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U ‘sz r5133.“ r “CL 2"}: , 4,? ”TB... 25:1 'I'yé‘“. ”‘3'; W? '<‘ .'.\ J J '. 4;. _ L .i .V“ V ‘. “I: . “3“" 1». Q 5:“: :v‘.'~ "ohl‘ . 1 u . . .. 'zul' I'N .3" ' W'V?‘ " fl ' I ' P" ‘. ' .' 1‘”. :F:‘( (u :1ch ~06."va . Lw v ,3 _ . a. L. A?“ :F-LL 4%.;- .. ,1: .~ .{v “v.33" “.ch ' '9 ' ' ”-43“? :I'Csf‘ " ‘ 2 ‘ 'L'v ' 1‘. (r .‘L‘ "I .535“ o r I .‘ .‘ :1 I '< ‘0 '- 333‘ 5: Lip 'i - <.n a~ .— A. :36331 1- v .3 .4: 'I ‘L‘iun‘nhL \. —“u‘ A lllllIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII w I limit-Baa"; ' 93 10442 7046 This is to certify that the thesis entitled A FORESTRY PROGRAM FOR SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA presented by Hadj i Mas ' ud Junus has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. Forestry degree in {/Mz; iW Majorll rofessor Date October 12, 1978 0-7639 nh‘A- A FORESTRY PROGRAM FOR SOUTH SULAWESI , INDONESIA By Hadji Mas'ud Junus A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Forestry 1978 67059“ ’/ C23 ABSTRACT A FORESTRY PROGRAM FOR SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA By Hadji Mas'ud Junus There are two strong, basic phenomena which are influencing forestry in South Sulawesi, namely population growth in both Indo- nesia and South Sulawesi, and agricultural improvement in South Sula- wesi. Both of these will increase the need for all products and ser- vices from forest resources. The timber needed for housing will increase very rapidly, as will the need for paper and other pulp pro- ducts. Persistent need for fuelwood in rural areas will also increase. The need for range, wildlife, and recreation in association with forest resources will undergo expansion. There will also be continuing agri- cultural improvement in South Sulawesi and this improvement will in- crease the need for irrigation water and ultimately the need for a good forest management in all watersheds in the province, especially in the "non-concession" public forest lands. Improvement of water quality in the BilaAWalennae-Cenrana Watershed is also needed urgently for better fishing and better wildlife habitat on Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng. This study has made no attempt to estimate precisely the wood consumption in South Sulawesi. Estimates of present and projected wood consumption in South Sulawesi to the year 2000 were made by using various estimates of wood consumption per capita in Indonesia and in Hadji Mas'ud Junus other provinces. Basic data on South Sulawesi's forest resources were obtained from available sources. 0n the basis of projected pOpulation growth and wood consumption, a forestry program is proposed for South Sulawesi's public forests covering the next four "Replita" or 5-year periods. This program should be revised in April 1984, and every five years thereafter. There are additional studies needed to validate and revise the assump- tions and proposals in this program. This program will improve as more data from inventory and re- search become available for its revision and validation and for meeting its objectives by the year 2000. This program puts emphasis on planting Pinus merkusii on bare land in the "production" and the "protection-production" public for- ests. This program also puts emphasis on planting suitable native species on bare land in the 'protection" public forests. Both plant- ing programs will have multiple benefits for communities adjacent to the public forest lands. They will meet the local need for fuelwood and industrial wood and will improve water quantity for irrigation and for better fishing. MOreover, the pine plantations will intro- duce a model of large scale multiple-use even-aged management for South Sulawesi and the whole country. On the other hand, this program recognizes that most of South Sulawesi forests are uneven-aged with hundreds of species. A prOposed research program on silvicultural systems is incorporated in this for- estry program to find suitable silvicultural practices for these uneven-aged forests. An acquisition program is also incorporated because there is a Hadji Mas'ud Junus large amount of public land still in the category of "proposed" public forests. These lands should be put into production to meet the increasing timber and other needs from forest resources. There can be no good forestry program without good forest inven- tory as a major part of the program. Also, good boundary marking is a prerequisite for all other activities. If the proposed five-part forestry program including boundary marking, planting, acquisition, inventory and silvicultural research is implemented soon, then South Sulawesi may be able to meet its peOple's needs for forest products and other forest benefits and services by the year 2000. DEDICATION To my father and mother 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Through this great opportunity, I express my profound gratitude to Dr. Victor J. Rudolph, my major professor, for his excellent guid- ance and assistance throughout my study in the United States. I also express my profound gratitude to Dr. Lee M. James for his guidance and assistance throughout my program. Profound appreciation is ex- tended to Dr. Henry D. Foth and Dr. J. James Kielbaso for their guid- ance and assistance throughout this course of study. My sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Donald I. Dickmann for his assistance and his willingness to serve as a member of my master-program's guidance committee. I am grateful to Prof. Ir. Soedarwono Hardjosoediro for his assistance in my effort to study Indonesian forests during my research in Indonesia. I am indebted to Hasanuddin University for providing me this opportunity. I am also indebted to MUCIA-AID program for its fellow- ship throughout my study and to The Ford Foundation for its grant to enable me to do my research in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. I also thank all national and provincial Forest Service institu- tions of Indonesia Which have provided me data on South Sulawesi forests. I am grateful to all others that I have not mentioned who have assisted me directly or indirectly in my studies. During the long course of this venture, I have received iii encouragment and understanding from my wife, Naisjah, my daughters, Middlyanti and Webbyani, and my son, Saljumulawahyu. Their love, patience, and sufferance throughout this difficult period has in- spired me throughout this endeavor. iv VITA Hadji Mas'ud Junus Candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FINAL EXAMINATION: October 12, 1978 GUIDANCE COMMITTEE: Dr. Victor J. Rudolph (Chairman), Department of Forestry Dr. Lee M. James, Department of Forestry Dr. Henry D. Foth, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Dr. J. James Kielbaso, Department of Forestry DISSERTATION: A Forestry Program for South Sulawesi, Indonesia BIOGRAPHICAL ITEMS: Born November 26, 1939, Belawa (Wajo), Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia EDUCATION: Bogor Agricultural University College of Forestry, Ir. Degree, 1966 Michigan State University, M.S., 1974 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1966-1971 Full Time Employee, Several Forestry and Non— Forestry Oriented Companies in South Sulawesi, Indonesia 1968-1971 Part Time Teaching Staff, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 1971-1973 Full Time Teaching Staff, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 1971-1973 Chairman, Department of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia ORGANIZATIONS: Phi Kappa Phi, Society of American Foresters, Persatuan Sarjana Kehutanan Indonesia, Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . II GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOUTH SULAWESI Location and Topography . . . . . . . Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO 118 I O I O I O O O O O O I O 0 III POPULATION AND TIMBER CONSUMPTION . . Population Distribution and Density in South Sulawesi Population Growth and Projection in Indonesia . Population Growth and Projection in South Sulawesi Timber Exports and Imports . . . . . Industrial Wood and Fuelwood Consumption IV SOUTH SULAWESI’S PUBLIC FORESTS . . . Forestry Administration . . . . . . Forest Functions and Distribution . V FORESTRY PROGRAMS FOR SOUTH SULAWESI Five-Year Development Plan for Indonesia Program 1 - Boundary-Marking of the Public Forests Program 2 - Plantation Establishment Program 3 - ACQUiSitiOn o o o o o o 0 Program 4 - Inventory . . . . . . . . Program 5 - Silvicultural Research . VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JXPT’ENDIX o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Table A1. Public Forests in Bantaeng vi Page viii ix Now 23 23 23 25 28 32 37 37 38 43 43 43 45 49 50 53 58 64 68 68 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table A2. A3. A4. A5. A6. A7. A8. A9. A10. A11. A12. A13. A14. A15. A16. A17. A18. A19. A20. A21. A22. Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Public Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests Forests in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in vii Barru County . . . . Bone County . . . . Bulukumba County . Enrekang County . . . Gowa County . . . . Jeneponto County . . Luwu County . . . . . Majene County . . . . Mamuju County . . . . Maros County . . . . Pangkep County . . . Pinrang County . . . Polmas County . . . . Selayar County . . Sidrap County . . . . Sinjai County . . . . Soppeng County . . . Takalar County . . . Tana Toraja County . Wajo County . . . . . Pare-Pare Municipality Page 69 70 72 73 74 76 78 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 Table 10. 11. 12. 13. LIST OF TABLES MOnthly Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures at Sea Level in South Sulawesi, °C . . . . . . . . . . . Range of Q-Value for Each Rainfall Type in South SUlaweSi I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Total Population, Area, and Population Density by County and Municipality in South Sulawesi, 1976 . . The Population and Its Growth by County and Municipal» ity in South Sulawesi from 1961 to 1976 . . . . . . Timber Exports from Indonesia and Their Values from 1966 to 1976 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Indonesia's Timber Exports by Country of Destination, 1971 Through 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timber Exports from South Sulawesi, 1970-1975 . . . . South Sulawesi's Imports of Timber, 1970-1976 . . . Estimates of Annual Industrial Wood and Fuelwood Con- sumption Per Capita in Indonesia, 1970-1995 . . . . . Projection of Per Capita Industrial Wbod and Fuelwood Consumption in East Java, Indonesia, 1975 to the Year 2000 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Estimates of Industrial Wood and Fuelwood Consumption in South Sulawesi for 1975 and the Year 2000 . . . . Area of Each Kind of Forest , by County and Municipal- ity I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Relation Between Cutting Diameter, Cutting Cycle, Number of Core Trees, and Diameter of Core Tree in Indonesian Selection Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Page 10 11 24 27 29 30 31 31 33 34 36 41 54 Figure 1. LIST OF FIGURES Page The Republic of Indonesia Showing the Location of South Sulawesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Counties and Municipalities in South Sulawesi . . . . . 5 The Province of South Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan . . . . 7 Wet Season and Dry Season Areas During April-September, 1975 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 13 Wet Season and Dry Season Areas During September-April, 1975 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 14 Names and Locations of Counties, Municipalities, and K.P.H. in South Sulawesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Indonesia is a large developing country in the Far East. It consists of 26 provinces, and has a land area of 2,027,087 square kil- ometers. South Sulawesi is located approximately in the center of Indonesia. It has a land area of 77,639 square kilometers. There has been rapid population growth both in South Sulawesi and in Indo- nesia. Demographers believe that Indonesia's population is growing at the rate of 2.4 percent annually. Although South Sulawesi has a slower annual rate of population growth, it is still growing at the rate of 1.6 percent and this rate is projected to increase toward the end of the century. Population growth in Indonesia and in South Sulawesi will in- crease the needs for all products and benefits from forest resources. Timber needed for housing and other wood construction materials will increase very rapidly, as will the need for paper and other pulp pro- ducts. Persistent needs for fuelwood in the rural areas will also in- crease. The needs for range, wildlife habitat, and recreation in association with forest resources will no doubt undergo expansion. There has also been rapid agricultural improvement in South Sulawesi in the past few decades and it is assumed that this improve- ment will continue to the year 2000. This agricultural improvement will increase the need for irrigation water and ultimately the need for a good forest management program in all public forests in the province. Improvement of water quality in the Bila-Walenae-Cenrana Watershed is also needed urgently for better fishing and better wild- life habitat on the watershed area. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the future demand for forest resources products and benefits by the year 2000 in South Sulawesi, and develop a forestry program to meet the forecasted need. After studying the forestry situation and forestry problems in Indo- nesia and South Sulawesi from May 1977 through February 1978, the author found that there are needed a series of studies of South Sula- wesi's forest resources and also of the need for fbrest products and benefits from these resources. This study has examined wood consumption in South Sulawesi currently and to the year 2000. Very basic data for South Sulawesi's public forests have been collected and a proposed forestry program developed. This program is urgently needed at this time for further development of the entire forest management and research program: to meet the projected needs in time. The general program is composed of five parts, involving boundary marking, planting, acquisition, in- ventory and silvicultural research. CHAPTER II GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOUTH SULAWESI Location and Topography The island of Sulawesi is located in the center of Indonesia. It has four branches or arms namely the north arm, east arm, southeast arm, and south arm which unite in a central trunk forming an outline like a huge letter "K." The province of South Sulawesi occupies the whole south arm, about one-half of the central trunk, about one-fourth of the southeast arm, and the whole island of Selayar to the south (Figure 1) (Van Bemmelen, 1970). South Sulawesi is one of 26 provinces of Indonesia. Its land area is 77,639 square kilometers (University of British Columbia, 1977), which is four percent of Indonesia's total land area and is about half the size of Michigan. South Sulawesi consists of 21 counties (kabupaten), and two municipalities (kotamadya). The counties are Bantaeng, Barru, Bone, Bulukumba, Enrekang, Gowa, Jeneponto, Luwu, Majene, Mamuju, Maros, Pangkep, Pinrang, Polmas, Selayar, Sidrap, Sinjai, Soppeng, Takalar, Tana Toraja, and Wajo. The municipalities are Pare-Pare and Ujung Pandang (Figure 2) (university of British Columbia, 1977). The province lies between 118 and 122 degrees east longitude and one and seven degrees south latitude and is about 1,350 kilometers from Jakarta, the nation's capital. The distance between the north and 3 '09 “or nun , .Dazvczzan” ”barn/4 0 Scale 1 : 50,000,000 Source: Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, 1969b. AUSTRALIA 2”” South Sulawesi Figure 1. The Republic of Indonesia showing the location of South Sulawesi. .I.( o I I In”; Central Sulawesi I. _ ‘ ' d" ‘ ‘-o 4 p.” "- O I' . \ ~ I... . '. I ‘.._.. | j ' , Pom... 014-0 - I M , " i I Southeast Sulawesi I _ A , County '~ I. luau. "s d 2. Iona - I ,.- 3. Ion. I 5 tanks" 22. hrs-Put , ‘, . , O “mama": , 5. Sam I I 23' ”I"! h I 1. Jmumo . . . ' I‘ .~ 3 I. lawn ' u 3 1&1:in " \ , i ‘0. Mallow ' I _ n.Muu : ~ I " u. Pangkep Pinrang - - . . _ M. Polmas ~’ ‘ ‘ k ‘ -. 15. Salon: 6 “A [51“ ‘ 16.8601» “ ' ".8hpi fllfimnm 1!. 1mm 10. Ian Tonia 21. Wei. Scale 1 : 3,200,000 as“? l o Figure 2. Counties and Municipalities in South Sulawesi. Source: University of British Columbia, 1977. the south boundaries is about 644 kilometers. The width ranges from about 80 to 300 kilometers (Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, 1969b). The northern boundaries of the province are north sides of the Molengraaf, Fennema and Verbeek Mbuntain Ranges. The eastern boundar- ies are east sides of Verbeek and Tangkeleboke MOuntain Ranges, and Bone Inlet. The southern and western boundaries are the Flores Sea and Makassar Strait (Fig. 3). The South arm of Sulawesi Island is divided by the Tempe Depression, which extends southeast-northwest from the mouth of the Cenrana River via Lake Tempe to the mouth of the Sadang River. The Tempe Depression had been a sea-strait until late in the geological history, as attested by the presence of young clays with recent marine shell deposits around Lake Tempe (Van Bemmelen, 1970). There are three lakes in the Tempe Depression, namely Lake Tempe, Lake Sidenreng, and Crocodile Lake. They are drained by the Cenrana River. Lake Tempe is nine meters above sea level and a depth of two meters. The northern portion of the south arm has the Quarles MOuntains on the west and the Latimojong Mountains on the east, separated by the Sadang Valley. Van Bemmelen (1970) described this northern por- tion as the most mountainous area of Sulawesi Island. The Quarles Mountains rise to an altitude of 3,107 meters and the Latimojong MOuntains also rise to altitudes of over 3000 meters. The southern portion of the south arm has much lower elevations than the northern portion. The three mountain ranges in this area are the Western Range, the Eastern Range, and the Lompobattang MOuntain Range. The Western and Eastern ranges are separated by Walenae Valley. SULAWESI TENBAN . u I. ,I :1 ‘ ,n'" "‘4 41+... "», A I Makassar Strait u .,.4 m 2 a R - 3 - a ’ . 4 = m 5 = 0,." hm“ 9),-L ; : 9 = Flores Sea Scale 1 : 3,325,000 Source: University of British Columbia, 1977 Lompobattang Range Eastern Range Western Range Quarles Range Latimojong Range Molengraaff Range Fennema Range Verbeek Range Tangkeleboke Range. Figure 3. The Province of South Sulawesi, Sulawesi Selatan. The Western Range rises to elevations of over 1000 meters, the Eastern Range to about 800 meters, and the Lompobattang Mbuntain Range to 2871 meters above sea level. South Sulawesi's portion of the central trunk is mainly occu- pied by the Mblengraaf and Fennema Mbuntains. MOst of the Mblengraaf Mbuntains are inside the province, while most of the Fennema Mountains are outside the province. South Sulawesi's Verbeek MOuntain Range in the southeast arm rises to 1102 meters above sea level at Mount Salura. In the center of this mountain range are two grabens, Lake Towuti and Lake Matano. Lake Towuti is 293 meters above sea level with a depth of 203 meters. Lake Matano is 382 meters above sea level and is 590 meters deep (Van Bemmelen, 1970). The Bogor Soil Research Institute uses five catagories of tape- graphical relief to describe South Sulawesi's land surfaces. They are defined as follows: ‘Plain - Slopes of the Surfaces are less than three percent and the difference between the lowest and the highest altitudes is less than five meters. Undulated - Slopes range from three to eight percent and alti- tude differences range from five to fifteen meters. Highly Undulated - Slopes range from eight to fifteen percent and altitude differences range from fifteen to fifty meters. Hilly - SIOpes range from fifteen to thirty percent and altitude differences range from 50 to 200 meters. Mbuntainous - Slopes are more than thirty percent and altitude differences are 200 or more. 9 These five categories were used by the Bogor Soil Research Insti- tute in its agricultural survey in South Sulawesi in 1967. It covered 5.4 million hectares out of 7.8 million hectares of South Sulawesi's land area. The survey did not cover most of Luwu and Mamuju counties which are mostly forested. The survey team reported that about 18.0 percent, 3.5 percent, 12.5 percent, 11.0 percent, and 55.0 percent of the surveyed area are plain, undulated, highly undulated, hilly, and mountainous areas, respectively. The 2.4 million hectares of the province's land areas not covered by the survey are mostly highly undulated, hilly, or mountainous. Most of South Sulawesi's public forest lands are located in these highly undulated, hilly, or mount- ainous regions (Lembaga Penelitian Tanah, 1969a, 1969b). Climate South Sulawesi has a tropical climate. Accordingly, tempera- ture fluctuations during the year are narrow, but rainfall fluctua- tions are wide. Mean annual air temperature at the sea level is 26° C. Maximum and minimum annual temperatures at the sea level are 31° and 20° C, respectively. Above sea level, the temperature generally decreases 0.6° C for each lOO-meter increase in altitude. The difference be- tween maximum and minimum temperatures during the day ranges from 5° to 8° C. The differences between monthly maximum and minimum temper- atures during the year are also small (Table 1) (Direktorat Bina Program Kehutanan, 1975). The average annual rainfall varies from 1,199 millimeters in the most southern part of Sulawesi Island to 5,019 millimeters in the northern area of the province. The amount of rainfall increases 10 o.om m.m~ o.o~ 5.0N N.@N m.m~ o.m~ H.0N 0.0m o.om ~.om ~.w~ o.o~ ammum>< o.o~ ¢.HN a.oH m.mH m.mH N.mH o.wH H.o~ o.o~ m.H~ o.- w.H~ m.NN abaficflz o.Hm n.0m m.Hm m.mm ¢.~m N.Nm o.~m n.Hm H.Nm m.Hm m.om c.0m q.om aoawxmz mwmum>< .omn .>oz .uoo .aom .w:< mash mosh hm: .ua< .mp2 .nom .amh .oo .fimmsmaam :uoom ca Hw>oq «um um mmusumumaams HH< B=EHOHZ pom sofiwxmz Sacucoz .H manna ll gradually from the south to the north of the province (Soepraptohardjo, 1971). In Indonesia, the classification of rainfall by F.H. Schmidt and J.H.A. Ferguson based on monthly rainfall is commonly used. There are two types of months, dry months and wet months. A dry month has rainfall of less than 60 millimeters and a wet month has rainfall of more than 100 millimeters. The Q—Value is the average ratio between the number of dry months and wet months for a given region, expressed in percent. The rainfall type of an area is defined by a certain range of the Q-Value. There are five rainfall types in South Sula- wesi (Table 2) (Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, 1976b). Table 2. Range of Q-Value for Each Rainfall Type in South Sulawesi Rainfall Type (g;:::::) A 00.0 to 14.3 B 14.3 to 33.3 C 33.3 to 60.0 D 60.0 to 100.0 E 100.0 to 167.0 Food-Crop Service, Dinas Pertanian Rakyat, of South Sulawesi has categorized each county in the province according to Schmidt and Ferguson's classification. Counties included in either one or both of the A and B types are Bone, Enrekang, Luwu, Mamuju, Pinrang, Polmas, Sidrap, Soppeng, Tana Toraja, and Wajo. The five counties included in the C type are Barru, Majene, Maros, Pangkep, and Sinjai. Pare-Pare 12 municipality is also in the C type. Gowa, Selayar, and Takalar Count- ies, and the municipality of Ujung Pandang are in the D type. In the E type are included Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Jeneponto Counties (In- speksi Dinas Pertanian Rakyat PrOpinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Sela- tan, 1977). The rainfall pattern of South Sulawesi is operated by the east and west monsoons that take place during the year . According to Van Bemmelen (1970),these monsoons are the most typical monsoons in the world. In general, the West monsoon brings a rainy season to the west- ern part of the province while the eastern part has a dry period. The East monsoon brings a rainy season to the eastern part of the province while the western part has a dry period. Commonly, the West monsoon takes place from September to April, and the East monsoon from April to September. Thus, from September to April, it is rainy in the west and dry in the east, while from April to September, it is dry in the west and rainy in the east (Figs. 4, 5) (University of British Columbia, 1977). These monsOon seasons operate so that the more to the south the more pronounced is the difference between the wet season and the dry season, and the more contrast in the amount of rainfall between the western and the eastern parts of the province (Soepraptohardjo, 1971). South Sulawesi has twelve great soil groups of Indonesian class- ification which are very much like the 1949 United States Classifica- tion of soils. They are Gley soils, Hydromorphic soils, Alluvial soils, Regosols, Lithosols, Rendzinas, Grumusols, Andosols, Brown Forest Soils, Brown Mediterraneans, Latosols, and Red-Yellow Podzo- lic soils (Soepraptohardjo, 1971). l3 0 Central Sulawesi Q, Southeast Sulawesi Scale 1 : 3,375,000 u‘lll‘ _ _ m We: Susan . ’ a Dry Susan 0 p ‘9 ID | 3 Figure 4. Wet Season and Dry Season Areas During April-September, 1975. Source: University of British Columbia, 1977. 14 0 Central Sulawesi .' ""0. 'I. Southeast Sulawesi Scale 1 : 3,250,000 IIIIl] We: Scam Dry Season 0"”? | : Figure 5. Wet Season and Dry Season Areas During September-April, 1975. Source: university of British Columbia, 1977. 15 Brief descriptions on the twelve great soil groups and compar- isons with the United States Soil Taxonomy follow (Soil Survey Staff, 1975). 1. Gley Soils Gley soils of Indonesia are equivalent to Tropaquepts and Huma- quepts of Inceptisols (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). Inceptisols are ems bryonic soils with few diagnostic features. They are usually moist with pedogenic horizons of alteration Of parent material but not of illuviation. Suborder of Aquepts are soils saturated with water at some period in the year unless artificially drained. Great group of Tropaquepts has less than 5° C difference in mean summer and mean win- ter temperatures. And great group of Humaquepts shows the presence of a mollic, umbric, or histic diagnositc surface horizon or epipedon. Mollie epipedon is a thick, dark colored surface horizon which has high base saturation and strong structure so that the soil is soft in— stead of hard and massive when dry. Umbric epipedon also has a thick, dark colored surface horizon similar to mollic epipedon but low base saturation and may be highly saturated with hydrogen. Histic epipedon has a surface horizon which is very high in organic matter and satura- ted with water at some time during the year unless drained by man (Foth and Turk, 1972; Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973; Soil Survey Staff, 1975) . Very small areas of public forests are occupied by these Gley soils . 2. Hydromorphic Soils Hydromorphic soils of Indonesia are equivalent to Tropaquults of Ultisols (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). Ultisols have low base satura- tion, usually less than 35 percent, in argillic horizons and to con- siderable depths. Aquults are suborders which are either saturated 16 with water at some period of the year or artificially drained. Tropa- quults are soils in the suborder of Aquults that have mean summer and winter temperature differences of less than 5° C (Foth and Turk, 1972) . Very small areas of public forest are occupied by these Hydromorphic soils. 3. Alluvial Soils This great group of Indonesian soils are similar to Tropofluvent of Entisols (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). Entisols are recently formed soils which have no diagnostic pedogenic horizons. The suborder of Fluvents is for alluvial soils which have finer texture than loamy fine sand. Thus, Flufents have loamy and clayey textures. The soils have very simple profiles and have a diagnostic feature that the content of organic matter with depth is irregular. The formative element of Tropo of the Tropofluvent great group has connotation of being continually warm. Accordingly, Tropofluvents are Fluvents which have only a slight range in mean annual temperature (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Very small areas of public forest are occupied by these Alluvial soils. 4. Regosols Regosols of Indonesia consist of Psamments of Entisols and Vitrandept of Inceptisols (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). Entisols have al- ready been described above. Psamments are entisols which have loamy fine sand or coarser texture and are well drained. The second member of Regosols of Indonesia are Vitrandepts of Inceptisols. Inceptisols have been described above. The formative element of Andepts is mod- ified from "ando." Accordingly, Andepts means "andolike" Inceptisols. 17 Ando soils are dark colored, high in organic matter, and developed in volcanic ash deposits. Vitrandepts are adepts with volcanic glass- like materials (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973; Foth and Turk, 1972; Donahue, Shickluna and Robertson, 1971). Small areas of public forest are occupied by these Regosols. 5. Lithosols Lithosols are azonal soils of the 1949 United States Classifica- tion system characterized by an incomplete solum, no clearly expressed soil morphology and consisting of a mass of rock fragments from con- solidated rocks which are imperfectly weathered. They are found pri- marily on steeply sloping land. Two very important factors that con—_ tribute to the develOpment of these soils are the hardness of the rock and the steepness of the slope (Foth and Turk, 1972). Small areas of public forest are occupied by these Lithosols. 6. Rendzina Rendzinas of Indonesia's soils are equivalent to Rendolls of the United States Department of Agriculture's Soil Taxonomy (Soepra- ptohardjo, 1976)., Suborder of Rendolls are in the order of Mollisols. MOllisols are mineral soils that have a mollic epipedon overlying mineral material with a base saturation of 50 percent or more when measured at pH 7. Suborder of Rendolls has only one great group namely Rendolls great group. In other words, there is no great group presently recognized in Rendolls. Rendolls have no argillic or I calcic horizons. Their epipedons are less than 50 centimeters thick and overlie coarse fragments of calcareous rock and stones (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). 18 Very small areas of public forest are occupied by these Rendzinas. 7. Grumusols Grumusols in Indonesia are equivalent to great groups of Chro- muderts and Pelluderts of the USDA soil taxonomy (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). The two great groups are in the suborder of Uderts and con- sequently are in the order of Vertisols. Vertisols are shrinking and swelling dark clay soils. Uderts are vertisols that are usually moist but in which cracks may open at some time during the year but they do not remain open for more than 90 days each year. Pelluderts have moist chromas less than 1.5 throughout the upper 30 centimeters and Chromuderts are all other Uderts (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Very small areas of public forest are occupied by these Grumusols. 8. Andosols Andosols are equivalent to Dystrandepts of USDA soil taxonomy (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). The soils are in the order of Inceptisols, in the suborder of Andepts. Andepts have formed either in vitric pyroclastic materials, or have low bulk density and large amounts of amorphous materials, or both. Andepts are not saturated with water long enough to limit their use for most crops. Dystrandepts have an umbric or ochric surface horizon and are thixotropic in some horizons (Soil Science Society of America, 1973; Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Small areas of public forest are occupied by these Andosols. l9 9. Brown Forest Soils Brown Forest Soils are equivalent to Eutrochrepts of USDA soil taxonomy (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). The soils are in the order of Inceptisols and in the suborder of Ochrepts. Ochrepts are Inceptisols formed in cold or temperate climates and that commonly have an ochric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Ochrepts are not dominated by amorphous materials and are not saturated with water for periods long enough to limit their use for most crops. Eutrochrepts have carbonates in the cambic horizon or base saturated by NH OAc of 60 percent or more with- 4 in 75 centimeters of the surface (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Small areas of public forest are occupied by these Brown Forest Soils. 10. Brown Mediterranean Brown Mediterranean soils in Indonesia are equivalent to Tropu- dalfs of USDA soil taxonomy (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). TrOpudalfs are in the order of Alfisols and in the suborder of Udalfs. Alfisols are soils with grey to brown surface horizons, with argillic horizons that have medium to high base saturation (over 35 percent). Alfisols have formed largely under forest or savannah vegetation in climates with slight to pronounced seasonal moisture deficits. Udalfs are not as wet as Aqualfs nor as cool or glossic as Boralfs. TrOpudalfs are Udalfs that have mean summer and mean winter temperatures at fifty centimeters, or lithic or paralithic contact, if shallower, which differ by less than 5° C (Foth and Turk, 1972; Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Large areas of public forest are occupied by these Brown Mediterranean soils. 20 ll. Latosols Latosols are a suborder of zonal soils in the 1949 United States 8011 Classification. Latosols include soils formed under forested, tropical humid conditions. They are characterized by low silica- sesquioxide ratios of the clay fractions, low base-exchange capacity, low activity of the clay, low content of most primary minerals, low content of soluble constituents, a high degree of aggregate stability, and usually have red color (Soil Science Society of America, 1973). Latosols in Indonesia are equivalent to the suborder of TrOpepts and the great group of Haplorthox of the USDA soil taxonomy (Soeprapto- hardjo, 1976). TrOpepts are in the order of Inceptisols. Accordingly, TrOpepts are the Inceptisols of the trOpical regions. They have mean annual temperatures of 8° C or more, and difference in mean summer and mean winter temperatures of less than 5° C. On the other hand, Haplor- thox is a great group of soils which are in the order of Oxisols and in the suborder of Orthox. Oxisols are soils with oxic horizons. Many of these soils were formerly classified as Latosols. An oxic horizon is an altered subsurface horizon consisting of a mixture of hydrated oxides of iron or aluminum and 1:1 clay and/or quartz. Orthox are Ox- isols that are moist all or most of the time. The soils have a low to moderate content of organic carbon within the upper one meter or a mean annual soil temperature of 22° C or more. The prefix "hapl" of the great group of Haplorthox means "minimum horizon." Accordingly, Haplorthox are Orthox which have minimum horizon development. Small areas of public forest are occupied by these Latosols. 21 12. Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils In Indonesia Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils are equivalent to two great group soils of the USDA soil taxonomy, Tropudults and Paleudults (Soepraptohardjo, 1976). They are both in the order of Ultisols and in the suborder of Udults. Ultisols have been already described above. Udults are Ultisols of the humid regions where dry periods are of short duration, organic contents are low but the water table remains below the solumn most of the year, and the grey, mottled colors of the Aquults do not appear directly below the A horizon. Tropudults are Udults which have mean summer and winter temperature difference of less than 5° C. Paleudults are Udults which have less than ten percent weatherable minerals in the 20 - 200 microns separate of the upper one meter, and less than 20 percent decrease in clay content to a depth of 1.5 meters (Buol, Hole and McCracken, 1973). Large areas of public forest are occupied by these Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. Tropudults and Paleudults of Ultisols occupy the largest area of the province, covering about 33 percent of the land area. Tro- pudalf of Alfisols occupy the second largest area, about 21 percent. TrOpofluvents of Entisols occur on about nine percent of the area, as do TrOpepts of Inceptisols with Haplorthoxs of Oxisols. The remaining 28 percent of the area is occupied by Tropaquepts, Humaquepts, Tropa- quults, Psamments, Vitrandepts, Lithosols, Rendolls, Chromuderts, Pell- uderts, Dystrandepts, and Eutrochrepts (Soepraptohardjo, 1971). Lowland areas are characterized by TrOpofluvents, Tropaquepts, Tropaquults, Psamments, Vitrandepts, Chromuderts, Pelluderts, and a 22 small part of Tropudults with Paleudults. Most hilly areas are covered by TrOpudalfs, Tropudults, Paleudults, TrOpepts, Haplorthox , Chromu- derts, and Pelluderts. MOuntainous regions are mainly occupied by Tropudults, Paleudults, Dystrandepts, and Eutrochrepts (Soepraptohardjo, 1971). Hilly and mountainous regions, where the public forests are located, are mainly occupied by three great group soils: TrOpudalfs of Alfisols, Tropudults of Ultisols, and Paleudults of Ultisols. Accordingly, information about the three great group soils is very important to the forest management program. CHAPTER III POPULATION AND TIMBER CONSUMPTION Population Distribution and Density in South Sulawesi In 1976, South Sulawesi had a population of 5,573,422 people and an area of 77,639 square kilometers. The population density is 72 people per square kilometer. Total population, size of area, and population density for each county and municipality are given in Table 3 (University of British Columbia, 1977). Population Growth and Projection in Indonesia There have been three population censuses in IndOnesia. The first was conducted in 1930, the second in 1961 and the third in 1971. In 1930, the population was 61.0 million, in 1961, 90.7 million, and in 1971, 120.1 million. The annual rate of growth during the period 1930-1961 was 1.9 percent, and during the period 1961-1971, it was 2.1 percent. Some foreign demographers have estimated the annual rate of population increase in Indonesia at the beginning of this decade to be 2.8 percent, but most demographers believe that 2.4 percent was more realistic (Iskandar, 1977). Indonesian demographers have projected Indonesia's population to the year 2001 based on the 1971 pOpulation census. They project that Indonesian population in the year 2001 will be between 218.9 million to 277.3 million persons. The high of 277.3 million persons is based 23 24 Table 3. Total Population, Area, and Population Density by County and Municipality in South Sulawesi, 1976 Code County or Total Area Population Density No. Municipality Population (Km2) (People per Km?) 01 Bantaeng 103,623 470 220 02 Barru 138,173 924 150 O3 Bone 587,974 4,555 129 04 Bulukumba 284,440 1,280 222 05 Enrekang 127,992 1,941 66 O6 Gowa 327,517 1,695 193 07 Jeneponto 218,645 790 277 08 Luwu 420,608 24,349 17 09 Majene 92,256 1,932 48 10 Mamuju 82,891 12,407 7 11 Maros 186,482 1,532 122 12 Pangkep 204,543 798 256 13 Pinrang 268,436 2,509 107 14 Polmas 338,831 9,985 34 15 Selayar 94,591 224 422 16 Sidrap 191,386 2,340 82 17 Sinjai 159,294 1,075 148 18 Soppeng 235,226 1,500 157 19 Takalar 160,822 450 357 20 Tana Toraja 311,559 4,234 74 21 Wajo 369,342 2,422 152 22 Pare-Pare 79,448 111 716 23 Ujung Pandang 589,343 116 5,081 5°“th 5,573,422 77,639 72 Sulawesi 25 on the assumption that there will be no change in fertility rates. The demographers called this "Assumption 1." Assumptions II and III include declines by the year 2000 of 25 percent and 50 percent, re- spectively, in the fertility rate. And finally, Assumption IV in- cludes a decline in fertility rate until the net reproduction rate is equal to one (NRR = 1). Under Assumptions I, II, III, and IV by the year 2001, Indonesia is going to have a population of 277.3 million, 252.3 million, 227.7 million,:nu1218.9 persons, respectively. Djojohadikusumo (1975) argues that a 25 percent reduction in the fertility rate is the most realistic assumption. If true, in the year 2001, Indonesia will have a population of 252.3 million persons, which is more than double the 1971 population. For any future Indone— sian forestry program, this means that the physical need for timber and other products and services associated with forest resources will more than double by the end of this century. Population Growth and Projection in South Sulawesi There have been population censuses in South Sulawesi in 1961 and in 1971. A 1976 population estimate resulted from the election enumeration in May 1976. Population growth in South Sulawesi has been different from population growth of Indonesia as a whole. Relatively, South Sula- wesi has a lower annual population rate of growth. In 1961, South Sulawesi had a population of 4,703,545 persons, which increased to 5,179,911 people by 1971. The annual rate of growth was one per- cent during the ten-year periOd. Because this ten-year period had not been politically stable, demographers consider the rate of growth 26 from 1971 to 1976 as the rate of growth under "normal" conditions. During this period, the population increased at 1.6 percent annually. This slow rate of growth was the result of a net out-migration from South Sulawesi of 58,000 people each year during the 1971-1976 per- iod. Without the migration, the natural increase would have produced a growth rate of approximately 2.5 percent annually (University of British Columbia, 1977). Table 4 lists the population and its growth rate for each county and municipality in South Sulawesi from 1961 to 1971, and from 1971 to 1976 (Nurlan, Undated; University of British Columbia, 1977). Barru, Bone, Enrekang, Jeneponto, and Wajo Counties lost considerable population from 1961 to 1971. Between 1971 and 1976, only Bone and Pangkep Counties lost some population. The University of British Columbia (1977) made a population projection for South Sulawesi covering a period of ten years from 1976. Assuming that net out-migration will continue to be 58,000 people annually, the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is 45.08, and the Crude Death Rate (CDR) is 19.67, the projected population in 1986 will be 6,598,232 people. This is an annual growth rate of 1.7 percent. There is no attempt in this study to make a population projec- tion for the year 2000, but if the annual rate of growth of 1.7 percent will continue after 1986 to the year 2000, South Sulawesi will have a population of about 8.35 million people at that time. On the other hand, if after 1986, South Sulawesi will have a growth rate of 2.5 percent annually to the year 2000, it will have a population of about 9.32 million people then. Should the annual growth rate of 2.5 percent apply from 1976 to the year 2000, the province will have 27 Table 4. The Population and its Growth by County and Municipality in South Sulawesi from 1961 to 1976 Total Population Code County or 1961-1971 1971-1976 No. Municipality Percent Percent 1961 1971 1976 Increase Increase 01 Bantaeng 71,546 89,607 103,623 25.2 15.6 02 Barru 146,050 132,718 138,173 -9.1 4.1 03 Bone 671,060 596,943 587,974 -11.0 -1.5 04 Bulukumba 211,239 260,841 284,440 23.5 9.0 05 Enrekang 154,310 121,140 127,992 -21.5 5.6 06 Gowa 298,407 385,616 327,517 29.0 * 07 Jeneponto 232,059 200,605 218,645 —14.0 9.0 08 Luwu 300,499 326,062 420,608 8.5 29.0 09 Majene 43,996 78,925 92,256 79.4 16.9 10 Mamuju 60,362 69,668 82,891 15.4 18.9 11 Maros 154,795 197,424 186,482 28.0 * 12 Pangkep 167,596 205,169 204,543 22.4 -0.3 13 Pinrang 213,876 258,214 268,436 20.7 4.0 14 Polmas 227,831 313,559 338,831 37.6 8.1 15 Selayar 87,278 92,342 94,591 5.8 2.4 16 Sidrap 148,728 181,588 191,386 22.1 5.4 17 Sinjai 103,265 149,394 159,294 44.7 6.6 18 Soppeng 200,622 230,625 235,226 15.0 2.0 19 Takalar 132,667 152,553 160,822 15.0 5.4 20 Tana Toraja 279,213 308,054 311,559 12.7 1.1 21 Wajo 345,996 322,225 369,342 -6.9 14.6 22 Pare-Pare 67,992 72,471 79,448 6.6 9.6 23 Ujung Pandang 384,158 434,168 589,343 13.0 * 5°“th 4,703,545 5,179,911 5,573,422 10.1 7.6 Sulawesi *Rate of growth is not calculated because of boundary changes. 28 a population of about 10.08 million people by the end of the century. For the purposes of this study, a range of 8.35 to 10.08 million people in South Sulawesi in the year 2000 will be considered in de- termining future demands for timber and other products and services associated with forest resources. Timber Exports and Imports Before 1966 there had not been much timber exported from Indo- nesia. Timber exports ranged from 0.004 million cubic meters to 0.139 million cubic meters annually between 1952 and 1965. Dramatic changes took place after the Indonesian government introduced a new "Foreign Investment Law" in 1966. Beginning then, foreign investment flowed very rapidly into the country and timber exports expanded in a very short time. During the decade 1966-1976, annual timber exports increased from 0.301 million cubic meters to 19.433 million cubic meters. Table 5 presents Indonesian exports of timber and their values from 1966 to 1976 (Soedjarwo, 1973; Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, 1972, 1975, 1976a). Indonesian timber exports flow mainly to Asian markets, includ- ing Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, but some go to EurOpe and other countries. Table 6 lists Indonesia's timber exports by country of destination from 1971 to 1976. South Sulawesi started to make significant exports of timber in 1970. During the period 1970 to 1976, annual exports of timber varied from 85,000 to 227,000 cubic meters. During the same period, South Sulawesi also imported significant amounts of timber, mainly from the island of Kalimantan and the province of Southeast Sulawesi, 29 Table 5. Timber Exports from Indonesia and Their Values from 1966 to 1976 Year Volume Value million cubic meters million US $ 1966 0.301 3.600 1967 0.593 6.300 1968 1.041 13.000 1969 3.703 26.000 1970 7.350 101.000 1971 10.761 168.635 1972 13.891 230.349 1973 19.433 583.345 1974 18.082 725.551 1975 13.921 499.976 1976 18.649 780.879 30 .nnma .um=w=< aw .mammaovcw .muumxmh a“ .muummuom mo Hmuoceo mumuouooufia man no mowmmo one ou uamw> Hmaomuma m aw vmcwmuno mums sump mmmnha sso.ma Hms.mH . «mo.wa mms.sa Ham.ma asa.oa Hence mmm ems Has ems was GNH mumeuo mqq.H HNN mmN mom mmm mmm maousm mmm mm“ saw was.H was Gem muoammcam aaa.~ meH.~ e-.~ NNH.~ os~.H mam sesame ~o~.m Hs~.~ sma.~ Hoo.~ on.H was sauce eusom sma.m amm.a awH.~H SGH.NH “we.a smm.m amass mucous canoe GOHHHHE ease mama «Baa mama mesa ease coaumaaommn mo essence H onea swsounh Huma .GOfiumafiumma mo Swansoo an muuoaxm nooaHH m.mwmocovaH .o manna 31 Sulawesi Tanggara. These imports varied from 700 cubic meters to 35,504 cubic meters per year. In Tables 7 and 8 the development of South Sulawesi's timber exports and imports for this period are listed. Table 7. Timber Exports from South Sulawesi, 1970-19751 Year Volume Value million cubic meters million US $ 1970 0.103 0.760 1971 0.085 1.438 1972 0.110 3.854 1973 0.227 10.011 1974 0.178 4.409 1975 0.086 4.167 1These data were obtained in personal correspondence with Ir. Supramono Dwidjojatmoko in the Directorate of Marketing of the Direc- torate General of Forestry, Jakarta, Indonesia. Table 8. South Sulawesi's Imports of Timber, 1970-19761 Fiscal Year Volume cubic meters 1970 700 1971 770 1972 11,154 1973 10,149 1974 15,445 1975 31,235 1976 35,504 1These data were obtained in a personal visit to Dinas Kehutanan PrOpinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia in January, 1978. 32 Industrial Wood and Fuelwood Consumption There have been no studies of industrial wood and fuelwood consump- tion in the province of South Sulawesi. However, some estimates have been made of industrial wood and fuelwood consumption for all of Indonesia. In 1973, the Directorate of Marketing of the Indonesian Forest Service published estimates of industrial wood and fuelwood consump- tion in Indonesia from 1970 to 1990. In 1974 another estimate was pub- lished for industrial wood consumption covering the period from 1974 through 1995. These estimates indicate that industrial wood consump- tion in Indonesia will increase gradually from 0.083 cubic meters per capita in 1970 to 0.097 cubic meters per capita in 1995; and that fuel- wood consumption in Indonesia will gradually decrease from 0.718 cubic meters per capita in 1970 to 0.300 cubic meters per capita in 1990 (Table 9) (Direktorat Bina Sarana Usaha Kehutanan, 1974; Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Marketing, 1973). In 1975, Bogor Agricultural University College of Forestry and Science Institute of Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, conducted a study of industrial wood and fuelwood consumption in the province of East Java, Indonesia. That study estimated that indus- trial wood consumption per capita in East Java would also gradually increase from 0.1304 cubic meters per capita in 1975 to 0.2008 cubic meters per capita in the year 2000, which is considerably higher than the estimate for Indonesia generally (Table 10) (Bogor Agricultural University College of Forestry and Science Institute of Indonesia, 1975). It may be that the per capita consumption of industrial wood in East Java may be higher than in other parts of the country. On the other hand, the study in the province of East Java projected that the 33 III 00m.0 00¢.0 00m.0 III mH0.0 0H5.0 wooeamom .N HH0.0 0H0.0 000.0 000.0 500.0 500.0 000.0 wooamasm .0 m00.0 «00.0 m00.0 N00.0 N00.0 ~00.0 N00.0 woosham .o mqo.0 mq0.0 qqo.0 mq0.0 ~00.0 500.0 H00.0 maowmuw>coo .0 mm0.0 mm0.0 mm0.0 «no.0 «no.0 «no.0 ¢m0.0 mwoq .m 500.0 m00.0 000.0 500.0 m00.0 m00.0 m00.0 0003 HmfiuumsnoH .H muouma canoe mama 000a mama 000a 05mH m5mH 050a 0003 m0 usam mmmHthmH amemGOUGH GH muHQmU Hmnw fiOfiuQEDmGOO UOO3HQD'W USN @003 HNHHUWDVCH HmDCde MO mwuafiumm om 0H£NH 34 0005.0 0050.0 0000.0 0000.0 0050.0 0050.0 0003H0=m 000~.0 000H.0 0N5H.0 00mH.0 <¢¢H.0 00MH.0 0003 Hmfiuumo0aH mumuwa canoe 000m mmwa 000a mmma 000a m5ma 0003 we 00HM .m>00 ummm aw coauaaswcoo 0003Hmsm 000 0003 000m new» mnu Ou m5ma .MHmmao0aH Hmwuuma0aH wufimmo new no meoHuOOMOHm .0H manme 35 consumption of fuelwood would gradually increase from 0.570 cubic meters per capita in 1975 to 0.700 cubic meters per capita in the year 2000 (Table 10). Johnson (1976) showed that in 1970 industrial wood demand by de— veloping nations was 205 million cubic meters and in the year 2000 this demand would be 670 million cubic meters. He also presented the United Nations' estimates of pOpulation in developing nations in 1970 and in the year 2000 as 2,500 million people and 4,700 million people, respec- tively. Therefore, the industrial wood demand in develOping nations in 1970 and in the year 2000 would be 0.082 and 0.143 cubic meters per capita respectively. Johnson's projections of per capita wood consump- tion in the year 2000 fall between the two previous projections. Based on evolving develOpments in South Sulawesi, it is believed that the per capita consumption of industrial wood and fuelwood in the province by the year 2000 will approximate that projected for East Java more closely than other estimates and projections. The per capita wood consumption data can be applied to the population data to obtain estimates of total wood consumption in the province. Table 11 lists these estimates for 1975 and the year 2000. The projections for the year 2000 are made for both high and low pOpulation projections to show the possible range in the demand for wood. The consumption of industrial wood and fuelwood in South Sulawesi in the year 2000 may range from 7.5 million cubic meters to as high as 9.1 million cubic meters, depending on how the population increases. Any future forestry program for the province must take into account the future demand for wood indicated in these projections. Certainly, if the population increases as projected, the demand by the people for 36 wood products will accompany population increases. Table 11. Estimates of Industrial Wood and Fuelwood Consumption in South Sulawesi for 1975 and the Year 2000 Year Kind of Wood gzzsgggitgn Population Congzggtion cubic meters million cubic meters 1975 Industrial wood 0.1304 5,423,1881 0.7072 Fuelwood 0.5700 5,423,188 3.0912 TOtal 0.7004 3.7984 2000 Industrial wood 0.2008 8,350,0002 1.6767 Fuelwood 0.7000 8,350,000 5.8450 Total 0.9008 7.5217 2000 Indus trial wood 0.2008 10,080,0003 2 .0241 Fuelwood 0.7000 10,080,000 7.0560 Total 0.9008 9.0801 1(Kantor Sensus dan Statistik Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, 1975). 2Based on an annual population increase of 1.7 percent from 1976 to the year 2000. 3Based on an annual pOpulation increase of 2.5 percent from 1976 to the year 2000. CHAPTER IV SOUTH SULAWESI'S PUBLIC FORESTS ForestryiAdministration Presently, public forestry administration is attached to provin- cial and county administrations. There is a Provincial Forest Service, Dinas Kehutanan Daerah, in the provincial body of administration; and there is a County Forest Service, Kehutanan Daerah, for each county in the province. In fact, Pare-Pare Municipality has a Municipality Forest Service which is exactly the same as a County Forest Service. The Provincial Forest Service is simply called "Dinas Kehutanan" and administered by a "Kepala Dinas Kehutanan" or simply called "Kepala Dinas." As previously mentioned, a County Forest Service is called "Kehutanan Daerah." This County Forest Service is managed by a "Kepala Kehutanan Daerah" or simply called "K.K.D." The Municipality Forest Service is also called "Kehutanan Daerah" and managed by a "K.K.D." Accordingly, there is one "Kepala Dinas" and twenty-two "K.K.D." in the province. South Sulawesi is the only province in Indonesia which still employs this kind of forestry administration practice; Other prov- inces have adopted new procedures of forestry administration. Un- der the new procedures, there is still a Provincial Forest Service or a "Dinas Kehutanan" which is administered by a "Kepala Dinas," but there is no County Forest Service for each county, nor any Municipality 37 38 Forest Service for Pare-Pare Municipality. The new procedures are oriented mainly to watershed separation of the forest lands in the province. One watershed or a group of combined watersheds are put under the management of a "Public Forest Administration" which is called "Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan" or "K.P.H." The chief of this "K.P.H." is called "Kepala Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan" or "K.K.P.H." South Sulawesi's Provincial Forest Service is prOposing to use the new procedures. According to the Provincial Forest Service's proposal, there will be six "Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan" in the pro- vince, namely "K.P.H. Lompobattang," "K.P.H. Luwu," "K.P.H. Mamuju," "K.P.H. Mandar," "K.P.H. Sadang," and "K.P.H. Walenae." K.P.H. Lompobattang will include all public forests in the Counties of Ban- taeng, Bulukumba, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkep, Selayar, Sinjai, and Takalar. K.P.H. Luwu will include all public forests in Luwu county only. K.P.H. Mamuju also will consist of all public forests in Mamuju county only. K.P.H. Mandar will consist of all public forests in the Counties of Majene and Polmas. K.P.H. Sadang includes all public forests in the Counties of Enrekang, Pinrang, and Tana Toraja. And finally, K.P.H. Walennae will include all public forests in the Counties of Barru, Bone, Sidrap, Soppeng, Wajo, and also the Municipal— ity of Pare-Pare. The location of each K.P.H. is presented in Figure 6 (University of British Columbia, 1977). Forest Functions and Distribution According to forest functions, there are four kinds of public forests in South Sulawesi namely protection forests or "hutan lind- ung," production forests or "hutan produksi," protection-production forests or "hutan lindung-produksi," and nature-reserve forests or 39 0 Central Sulawesi V '.e.. I. I 'I. Southeast Sulawesi County : l.l-uun 2. lane Ilium Municipality: ‘ m...“ 5. huh-g 22. Pete—Pete ‘. Gene WW . 23.03ngnuflun ILJuupuue I. leave !.then “Libs“. fl.flhne Il'Uth I) Pier». N. Palm: ‘5. Selayar It&iup "LShpi ----- it was K.P.H. 3 ’ ’ u‘ I...” alhuuluue I. Loapobattens It W»- n. 1.qu 3'5 Scale 1 : 3,200,000 III. Maluju IV. Mandar V. SadanC V1. Inlennae 0"”? 1. 3 Figure 6. Names and Locations of Counties, Municipalities, and K.P.H. in South Sulawesi. Source: University of British Columbia, 1977. 40 "hutan suaka alam." Protection forests are public forests, and be— cause of their natural properties, are assigned exclusively for water- shed protection, flood and erosion controls, and soil conservation. Production forests are public forests assigned mainly for the produc- tion of timber and other products, such as rattan. Protection-produc- tion forests are protection forests and at the same time the forests are also assigned for production purposes. Nature—Reserve forests are public forests assigned for flora and fauna protection, or assigned for recreation or tourism. Fauna protection includes hunting regula- tions (Direktorat Bina Program Kehutanan, 1975; Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, 1976b). In addition, within the production forests there are conces- sion forests. They are production forests which are allocated to a private or public company to be managed for timber production purpoSes. The area of each kind of forest for each county in South Sul- awesi is listed in Table 12. A detailed listing of the specific for- ests in each county by kind of forest use is given in Tables A1 through A22 in the Appendix (Directorat Bina Program Kehutanan, 1975). South Sulawesi has total public forests of about 3.5 million hectares. Of this total there are about 1.0 million hectares still in the category of prOposed public forests. Concession forests occupy about 0.6 mdllion hectares of the public forest lands, and there are only 18 hectares of nature reserve forests in the whole public forest system. Protection, protection-production, and production forests make up about 1.9 million hectares of public for- est lands. There are about 1.4 million hectares forested area and about 41. 3.3.san.n “as.-o.s con.nan as oso.n~ con.n~ ssh.4c~ ~o~.ma4 mes.ns~ nNo.=eo .sauoa ou- III all an: Inn in: III -- III in: 0:00:05 use“: n~ 00m.q -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 00n.o -- uses-eoem - «2.3 80.2 -- -- -- -- a~o.~ -- «2.: -- 0?: 3 mom. and 000. 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 80.05 2.0.0“ 1.9.8. 2.3. 0.4. 000.04 nu- -- n-u m~0.n -- -- -- «~0.n~ -- seaexeh 0A ooo.os -- -- -- -- -- -- -- coo.m ooo.ee acoaaom ma ans.- m~s.~ -- -- soc.“ ooo.o -- -- coo.n oca.s «macaw a. «43.3“ -- -- -- -- -- ans.“ -- ooo.~ «no.30 sateen ea ooo.o~ -- -- -- ooo.o ooo.o -- -- -- -- unsoaum ma 000.005 -- -- -- -- -- 000.004 000.003 -- -- neeaom «3 00080 II III III II II 0.2.on 000..» II.- -...I undue:— an 03. 2 can -- -- -- -- cos. 2 con . o -- -- 349:... N a m~n.s~ ooo.a -- as -- -- new.” o-.oa -- -- .o..: as coo.-a -- ooo.~os -- -- -- -- -- -- ooo.-s sauna: o3 oco.o~ -- -- -- -- -- coc.oe ooo.on -- -- ozone: oo “Na..mn.~ cm~.m~m con.-~ -- -- -- oso oms.m- oo~.~a anm.ho 5355 so oao.a~ Ne -- -- -- -- 000.33 mm~.q -- -- oncogenes so n~n.¢~ «an.d -- -- -- -- oom.w~ ass.~n oo~.~ cos aaoe so one.oo coo.“ -- -- -- -- -- -- oo4.m~ ene.an «ensues» so ~e~.~o ~e~.~o -- -- -- -- eon con.s -- -- asaaxauan so nas.~oa -- -- -- nam.n com ooo.n -- ono.oo cmo.- econ no mmn.ou -- -- -- -- -- oom.aa oc~.wc m~a.~ ~n~.n a...» No Ann.m so -- -- -- -- sea.“ con.s -- --- ucuancaa no avenues: 0:64 when vuuuouom 0:14 when 0eumwuom 0004 when 0eueouom een< “mflunnm essence “HHHMMM 500~M0wuqcax wanna: dance 0omoaoum 0000000000 ensue: nonunom coamwnwwmma mu5000a \ 0:200 00 0 coguuavoum noduOOUOum acuuueuoCm fi- 5uu~oauuwaax 0:0 5ucsou 50 ueouom 00 0:02 zoom 00 aeu< .- ode-h 42 0.5 million hectares of bare land in the 1.9 million hectares of the protection, protection-production, and production forests. The 0.5 million hectares of bare land consist of about 0.2 million hectares of bare land in the protection forests and about 0.3 million hectares in both protection-production and production forests. The timber production from 0.6 million hectares of concession forests is mainly for export to other countries and not for the domes- tic timber supply in South Sulawesi. The domestic timber supply for South Sulawesi is expected mainly from the 1.4 million hectares of forested public forests and from the 1.0 million hectares of proposed public forests. If half of the 1.0 million hectares of proposed public forests are actually forested, then the domestic timber supply would be obtained from about 1.9 million hectares public and proposed public forests. The 1.9 million hectares public and proposed public forests are uneven-aged hardwood forests with hundred species. If the Pro- vincial Forest Service can manage the whole 1.9 million hectares pub- lic and proposed public forests by sound uneven-aged silvicultural systems and promote annual growth to about 1.0 cubic meter per hec— tare by the year 2000, then timber production of 1.9 million cubic meters for the domestic industrial wood supply in South Sulawesi by the year 2000 can be expected. The estimates presented in Chapter 111 showed that annual in- dustrial wood consumption in South Sulawesi by the year 2000 would range from 1.7 to 2.0 million cubic meters. Should consumption reach 2.0 million cubic meters, South Sulawesi will experience a timber deficit of 0.1 million cubic meters annually. CHAPTER V FORESTRY PROGRAMS FOR SOUTH SULAWESI Five-Year Development Plan for Indonesia The first Five-year Development Plan for Indonesia started on April 1, 1969. This five-year plan is called "Repelita" which stands for "Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun." The first five-year Development Plan or "Repelita I" covered the period from April 1969 through March 1974. "Repelita 11" covers the second five-year period from April 1974 through March 1979. The preparation for "Repelita III" is al- ready going on right now and books of the plan for "Repelita III" should be ready by April 1979. The forestry program outlined in this study is intended to cover a period of 20 years starting April 1984 through March 2004. Thus, this forestry program will cover a period of four "Repelitas" namely "Repelita IV," "Repelita V," "Repelita VI," and "Repelita VII." Program 1 - Boundary-Marking of the Public Forests There is a big problem in the management of South Sulawesi's public forests because the foresters do not know the boundaries of their forests. The boundaries of most public forests are not marked in South Sulawesi. How can foresters work and manage the forests without knowing the exact location of the forest properties? Out of 3,514,111 hectares of public forests and proposed public forests, 43 44 there are only 62,486 hectares with established boundaries. Con- flicts between the Indonesian Forest Service and local farmers and other institutions often exist because of this boundary problem. Boundary marking of public forests is one of the jobs of the ' an institution under "Directorate of "Brigade Planologi Kehutanan,’ Forestry Planning" of the Indonesian Forest Service. The word "brigade" means "brigade" in English and "planologi" and "kehutanan" mean "planning" and "forestry,' respectively. Thus "Brigade Planologi Kehutanan" means "Brigade for Forestry Planning." The main duties of this "Brigade Planologi Kehutanan" are map- ping of public forest lands and inventory of forest resources for each region in Indonesia. Each region has one "Brigade Planologi Kehu- tanan." "Brigade Planologi Kehutanan" of Ujung Pandang, the capital of South Sulawesi, covers the region of East Indonesia in which South Sulawesi is included. "Brigade Planologi Kehutanan" of Ujung Pandang is called "Brigade VII Planologi Kehutanan" which covers Region VII namely East Indonesia public forests. Its staff foresters are ex- cellent, but they do not have enough budget to do their jobs, espec- ially boundary marking. Boundary marking of all public forests in South Sulawesi should be completed in the period of Repelita IV from 1984 to 1989. This program of boundary marking includes 553,872 hectares of bare land in public forests plus 1,375,230 hectares of land occupied by forest vegetation. A detailed plan of boundary marking is needed for this 1,929,102 hectares of public forests. This detailed plan should be ready by April 1981 so it can be used in the period of Repelita IV. Boundary marking for the 573,500 hectares of concession forests 45 and the 1,011,491 hectares of "proposed" public forests could be done in the period of "Repelita IV" if there is urgent need for that such as to settle disputes. Once a "proposed" public forest becomes a public forest, boundary marking is needed immediately. Program 2 - Plantation Establishment The amount of bare land in South Sulawesi presented earlier re- flected the situation in 1975. Starting in 1976 there was a refores- tation program called "Inpres Reboisasi" which means "President Instruction for Reforestation" to plant bare land in Indonesia. In South Sulawesi, the bare land in the public forest system was to be planted with Pinus merkusii, Acacia spp., and Calliandra spp. This program was continued in 1977. Both 1976 and 1977 reforestation pro- grams were going very slowly. Their targets were huge, but the ac-‘ tual reforestation success in the field was very discouraging. In the meantime, the destruction of public forests has con- tinued. If the number of hectares of the bare land actually converted to forest plantations annually, and the hectares of natural forests and forest plantations destroyed that became bare land each year were known, then the estimates of how much bare land there is in the public forest system at the end of "Repelita III," could be computed. Then, the planting program for the next twenty years could be determined. If it is assumed that ten percent of the bare land has been converted to forest plantations, then at the end of "Repelita 111" there will be 498,485 hectares of bare land. If 24,924 hectares are planted each year, the entire bare land area could be converted into forest plantations in a period of twenty years, assuming that the 46 destruction of forests discussed earlier could be kept at zero dur- ing the twenty-year period. Planting 24,924 hectares of bare land each year is a big pro- gram. Using establishment costs of U.S. $600.00 per hectare, the pro- gram will need U.S. $ 14,954,400 or Rp 6,206,076,000 annually for establishment costs only. The total of 553,872 hectares of bare land in South Sulawesi's public forests consist of 245,478 hectares of "protection" forests, 284,754 hectares of "protection-production" forests, and 23,640 hec- tares of "production" forests. It is the purpose of this program to plant the whole 553,872 hectares, not just the "production" or just the "protection-production" forests, because the 245,478 hectares of "protection" forests are very important to the water supply for pro- ductive agricultural lands in the province. Supplying enough water from the forest watersheds for agriculture lands is one of the objec- tives of this forestry program. In addition, some timber production can be obtained from these "protection" forests, if timber production does not impede the objectives of "protection" forests. This should be determined for each particular "protection" forest. Manual selec- tive cutting by local peOple to meet their individual need for con- struction and fuelwood could be one alternative for obtaining very beneficial timber production from these "protection" forests. There is really not much difference between "production" and "protection-production" forests. Every public forest, even a "pro- duction" forest, has to have a protection objective. Furthermore, these "production" forests cannot be used or managed without consid- ering the need for protecting surrounding areas in a watershed system. 47 In this forestry program, "production" and "protection-produc- tion" forests are considered as one category of forests. The objec- tives of this category of forests are production of timber and protection of their watershed systems. Certainly, the allowable cut and silvicultural practices should be directed to meet these objec- tives. The 23,640 hectares of bare land in "production" forests and the 284,754 hectares of bare land in "protection-production" forests should be planted, mainly with Pinus merkusii. These planted forests should be managed by intensive silvicultural practices, according to even-aged management by area regulation. These plantations are to be managed for domestic pulpwood supply and also for export to other countries and to other provinces in Indonesia especially on the Island of Java. The mean annual increment of Pinus merkusii in Indonesia cul- minates at about an age of twenty years. In "Bonita II," the poorest site quality present, Pinus merkusii reaches maximum mean annual in— crement at the age of twenty-five years. In Bonita III, Bonita IV, Bonita V, and Bonita VI, it reaches annual increment at the ages of 20, 20, 15, 15 years respectively (Direktorate Jenderal Kehutanan, 1976b). For practical purposes, the culmination of the mean annual increment can be used to set the rotation at 20 years. Under area regulation with even-aged management, the following formula is used: Total Forest Area Rotation Annual Cutting Area = When this formula is applied to the 308,394 hectares of even-aged forests, the annual cutting area is equal to 15,420 hectares. 48 According to the Directorate General of Forestry (1976b), maximum mean annual increments for "Bonita II," "Bonita III," "Bon- ita IV," "Bonita V," and "Bonita VI" of Pinus merkusii stands in Indonesia are 15.3, 16.4, 18.1, 19.5, and 22.0 cubic meters per hec- tare respectively. On the assumption that the average site will yield the equivalent of "Bonita III," or 16.4 cubic meters per hectare, the annual yield from the 308,394 hectares forest plantations should be 5,057,662 cubic meters each year after these forests have become fully area regulated. Pinus merkusii is to be planted on the 0.3 million hectares of protection-production and production public forests because it is suitable for both watershed protection and high industrial wood pro- duction. The species is relatively much easier to grow on the bare land than any other commercial species available. Indonesian fores- ters have been growing the species for decades. Its seed supply for planting purpose is available and easy to collect, and is also cheaper than any Other commercial species. Certainly, it is excel- lent for pulpwood production. Another category of forests in this management program are the "protection" forests. The objective of these forests is protection of watersheds although some timber production and other commercial benefits can also be obtained from them. Reforestation of the 245,478 hectares of bare land in these "protection" forests is to be met by planting native species which are suitable for the objectives of "protection" forests. For example, the Indonesian Forest Service is planting Acacia spp., Calliandra spp., Leucaena glauca, and Anacardium occidentale for this purpose. The suitability of these 49 species for a particular forest should be determined by research. It is difficult to calculate the timber yield or other commer- cial benefits from these "protection" plantation forests, but some of the species have high potential for commercially benefitting the local people. For example, Anacardium occidentale yields anacardium nuts which can be sold commercially. Acacia spp. or other Species suitable for local fuelwood consumption are going to be very benefic- ial for the lime-kiln industry in Gowa County. Program 3 - Acquisition There are still about 1.0 million hectares of public lands in the category of "proposed" public forests. Proposals by local govern- ments to convert these public lands to public forests are in the pro- cess of seeking approval from the Minister of Agriculture of Indo— nesia in Jakarta. Once a proposal is approved by the Minister of Agriculture, the public land becomes a public forest. This is mainly an administrative process but the Forest Service should keep track of the proposals so that they continue to move from one office to the next. It is still not known how many hectares of these "proposed" public lands are occupied by forest vegetation and how many hectares are bare land. A conservative estimate is that half or about 0.5 million hectares are forested. The locations of these "proposed" public forests are very important and very advantageous to local communities. They are located next to populated rural areas and urban communities. Acquisition should be completed to put these lands into production under the management of the Indonesian Forest 50 Service. Otherwise, they may be sources of erosion which will be detrimental to the local communities. The assumption was made earlier that the Provincial Forest Service can put the 1.4 million hectares of forested public forests and the estimated 0.5 million hectares of forested proposed public forests under sound uneven-aged management practices that will yield 1.0 cubic meter per hectare annually by the year 2000. This will achieve the estimated production of 1.9 million cubic meters of industrial wood. Thus, the designation of these proposed pub- lic forest lands is vital to meet needed timber production esti- mates. This acquisition program should be completed in two "Repelitas," namely "Repelita IV" and "Repelita V." As soon as these public lands become public forests, boundary marking, as discussed earlier, should follow. An inventory as discussed in the next section, should also be conducted on the newly approved public forests. Both boundary marking and inventory programs for these new public forests should be completed by the turn of the century. Program 4 - Inventory In the vegetated public forest lands, there are two different kinds of forests, namely the non-concession and the concession for- ests. The non-concession forests and the concession forests comprise 1,375,230 hectares and 573,500 hectares of land, respectively. Be- cause the non-concession forests are located adjacent to relatively heavily populated rural and urban areas, they are very important in meeting the local needs for both industrial wood and fuelwood. These 51 non-concession public forests have been supplying wood for the local people for centuries. Sometimes they are abused by the local peOple and become bare land in the public forest system. The concession forests have a very different situation. They are located in very sparcely populated areas in Mamuju and Luwu Counties. For this reason, the concession forests are not exploited much by the local people and they are still in old growth forest condition. Practically all timber produced from non-concession forest is consumed locally, and almost all timber produced from concession for- ests is exported to other countries. There have been at least thirteen ground surveys of the con- cession forests; eight surveys in Mamuju County and five surveys in Luwu County. The intensities of the surveys have been very low. Survey intensities in Mamuju County range between 0.10 percent and 0.38 percent and in Luwu County between 0.12 percent and 0.26 per- cent. The surveys found that timber growing stocks ranged from 84 cubic meters per hectare to 214 cubic meters per hectare in Mamuju County and from 58 cubic meters per hectare to 113 cubic meters per hectare in Luwu County. The surveys recorded growing stock of all species with a diameter of 35 centimeters and larger. These thirteen surveys covered the whole concession forests of 573,500 hectares (Directorate of Forest Inventory and Planning, 1967a, 1967b, 1967c, 1970; Directorate of Forest Planning, 1971a, 1971b, 1972, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c, 1974; Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Development Programming, 1975; Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Planning, 1971). 52 The "non-concession" forests and the "proposed" public forests consist of 1,375,230 hectares and 1,011,491 hectares of public lands, respectively. All "non-concession" public forest areas are vegetated by either old-growth or second-growth forests. There have been only three surveys conducted on the "non-con- cession" public forests and the "prOposed" public forest areas (Brigade VII Planologi Kehutanan, 1972a, 1972b; Dinas Kehutanan Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan, 1975). They covered an area of only 71,000 hectares out of a total area of 2,386,721 hectares. The intensities of the first two surveys were very low, namely 0.21 percent and 0.30 percent. The intensity of the third survey was relatively high at 2.0 percent. However, the third survey covered only about 1,000 hectares. The first two sur- veys recorded all species with a diameter of 35 centimeters and larger, and found that volumes ranged from 34 to 41 cubic meters per hectare. The third survey recorded all species with a diameter of ten centi- meters and larger and found that the volume of the 1,000 hectare forest was 26 cubic meters per hectare. However, there have not been any ground surveys on 2,315,721 hectares of both "non-concession" and "proposed" public forests. An important objective of this forestry program is to conduct inventory surveys on the 2,315,721 hectares which have not been sur- veyed, and to complete the surveys by the end of the century. This means that an average of 144,733 hectares must be inventoried each year. A more detailed program will need to be prepared to specify the location of each year's inventory in a specific forest. 53 Program 5 - Silvicultural Research For concession forests in Indonesia, the concessionaires are to practice three kinds of silvicultural systems, namely Indonesian Selection Cutting, "Tebang Pilih Indonesia" or TPI; Clear Cutting with Planting, "Tebang Habis dengan Penanaman; and Clear Cutting with Natural Regeneration, "Tebang Habis degan Permudaan Alam." Most concessionaires officially state that they are practising the "Tebang Pilih Indonesia," although most of them if not all do not follow the prescribed procedures. "Tebang Pilih Indonesia" is a proposed uneven-aged management system for cutting, regeneration, and restocking of tropical rain forests in Indonesia. The system has not yet been practiced for one complete cutting cycle. In fact, the system was adopted by the Indo- nesian Forest Service just recently. Accordingly, there is still not enough experience to indicate that this system is the best for the Indonesian tropical rain forests. There is work being done to monitor the performance of the system, but it is not very far along. Basically, "Tebang Pilih Indonesia" uses a cutting cycle of 35 years. In using this cutting cycle, the concessionaires are not allowed to cut any valuable species which has a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of less than 50 centimeters or at twenty centimeters above the buttress. To make sure that there will be enough valuable tree species for the next cutting cycle, the concessionaires should mark and leave 25 trees per hectare of valuable species which have diameters of 35 centimeters and larger. These are called "core trees," "pohon inti." The core trees should be well distributed over the cutting area. 54 For some areas, because of low site-index, there are not enough valuable tree species with diameters of 50 centimeters and larger; in such cases the diameter margins could be lowered and the cutting cycle adjusted according to the limits in Table 13 (Direktorat Jender- al Kehutanan, 1976b). Table 13. Relation Between Cutting Diameter, Cutting Cycle, Number of Core Trees, and Diameter of Core Trees in Indonesian Selection Cutting Cutting Cutting Diameter of Diameter Cycle Core Trees Core Trees Centimeter Years Per Hectare Centimeter 3_50 35 25 3_35 3_40 45 25 3_35 > 30 55 4O 3_20 There are also some rules of the "Tebang Pilih Indonesia" on enrichment planting, on elimination of climbers and weed species, on erosion prevention, and on forest safeguards. The system is compli- cated and it seems that the concessionaires are reluctant to adOpt all the rules of the system. The second silvicultural system is "Clear Cutting with Plant- ing Regeneration," "Tebang Habis dengan Penanaman." There is not much to say about this system as it is largely self-explanatory. The species to be planted are commercial tree species, mainly Agathis spp., Pinus spp., Anthocephalus spp., and Shorea spp. The nursery program for this system has to be very intensive. Planting distance is 3 55 meters x 3 meters or 1,100 stems per hectare. Replanting should be done as necessary to reach minimal stocking of 40 percent at the age of two years (Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, 1976b). The third silvicultural system is "Clear Cutting with Natural Regeneration," "Tebang Habis dengan Permudaan Alam." This system was adopted from "Malayan Clearfelling over Natural Regeneration." The system is applied only after making a systematic linear sampling that ensures that there are enough seedlings of valuable tree species for the next rotation. The sampling is called "Linear Sampling Milliacre" or LSM. The size for each sample plot is 2 meters x 2 meters which is about one milacre. At least 40 percent of the sample plots taken should have seedlings of the required species. No later than five years after logging there should be another sampling which is called "Linear Sampling 1/4 Chain Square" or simply LSl/4. The I size of the sample plot is 5 meters x 5 meters which is about 1/4- chain square. At this time, there should be 60 percent stocking to qualify as having enough regeneration. Enrichment planting should follow if the stocking is less than 60 percent. In ten, 15, and 20 years after logging, stand improvements are required, such as release cutting, thinning if needed, and enrichment planting for areas which lack the required species. This system requires a rotation of 70 years for Indonesian tropical hardwoods. At the end of the rotation there should be about fifty stems of the required species per hectare (Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan, 1976b). The three silvicultural systems described above have not as yet been practiced in any forest in South Sulawesi, nor has any other silvicultural system like group selection cutting, seed tree method, 56 or the shelterwood system. Indonesian law requires the concession- aires to practice any one of the three systems, but they still do not. There is no clear reason why they do not even begin to do so. Under this forestry program, the Indonesian Forest Service should begin to establish experimental forests in which to test the performance of the three silvicultural systems and conduct research on other suitable systems. There will be some experimental forests needed for "conces- sion" forest areas, and some for "non-concession" public forests. At least one experimental forest is needed for every prominent mountain- range in the province because forest conditions vary so much. The size of each experimental forest should be adjusted to that needed for each experimental purpose. The following are temporary proposed locations for experimental forests: 1. Lompobattang Mountain-Range 2. Eastern M0untain-Range 3. Western Mountain-Range 4. Quarles Mountain-Range 5. Latimojong Mountain-Range 6. Melengraaff Mountain-Range 7. Fennema Mountain-Range 8. Verbeek MOuntain-Range 9. Tangkeleboke MOuntain-Range The research at all experimental forests should be coordinated by a central office and staff. It is proposed that Maros, the cap- ital of Maros County, be the location of this central office. Maros is located about 30 kilometers from Ujung Pandang, the capital of 57 South Sulawesi. The central office at Maros could also conduct other research needed for forestry development in the province. The establishment of the experimental forests is a very urgent need, and all experimental forests should be established by the end of "Repelita V" in 1994. Accordingly, there should be at least one experimental forest established every year, starting in April 1984. The Maros central office and headquarters should be established in the first two years of "Repelita IV," between April 1984 and March 1986. This central office would formulate what kind of forest re- search is needed to develop forestry programs in the province, and then arrange, conduct, and coordinate the research. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS South Sulawesi is one of 26 provinces of Indonesia. The pro- vince has a land area of 77,639 square kilometers, a population in 1976 of 5,573,422 people, and public forest lands of 3,514,111 hec- tares. The province's land area, population, and public forest lands make up four percent of Indonesia's land area, four percent of Indo- nesia's population, and three percent of the country's public forest lands, respectively. The province has extensive mountain ranges where public forests are located. Most mountain ranges rise 2,000 to 3,000 meters abovel sea level. MOunt Rantemario of Latimojong Mountain Range is the highest point at 3,440 meters. South Sulawesi is located in the tropical belt and so are its forest lands. There is not much temperature variation from one loca- tion to the other and from one month to another around the year. How- ever, average annual rainfall varies from 1,199 millimeters to 5,019 millimeters. There are only two seasons during the year in the province, a dry season and a wet season. The tropical climate has determined the kinds of soils in the province. Substantial areas of land are covered by relatively old soils. Latosols cover about nine percent of all lands in the pro- vince. Ultisols namely TrOpudults and Paleudults cover 33 percent 58 59 of the lands. On the other hand, some soils are relatively young. TrOpudalfs of Alfisols and Alluvial soils, TrOpofluvents, make up 21 percent and nine percent of the province's soils, respectively. Other soils make up the remaining 28 percent. Both climate and soils are very favorable for forest plantation establishment and growth. Although South Sulawesi's population is not growing as fast as that of Indonesia, it is expected that the province will have be- tween 8.35 and 10.08 million peOple by the year 2000. Accordingly, by the end of the century annual industrial wood and fuelwood consump- tion could reach levels of 2.02 million cubic meters and 7.06 million cubic meters, respectively. Other needs associated with forest re- sources such as the need for irrigation water, water quality improve- ment, recreation, range, and wildlife habitat are not covered in this study. However, the need for these products and services will no doubt undergo expansion also. Much work has been done in this study in just trying to obtain the very basic forestry data, such as the size and location of each public forest, whether the public forest is occupied by forest vege- tation or is bare land, rough estimates of growing stock for each forest category, etc. ,Despite many difficulties, the author was able to assemble considerable data on which to base a proposed fores- try program for South Sulawesi. At the present time, South Sulawesi has total public forests of about 3.5 million hectares. Of this total there are about 2.0 million hectares occupied by forest vegetation and about 0.5wmillion hectares bare land. There are still about 1.0 million hectares in the category of "proposed" public forests. 0f the 2.0 million 60 hectares covered by forest vegetation, there are about 0.6 million hectares in the category of "concession" forests. An objective of this forestry program is to plant 0.3 million hectares out of 0.5 million hectares of bare land with mainly Pinus' merkusii and manage these plantations by area-regulation under even- aged management. Almost all public forests do not yet have any boundary marking. Good boundary markings are prerequisite for a forest management pro- gram because the location must be known. A boundary marking program should be conducted as early as "Repelita IV" and completed by the end of the century. An inventory program must accompany any good forest management program, especially in the uneven-aged tropical rain forests with hundreds of species. There is an urgent need for an inventory pro-- gram on "non-concession" public forests because their locations are very advantageous to meet the persistent needs of local communities for forest products and services. There are still about 1.0 million hectares of forests in the category of "proposed" public forests. It is still not known how many hectares of these forests are occupied by forest vegetation, and how many hectares of them are bare land. A conservative estimate is that half or about 0.5 million hectares are forested. The location of these "proposed" public forests are also very advantageous to the local communities. Acquisition should be conducted to put these lands into production under the management of the Indonesian Forest Ser- vice. Otherwise they will be sources of erosion which will be detri- mental to the local communities. 61 Research on silvicultural systems and on other forestry prob- lems should accompany all other programs. Accumulated results from forest research and inventory are very beneficial for program revision every five years, and in time the entire program will meet the people's needs for forest products and services associated with forest re- sources. The following conclusions and recommendations have resulted from this study: 1. There will be immense needs for timber and other forest- resource products and services in South Sulawesi by the year 2000, when the projected population may reach 10.1 million. Projected demand at that time may reach 2.0 million cubic meters annually for industrial wood, and 7.1 million cubic meters for fuelwood. This demand will only be met if the Provincial Forest Service employs a ‘ sound and comprehensive forest management program for all public forests in the province. The present forested public uneven-aged hardwood forests of 1.4 million hectares are estimated to produce 1.4 million cubic meters of industrial wood annually. It is also estimated that the estimated 0.5 million hectares of forested pro- posed public forests will yield 0.5 million cubic meters of indus- trial wood annually, for a total of 1.9 million cubic meters. 2. A prerequisite for good forest management is that all pub- lic forests have clear boundary markings. Most public forests in the province do not have their boundaries marked. Adequate budget allo- cation to "Brigade VII Planologi Kehutanan" is needed urgently to complete the forest boundary marking program for all public forests in the province by the turn of the century. 62 3. An inventory program for the whole public forest system must accompany this forestry program. However, there is an immediate need to carry out an inventory program for the "non-concession" public forests. The locations of these forests are very strategic to meet the needs of the local people for fuelwood, industrial wood, and other products and services associated with forest resources. 4. A large planting program is going to be the most laborious among all programs. There should be about 25,000 hectares planted each year if the Indonesian Forest Service intends to convert the estimated 0.5 million hectares of bare land into about 0.3 million hectares of conifer forests and about 0.2 million hectares of native species protection forests. The projected timber production goals for the year 2000 can not possibly be met without these plantations being established. Planting activities will have multiple benefits for the local people until the timber is harvested and later. This plantation pro- gram is also needed very urgently to improve the soil and water con- ditions for agricultural areas, and for fish and wildlife habitat improvement. Moreover, the planting program will introduce a new model of large scale even-aged conifer forests to Indonesian forestry. After becoming fully regulated on a rotation of 20 years, the 0.3 million hectares of Pinus merkusii plantations are estimated to yield 5.0 million cubic meters of industrial wood annually, to be used domestically and for export. Much of this will be in the form of pulpwood. 5. The acquisition program is meant to acquire the 1.0 mil- lion hectares of "proposed" public forest lands and to convert them 63 into public forests or into nature-reserve forests. The main purpose is to put the idle lands into production. Otherwise, these lands will soon become bare land and become sources of erosion that will be very detrimental to the local communities. There is also a great need to have more "nature-reserve" forests in the province. Some of the "prOposed" public forests could be converted into "nature- reserve" forests. 6. Mest of the forests in South Sulawesi are uneven-aged forests with hundreds of species. The Indonesian Forest Service must encourage the practice of one of the three kinds of silvicultur- al systems on these forests: Indonesian Selection Cutting, Clear Cutting with Planting Regeneration, or Clear Cutting with Artificial Regeneration. There has been no application of these three systems in the uneven-aged forests in South Sulawesi. A research program is needed to determine how well South Sulawesi's forests respond to the three systems, and there should also be research on other systems suitable for South Sulawesi's forests. 7. This forestry program should be revised in April 1984 and every five years thereafter. LITERATURE CITED LITERATURE CITED Bogor Agricultural University College of Forestry and Science Insti- tute of Indonesia. 1975. Monografi Sumber Days Ekonomi di Bidang_Kehutanan Jawa Timur. Bogor Agricultural University College of Forestry. Bogor, Indonesia. Brigade VII Planologi Kehutanan. 1972a. Survey Kelompok Hutan Palopo Selatan Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan Chusus. Ujung Pan- dang, Indonesia. - Brigade VII Planologi Kehutanan. 1972b. Survey Kelompok Hutan‘Wa- lenrang Nanggala Pr0pinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan Chusus. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. Buol, S. W. and F. D. Hole and R. J. McCracken. 1973. Soil Genesis and Classification. The Iowa State university Press. Ames, Iowa 50010. Dinas Kehutanan Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan. 1975. Inventa- risasi dan Analisa Vegetasi Hutan Alam Karaenta Maros. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. Directorat Bina Program Kehutanan. 1975. Bagan Rencana Penata Gunaan Tanah Hutan Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan. Bogor, Indonesia. Direktorat Bina Sarana Usaha Kehutanan. 1974. Statistik Pemasaran Hasil Hutan 1974. Jakarta, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Inventory and Planning. 1967a. Survey Report of Forest Area Hau-Karama River Mamuju County, South Celebes. Report No.:1. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Inventory and Planning. 1967b. A Report of the Karossa Forest Survey South Sulawesi. Report No.:20, Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Inventory and Planning. 1967c. A Report on the Malili Forest Survey South Sulawesi. Report No.:23. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Inventory and Planning. 1970. A Report on the S. Budongbudong - S. Lumu Forest Survey Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:143. Bogor, Indonesia. 64 65 Directorate of Forest Planning. 1971a. A Report on the S. Karossa - S. Lariang Forest Survey Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:207. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1971b. A Report on the S. BudongZ - S. Karama Forest Survey Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:240. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1972. Survey Report on the Kaluku Forest Complex Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:314. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1973a. Survey Report on the Angkona- Malili-Nuha—Lambatu Forest Complex Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:317. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1973b. Survey Report on the S. Budong-Budong Hulu Forest Complex Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:393. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 19730. Survey Report on the S. Biru - S. Karossa Forest Complex of South Sulawesi. Report No.: 413. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1974. Survey Report on the S. Lumu - S. Karama Forest Complex Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:451. Bogor, Indonesia. ' Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Development Programming. 1975. Survey Report on the S. Karama - S. Kaluku Forest Complex Province of South Sulawesi. Report No.:542. Bogor, Indonesia. Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Marketing. 1973. Forest Products Trade Statistics of Indonesia 1973. Jakarta, Indonesia. Directorate General of Forestry Directorate of Planning. 1971. A Report on the Rampoang and WOtu Forest Survey Province of South Celebes. Report No.:219. Bogor, Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan. 1972. Forestry in Indonesia 1972. Jakarta, Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan. 1975. Kehutanan Indonesia 1975. Jakarta, Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan. 1976a. Kehutanan Indonesia 1976. Jakarta, Indonesia. Direktorat Jenderal Kehutanan. 1976b. Vademecum Kehutanan Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia. Djojohadikusumo, Sumitro. 1975. Indonesia waards the year 2000. Economics and Finance in Indonesia XXIII (3):211-260. 66 Donahue, Roy L., John C. Shickluna, and Lynn S. Robertson. 1971. Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. Prentice- Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Foth, Henry D. and L. M. Turk. 1972. Fundamentals of Soil Science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Inspeksi Dinas Pertanian Rakyat Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan. 1977. Laporan Tahunan Inspeksi Dinas Pertanian Rakyat Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 1976. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. Iskandar, Nathanael. 1977. Aspek Demografi dan Sejarah Perekono- mian yang Relevan bagi Pembangunan dalam Jangka Panjang di Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia XXV (4):33l- 353. Johnson, Norman E. 1976. Biological Opportunities and Risks Associated with Fast-Growing Plantation in the Tropics. Jour- nal of Forestry 74 (4):206-211. Kantor Sensus dan Statistik Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. 1976. Sulawesi-Selatan Dalam Angka Tahun 1975. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah. 1969a. Survpy Dasar Dalam Rangka Pemba- ngunan Pertanian Sulawesi Selatap, 1967. Djilid I SinOpsis. ' Bogor, Indonesia. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah. 1969b. Survey Dasar Dalam Rangka Pemba- ngunan Pertanian Sulawesi Selatan, 1967. Djilid IIA Fisik Biologis dan Sosial Ekonomi. Bogor, Indonesia. Nurlan, Farida B. Undated. Perkiraan Kebutuhan Beras di Sulawesi Selatan sampai Tahun 1981. A Paper Presented to "Studi dan Latihan Demografi Angkatan IV." Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia. Soedjarwo. 1973. Pidato Pengarahan Direktur Jenderal Kehutanan: Menelaah Kemungkinan-Kemungkinan Peningkatan Daya Guna Poten- si-Potensi Mental dan Materiil di Bidang Kehutanan. Proceed- ings Seminar Dalam Rangka Alumni Home Coming Day Ke II Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Kampus Darmaga 5-7 Sept- ember 1973. Fahutan IPB. Bogor, Indonesia. Soepraptohardjo, M. 1971. Soil Survey for Agricultural Development in South Sulawesi. Soil Research Institute. Bogor, Indonesia. Soepraptohardjo, M. 1976. Jenis Tanah di Indonesia. Bogor, Indo- nesia. Soil Science Society of America. 1973. Glossary of Soil Science Terms. 8011 Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, UISIAI 67 Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 436. Washington, D.C. 20402. University of British Columbia. 1977. Sulawesi Regional Development Study. Interim Report Volume 3 Sulawesi Selatan. Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. Van Bemmelen, R. W. 1970. The Geology of Indonesia. Vol. IA: General Geology. Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague, Netherlands. APPENDIX APPENDIX mmm.w mumouom HH< no mumouom uaanbm oomonoum. mos.» meH.~ oom.a mummuom aofiuuaeoumucofiuuuuoum you Haney noauusvoumI oom.H ooo.a oon coauuououm manucfinmamm mouHo soauozoouml sumouaom\waMuumn ooo.m ooo.m III aofiuomuoum Ioaaog ammmaaumm «ouao cowuosooumI waomuamm moa moa III coauoououm \Mumamesasm NOIHo cowuosooumI wcmmuamm cow.H ooo.H cow dowuuououm \waMuumnoaaoa HOIHo IIIIIIII I moumuuom I I I I I I I I mou< wand anon wounmuom on: umouom can: oamz amouom mooo ummuom umouom H38. now .3550 muasoo wcomucwm ca mumouom owanam .H4 manna 68 69 www.mw www.ma nmm.mn mummuom Ham coauosooumI ooo.ow oow.HH co~.wo aoauomuoum nuumm «OINo mmn.m w~w.n mmm.m mummuom coauumuoum now Hmuoa ooq.H ooq.H III coauumuoum suumm\fixax=omm mouuo oo~.m ooo.a oo~.~ coauomuoum “amalgamm NOINo mmm.q m~¢.H sm¢.m coauowuoum mamzwmamz HOINO I I I I I I I I I moumuuum I I I I I I I I wmu< an mum oumouo on umouo : mew ammuo oooo umwuom umouom H33. v A m w m a m «a: z A new .3550 hucsoo :uunm aw mumouom ofiansm .~< manna 70 ooo.mmH omm.om omo.~n mummuom nofiuumuoum you Hmuoa oom.~ ooh.a com :ofiuumuoum wamuma monmo coo.mm om~.oa omn.w aoauumuoum maaafiaaflflme NOIMO ooo.ms ooo.om ooo.~H sensuououm «Hanna: ooumo oom.qo ooo.- oom.~e cofiuumuoum mason «cums ooo.a ooo.a II- coauouuoum wasfiema manage moumo ooo.~a ooo.s ooc.m nonuumuoum mmcmamz Noumo I I I I I I I I mmumuomm I I I I I I I I mmu< mama whom owummuom on: ummHOh can: mamz umouom ovoo umouom ummuom HmuoH ram zucaou %uaaoo mcom :« mummuom uaansm .n4 manna 71 .ummuom sowuomuoum m ou aoamum>noo wafivamm« moa.~oa new.am oma.ma mummuom HH< mam.e mam.m con mumuuom aownoseoum you Hayes oom.m coo.m com snowboanoum maom amfimm amuse wonmo mam mam II- censuseoum omamumz noumo :oaaoavouml owo.m omo.m II- aoauoououm mamamm cameo Honmo IIIIIIII I moumuuom I I I I I I I I mou< wand whom vaumohom on: unouom can: mamz umoHOh ovoo umuuom umouom H33. was .3550 Acmscaucoov .m< manna 72 .oowumofiwauoao wafioamms H<~.~o mumwuom HH< *Hq~.~o amummuom unansm ommoaoum nowuoououmI oneaxnaam coo.m con oom.q aofiuumuoum \mamuumnoaaoq House IIIIIIII I omumuuom I I I I I I I I mmu< wooo ummuom mama ouom woumouom on: umouom can: mamz ammuom umouom Hmuoa now .3550 mussoo maauxsflam an mumouom unflaam .e< wanna 73 omH.oo mumouom HH< coo.n coauuauoum enamam .m moImo "mumouom uaanam ommomoum omH.mm ooq.mm omm.flm manages aoauomuoum you Haney own III omm coauoououm assenm moImo ooa.ma ooa.mH III coauoououm mamas «seam «OImo ooa.oH ooo.m ooH.m aoauomuoum «Haaaumm NoImo omn.m~ oom.~ om~.o~ aofiuomuoum mcmxmucm\waomoaaumq HoImo I I I I I I I I I moumuoom I I I I I I I I oou< woou umouom can; whom voumwuom on: ammuom Gama mamz ummuom umouom Hmuoa new .3550 xucsoo wcmxmucm aH mumouom afianzm .m< manna 74 coauoavouml ooa.¢~ . ooc.mH cem.m soauomuoum oHHmmfiuom oHIoo aowuoaoouml ooa.~ oo~.a oos aofiuumuoum «soo\mammamxw=mm moIoo sowuodoouml omw.e III omm.s coauomuoum mums: 0mm «OIeo coauoaoouml mew III wow sowuomuoum mBoo\mnamuouaom MOIoo coauoaoouml Ham.“ III How.“ aofluomuoum mamaouaom NOIoo coauosvoumI oma.sN oom.w oms.oH aofiuomuoum asco\mamuumpoaaog HoIoo oma.~ om~.H cos connomuoum oaaamz oOIoo I I I I I I I I I moumuoom I I I I I I I I wand wooo umou0h ummuom kuoa. 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