EXPLORING CHANGES AMONG PARENTAL ACCULTURATION, IMMIGRATION-RELATED STRESS, PARENTAL DEPRESSION, AND PARENTAL ALLIANCE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY WITH A SAMPLE OF LATINO/A IMMIGRANT PARENTS By Michael R. Whitehead A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Human Development and Family Studies Doctor of Philosophy 2016 EXPLORING CHANGES AMONG PARENTAL ACCULTURATION, IMMIGRATION-RELATED STRESS, PARENTAL DEPRESSION, AND PARENTAL ALLIANCE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY WITH A SAMPLE OF LATINO/A IMMIGRANT PARENTS By Michael R. Whitehead Foreign born Latino/a immigrants currently make up 12.9% of the total US population. Despite this considerable representation of the total US population, Latino/a immigrants continue to be exposed to widespread health and mental health care disparities. Scholarship focused on the needs of Latino/a immigrants continues to be characterized by multiple gaps. For example, new conceptualizations of acculturation according to multi-dimensional frameworks need to be validated in various Latino/a immigrant sub-populations. Further, Latino/a immigrants and their families, particularly those with low family annual incomes, are exposed to multiple types of immigration-related stress. However, little is known about how immigration-related stress impacts couples. The major objective of this investigation was to examine the interrelationship among acculturation, immigration-related stress, depression, and parental alliance as reported by a group of Latino/a immigrant parents who participated in a cultural adaptation parenting study. Data were provided by 78 two-parent families. The statistical approach consisted of latent growth curve analyses to examine rates of change over time. Findings indicated a potential protective role of biculturalism among Latino/a immigrant couples, as well as the need to refine statistical models for future research with this population. Research, clinical, and policy implications are discussed. To my partner in all things, the love of my life, Jessica, without your love and support I would not have been able to finish this dissertation. I love you more than I can express. To my children, Samuel, William, Abigail, and Luke, your smiling faces and laughter gave me the energy and persistence to finish. To all of my parental figures, teachers, and friends. You taught me the importance of dedication, perseverance, service, and love, all of which informs my career pursuit and the reason for my studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe all I have and am to my Father in Heaven. Without His grace and support I would not have been able to accomplish any of what I have. He placed in my path all of my advisors, mentors, teachers, colleagues, and friends, without whom my career and this study would not have been completed. It has been an honor and blessing to have such a great and supportive committee. All of my committee members gave tremendous guidance and direction to enable this dissertation to be what it currently is. I am grateful to Dr. Richard Wampler, for his dedicated assistance and mentorship throughout my PhD program. I am appreciative of Dr. Sacha Klein for her talented and directed feedback in making this study relevant to real -Herb for their gracious and devoted service while on my committee. I thank Dr. Ryan Bowles for his generous and timely guidance in helping me through the many statistical questions and bumps along the road. I especially want to thank Dr. Ruben Parra-Cardona for his continuous support, and effort in helping me finish this study. Without his data, expertise, and continued promptings this study would not have been accomplished. To all of my colleagues and friends in the MSU Couple and Family Therapy program, I could not have survived this program without you. We all came from different backgrounds, different religious and political leanings, and different goals for our futures. However, your friendship, love, and support carried me throughout this program. There is a certain comradery that comes from experiencing the changes and challenges we all faced together. I entered the program as a cohort of one, but will leave with countless friends, colleagues, mentors, and family. I want to thank all those throughout the years who told me I could not do it. The many who refused to believe that a person of my background could accomplish anything. They were the wind at my back as I pushed through this marathon of education. Just as my mentors, friends, and supporters were there to cheer me on, those who criticized me, discounted me, discriminated against me, contributed to my desire to be a helper for all those who are oppressed and disadvantaged. I owe a lot to those who are no longer living as well. From my dear friend, Justin Ure (and his kind family), my brother Marcus, my grandpa and grandma Archuletta, and especially my grandma and grandpa Whitehead. Knowing each of them, has contributed to the person I am today. All of them in their own ways have supported and encouraged me to be a better person. I hope I can continue to be a light to the world like they were for me. Unfortunately, I cannot name or acknowledge every person, or mentor that has allowed me to get to this point. Deep down, I hope all of you who have been there with me through the years know of my gratitude for your inclusion in my life. Including all my many clients; your struggles have been a great education to me in my life. I thank God that I was given the chance to be in your life. Lastly, I need to thank and acknowledge my best friend in the whole world. Jessica, without you I would be lost. You supported me through many missed and altered deadlines. You put up with many late nights with the kids, and many missed opportunities through our education. You truly are my best friend. I am so grateful to have you by my side through all these years. My love for you has magnified throughout our education, and I have come to realize the meaning of true love when I look into your eyes. Thank you! 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Descriptive statistics by treatment condition and time. (N=78; Families: 54 - Treatment Class, 24 - Control). Mothers Fathers Variables Pre Post 6-Mo FU Pre Post 6-Mo FU M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) Acculturation Treatment Class 13.99 (14.52) 14.69 (13.57) 10.66 (15.58) 12.03 (9.78) 11.75 (11.69) 12.16 (11.35) Control 13.05 (17.73) 17.25 (14.99) 19.08 (15.94) 14.68 (11.53) 16.62 (9.94) 18.45 (11.45) Intra-Familial Stress Treatment Class 0.94 (0.91) 0.61 (0.81) 0.55 (0.75) 0.64 (0.53) 0.34 (0.45) 0.33 (0.35) Control 0.79 (0.73) 0.66 (0.59) 0.78 (0.89) 0.64 (0.65) 0.61 (0.84) 0.79 (0.81) Extra-Familial Stress Treatment Class 0.77 (0.62) 0.77 (0.96) 0.72 (1.03) 0.90 (0.87) 0.70 (0.81) 0.79 (0.82) Control 0.92 (0.98) 1.00 (1.09) 0.74 (0.84) 0.77 (1.00) 0.77 (0.65) 1.07 (1.22) Parental Alliance Treatment Class 3.45 (0.72) 3.88 (0.58) 3.84 (0.55) 3.82 (0.66) 4.18 (0.43) 4.17 (0.41) Control 3.64 (0.56) 3.76 (0.66) 3.71 (0.64) 3.85 (0.46) 3.90 (0.55) 4.02 (0.51) Depression Treatment Class 0.64 (0.43) 0.55 (0.36) 0.51 (0.41) 0.58 (0.32) 0.54 (0.39) 0.54 (0.32) Control 0.72 (0.41) 0.67 (0.33) 0.56 (0.36) 0.63 (0.35) 0.59 (0.32) 0.59 (0.35) Table 3. Correlations for each measure by gender. (Mothers, italics, below diagonal; Fathers, above diagonal) Measure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1. Treatment Condition -.16 -.12 .00 .06 -.02 -.05 -.20 -.21 -.04 .27 -.06 -.25 -.37 -.14 .16 -.08 2. Years in the US .13 -.22 -.10 -.30 -.06 -.13 -.07 .17 -.07 .16 .07 .00 .06 -.12 .12 -.10 3. Acculturation (Time 1) .03 -.06 .17 .33 .06 -.01 .50 .02 .14 -.00 -.10 .37 .09 .32 -.00 -.08 4. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 1) .08 .07 -.04 .41 -.22 .31 .18 .48 .20 -.25 .07 .08 .48 .45 -.30 .26 5. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 1) -.10 -.21 .00 .20 .01 .32 .26 .17 .60 -.01 .10 .14 .29 .75 .02 .15 6. Parental Alliance (Time 1) -.13 -.05 -.03 -.34 .05 -.34 -.05 -.16 -.11 .53 -.21 .11 -.19 -.15 .31 -.23 7. Depression (Time 1) -.09 .15 .09 .24 .28 -.28 .01 .36 .54 -.43 .51 -.00 .30 .43 -.34 .54 8. Acculturation (Time 2) -.09 -.19 .42 .12 .05 -.15 .11 -.05 .09 -.04 -.13 .63 .02 .23 -.30 -.18 9. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 2) -.03 -.01 .01 .58 .15 -.37 .24 .18 .48 -.41 .33 .05 .73 .34 -.30 .28 10. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 2) -.11 -.10 .15 .35 .55 .04 .21 .18 .40 -.22 .31 .03 .42 .63 -.18 .39 11. Parental Alliance (Time 2) .09 .06 -.01 -.31 .05 .64 -.15 -.05 -.58 -.07 -.39 -.16 -.45 -.22 .61 -.35 12. Depression (Time 2) -.14 .02 .10 .12 .09 -.26 .62 .16 .23 .09 -.35 -.03 .26 .25 -.22 .31 13. Acculturation (Time 3) -.24 -.15 .22 -.11 -.10 -.00 -.05 .54 .01 -.00 -.03 .06 .13 .19 -.08 -.20 14. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 3) -.13 .03 .08 .59 .32 -.21 .24 .22 .72 .41 -.50 .27 -.07 .54 -.41 .30 15. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 3) -.01 -.04 .15 .25 .60 .08 .19 .21 .31 .66 -.11 .16 -.06 .62 -.13 .30 16. Parental Alliance (Time 3) .11 .18 .05 -.24 .01 .44 -.16 -.17 -.43 -.11 .74 -.32 -.07 -.34 -.07 -.42 17. Depression (Time 3) -.06 .03 .24 .40 .16 -.04 .44 .23 .53 .16 -.28 .36 -.11 .58 .50 -.30 N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 4. Inter-parental correlations between study variables. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1. Treatment Condition -.16 -.12 .00 .07 -.02 -.05 -.20 -.21 -.04 .27 -.06 -.25 -.37 -.14 .16 -.08 2. Years in the US .13 .48 -.23 .10 -.23 -.09 -.08 -.12 .04 -.13 .08 .01 -.14 .01 -.17 .05 -.06 3. Acculturation (Time 1) .03 .07 -.13 -.04 .20 .01 .01 .01 .15 .16 -.05 .23 .11 .18 .18 .15 -.02 4. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 1) .08 .07 .21 .38 .09 -.20 .22 .09 .22 .18 -.07 -.01 .03 .20 .25 .02 .01 5. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 1) -.10 .22 .22 -.01 .20 .06 .03 .30 .13 .26 .01 .04 .23 .10 .16 .10 -.04 6. Parental Alliance (Time 1) -.13 -.03 -.01 -.24 .10 .60 -.15 .03 -.19 .00 .42 -.16 .02 -.12 -.01 .26 .01 7. Depression (Time 1) -.09 .18 .01 .02 -.01 -.12 .11 .12 .06 .13 -.22 .12 .18 .04 .06 -.02 .00 8. Acculturation (Time 2) -.09 -.13 -.02 .18 .22 .01 .17 .15 .17 .13 -.16 .09 .42 .31 .24 -.13 .13 9. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 2) -.03 .22 .01 .37 .07 -.33 .37 -.06 .60 .34 -.31 .12 .01 .40 .21 -.15 .20 10. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 2) -.12 .16 .33 .15 .42 -.03 .16 .41 .14 .38 .07 -.09 .38 .13 .40 .04 .06 11. Parental Alliance (Time 2) .09 .03 -.14 -.30 -.02 .51 -.24 .03 -.28 -.10 .48 -.21 .05 -.29 -.13 .35 -.15 12. Depression (Time 2) -.14 .06 .00 -.01 -.01 -.01 .25 .10 .06 .03 -.26 .20 .01 .09 .05 -.13 .00 13. Acculturation (Time 3) -.24 -.19 -.01 .20 .11 .07 .01 .17 .13 .07 -.18 .03 .19 .18 .02 -.12 .15 14. Intra-Familial Stress (Time 3) -.13 .18 .26 .28 .09 -.11 .25 .11 .44 .31 -.21 .17 .15 .46 .24 -.10 .15 15. Extra-Familial Stress (Time 3) -.01 .14 .26 .02 .30 .04 .23 .23 .16 .48 .04 .14 .28 .23 .33 .02 .12 16. Parental Alliance (Time 3) .12 .10 -.19 -.37 -.08 .36 -.30 -.03 -.27 -.06 .44 -.17 -.01 -.30 -.25 .43 -.34 17. Depression (Time 3) -.06 .17 .04 .11 .10 -.14 .32 .02 .20 .26 -.15 .25 .14 .31 .28 -.18 .22 Note: N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 5. Fit statistics. Models Chi-square 2 (df;p) RMSEA NFI CFI TLI 1a Intercept only 2 (16, N = 78) 28.779, p = .025 .114* .750* .858* .865* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (17, N = 78) 161.73, p = .000 .333* .077* .062* -.159* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (15, N = 78) 29.035, p = .016 .110* .834* .909** .873* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 132.695 (2,1; p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (11, N = 78) 12.315, p = .340 .039** .930** .991*** .984*** 2 between random interval, random slope models 16.720 (4,1; p< .05) - - - - 1b Intercept only 2 (22, N = 78) 32.537, p = .069 .079* .811* .930** .934** Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (17, N = 78) 145.08, p = .000 .313* .158* .153* -.046* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (15, N = 78) 23.912, p = .067 .096** .851* .929** .900* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 121.168 (2,1; p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (11, N = 78) 11.099, p = .435 .011*** .936** .999*** .999*** 2 between random interval, random slope models 12.813 (4,1; p< .05) - - - - 2a Intercept only 2 (22, N = 78) 58.152, p = .000 .146* .641* .743* .755* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (17, N = 78) 129.83, p = .000 .294* .197* .198* .010* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (15, N = 78) 25.751, p = .041 .088** .852* .937*** .911** 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 104.079 (2,1; p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (11, N = 78) 15.287, p = .170 .071** .906** .970** .942** 2 between random interval, random slope models 10.464 (4,1; p< .05) - - - - 2b Intercept only 2 (22, N = 78) 44.489, p = .003 .115* .755* .860* .867* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (17, N = 78) 171.67, p = .000 .344* .056* .038* -.188* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (15, N = 78) 27.124, p = .028 .102* .851* .925** .894* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 144.546 (2,1; p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (11, N = 78) 18.059, p = .080 .091** .901** .956** .916** 2 between random interval, random slope models 9.065 (4,1; ns) - - - - 3 Intercept only 2 (85, N = 78) 127.37, p = .002 .080** .647* .834* .795* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (76, N = 78) 145.77, p = .000 .109* .595* .727* .622* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (15, N = 78) 108.54, p = .006 .078** .699* .865* .808* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 37.230 (61,1; ns) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (70, N = 78) 87.614, p = .076 .057** .757* .931** .897* 2 between random interval, random slope models 20.926 (55,1; ns) - - - - 4a Intercept only 2 (36, N = 78) 73.808, p = .000 .117* .745* .845* .807* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (31, N = 78) 135.91, p = .000 .210* .530* .571* .377* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (29, N = 78) 56.325, p = .002 .111* .805* .888* .826* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 79.585 (2,1, p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (25, N = 78) 47.028, p = .005 .107* .837* .910** .838* 2 between random interval, random slope models 9.297 (4,1; ns) - - - - 4b Intercept only 2 (36, N = 78) 86.782, p = .000 .130* .734* .824* .780* Fixed intercept, fixed slope 2 (31, N = 78) 161.77, p = .000 .234* .480* .509* .287* Random intercept, fixed slope 2 (29, N = 78) 69.567, p = .000 .135* .777* .848* .764* 2 between fixed interval, fixed slope models 92.203 (2,1; p< .05) - - - - Random interval, random slope 2 (25, N = 78) 53.632, p = .001 .122* .828* .892* .806* 2 between random interval, random slope models 15.935 (4,1; p< .05) - - - - N = 78; ***Excellent fit; **Acceptable fit; *Poor fit; significant findings, p< .05, are bolded. Table 6. Model 1 parameter estimates. Model 1a Model 1b Parameter Estimate (SE) Parameter Estimate (SE) Mother acculturation Father acculturation Mean intercept 14.59 (1.66) Mean intercept 12.79 (1.15) Mean slope 2.57 (1.67) Mean slope 2.33 (1.12) Intercept variance 118.40 (43.03) Intercept variance 70.27 (21.62) Slope variance 47.52 (22.22) Slope variance 24.81 (9.94) Intercept/slope covariance -31.58 (24.74) Intercept/slope covariance -14.41 (11.21) Father extra-familial stress Mother extra-familial stress Mean intercept 0.77 (0.09) Mean intercept 0.83 (0.08) Mean slope 0.14 (0.06) Mean slope -0.09 (0.08) Intercept variance 0.17 (0.12) Intercept variance 0.31 (0.13) Slope variance -0.22 (0.08) Slope variance 0.04 (0.07) Intercept/slope covariance 0.24 (0.08) Intercept/slope covariance 0.07 (0.07) Curve covariances Curve covariances Intercept covariance 2.11 (1.30) Intercept covariance 2.17 (0.88) BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.25 (0.52) BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.33 (0.45) HSI int/BIQ slope covariance -0.21 (0.83) HSI int/BIQ slope covariance 0.08 (0.51) Slope covariance -0.56 (0.35) Slope covariance 0.13 (0.27) Curve correlations Curve correlations Intercept covariance 0.48 Intercept covariance 0.47 BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.03 BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.21 HSI int/BIQ slope covariance -0.07 HSI int/BIQ slope covariance 0.03 Slope covariance -0.18 Slope covariance 0.21 Impact of Treatment Condition Impact of Treatment Condition Father Extra-fam. Stress Slope -0.19 (0.07) Mother Extra-fam. Stress Slope 0.06 (0.09) Mother Acc. Slope -4.38 (1.84) Father Acc. Slope -2.44 (1.27) N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 7. Model 2 parameter estimates. Model 2a Model 2b Parameter Estimate (SE) Parameter Estimate (SE) Mother acculturation Father acculturation Mean intercept 14.67 (1.66) Mean intercept 12.80 (1.15) Mean slope 2.44 (1.65) Mean slope 2.43 (1.14) Intercept variance 112.77 (42.47) Intercept variance 75.28 (22.37) Slope variance 40.15 (22.49) Slope variance 27.57 (10.31) Intercept/slope covariance -26.06 (24.93) Intercept/slope covariance -17.42 (11.52) Father intra-familial stress Mother intra-familial stress Mean intercept 0.59 (0.06) Mean intercept 0.81 (0.09) Mean slope 0.10 (0.05) Mean slope -0.01 (0.07) Intercept variance 0.17 (0.06) Intercept variance 0.33 (0.11) Slope variance 0.04 (0.03) Slope variance 0.01 (0.05) Intercept/slope covariance -0.01 (0.03) Intercept/slope covariance 0.03 (0.06) Curve covariances Curve covariances Intercept covariance 0.12 (0.89) Intercept covariance 0.65 (0.89) BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.99 (0.43) BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.35 (0.41) HSI int/BIQ slope covariance 0.80 (0.59) HSI int/BIQ slope covariance -0.37 (0.54) Slope covariance -0.65 (0.28) Slope covariance 0.06 (0.25) Curve correlations Curve correlations Intercept covariance 0.03 Intercept covariance 0.13 BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.47 BIQ int/HSI slope covariance 0.50 HSI int/BIQ slope covariance 0.31 HSI int/BIQ slope covariance -0.12 Slope covariance -0.52 Slope covariance 0.15 Impact of Treatment Condition Impact of Treatment Condition Father Intra-fam. Stress Slope -0.23 (0.05) Mother Intra-fam. Stress Slope -0.14 (0.08) Mother Acc. Slope -4.17 (1.80) Father Acc. Slope -2.59 (1.29) N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 8. Model 3 parameter estimates. Model 3 Parameter Estimate (SE) Mother and father depression Mean intercept 0.62 (0.09) Mean slope -0.04 (0.04) Mother years in US on intercept 0.001 (0.01) Father years in US on intercept -0.001 (0.01) Mother years in US on slope -0.001 (0.003) Father years in US on slope 0.002 (0.002) Intercept variance 0.02 (0.02) Slope variance -0.02 (0.01) Intercept/slope covariance 0.01 (0.01) Mother and father acculturation Mean intercept 18.67 (2.43) Mean slope 1.87 (1.72) Mother years in US on intercept -0.29 (0.16) Father years in US on intercept -0.08 (0.14) Mother years in US on slope 0.06 (0.11) Father years in US on slope -0.02 (0.09) Intercept variance -27.95 (21.78) Slope variance 2.54 (9.00) Intercept/slope covariance 27.11 (10.79) Curve covariances Intercept covariance 0.29 (0.27) CESD int/BIQ slope covariance -0.15 (0.16) BIQ int/CESD slope covariance -0.09 (0.14) Slope covariance 0.05 (0.09) Curve correlations Intercept covariance 0.09 CESD int/BIQ slope covariance -0.78 BIQ int/CESD slope covariance 0.004 Slope covariance -0.17 Impact of Treatment Condition Parent Acculturation Slope -3.19 (1.12) Parent Depression Slope -0.02 (0.03) N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 9. Model 4 parameter estimates. Model 4a Model 4b Parameter Estimate (SE) Parameter Estimate (SE) Mother acculturation Father acculturation Mean intercept 14.32 (1.67) Mean intercept 12.79 (1.16) Mean slope 2.62 (1.67) Mean slope 2.49 (1.15) Intercept variance 128.22 (42.83) Intercept variance 76.35 (22.31) Slope variance 42.20 (21.99) Slope variance 30.49 (10.25) Intercept/slope covariance -33.81 (25.21) Intercept/slope covariance -19.30 (11.41) Parental alliance Parental Alliance Mean intercept 3.59 (0.07) Mean intercept 3.61 (0.07) Mean slope 0.04 (0.05) Mean slope 0.03 (0.05) Intercept variance 0.18 (0.05) Intercept variance 0.19 (0.05) Slope variance 0.02 (0.02) Slope variance 0.02 (0.02) Intercept/slope covariance -0.05 (0.02) Intercept/slope covariance -0.05 (0.02) Curve covariances Curve covariances Intercept covariance -0.71 (0.86) Intercept covariance -0.25 (0.63) BIQ int/PA slope covariance 0.49 (0.42) BIQ int/PA slope covariance 0.06 (0.31) PA int/BIQ slope covariance 0.29 (0.56) PA int/BIQ slope covariance 0.26 (0.38) Slope covariance -0.47 (0.28) Slope covariance -0.16 (0.21) Curve correlations Curve correlations Intercept covariance -0.15 Intercept covariance -0.07 BIQ int/PA slope covariance 0.31 BIQ int/PA slope covariance 0.05 PA int/BIQ slope covariance 0.10 PA int/BIQ slope covariance 0.11 Slope covariance -0.50 Slope covariance -0.22 Impact of Treatment Condition Impact of Treatment Condition Parental Alliance Slope 0.08 (0.04) Parental Alliance Slope 0.08 (0.04) Mother Acc. Slope -4.25 (1.84) Father Acc. Slope -2.66 (1.31) N = 78; significant findings p<0.05 are bolded. Table 10. Model 4 modification indices. Model 4a Model 4b Recommended Changes M.I. Par Change Parameter M.I. Par Change Covariances: Covariances: e04 Treatment Condition 7.373 .047 e15 Treatment Condition 7.062 .035 e15 Treatment Condition 7.370 .034 e04 Treatment Condition 6.951 .046 Regression Weights: Regression Weights: Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T1 13.048 .039 Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T1 14.115 .042 Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T2 12.822 .036 Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T2 14.077 .039 Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T3 12.753 .036 Mother PA_T2 Father PA_T3 13.949 .039 Mother PA_T2 Mother PA_T1 12.683 .041 Mother PA_T2 Mother PA_T1 13.869 .044 Mother PA_T2 Mother PA_T3 12.675 .039 Mother PA_T2 Mother PA_T3 13.867 .042 Mother PA_T2 Treatment Con. 11.569 .170 Mother PA_T2 Treatment Con. 12.405 .182 Mother PA_T1 Treatment Con. 9.632 -.216 Mother PA_T2 Father Accult_T3 10.359 .008 Mother PA_T2 Mother Accult_T2 6.900 .006 Mother PA_T2 Father Accult_T2 10.184 .008 Mother PA_T2 Mother Accult_T3 6.573 .005 Mother PA_T1 Treatment Con. 10.069 -.228 Mother PA_T2 Mother Accult_T1 6.185 .005 Mother PA_T2 Father Accult_T1 7.314 .007 Intercepts: Intercepts: Mother PA_T2 12.700 .148 Mother PA_T2 13.960 .161 Mother PA_T1 6.218 -.144 Mother PA_T1 6.710 -.155 N = 78 --- - --- - ---- --- --- ------ - ---- - --- - - - -- -- - - - ---- - --- ---- - -- - - - - - --- - - - - --- - - - ---- ------- - - - - -- --- -- -- - --- - -- - - --- - - -- - -- - - --- - - -- ---- - - -- --- -- ----- --- - - - ---- --- - ---- - --- - - - - -- - ----- -- --- -- ----