DECISION CLASS AND LINKAGE IN ONE CENTRAL-SATELLITE DECISION COMPLEX THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF Phd. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY MARTHA AMANDA PLONK 1964 Int—U“ IIILIHIIIIIIIIINIWIN!”IIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIHII , L»— 3 10388 8008 “ —-____ LIBRA R Y Michigan State University —~‘—‘ _-‘-.._. _‘Vo—-.7 . q...— L -,V .-. This is to certify that the thesis entitled Decision Class and Linkage in One Central-Satellite Decision Complex presented by . I‘~fartha Amanda Plonk has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for mgdegree in Home Management Major professor Date_QQtober 11+, 1964‘ 0-169 MSU LIBRARIES . —_ your record. FINES WIII RETURNING MATERIALS: Place In booE drop to remove this checkout from be charged if book is returned after the date ”stamped below. fBO K186 ‘mw' ‘ 1.00 C 201; It”) J I‘ “I 44.9” 3'.” ABS TRAC T DECISION CLASS AND LINKAGE IN ONE CENTRAL-SATELLITE DECISION COMPLEX by Martha Amanda Plonk The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine class and linkage relationships that exist between a central and its com- plex of satellite decisions. A central decision is recognized by its generation of several satellite decisions made to complete its action. The retirement housing decision was assumed to be the central de- cision in the decision complex under consideration. Data were collected by interviewing 50 respondents who were living in one retirement housing project in Oregon. The analytical framework included the conceptualization of a central—satellite decision complex with the central decision class- ed as strategic generating satellite decisions classed as tactical, policy, control, and program; and components of decision linkage as form, scope, and range, The linkage forms were series, radii, and compound. Series linkage subdivided into single and multiple class series; radial linkage subdivided into single, multiple, invert- ed, and multiplex radial; and compound did not subdivide. Both class and linkage designations were based on decision action content. Martha Amanda Plonk A decision profile, an adaptation of Mercator projection, was used to diagram the central-satellite decision complex. The strategic decision was placed at the top of the decision profile, and the satellite decisions in bands underneath it. Analysis of the decision profile showed that 1325 satellite decisions were reported. Of these, 59 percent were tactical, 22 percent policy, 11 percent program, and eight percent control. All respondents reported tactical and policy decisions, 94 percent re- ported program decisions, and 72 percent reported control decisions. The mean for satellite decisions reported by respondents was 26. 5. Findings indicated that the variables of sex, age, occupa- tion, education, income, and duration of time between decision and its action tended to affect the number of satellite decisions. Form referred to the visual appearance of linkage inter- dependence between decisions on the profile. Analysis showed that 90 percent of the linkages were single radial. Seventeen combina- tions of linkage forms appeared on the decision profiles. Scope described the number of decisions in each band on the decision profile. Eighty-six percent of the satellite decisions diagrammed in Band 1, 11 percent in Band 2, and three percent in Bands 3, 4, and 5. Range described the number of bands through which satel- lite decisions were linked to the central decision. On one-half of Martha Amanda Plonk the decision profiles, the range of satellite decisions extended through two bands to the central decision; however on one-third of the profiles, it extended through three bands. The longest range was five. The decisions reported centered around the following tasks: 1) choosing an apartment, 2) establishing apartment, 3) re- ducing possessions, 4) transporting self and possessions, 5) estab- lishing self in community, and 6) forming living patterns. An implication drawn from this study is that the action con- tent of the central decision may affect the particular linkage and the decision classes surrounding the central decision in a central- satellite decision complex. Results seem to indicate that decision class and linkage are concepts to be included in managerial decision theory and sug- gest potentialities for further research on decision centrality and interdependence. DECISION CLASS AND LINKAGE IN ONE CENTRAL-SATELLITE DECISION COMPLEX by Martha Amanda Plonk A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Home Management and Child Development 1964 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express her appreciation to the Chair- man of her Guidance Committee, Dr. Jean Davis Schlater, for her excellent help and direction of the research. She is also apprecia- tive of the help given by other members of her Committee: Dr. Beatrice Paolucci, Dr. Alice C. Thorpe, and Dr. Jay W. Artis, and for the encouragement given by Miss Esther Everett, a former member of the Committee. In addition, the author wishes to express her thanks to the Executive Directors of the housing projects and the respondents for their cooperation in this study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Importance of Decision- Making in Home Management . 3 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Objectives of the Study . 8 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Decision Studies in Home Economics . . . . . . . 9 Decision Research in Other Disciplines . . . . . 12 Decision Classification Suggested but Unresearched.................16 Decision Interrelatedness Suggested in Home Management Literature but Unresearched. . . . . 21 III.METHODOLOGY.................23 Selection of the Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Choice of the Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Interview Guide and Schedule . . . . . . . . . . 26 Collection of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Analysis of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE. . . . . . . . . . 36 Demographic Characteristics of Sample. . . . . . 36 Sources of Funds for Living . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Description of the Housing Project in which Respondents Lived. . . . . . . . . . . 44 Types of Retirement Apartments Selected by Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Period of Time between Move to Retirement Housing and Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 iii Chapter Page V. FINDINGS....................48 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Decision Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Decision Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 VI. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 77 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Implications for Research . . . . . . . . . . . 86 LITERATURE CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 APPENDIXB..................lOl iv Table 4.1. 4. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. 4. 5. 4. 6. 4. 7. 4. 8. 5.5. 5. 6. 5.7. 5. 8. 5.9. 5.10. 5.11. 5.12. 5.13. 5.14. LIS T OF TABLES Marital Status and Age of Respondents . Marital Status and Number of Living Children. . Formal Education of Respondents . . . . . . Occupation of Respondents . . . . . . . Length of Retirement from Gainful Employment . Income Range of Re8pondents . . . . . . Sources of Funds for Living . Type of Housing and Number of Years in Last Residence before Moving to Retirement Housing Types of Retirement Apartments Selected by Respondents................. Number of Decisions by Class . . . . . . . . . Frequency Distribution for Decision Class . . . Number Intervals for Decision Class . . . . . Combination of Decision Classes on Decision Profiles Decision Class Statistics . Decision Mean by Age Group and Class . . . . Decision Mean by Occupation and Class . . . . Decision Mean by Educational Level . . . . . . Decision Mean by Income Range . . . . . . . Decision Mean by Income and Age Groups . . . Decision Mean by Type of Housing . . . . . . . Decision Mean by Occupation and Educational Level Decision Mean by Time Periods between Making Decision to Move and Moving to Retirement Housing Number of Decisions by Task and Class V Page 37 38 39 4O 41 42 43 45 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 57 57 59 6O 61 62 65 Table Page 5.15. Number of Decisions by Class and Task . . . . . . 66 5.16. Forms of Linkages on Decision Profiles . . . . . . 67 5.17. Combinations of Linkage Forms on Decision Profiles....................69 5. 18. Number of Decisions within Linkage Forms . . . . . 7O 5. 19. Linkages between Decisions in Task Categories . . . 70 5.20. Number of Decisions by Range, Class, and Scope . . 71 5.21. Number of Decisions by Class and Scope . . . . . . 72 5. 22. Decision Mean for Scope by Decision Class . . . . . 72 5. 23. Decision Linkage Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.24. Decision Linkage Scope and Range . . . . . . . . . 73 5.25. Number of Decisions by Class, Task, and Range . . 74 5. 26. Number of Decisions by Range and Task . . . . . . 76 vi Figure 5. .1. .1. 2. .3. LIST OF FIGURES Decision Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range of decision totals by occupation . . . . . Range of decision totals by educational level Range of decision totals by time period between decision to move and move to retirement housing Page 31 55 58 63 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Introduction The basic research question in this study is how decisions are interrelated through decision class and linkage. Decision- making is recognized as a part of the managerial process which deals with interdependent decisions. It has been generally assumed that decisions are interrelated; however, little attempt has been made in home management to study this aspect of decision-making. Decision-making is a dynamic process. As a result of it, a chain of events is created. All decisions are not equal in importance in problems they handle, effect on present and future courses of action, and in the time required to make them. Decisions are necessarily time ordered, but they also bear other relationships to each other. (1:119) Niles, for example, divided decisions into four groups: 1) routine; 2) minor; 3) major; and 4) critical. (2:351-352) Simon separated decisions into two types: 1) programmed -- repetitive and routine decisions, and 2) nonprogrammed -- unstructured, novel, and consequential decisions. (3:5-6) Paolucci and O'Brien raised the question about the central- ity of a decision and the other decisions already shaped by this choice. Then they stated: "This question can highlight the organic l unity of decision-making -- perhaps the most significant principle of decision-making as it relates to home management. " (4:30) The concept of organic unity indicates the interrelated parts form a whole larger than the sum of its parts. In addition to Paolucci and O'Brien's concept of central- ity, Knoll suggested that other ideas surround decision-making. The range in magnitude of decisions faced by a family is very great. This last point is just now being recog- nized and is an area that will need to be proved. We may be less inclined in the future to plot all decisions, great and small, on the same map. (5:336) In support of the interdependence of decisions through de- cision classes and linkage, Alderson is cited. He classified deci- sions as strategic, tactical, program, policy, and controls. He commented: The logical sequence moves from strategy to program to policy to controls, but one category is not neces- sarily disposed of completely before taking up the next . . . The choice of strategy is one of the major fac- tors which sets the framework for other types of deci- sions. But the final test of strategy is how well it can be implemented in the other three decision areas. (6:185) Alderson further stated that decision linkage was of several types. Decisions may be linked by relations among objectives or dimen- sions of manageability of resources. He also believed that another way to deal with decision interdependence was to classify the ties of linkage: 1) over time, 2) over space, and 3) among components of an organizational structure. (6:184) This decision study deals with class and content linkage. Decision class refers to types of decisions made, while content linkage refers to the ties among these decisions based on decision objective. This study attempted to examine one central managerial decision and its satellite decisions with respect to their class and c ontent linkage. The Importance of Decision-Making in Home Marggement Home management is the integration of action surrounding the making and executing of decisions associated with the home and family. Decision-making, the core, becomes the spotlight of man- agement action and commands attention. Since managerial decision-making stands as an important concept in home management, the reader will probably raise the question, "What is a managerial decision?" Simply, a managerial decision is directed toward attaining a Specific end or goal. For example, a homemaker prepares a shopping list and buys groceries. Her goal, obtaining food for the week, demands decisions and action. To extend the frontiers of knowledge in home management, research must be done to increase the present limited empirically- based information. Since decision-making is a focal point in man- agement, it commands increasing attention in research and decision theory formulation. Primarily, in the past, decision research in home manage- ment centered around studies on factors affecting decisions made, who makes the decisions, decision content, alternatives considered, decision process, and decision models. Today, present research builds on past research. Examin- ing such subjects as the following: decision centrality, decision interdependence, decision class, and values underlying decisions suggests fruitful research, thus providing increased understanding and knowledge in decision-making. Definition of Te rms Decision-maker and a respondent are synonymous in this study. Decision is a course of action chosen by a respondent be- tween or among alternatives. Decisionjrofile is a diagram depicting class and content linkage between the central decision and satellite decisions of a reapondent Decision symbol is a code letter which categorizes a deci- sion into its decision class on the decision profile. X decision designates an unreported decision; a reported decision indicated to the researcher such a decision was made prior to the reported decision. Conceptual Framework This study is exploratory and descriptive. It attempts to probe into class and linkage relationships that exist between a cen- tral decision and its complex of satellite decisions. The organic unity of a central decision is the core of the study. A decision compéex is thought to be interrelated through decision classes and linkdges. The generic classes assumed are: central and satellite. The specific classes are: strategic, tactical, policy, control, and program. Central decision is a generic term, but in this study strategic decision is the only kind of decision in this group; therefore, central and strategic are synonymous. When a strategic (central) decision is made, supplemental decisions are needed to execute it. The supplemental decisions are termed satel- lite decisions since they are made to complete its action and are necessarily linked to it content-wise. The specific classes of satel- lite decisions are: tactical, policy, control, and program. Decision Class A strategic decision is crucial in the life of the decision- maker and is usually carefully considered. After the decision is made, reallocation of the decision-maker's resources takes place for an indefinite period of time. A strategic decision is recognized by its generation of several satellite decisions. The satellite deci- sions are made to complete its action. The retirement housing decision is assumed to be the strategic decision in the decision com- plex under consideration. A tactical decision is an instrumental decision made to be- gin and/ or continue action for the execution of the strategic (central) decision. Its content comprises the detailed application of effort made to complete the core idea. Decisions in this class set limits and boundaries for other tactical, policy, control, or program deci- sions. Examples from the decision complex under study are: selecting a particular apartment in a retirement housing project, and selecting a color scheme for the living unit. A policy decision is a plan for handling a certain decision- demanding situation if and when the situation arises. The plan, a decision rule, gives procedure for meeting the situation. Policy decisions are linked to other policy, strategic, or tactical decisions. Examples of policy decisions are: where to have guest meals, where to house overnight guests, or where to entertain a large group. A control decision regulates, changes, facilitates, simpli- fies, or adjusts a decision in any of the satellite classes. Since its main function is to enable the action started in another decision to continue, it comprises an important and necessary segment of de- cision structure. Examples of control decisions are: removing snack bar from apartment, changing from ninth to first floor apartment, and changing planned television placement. A program decision results in establishing a new routine for primarily, regularly recurring activities in a new situation. Examples are: selecting the time to eat meals and planning how to get personal laundry done. Decision Linkage Decision linkage describes the connecting elements joining decisions together. In this study, content linkage, through objec- tive, is considered. The substance of each decision serves as the basis for decision linkage analysis and necessary versus fortuitous time order is seen in this linkage. It is thought that three linkage components: form, range, and scope, describe decision inter- dependence or the ties between decisions. m refers to the visual appearance of the linkages among decision symbols on the decision profile. M refers to the number of consecutive satellite deci- sions in a vertical linkage on a decision profile while w refers to the number of satellite decisions in each horizontal linkage posi- tion on a profile. And it is also thought that decision linkages forms are: series, radii, and compound. In series linkage, one decision follows another in time and in dependence of action. It would be illogical to make Decision #2 until Decision #1 was made. Decision #2 depends on Decision #1 for setting the course of action. “'r‘; In radial linkage, one decision is made and then subsequent decisions are linked to it but not to each other for action; the order in which these subsequent decisions are made is not dependent on each other. Compound linkage is thought to be a combination of radial and series decisions tied to the strategic decision. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the structure of the linkage between a central and its satellite decisions; (2) To identify and classify the satellite decisions resulting from a central housing decision. Assumptions This study is based on the following assumptions: (1) The housing decision is a central decision. (2) The decisions resulting from a central decision can be categorized into decision classes. (3) Decision interdependence based on decision content is an identifiable concept. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE This research investigated decision interrelatedness by examining decision class and linkage in a central satellite decision complex; hence the review of literature was limited to decision and decision classification studies. Decision Studies in Home Economics Since the middle 1950's, researches in home economics have been conducted about decisions and decision-making in subject matter areas of home management and home economics education. Home Management In 1956, Steckle (7) reported research testing five techniques to determine methodological approaches for studying family decision- making: 1) research committee round table talks, 2) family round table talks, 3) unstructured interviews with homemakers, 4) study of good and poor decisions made by home management students, and 5) structured questionnaire. She concluded that two visits, one to orient the family to the subject and the other to collect data, or two visits plus a written record kept between visits were desirable methods for researching family decision-making. Davis (8), following Steckle in 1957, used the diary 9 10 interview method to explore procedures used by families in making day-to-day household decisions; alternatives considered, factors influential in decision-making, relative importance of resources, and decision satisfaction. Four hundred ten household decisions reported were classified into 14 a c tivity c a t e g o r i e 8. One- fifth of the decisions were made about care of the house and almost the same number were made about food preparation. Only 1 1 pe rcent of the homemakers saw more than two alternatives for each decision. Key factors varied with the activity areas. The homemaker participated in making all decisions reported, and she made independently 65 percent of all decisions. Most of the deci- sions reported were satisfactory. Studies (9, 10, 11) have been made of the decision process using either rural or farm families as re5pondents. Dix's (9) study in 1957 examined the steps farm families use in arriving at major decisions. Honey, Britton, and Hotchkiss (10) in 1959 reported research on decision-making dealing with the use of financial re- sources in a rural community. In 1961, Schomaker (ll) investigat- ed financial decision-making in farm families, and her findings indicated that financial decision-making includes the following sub- processes: 1) recognizing a problem, 2) seeing or seeking alter- natives, 3) deliberating on these alternatives, 4) making a choice among alternatives, and 5) "taking action on the decision. 11 In her research reported in 1963, Bustrillos (12) explored decision-making style which was recognized as a behavioral profile formed by combining the elements: mode, time reference, and decision-making rule. Mode describes the way ideas develop; time reference refers to time base -- past, present, or future time; and decision-making rule specifies how alternative courses of action are evaluated and an alternative selected. The researcher, Dix, worked with a decision-making model which prescribes the following sequential steps: recognizing a prob- lem, seeking alternatives, examining these alternatives, and then choosing one of the alternatives; however, Bustrillos viewed deci- sion process as having individual rather than universal style. She employed the term decision style for decision process and examined style of selected homemakers for three decision problems. Obvious- ly, this research suggested another model for examining the decision-making process. In 1964, Parimala reported on her study on opportunities homemakers had in one village in India for decision-making in 12 household activities. And she also studied their acceptance of new ideas for performing these activities in the home. (13) Home Economics Education In 1956, Paolucci (14) studied decision making in relation to management of beginning home economics teachers. After the 12 data on decisions made by teachers were collected, the researcher placed them in one of the following categories: 1) how to teach; 2) use of time; 3) discipline; 4) care and use of room, materials, and equipment; 5) interruptions; 6) what to teach; and 7) money. Find- ings indicated that beginning teachers vary in number of decisions made, but tend to be alike in the kinds of decisions made and with satisfactions relative to management decisions. Later, Lacot (15) studied freedom ninth-grade Puerto Rican girls perceived they had in making personal decisions about activities outside the home, peer relationships, handling money for personal expense, and participation in school organizations to see if they were achieving the developmental tasks of gaining independ- ence from parents. Decision Research in Other Disciplines Also researchers in other disciplines such as economics, sociology, agriculture, military science, mathematics, education, and nursing have studied decision-making. The researchers re- viewed in this study are those concerned with some asPect of deci- sion classification and analysis. Agriculture Johnson (16) in 1953 identified five types of decision situa- tions: 1) inactive, 2) learning, 3) forced-action, 4) subjective ir. Va l3 risk,and,5) subjective certainty. In the inactive situation information available is inadequate to make decisions and the cost of securing needed information exceeds its value. The learning situation is described as one where information to make decisions is inadequate, but the value of additional information exceeds its cost. Forced - action situation describes the situation where a decision must be made without adequate information. In the subjective risk situation knowledge is adequate, though imperfect, to take positive or nega- tive action and cost of knowledge equals its value. Knowledge com- plete enough for managers to act as if it were perfect characterizes the subjective certainty situation. In 1957, Gray (17) studied five major strategies: 1) pur- chase of hay, 2) purchase of concentrates, 3) reduced herd, 4) in- creased leases of range and croplands, and 5) made no change in condi- tions that were adopted by cattle ranches in Oregon to meet drought situations in 1954 and 1955 to see the effect of these strategies or management decisions in the production on their ranches. Also Hagenstein (18) in 1963 studied the location decision of three types of wood-using industries in the northern Appalachian area. He described the location decision as non-routine with the economic objective, "profit- satisficing .. ” This decision was made in three stages: 1) recognizing that expansion or relocation is rele- vant, 2) choosing a satisfactory location to enable the firm to l4 maintain satisfactory profit levels, and 3) choosing among the satis- factory locations on the basis of nonmonetary or personal factors. Military Science The Office of Military History, Department of the Army, published 'a study in 1960 of 23 command decisions made in World War II. Twelve of these decisions were made by chiefs of state, and 11 by military commanders in the field. The President of the United States, acting as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, made six of the 12 decisions reached by chiefs of state.(l9) In the preface to this study on command decisions, the panel of authors stated that decision has always fascinated the stu- dent of military science. When military students study war, they are interested in command decisions whether they are made on the battlefield or by councils of state. In these decisions lie the lessons of conflict that shape history. (l9:iii) In his introductory essay to this volume on command deci- sions, Greenfield, Chief Historian for the United States Office of the Chief of Military History, stated that the term command decision eludes precise definition. What it immediately suggests is a military commander, faced with a difficult choice or.chbices, taking the responsibility for serious risk on the basis of his estimate of the situation. It implies the presence of certain elements as basic ingredients of the act of decision: a desired ob- jective or an assigned mission, a calculation of risk, exercise of authority, assumption of personal re3pon- sibility, and a decisive influence on the course of events. (19:1) 15 Mathematic s Rutenberg's (20) sequential decision model described a de- cision procedure, not the actual decision, to be used in making a decision in any contingency. In his work reported in 1961, he ap- plied the sequential approach to decision-making in determining op- timum levels of service in queuing systems such as supermarkets and to a class of replacement problems such as light bulbs in indus- trial plants. Nonsequential policies are based on expected behavior of the system, while sequential policies are based on observation of actual behavior; therefore, they may be more costly because more records must be maintained. Educ ati on In 1963, Brubacher (21) studied programmed and nonpro- grammed decisions of school boards and patterns us ed in making decisions. He hypothesized that school boards would have different patterns for programmed and non-programmed decisions, but he found school boards have a fairly uniform pattern of decision- making. Nonprogrammed decisions have more acts of disagreement, a higher proportion of evaluative acts, and a larger number of proposal-making acts" than programmed decisions. Nursing In 1963, Puckett working with psychiatric nurses identified 22 strategic decisions made during 128 eight-hour observation days 16 of five nurses. The purpose in studying these strategic decisions was to analyze the decision-making behavior of groups of professionally trained psychiatric nurses, to identify the body of knowledge unique to psychiatric nursing, and to provide background for curriculum development in psychiatric nursing. These 22 strategic decisions met the following criteria: "1) produce observable change in patient behavior, 2) be distinguishable from routine and/ or administration decisions, 3) demonstrable appropriateness, 4) lead to sequential decisions, 5) incorporate therapeutic goals, 6) evidence originality and creativity. " (22:31) The definition of sequential decisions used in this study was: any decision that is dependent on or evolves from the evaluation or interaction or consequences of a strategic 7 decision. For the purpose of this study, a sequential decision must be directly related to the strategic deci- sion and nursing care problem but does not have to meet the criteria for a strategic decision with one ex- ception -- be distinguishable from routine and/ or ad- ministrative decisions. (22:33) No sequential decisions were reported in the analysis of the data, and there is no indication she identified sequential decisions in this s tudy. Decision Classification Suggested but Unresearched Different types of classification of decisions are found in the literature. Various bases for classification included: process, 17 rationality, behavior, decision magnitude,and polarity. Process Liston interpreted managerial decision making" [as] mainly mental process of four different types: a. Policy decisions -- the selection of goals and ordering them by priority; and also decisions about which of the available resources are relevant for the given family situation, and the general roles to be played by family members. b. Allocative decisions -- those of deciding the most pro- ductive ways of distributing relevant resources among their alternative uses . . . . c. Organization and control decisions -- which relate to the systematizing of physical activities -- the answer- ing of the what, when, who, how, and why questions in relation to getting a given task, or a whole cluster of tasks, done harmoniously and expeditiously. d. Coordination — interaction decisions relating to pro- cesses which are involved throughout policy making, resource allocation, and organization. Here we have decisions about best means of communication within the family and in relation to the larger society, about what information is necessary for making certain de- cisions and how new information is to be obtained, about the criteria by which evaluation may take place throughout the whole process of management, about responsibilities of family members in the process of making family decisions, about ways of motivating family members to play their respective roles. (2 3:15-16) Although Liston spoke of types of process, her types could be viewed as a content rather than process classification. Rationalifl Two authors, Back and Diesing, classified decisions ac- cording to type of rationality used in making them. Back (24) 18 outlined three models of decision-making: rational, irrational, and non- rational. In rational decision-making, the optimal alternative was chosen from the alternatives considered. Irrational decision- making focuses on the person, not on the situation and ”is useful in explaining those decisions which seem to run counter to the long-run utility of the outcome. " (24:16) However, the non-rational model can be applied, for example, to situations in which little is known of the relevant facts, the results are vital, and the oppor- tunity will not repeat. Examples are command deci- sions of a general, or moral commitments to a creed. We know from experience that decisions are made in these cases -- there is an act which creates some- thing new not contingent on past internal or external factors and which entails a voluntary, definite com- mitment. Such decisions are not rational, for they rest on the recognition of insufficient knowledge; they are not irrational, for they are not determined by the psychodynamic structure of the person. (24:17) Diesing (25) described five types of decision-making: technical rationality, economic rationality, social rationality, legal rationality, and political rationality. He stated, "technical ration- ality appears in actions which are undertaken for the sake of achiev- ing a given end. ” (25:9) In economic rationality the processes, ex- change and allocation, resulted because there was a ”plurality of alternative ends," (25:17) "common means, scarcity of resources, and availability of neutral media for value measurement. " (25:18) Social rationality involved two or more people. It resulted in integration which 19 develops through a selective process in which both indi- viduals and social systems participate. Individuals in social relations try to reduce conflicts and tensions within roles and between roles. They try to live up to their obligations a little more and to find some accom- modation between conflicting obligations; or, if obliga- tions are too severe and are unattainable, they substi- tute more realistic obligations and turn the unattainable ones into ideals. They learn to temper their role ex- pectations, and to conform in some degree with the ex- pectations of others toward them. (25:77) In legal rationality, rules are applied to situations. Each rule describes the situation to which it applies and authorizes the action for the situation. Political rationality deals with decision- making structures. (25:170) Perhaps Liston's allocative and policy decisions were sub- sumed in Diesing's economic rationality, while his social rational- ity embodied the same decision situations as Liston's organization and control, and coordination-interaction decisions. Behavior Gross and Crandall (26) and Katona (27) designate two types of behavior: genuine decisions and habitual or routine decisions. Since genuine decisions are seldom made, ”they lead to responding to a situation in a new way. " (27:49) In routine decisions, a person acts as he did in similar situations previously handled. Decision Magnitude When she discussed executive decisions, Niles (2:351-352) outlined four types: routine, minor, major, and critical. Routine 20 decisions are made at the point of action about frequently recurring situations and follow policy and procedure. Minor decisions, the next highest level, often adjust policy and procedure. Major deci- sions, the third highest level, affect the business in the years ahead, and involve the use of considerable financial resources. These de- cisions take executive handling. Critical decisions, the highest level, affect the life of the business and demand the best wisdom in judging information and facts. Similarly, one person seldom makes either critical or major decisions. Polarity Likes Niles, Simon typed executive decisions. He differ— entiated two polar types of decisions: programmed decisions and nonprog rammed decis ions . Having christened them, I hasten to add that they are not really distinct types, but a whole continuum with highly programmed decisions at one end of the con- tinuum and highly unprogrammed decisions at the other end. We can find decisions of all shades of gray along the continuum, and I use the term pro- grammed and nonprogrammed simply as labels for the black and the white of the range. Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine, to the extent that a definite procedure has been worked out for handling them so that they don't have to be treated 2 novo each time they occur . . . . (3:5) Decisions are nonprogrammed to the extent that they are novel, unstructured, consequential. There is no cut-and-dried method for handling the problem because it hasn't arisen before, or because it is so important that it deserves a custom- tailored treatment. 21 General Eisenhower's D-Day decision is a good exam- ple of a nonprogrammed decision. (3:6) In his most recent work published in 1962 and cited earlier in this section, Diesing (25) described five types of decisions; how- ever, in a previous article (28) he designated two types of decision: economic and noneconomic. In economic decision-making the ob- jective was to maximize welfare or satisfaction; but in noneconomic decision-making solutions to problems characterized by cultural value conflicts and disorganization result in courses of action to handle these problems. Following his 1955 article in Ethigs on economic and non- economic decisions, Diesing (29) wrote another article in which he describes socioeconomic decisions which are a blend of both econo- mic and noneconomic decisions. This type of decision deals with problems that include ”both important goals and important elements of internal conflict." (29:6) Decision Interrelatedness Suggested in Home Management Literature but Unresearched Writers of home management literature have suggested that decision interrelatedness is an important managerial concept; but, to the present, home management researchers have not investi- gated it. Gross and Crandall stated there are "large and small deci- sions. The larger the decision the more it affects future 22 decisions. " (26:73) The choice of an occupation serves as an exam- ple. However, the cumulative effect of small decisions may affect large decisions. In discussing decision-making, Knoll also pointed to deci- sion interrelatedness when she stated that, ”Decision-makers are influenced by decisions previously made and by anticipated future demands. " (5:336) Paolucci and O' Brien in an article cited in Chapter I, raised the question about decision interrelatedness when decision centrality was discussed. In an earlier article they stated: Emphasize that decisions are interrelated and that those today determine, to some extent, the kinds that will be possible in the future. Although the ef- fects of some decisions are of short duration, others can influence a family throughout its lifetime -— a fact which should caution the student to use foresight in making a decision today that markedly shapes to- morrow. Long-term decisions such as job choices and purchase of a home may be awkward, expensive, even impossible to change; consequently, one ought to exercise care in making them. (30:17) Again, in discussing home management, Paolucci and O'Brien stated, "that management is a process -- that is a series of related decisions -- is an important concept to develop, thereby emphasizing the importance of decision interdependence. ” (31 :46) These authors: Gross, Crandall, Knoll, Paolucci, and O'Brien pointed to the concept of decision interrelatedness and sug- gested the effects of its far reaching influence in family management. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This exploratory and descriptive study examined a central decision and its satellite decisions. This chapter describes the pro- cedures used to examine decision class and linkage in one central- satellite decision complex. The chapter also describes the selec- tion of the sample, the development of the instruments, and field work. The Selection of the Sample Residents of the retirement housing project selected for the study had made the central decision under investigation. Rationale for Selection of the Sample Retirement housing projects are a comparatively new type of housing for that segment of the population aged 60 and over. No decision studies have been found in either home management or in other disciplines that have examined the retirement housing decision. So far no home management research has selected respondents in the group aged 60 and over for study. Since this is a managerial decision people in our society may make and since the population aged 60 and over is expected to continue to increase in the United States, the examination of this decision seemed timely. 23 24 Criteria for the Choice of the Respondents in this Study For this study respondents were selected who had 1) made the same central decision, 2) could be located and reached for inter- viewing by the researcher in a designated period of time, and 3) were willing to cooperate in the study. The residents of a large Oregon retirement housing project met these criteria. After the particular housing project was chosen for study, certain criteria for selecting the reSpondents within the project were set up. The main criteria were 1) that the re3pondents be the first residents of this Oregon retirement housing project and have lived in the apartments from one to six months, and 2) that men and women residents living alone be interviewed in their proportion to the total resident population in the project. Only persons living alone were interviewed because re- searching a central managerial decision made solely by individuals seemed feasible for an exploratory study. Methodology for study- ing a central decision made by an individual needs to be tried and tested before attempting to analyze a central decision made by two or more people; however, the investigation of a central decision made jointly by two people should be a fruitful research topic for developing theory about family decision-making. Therefore, more complex research would follow after the supporting blocks of ex- ploratory research have built its foundation. 25 Location of the Samjle The Executive Director of a new retirement housing project which had opened in Oregon's Willamette Valley in August, 1963, gave the researcher permission to ask the residents for interviews. When she was ready to begin the study, the researcher held con- ferences with the Executive Director to plan the field work. Choice of the Respondents First, the researcher obtained a list of the retirement housing residents with the telephone numbers of potential respond- ents. . Couples and residents sharing apartments were eliminated because they did not meet the criterion that the individuals must be living alone. Fifty-two residents were interviewed; two respondents failed to meet the criterion of living alone at the time they moved to the housing project. Of 84 potential respondents in the study, 11 refused to grant interviews. Probably some of these residents found verbalizing about these decisions an unpleasant topic. Five residents indicated their willingness to be interviewed, but due to illness, vacations, and other circumstances beyond the control of the researcher and the residents, they were not interviewed. The researcher was unable to make telephone contact with the remain- ing 16 potential respondents. 26 Interview Guide and Schedule An interview schedule and interview guide were constructed for collecting data (Appendix A, p. 96 ). The information obtained on the schedule included demographic data, the type of apartment selected in retirement housing, income range and sources, and type of housing for 10 years preceding the move to retirement housing. The interview guide provided a system for recording decisions that respondents reported making following their decision to move to retirement housing. Space was provided on the interview guide for recording the decisions, coding them, and listingalternatives rejected. When there was a question about a reported decision meeting the decision definition, alternatives rejected were recorded. Development of Instruments For background on retirement housing and its residents, the researcher interviewed one retirement housing administrator of a 374-unit project, two residents, and one women who was plan- ning to become a resident of a 342-unit retirement project. These interviews gave some information on problems faced and decisions made by residents and administrators, but the information obtained seemed inadequate for developing instruments for collecting data on satellite decisions. In the next step, pilot reconnaissance, permission was 27 obtained from the Executive Director of a 126-unit retirement hous- ing project in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to interview residents. Five couples, two single women, three widowers, and seven widows volunteered for interviews. All had lived in retire- ment housing at least one year. On the first day, the researcher conducted unstructured interviews to obtain basic information for formulating questions about the retirement housing decision; how- ever, on the second day, she structured the interviews and asked questions developed from analysis of the data given on the previous day on demographic facts, decisions resulting from the retirement housing decision, and present activities. The structured interviews provided more concise and helpful information. These data were studied and used as a basis for developing a preliminary interview guide and interview schedule. Pretesti_nLthe Interview Guide and Schedule The preliminary instruments -- the interview guide and interview schedule -- were pretested in retirement housing in De- troit, Michigan, with five residents: one couple and three women. The subsequent analysis of these pretest instruments indicated the need for format changes to facilitate recording and analyzing data. Also the interview guide was shortened and several questions on the interview schedule clarified and expanded. 28 Collection of the Data The field work, conducted by the researcher, was started on November 21, 1963, and completed on February 1, 1964. This time span included preliminary conferences with the Executive Di- rector to prepare for the field work and to interview the respondents. Entree and Establishing Rapport To initiate contacts with the residents, the Executive Di- rector presented the researcher to residents in their dining room during the noon meal, explained the purpose of the research, and said the researcher would ask for interviews. Interviewigg To arrange interviews, the researcher contacted most of the residents by telephone for appointments. All interviews were conducted in the respondents' apartments. Respondents were given copies of the interview guide and schedule to follow during the inter- views; these were collected at the end of the interview. The data were recorded verbatim by the researcher as given by the re3pond- ent. The average length of the interviews was an hour, though some lasted two hours. Analysis of Data The data were analyzed in the following ways: 1. The conceptual framework was used to place decisions 29 into their respective classes. 2. A decision profile, plotting decision class and linkage, was made for the decision complex of each respondent. The decision profile resulted from the analysis of decision class and linkage. Not only did it serve as a tool for describing de- cision interdependence, or linkage, but it was also used to calculate the number of decisions in each class. Interdependence between and among decisions was based on decision content. Decision Class First, the decisions reported by the respondents were clas- sified into their satellite classes and given the letter codes T, P, C, and R for tactical, policy, control, and program decisions, re- spectively. After classification, the satellite decisions were num- bered consecutively within the four classes, for example, the first policy decision reported was symbolized as Pl’ the second as P . 2 Decision Profile Originally it was planned to have a decision target profile with the strategic decision in the center of the target and the satel- lite decisions diagramrned in rings around it. Although this plan worked in the pretest, it proved unsatisfactory later because there were too many decisions placed in the first ring surrounding the strategic decision for easy reading. Consequently another diagram- matic scheme was used. 30 Since the earth, a globe, is often represented on a flat sur- face in maps, the Mercator projection was employed to chart deci- sion interdependence. The definition of Mercator projection in Web- ster's New World Dictionary of Language follows: a method of making maps in which the earth's surface is shown as a rectangle, with the meridians as parallel straight lines spaced at equal intervals and the parallels of latitude as parallel straight lines intersecting the meri- dians at right angles but spaced further apart as their dis- tance from the equator increases; areas on such maps become increasingly distorted toward the poles. (32 :920) For the decision profile used here, the Mercator projection had to be altered slightly. On a map lines running east and west represent latitude; but in this study they mark bands representing connections between decisions. The strategic (central) decision is placed at the top in the position of the North Pole and the satellite decisions are diagrammed in the bands beneath it. Band 1 sur- rounds the central decision. Thus bands are numerically ordered with the band the greatest distance from the central decision having the highest number (Figure 3. l and Appendix B). When the decision profiles were made, X type decision was added to indicate a decision made but not reported in the inter- view. A reported decision indicated such a decision necessarily had been made. These eight X decisions were categorized by class and counted in the totals for their classes; four were tactical and four were policy. 31 amuse sesame: .2 .m ea 33 aqueous.— 3358800 5 gogoflom was 333639" ”an: «a: no mass massed :8 massaged mom sarcomas... eased masseuse 9:898 .oz _. _ m a . m w K m a as... I I 13H canon—Sou I I as; sausa— I euuoaaa: ... 20853 :62 sass: I I asses x 063.52.... seam cuss: I I damn” w 182 ones I I . no 0 an o m I was; s mimosa 2055mm ”Mumwwmuwmml Ex 20563 hongz unopcommom 30...— Egg 32 Decision Tasks After carefully studying each respondent's reported deci- sions the researcher found that the actions of these decisions center- ed around the following tasks: 1) choosing an apartment unit, 2) establishing the apartment unit, 3) reducing possessions, 4) trans- porting self and possessions, 5) establishing self in the community, and 6) forming living patterns. Choosirig an apartment unit included decisions made about size and location of the apartment unit in the building. The cate- gory establishingpthe gpartment unit covered decisions made about selection and placement of furniture, colors for apartment and furnishings, lodging taken while the respondent purchased furniture or waited for it to arrive and changes made in furnishings and equipment. The category reducing possessions included decisions made about disposition of furniture, family treasures, real estate, automobile, and storage of furniture and other personal possessions while waiting to see if they were needed in the new housing situa- tion. Decisions made about transportingself and possessions in- cluded those made about moving possessions to retirement housing, setting the moving date, and traveling to the new residence. The decisions categorized under establishirg self in communi_ty included those made about involvement in the retirement housing community, and activities and business contacts in city and state. Included in 33 the category forming living patterns were policies about guests, medi- cal service, group activity, and decisions made about routines for daily living and self maintenance. To show decisions by class and number for each task, the profile was divided into six parts, one for each task. On the Mer- cator projection these divisions corre8pond to meridians. Decision Linkage For describing decision interdependence the researcher employed three linkage components: form, scope, and range. Form. -- Form refers to the visual appearance of the de- cision symbols on the decision profile. These linkages either fan out as radii or become straight lines through at least two bands or combine both forms. The linkage shown by straight lines connect- ing decision symbols in two or more bands represents a series of decisions in time order and in action. When two or more radii ap- pear in the same band attached to either the strategic or another satellite decision, the decisions represented are not necessarily time ordered within the band. However, a decision attached in a succeeding band to decisions in the preceding band follows sequen- tially any decisions to which it is attached. Linkage forms are series, radial, and compound. 34 a. Series linka e -- (l) Sipgfile class series linkage has two or more decisions in the same class. Since each decision is on a separate band on the de- cision profile, this linkage forms a straight line. (2) Multiple class series linkage is composed of two or more de- cisions in different classes; each decision is on a separate band and forms a straight line on the decision profile. b. Radial linkage -- (1) Single radial linkage represents one decision and is attached radially in Band 1 to the central decision. (2) Multiple radial linkage has at least two decisions in Band 2 linked to one decision in Band 1, and may or may not have radial linkage in the succeeding bands. (3) Inverted multiple radial linkage has one decision in Band 2 attached to two or more decisions in Band 1, and has either no de- cisions in Band 3, or is followed by single or multiple radial forms there. (4) MultiJJlex radial linkage has two or more forms of radial link- age in Band 2 and may have a single radial form in Band 2 or 3. c. Compound linkage -- Compound linkage is composed of a combination of series and radial linkages. Scope.-- Scope refers to the number of decisions within a 35 band. For example, a decision profile may have 12 decisions in Band 1, two in Band 2, one in Band 3. Range. -- Range refers to the number of bands through which a linkage passes. Reliability To reduce bias, an independent coder was given the data with the decision class definitions and asked to categorize the deci- sions. After classification, the researcher and coder compared their categorization of decisions on 26 percent of the interviews and for these reached agreement on 99. 4 percent of satellite decisions reported. When diagramming the decisions on the decision profile, classification of the decisions was considered again. After this analysis, the agreement between the classification of the independent coder and researcher was 89. 5 percent for the satellite decisions reported in the study. To check linkage and task categories, an independent analyst checked every fifth interview or 20 percent of the decision profiles. Agreement with the researcher was 96. 5 percent for task categories and 95. 8 percent for linkage analysis. CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE Since the objective was to study one central decision and its resulting satellite decisions, respondents who had made the re- tirement housing decision, the central decision under study, were selected. Dempgpraphic Characteristics of Sample Sex, Age, and Marital Status The researcher interviewed six men and 44 women in this study. Of the 50 respondents, 48 reported their ages; however, two respondents did not give their exact ages, but stated they were over 65 years old. The age of about 60 percent of the respondents was over 72 years. However, 10 percent of the respondents had not reached 65, the customary retirement age. The range in ages was 32 years, which is more than a generation between the oldest and youngest respondents, and indicated a heterogeneous population in this retirement housing. Over two-thirds of the respondents were widows; but only one-tenth were widowers. However, the proportion of single re- spondents was one-sixth (Table 4. l). 36 37 Table 4. l. -- Marital Status and Age of Respondents A g e in Y e a r 8 Not Per- Marital Status 57-64 65-72 73-80 81-89 given Total centage Single Male 1 l 2. 0 Female 1 2 3 l 7 14. 0 Married 1 l 2. 0 Widow 3 10 13 7 l 34 68. 0 Widower 1 2 2 5 10. 0 Divorced 1 l 2 4. 0 Total 5 14 19 10 2 50 100.0 Mean Median Mode Rang_e_ All reporting (N=48) 74.1 74. 0 72, 73, 83 57-89 Male (N=6) 79. 8 80. 0 None 69-89 Female (N=42) 73. 3 74. 0 72, 74 57-88 Length of Time Widowed Of the 78 percent of the reapondents who had lost their spouses through death, 34 percent of them had lost their husbands or wives in the last five years. However, about one-third of this group had been widows or widowers over 10 years. Number of Living Children More than half of the 42 ever married respondents had liv- ing children; of these about 60 percent had one child. However, the number of the reSpondents with two and three children was the same, 38 17 percent. Only one respondent had four children (Table 4. 2). Table 4. 2. -- Marital Status* and Number of Living Children Marital Number of Children Number of Per- Status Male Female Total Persons centage Widowers 7 2 9 5 21. 7 Widows 14 13 27 16 69. 7 Divorced l l 1 4. 3 Married 1 l l 4. 3 Total 22 16 38 23 100.0 Mean Median Mode Range Reapondents (N=2 3) 1. 7 1. 0 1 1-4 *Eight respondents were single; 18 widows and one divorcee did not have children. Formal Education of Respondents Fourteen percent of the respondents had not finished high school while 36 percent had completed four years of college and in some cases had taken graduate work. Fifty-six percent of the group had graduated from high school, taken specialized training, or had attended college for one or two years (Table 4. 3). The United States Bureau of the Census reported in 1961 for men aged 65 and over the median educational level was 8. 3 years; however, this datum was not available for women in this age group. (33:32) 39 Table 4. 3. -- Formal Education of Respondents Number of Res pondents Educational Level Male Female Total Percentage Grades 4-7 3 3 6. 0 Grades 8-10 2 2 4 8. 0 High School Graduates l4 14 28. 0 Specialized Training 2 8 10 20. 0 College 1-2 Years 4 4 8.0 College Graduates l 7 8 16. 0 College Graduates with Graduate Work 1 7 8 l6. 0 Master's Degrees 2 2 4. 0 Total 6 44 50 100. 0 Numbe r of Years Mean Median Mode Range Education (N=50) l3. 2 13. O 12 4-18 Occupation Over one-third or 16 of the 44 women in the sample had been full-time homemakers before moving to retirement housing. Of the approximate two-thirds of the respondents who had been en- gaged in remunerative occupations, about 45 percent were in pro- fessions; almost one-third were in clerical and sales; and the re- mainder, 20 percent, were in managerial, service, or manufactur- ing occupations (Table 4. 4). 40 Table 4. 4. -- Occupation of Respondents * Occupation Male Female Total Percentage Professional 2 14 16 32. 0 Managerial 2 2 4 8. 0 Clerical and Sales 1 10 11 22. 0 Service 1 l 2 4. 0 Manufacturing 0 l l 2. 0 Homemaking 0 l6 16 32. 0 Total 6 44 50 100. 0 *If fully or partially retired, the occupation listed is for the last employment; if employed, present occupation is listed. Lergph of Retirement from Gainful Employment About 40 percent of the fully retired respondents who had been engaged in remunerative occupations had been retired for five or fewer years; however, 40 percent had been retired over 10 years before moving to retirement housing. The two partially em- ployed re8pondents, a teacher and an accounting stenographer, had left full employment, one and nine years respectively (Table 4. 5). Income Range Seven of the 50 respondents stated that they were not cer- tain of their incomes. Of the 43 reporting their incomes, 58 per- cent received incomes under $3, 000 per year. About 85 percent of all respondents reporting incomes received under $5, 000 per year while only five percent received incomes over $11, 000 . No 41 Table 4. 5. -- Length of Retirement from Gainful Employment* Years Under Over Per- Classification 2 ,2-5 6- 10 11-20 20 Total centage Fully retired Male 1 1 3 l 6 18. 2 Female ' 5 6 5 8 1 25 75. 6 Partially retired Female 1 1 2 6. 2 Total 7 7 6 ll 2 33 100. 0 Mean Median Mode Range Retired (N=33) 8.7 8.0 1 0-24 *Sixteen women were full-time homemakers; one woman was em- ployed and had not retired. re8pondents reported incomes in the $9, 000 to $10, 999 bracket (Table 4. 6). In the United States in 1962, 85 percent of the nonmarried men and 93 percent of the nonmarried women aged 65 and over had incomes under $3, 000. Only one percent of the men and less than half of one percent of the women received incomes $10, 000 and over. The median income for the nonmarried men aged 65 and over was $1, 365 and for women $1, 015. (34:8) Sources of Funds for Liviilg Sources of funds for living were categorized as follows: 42 Table 4. 6. -- Income Range of Respondents=i< Number Income Range Male . Female Total Percentage Under $2,500 2 l7 19 38.0 $2,500 to $2,999 1 5 6 12.0 $3,000 to $4, 999 1 10 11 22.0 $5, 000 to $6, 999 3 3 6. 0 $7,000 to $8, 999 1 1 2 4. 0 $11, 000 and Over 1 l 2 4. 0 Unknown 7 7 14. 0 Total 6 44 50 100. 0 Median Mode Range Income Range (N=43) Between $2, 500 Under Under $2, 500 and $2, 999 $2, 500 to over $11 , 000 *No respondents had incomes in the $9, 000 to $10, 999 bracket. Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance, pensions, dividends and interest, real estate, insurance annuity, savings, and other. Sixty percent of the respondents reported receiving Old-Age, Sur- vivors, and Disability Insurance benefits, but no one reported re- ceiving his total income from this source (Table 4. 7). Presently, Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance covers nine out of ten persons employed, but the coverage is 71 percent for the total aged population. (35:204) The most frequently reported source of funds was dividends 43 Table 4. 7. -- Sources of Funds for Living Percentage of Funds from Various Sources Under Not Per- Sources 25 25-50 51-75 76-90 100 given Total centage Old-Age, Sur- vivors and Dis- ability Insurance 7 15 4 l 3 30 60. 0 Pensions 4 3 4 2 4 17 34. 0 Dividends and Interest 9 7 4 3 5 3 31 62. 0 Real Estate 2 2 4 l 3 12 24. 0 Insurance Annuity 3 2 5 10. 0 Other 2 2 l 5 10. 0 Savings 2 4 2 8 l6. 0 Total 27 35 16 8 10 12 Number Mean Median Mode Range Sources (N=50) 2.1 2 2 1-3 and interest; yet only 20 percent of the respondents received all income from this source. Approximately one-third of the respond- ents were pensioners; but only one-fourth of this group received their total income from pensions (Table 4. 7). No one had more than three sources of funds; yet all re- spondents had at least one source. The most frequently reported number of sources of funds for living was two; 44 percent of the 44 respondents had this number. Only one-fifth of the respondents had one source of funds while slightly over one-third had three sources. The most frequently reported percentage of income from one source was the one-fourth and one-half category (Table 4. 7). Type of Housiriiand Number of Years in Last Residence Before Movingto Retirement Housipg Approximately two-fifths of the respondents owned and oc- cupied their own homes before the move to retirement housing, while slightly over one-third lived in either unfurnished or furnished apartments. Only eight percent of the re8pondents shared the home of relatives. Of the 10 percent living in housing classified as "other, " two lived in hotels; two lived with friends; and one lived in retirement housing. Only one-tenth of the respondents changed residences in the year before coming to retirement housing. In comparing this statistic with the national average, where one-fifth of the population moves each year, the respondents made fewer changes. Forty per- cent of the respondents had spent over 10 years in their last resi- dence (Table 4. 8). Description of the Housing Prg’ect in which Respondents Lived The housing project where the respondents interviewed in this study lived was located in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The 45 Table 4. 8. -- Type of Housing and Number of Years in Last Residence before Moving to Retirement Housing Numbe r of Years Under Over 13er- Type of Housing One 1-4 5-10 11 -20 20 Total centage Owned House 2 2 5 12 21 42. 0 Rented House 1 1 2 4. 0 Rented Unfurnished Apartment 3 6 l 10 20. 0 Rented Furnished Apartment 1 5 2 8 l6. 0 Lived with Own Family 2 1 1 4 8. 0 Other 2 2 l 4 10. 0 Total 5 13 12 7 13 50 100.0 Years Mean Median Mode Range Length of Time (N=50) in Last Residence 12. 3 7. 5 4. 5 0-52 building offered 258 apartment units, lounges, library, roof garden, sun decks, auditorium-chapel, 20-bed infirmary, and hobby rooms. Each apartment had private bath with shower and tub, and closet. A snack bar with refrigerator and range designed to look like a piece of furniture could be purchased on Special order. No furnish- ings were provided except wall-to-wall carpeting and draperies. Food service was provided in a central dining room. 46 For this housing, the resident paid a monthly maintenance fee which included the following: food service for three meals each day, utilities including telephone, janitorial service and room laun- dry. After the first week and up to two months a credit was allowed for vacation periods. In addition to the maintenance fee, the lessee paid a lease- hold fee. These fees varied with apartment size. The project is financed by leasehold fees and a Federal Housing Administration in- sured loan. The housing project has no claim on the estate of the lease- holder, but the apartment reverts back to the housing corporation after the lessee and his or her surviving mate can no longer occupy the apartment. Types of Retirement Apartments Selected by Respondents Essentially, the retirement housing projects where the study was conducted offered four types of retirement apartments: 1) basic or one room; 2) basic room plus sleeping alcove separated by folding doors; 3) two room, a living room and bedroom; and 4) penthouse with bedroom and living room plus private view bal- cony. All apartments had private baths and entrance halls. Some of the basic apartments varied in size within this group as the living-bedroom of basic expanded apartments was four feet longer 47 than the 15 x 15 foot living-bedroom of the basic apartment. First floor apartments were built for conversion to infirmary rooms if ever needed. Almost seven- eighths of the re3pondents selected the basic apartment. Of this group 65 percent chose the smaller basic unit while 35 percent selected the expanded one. No respondent chose a penthouse; however, ten percent of the respondents did choose two-room apartments. Only eight percent of the respondents select- ed first-floor apartments (Table 4. 9). Table 4. 9. -- Types of Retirement Apartments Selected by Respondents Type Male Female Total Percentage One room basic apartment 5 38 43 86 One room basic apartment plus sleeping alcove 2 2 4 Living and bedroom apartment 1 4 5 10 Total 6 44 50 100 Period of Time between Move to Retirement Housing and Interview Sixty-four percent of the re3pondents had lived in retire- ment housing between three and five months; two percent had lived there less than one month; thirty-four percent had lived there be- tween one and two months. CHAPTER V FINDINGS Introduction The conceptual framework for this study theoretically and operationally defined five decision classes: strategic, tactical, policy, control, and program and three decision linkage components: form, range, and scope. Form subdivided into radial, series, and compound linkages. Definitions of these decision classes and link- age components appear in Chapter 1. pages five through eight. Analysis was made of satellite decisions according to the fol- lowing demographic characteristics: sex, age, occupation previous to retirement, education, income, and living arrangements prior to retirement and also by task categories. Analysis was also done of linkage combinations on the decision profiles, and between and among task categories. Decision Class From the interview guides, a decision profile was made for each of the 50 respondents. And from these profiles, the total numbers for all classes of satellite decisions were computed for the entire sample. Analysis of the Numbers of Satellite Decisions The total number of satellite decisions classified in this 48 49 study was 1325. Almost three-fifths of the decisions classified as tactical. Of the remaining two-fifths of the decisions, over half were categorized as policy, approximately one-fourth as program, and less than one-fifth as control (Table 5. 1). Table 5. l. -- Number of Decisions by Class Warming W Tactical 782* 59 Policy » 286* 22 Control 106 8 Program 12 1_1_ Total 1325 100 *Includes four x decisions. This table included eight x decisions. In analysis, these will be treated hereafter as reported decisions. Table 5. 2 presents the frequency distribution and the range for all satellite decision classes. Here dispersion charac- terizes the total numbers of decisions reported in each class by respondents. The variation in range for tactical, policy, control, and program was 23, 15, 9, 8 respectively; however, the variation in range for total decisions made by respondents was 31. For analysis, the totals for each satellite decision class were grouped by number intervals. Almost three-fourths of the respondents made between 11 and 20 tactical decisions. Approxi- mately 60 percent of the respondents reported between one and five policy and control decisions, and 88 percent made program 50 -- Frequency Distribution for Decision Class Table 5. 2. Tactical Policy Control Progpam All Classes % F % % Number of Decisions 42424 2 62422004264268 22 2 242 1.1 21212 1. 31211552132134 ll. 1 1.21. 680406222 232 340703111 1.11 6802844422 222 3401422211 1.11 2080828822422 2 .I. 21.1 1540964411211. 1. l 2 4 8 2466664686 2 4 42 l l I. 2 4 1233332848 1. 2 2.1 01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123 1111111111222222222233333333334444 100 100 50100 50100 50100 50 50 Total 51 decisions. Over 60 percent of the respondents reported making be- tween 21 and 35 satellite decisions; however, about one-fourth made between 12 and 20 decisions (Table 5. 3). Table 5. 3. -- Number Intervals for Decision Class ———“ 1 ‘— —’ .—> Tactical Policy Control Program Total 11.128321 N oz. N oz. N oz. N oz. N oz. 0 13 26 3 6 1-5 1 z 29 58 31 62 44 88 6-10 7 14 15 3o 6 12 3 6 11—15 14 28 5 lo 6 12 16-20 22 44 1 2 6 12 21-25 3 6 10 20 26-30 3 6 13 26 31-35 8 16 36-40 3 6 41-45 4 8 Total 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 Combinations of Satellite Decisions on Profiles All respondents reported tactical and policy decisions. And 94 percent reported program decisions, but only 74 percent re- ported control decisions (Table 5. 4). Analysis of Satellite Decisions by Various Demqgraphic Characteristics Sex. -- Table 5.5 presents mean, median, mode, and 52 Table 5. 4. -- Combination of Decision Classes on Decision Profiles M Numbe r of Decision Classes Respondents Percentage Tactical, policy, control, program 35 7O Tactical, policy, control 2 4 Tactical, policy, program 12 24 Tactical, policy 1 2 Total 50 100 range for satellite decision classes for all respondents. Moreover, these statistics are shown for both sexes. Although there were only six men to compare with 44 women, the mean in every decision class was lower for men than for women . A53. -- When the reSpondents were grouped according to age, the means were computed for decision classes. After age 65, the customary retirement age, the means for all decision classes tended to decrease as the age of the respondents increased (Table 5. 6). Occupation before Retirement. -- Means for all decision classes were computed for occupations prior to retiring. Home- makers and respondents in managerial occupations had the same mean, the lowest for all decision totals. Together these groups included 40 percent of the reapondents. The professional occupa- tional group, comprising one-third of the respondents had the high- est mean for one of the largest occupational groups. The service 53 Table 5. 5. -- Decision Class Statistics L Statistics Class Mean Median Mode Range All Respondents Tactical 15.7 16.5 17, 19 4-27 Policy 5.7 5.0 4 1-16 Control 2.1 1.0 1 0-9 Program 3. 0 3. 0 3 0-8 All decisions 26. 5 26. 0 25, 26 12-43 Men (N:6) Tactical 10.8 11.0 12 6-17 Policy 3. 8 4. 0 4 1-8 Control 1. 7 0. 5 0 0-7 Program 2. 5 3. 5 None 0-5 All decisions 18. 8 14. 0 12 12-32 Women (N:44) Tactical 16. 3 17. 0 18 4-27 Policy 5. 9 5 5 2-16 Control 2. 2 1 14 0-9 Program 3. l 3 3 0-8 All decisions 27. 5 26. 5 26 13-43 and manufacturing groups were higher, but together they accounted for only six percent of the respondents. The means for professional group, the clerical and sales group, and homemakers -- the three largest occupational groups -- ranked high, medium and low respectively for all decision classes 54 Table 5. 6. -- Decision Mean by Age Group and Class M ean Number Age of All Groups Respondents Tactical Policy Control Program Decisions 57-64 (N=5) 18. 0 6. 0 3. 8 3. 0 30. 8 65-72 (N=14) 17.9 7.0 2.7 3.4 30.9 73-80 (N=19) 14.7 5.4 1.3 3.0 24.3 81-89 (N=10) 13.5 4.9 1.6 2.8 22.4 Not Given (N:2) 15.5 4.0 4.0 2.0 27.5 Table 5. 7. -- Decision Mean by Occupation and Class M e a n All Occupation Tactical Policy Control Program Decisions Professional (N=l6) 16.8 6.9 2.9 2.9 29.4 Managerial (N=4) 15. 2 3. 8 0. 8 4. 0 23. 7 Clerical and Sales (N211) 15.1 5.7 2.3 3.0 26.1 Service and Manufactur- ing (N=3) 18.0 5. 6 3.6 3.3 30.6 Homemaking (N=l6) l4. 6 5.1 l. 3 2. 8 23. 7 as well as total decisions (Table 5. 7). Figure 5.1 graphically presents the range for decisions totals by occupations. The ranges show the same trend as the means and also show the dispersion of decisions totals for the Number of Decisions 55 Z '11. 0‘ 43 42 41 39 38 37 36 35 — . 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 c" 24 23 22 21 5’ i 1 1 l \\\\\\ . \\\\\\\\\\\\4 E: '51 T | \ \\\\\\\ 19 18 17 16 15 r - 14 13 12 \\\\\\\ i \\\\\\\\\\\ Profes- Mana- Clerical Manu- Home- sional gerial and facturing making sales and service Fig. 5. 1--Range of decision totals by occupation. 56 va ri ous oc cupati onal groups . Education. -- The mean number of satellite decisions was computed for each educational group. Over one-third of the respond- ents had the same mean, 26. The high school graduates had the lowest mean; however, college graduates with graduate work or master's degrees had the highest mean (Table 5. 8). The range for satellite decisions tended to increase as the educational level increased, except for the respondents with 1-2 years of college. The range for this group was next to the lowest (Figure 5. 2). Income. -- For the three lowest income brackets, the means for satellite decisions increased slightly as the income in- creased. For the brackets over $5, 000, the means for satellite decisions decreased as the income increased (Table 5. 9). Income and Age. -- When the respondents' incomes were under $5, 000 and their ages 65 and over, the satellite decision means decreased as age increased. The satellite decision means increased as income increased for the 80-89 year old age group re- porting their incomes,but the numbers of re3pondents in the cells in this group were small (Table 5. 10). LivEg Arrar§e_rnent Just Prior to Retirement Housing; --o The means for satellite decisions were computed for types of living arrangements occupied before moving to retirement housing. 57 Table 5, 8. -- Decision Mean by Educational Level Number of Re spondents Educational Level (N=50) Mean Grades 4-7 3 26. 3 Grades 8-10 4 26. 2 High School Graduate 14 23. 9 Specialized training 10 26. 7 College 1-2 years 4 25.7 College graduates 8 28. 3 College graduate with graduate work 5 29. 8 Master's degree 2 30. 0 Table 5. 9. -- Decision Mean by Income Range* Numbe r of Re spondents Income Range (N=50) Mean Under $2, 500 19 26. 9 $2,500 to $2,999 6 29.0 $3,000 to $4,999 11 31.5 $5, 000 to $6, 999 3 25. 6 $7,000 to $8,999 2 20.0 $11,000 and over 2 19.9 Unknown 7 21. 7 *No respondents had incomes in the $9, 000 to $10, 999 bracket. 5 oo .5 N 2 ll I—I O I 1 3 z: N U'l NN 00$ \\ \\\ \i E \\\\\\\\f NNN OHN 1 I \\\\\ \\\\\\\ \\\\\\ \f \\\\\\ \\\ . \\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\ \\\\\\\\\\\‘4 19 18 17 16 15 —— *4 ~- 14 13 12 . f 7 T . . . , Grades Grades High Spec1al- Col- Col- College 4-7 8-10 school ized lege lege graduate grad- Training 1-2 grad- with uate years uate graduate work Fig. 5. 2--Range of decision totals by educational level. 59 Table 5. 10. -- Decision Mean by Income and Age Groups* i j Age by Year Groups 57-64 65-72 73-80 80-89 Not Reported Income NMean NMeanNMean NMean NMean Under $2,500 2 29.0 3 32.6 8 26.5 5 21.4 1 26.0 552,500-552,999 2 37.0 4 25.0 $3,000- $4,999 2 35.0 4 31.5 2 26.5 2 26.5 1 25.0 $5,000 - $6,999 1 16.0 2 30.5 $7.000-$8.999 1 26.0 1 14.0 $11,000 and over 2 19.5 Not reported 3 27. 3 3 l9. 0 l 13. O *No respondents had incomes in the $9, 000 to $10, 999 bracket. One-fifth of the reapondents lived in unfurnished apartments and had the highest mean for satellite decisions. It is not surprising that those respondents living with their families would report the fewest decisions. Renting or owning a home made no difference in the mean of satellite decisions reported (Table 5. 11). Occupation and Educational Level. -- The means for satel- lite decisions of professional and homemaker groups tended to in- crease as the educational level increased. Occupation may have been the influencing factor since college graduates who were home- makers had a lower mean than the professional group. These two occupations, both the same size, accounted for two-thirds of the respondents. The clerical and sales group, the second largest 60 Table 5. ll. -- Decision Mean by Type of Housing Numbe r of R eSpondents Type of Housing (N=50) Mean Owned house 21 26. 1 Rented house 2 26. 0 Rented unfurnished apartment 10 31 . 5 Rented furnished apartment 8 24. 0 Lived with own family 4 19. 7 Other 5 27. 8 occupational group, had few reSpondents in the various educational categories (Table 5.12). Period of Time between Makiniand Executing Decision Table 5. 13 presents data on the period of time between making and executing the central decision. After six months, as the period between making and executing the decision increased, the mean for satellite decisions increased. Moreover, these re- spondents with longest periods of time between deciding and execut- ing the decision had the highest satellite decision mean. The re- spondents in the longest time period had the most time to make satellite decisions, but the most time to forget them. On the other hand, those in the shortest time period had made the decisions most recently, and they might be expected to report more decisions. However, the data do not support this expectation. 61 .Gdoz u 2 o .6... N o .om H m .NN N w .3. a o .3. H o .3 H mafiafiofiom o .8 H o .3. H o .mm H 32363:qu Husd outflow o .Hum H o .oH H o .hm m o .cm H o .mm H m .oN m 941.6 H33 HmoHuoHU o .3 N o .Hm H on: H 33:52 w.m~ H. o.om m o.wm H o.~m H odm m HmsonmoHounH SH 2 SH 2 H2 Z SH 7H 2 7H H2 Z 2 7H ooumop 033330 and?» NH msHGHmnu ownspmuu mopmnw nopmnm GoHumanooO mloumg no «H.845 omoHHoO oonHoU HoouHHmHoomw Hoosom oHaw 51¢ £63665 £3 HHmHm 336m.” w 0 M33 D Ho>owH HmsoHHmodHum Ho>oiH HmsoHHmosHomH Hons :oflmmHHooO >3 snow/H GonHooQ 11 .NH .m 03va 62 Table 5. l3. -- Decision Mean by Time Periods between Making Decision to Move and Moving to Retirement Housing Numbe r of Respondents Months (N=50) Mean Under one month 4 22. 3 1-6 months 17 27.6 7-12 months 7 24. 0 13-24 months 8 26.7 25-36 months 8 30. 5 Not given 6 23. 3 Figure 5. 3 presents ranges for time periods between de- ciding and executing the decision. The group with the longest time period -- 25 to 36 months -- had the lowest range, but the highest mean. The group with the shortest time period, under one month, had the second lowest range; however, they had the lowest mean. Decision Tasks As the profiles were being finalized, the substance of the decision action indicated they centered around performing six tasks: 1) choosing apartment unit, 2) establishing apartment unit, 3) re- ducing possessions, 4) transporting self and possessions, 5) estab- lishing self in community, and 6) forming living patterns. These tasks were necessary to complete the action of the central decision. Table 5. 14 shows the analysis made of the satellite Number of Decisions 63 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 - 34 33 N=4 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 1“" 24 23 22 21 20 —~ 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 8 .7 :; \7 1 \\\\ \\\\\\ ll ‘1 l I ! : j 1 ?‘ o~ \\\\\\\\ ? r-fi . \\‘\\\ l 1 \\\\\\\ \\ \\ \\\\\\\\\ o. \\\\\\\\ 25-36 Not Given g... L» N 13> Underl 1-6 7-12 l Months Fig. 5. 3--Range of decision totals by time period between decision to move and move to retirement housing. 64 decision classes by tasks. More decisions, one-third of the total, were made about establishing the apartment unit than any other task. Moreover, 27 percent of the decisions were divided about equally among three tasks: choosing the apartment unit, establishing self in community, and transporting self and possessions. More tactical decisions -- 44 percent -- were made about establishing the apartment unit than about any other task; however, very few tactical decisions were made about establishing self in community and forming living patterns. Not only were the majority, 55 percent, of the policy decisions made about forming living pat- terns, but all the program decisions concerned this task. However, over half of the control decisions dealt with establishing the apart- ment unit (Table 5. 14). For accomplishing four tasks: choosing the unit, estab— lishing the unit, reducing possessions, and transporting self and possessions, the vast majority of satellite decisions were tactical. Not only did.policy decisions predominate in the task, establishing self in the community, but they predominated in the task, forming living patterns. The two tasks, establishing unit and forming liv- ing patterns, had the highest means. These tasks centered around , the new experience, living in retirement housing. However, the reapondents may have reported more decisions about these tasks because they were more pleasant to recall. And these tasks 65 Table 5.14. -- Number of Decisions by Task and Class Tactical Policy Control Program Total Task N % N (70 N % N % N % Choosing apartment unit 119 15.2 1 0.9 120 9.1 Establishing apart- ment unit 346 44. 3 34 ll. 9 58 54. 8 438 33.1 Reducing possessions 183 23.4 9 3.1 19 17.9 211 15.9 Transporting self and possessions 103 13.2 1 0.3 26 24.5 130 9.8 Establishing self incommunity 30 3.8 86 30.1 2 1.9 118 8.9 Forming living patterns 1 0.1 156 54.6 151100.0. 308 23.2 Total 782 100.0 286 100.0 106 100.0 151100.0 1325 100.0 conceivably may have provided more opportunity to make decisions (Table 5.15). Linkage Linkage -- interrelationships tying the satellite decisions to the central decisions -- was analyzed. .1322 This study identified three major forms of decision link- age: radial, series, and compound. Radial linkage subdivided into four forms: single, multiple, inverted and multiplex, while series linkage subdivided into two forms: multiple class and single class. 66 N6 v.m ed NJ 0.5 Him 5...on o.ooH mom o.ooH MW: 063 omH o.ooH HHN o.ooH wm¢ o.ooH oNH HmHoH 0.2. HmH 8.65on pH N o.om om o5 oH N.mH mm o.H H HonusoU fiom 3H 6 :2. 3 o .H H m .HV 0 w .H. H; soHHom m.o H Hq.mm om o.@> 2: now me ed» 3% c.0o mHH HooHuomH as. Z 6s Z as Z 85 Z as. Z as Z 3.20 msnofimnH 33.98500 msonmommOnH msonmommonH ”ZED HHHHD mGH>H1H HHH HHom Hons .HHom mfiodpom unognmmdw «Gogummdw wsHfiHuoh wsHaHmHHQSmmH msHuuonHmsmn .H wsHHHmHHHHmHmmH 9389an Hank vamB Husm mmmHU H5 msoHnHoonH Ho nonHSHHZ 11 .mH .m oHan 67 Compound linkage had no subdivisions. Forms of Linkage on Decision Profiles. -- First, the deci- sion profiles were analyzed for forms of decision linkages. One- sixth of the respondents had only radial forms of linkage; however, over four-fifths of the respondents had radial and series linkages. One twenty-fifth had compound linkages (Table 5. 16). Table 5.16. -- Forms of Linkages on Decision Profiles 4- L Number of Respondents Form (N=50) Percentage One form Radial 8 l6 Combination of two forms Radial and series 41 82 Radial and Compound _1 _2 Total 50 100 Combination of Linkage Forms on Profiles. -- Further analysis showed that there were 17 combinations of linkage forms on the decision profiles. The most frequent combination of linkage forms -- single radial and multiple class series -- was reported by one-fifth of the respondents. Forty percent of the respondents reported two forms of linkage; however, there were five combina- tions of two forms of linkage on the profiles. And over one-third of the respondents had three forms of linkage on their profiles; about one-fifth had four forms of linkage. Only one respondent 68 reported a combination of five forms of linkage (Table 5. 17). Linkag: Forms with Decision Totals in Each Form. -- Table 5. 18 gives a summary of the forms of linkages on the decision profiles. The vast majority, 90 percent were single radial linkage; however, only three-fourths of the decisions connected to the cen- tral decision by this form of linkage. The combined percentages for three other forms of radial linkage -- multiple, inverted, and multiplex -- totaled less than three percent; nevertheless, 10 per- cent of the decisions tied to the central division in these linkages. Approximately seven percent of the linkage attached to the central decision in series, but these linkages contained 14 percent of the decisions. Linka e between Decisions in Task Cate ories. -- Almost _5. g all the satellite decisions linked to other satellite decisions in the same task categories, but a few, three percent, were linked across task categories. Less than two percent of the linkages were be- tween task categories (Table 5. 19). Ease: Scope refers to number of decisions within each band on the profiles. When the decisions were divided by decision class in each band, the vast majority, 92 percent, of the tactical and policy decisions were in Band 1. Actually almost all the program decisions were in Band 1. Over three-fourths of the control decisions were 69 Table 5. l7. -- Combinations of Linkage Forms on Decision Profiles Number Number of Per- Combinations of Forms of Types respondents centage Single radial l 3 6 Single radial, multiple radial 2 2 4 Single radial, inverted radial 2 3 6 Single radial, compound 2 1 2 Single radial, single class series 2 4 8 Single radial, multiple class series 2 10 20 Single radial, single class series, multiple class series 3 9 18 Single radial, multiple radial, single class series 3 5 10 Single radial, multiple radial, multiple class series 3 2 4 Single radial, multiplex radial, multiple class series 3 1 2 Single radial, multiple radial, single class series, multiple class series 4 3 6 Single radial, multiple radial, invert- ed radial, multiple class series 4 2 4 Single radial, multiple radial, invert- ed radial, single class series 4 l 2 Single radial, multiple radial, single class series, multiple class series 4 1 2 Single radial, multiplex radial, single class series, multiple class series 4 l 2 Single radial, inverted radial, single class series, multiple class series 4 l 2 Single radial, multiple radial, multi- plex radial, single class series, multiple class series 5 l 2 Total 50 100 70 Table 5.18. -- Number of Decisions within Linkage Forms ==fikages Decisions Linkage Number Percentage Number Percentage Radial Single 1001 90. 0 1001 ’ 75. 6 Multiple l8 1. 6 77 5. 8 Inverted 8 0. 7 41 3.1 Multiplex 3 0. 3 20 l. 5 Series Single Class 33 3. 0 82 6. 2 Multiple Class 49 4. 4 97 7. 3 Compound 1 7 0. 5 Total 1113 100. 0 1325 100. 0 Table 5.19. -- Linkages between Decisions in Task Categories w Number of Per- Number of Per- Linkages Linkages centage Decisions centage Between task categories Transporting self and possessions and estab- 11 22 lishing self in community Transportingself and possessions and reducing possessions 1 2 Establishing unit and choosing unit 1 2 Establishing unit and reduc- ing possessions l 3 Forming living patterns and establishing unit 1 2 Reducing possessions and establishing unit 3 6 Subtotal 18 1. 6 37 3. 0 Within task categories 1095 98. 4 1288 97. 0 Total 1113 100.0 1325 100.0 71 in Band 2. By definition no control decisions were in Band 1 (Table 5.20). Table 5. 20. -- Number of Decisions by Range, Class, and Scope Number of decisions in each class on each line Tactical Policy Control Program Total Range N % N % N % N % N % Band 1 724 92. 6 263 92.0 150 99.4 1137 85.9 Band 2 49 6.4 20 7.0 81 76.4 1 .6 15111.5 Band 3 7 .8 3 1.0 19 17.9 29 2.0 Band 4 1) 5 4.7 6 .5 ) . 2 Band 5 1) 1 1.0 2 .1 Total 782 100.0 286 100.0 106 100.0 151 100.0 1325 100.0 Within the first band, about two-thirds of the decisions were tactical, almost one-fourth were policy and over one-eighth were program decisions. The majority of the decisions in Bands 2, 3, 4, and 5 were control decisions (Table 5.21). Scope means for satellite decisions were computed. As the band number increased, the means for all satellite decision classes decreased (Table 5. 22). 3.239 Range refers to the number of bands through which the satellite decisions are linked to the central decision. Not only did half of the profiles show satellite decisions tied to the central 72 Table 5. 21. -- Number of Decisions by Class and Scope - -— Bands Decision 1 2 3 4 5 Class N % N % N % N % N % Tactical 724 64.0 49 32.5 7 24.0 1 16.6 1 50.0 Policy 263 23.0 20 13.2 3 10.7 Control 81 53.7 19 65.3 5 83.4 1 50.0 Program 150 13.0 1 .6 Total 1137 100.0 151 100.0 29 100.0 6 100.0 2 100.0 Table 5. 22. -- Decision Mean for Scope by Decision Class 4_—— M e a n 3 Band Tactical Policy CBntrol Program Total 1 14.48 5.26 3. 00 22.74 2 .98 .40 1.62 .02 3.02 3 . l4 . 06 . 38 . 58 4 . 02 . 10 .12 5 . 02 . 02 . 04 Table 5. 23. -— Decision Linkage Range H—L _—: #— L _ — I Number of Bands Number of Profiles Percentage One band 3 6 Two bands 25 50 Three bands 1 8 36 Four bands 2 4 Five bands 2 Total 50 100 73 decision through two bands, but a third of the profiles showed satel- lite decisions tied to the central decision through three bands. On only six percent of the profiles did the satellite decisions tie to the central decision through just one band. Less than 10 percent of the profiles had decisions linked to the central decision through Bands 4 and 5 (Table 5.23). Upon examination of the central-satellite linkages, it was found that 90 percent of the decisions tied directly to the central decision and had no other decisions linked to them. Less than one- half of one percent of the linkages extended through four and five bands (Table 5. 24). Table 5. 24. -- Decision Linkage Range and Scope Number of Bands Number of Linkages Percentage One band 1001 90. 0 Two bands 84 7. 5 Three bands 24 2. 1 Four bands 2 . 2 Five bands 2 . 2 Total 1113 100. O Table 5. 25 presents the decision linkage range by tasks and gives the number of satellite decisions in each band by decision class. The longest linkage range -- extending through five bands -- Table 5. 25. -— Number of Decisions by Class, Task, and Range T a s k . . . Transporting Establishing . Establishing . Reduc1ng Self and Self in Forming Choosing Apartment Unit Apartment Unit PosseSSions Possessions Community Living Patterns Band 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 l 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 Decision Class N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N%N% Tactical 97 100 15 94 5 100 1 100 1100 336 96 10 16 168 95 13 39 2 100 102100 1 4 20 19 10 78 1 0 Policy 15 4 16 28 3 14 8 5 1 3 1 4 85 81 1 7 155 51 1 50 Control 1 5 33 56 19 86 5 100 19 58 23 92 3100 2 15 Program 150 49 1 50 Total 97 100 16 100 5 100 1 100 1 100 351 100 59 100 22 100 5 100 176 100 33 100 2 100 102100 25100 3 100 105 100 13 100 306 100 2 100 75 occurred for the task choosing the apartment unit. Most of the de- cisions in Band 1 classified as tactical yet most of them in Bands 2 and 3 classified as control. Table 5. 26 reports the number of satellite decisions for each band and task. Again this table points to the fact that most decisions werein Band 1. With the exception of forming livinflat- terns, the percentages of decisionsin the five remaining tasks range between 11-19 percent in Band 2. All decisions in Bands 3, 4, 5 totaled less than one percent of the satellite decisions. 76 o.ooH mom o.ooH wHH o.ocH cmH o.ooH HHN o.ooH wmv o.ooH ONH H305 N . H w . H m vnmm o .H m w . H H4 Hummm m.N m o. N o.m NN ~44 m m pnmm o. N 0.: mH N.oH mm nw.mH mm Aw.mH mum m.mH 0H Npfimm v.00 com o.¢w moH m.w> NoH m.mw ohH Ndw Hmm odw :0 H pnmm .8 z s z s z s z .8 z s z manoflmnH 5938800 msonmommonH mGonmommonH HHGD HHcD MGH>H1H GH .HHom 9.8 How mGH odpom «Gosh—H.234 «Gogumm4 wsHEHoh wsHHHmHHnHmHmmH wsHHuommsmuH mHHHHHmHHanmmH mfimooHHU vamH HEM omsmm >3 mGonHooQ Ho HoQESZ 11 .oN.m oHnHmB CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS Introduc tion This chapter summarizes the results of this exploratory and descriptive study which focused on decision centrality, class and linkage; discusses findings; points out certain limitations; and suggests implications for research. Summary The researcher studied a central decision -- the retire- ment housing decision. Fifty residents of an Oregon retirement housing project were interviewed. The analytical framework used included the conceptualization of central-satellite decision complex with the central decision classed as strategic generating satellite decisions classed as tactical, policy, control, and program. It further conceptualized three components of decision linkage: form, scope, and range; and it envisioned linkage forms: series, radii, and compound. In addition, series linkage subdivided into single and multiple class series; radial linkage subdivided into single, multiple, inverted, and multiplex radial; and compound linkage. did not subdivide. The satellite decisions reported and the demographic data 77 78 collected were recorded on interview guides and interview schedules. The action content of the decisions served as the basis for classify- ing decisions and for determining decision linkage and interdepend- ence. After the decisions were classified on the interview guides, decision profiles were made for each respondent for analysis of de- cision class and linkage. These data reported the classification of satellite decisions generated by a central decision and the analysis of linkage within the central satellite decision complex. Findings indicated that tacti- cal decisions were the most frequently reported satellite decision class and the frequency order of the other satellite decision classes was policy, program, and control. Of the 1325 satellite decisions classified, 59 percent were tactical, 22 percent policy, 11 percent program, and eight percent control. All fifty respondents reported tactical and policy decisions; however, 94 percent of the respondents reported program decisions, and 72 percent of them reported control decisions. The mean for satellite decisions reported by respondents was 26. 5. Findings indicated that the variables: sex, age, occupation, education, income, and duration of time between decision and its action tended to affect the number of satellite decisions. Linkage analysis showed that the vast majority, 93 percent, of the linkages were radial. Of these, 90 percent were single radial, 79 and the remaining three percent were multiple, inverted, and multi- plex forms. However, seven percent of the linkages were about equally divided between multiple and single class series forms. Seventeen combinations of linkage forms appeared on the decision profiles. The most frequent combination of linkage forms was single radial and multiple class series, and it was reported by one-fifth of the respondents. The vast majority, 82 percent, of the decision profiles had combinations of radial and series linkages. Scope was the linkage component used to describe the num- ber of decisions in the bands on the decision profile. Most of the satellite decisions, 86 percent, diagrammed in Band 1, directly linked to the central decision. About 11 percent of the satellite de- cisions were in Band 2 and altogether about three percent of them were in Bands 3, 4, and 5. Approximately two-thirds of the deci- sions in Band 1 were tactical; about one-fourth, policy; and one- eighth, program. Most of the decisions in Bands 2, 3, 4, and 5 were control. Range, the last component of linkage considered, described the number of bands through which the satellite decisions were linked to the central decision. On one-half of the decision profiles, the range of satellite decisions extended through two bands to the central decision; however, on one-third of the profiles, it extended through three bands. The longest linkage range extended through 80 five bands. The highest number of satellite decisions in one link- age complex was 10. The decisions reported centered around the following tasks: 1) choosing an apartment unit, 2) establishing an apartment unit, 3) reducing possessions, 4) transporting self and possessions, 5) establishing self in the community, and 6) forming living patterns. These particular task categories were not conceived before data collection but were apparent in analysis. An implication drawn from the study of the findings is that the action substance of the central decision may affect the particu- lar decision linkages and the decision classes surrounding the cen- tral decision in a central-satellite decision complex. In conclusion, results would seem to indicate decision class and linkage are concepts to be included in managerial decision theory, and that a central decision affects other choices in a deci- 8 ion c omplex. Limitati ons Several conditions of the study limit the extent of the legiti- mate generalization. Limitations are inherent in the results of any study; the findings are necessarily limited to the specific set- ting and problems in which the research was conducted. No attempt was made to randomize the sample or to interview respondents in 81 more than one retirement housing project. And the respondents' ability to verbalize decisions made, the methodology, the data col- lection and analysis, the locale of the study, and the setting of the interview limited findings in this study. The Respondents The respondents were asked to project themselves back to the time they made the retirement-housing decision and give all consequential decisions resulting from it. Since they were not oriented to analyzing much less enumerating and verbalizing deci- sions, these factors undoubtedly limited findings. Also, individuals vary in their ability to recognize situations in which they can make or did make decisions and in what they considered a decision im- portant enough to report. For example, only a few respondents re- ported making any decisions about changing their addresses, but all the respondents changed their addresses. Statements made by the residents who were asked but did not grant interviews suggested they anticipated difficulty in verbaliz- ing about their housing decision and its resulting satellite decisions. When they were asked for interview, several residents replied de- fensively by saying they felt this decision-making was their own business. Methodology Two interviews, the first for orientation of the reSpondent 82 to the subject and the second for collection of data, would perhaps be an improvement over a single interview. Data Collection and Analysis In the interview reSpondents were asked to recall decisions made as a result of the retirement housing decision. Since the period of time between making the central decision and its execution varied from three weeks to three years, the period of time to re- member decisions was lengthy for the majority of respondents. Re- call as a method of collecting data has inherent limitations. It would be preferable in such studies if the respondents could be lo- cated and their cooperation obtained in recording decisions as made. This method should give more detailed and comprehensive data than recall; however, it would be limited to a longitudinal research program. Analysis of decision action content by the researcher which was the basis for determining linkage in this study has limitations. It might be an improvement if the decision profile were made with the respondent or made by the researcher and then reviewed with the respondent. Locale of Study The study was limited to one geographic location in one state. And all respondents lived in the same building. In another study data could be collected in more than one housing project; 83 however, this type housing project seems to be located in a limited number of geographic areas in the United States. Setting of the Interview Recording the satellite decisions in the respondents' apart- ments proved convenient for them and provided them a familiar en- vironment that engendered assurance and security. However, nega- tive feelings about one's own apartment could have affected decisions reported. In another study it might be preferable to conduct all in- terviews in the same room to control this environmental variable. Discussion No attempt was made to discuss the importance of the cen- tral decision with the respondents interviewed or to learn their reasons for making it; however, one respondent did say this hous- ing decision was the most difficult decision she ever made, more so than getting married. She indicated she weighed the alternatives carefully and painstakingly in reaching this difficult decision. While difficulty may be no criterion of a central decision, the importance of the decision was recognized by many respondents. The finding that respondents tended to report fewer deci- sions as age increased after 65 and over would seem to support Cumming and Henry's theory that aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengage- ment, resulting in decreased interaction between the 84 aging person and others in the social systems he belongs to. The process may be initiated by the individual or by others in the situation. The aging person may withdraw more markedly from some classes of people while re- maining relatively close to others. (36:14) Cumming and Henry also state that in aging they ”see changes in the personality that both cause and result in decreased involvement with others and increased preoccupation with himself. " (36:15) The mean of 7. 6 for decisions for the task establishing the apartment and the mean 6.2 for forming living patterns compared with the mean of 2. 4 decisions for establishing self in community would indicate respondents are more preoccupied with self than with establishing self actively as a community member in the hous- ing project and in the wider community. In discussing decisions with one respondent, he said he would help with such jobs as mimeographing the housing project newspaper, but he would not participate in organized group activities. Analysis of demographic data showed that the reSpondents in this study are not typical of the nationwide population aged 65 and over; they are better educated and receive higher incomes. And almost half of those engaged in remunerative work before retire- ment were in occupations classified as professional. These data indicated the heterogeneity of the ages of re- tirees. In this study re5pondents' ages ranged from 57 to 89 years with a mean and a median age of 74 years. 85 When classifying the satellite decisions, it was found that tactical decision was the most frequently reported decision class. This class of decision is instrumental to begin and/or continue ac- tion of a central decision. It was probably reported more frequent- ly because it is specifically directed toward reaching the goal -- re- tirement housing residence. Also, there were more decision prob- lems that would generate decisions categorized in this class. Findings also indicated that certain action demanding prob- lems were expected to result from the central decision and that policy decisions were made to manage them when they occurred. The data indicated some respondents did in fact project themselves into the future and thought about new problems that the execution of the central decision would create. This central decision generated more of these problems for some respondents than others because these decisions seem to result from the reSpondents' previous and projected life style. Control decisions were the least frequently reported deci- sion class. Probably fewer control decisions were reported be- cause they are often on-the-spot decisions with a short time span between decision and action and were either not recalled or seemed too insignificant to mention. Those reported indicated that the re- spondents had carefully considered them; therefore, they were more easily remembered. «A '--—.1 . 1’ ‘I ‘54“ I . 21:" 86 Another factor that probably affected the number of control decisions was the respondent’s recognition of a situation he could control. For example, one respondent chose the blue color scheme, one of the four possible alternatives for apartment color in the re- tirement housing project. When the blue rug came it was a much deeper blue than the sample indicated. He refused to accept it be- cause he felt he could not live with the intense blue. After this ac- tion, he chose a color more pleasing to him from those available. New living or work situations usually change routines. Most respondents reported consciously making program decisions to develop workable routines to simplify these regularly recurring activities. Although the living situation was highly structured, the reported program decision indicated respondents developed their own unique routines for self-maintenance. Implications for Res earch This exploratory study indicates the need for further study of decision class and linkage or the ties that connect decisions. Using the same conceptual framework with sharpened defini- tions for decision class and linkage, the research needs to be en- larged to include both larger homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Such research would further test the wider applicability of the con- ceptual framework and would permit comparisons to be made on 87 decision linkage and class between and among groups for decision complexes. In addition, the conclusions reached in these research- es could become the building blocks for further study that might lead to the quantification of decision linkage forms and classes in various types of decision complexes. The concepts of linkage and centrality suggest the fruitful- ness of longitudinal decision studies. When a central decision is studied longitudinally, the time period selected to consider the cen- tral decision should be in keeping with the magnitude of the central decision and its potential for generating other decisions. Linkage in this study was based on decision content rela- tions in a central-satellite decision complex. The action ensuing from the execution of the central decision under investigation re- sulted in generation of satellite decisions. However, further stud- ies might explore other bases for linkage. The interdependence among particular resource-allocation decisions made by either in- dividuals or families would be another linkage relation for investi- gation. Interdependence of decisions which results in a given time period would seem to merit investigation. Still another approach to linkage would be to center the analysis on decisions tied by spatial relations. Suggested for investigation are the linkage of decisions related to planning, furnishing, or redecorating a home. Not only could a linkage study examine family decisions made in different 88 geographical locations but another study could examine the linkage or ties between decisions made by various family members. This study also suggests research on the effect of environ- mental and situational factors on decisions made. For example, the researcher could have expected each respondent to make decisions about the following: floor, size, side of building, and price of his apartment; however, findings indicated that the decision mean for choosing an apartment unit was 2. 4. Factors such as the following limited the decisions respondents made. One respondent might have wanted the river view on third floor, but the only river view apart- ment available was on the fifth floor at the time he made the decision. Another respondent's income may have limited his choice to the least expensive unit type. However, in another retirement housing project visited, all rooms were the same size; therefore, these residents had no decision to make about apartment size. When a re8pondent selected an apartment unit after the building was com- pleted and opened for occupancy, he did not have a choice of color for his apartment. Sometimes a respondent chose his apartment to be near a friend. These situational and environmental factors help explain why some respondents reported more decisions than other respondents. In this study a finding indicated that as educational level increased, the respondents reported more decisions. Further research could 89 explore this subject and it would have implication for teaching man- agement. Is the prolific decision-maker a ”better" decision-maker than the person who makes fewer decisions to reach the same goal? Does the prolific decision-maker receive more satisfaction when he has reached his goal than the person who makes few decisions but attains the same goal? Does educational level increase the ability to recognize decision-making situations, see, and examine alterna- tive choices or does it make management more difficult because there seem to be more decisions to make? Linkage, the ties in the decision complex under study, was based on analysis of action content. Data indicated that linkage ties between the central and satellite decisions were comprised of many satellite decisions not dependent on each other but resulting from a central decision. Linkage analysis indicates that considerable range and scope decision generation is a characteristic of a central decision. The important finding about linkage in this study is that de- cision centrality is the powerful determinant of decision interdepend- ence. Some satellite decisions are necessarily linked to each other, but interdependence is basically dependent on centrality. This find- ing merits further investigation using the same as well as different bases to determine linkage. When a central decision is made, it influences the course of events in the decision-maker's life because 90 it conditions the satellite decisions linked to it. Satellite decisions form a constellation around a central decision. The key to decision linkage is centrality. Analysis of the decision profiles showed that very few satellite decision linkages had more than three satellite decisions joined consecutively. The longest was five links. This finding sug- gests further investigation of this aspect of decision linkage. Linkage on the decision profile indicated only that the action in the second decision follows the action in the first decision. No at- tempt was made in this study to link satellite decisions in a hierarchy or to weigh their importance. This subject deserves consideration in further research. Some questions raised in this study were: How do linkage forms vary in other central-satellite decision complexes? If a num- ber of central decisions were analyzed, would there be a patterning of forms of satellite decisions or would the linkage forms be indivi- dualistic for all satellite decisions? What influence do environ- mental and situational factors have on decision linkage? Another line of inquiry suggested for further research is identification of strategic decisions. Common sense knowledge in- dicates that decisions vary in importance, but research could am- plify this knowledge. In this study the assumption was made that the central decision was in fact a strategic decision. Specific 91 criteria for identifying strategic decisions would be a major contri- bution to knowledge in the field of management. This study suggests decision systems in management, a subject for further research. The goal directed, managerial, cen- tral decision's action creates a decision system of satellite decision classes. Management is concerned with keeping these systems func- tioning to reach objectives. In studying managerial decisions, the researcher must take a "frozen slice" at a given point in time to study the systems in operation or take one system and isolate it for study. This study would seem to have done the latter. This study has suggested further potentialities for research on decision centrality, class, linkage, and interdependence. It has shown the productivity and workability of this approach, heretofore unresearched in home management. 10. ll. LITERATURE CITED MILLER, DAVID W. , and STARR, MARTIN K. Executive De- cisions and Operations Research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1960. NILES, MARY CUSHING. The Essence of Management. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958. SIMON, HERBERT A. The New Science of Management Deci- sion. New York: Harper and Row, 1960. PAOLUCCI, BEATRICE, and O'BRIEN, CAROL. ”New Direc- tions in Teaching of Management, " Forecast for Home Econo- mists, 76, No. 5 (May, 1960). 30-31. KNOLL, MARJORIE M. "Toward a Conceptual Framework in Home Management Decision-Making Organization Process, " Journal of Home Economics, 55, No. 5 (May, 1963), 335-339. ALDERSON, WROE. "Perspectives on the Planning Process, " The Journal of the AcademLof Management, 2, No. 3. (Dec., 1959). 181-196. STECKLE, JEAN M. "Five Techniques Tested to Study Family Decisions in Household Processes. " Unpublished Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1956. DAVIS, MILDRED JEAN. "Decision-Making in Relation to the Performance of Household Activities in New York State Homes. ” Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1957. DIX, LOUISE CARTER. "Decision-Making in the Farm Family. " Unpublished Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1957. HONEY, RUTH R. , BRITTON, VIRGINIA, and HOTCHKISS, ALIDA S. Decision-making in the Use of Family Financial Re- sources in a Rural Pennsylvania Communifl. Ag. 'Exp. Station. B ull e tin 6 4 3, U niv e r s i tyPark, Pennsylvania, Pennsyl- vania State University, 1959. SCHOMAKER, PEGGY K. "Financial Decision-Making as Re- ported by 100 Farm Families in Michigan. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1961. 92 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 93 BUSTRILLOS, NENA ROLA. "Decision-Making Styles of Se- lected Mexican Homemakers. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1963. PARIMALA, AJI NARASIMHACHAR. "Decision-making Oppor- tunities and Acceptance of New Ideas by Homemakers in One Village in India." Unpublished Master's thesis, Iowa State Uni- versity of Science and Technology, 1964. PAOLUCCI, BEATRICE. "Decision-Making in Relation to Management in Classes of Home Economics by Beginning Teachers. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1956. LACOT, MARIA SOCORRO. "Freedom in Making Personal De- cisions as Perceived by Puerto Rican Ninth- Grade Girls. " Un- published Ph. D. dissertation, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1962. JOHNSON, GLENN L. , and HAVER, CECIL B. Decision- Making Principles in Farm Management. Ag. Exp. Station Bulletin 593, Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, 1953. GRAY, JAMES ROBERT. "Management Decisions During Drought Periods on Eastern Oregon Cattle Ranches. " Unpub- lished Ph. D. dissertation, Oregon State College, 1957. HAGENSTEIN, PERRY REGINALD. "The Location Decision for Primary Wood-Using Industries of the Northern Appala- chians. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Michi- gan, 1963. GREENFIELD, KENT ROBERTS. (ed. ). Command Decisions. Washington, D. C. : Office of the Chief of Military History, De- partment of the Army, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. , 1960. RUTENBERG, YECKEZKEL HENRYK. "Sequential Decision Models. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Case Institute of Technology, 1961. BRUBACHER, JOHN WEMPLE. "An Analysis of the Decision- Making Process of School Boards. " Unpublished Ph. D. dis- sertation, The University of Michigan, 1963. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 94 PUCKETT, VERNA B. FRASER. "Decision Making in Psychi- atric Nursing with Implications for Curriculum Development. " Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berke- ley, 1963. LISTON, MARGARET I. "The Family in Social Perspective. " Talk given at the Home Economics Extension Section, American Home Economics Association Convention, Kansas City, Mo. , July 27. 1963. Cooperative Extension Service LR-814. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1963. BACK, BURT W. "Decisions Under Uncertainty: Rational, Irrational, and Non-Rational, " The American Behavioral Scientist, 4 (February, 1961), 14-19. DIESING, PAUL. Reason in Society: Five Types of Decisions and Their Social Conditions. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1962 . GROSS, IRMA H. , and CRANDALL, ELIZABETH. Management for Modern Families. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1963. KATONA, GEORGE. Psychological Analysis of Economic Be- havior. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1951.. DIESING, PAUL. "Noneconomic Decision-Making," Ethics, 66, No. 1(Oct., 1955), 18-35. DIESING, PAUL. "Socioeconomic Decisions," Ethics, 69, No. 1(Oct.. 1958), 1-18. PAOLUCCI, BEATRICE, and O'BRIEN, CAROL. "Families and Their Management," Forecast for Home Economists, 75, No. 8 (October, 1958), 16-17. PAOLUCCI, BEATRICE, and O'BRIEN, CAROL. "Management Is a Process," Forecast for Home Economists, 75, No. 10 (December, 1959), 39-40, 46. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. College ed. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, 1958. 33. 34. 35. 36. 95 U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census. Current Population Reports. Consumer Income. Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1961. Series P-60, No. 39, February 28, 1963. 1-44. EPSTEIN, LENORE A. "Income of the Aged in 1962: First Findings of the 1963 Survey of the Aged," Social Security Bul- letin, 27, No. 3 (March, 1964), 3-24, 28-40. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. New Di- rections in Health, Education and Welfare: Baclground Papers on Current and Emerging Issues, 1963, Tenth Anniversag. Washington D. C. U. 5. Government Printing Office, 1963. CUMMING, ELAINE, and HENRY, WILLIAM E. Growing—Old: The Process of Disengagement. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1961. APPENDIX A 97 Interview Number Length of Interview PART A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE Date 2. Sex (Circle) M F 3.Age Type of unit 5. Marital Status (Circle) (1) Single (2) Married (3) Widow (4) Widower (5) Divorced (6) Separated If widow(er), how long have you been one? (No. of years) Number of children 8. Education (Circle highest Sex and Age of Qiildren level attained) (1)F M (1) Grade schoollZ3456 (2) F M (2) Junior High School 7 8 9 (3) F M (3) Senior High School 10 11 12 4 F M ( ) (4) College 1 2 3 4 Graduate (5) F M (5) Master's Degree (6) F M (6) Professional Degree (7) F M (Example: Medicine) (8) F M (7) Doctor's Degree (8) Other Occupation . . . (1) Are you still engaged in this occupation? (2) How long have you been re- tired? Income Range 12. Source of Income 13. Proportion _ (Percentage) (1) Under $2, 500 (1) Social Security (1) (2) $2, 500 to $2,999 (2) Retirement fund from employment (2) (3) $3, 000 to $4,999 (3) Pension (3) (4) $5, 000 to $6,999 (4) Dividends (4) (5) $7, 000 to $8.999 (5) Interest (5) (6) $9, 000 to $10. 999 (6) Other (list) (6) (7) $11,000 and over (7) Insurance (7) annuity 98 PART A - 2 - Interview Number l4. 15. 16. 17. Where were you living before you came here? (1) Owned home (6) Rented unfurnished (2) Rented house room —— (3) Rented unfurnished (7) leed WIth family __ apartment (8) Lived with friends (4) Rented furnished (9) Other apartment (5) Rented furnished room How long did you live there? If answer in question Number 15 is less than ten years, record housing changes during this period. Type of housing Length of residence (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) How long have you lived in this retirement housing project? 99 PART B - 3 - Interview Number INTERVIEW GUIDE 1. Let's go back to the time when you made the decision to come here. What kinds of decisions did you have to make to get ready to move here? Let's go back and trace these decisions as they were made. (Probable decisions: furniture disposal, family treasures, household furnishings, kitchen equipment, furniture for unit here, colors for walls here, moving date, disposition of car, decisions since moving here.) Code Decisions Alternatives Rejected 100 PART B - 4 - Interview Number 2. Were there some situations you expected to arise for which you made a choice in advance about what you would do if the situation occurred? Probable decisions: how to house guests, where to have guest meals, how to entertain large groups, and what to do if emergency surgery were required. Code Decisions Alternatives Rejected 101 PART B - 5 - Interview Number SUPPLEMENTAL PAGE FOR INTERVIEW GUIDE Code Decisions Alternatives Rejected APPENDIX B 103 8063 3358800 3 338080.— 28 888m «ED 55 Human was: wagon :8 9235365 :96. 86.6an. 538x $5365 8.88.8 26 62 m H. N. «U H .o < . 3H... NH .5 \/// 2 mo (Hm {No H.H 62. :5 82. mu. .6. H2. 22. m2. m2. 42. mu. 1?. \\\\ Hun-OH. Wum . . 509800 1| 3 H38. 0%“wame 18¢ 68.—oz: HI | 82825 4 H52 3.6125: I 1H1 8882.. m 38¢ 63:62 .1 «I H2300 U HdHHuam onsHm le. «1 .628 .H .6st soHo oars: 1 fl H865 s qumomnH onmHomo 85.238268”! E 20588 «.50... 852: H 9035.92 usopcommom Honda 104 55am 358500 HHH 850805 Hons 850.com 2d: 55 .Ho 9.5: mango HHom 2233.3 mom masseuse 5863. 9.588... 9:826 .o m H. m H u o P o H m 4 m N H o H. m m k m N H H .H m .H .H .H .H .H .H. .H. a .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. 1V ////1/ s \ \ \\ \ \ H362. .mIH fl H38. onmHomo «EMMMM I 688% a: i. 205.25 Homo mama HI mu soHHoo .H as; 63on NH. «1 H8332. .H. .owwwofithwHwHHumsom 1H1 5:on8.86 quhomm onmHomo .6. gnfi—flUéZfi 1N1... 903552 unopsommom v55 105 3.88...— 3355800 3 33.380.— 65 303080.— umaD 35 mo 3?: uaHBSHH HHom magenta :3 9.20939 magnum 5.3333 #328 .o ,H m H. M No Hu a H H H. N H m m c m N H v ..H a .H ,H‘ m h .H. .H. .H. .H. H38. mm /‘ . 938500! fl 04%” 3:33- | 8.895: * 33¢ quHHEHHEI l :anon a 33x 33:32 HI ml H880 0 33m «Hana ml «I 3:8 .H 85.». .38 032:: I w: H.335 H‘ quhomm onmHumm 3336333 5 2920mm v.58. ~05.sz uml $5552 acuvzomm om van «8335 3358300 3 338080.— 38 aogom 3.5 «:5 mo «35 maHasHH :8 mag-:3.» :3 93398.9 . waHSHxHH wag-ism #326 .o ,H 106 2m; \— Pmme mm 2H. 3H. 2 NH mmv/xm «H HH 8 m H .H H x m HVH HH 3 m u H /#H//H /m%/.H/.H/ .H. .H. .w .H.\.H. I l m m I / R $ . . m .H .H m H; mm .H .H fif/ ch as HH..H.\wH.\\~.H. WHH. mthHpmHHINHhx AH. \mHH. 33. m I CABOUI NH. 189 Ha: I 29203 3me Bags .HI I Seaman: * uHoHFsHem 33m quHHHHHasHI 5 I ml 38 m 1%; «Hana: I H5 00 u 33: «Hmnmem mm Haoaww.” M 8:8. .38 «32:: I . «3.35 830 033w I Ezoum—Umfl Hank—”0mm ZOHWHUHQ 30m ”0432: WI £5852 unmvcommvm 107 can .mI nvn'HhHHZ «Covaoammm Esau $5888 a 3038.8 v5 3038.8 2.5 in Ho 9:5 maHEHoHH :3 3.35.5 :8 22th maHBHHoHH magnuemI ”5.88 62 m H. m Hm. u H H m H N HMH a w u m N H «H HH m o m a .H m .H. H. a .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. h .H. / p F \ \ \ \\\ \ H33. mm I ,. , - - unsounHoUI mm 3.8.“. ZOE—Una Hafiz @852: I I canyon—2.5 * RUM—PEP Hagux “83332 I ml 53o; m H322 £33: I I H380 u we; 03anle ml 5:8 .H atom .88 «32:: I NH Harsh .H qumomnH onmHomnH 333622;”! E 20583 mid—Om m0§23 108 333m 3253300 5 3010qu v5 301-080.— uED «39 «0 was: 058.2 :3 €35.13 :8 «33.9 0596} mgaeu 9:830 62 mu «0 .7" m0 ~0 H0 r 7/////// N Hz a H 0 m o/ m w u u m H m m m m 1 m m .H. h. h u. H a. h. H H309. 03.5595: sumo:— 35:00 >030..— quofluun. E 205 ~08 PmUnfiat wI Honfiflz “newcommum HAHMOMQ ZOHmHUHQ 38. fl 00509000 I EH3: H0353 I 33m 512:: HI Human 302:2 I 338 29.3 fl anew 38 «Hana: HI 80% 5H0 295 I 20..— mug 109 05m «Entan— kzasfiaou 3 323080.— 05 aogm :0: 3.5 «0 3?: wagon mum waflzuau :3 308939 manage; musics-m 3.8.6 62 m + m a u a... No L a H a S m ._. a. h 0 mm mm rm 6 «bk 9... cu. m. a... \ 38‘ «In WIN H305. 9509800 I I“! mafia: * 39% 08.25 I ml 5&2.— x 33m 512:: .w. ml 5:0,. a .35. 58 «32:2 4. NI.“ HUOEGH. .H. GOV—0m afiu OHNQMW JWI HAHhOmm 20704qu E ZOE—Omn— mEdOm mug—A N. 903932 acovcoamom 110 can «583.— 3308600 5 303080.— 15 33.383 :0: 3.5 no ~55 mamas“. =3 mains.“ =3. 5&5“... 383m 23.03 9.08.8 62 m v m ~ 0 w 0 J. u x _ _ , g , «find emvm 22a «\u\mm fl: 3...“ m m a m 1 a a m m P ._. a. u. u. ._. a u. a. u. ._. ///// //// / / , N \ \ \ \ \\ \\ 309% I canon—EOUI mm 38. 29280 33. 0323 I I cuts—an: * 6353 1:3: goat—=2 I ml 502.— m 392 €032 "I m 3380 0 3.....— «an; a o 5:8 m at} 56 «1232 I ma: ~00ng .H. 3 an I mqaomm 2033mm 23. 83?: E 22280 w 000502 «covcommum 30..— 810—2: 111 can 8080.— 3858800 8 801380.— 05 828080m a8: «8: «0 953.— main—0m 30m magma—aim 30m map—09089 mama—60¢ wanna—«flu waiooaU . 2 m v m up w _ _ g # _ mg «m "a y/mmmm f of a... 29:“. up up 2.9 a... mu. v... me up f ////V/ // L w \ x \ \ \\\\\ \ | 309M 8 use... Enemaoul I @8825 * 18¢ u§o>£ I «I 802m x 05am 55%: I an 3580 0 33m 032:: I m: 5:8 .. 33m 395 In.» «.4 1008... u. 3:3 .38 ".3252 ml not» .3 o 8 I E20553 HAHhomm ZOHwHOHQ m U a» m w 803802 a: 0080mmvm 30m m0 mmHmN/mfiwm on oH \HH\h¢m cm H m m m .H .H .H .H. a s .H Xx .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. // / // / V \ \ \ \\\\ \\ \ H38. .Hum I \.\. 9:89:00 I mu H83 H5; 35:: 4. .HI 35¢qu * 29285 39% 532:: I «I 52»on m 28525 33m 032:: I 4. H988 0 Human £95. m w! 8:8 .H atom .38 3332 I wIH Rona; .H. 8:8 38 «Hana I EonmHBQ quhOmnH ZOHmHUHQ gamuoéza van 115 NEH-8am 3:58:80 E 828080.. van 98388.— »ED «:5 mo N55 3:58 :8 waging HHum €38.5qu NESBHH NaHaHHfium N385 62 m HH m J N _ H m H N H m N 8 N. .o H fifi/HI/ ._ / H / \II .H , 38. «m I 33800 I «O I mN R 9 33¢ .53qu I 3535 * 33¢ 532:: I .ml Samoa m 33¢ «32:: I I H9930 u Hafiz «3qu «IN «I 8:8 .H 8:3 .88 2332 HI fl wounds .H. 82% 3H0 swam I quhOmm ZOHmHUmQ E ZO~m~UmQ 30..— Mags 2 Hanan—Z Hcvvcoamom 116 15m ”£82“.— .EHHNHEEoU H: 323088 and 303388 NE: NE: mo Nata wagon HHum NEHEHHHNE HHum Ngfi macaw; $3235 #383 .02 m H. N H N N m H. a N N u u u .I. u o \ 8 2 3 \—I / / \ \\ H.\\\ \ H. a NH.H. NH.H. NHH HH.H. NH. mh\N.H.\N.H\ NH mu. J. / / H \ \ \ \\ \ \\ H38. Q I van—09:00 I N». Hfiop 29203 I I 28.59:. 33m 353 H Evian: * HNHHHSH $3332 I «I 5&3 m 39% «Hana: HI NI Hohqou u HNHHHSH oHNHHHm H. w: 5:8 .H 35m .38 «12:2 .H.| NH :28; .H qumomm onmHomm azuwfiaswaml I E 20863 $28 3523 E .83952 acmvcomwvm 117 can «Eugen.— BHEHEEOU 5 aomaoflom and 3383qu NED 35 mo mafia..— mnflaom Sum waEflBnflm flow wantomuquuu. wqmonvum mnaznmfim 9:896 .02 m w. m U «U DH. N _ _ _ m N H N H N N w; N N m H. HH 2 a N \N.H. H H m m A m m _ .H. .H .H. .H. .H. .H .H . P .H. .H. Boa NJ I ESOAEOU I h mm ~30 ZOHwHUmQ Hafiz v3.82: I I H.38HH8H5 * 083.5wa 1%; going: I .ml 552.. m 3me «H.532 I HHI Hohaou 0 33m onHHHm «A m. 3:8 .H 3:3 .38 3.532 M. .N..H. Home; 9 8:3 38 «Hana .HI EZOHmHUmG HAHLHOMnH ZOHwHUHQ wEOmmU§ZS mH honEHHZ “cowcommmm 118 van 803mm 3858800 8 828080.— 88 888088 NE: 98: «0 N35 N38,: NHuN 83:85 :3 88835. 888m 83333 N885 .02 N HH Nu \HN N N N H. N H mu NU \U \U\ U N .H N .H \N u N u r N N H v 3 N N N HH N N N v N H N m .H .N .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. H38. fl I / 1809800 I no I I NN H« .H. onNHuNQ \ HNHHHSH N395 I N888: * 28.85. , HNHBN going: I m. 823a N Human «Hana: .HI m. Hohnou 0 398 395. Mm HVI 8:8 .H 8.3m .88 £832 .HI fl 1389 .N atom 3H0 388 I E20588 HAHhOmm ZOHmHUMQ 38882: H nongdz uavvcomm 0m 119 «8083 3898800 8 328083 88 828080.— 345 98: N25 8:58 NHNN 53333. NHoN 888.5% NHNSNNN NHHENHHNBNN N885 _ N\\ _ NN NN NN NN. \I‘\ NH.H. NH.H. NH.H. NN /// HH \ H \ \N \ v H NN NN mN Ha, HN. NN NHH N.H. N.H. N.H. NHH H.H.H. NH.H. .H. \ N oHN. \N.H\ .H. N.H. .H. .H. 38. MN. I 0980 I NN H309 H8 u I 20583 N.HHHN H.855 I I N888: N. 068.89 EBN 512:: I NI 8.33 N HNNHN «32:: I N H380 u HNNSN oHNqHN .NM W. NoHHoN N 3:3 5H0 «3an2 MI N H8889 .H. .2. .a I HAHNONnH onmHomQ «N 8.3:: EN 2088.3 922 8583 : umnfidz «newcommvm 120 van 8.88am 3898800 HH— aofiuoaom 83 838080.— 383 3.5 no N35 N.HNHEoN NHNN 88:85 :3 3838qu NSSNoN 82583 N885 .02 N N. N HU «U N NH NH NH. .H. N H NHNNHH NN HHoHNH NHNHNHVNNHNH NN NN .NNNNN. NN .H..H..H..H. .H..H..H..H..H..H..H..H.*.H..H. .H..H. ///7 / N/VH :\\\\\ \\\\\\\ 38. M I 8809800 I NN 38. 2056.3 HNHNNN 8895 I HI 3382:: * oHoNN.... .350. .25 $3.33... .55 5:08.32... 5:552... 3.3.3.... 5582.0 62 n v m H. ... .0 H.. N _ _ \7 ./f .v... \ _/ I .. m N «mmu. m 225 .Ho.m...Hmmo no ......... .. .. 2 H. HS/ . .. ... ... .H ... ... ... .. m... .. .. \ /////IW / /// .\\\\ .\\\\\\ .30... «m I I 0309500 I 90 /Iw/I .\ x - x I an .a .. /.I/,,.I.I .- I II 3.3.. 08.26. H | 08.22.... ... - 205.03 3.3. $5.25... I «I .552. H. .0353 303. 2.23,. I .HI .9080 0 3.5. m25.5 IHm .ml 5...... . 8.25 5.0 0.2.9.52 .HI I... .808... ... 8.35 3.0 m25...... I... 5205.03 HAHMOmn. ZOHmHUMQ 530.0052... Hm 200.352 uacvcommmm I... IV \. II. 124 0...... m0 .0 z 3.30.... 3.258800 5. 30.8080... 05. 30.80802 .55 255 53>... mg.55... 22.. 3.6.53 2...... mafia... 50.963. 50.0.53... 9.82.0 m. H. m. .. .. .H \\\ /// .7 N \\ \ K \\ I\\\ .39.. am. I 05509500 I N I o .30... 205.03 5.03. 08.26. 3.8.2.... ... 0.0.25.5 3.5. 5.00.02 I mu .552. H. 3.3. «.0052 I I .300 U .303. 0.9.8 Mm NI 20...... .. 802.. 3.0 3.0.0:. I m. .803... .H 80.5 5.0 «.35 I 3205.03 HAHhomm ZOHmHUHQ 5220.35.25 NM 209.2257. .50vaomm0m 125 .53.. 3.030.. 3.5.8500 a. 30.8080.” can Hogmflom £03 «ED m0 3...... 3.68... no... 3......»«5 :3 3.5.32... 3.8.03. 3333...... 3.82.0 .02 m w m . 0 m. m... m... a _ / / . mm . .0. v.— N .0 m N . . w. m. 2.: m . a w\.\v\~ o . m m m .. x ... h .. ... H .. .. a ... ... ... ... //r // / a \ \ \ \\ \\\\ \ .30.. mm m .309. 9509.80 I 205.0... 3.3. 35>... I I 038..an * 0.03.5.5 3.5. U2.....23. I «I .53... m 3...... 2.252 ...I .I .0880 0 .53. .:3... fl ml 3...... .. 8.8m 5.0 3.0.5: .I H Home“... ... snow 5.0 ”.3.. |.n 205.0... MACS... 7.0.20.2. .50..0§z: mm .83552 acmvcommm m 126 wadm 3.8.0.. 3.5.8800 0. 305330.. 0.... 30.8080..— .ED .55 m0 3...... 3.8.6... 3.5 3.5.33... a»... 303.32... 3.8.... 33...“... 3.89.0 .oz 5 .. m N 5.. 5.. . N . .. u o. o n m. N. m v m w. . .. .. ... ... H F a P .. ... .. a .. //r , _ . x. I \ \\\ \\I\ .3.... fl I 09.09500 I o. .33 3...... Bug... I I 03......an * 5...... 5......52 I I 58.60.... x 1.03. 03.032 I I .9080 0 5...... m.35 fl ml 6...... .. 8...... 3.0 “3.0.3.. I w. .802... H 8...... 3.0 ~.3.... NI mazhomfl. 7.0.29.2. 5... 205.0... 53.0.. 005.2... vm 900.852 acovcomm 0m 127 vqwm mm honfinz 2.0.0.890 om 3.03.... 3355300 0. 30.0330.— ..5. aoflugm 0...: 3.5 «0 9.33 wanna... 30m wn§.308m 30m wguh 330.60% 9.333.33— 5.30040 .02 m .. m N . m N . N . N n o N N . m .. m m m m .. p a h .. H .. .. .N ///AIV / K . x \ \ \\ .30.. mu. I 3509.50 I m. .30... 20.285 1.05. 03.2.... I | 08.82.... * 0. 0.. 95. .. 3...... 3.00.52 I ml 8.32.. m 3.33. 0.0032 I I ugflOU U flag Qiflmw m M: 3...... .. $22.. g“.0 «2.0.3. I m: Home: 0 8.8m 5.0 £25 I 52205.08 HAHhOmm ZOHmHUmQ 20......0422: 128 cam 8300.. 3.8.8800 3 838030.. 0.... 80.8080.— 083 .85 mo 92>... N8...... 23. magmas... 23. 9.2.0.5.... N382... 8.82.3 N888 62 m w m N a. u mu .0 U; N _ o. N .H m N. .. \ N \. ...\ .H\\ F\.H . m v m N H m m. . v. N. o. m o m . v N a m .— m m M m m h. m H .H. h. P H H. H .H. .H H Nam .30... .30... «w I 03.0.8.8: * 205.0%. 0.509800 I... VI 35:00 U 1.3% 203.332 I .mI >030.” m Waxy. 03.032 NI 0.. 1008... .. 3.3. 30.3 d 8.3.. .30 «30...: NI I so... m0§23 em .mfigsz unmwcommom tam 129 3..qu 3358500 3 338080.“ 98 aoiugom 5:3 3:5 mo mat: $258 :3. mafia—«um :8 maniaufi macaw; mafia—«um m593.5 62 m v m we / mm flu N o Sfi a ._. Nfivm Nd 2v Sfimufi 223on as» g v m m m m m m e ._. h h. .u H a ._. a a a a. u. ._. H //// / / / r r L x N N \ \I \\\\\ \\\\\ 38. .mm acmEoU I WIN: H309 ,x - I . a 8.3.»: I I 2056mm ; Eu mu m I Stag: * H8525 we; xoauaz mu gunmen m Eng «12:: l “I 35qu 0 33m 395. mm m: .623 .. 85m .88 3332 M. MIN 1030.3. h .3.—om 830 033w ”I m A H h 0 m nH Z O H H H O E 205595 m 0 20m mug..— bN Hananz pavvcommvm 130 28m «533m Ewan—2:00 3 Bowumuumom can anomagm “ED 35 mo magma mama—tom 30m wfififinwfim fium wcfluoawfiwnh wnmgvom wfifinnmunm 9:826 .02 a w v m N H a Ca m N H m m o v N. m H m m .H. .H. P .H. h. h. .H P .H .H. \\\\\ 189 Mm I. I 3%... an m I ZO~ Gun 3592:: * Hum—”.55 Ream x3332 I 832m m wag 3.532 I “I 3380 0 €va 033.... I”. MI 5:8 m 3:8 58 2392 I fl 33.63 h 8:3 .88 «new I HAHhomnH ZOHmHUHQ 5 2055mm mEmOm 84225 mm 9095.92 “cwwcommmm 131 vadm «Eofimm 5355800 3 aoHaoamom H28 aoHauaaonH 35 «ED Ho mafia wagon rum mamazfium new Manama“; waHSBm wqanfium mgH895 .02 m H. m mu H.u Nu Ho N _ \ HH \ .H. \ H m N H m N v H m w u 3 o H. a H m m m m a m .H .H .H e H .H. .HI .H. .H. .H. .HI .H H. ///// ////,. \ x \ \ \\\\ \ // ,u :38. fl u////, I I I 3309800 .8 H309 , 2058mm 33¢ @832: I I 3538: * 28525 Rama $3332 I m. 835 m x I, we; «32:: .HI w: 3580 u ...... I 33¢ onam fl «1 5:3 m 3:3 .38 ”32:: HI .HIH H853 H. H 0 35m 38 swam I m 1H h m nH Z O H m H U M Q 5 20568 $58» .8595 0N Hun—852 acovcommmm 132 «508....— EHBHEEOU nH gigom van adofluoflom 35 «Ha: no 9:5 wagon :3 @3553 new $20329 mnfiéum 9.3.15 ”3.8.8 62 m H. m a Hu «u H 3 mm m# \.H. N.H.H m/H N/m Hm mH/h/m mp AH. NH. 59 emohfimaWahAH. EH HHH. as 38. Q I Bongo I an H38. 292an 33a H.885 I A. @3833: .., Hofiam we; 512:: a: 823$ m 33m «33:: I NI 3580 0 33m «Hana 8 M. 5:8 .H atom .88 «32:: a .fl 1339 .H. atom .38 335 I mHIHHrHOmnH ZOHmHUMQ E 20568 $58» ”H932: Mm £5852 Hcovcommom 133 can «895m 33.98800 HHH Boas-om 98 328083 HHHHD «HHS mo 9:5 wagon HHom Eafifium HHom waning“; 383m $533 «38.6 62 m HI mu m J mu H.H u no Re no _ I. b x m ome/3H. mus Huh ah \ \ \ \ \\mH.HI «HP «.HH. «HHHHHI H MN mv muomu mm\\IMI\\\ :32 .H .H .H .H .H. .H. .H. H H A c m Iv H .H. a .H. J/ / y , . \H\\\I H. H .H\.H\H.\.H \\\ 38mm Mm H38. 22289 agonaoul I Stanza: * 069:3... 33¢ HHBHQSHI I 5.9395 x HaHvam onnHHuHHHSHI ml Hon—:00 U HaHUuK via—azl mI >039— .H HuHHHam onHHHm «IN. MN. H332. .HI 3:8 5H0 «H.532 ml a 8.» u I E20563 muHHnHOHHnH ZOHwHDmnH ovum 8 H95 MN .3 £5.92 acmvcommom go..— NU<¥ZHA 134 can 880m 5808800 HHH 838080HH H80 aoaulom «H0: 08: H0 55 Nagom :3 82383 :3. 808.039 8862 88:35 «885 62 m HI N N NH 9% HH 9 Na d. 0H m N N o /\ H NH v N .H .H .H .H .H m .H. .H .H m W/N/MN/z/ NH NH 3 NH 39 N \H 2 H.H \N\o\m N N H N m m m A/ p .H. .H. .HI .H .H. .HI .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. .H. H38. mN. 8&800 I NIm H30.H. HNHHHHH H0832: I I 030K203 .w ZOHmHUmQ Humvnm 038332 I ml 8050.:— m UHUmhéb 13am 03332 HI I H8800 U H3001 3»an WM .3 .628 N 3:3 .88 30032 mi H8089 .H. 308 3H0 oHNaHm mu 520583 mIHHmOHHnH ZOHmHUmHnH 30:03: Mm “00.8.82 unaccommvm 135 v0.0a «Euflum 3358800 3 328080.— 98 303080.“— :a: £5 no Nata mafia» mum magma—«am :8 Nagy." 93262 Nagzfium @185 .02 m v m. N NH N _ mm NN 8... 2... Sth N N J J Na W mm mm. mm 2 m J. NJ. 2 of my mNFANH\N \Nh up N m . N. p a \ p \ N. //// // / / / v x K \ \ \\\ \\ \ :8... Mm I 1359580 I 8 189 :62 3:23 I I @3893: * 2056mm 18$ 532:: I ml 833 m GENES 32m 3332 I I 3.580 0 33m «35 MN. ml 8:8 m 8:8 .88 3332 I 4N. 10089 9 atom .88 £95 4: Ezouflum—Q HAHhOmnH ZOHmHUHQ EON—mugs WIN “00,502 uavvcommmm 136 Van vm Hana—~52 “newcommom «303.3— 335800 5 aogom wad 801.080.“— 033 3.5 no magma mflgm 20w magma—Sum 30m wqfluogah wfiufluom wagnafim 9:808 .02 m N. m N fl0 mp. _ L m mg m / P / \ « vx mm NM N.— am of. mu. gm 0h. mp. SH up. :9 .3th.“. mu. «.9 NH N.H. 18... w 350.380 I .mM H309 / imam 03.52: I I antenna: * 205.80 183— Egg: I «I Samoa x 23.20:. 33m «Eva: NI 3580 u ESE £95. .3 .ml 5:8 m are» 320 3.532 N .me $030.2. H «view 830 035m nuI E29908 HdHhOmnH ZOHmHUmQ magnoéza 137 «.085 mm 8038.52 Naowaommmm 8.83am 3858800 8 803380.— 88 aomaofiom 3.5 «8: «0 8?: 9:88... :20. 82.288 :3 88838. NESBN 83883 808.6 .02 m N. N NN N N N. o N. r r 9N . N NNNNN/N. NNN NNN NNNNNNN omN. N .N N N N N N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. 38. .NIN I 0859800 I NN N38. N58 @332: I I vuflomoab * 205480 1:03»— x0333: I m1 839$ N 9085:. NNNBN 03232 .NI I “0.5800 0 influx 393w Im m... 8:8 N atom .30 £832 I «IN 1038 N. N. 35.9. 3“No «Nana I 3205—08 HAHhomnH ZOHwHUHQ mEOhmoéza 138 can 8088 3858800 8 828080.— 05 803833 «8: «8: m0 N32: 83.8 NNum maNfiNNewuN NNom NanNaflN. NaNosuoN 383...»; 8085 62 m N. N No N N N NN N N m N. m N o N. N N N N N N N. N N N N. N N. N. N. / ///V //1 N \\ NsoN. won—Nomad: 8.9—MOE H0850 >030.— “030.; 5 205—0an “|‘°|"'|"’| | El F‘D-Ufifi‘l- om Nongdz «covaommwm MAHNHOMQ ZOHmHDHQ NEON. 8809800 HEN N833 BEN onNNuNaNz NaNBN oNNNust BEN «Nun; atom 38 «3232 atom .38 onaNm wSEOm 8§§ l“’| H |“|“| I l I H 139 «Nada 8.3ng 3858800 8 803080N was 80N80N3N :03 98: m0 3.33 8:88 :3. 83:17.3 NNoN quoNNSNN. NaNSNoN NaNfiNNNQN N885 .02 N N. N N Nw N.N — _ 3 v N NN NNN. N.NNN. NNN. N N N N N* /// / \ .H\m\\o N N N N N / N N N. o N N.N NN N N N NN N N N N N N N N./A/N N N N x a N. .N N. N. .\ N.. NN. NN. N. .N // // / / / N \ \ \ \\ \\ \\\ 38. .N..." I “852530 I 90 I NN Na .N BEN N835 NI 03.5.3.8: * ZOE—Unn— fifium xommflasz I NI gameNN N uNoNhfiNNN NNNNxN 39.5sz I IN: Nohnou u NNNBN «Nuns. wm NIN NoNNoN N 85m 58 «NNuNasN IN: NIN 3288. N. 35m 36 £95 4. E20583 HANhOmnN ZONmNUMQ N52852: hm 903552 uamvaoammm 140 08.5 «803.3 3858800 8 838080N 0N8 805080N «ED 85 mo NNN>NN NNNESN NNNN NaNfiNNNNaN NNoN NanNaSh NNNSBN NNNNNNNNNSNN N885 .02 N N. N o N NU N N. N N _ \Nuh N NN N N N N N NN N N N N. N N N N N N N 1 N. N. N. N. . N. N. N. .N N. 38. MN. ImIN Ruck. 080N800 H . _ BEN BEEN I vofiONoNNND * ZO—mNUNQ 18mm x3933: I ml 82mg.“ .m NDgéhw imam 03332 I .NI N380 u NaNNaN NNNNNN MN .NI 3:8 N 3:8 5N0 oNNNuNaz NI NJ 1882. N. 823. 3N0 «85 NI EZONNNUNQ HAHhomm ZOHmHUMQ mm umfiEfiZ Ncmvcommmm wide m0<¥§ 38m 141 «Eofium 3858800 5 801380N 08a acct-080N— 383 «8: no magma w88N0N 30m unampflum 30w wnflNONNNHNP wan—60¢ wfififlnwfim M83098 .62 m w v mm / Nu ON 3 N N. .H N. N. / \ \ \ \ a N.N m «m 7N NN /NN H. of. may. «N.H. mm. NN.“. mp. mu. nah. Nah. vukxuw. «h. N.H. m/// l/ // *1/ / / K x \\ \\ \\\\\ \ \ \ N38. .3 080N800 I m N38. :5wa N838 I .Nu 353.3: * zoNNNuNNNN NNNRN onNNNsz I NI SEEN N UNUNNRNNN NuNNaN uNNNust fl. NI Nohaou u NNNNNN 295 mm NI NoNNoN N M323 3N0 «32:: ..Nl N.N. 188 .N N. SEN 5N0 395 4.. 529903 HAHhOmnH ZOHmHUMQ NZNONNUNDNZNN om .NonEsZ Namvcommmm 142 05m ow $58.92 Navvcommmm BNBNNN 3858800 5 838080." .05 NaomNNuNNON N83 NED mo NEE NaNNEoN NNNN NNENNNNENN NNNN NnNtoNBSN. NNNBBN NNNNNNNNNNSNN N885 .02 N N N NN. NNN. N NN.N N.N N. NNN. NN. N / //N N N. N. N N N NN NN NN NN NN/ NN.N oNN. NN. N.H NN. N.N. N.H /// l/ / w \ \ \ =\\m\\.fi \\. I N38. mm NN NSoN. - - I I 8 29280 . NufioNEou I I not an: * UNUNN.o=0N N 883“ 038m IN. fl N38; 9 8:3 .30 NNNNNNNE .NI Mrmvm ZOHmHUmQ m “V honfidz «80089: N. m HAHMOMQ ZOHmHUHQ BEN .38 NNNNNN NI NENON N032: 146 08m «EoflwN 3858800 8 «GONNNQNNON wad aomaomuoN 88: 883 m0 8?: NNNESN NNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNN NauNoNaSN. NqNosNumN NnNNNNNNNsNN N885 .2 N N. N N No NN NN N N.N NN NN /NN/N.N NN NN. NN. N.N. NN. NN. NN. / 7/ /x. \\\\ \\ fl N309 zoNNNuNo . 838. H I 88 800 I 03”“th N. HOE£ .Hl m: 832; m 33m 532:: I m. 3580 u we; 33?: “I m. 8:8 m any; ofiwamm mm mm Row—oak. .H. «.3.—om 830 33:52 I E29208 mimomm 2035mm 35” 3G swam a I 32 mo§za mw .83852 unwvcommmm 148 can 3.83am 3355500 5 338080." and 333039" 3:: ”in: mo 9:5 wfifiom :29. msfizfim :3, manage“; 583m wamgfium $686 .02 m v m N m... vm mm J 97 m. f w my J. up \mhw J. g Bop 2028a 3533: US$425 :8."me 3.280 5:8 Rough 5293qu HAHhOmm ZOHmHUMQ °°|“l INI l 2| PmUad-x- 0* $5552 ucmvcommmm H38. nan—09800 39E v3.85 3%.». 981532 33m 2.532 :5va «in; 8:8 ”38 3332 8:3. .88 «Hana "ll“lllll‘“! H H 30m mugs 149 mun—um gonna.— bmqsfinuou 3 328080.— 65 333qu «ED awn: no ma 3: mafia mow msflfifium mom $58932... wnmoéoz 33355 @365 62 m w , Nu m N 39 // \x .7 / e 2 3 ”WV 997“ .— \P\h a mmuwm m 33.,” mega m\+ ES m/mrkfi/wj/ 9/ 9,9 H mm. m\\.r\ VP \ke / 18... «In I no . vgaou I on a H 33¢ v3.85 4| I 33038: * 1:22 gigs: I ml 5&2.— m 132m «32:: I ml 3580 u 33: £35 fl w: 3:8 a 85m .88 «32:: HI .3 none; u. 3:3 36 «33m HI E20588 quhomm ZOHmHUHQ 39.85.23 5. Aungfiz «newcommmm 150 «503mm 3353800 5 aouuuaom find «.55 aowuuuuuom HEB «ED mo 9:5 NqHHthH :om maamfium HHom $3.283. 383m $3333 3386 .02 m N m N Hu mmfi \ou. \NHH oHH $.th H H H H m H. m N H mv/m Wyn/mild / m MP um. .H. .F\..H. .P \NHFOHFCaFIwFKF ICE \ Huck. IDM NM munch 3509300 I I voflomuuab * ZOGuUmQ Ham—wad v3.32: I H.I 839$ x 23.325 HNHHHSH £32st I .H.. Hohuou 0 33¢ «Hana: I .md. >oflom m 333% 393m ImM NH. H3389 H Stow 3:0 «H9232 lH- k5— ZOE—Una wv quEdZ unmvcommmm HAHWOMQ ZOHwHUHQ atom .88 2»qu $20» 852: 151 98m «303mm 325E500 5 aowuaoamom and anommaommom NED 3.5 m0 N55 NEESN :3 NqHfiHBNuN _ :3 353:. NEBBN waHfiHHfium NH€85 .02 m w Hu m my." N N o N m N NH NH NH HH N N N N ,N. .H. .H. H h ////. \\\\ H v N N H NH 2 H.H a m H. H 3 N N N N N H N N N N N e .H. .N H .H. .N s .H. .H: .H‘ .H. .H. N. ///M/ / / H \ \ \ \ \Y \\ \ % H309 onmHuNa ufiafiou II... I o>fl H BuoNus: * Homhfifim HNHBN H5: N I I H52 quNuHsz m 5.9%on m I I 38m 2332 H H0580 u I NI 5:8 N HNHEN uHNaHm N I . no u «mm 0 an. I NH H8389 h c m 8 H H92 .HI >mx 205— 0mm 3» .83532 Namwcommmm HdHhomnm ZOHmHUHQ 3:8 N36 uHNEm £22 3523 152 magnum 3338500 3 wag: wnmgom I IIII EON. wufiagb 2.8%on 8.980 NN.HHoN lc‘fil 2|“|‘°|°’| Fa. U 06 «x- 3039. P E ZO—fiUmQ om .NQDENHZ Naovcoammm 2% 83.3.3 333080.“ find .3me wnflNommqwC. 38m HAHhOmnH ZOHmHUHQ atom .38 .3qu mEOm m0