and

Eisenack) Clark and Verdier

Upper Turonian-Senonian

Deflandrea echinoidea Cookson and Eisenack
Upper Santonian

Canningia of. Q. senonica Clark and Verdier
Lower and upper Cretaceous

Chlamydophorella discreta Clark and Verdier

Gonyaulacysta spp.

The correlation of zone A through the eight sections
shows that in the northern part of the Big Horn Basin the
Peay Sandstone complex (Third Wall Creek) is of Ceno-
manian age; whereas, in the southern half of the basin, this
unit is Cenomanian in its lower half and Turonian and
possibly Coniacian in its upper half (zone B).

The assignment of an age to zone B is particularly
difficult due to the lack of any diagnostic phytoplankton.
However, because of the assignment of a Cenomanian age to
zone A and a Coniacian-Santonian? age to zone C, it should
follow by inference that zone B is Turonian and Coniacian in
age. None of the eleven taxa that are restricted to zone B
are considered to be index Species for the Turonian and
and Coniacian.

Zone C is considered to be Coniacian with the pos-

sibility of a Santonian age due to the presence of Deflandrea

victoriensis. This species is reported from the Santonian

130
of England by Clark and Verdier (1967) and is considered to
be an index fossil for the Santonian. The possibility of a
Santonian age for the post First Wall Creek Sandstones
has not been suggested before. However, it is more likely
that the presence of Deflandrea victoriensis in these rock
represents an extension of its previously reported range
rather than a Santonian age for the rocks. Goodell (1962,
p. 177) gives these sands an early Niobrara (Coniacian) age
based on invertebrate faunas. Again, as in zone A, more
work will be needed to resolve the differences between the
age relationship of the phytoplankton and invertebrate
faunas.

On the eastern side of the basin, the upper Frontier
is in zone B and is probably Turonian to Coniacian in age.
The Second Wall Creek Sandstone appears to be time trans-
gressive as it climbs section within zone B toward the west.
Subzone B2 was identified only in the western part of the
basin and is not judged to have much value on a regional

scale.

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PALYNOMORPHS

The palynological assemblage described and illustrated

in this report can be divided into six distinct floral

elements:

1.

The fern flora consisting of ordinary ferns, tree ferns
and water ferns. The diversity of this element is
evident from the large number and variety of monolete
and trilete spores identified.

The cycad flora which probably represents both the
Cycadales and Bennettitales. These groups are rep-
resented by Cycadopites and possibly Schiggsporis
pollen and the unclassified monosulcate types.

The conifer flora belonging predominantly to the
families Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae.

The ephedralean flora, represented by Eguisetosporites
multicostatus.

The angiosperm flora, characterized by tricolpate
pollen.

The marine phytoplankton.

Local and regional tOpographic and environmental

variations probably gave rise to various plant associations,

with ferns predominating in the low broad coastal flood

131

132

plain areas and cycads and conifers in the better drained
coastal plains and uplands. The struggling angiosperm flora
was probably represented in both areas. The rare ephedra-
lean pollen may have been derived outside the general
deposition basin as they indicate a drier more desert or
mountain climate.

The relative abundance of Spores, pollen and phyto-
plankton correlate well with the generally accepted
depositional history of the Frontier. The environments of
deposition vary from non-marine to marine and migrate
laterally in response to marine regression and transgression.
Upshaw (196#) has demonstrated that the cyclic nature of
deposition is reflected in the ratio of pollen and spores
(land derived) to phytoplankton (marine). However, it was
found that on a regional scale, it was impossible to make
sense out of these ratios when correlating from section to
section. Instead, the broader changes in environments from
marine (zone A) to brackish or non-marine (zone B) back
to marine (zone C) are reflected in the high relative
abundance of phytOplankton in zones A and C and spores in
zone B.

In his description of the Frontier flora, Berry (1929,
p. 131) considers that the plant fossils "... do not
indicate an aridity of climate ..." but

... seem to me in part to indicate less
humid conditions, which I would interpret as due
not to a lessened rainfall but to their having

grown on beaches or between dunes along a coast
where isolation was high, winds were rather

133

constant and the sandy surface was apt to
afford a less constant water table or one
insufficient to keep pace with the increased
evaporation due to insolation and wind.

Berry questions the interpretation of climate given
by Knowlton. He states (Berry, 1929, p. 131):

... The plants most commonly thought of
as tropical - these Frontier davallioid ferns,
for example, or tree ferns in general - find
their optimum modern conditions in temperature
rain forests, not in tropical lowlands.

Berry concludes: "... my inference would be that they
indicate a warm temperature ... climate."

Upshaw (1959, p. 17) sums up the paleoecological,
depositional and environmental considerations when he
states:

... conditions in Frontier time, as
derived by several investigators, appear to
have been deltaic in western Wyoming. The area
was near sea level and occasional incursions
of the sea from the east left brackish-water
and marine sediments. The sediment source was
the Mesocordilleran geanticline to the west.
The climate was humid, warm temperature to
subtropical, and supported a lush vege-
tation. Ferns were the most abundant plants,
but conifers, angiosperms, and others were
present.

VII. CONCLUSIONS

The zonation and correlation of the Frontier Formation
of the Big Horn Basin has been effected by the use of acid
insoluble palynomorphs. The age of these zones has been
determined by comparison with phytOplankton assemblages
from the European type section and the environments of
deposition of these zones are discussed from both litholog-
ical and paleontological standpoints.

The pollen, spore and phytOplankton assemblage of the
Frontier Formation consists of 92 genera containing 136
species. In addition, seven gymnospermous pollen types,
six acritarch types and one dinoflagellate type were set up
but not given specific epithets. Twenty-two taxa were found
to be restricted to the Frontier and as such represent an
assemblage that characterizes the particular environments
of deposition of the Frontier. The continental influence
on Frontier sedimentation is demonstrated by the fact that
16 of the 22 taxa are spores.

The Frontier is divided into three zones and two
subzones based on the stratigraphic range of three key
species of phytoplankton. These zones have been correlated

between the eight sections studied; however, because of the

13h

135

time-transgressive nature of the Cody-Frontier contact,
there are two zones on the eastern side of the basin and
three on the western side. Stratigraphic correlations
utilizing major sandstone units and bentonites show that
lithologic units within the Frontier are time-transgressive.

Age determinations of the palynological zones are in
general agreement with those shown by invertebrates, with
the exception of the possibility of Albian age rocks in the
lower Frontier and a Santonian age for the post First Wall
Creek Sandstones in the southwestern part of the basin.

The Frontier Formation consists of alternating sand-
stone and Shale interbedded with coal, lignite and ben-
tonite. The sediments are sequentially and laterally
variable. They were deposited in a regressive-transgressive
environment, where the Frontier, as a whole, appears to be
a regressive unit compared with the transgressive marine
shales above and below.

The palynological assemblage has been divided into six
floral elements; fern, cycad, conifer, ephedralean and
angiosperm floras and the marine phytOplankton. The
climate during Frontier time was humid and warm temperate
to subtropical. It supported a lush vegetation.

It is felt that a truly effective zonation of the
western interior Cretaceous section can be established,
based on the stratigraphic range of selected phytoplankton.
However, the Frontier or any other formation that is strongly

influenced by continental sedimentation is not the best

136
place to start. This became evident when no index phyto-

plankton were found for the Coniacian or Turonian. It is
recommended that the basic zonation be established in the
more marine sections to the east where they can be tied into
the established invertebrate zonation. Here the basic
disagreements between the stratigraphic ranges of phyto-
plankton in the European and American standard sections

can be resolved. The phytoplankton zonation should then be
extended westward into the interfingering clastic wedges

that extend eastward from the Mesocordilleran geanticline.

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APPENDICES

1&6

Little Sheep Mt. - South
SE, 25, T56N, R95W

Big Horn Co.

 

 

Unit

18

17

16

15

 

 

 

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total
CODY
Shale.
SM-6l* Pb 7556* about 60' above Frontier
SM-60 Pb 7555 about 30' above Frontier
FRONTIER

Sandstone, fine grained, well sorted, 73.6' 534.9'

porous, slightly calcareous, massive out-
crop, vague ferruginous bands represent
stratification; large, ferruginous, thin
bedded, platy concretions; several thin
discontinuous pebble beds near top, mainly
chert with a few andesite pebbles; slight-
ly shaly at top.

Interbedded soft, poorly consolidated sand h5.l' h61.3'
and black, fissile, carbonaceous shale;

sand more abundant; bentontic, "pOpcorn"

weathered surface.

SM-59 Pb 755A A61.3'
SM-58 Pb 7553 u61.3'
SM-57 Pb 7552 uso.u'
SM-56 Pb 7551 u31.2'
SM-55 Pb 7550 A16.2'

Sandstone, soft, very deeply weathered, 1h.1' 416.2'
buff, very fine grained, thin carbon-

aceous streaks, ferruginous stained, ben-

tontic, "popcorn“ surface.

Sandstone, very argillaceous and benton- 33,8' 402.1'
itic; soft, deeply weathered; lower part

of "vast popcorn surface;" sandstone is

shaly, moderately hard, but can be soft

andlweathered; stringers of black fissile

sha e.

*SM-66 collection number, Pb 7556 maceration number

14

13

12

ll

10

147
SM-54 Pb 7549 402.1'

Sandstone, fine to medium grained, por-
ous, friable, soft, deeply weathered,
argillaceous, with dark shale stringers;
sandier than unit below; ferruginous
concretions at base.

Sandstone, very argillaceous and shaly,
dark brown to dark gray; breaks into
hacky fragments; grades into unit below;
very fine grained, dirty, occasional
plant fragments.

SM-53 Pb 7548 347.6'
SM-52 Pb 7547 337.6'
SM-51 Pb 7546 332.6'

Mostly shale, dark gray to black, fissile;
numerous thin argillaceous, brown, fer-
ruginous sandstone stringers; sand in-
creases toward top; outcrOp weathers
brownish gray.

SM-EO Pb 7545 328.8'
SM- 9 Pb 7544 323.8'
SM-48 318.8'
SM-47 Pb 7543 313.8'
SM-46 308.8'
SM-45 Pb 7542 303.8'
SM-44 298.8'

Shale, dark gray, blocky; a few small car-
bonaceous fragments, occasional thin sand-
stone partings; weathers dark gray.

SM-43 Pb 7541 297.0'
SM-42 292.0'
SM-41 Pb 7540 287.0'

Bentonite, very pure, chartreuse color,
distinctive, grades into unit at base.

Shale, dark gray to black, fissile to
blocky at tOp, becomes sandier at top,
many thin sandstone partings and a few
sandstone beds in upper part, slightly
bentontic in lower part, sandy lenses
often ferruginous; fish scales in black
shale 5' above base.

su-uo Pb 7539 283.8'
SM-39 278.8'

16.4' 368.3'
19.3' 351-9'
33.8' 332.6'

11.8' 298.8'

66.3' 285.1'

SM-38
SM-37
SM-36
SM-35
SM-34
SM-33
SM-32
SM-31
SM-3O
SM-29

Bentonite, shaly at top, pure at base.

Shale, dark gray to black, bentonitic,

Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb

Pb
Pb

7538
7537
7536
7535

7534
7533

273.8'
268.8'
263.8'
258.8'
253.8'
248.8'
243.8'
228.8'
223.8'
218.8'

148

0.7' 218.8'
42.2' 218.1'

"popcorn surface," scattered tiny
pebbles.

SM-28
SM-27
SM-26
sm-25
SM-24
sm-23
SM-22

Interbedded brown, ferruginous, sandy

Pb
Pb

Pb
Pb
Pb

218.1'

7532 215.9'

7531

7530
7529
7528

205.9'
200.9'
195-9'
180.9'
175.9'

13-0' 175.9'

shale and resistive beds of light brown
weathering, ferruginous sandstone; largely
covered.

Sandstone, fine to medium grained, cal-

40.9' 162.9'

careous, well sorted, well rounded, salt
and pepper, clean, porous; large scale
ripple marks on some surfaces; mostly

medium to thick bedding;

forms prominent

ridge; occasional widely scattered peb-
bles, abundant black chert pebbles at
t0p; a few ferruginous lenses and con-
cretions (not obviously cross-bedded).

Interbedded sandstone and shale sequence, 26.9' 122.0'
outcrops as series of ledges; shale,

black to dark gray, fissile to blocky,

arenaceous; sandstone, fine to coarse

grained, slightly calcareous, argilla-

ceous, porous, salt and pepper.

su-21 Pb 752? 105.1'
su-2o Pb 7526 95.1'

Shale, dark gray to black, fissile to 32.0' 95.1'
blocky, scattered thin sand lenses in
upper part, locally with ferruginous bands.

149

SM-l9 93.1'
SM-18 Pb 7525 88.1'
SM-l? Pb 7524 83.1'

SM-l6 78.1'
SM-15 Pb 7523 73.1'
SM-l4 68.1'

SM-13 Pb 7522 63.1'

Shale, silicious, medium gray; weathers 59.0'
light gray, with ferruginous stains

(like Mowry); platy and blocky; grades

into black shale above; sandy lenses and
partings; fish scales.

SM-12 Pb 7521 54.1'

SM-ll 49.1'
SM-lO Pb 7520 44.1'
SM-9 34.1'
SM-8 Pb 7519 29.1'
SM-7 24.1'
SM-6 Pb 7518 19.1'
SM-5 14.1'

SM-4 Pb 7517 9.1'

Bentonite, pure with shale interbeds in 4.1'
center, shaly at top.

MOWRY
Shale, siliceous.
SM-3 Pb 7516 8' below Unit #1

SM-Z Pb 7515 14' below Unit #1
SM-l 21' below Unit #1

63.1'

4.1'

150

Potato Ridge
10, T51N, R91W
Big Horn Co.

 

 

 

22

21

20

19

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total

 

CODY
Dark bentonitic shale, poorly exposed.
FRONTIER

Mostly medium gray sandy, blocky shale; 29.9' 532.7'
shalier at top; contains at least two

poorly consolidated pebble beds containing

pebbles of black chert, quartz, jasper,

andesite and granitic rocks to 3"; bands

of calcareous concretions to 18".

PR-50 522.8'
PR-49* Pb 7512* 512.8'
PR-48 Pb 7511 504.8'

Sandstone, medium to coarse grained, very 3.2' 502.8'
ferruginous and calcareous, good por-

osity; large scale crossbeds; outcrOps

as brown ledge; bands of scattered chert

pebbles to 1/2".

Sandstone, fine to very fine grained, 41.4' 499.6'
clean, soft, light gray, few black min-

erals; deeply weathered and unconsoli-

dated; forms sandy, "popcorn" surface.

Mostly very fine grained, tan to light 101.2' 458.2'
gray, very soft, unconsolidated, deeply

weathered sandstone; numerous thin

lenses of black shale which decreases

in abundance upwards; deeply weathered

“vast pOpcorn surface"; slightly ben-

tontic throughout; grades into sand-

stone above; due to decrease in shale,

color lightens upward.

*PR-49 collection number, Pb 7512 maceration number

18

17

16

15

14

13

151

Shale, black, mostly blocky, somewhat fis- 26.2' 357.0''
sile at base, slightly arenaceous; scat-

tered thin yellowish gray sandy stringers

throughout.

PR-47 Pb 5710 350.8'
PR-46 Pb 7509 345.8'
PR-45 Pb 7508 340.8'
PR-44 333.8'
PR-43 Pb 7507 330.8'

Sandstone, brown, ferruginous, very coarse 4.9' 330.8'
grained, good porosity; small black chert
pebbles throughout; forms ledge.

Sandstone, soft, poorly consolidated, poor- 18.1' 325.9'
ly resistant, very fine to fine grained,

sorting poor to fair; local black shale

stringers.

Interbedded sequence of soft, fine to very 31.2' 307.8'
fine grained, argillerous sandstone and

black, more or less sandy, fissile shale;

somewhat more sand than shale, more sand

than shale, more sand at top.

PR-42 Pb 7506 306.6'
PR-41 Pb 7505 301.6'
PR-40 296.6'
PH-39 Pb 7504 291.6'
PB-38 286.6.
PR-37 Pb 7503 281.6'

Bentonite, dark greenish yellow, sandy at 3.2' 276.6'
top.

PR-36 273.4'-276.6'

Sandy sequence, shaly at t0p and bottom, 50.6' 237.4'
nearly clean sand at center, rounded

soil covered slope; interbedded medium

gray shaly sandstone and shale at t0p and

base; discontinuous beds of small peb-

bles in lower part; several thin fer-

ruginous sandy lenses and scattered beds

of clean black shale near top and bottom.

PR-35 272.8'
PR-34 Pb 7502 267.8
PR-33 262.8'

PR-32 Pb 7501 257.8'
PR-31 Pb 7500 237.8'
PR-30 Pb 7499 227.8'

... )(I).lll1|l1lnl|.li.’itl«.H- ‘1Nu‘.-

12

11

10

152

Shale, medium to dark gray, chunky and 32.0' 222.8'
blocky, very sandy; includes many thin

sandstone beds, sand becomes progres-

sively more abundant higher in section.

PB-29 Pb
PR-28
PR-27 Pb
PR-26
PR-25 Pb
PR-24
PR-23 Pb

7498 220.8'
215.8'
7497 210.8'
205.8'
7496 200.8'
195.8'
7495 190.8'

Shale, dark brownish black or black, 58.5' 190.8'

fissile;
slightly
careous,
numerous

PR-22
PR-21
PR-ZO Pb
PR-l9
PR-18 Pb
PR-17
PR-16 Pb
PH-15
PB-14 Pb
PR-13 Pb

nonresistant bare slope;
blocky toward t0p; sandy, cal-
concretionary bed near base;
small carbonaceous fragments.

187.3'
182.3'
7494 177.3'
172.3.
7493 167.3'
162.3'
7492 157.3'
152.3'
7491 147.3'
7490 137.3'

Shale, black to dark gray, blocky with good 22.0' 132.3'
fissility, many sandy blebs and partings,

bentontic "popcorn" surface; no vegetation

on surface.

PR-12
PR-ll Pb
PR-lO
PH-9 Pb
PR-8

130.3'
7489 125.3'
120.3'
7488 115.3'
110.3'

Sandstone, dark gray, argillaceous; poorly 6.6' 110.3'
bedded; shale interbeds; band of pebbles
to one-fourth inch at top.

PR-7 Pb 748? center of unit

Shale, dark gray, finely laminated, ben- 17.8' 103.7'

tonitic "

popcorn" surface; many thin blebs

and partings of fine grained sandstone
give spotted appearance to shale.

PR-6 Pb 7486 103.7'

153
PR-5 Pb 7485 98.7'

Sandstone, thick resistive beds, mostly
medium grained, occasionally fine grained;
scattered black chert pebbles throughout;
occasional lenses and cut and fill
structures with abundant large rounded
chert and quartz pebbles and large pieces
of bone; coarse discontinuous pebble

bands at top and bottom; porosity good;
large scale crossbedding throughout, high-
er angle in coarser sand.

Sandstone sequence of irregular sandstone
lenses, bentontic in upper half; many
scattered pebble lenses with pebbles of
black chert to l"; sand poorly sorted,
medium to coarse grained, porous, salt and
pepper; large scale cut and fill; cross-
bedded.

PR-4 Pb 7484 62.3'

Sandstone, resistant series of jagged
ledges, medium to coarse grained; many
scattered pebbles to 2", irregular peb-
ble lenses; large scale low angle cross-
bedding throughout; common pelecypod
molds, rare gastropod molds; wavy upper
surface; good porosity.

Sandstone, medium gray, quite variable
throughout, mostly fine grained, occasion-
al medium to coarse grained, sorting fair,
porosity fair to poor; common large low
angle crossbeds; occasional vertical worm
tubes; then beds of black shale and ben-
tonitic shale.

Sandstone, very fine grained, medium to
dark blue gray, very well cemented.

Bentonitic unit, very poorly exposed,
shaly.

PR-3 Pb 7483 14.6'
PR-2 Pb 7482 9.0'

Bentonite, grayish yellow, pure, grades
into unit above.

18.4'

10.2'

8.2'

20.7'

13.8'

10.6'

4.0'

85.9'

67.5'

57.3'

49.1'

28.4'

14.6'

4.0'

154
MOWRY

Shale, silicious.
PR-l Pb 7481 10' below Unit #1

Unit

32

31

3O

29

28

27

26

155

Sherard Dome
22, T47N, R89W
Washakie Co.

Lithologic Description
CODY

Sandstone, medium grained, poorly sorted,
very calcareous.

Shale, dark gray, nonresistant, mostly
covered.

SD-67 Pb 7480*@ 200' above Frontier
SD-66 Pb 7479 @ 200' above Frontier

FRONTIER

Conglomerate, yellow brown, mostly

quartz pebbles, black chert pebbles common
but much less abundant; thick planar beds;
ferruginous, resistant; scattered iron-
stone lenses.

Mostly sandstone with numerous thin, dark
gray or black shale partings; scattered
fine conglomerate lenses with numerous
small andesite pebbles; sandstone is fine
grained, salt and pepper but dark minerals
are rarer, sorting fair to good; locally
crossbedded; mostly poorly exposed.

SD-65 Pb 7478 528.4'

Conglomerate, very coarse sand matrix,
well rounded pebbles to l" of andesite,
chert and white quartz; weathers to
yellow band; ferruginous, siliceous,
calcareous.

Mostly gray to buff, bentonitic sand-
stone with some interbedded black, ben-
tonitic shale; mostly covered but forms
resistant low ridge; particularly benton-
itic at base.

Shale, black, fissile to crumbly, benton-
itic at top and grades into bentonitic

*SD-67 collection number, Pb 7480 maceration

 

Thickness
Unit Total
15'+ 29l'+
276' 276'
506' 511'500'
29.6' 538.4'
1.9' 508.8'
44.4' 507.9'
27.6' 463.5'
number

25

24

23

22

156

sand above; rare silty lenses; scattered
selenite crystals on weathered surface
near top.

SD-62 Pb 7475 460.9'
SD-6l Pb 7474 455.9'
SD-60 Pb 7473 450.9'
SD‘59 M509.
SD-58 Pb 7472 440.9'

Six layer unit; from the bottom, black 2.3' 435.9'
'coaly' fissile shale, scattered round
chert pebbles, abundant plant fragments,
silty, small sand lenses; black fissile
shale, not 'coaly"; coarse to medium
grained sandstone, iron stained, cross-
bedded (?); fissile black shale; sand-
stone, fine grained, nonresistant; con-
glomerate with sandy or shaly matrix, well
rounded chert pebbles with cusp shaped
percussion marks.

SD-57 Pb 7471 Black shale
SD-56 Pb 7470 Black peaty, fissile shale ("coal")

Sandstone, similar to sandstone below and 28.6' 433.6'
grades into it, fine to medium grained,

sorting fair to good, massive, salt and

pepper; weathers to bare massive slope;

more ferruginous than unit #23 and

weathers light yellow brown except be-

neath "coaly" shale (#25) where it is

leached (7) white; thin bedded argil-

laceous sandstone near base; local large

scale crossbeds.

Sandstone, very light gray, salt and pep- 41.4' 405.0'
per; weathers to barren badlands; poorly
sorted; weathered portion composed of un-
consolidated sand; hard on fresh surface;
apparently bentonitic and argillaceous
throughout; local bands of crossbedded,
hard, concretionary sandstone, which is
commonly ferruginous; massive, no evident
bedding, gradational contact with sand-
stone above; lenticular pods of very fer-
ruginous, medium grained sandstone with
large low angle crossbeds, which appear
to be channels.

Mostly bentonitic shale, black, fissile, 24.4' 363.6'
carbonaceous with ferruginous stringers;

21

20

19

18

157

several resistant beds of poorly sorted,
very fine grained, platy sandstone with
abundant small, white, calcareous worm
casts; very sandy throughout.

SD-SS Pb 7469 354.2'
50.54 Pb 7468 349.2'

Interbedded light gray, poorly sorted, 9.2' 339.2'
dirty, very fine grained sandstone and

arenaceous gray shale, some black organic

shale interbeds; faint ripple marks on sand-

stone; fairly resistant; calcareous worm

casts common in upper sandstone unit;

ripples trend on upper surface N400W.

SD-53 Pb 7467 339.2'

Bentonitic shale, dark gray, weathers med- 23.0' 330.0'
ium to light gray; bare lepe; bentonite

decreases upward, becomes progressively

more silty toward top, many thin argil-

laceous sandstone and siltstone units in

upper half, small ironstone concretions;

fine, persistent laminae in lower half.

SD-52 Pb 7466 327.8'

SD-51 322.8'
SD-50 Pb 7465 317.8'
SD-49 312.8'

SD-48 Pb 7464 307.8'

Bentonite, grayish yellow, very pure; 2.8' 307.8'
grades upward into very bentonitic shale;

good marker; many bands of white

fiberous gypsum.

SD-47 Channel

Shale and sandstone; dark brown to black, 29.0' 305.0'
silty and sandy shale with numerous thin

beds of ferruginous, brown sandstone;

sandstone most abundant in upper part;

thin bedded, platy sandstone at t0p with

vague large scale ripple marks; tiny

fragments of coal and plant material

(?); numerous worm trails.

SD-46 Pb 7463 305.0'

50.45 301.0'
50-44 Pb 7462 296.0'
30.43 291.0'

SD-42 Pb 7461 286.0'

17

16

15

l4

13

12

158

SD-41 281.0'
SD-40 Pb 7460 276.0'

Shale, black to brownish black, fissile;
weathers to bare slope; scattered ben-
tonitic partings; very similar to units
#14 and #15.

50-39 Pb 7459 271.8'
50-38 266.8'
50-37 Pb 7458 261.8'

Bentonite and dark gray bentonitic shale;
pure, grayish yellow bentonite grading
upward to bentonitic shale.

SD-36 Chanel

Shale, dark brown to brownish black, car-
bonaceous; weathers to bare, dark brown
slope; siliceous, silty; abundant tiny
selenite crystals, probably secondary;
rare fish scales (Hunter (1952) reports
fish scales here); slightly ferruginous.

SD-35 Pb 7457 254.6'
SD-34 Pb 7456 249.6'
SD-33 244.6'
SD-32 239.6'
SD-31 Pb 7455 234.6'

Shale, black, fissile, carbonaceous,
slightly silty; nonresistant; no
siltstone or sandstone lenses, scat-
tered tiny ferruginous specks; slope
weathers black.

SD-30 Pb 7454 227.6'
SD-29 222.6'
SD-28 217.6'
SD-27 Pb 7453 212.6'

Bentonitic shale, light to dark gray,
soft silty, nonresistant; thin silty
unit at top, also several very thin silt-
stone lenses throughout.

Sandstone, fine grained, poorly sorted,
good porosity, resistant, salt and pepper
to light brown; conglomerate bed with
large bone fragments and chert pebbles

at top, in places this bed is an 18"
channel cut into the upper surface,
elsewhere it is a thin veneer.

14.2' 276.0'

4.6' 261.8'

27.6' 257.2'

17.0' 229.6'

9.6' 212.6'

11

10

159

Sandstone, sequence of argillaceous and 11.5' 189.2'
shaly sandstone beds to 6" thick;

weathers light brown or brownish gray;

shaly parts fissile; iron stain on a

few beds.

SD-26 Pb 7452 189.2'

Sandstone and shale sequence of resistive 25.3' 177.7'
sandstone units to 4' thick, thickness

of sandstones varies rapidly east to west
(no systematic changes); sandstone units
are fine grained, salt and pepper, rare
large chips of Mowry and red chert pebbles;
poorly exposed benches are unconsolidated
sand, sandy shale and thin beds of black,
carbonaceous shale; sandstone is locally
crossbedded and calcareous; rare worm
borrows.

sp.—25 Pb 7451 164-:

Shale, medium gray to black; weathers to 36.8' 152.4'
bare, medium grained "popcorn" surface;

bentonitic and darker colored in lower

half, sandy and silty in upper half,

upper half lighter colored; scattered

concretionary sandstone and siltstone

lenses in upper part; arenaceous ma-

terial and beds become progressively

more abundant in upper half.

SD-24 Pb 7450 150.4'

SD-23 147.6'
SD-22 Pb 7449 143.6'
SD-21 138.6'
SD-20 Pb 7448 132.6'
SD-19 127.6'
SD-18 123.6'

SD-17 Pb 7447 118.6'

Sandstone, salt and pepper, medium to 1.4' 115.6'
coarse grained, crossbedded, poor sorting;
numerous large flattened Mowry pebbles.

Poorly exposed sequence of shale, sand-
stone and conglomerate; numerous thin
sandstone ledges, very fine to fine
grained, poor to moderate sorting, salt
and pepper, good porosity, several thin
beds of coarse grained sand with large
chert pebbles; most of unit is dark gray
to black; carbonaceous.

160

30-16 Pb 7446 108.3'
50-15 Pb 7445 99.3'

Shale, black, very fissile, carbonace-
ous; very distinctive; possibly only a
lens; very sharp upper contact.

SD-l4 Pb 7444 Channel

Sandstone, first major resistive sand-
stone in traverse; fine to very fine
grained, good porosity, well sorted sub-

angular grains, very abundant worm trails
parallel and perpendicular to bedding with

calcite tube coatings, salt and pepper;
persistant planar or tabular bedding,
beds 1" to 1', average 3" to 6" thick,
discontinuous shale lenses to 3' thick
and occasional shale partings, thin ben-
tonite lenses near top.

SD-13 Pb 7443 84.6'

Poorly exposed slope with 2 or 3 thin
resistant sandstone units; sandstone
units 1' to 2' thick, small scale cross-
beds, worm tubes in crossbedded units,
good porosity, clean, fine grained, good
sorting, thin bedded, variable in thick-
ness and argillaceous content laterally
between sandstone ledges.

SD-12 Pb 7442 55.4'

Shale, sandy, salt and pepper, weathers
light tan to buff, becomes progressively
more arenaceous toward top, fissile in
lower half, thin bedded and very sandy
in upper half, many thin sandstone
lenses in upper half, bentonitic at t0p.

SD-ll 42.8'
SD-lO Pb 7441 37.8'
SD-9 32.8'
SD-8 27.8'

SD-7 Pb 7440 22.8'

Shale, medium to dark gray, weathers to
light gray, fissile, platy, not limey,
fish scales, siliceous, grity and
slightly silty; looks like Mowry.

0.7'

32.2'

16.1'

23.5'

17.2'

94.3'

93.6'

61.4'

45.3'

21.8'

161

SD-6 Pb 7439 14.6'
SD-5 8.6'

Bentonite, pure, distinctive, weathers 4.6' 4.6'
to thick band of "popcorn," irregular
thickness.

SD—4 Channel
MOWRY

Shale, light to dark gray, siliceous,
sandy lenses, fish scales, platy and
rather resistant at top, local relief
(7) on top.

SD-3 Pb 7438 5' below unit #1
SD-Z Pb 743? 35' below unit #1
SD-l Pb 7436 65' below unit #1

162

Chabot Anticline
NE, 18, T43N, R88W
Washakie, Co.

 

 

Unit

28

27

26

25

24

23

 

 

 

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total
CODY
Shale.
FRONTIER

Sandstone, very fine grained, very cal- 16.7' 749.3'
careous, very tight, ferruginous, medium
bedded at base, thick bedded and very
resistant at top; large scale low angle
crossbeds in upper part.
Covered, a few ferruginous concretionary 267.0' 732.6'
sandstone ledges outcrOp locally; in-
terval appears to be largely sandy shale.
CA-47* Pb 7586* 727.6'
CA-46 Pb 7585 717.6'
Shale, black, blocky, bentonitic, very 12.8' 465.6'
poorly exposed.
CA-45 Pb 7584 467.8'
CA-44 457.8'
CA-43 Pb 7583 452.8'
Conglomerate, coarse grained, porous, 0.4' 452.8'
sandstone matrix, very abundant black
chert and gray quartz pebbles to 3"
long.
Sandstone and shale, interbedded pure 5.3' 452.8'

layers of black, very fissile shale and
clean, fine grained, well sorted, porous,
salt and pepper, sandstone to 3" thick.
CA-42 Pb 7582 452.4'

Sandstone, light gray, thin bedded, large 14.0' 447.1'
scale low angle crossbeds, salt and pepper,

*CA-47 collection number, Pb 7586 maceration number

22

21

20

19

l8

17

163

very fine grained, argillaceous; poor
porosity; clean sandstone at base,
some black shale with scattered peb-
bles at top.

CA-41 Pb 7581 447.1'

Mostly black, fissile, carbonaceous shale

and a little interbedded light gray,

laminated, very fine grained, argillaceous,
sandstone in beds 1" thick; sandstone more

abundant than in unit #21, weathers to
brown band.

CA-40 Pb 7580 431.7'
CA-39 Pb 7579 426.7'

Mostly black, fissile, slightly carbon—
aceous shale and interbedded gray or
brown, argillaceous sandstone in beds
to 1/2 inch thick; weathers to light
gray band.

Sandstone, mostly very fine grained,
poorly consolidated, deeply weathered,
ferruginous, slightly bentonitic, very
light gray; weathers to "badland" slope;
medium gray, argillaceous and shaly in
upper part; slightly resistant rounded
ridge with very large dark brown, fer-
ruginous, crossbedded concretions.

Interbedded dark gray to black, fissile,
carbonaceous shale and light to medium
gray very shaly sandstone; whole
sequence is bentonitic and weathers to
gray sandy "pOpcorn" surface; ledge, 3'
thick, near top of unit, tan, laminated,
fine grained, slightly calcareous, clean
sandstone with abundant ripples on upper
surface.

CA-38 Pb 7578 393.1'

CA-37 388.1'
CA-36 Pb 757? 378.1'
CA-35 370.1.

CA-34 Pb 7576 365.1'

Bentonite, light greenish gray, "p0pcorn"

surface, grades into shale above.

Shale, medium brown, carbonaceous, steel
gray siliceous at top.

14.0' 447.1'

6.4' 433.1'
8.9' 426.7'
17.3' 417.8'
37.4' 400.5'
3.4' 363.1'
4.0' 359.7'

16

15

14

13

12

11

164
CA-33 359.7'

Bentonite, waxy, gray-green, pure with
scattered large selenite crystals.

Grades from black or dark brown, fissile,
carbonaceous Shale at base to brown,
ferruginous, very argillaceous, very
argillaceous, shaly, siltstone at top.

CA-32 Pb 7575 355.0'

CA-31 350. 5'
CA-3O Pb 7574 345. 5'
CA—29 40

30 5'
CA- 28 Pb 7573 337. 5'

Sandstone, medium gray, shaly and arg-
gillaceous, fine to coarse grained,

poorly sorted, poor porosity, thin bedded;

poorly exposed; numerous black shale
partings.

Sandstone, forms massive resistant ledge,
thick bedded, large scale low angle
crossbeds throughout; fine grained, well
rounded, fair sorting, good porosity,
slightly ferruginous; coarse grained,
calcareous sand at top (2') with abun-
dant light gray, brown and black chert
pebbles scattered throughout; large
ferruginous, dark brown, crossbedded,
concretions in mid-part; abundant ripple
marks near top.

Sandstone, fine grained, argillaceous,
gradational contact with shale below,
very shaly in lower part; light gray,
brown to buff; poor porosity;

poorly exposed; more massive and cleaner
at top; ripple marks on upper surface.

Shale, dark gray to black, blocky, or-
ganic, a few argillaceous sandy lenses
in lower part, grades into very shaly
sandstone above; poorly exposed, mostly
covered.

CA-27 278.9'
CA-26 Pb 7572 273.9'
CA-25 268.9'
CA-24 Pb 7571 263.9'
CA-22 Pb 7570 253.9'

0.7' 355.7'
19.5' 355.0'
4.6' 355.5'
28.4' 330.9'
19.6' 302.5'
34.0' 282.9'

10

165

Sandstone, coarse grained, well rounded,
well sorted, good porosity; outcrops as a
series of thick or medium bedded ledges;
less resistant than unit #9; a few

lenses of black shale.

Sandstone, fine to medium grained, very
thick bedded and massive, forms very
resistant cliff, good porosity, numerous
thick ironstone lenses and concretions,
some local small scale crossbeds;
numerous worm trails on bedding plains
in lower part; mostly laminated and
massive, salt and pepper to buff,
weathers grayish yellow, slightly cal-
careous, very friable.

Mostly fine grained, light gray, argil-
laceous and bentonitic sandstone which
tends to weather to badlands; abundant
black, carbonaceous, blocky shale at base;
thick resistive interbeds of very far-
ruginous, red brown, very fine grained
sandstone; a few black shale partings at
top.

CA-21 181.4'
CA-20 Pb 7569 176.4'
CA-19 171.4'

CA-18 Pb 7568 166.4'

Sandstone, fine to medium grained,
calcareous, sorting fair to good, good
porosity, buff, weathers light grayish
brown, crossbedded throughout; scat-
tered pebbles at top, medium to thick
bedded; resistant ledge below main cliff.

Interbedded black, fissile, carbonaceous
shale and light gray, argillaceous sand-
stone; sandstone predominates, shale be-
comes less abundant in upper part and
consists mainly of thin partings; sand-
stone is locally calcareous, usually with
poor porosity; bed with abundant rounded,
black chert pebbles near t0p; bentonitic
throughout.

CA-17 158.2.
CA-16 Pb 756? 148.4'
CA‘ls 138.4.

CA-14 Pb 7566 128.4'

12.3' 248.9'
54.1' 236.6'
16.1' 182.5'
89.8' 158.2'

166

CA-l3 118.4'
CA-12 Pb 7565 108.4'
CA-ll 98.4'

Bentonite, grayish yellow, pure, deeply
weathered ”p0pcorn" surface.

Sandstone, fine to very fine grained,
slightly calcareous in lower part, cal-
careous in upper 2/3, well sorted, clean,
porous, siliceous, weathers to light
gray; resistant ledge; worm trails and
borrows.

Shale, black, soft, fissile, organic in
lower part, becomes sandier toward top
and at top is very argillaceous, blocky,
dark brown sandstone; sandy throughout
upper 2/3.

CA-9 Pb 7563 49.0'
CA-8 Pb 7562 29.0'
CA-7 24.0'

Shale, siliceous, like Mowry, medium
gray, weathers light gray with brown fer-
ruginous stain; hard, brittle, blocky;
weathers to resistant ledgy outcrop.

CA-6 Pb 7561 20.6'
CA-5 15.6'
CA-4 Pb 7560 10.6I

Bentonite, olive colored, very deeply
weathered "popcorn“ surface.

MOWRY
Siliceous shale.

CA-3 Pb 7559 tOp Mowry
CA-2 Pb 7558 5' below t0p Mowry
CA-l Pb 755? 10' below t0p Mowry

4.3'

11.5'

28.6'

18.4'

5.6'

68.4'

64.1'

52.6'

24.0'

5.6'

167

Lucerne Anticline
NE, SE, 9, T43N, R94W
Hot Springs Co.

 

 

Unit

33

32

31

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total

CODY
Shale.

LA-79* Pb 7638* 710.5'
LA-78 Pb 763? 690.5'
LA-77 Pb 7636 670.5'

FRONTIER

Sandstone, argillaceous, thin bedded and 28.6' 650.5'
shaly, fine grained, poor porosity;

numerous bands of cream colored, car-

bonaceous, fossiliferous concretions;

tan to buff; abundant wood fragments;

numerous unusual tube shaped con-

cretions throughout; well preserved

lnoceramus fossils.

LA-76 Pb 7635 636.9'
LA-75 Pb 7634 626.9'

Shale, black, fissile, organic; sandy at 39.1' 621.9'
top, grades into unit above, dark gray

surface, sharp and gradational change

with unit above.

LA-74 Pb 7633 621.9'
LA-73 617.6'
LA-72 Pb 7632 612.6'
LA-7l Pb 7631 602.6'
LA-70 597.6'
LA-69 Pb 7630 592.6'
LA-68 587.6'
LA-67 Pb 7629 582.6'

Interbedded argillaceous and shaly, 68.0' 582.6'
medium gray, fine grained sandstone with
poor porosity and black to medium gray,

*LA-79 collection number, Pb 7638 maceration number

30

29

28

27

26

168

sandy shale; numerous stringers of black, 68.0' 582.6'
fissile shale; becomes an argillaceous,

shaly, buff sandstone at t0p; black

chert pebble beds 43' above base and at

t0p in concretionary ferruginous bed;

large (3') ferruginous concretions widely

scattered in upper part; Hunter (1950)

measured this interval as 38', it is 46'

one quarter mile north of this transect.

LA-66 Pb 7628 529.8'
LA-65 521.8'
LA-64 Pb 7627 514.8'

Sandstone, fine to medium grained, good 18.9' 514.8'
porosity, slightly argillaceous, a few

shaly bands, thick bedded; thin beds of

black shale near top and bottom; forms

resistive ridge; siliceous, calcareous.

Mostly shale, black, fissile, organic, 23.0' 495.9'
scattered sandy lenses to 2" thick,

sandstone partings in lower; grad-

ational upper contact.

LA-63 Pb 7626 495.9'

LA-62 492.9'
LA-61 Pb 7625 487.9'
LA-60 482.9'

LA-59 Pb 7624 477.9'

Sandstone, very fine grained, poor por- 2.0' 472.9'
osity, light yellowish gray, weathers same,
discontinuous ridge; shale interbeds.

Shale, mostly black and fissile, weathers 31.7' 470.9'
to medium dark brown surface; more or

less sandy locally; numerous sandstone

partings in lower part.

LA-58 Pb 7623 469.2'
LIA-57 “6“.2'
LA-56 Pb 7622 459.2'
LIA-55 usu.2'
LA-54 Pb 7621 449.2'
LA-SB 444.2'

Interbedded dark gray to black, fissile 9.2' 439.2'
to blocky shale and light to medium gray,

fine grained, argillaceous and shaly

sandstone.

25

24

23

22

21

169

LA-52 Pb 7620 439.2'
LA-51 435.0'
LA-5O Pb 7619 430.0'

Sandstone, very fine grained, argillaceous 31.7' 430.0'
and bentonitic, light to medium gray,

banded, "pOpcorn' surface; a few resistant

ledges; medium to thin bedded; very poor

porosity; common black shale stringers;

very sharp upper surface.

LA-49 Pb 7618 403.3'

Shale, medium gray to black, fissile, ben— 14.8' 398.3'
tonitic, weathers to dark gray “p0pcorn"

surface; a few resistive ledges; medium to

thin bedded; very sharp lower contact; be-

comes more sandy and lighter gray toward

t0p.

LA-48 Pb 761? 398.3'
LA'u'] 393.5.
LA-46 Pb 7616 388.5'
LA'LI’S 383.5'

Sandstone, medium to coarse grained, slight 10.0' 383.5'
1y calcareous, good porosity, subangular

to subrounded grains, sorting fair;

prominent ridge with long dip lepe;

thick massive beds, large scale crossbeds,

widely scattered pebbles on upper surface,

abundant worm trails; offset 1/4 mile south

on this unit.

Sandstone, fine grained, argillaceous, 34.0' 373.5'
bentonitic, numerous black shale stringers;

hard ”popcorn” surface; very abundant

carbonized wood fragments and numerous

linguloid brachiOpods or small clams; poor

porosity; mostly poorly resistant but

forms vertical cliff at t0p; light to

medium gray outcrop; discontinuous coaly

black shale unit at top.

LA-44 Pb 7615 373.5'
LA-43 Pb 7614 359.5'
LA-42 349.5'
LA-41 Pb 7613 345.5'

Shale, dark gray, fissile to blocky, car- 15.2' 339.5'
bonaceous, numerous sandstone stringers

especially in lower part, sandstone thin

bedded, platy, fine grained

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

170

LA-4O Pb 7612 339.5'
LA-39 Pb 7611 332.3'

Sandstone with numerous thin black lenses
of organic shale; sandstone soft, poorly
consolidated and very deeply weathered;
bentonitic; very poorly exposed; sandstone
fine grained.

Shale, dark gray to black, sandy and
siliceous, blocky to fissile; numerous
thin sandstone partings; sandy throughout;
sharp contact with unit #18.

LA-38 Pb 7610 297.5'
LA-37 Pb 7609 291.5'

Sandstone, vertical cliff; thin, tabular,
persistant bedding with large low angle
crossbeds in lower half, thick bedded

and massive in upper half; medium grained,
well sorted, good porosity; very rare
pebbles in upper half; ferruginous brown
outcr0p; offset 1/3 mile north on this
unit.

Sandstone, argillaceous and shaly; mostly
covered by sandstone debris from cliff
above; buff to medium gray; thin bedded
to shaly, rather soft, a little inter-
bedded shale, slightly bentonitic near
top.

Interbedded shale and sandstone, sand-
stone like above, shale black, fissile,
organic, carbonaceous; thick sand bed
in center.

LA-36 Pb 7608 238.2'

Sandstone, fine grained, calcareous,
mostly thick bedded with common medium
scale, planar, crossbeds; well sorted,
good porosity; shale lenses in lower
part; ledgy outcrop; light gray brown,
weathers same; large ironstone con-
cretations.

Interbedded argillaceous siltstone and
sandy, silty shale; mostly medium to
dark gray; thin bedded siliceous shale
unit near base; shale usually silty
and blocky, locally black, organic and
fissile; siltstone argillaceous, hard,

17.0'

17.8'

20.0'

25.3'

6.0'

28.6.

35.4'

307.3'

307.3'

289.5'

269.5'

244.2'

238.2'

209.6'

13

12

11

10

171
brittle, thin bedded and blocky to almost
fissile; sharp contact with unit #13,
gradational with unit #15.

LA-35 Pb 7607 209.6'

LA-34 204.2'
LA-33 Pb 7606 199.2'
LA-32 192.2'

Sandstone, medium gray, weathers buff
with dark brown stain, very fine grained,
siliceous, very poor porosity; persistant
low ridge.

Shale, black and carbonaceous to medium
gray, blocky and very sandy, more or
less siliceous, slightly bentonitic,
weathers light gray; lenses of medium
grained, pink sandstone.

LA-3l Pb 7605 167.2'
LA-30 162.2'
LA-29 Pb 7604 157.2'

Sandstone, very thin bedded to fissile,
platy, very fine grained, light gray
with brown stain, siliceous; forms re-
sistant ledge; hard, shaly, crossbedded.

Shale, medium to dark gray, fissile to
blocky, hard, somewhat silty, slightly
siliceous; very poorly exposed.

LA-28 Pb 7603 152.7'
LA-27 Pb 7602 147.7'

Sandstone, very fine grained, argil-
laceous and bentonitic; weathers to
badlands, numerous resistant ridges of
hard, dense, crossbedded, very tight,
ferruginous sandstone; rare chert
pebbles; light gray, massive; thin,
palty, ferruginous, crossbedded sand-
stone at top; numerous ferruginous, con-
cretionary beds.

LA-26 140.2'
LA-25 Pb 7601 135.2'
LA-24 Pb 7600 121.2'
LA-23 Pb 7599 110.2'

Shale, black to medium gray, black and
carbonaceous at base, progressively more

35.4' 209.6'

1.5' 174.2I

15.5' 172.7'

2.4' 157.2'

7.1' 154.8'

57.5' 147.7'

18.1' 90.2'

172

sandy toward t0p; medium gray, very sandy
at t0p, grades into unit above; more or
less siliceous.

LA-22 87.7'
LA-21 Pb 7598 82.7'
LA-20 77.7'

LA-19 Pb 7597 72.7'

Shale, siliceous, medium gray, weathers
light gray with brown stain; ledgy,
blocky; more or less silty, numerous car-
bonaceous stringers.

LIA-18 68.8'

Bentonite, light yellowish gray, pure,
"popcorn" surface, well exposed, sharp
upper and lower contact.

Shale, siliceous, blocky, hard silty,
weathers blue gray; scattered pebbles in
lower part.

LA-17 Pb 7596 62.2'

Sandstone, fine grained, medium gray, salt
and pepper, dark brown to black stain,
more or less calcareous, porosity fair to
good; abundant medium scale, planar cross-
beds; abundant large worm tubes; thin
bedded and platy to thick bedded and mas-
sive; abundant dark black chert pebbles in
upper part.

Sandstone, very fine to fine grained, hard,
dense, abundant calcite and silica cement,
poor porosity, salt and pepper, bedding 4"
to 1' thick, interbedded Shale, thin beds
and lenses of blocky black shale near top.

LA-l6 Pb 7595 48.7'
LA-15 44.0'
LA-14 Pb 7594 39.0'

Mudstone, bedded, slightly silty, medium
gray, weathers light gray with brown
ferruginous stain; sharp lower contact,
quite uniform; thin shale lenses; some
very fine grained, argillaceous sand-
stone near top; rare black shale part-
ings in upper part.

18.1'

5.3'

4.6'

1.5'

12.0'

12.7'

30.0'

90.2'

72.7:

66.8'

62.2'

60.7'

48.7'

36.0I

173

LA-13 36.0'
LA-12 Pb 7593 31.0'
LA-ll 26.0'
LA-lO Pb 7592 21.0'
LA-9 16.0'
LA-8 Pb 7591 11.0‘

Bentonite, gray yellow color; very pure at 6.0' 6.0'
base, light and shaly at top.

LA-7 6.0'
LA-6 Pb 7590 4.0'

MOWRY
Shale, siliceous.

LA-5 Pb 7589 5' below unit #1

LA-4 10' below unit #1
LA-3 Pb 7588 15' below unit #1
LA-2 20' below unit #1

LA-l Pb 7587 25' below unit #1

174

Pitchfork Anticline
SE, 14, T48N, R102W
Park Co.

 

 

Unit

42

41

40

39

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total

CODY
Shale.

PA-72 668.8'
PA-71 663.8'
PA-70*Pb 7730*658.8'

FRONTIER

Sandstone, single massive bed, medium to 22.0'
coarse grained, scattered small pebbles

and several pebble bands in upper half;

bone fragments in pebble band near center;

well sorted, good prorsity; salt and

pepper: light gray on outcrop: very sharp

upper and lower contacts.

Shale, medium to dark gray to grayish 32.1'
brown: massive, blocky: numerous very

thin sandstone partings: ferruginous:

uniform: outcrops weather brown: a few

black shale stringers and lenses of

medium grained sand near top.

PA-69 634.7'
PA-68 Pb 7729 629.7'
PA-67 624.7'
PA-66 Pb 7728 619.7'
PA-65 614.7'
PA-64 Pb 7727 609.7'

Shale, black, very carbonaceous, hard, 3.7'
massive, abundant plant fragments;
weathers platy.

PA-63 Pb 7726 601.7'

Sandstone, medium to coarse grained, well 16.0'
sorted, rounded, good porosity: more or

less calcareous throughout: irregular

crossbeds: contains black shale near top

658.8'

636.8'

604.7'

601.0'

*PA-70 collection number, Pb 7730 maceration number

3s

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

175

in lenses to 2" thick, forms resistant
ridge; locally abundant carbonaceous
wood fragments.

PA-62 Pb 7725 595.0'

Sandstone, argillaceous, thin bedded,
finely laminated, very fine grained,
shaly, soft, light brown; scattered
black shale lenses in lower part: pebble
bed with numerous shark teeth 8' above
base.

Mostly argillaceous sanstone with abun-
dant black shale beds to one foot thick;
sandstone very fine to fine grained;
shale soft, laminated, black, pure:
grades into units above and below.

PA-6l Pb 7724 539.0'
PA-6O Pb 7723 534.0'

Shale, black to grayish brown, scattered
sandy bands, becomes sandier in upper
part, numerous yellow brown streaks:
concretions of very fine grained, very
ferruginous and calcareous sand.

PA-59 529.0'
PA-58 Pb 7722 523.2'
PA-57 518.2'
PA-56 Pb 7721 513.2'
PA-55 508.2'
PA-54 Pb 7720 503.2'
PA-53 498.2'

Bentonite, cream color with orange stain,
pure: very poorly exposed.

Shale, black, fissile, organic, carbo-
naceous.

PA-52 Pb 7719 495.9'

Sandstone, salt and pepper, well sorted
and rounded, porous, friable, siliceous:
resistant at top: rare black shale
lenses in lower part.

Bentonite, bright yellow green. poorly
exposed, grades into unit below.

Shale, black, organic, some yellow stain:
blocky, very slightly bentonitic: earthy.

21.5'

34.5'

30.8'

2.3'

2.6'

11.5'

3.6'

14.1'

585.0'

563.5'

529.0'

498.2'

495.9'

493-3'

481,9'

479.2:

30

29

28

27

26

25

24

176
PA-51 Pb 7718 478.2'

PA-5O 474.1'
PA-49 Pb 7717 469.1'
PA-48 494.1'
Sandstone. very fine grained, argilla- 3.2'

ceous, laminated, poor porosity, abundant
carbonaceous material give unit rich
brown color: abundant plant material.

PA-47 Pb 7716 461.9'

Shale, dark gray, blocky, numerous thin, 9.2'
argillaceous sandstone interbeds: grades

upward into very black organic shale with
carbonaceous fragments.

PA-46 460.9'
PA-45 Pb 7715 456.7'
PA-44 Pb 7714 451.7'

Sandstone, light grayish brown to light 4.6'
gray. fine grained, very argillaceous and
shaly. poor porosity, slightly bentonitic.

Shale, black, organic, sandy at top, 26.2'
bentonitic in upper 1/3' olive colored
where bentonitic.

PA-43 Pb 7713 445.9'
PA-42 440.9'
PA-4l Pb 7712 435.9'
PA-40 Pb 7711 425.9'

Sandstone, argillaceous and shaly in 7.6'
lower 2/3; resistant ledge at top: fine

to medium grained, poorly sorted, poor

porosity, light to medium gray with

red-brown stain, siliceous; numerous

large worm tubes at top.

Sandstone, light gray, occasionally 24.0'
stained light brown, massive, laminated,

fine to medium grained, very argilla-

ceous, slightly bentonitic: tends to

weather to badlands; thin bentonite at

top: several thin black shale interbeds

at base: like unit #19 and #15, but is

more argillaceous and shaly: poor

porosity.

Sandstone, like unit #22, small wood 1.0'
fragments.

464.1'

460.9'

451.7'

447.1'

420.9'

413.3'

389-3'

23

22

21

20

19

19

17

16

177

Shale, medium gray, laminated, blocky,
slightly bentonitic and silty: carbona-
ceous wood fragments common.

PA-39 Pb 7710 388.3'
PA-38 Pb 7709 384.1'

Sandstone. siliceous, very fine grained,
medium grained, medium gray, weathers
light silvery gray with brown stain on
exposed surfaces: very poor porosity.

Interbedded light brown to black, bento-
nitic shale and sticky, medium to dark
brown, shaly bentonite: fairly pure black
shale at base.

PA-37 Pb 7708 378.1'
PA-36 Pb 7707 368.3'

Sandstone, grades laterally from a re-
sistant, fine grained, siliceous sand-
stone with abundant plant material,
shale chips at base and occasional chert
pebble bands at top to an interbedded
shaly sandstone and black to dark brown
sandy shale.

PA-35 Pb 7706 354-9'

Sandstone, fine grained, argillaceous
and bentonitic, light gray: weathers

to rounded light gray ridge with bento-
nitic "popcorn" bands: slightly calcar-
eous; resembles unit #15.

Interbedded black, fissile, organic
shale with common, very small plant
fragments and very fine grained, gray,
laminated, hard, very argillaceous
sandstone; poorly exposed.

PA-34 332.6'
PA-33 Pb 7705 327.6'
PA-32 Pb 7704 312.6'

Sandstone, transitional from clean sand
below to black shale above; thin bedded,
argillaceous, poor porosity; ledgy out-
crop.

Sandstone, gray brown, salt and pepper.
slightly calcareous, fine grained, well
sorted, well rounded. good porosity,

9.2'

1.0'

9.8'

18.4'

16.6'

20.7'

5.1'

10.5'

388.3'

379.1'

378.1'

349.9'

349.3'

333.3'

312.6'

307.5'

15

14

13

12

11

10

178

medium to thick bedded: forms a resis-
tant ledge across ridge; weathers light
gray brown.

Sandstone, light to medium gray, weathers 14.3'
light gray, bentonitic: weathers to a

bare, rounded ledge or badlands, argilla-

ceous, fair porosity, fine grained,

scattered dark red-brown, ferruginous

lenses.

Shale, dark brown to black, more or less -12.4'
locally sandy: in places forms argilla-
ceous, sandstone.

PA-31 Pb 7703 280.3'
PA-3O Pb 7702 275.3'
PA-29 Pb 7701 270.3'

Sandstone. very fine grained, numerous 1.6'
very thin shale partings, light gray,

stained red brown: siliceous, argilla-

ceous.

Argillaceous sandstone, thin bedded, 7.8'
shaly. poorly resistant, light to

medium gray: bentonitic in lower 1/2: a

few ferruginous lenses, thin bentonite

near base.

Sandstone, medium grained well rounded, 47.0'
bentonitic, porosity poor to fair,

weathers light gray; forms badlands;

resistive ledge: large scale, low angle
crossbeds: numerous resistant, ferrugi-

nous, 1enticular concretions: numerous

very thin bentonites: some dark gray

shale in upper 15'.

PA-28 Pb 7700 250.9'

Mostly shale and mudstone, blocky to 19.2'
massive, laminated: numerous thin sand-

stone partings, a few argillaceous

sandstone lenses to 3" thick; shale

medium to dark gray.

PA-27 Pb 7699 209.7'
PA-26 Pb 7698 204.7'
PA-25 Pb 769? 199-7'

Bentonite, yellowish cream color, pure, 4.4'
rounded ledge.

297.0'

282.7'

270.3'

268.7'

260.9'

213.9'

194.7'

179

Sandstone and shale, finely interbedded, 27.6' 190.3'
very poorly exposed, numerous siliceous
sandstone ledges.

PA-24 Pb 7696 167.7'

Shale. black, fissile in lower part, 11.5' 162.7'
becomes blocker and sandier at top,

siliceous, grades into unit above;

abundant small "phosphatic" pelecypods,

fish scales.

PA-23 Pb 7695 156.2

Bentonite, bright yellowish green, very 3.0' 151.2'
pure, massive.

Shale, dark gray to black, blocky, 53.4' 148.2'
Slightly bentonitic, a few bentonitic

stringers to 3", carbonaceous, locally

quite silty. more siliceous close to

bentonite.

PA-22 144.8'
PA-Zl Pb 7694 139.8'
PA-20 134.8'
PA-l9 Pb 7693 129.8'
PA-18 124.8'
PA-l7 Pb 7692 119.8'
PA-l6 114.8'

PA-15 Pb 7691 109.8'
PA-l4 Pb 7690 99.8'
PA-l3 94.8'

Bentonite, bright olive green, pure; 2.3' 94.8'
offset lOOO' south.

Sandstone, massive and thick bedded in 25.0' 92.5'
lower 2/3. tabular with large scale

cross-beds in upper 1/3: calcareous, fine

to medium grained, porosity fair to good,

hard, forms resistant cliff; salt and

pepper, slightly ferruginous throughout;

very ferruginous, lenticular concretions,

very abundant large calcareous worm

tubes throughout; strike NIOOW, dip

45°SW.

Interbedded hard, fine grained, argilla- 61.5' 67.5'
ceous, salt and pepper sandstone with

poor porosity and dark brown to black,

blocky to fissile, carbonaceous shale:

all beds appear to be very lenticular.

beds to 3' thick: most of the sands

180

have paper thin shale partings: plane
bedded: approximately equal amounts of
shale and sandstone: very poorly exposed;
offset 600 feet along persistent ledge
within unit.

PA-12 Pb 7689 46.0'
PA-ll Pb 7688 41.0'
PA-lO Pb 7687 31.0'

PA-9 29.0'
PA-8 Pb 7686 21.0'
PA-7 11-16'
PA-6 11-16'

PA-5 Pb 7685 6.0'

Bentonite, bright chartereuse to grayish 6.0' 6.0'
yellow, pure, massive, thin siliceous
shale in center: strike NlOOW, dip 35OSW.

M OWRY

Shale, black, fissile to blocky and
massive, siliceous.

PA-4 Pb 7684 5' below unit #1
PA-3 10' below unit #1
PA-2 Pb 7683 15' below unit #1
PA-l 20' below unit #1

 

181
Anchor Anticline
SE. 1, T43N, R100W
Hot Springs, Co.

The description of this section is taken from Burk

(1953). Additional comments have been added, in paren-
theses, following Burk's description.

 

 

Unit

29

 

 

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit 222%;
CODY
Shale.
FRONTIER
Shale at base, becomes sandier upward 61' 758.3'

and grading into argillaceous sandstone,
sandstone, and very coarse-grained con-
glomerate at top of unit. Shale is black,
soft, organic, and contains scattered
argillaceous sandstone and sandy shale
stringers which become more abundant up-
ward until unit is predominantly argil-
laceous sandstone, about twenty-five
feet above base. Sand is generally fine
grained quartzose, gray to tan, poorly
resistant: becoming more abundant and
coarser-grained upward until upper three
feet of unit are a very coarse-grained
"salt and pepper", gray to buff sand-
stone, predominantly quartzose, but with
some of the larger grains made of black
to green minerals: chert granules and
pebbles are very abundant and are firmly
cemented in the coarse sand; upper sur-
face of unit contains typical calcareous
concretions enclosing scattered mega-
fossils and chert pebbles %" to 3" in
diameter. These pebbles commonly form
thin lenses. The coarse-grained sand at
the top of the unit contains 1" to 1%"
spheres of coarse sand cemented by cal-
careous material: these spheres commonly
weather out free. The unit is generally
non-resistant forming a low swale, but
the upper few feet irregularly form a
small ridge. The contact between Units
29 and 30 is very sharp.

*AA-61 Collection number, Pb 7682 maceration number

28

27

26

182

Faunal collection 433100/1B -- Lower
Niobrara (Fort Hays) equivalent, col-
lected from top of Unit 29:
Camptonectes platessa White, 1874
(single specimen)

(Conglomerate very calcareous, porous;
chert pebbles of many colors, white, green,
brown: pebbles are mostly flattened and
disk shaped.)

AA-61*Pb 7682*742.3'
AA-OO Pb 7681 737.3.
AA-59 Pb 7680 732-3'
AA-5R Pb 7679 727-3'

Sandstone, gray to tan, generally medium- 35'
grained, irregularly fine- or coarse-

grained: slightly argillaceous, with only

a few scattered shale stringers. Upper-

most few feet are dark brown sand with

small %"-l", dark brown, hematitic con-
cretions. Unit weathers tan to brown is
slightly resistant, and of relatively

uniform lithology throughout.

(Medium to thick bedded, strongly cross-
bedded at top: fair to good porosity
throughout; forms long dip slope adjoin-
ing flat valley: upper most few feet very
calcareous.)

Shale, black to dark gray, organic, soft, 7'
irregularly sandy: easily weathered.

forming slight swale in long dip slope.

Contacts with Unit 26 and 28 relatively

sharp.

AA-57 Pb 7678 662.3'
AA-56 Pb 7677 657-3'

Sandstone, varying irregularly in color 54'
from rust to brown,gray, or white:
generally coarse- to medium-grained with
very few scattered, thin shale and sandy
shale stringers, and irregularly argel-
laceous; scattered worm trails and
ripple marks on bedding surfaces: upper
few feet of unit contain nearly spher-
ical, hematitic, dark brown sandstone
concretions, 2" to 8" in diameter; ir-
regularly crossbedded. Unit as a whole
is very resistant, forming prominent

697-3'

662.3‘

655.3'

25

24

23

183

ridge and long dip slope: various layers
irregularly resistant, forming steps in
dip slope.

(Argillaceous with abundant interbeds of
dark brown or black shale in lower 8';
10' above base is friable sandstone bed
with very abundant chunks of charcoal
(30%): massive, tabular (pancake): cross-
bedded through middle half: worm trails
locally abundant in lower part; good
porosity except at base, first good res-
ervoir sand in this section: most resis-
tant sandstone in sequence; slightly
siliceous.)

Shale, black, soft, platy, organic; 10' 601.3'
poorly indurated with scattered, iron-

stained, argillaceous sandstone

stringers: weathers easily, becomes dark

gray: non-resistant. Contacts with

Units 24 and 26 generally sharp.

AA-55 Pb 7676 596.3'
AA-54 Pb 7675 591.3'

Argillaceous sandstone, buff to rust and 20' 591.3'
gray in color, medium- to fine-grained:

highly cross-bedded; poorly resistant,

forming small ledge, weathering tan to

light gray.

(Thin bedded and platy, rather poorly
exposed.)

Shale, black, organic, platy, soft: 38' 571.3'
poorly indurated: irregularly sandy with

few scattered tan argillaceous sandstone

stringers in upper few feet of unit;

non-resistant, weathering a dark gray,

contact with Unit 24 relatively sharp.

(Becomes sandier toward top.)

AA-53 Pb 7674 568.3'
AA-SZ Pb 7673 563-3'
AA-Sl 558.3'
AA-50 Pb 7672 553-3'
AA-49 548.3'
AA-48 Pb 7671 543.3'
AA-47 538-3'
AA-46 Pb 7670 533.3'

22

21

20

19

184

Bentonite, cream to gray, pure, weather- 3' 533.3'
ing gray to light gray. Contacts with
Units 21 and 23 very sharp.

Shale, black, platy, organic, soft: 32' 530.3'
contains very few scattered argilla-

ceous sandstone stringers: non-resistant

weathering dark gray. Contact with Unit

20 very sharp.

(Bentonitic at base.)

AA-45 530-3'
AA-44 Pb 7669 528.3'
AA-43 523.3'
AA-42 Pb 7668 518.3'
AA-4l 513.3'
AA-4O Pb 7667 508.3'
AA-39 Pb 7666 503.3'

Argillaceous sandstone becoming sandstone 58' 498.3'
in upper third of unit: sand is tan to
gray to white, medium- to fine-grained;
highly argillaceous and poorly resistant
in lower 40', becoming predominantly tan
to brown sandstone in upper third of unit
with scattered %" to 1" stringers of
black sandy shale. Upper few feet of
unit forms slight ledge below shale of
Unit 21. Contact with Unit 19 grada-
tional.

(Bentonitic throughout, forms bare, light
gray, sandy, "popcorn" surface.)

Shale, black, very finely bedded, soft, 40' 440.3'
poorly indurated: non-resistant, weather-

ing dark gray: contains scattered bento-

nite stringers: becomes gradually sandier

in upper fourth of unit: sand is very

argillaceous. Some selenite crystals in

weathered zones of shale.

(Bentonitic in upper part, very carbona-
ceous and organic: "popcorn" surface in
flat areas: dip 31°: Burk measured this
unit as 27'.)

AA-38 Pb 7665 440.3'
AA-37 435.3'
AA-36 Pb 7664 430.3:
AA-35 Pb 7663 425.3'

“‘3“ ”20.3.
AA-33 Pb 7662 415.3'
AA-32 410.3'

AA-31 Pb 7661 405.3'

18

17

16

185

Bentonite, yellow to cream or gray; 1.5' 400.3'
slightly sandy. Contacts with units 17
and 19 very sharp.

Sandstone, white to gray or tan to buff 66' 398.8'
and rust, fine- to medium-grained: with
irregular, %"-1" stringers of shale,
sandy shale, and argillaceous sandstone;
generally poorly cemented. Lower few
feet of unit contains worm trails,
ripple marks, and scattered egg-shaped
galls, %" to 3" in diameter, made up of
hard, well-indurated, slightly siliceous
clay. Upper few inches of unit contain
scattered black to brown chert pebbles
in thin lenses.

Unit is resistant forming a very prominent
ridge with individual sands forming short
steps down the long dip slope. Westward,
from the line of section, these various
sands have been gradually eroded back,

and the sand of Unit 15 caps the ridge,
giving the appearance of a strike fault
along the ridge. Contact with Unit 16
sharp.

(Black and dark gray shale partings in
lower part: thick beds in upper part:
resistive sandstone ledges to 3' thick;
ferruginous.)

AA-3O Pb 7660 362.8'
AA-29 Pb 7659 352.8'
AA-28 342.8'
AA-27 Pb 7658 337.8'

Shale, with argillaceous sandstone and 22' 332.8'
sandy shale in basal part. Shale is black
platy, fissile, siliceous, somewhat re-
sistant; slivery on bedding surfaces:
becoming soft, highly organic in upper
half of unit. Basal 3' of unit a sili-
ceous silty and sandy shale and argilla-
ceous sandstone, grading upward into

shale and argillaceous sandstone,

grading upward into shale which makes

up most of unit. Basal part somewhat
resistant, forming slight ledge. Con-
tact with Unit 15 gradational.

In the line of traverse, the upper 3.5'
of Unit 16 is made up of a pure, yellow
to green bentonite, which is directly

15

14

13

12

186

overlain by the resistant sand of Unit 17:
1000' west of the line of traverse, this
bentonite is absent and the sandstone of
Unit 17 rests directly on the shale
typical of Unit 16.

AA-26 Pb 7657 330.8'
AA-25 Pb 325.8'
AA-24 Pb 7656 317.8'

Argillaceous sandstone, gray to buff, 19' 310.8'
weathering light gray, medium- to fine-

grained: very argillaceous with scattered

shale and sand stringers: non-resistant;

containing a 1'-2' resistant sand at top

of unit, becoming prominant and thicking

to the west of the line of traverse.

Contact with Unit 16 gradational.

(Sandstone locally laminated, poorly
exposed.)

Sandstone, buff to tan or brown, weather- 5' 291.8'
ing tan to gray: medium- to fine-grained;

blocky, generally plane-bedded: resistant,

forming slight ledge in bluff. Contact

with Unit 15 sharp, and with Unit 13 very

sharp.

(Ferruginous and crossbedded, poorly
exposed.)

Shale and argillaceous sandstone, basal 10' 286.8'
few feet a sandy shale and medium- to

fine-grained, gray to tan argillaceous

sandstone with abundant stringers of

black, organic shale which makes up all

of the upper three-fourths of the unit.

Generally non-resistant, basal sandy

part somewhat resistant.

AA-23 Pb 7655 286.8'
AA-22 Pb 7654 281.8'

Sandstone, buff to tan, iron-stained, 8' 276.8'
medium- to fine-grained: blocky and

somewhat resistant, forming small ledge.

Contact with Unit 11 very sharp and

gradational with Unit 13.

(Siliceous, poor porosity, common irreg-
ular crossbeds, rare black shale lenses.)

187

ll Argillaceous sandstone and sandy shale, 64' 268.8'

10

gray to buff or brown, weathering gray to
tan or rust: medium- to fine-grained; very
argillaceous, with irregular sand and
black, organic shale stringers and lenses:
generally non-resistant, but tending to
form badlands with pinnacles capped by
more resistant sandstone lenses, varying
in thickness from 1" to 1'. Scattered
resistant, elongate, hematitic concre-
tions, which are dark brown to rust in
color and which may have plane- or
cross-bedding. Basal and uppermost 3'

of unit a black, sandy, organic shale.
Contact with Units 10 and 12 very sharp.

(Thin bentonite about 15' above base;
bentonitic and very sandy through middle
1/3 of unit: about 5' of blocky, sandy,
shale at top.)

AA-Zl 268.8'
AA-20 Pb 7653 263.8'
AA-l9 239.8'
AA-l8 Pb 7652 229.8'
AA-17 219.8'
AA-16 Pb 7651 209.8'

Shale, sandy shale, argillaceous sand- 29' 204.8'
stone and sandstone. Lower half of unit
a black to dark gray, siliceous, fissile,
hard shale, weathering into "silver-
chips"; with scattered, black, organic
shale and sandy shale stringers. Unit
becomes sandier and dirtier upward,

with thinner, irregular, siliceous silt-
stone stringers, until a dirty and
argillaceous sandstone predominates:
with an upper medium- to fine-grained
tan to brown sandstone. Unit is
generally poorly resistant, with the
uppermost part forming a slight ridge.
Contact with Unit 9 is sharp.

(Contact with unit #9 is gradational,
bentonitic in lower part, sandstone at
top looks siliceous.)

AA-15 Pb 7650 190.8'
AA-l4 Pb 7649 180.8'

188

Bentonite, cream to gray or buff, weather-
ing puffy and gray; fairly pure. Contact
with Unit 8 is very sharp, with Unit 10
sharp.

(Very distinctive, good marker.)

Shale, black to graY. platy: irregularly

slightly siliceous and fissile; somewhat

sandy; weathering light gray and forming

"silver-chips". Contacts with Unit 7 and
9 very sharp.

(Blocky, waxy, slightly bentonitic.)

AA-l3 Pb 7648 166.8'
AA-12 Pb 764? 161.8'

Sandstone, predominantly light gray to
white: irregularly tan to brown; "salt-
and-pepper" sandstone: uppermost 6" of
unit contain small, black, well-rounded
chert pebbles and granules, varying in
size to 1" in diameter; some scattered
worm trails. Unit generally poorly re-
sistant and poorly exposed, weathering
powdery and white with a few brown
shales forming dip slope. Contact with
Unit 6 gradational.

(Friable, white. powdery, with massive
rounded outcrop in upper 25' (very
unusual); poor porosity throughout;
upper 3' ferruginous and very calcareous;
fine to very fine grained.)

Shale, black to dark gray, weathering
gray with some "silver-chips" in lower
part; becoming less fissile and more
organic, softer, in middle third of unit;
then becoming increasingly sandier near
top of the unit with abundant black,
organic shale stringers; sandy shale
predominant in upper 5' of unit. Top
of unit selected at base of resistant
sand ledge. Basal siliceous shale con-
tains scattered fish scales. Unit is
non-resistant, forming prominant swale.
Contact with Unit 5 very sharp.

9'

SI

49'

53'

175.8'

166.8'

161.8'

112.8'

189
AA-ll Pb 7646 104.8'

AA-lO 99.8'
AA-9 Pb 7645 94.8'
AA-8 89.8'
AA-7 Pb 7644 84.8'
AA-6 79.8'

AA-5 Pb 7643 74.8'

Sandstone, light gray to brown; generally 15' 59.8'
medium- to fine-grained, coarser grained

in upper part; "salt-and-pepper" sand,

weathering buff to gray: poorly bedded;

massive, blocky, resistant, forming pro-

minant ridge. Contact with Unit 4 very

sharp.

(Very calcareous, abundant ferruginous
matrix, rounded grains, poor porosity.)

Shale, siliceous, fissile, gray to black; 9' 44.8'
weathering into "silver-chips": irregu-

larly very slightly sandy: basal foot of

unit a sandstone, somewhat siliceous:

gray to tan: medium- to fine-grained; and

with an uppermost foot of bentonite,

cream to yellow, fairly pure. Contacts

of sand, shale, and bentonite within unit

very gradational. Contact with Unit 3

sharp.

Shale, siliceous, fissile; black to dark 29' 35.8'
gray: hard, platy, resistant, weathering

into "silver-chips": irregularly sandy.

Basal 6" a sandstone, hard, non-porous,

siliceous, brown to tan; lower 2'-3'

somewhat bentonitic with 1"-2" stringers

of fairly pure bentonite. Shale is

increasingly sandier near top of unit.

Shale is slightly massive where sandy.

Contact with Units 2 and 4 very sharp.

(Forms massive ridge.)

AA-4 Pb 7642 31.8
AA-3 Pb 7641 21.8'

Bentonite, gray with orange streaks: 6.8' 6.8'
fairly pure: slightly sandy near top of

unit. Exposure generally poor as slope

is covered with fragments of wash from

overlying siliceous shale. Contact with

thin sand at top of Unit 1 and thin sand

at base of Unit 3 very sharp.

190
MOWRY

Shale, fissile, siliceous, black to gray, 30+'
hard, dense; weathering into "silver-- _

chips"; irregularly sandy; abundant fish

scales on bedding planes. Unit contains
scattered stringers of black, organic

shale. Unit somewhat sandy near top;

sand is hard, dense, highly siliceous.

AA-2 Pb 7640 10' below unit #2
AA-l Pb 7639 40' below unit #2

191

Cody
NW, 31, T53N. RIOlw
Park, Co.

 

 

Unit

41

4O

39

Shale.

Thickness
Lithologic Description Unit Total

CODY

C-60*Pb 7779*663.8'
C-59 Pb 777? 659-9'

0-58

653.8'
FRONTIER

Sandstone, very massive and thich bedded, 28.0' 648.9'
rare irregular shale beds to 1' thick,

abundant wood fragments usually concen-

trated in bands throughout; medium to

coarse grained; numerous shale blebs;

high energy environment: scattered pebbles

in upper 5'; percentage of shale increases

to 30-40% in the width of outcrop (1/4

mile); large load structures mark contact

with unit #40.

0-57 Pb 7776 620.8'

Sandstone and shale, interbedded, light 20.1' 620.R'

to dark

gray, finely banded outcrop,

rare clean sandstone or black shale
beds to 1' thick: coarse grained; clean,
ferruginous, calcareous sandstone bed
in center; cross-beds and cut and fill
structures in upper l/4.

C-56 Pb 7775 615-7'
C-SS Pb 777u 610.7'
C-54 Pb 7773 605.7'

Sandstone, fine grained, porous, abundant 9.0' 600.7'
high angle cross-beds, very friable,

massive and thick bedded, well sorted,

numerous black shale stringers at base:

slightly ferruginous; possible root zone

in highest black shale.

C-53

596.7'

C-52 Pb 7772 595-7'

*C-6O collection number, Pb 777R maceration number

38

37

36

35
34

33

32

31

30

192

Mostly sandy shale, gray to brown, fairly
common black shale in lower part, becomes
more sandy toward top and is mostly thin
bedded, argillaceous sandstone in upper
10', much like unit #37. but shalier.

C-51 Pb 7771 582.6'

Argillaceous sandstone, fine grained,
soft, poor porosity, dark gray, locally
more or less sandy shale; locally forms
resistant ledges; approximately equal
amounts of sand and shale; scattered
pebbles at top.

C-50 Pb 7770 553.3'
c-hg Pb 7069 529.6'

Shale, very dark brown, sticky, bento-
nitic, blocky, organic.

C-48 Pb 776% 533.3'
c-u7 Pb 7767 529.6

Bentonite, pure, cream colored, massive.

Shale, black, organic, massive and
blocky; sharp contacts with units #35
and #33.

0-46 Pb 7766 523.3'
C-“S Pb 7765 517.7'

Sandstone, light gray, fine grained,
medium bedded, fairly hard, argilla-
ceous and slightly bentonitic, poor
porosity.

Bentonite, dark grayish yellow, very
pure, a few plant fragments, massive,
blocky.

Shale, brown to black; lignitic, very
hard, abundant plant fragments: even
bedded.

C-44 Pb 7764 502.5' - 503.0'

Sandstone, very fine grained, slightly
argillaceous, poor porosity; extremely
abundant, large plant fragments; lig-
nitic root zone followed by 4' of "coal"
at top.

29.1'

29.3'

3.7'

6.3'
5.6'

5.0'

9-7'

0.5'

11.0'

591.7'

562.6'

533-3'

529.6'
523-3'

517-7'

512.7'

503.0'

502.5'

 

29

28

27

26

25
24

23
22

21

193

c-u3 Pb 7763 502.5'
c—uz Pb 7762 501.5'
C-41 493.5'

Shale, black, very organic, fissile to
blocky, coarse grained sandstone at base
with very abundant plant material.

C-40 Pb 7761 490.3' - 491.5'

Coal, bitumenious, very porous, locally
shaly, yellow stain.

C-39 Pb 7760 489.3' - 490.3'

Sandstone, fine grained, very argilla-
ceous with stringers of black shale to
1" thick; poor porosity, bentonitic,
abundant plant fragments and numerous
paper thin, brown laminations possibly
of plant origin; slightly ferruginous,
light gray to light brown.

C-BR Pb 7759 489.3'
C-37 Pb 7758 479-1'
C-36 474.1'

Shale, black, very fissile to blocky,
very organic and carbonaceous: very
sharp upper and lower contact.

C-35 Pb 7757 474.1'
0-34 468.9'

C-33 Pb 7756 463-9’
Bentonite, light tan, very pure.

Shale, very silty, siliceous, medium
gray, weathers same with orange-brown
stain on weathered surface; weathers
to hacky fragments and nodules.

Bentonite, light greenish gray, pure.

Shale, black, very fissile. organic and
carbonaceous, yellow stain on some
fractured surfaces; blocky at top.

C-32 457.3'
C-31 Pb 7755 454.1'

Sandstone, medium grained, very porous,
friable, beds 3" to 1' thick; very even
bedded, calcareous, slightly crossbedded

102'

1.0'

15.2'

1002'

0.5'
3.6'

205'
8.2'

15.2'

491-5'

491.5'

499.3'

474.1'

463.9'
463.4'

459.9!
457.3'

449.1'

20

19

18

17

16

15

194

widely scattered pebbles to 1": slightly
ferruginous; stained light brown to
orange; forms persistant ledge.

Sandstone, fine grained, bentonitic, 16.1' 433.9'
argillaceous, light gray, massive,

weathers to rounded cliff or badlands;

fairly hard and resistive.

Mostly sandstone, light to medium gray, 16.8' 417.8'
slightly bentonitic, very argillaceous;

medium bedded at base, thick bedded and

massive at top; abundant thin, dark

shale interbeds in lower part, two

thicker shale bands in upper part.

c-3o Pb 7754 417.8'
0-29 Pb 7753 411.0'
C-28 Pb 7752 401.0'

Shale, black to dark gray, blocky. 9.2' 401.0'
massive, silty, yellow stain on frac-

tured surfaces: more massive and bento-

nitic and medium to light gray at top;

grades into unit #19.

C-27 401.0'
C-26 Pb 7751 396.8'
C-25 Pb 7750 391.8'

Siltstone, very shaly, light to medium 6.9' 391.8'
gray, abundant bright yellow stain on ’

fracture and bedding surfaces: siliceous;

forms resistant ridge.

Sandstone, very thick bedding and massive, 46.3' 384.9'
forms vertical cliff above river: fine

to medium grained, very clean, well

rounded, porous and friable, salt and

pepper: black minerals abundant, rare

argillaceous sandstone lenses; abundant

medium scale, high angle cross-beds and

widely scattered chert pebbles in upper

1/3: numerous ferruginous bands: becomes

shalier in upper few feet.

Argillaceous sandstone and sandy shale. 28.6' 338.6'
most of sequence is dark gray to dark

brown and very shaly, poorly resistant,

gradational contact with unit below,

some coarse grained sand and scattered

pebbles at base, abundant bright yellow

bands in black shale near base.

14

13

12

11
10

195

C-24 Pb 7749 325.0'
C-23 Pb 7748 320.0'
C-22 Pb 7747 315.0'

Sandstone, fine to medium grained, well
rounded, well sorted, good porosity,
friable, massive outcrop, thick bedded,
common high angle cross-beds; beds of
coarse grained sandstone with abundant
subangular quartz and chert pebbles
about 4' from top; ferruginous concre-
tions in upper part.

Interbedded, very argillaceous, thin
bedded, brown to gray sandstone and dark
brown, carbonaceous shale; very poorly
exposed; mostly covered by debris from
ledge above; bentonitic.

Sandstone, fine grained, argillaceous,
laminated, poor porosity, scattered
black shale interbeds; forms resistant
ledge; ferruginous beds, numerous black
shale beds at top, salt and pepper;
massive outcrop.

C-Zl Pb 7746 271.1'
Covered.

Shale, nodular at base becoming fissile
upwards; scattered yellow stained sand-
stone stringers.

C-ZO Pb 7745 240.2'
C-19 Pb 7744 235.2'

Sandstone, mostly thick bedded and
massive, scattered black shale
stringers; like unit below but more
argillaceous and porosity is poorer;
slightly bentonitic in center; scat-
tered cross-bedding; massive and
resistive at top; salt and pepper;
weathers light to medium gray with
brown stain; sharp upper surface,
lower surface is distinct, had local
relief and may be an unconformity.

Sandstone, fine to medium grained;

thick to very thick bedding and massive;
scattered black shale lenses to 1" thick
in lower part, very massive and resis-
tive in upper part, clean, sorting fair

2w»:

11.5'

21.0'

9-9'

8.0'

22.6'

37-4'

310.0'

285.6'

274.1'

253.1'

243.2'

235.2'

212.6'

196

to good, good porosity; abundant cross-
bedding (planar, l" to 3" long)
especially in upper part; some large
scale (30' long). very low angle cross-
bedding directly overlain by much
steeper angle cross-bedding dipping in
the opposite direction; scattered
pebbles and yellow stain at top.

C-18 Pb 7743 190.2'

Mostly sandstone, massive thick beds with 10.1' 175.2'
numerous black shale beds to 4" thick;

locally abundant charcoal; bedding very

irregular and lenticular; abundant high

and low angle cross-beds; sandstone

fine grained, fair porosity, numerous

paper thin shale partings.

C-17 Pb 7742 170.1'
C-16 165.1'

Mostly black, dark gray and a little 14.0‘ 165.1'
olive-gray shale and light to medium

gray, hard, silty. massive mudstone,

finely and profusely interbedded; a few

argillaceous sandstone lenses, espec-

ially at base; scattered pebbles in

lower 1'; weathers to dark gray band;

grades into unit above.

C-15 Pb 7741 165.1'

C-lu‘ 16101 '
C-l3 Pb 7740 156.1'
C-12 151.1'
Sandstone, forms massive cliff above 71.0' 151.1'

river, very sharp lower contact with
coarse grained sand and small rare
pebbles, very abundant wood fragments
and shale chips at base; local relief
1' on lower surface; lower 3' coarse
grained, calcareous sandstone with good
porosity and bands of abundant mud chips;
extremely thick bedded and massive,
mostly medium grained, irregularly fine
to coarse grained; porosity good to
fair; numerous scattered bands of black
chert pebbles, some at high angle to
bedding; conglomerate 3" thick at top,
very sharp upper contact, commonly
coarse grained, ferruginous lenses and
concretions, sand generally clean;

197

sandstone at base and conglomerate at
top both stain bright yellow (subarea17);
coaly lenses and partings associated
(beneath) with some of the conglomerates;
large and small scale cross-beds common,
particularly in lower half; frequently
calcareous.

C-ll Pb 7739 141.1'

Shale, medium gray to black, fissile to 29.0' 80.1'
blocky, sandy at base; grades into sandy

unit below; organic; phosphatic fish

scales.

C-lO Pb 7738 80.1'

C-9 76.1'
C-8 Pb 7737 71.1'
0.7 66.1'
C-6 Pb 7736 61.1'
0.5 56.1'

C-4 Pb 7735 51.1'

Mostly very fine grained, argillaceous, 20.7' 51.1'
light gray, medium to thin bedded,

laminated sandstone with abundant medium

gray to black, fissile shale lenses to

1" thick; siliceous and stained red-

brown in upper part; gradational upper

contact; porosity in sandstone is poor.

Shale and mudstone, light to dark gray, 26.6' 30.4'
weathers light gray with brown stain;

very silty, fissile to massive and re-

sistant, hard and brittle; siliceous

throughout; a few scattered thin

bentonites.

C-3 Pb 7734 24.8'

Bentonite, cream colored, pure, grades 3.8' 3.8'
into unit above; excellent marker.

MOWRY

Shale, dark gray, fissile to blocky and
massive, very sharp upper contact.

C-2 Pb 7733 1' below unit #1
C-1 Pb 7732 6' below unit #1

PLATES

 

l9R

PLATE 1

1 Laevigatosporites granaperturus, x 1000

2 Laevigatosporites haardti, x 1000

 

3 Laevigatosporites of. L. irroratus, x 1000
4 Laevigatosporites ovatus, x 1000

 

5,6 Perpmonoletes sp. 1, x 1000

7 Petalosporites quadrangulus, x 1000

8 Schizaea of. S. triangula, x 1000

9.10 Verrucatosporites favus. 1000

ll Schizaeoisuorites eocaenicus, x 1000

12 Verrucatosporites of. X. pseudoreticulatus, x 1000

13 Acanthotriletes varispinosus, x 1000

 

 

 

    

12

PLATE 1

200

PLATE 2

3 Appendicisporites matesovai, x 1000
Appendicisporites cf. 5. jansonii, x 1000

Cicatricosisporites of. g. carlylensis, x 1000

Appendicisporites tricornitatus, x 1000

1.

2

b

5 Aequitriadites ornatus, x 1000

6

7 Camarozonosporites sp. 1, x 1000
q

Balmeisporites glenelgensis, x 500

 

 

PLATE 2

 

 

'. -, t . ‘W
M") {.7 2024 '7
’ 15: ..“o q
I ”PM: ‘
z g '-
i PLATE 3
1.3 Camarozonosporites insignis, x 1000

 

 

2 Camarozonospgrites Eggig, x 1000
4,5 Cicatricosisporites cf. 2. mohirioides. x 1000
6 Cicatricosisporites crassitegginatus, x 1000
7 Cicatricosispggites cf. 9. mesozoicus. x 1000
8,9 Cicatricosispgrites of. g. cooksonii. x 1000
10 Cicatricgsisporites gaggggggig, x 1000

      

 

 

 

 

 

 

PLATE 3

1
2
l].
5
6
7
Q

9
10
11

204

PLATE 4

,3 Densoisporites perinatus, x 1000

Cingutriletes clavus, x 1000
Granulatisporites spp., x 1000
Densoisporites microrugulatus, x 1000
Gleicheniidites senonicus, x 1000
Dictyophzllidites harrisii, x 1000
Gleicheniidites of. g. circinidites, x 1000
Gleicheniidites confossus, x 1000

Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus, x 1000
gymenophyllumsporites of. g. deltoida, x 1000

 

 

 

PLATE 4

206

PLATE 5

1,4 Cingulatisporites radiatus. x 1000

2
3,6
5

7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14

Concavisporites butorosus, x 1000
Concgvisporites sp. 2, x 1000

Deltoidospora junctum. x 1000

Deltoidospora sp. 1. x 1000
Concavisporites cavatus, x 1000

Concavisporites sp. 1. x 1000
Cyathidites australis, x 1000

 

Cyathidites minor, x 1000

Deltoidospora hallii, x lOOO
Deltoidospora psilostoma, x 1000

Concavissimisporites punctatus. x 1000

207

 

PLATE 5

i] § 208

PLATE 6

Trilete scabrate sp. 1, x 1000

.5 Dictzotriletes densomuralis, x 1000

Foveotriletas of. g. subtriangglarie. x 1000
Matonisporites igpensus. x 1000
"Cingglgtispgritgs" pseudoaleolatus, x 1000
gycopgdiugspgrites of. ;. marginatus, 1000

Miodeltospora parva. x 1000
Osmundacidites wellmanii. x 1000

 

.nflO-F'wNH

\O

 

 

10 Perotriletes bursatus. x 1000

 

 

ll Psilatriletes radiatus. x 1000
12 Perotriletes sp. 3, x 1000

 

13 Retitriletes cegomanianus. x 1000

 

 

 

209

 

PLATE 6

210

PLATE 7

1.4 Reticulatisporites exilis. x 1000
2,5 Taurocusporites of. g. sigmentatus. x 1000

3.6 Lycopodiacidites of. L, kuepperi
7,8 Staplinisporites caminus, x 1000
9 Perotriletes sp. 2. x 1000

10 Perotriletes sp. 1, x 1000

ll Stereisporites antiguasporites, x 1000
12 Undulatisporites sp. 1, x 1000

13 Undulatisporites scabratus, x 1000

14 verrucosisporites pustulatus, x 1000
15,17 Tentaculispora conspicus, x 1000

16 Taurocusporites reduncus, x 1000

 

PLATE 7

212

PLATE 8

1,3 Lycopodiacidites intraverrucatus, x 1000
2 Trilete spiny sp. 1. x 1000

4,6 Tetrahedrospora dyscrita, x 1000
5 Trilete spiny sp. 2, x 1000

7,8 verrucosisporites cf.‘y. rotundus, x 1000

   

PLATE 8

,4

.nqoxmle-J

9

10
11
12
13

214

PLATE 9

Trilobosporites crassus, x 1000
Todisporites miner, x 1000
Retitricolpites paraneus, x 1000
Clavatipollenites hughesii, x 1000
Liliacidites of. L, variegatus, x 1000
Retitricolpitas of. g, georgensis, x 1000
Retitricolpites vulgaris, x 1000
Tricolpites of. I, bathyreticulatus, x 1000
Tricolpites parvus, x 1000

Tricolpites cf. 2, reticulatus, x 1000
Tricolpites saggg, x 1000
Tricolpcpcllenites henrici, x 1000

14,15 Tricolpopollenites cf. 2, retiformis, x 1000

16

Tricolpgpollenites sp. 3. x 1000

 

 

PLATE 9

1
2
3
u
5
6
7
3
<2

10
11
12
13

216

PLATE 10

Alisporites-type pollen, x 1000
Classopollis classoides. x 1000

Inaperturopollenites hiatus, x 1000
Cycadopites fregilis, x 1000
Eucommiidites minor, x 1000

guisetosporites multicostatus, x 1000
Cycadopites scabratus, x 1000

 

Eucommiidites troedssonii, x 1000
Inaperturopollenites dubuis. x 1000
Phyllocladidites-type pollen, x 1000
Pityosporites-type pollen, x 1000

Podocarpidites-type pollen, x 1000
Rugubivesiculites reductus, x 1000

 

217

 

PLATE 10

218

PLATE 11

Rugubivesiculites reductus, x 1000

Tsugapollenites-type pollen, x 1000
Schizosporis scabratus, x 1000

1

2

3

4 Caytonipollenites pallidus, x 1000
5 Monosulcate Type 1, x 1000
6
7
8

Schizosporis cf. S, parvus, x 1000
Monosulcate Type 2, x 1000

Laricoidites of. L, magnus, x 1000

219

 

PLATE 11

c- C) to :4

5-9
10

220

PLATE 12

Veryhachium of. E. trisulcum. x 1000

Inaperturopollenites pseudoreticulatus, x 1000
Circulina Egrva, x 1000
Baltisphaeridium multispinosum. x 1000

Michrystridium spp., x 1000
Form X sp. 1, x 1000

11,12 Veryhachium cf.'y. europenum, x 1000

13
14
15
16

Cymatiosphaera sp. 1, x 1000
Cymatiosphaera sp. 2, x 1000
verzhachium Sp. 1, x 1000

Pterospermopsis spp., x 1000

17.18 Veryhachium cf. 1. stellatum, x 1000

19
20

Metaleiofusa spp., x 1000

Leiofusa spp., x 1000

221

 

PLATE 12

222

PLATE 13

Formea amphora. x 1000
Form B sp. 4, x 1000
Form B sp. 2, x 1000
Form C sp. 3, x 1000
Form C sp. 1, x 1000
Form C sp. 2, x 1000

Conyaulacysta of. g, edwardsi, x 500

LI) '\1 0\ U1 5" Kan) N H

Gonyaulaczsta spp., x 500

223

 

PLATE 13

-q 0\ kn c- u: to .4

224

Apteodinium granulatum. x 1000
Spinidinium microceratum. x 1000

Broomea of. g. jaegeri, x 1000
Canningia of. g. reticulata, x 1000
Canningia cf. C. rotundata, x 1000

Canningia of. C. senonica. x 1000

Oligosphaeridium spp., x 500

 

PLATE 14

226

PLATE 15

l flystrichokolpoma ferox, x 1000

2 7Exochosphaeridium phragmites, x 1000

3,4 Tanycsphaeridium of. g, variecalamum, x 1000; 4 photo-
grap ed y p ase contrast.

5 Microdinium of. E, irregulare, x 1000

6,7 fiystrichosphaera ramosa, x 1000; 7 photographed by
phase contrast.

 

   

PLATE 15

3,6

4
5
7
o

228

PLATE 16

Ascodinium scabrosum, x 1000
Ascodinium verrucosum, x 1000

EBflandrea cf. 2. cooksonii, x 1000; 6 photographed
by phase contrast.

Deflandrea echinoidea, x 1000
Deflandrea cf.‘Q. acuminata, x 1000
Deflandrea victoriensis, x 1000

Palaeoperidinium cretaceum, x 1000

 

 

PLATE 16

 

230

PLATE 17

1.2 Palaeoh stricho hora infusorigides, x 1000; 2 photo-
grapfied 5y phase contras .

3.4 Odontoch t na 0 eroulata, x 1000; photographed from
t e same 3 ide Eut no? implied to be two parts of
the same specimen. .

5 Odontochitina costata, x 500

231

 

PLATE 17

232

PLATE 18

1,3 Palaeo eridinium spp., x 1000: 3 Photographed by
pfigse contrast.

\1 O\U'l C’ N

Horologinella apiculata, x 1000
7Cyclopsie11a sp. 1. x 1000
Chalydophorella discreta, x 1000
Form F sp. 1, x 1000

Botrycoccus sp., x 1000

 

PLATE 18