MSU LIBRARIES -—__ RETURNING MATERIALS: ace 1n boo rop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. ME” USE OF THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY AND SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUPS AND UNITS TO EVALUATE SOME SOIL-LAND USE RELATIONSHIPS IN MICHIGAN'S LAND RESOURCE AREAS By Peter Jay Lumbert A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Crap and Soil Sciences 1981 [I ABSTRACT USE OF THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY AND SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUPS AND UNITS TO EVALUATE SOME SOIL-LAND USE RELATIONSHIPS IN MICHIGAN'S LAND RESOURCE AREAS By Peter Jay Lumbert The Conservation Needs Inventory (CNI) in 1967 inven- toried soil and land use on non-federal and non-urban lands by Land Resource Area's (LRA's). Michigan's Soil Management Groups were added to the CNI data and soil-land use relation- ships were evaluated for each of the LRA's. Four soil formation factors were found to affect the distribution of land use; climate, slope. natural drainage and parent material. Climatically the state is divided into north and south. Land use in the north was dominated by forestry and in the south by cropland. Generally, as slope increased. natural drainage became poorer and parent material became coarser textured, the percentage of cropland uses decreased and the percentage of forestry increased. It was also determined that in 1967 significant acreage of potentially good and potentially prime farmland was in non-agricultural uses and could be shifted into agricultural production if the need arose. I wish to dedicate this work to my wife Nancy. She is as responsible for it as am I. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No work of this nature is a single-handed effort and thanks are in order for all those who contributed. Thanks are extended to Dr. E. P Whiteside for his long hours of organizing. guiding and reviewing each step as it progressed. Mrs. Whiteside should be thanked also for her patience and understanding during the 5 years of this project. Dr. Lynn Robertson, Dr. Henery Foth and Dr. Harold Winters are to be thanked for their contributions to the guidance committee, especially Dr. Robertson for stepping in as Major Professor at the last minute. Mr. Neil Stroesenreuther of the Soil Conservation Service provided very helpful input during the planning stages and all the Soil Conservation Service field personal collected the original data making this project feasable. Thanks are extended for all their efforts. Thanks are also due to Terry Furjanich, Ken Parrish and Karen Phillips for their help in typing and editing. Finally, special thanks are given to Nancy Lumbert for her tireless enthusiasm, typing and organizational skills and her endless patience during this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABmS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O LIS T OF FIGU Ra O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1. 2. INTRODUCTION 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., The Conservation Needs Inventory Soil Management Groups and Units . . . . . Soils and Land Use of Michigan . Prime, Unique, Good, and Essential Farmland PR OCEDURES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Introduction . . . scape O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Definition of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analytic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O LEA 92 O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O 0 $0118 0 O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O Larld use 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 $0118 811d Lmd use 0 O O O I O O O O O 0 Potential Futw e Uses . . . . . . . . . m 93 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land Use 0 O I O O O O O O O O O O O O Soils and Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Future Uses . . . . . . . . . LRA 9aN O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 $0118 0 O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O 0 Land Use 0 O O I I O O O O O 0 O O O Soils and Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Future Uses . . . . . . . . . LRA gas 0 I O I O I O O O O O O O O O O O 0 $0118 0 O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soils and Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Future Uses . . . . . . . . . LN 96 O O I O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 iv Page . vi .xiii O O O . \OCDO\\A kn H C O O O O H U N N 4:- U Soils . Land Use Soils and Potential LRA 97 . . . Soils . . Land Use Soils and Potential LRA 98 . . . 80113 e 0 Land Use Soils and Potential LRA99 . . . 50113 e 0 Land Use Soils and Potential LRA 111 . . . Soils . . Land Use Soils and Potential 5. CONCLUSIONS . . 6. NEED FOR FURTHER LITERATURE CITED . . APPENDICES . . . . . QHEQ’UMUOUHF Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in Land use by SMU in LRA 99 Land use by SMU in LRA 11 SMG's, Their Included Series, % Future Useé Future Useé ; Future Use 5555555 asaeess m2 1 Percent of Michigan . . . . Ac 0 O O O O O r O ego-000.... 09.0.0000... 3% 21.7 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Land uses and their percentages by LRA . . . . . 2. Standard error of the CNI . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Soil management groups in Michigan . . . . . . . h. SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 92 . 5. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 0a in LRA92 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6.. Land uses and percentage of SMG Ob in LRA 92 . . 7. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 1I$ in LRA 92 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8. Land uses and percentage of slepe classes in SMG Ba’a in LRA 92 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 9. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 5I3a in LRA 92 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10. Use of potentially prime farmland in LRA 92 . 11. Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 92 . . . 12. SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 93 . 13. Land uses and percentage of slope classes in SMG 2I5a in LRA 93 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 14. Land uses and percentage of slope classes in SMG 33-8. in LRA 93 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 15. Land uses and percentage of slepe classes in SMG “a in LRA 93 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 16. Land uses and percentage of slope classes in SMG ua-a in LRA 93 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 17. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 58131 LRA 93 e e e e e e e e e o e e e e e 0 vi Page 18 20 23 26 26 27 29 29 31 31 33 36 36 38 38 39 LIST OF TABLES - Continued. of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG farmland in LRA 93 . . Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 93 . . . SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 94N of slape classes in SMG of SMG Ob in LRA 94N . of SMG 1c in LRA 94N . of slepe classes in SMG of slepe classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of SMG 5b in LRA 94N . of slope classes in SMG of SMG Mc-a in LRA 94N of SMG M/4c in LRA 94m farmland in LRA 94N . . Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 94N . . SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 948 Table 18. Land uses and percentage 5.3a in LRA 93 . . . 19. Land uses and percentage Me in LRA 93. . . . 20. Use of potentially prime 21. 22. 23. Land uses and ercentage GainLRA Neeee 24. Land uses and percentage 25. Land uses and percentage 26. Land uses and ercentage 3a in LRA N . . . . 27. Land uses and ercentage 4a in LRA N . . . . 28. Land uses and ercentage 5a in LRA N . . . . 29. Land uses and percentage 5.38.1nLRA9l-FN... 30. Land uses and percentage 31. Land uses and ercentage Mc in LRA N . . . . 32. Land uses and percentage 33. Land uses and percentage 34. Use of potentially prime 35- 36. 37. Land uses and ercentage 1a in LRA S . . . . of slape classes in SMG vii Page 39 4O 42 42 44 47 47 48 48 48 50 50 52 52 53 53 55 55 ‘ 57 60 LIST OF TABLES - Continued of slepe classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slepe classes in SMG of slepe classes in SMG of slepe classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slepe classes in SMG of SMG 5b in LRA 94S . of SMG 5c in LRA 94S . of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG of slape classes in SMG Use of potentially prime farmland in LRA 94S . . Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 94S . . SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 96 . Table 38. Land uses and ercentage 1b in LRA 9 S . . . . 39. Land uses and percentage 1.5a in LRA 94S . . . 40. Land uses and percentage 1.5b in LRA 94S . . . 41. Land uses and percentage 2.5a inLRA 94$ . . . 42. Land uses and ercentage 3a in LRA S . . . . 43. Land uses and ercentage “a in LRA S I I I I 44. Land uses and percentage 4/2a in LRA 94S . . . 45. Land uses and percentage 4/2b in LRA 94$ . . . 46. Land uses and ercentage 5a in LRA S . . . . 4?. Land uses and percentage 48. Land uses and percentage 49. Land uses and percentage 5.3a in LRA 94$ . . . 50. Land uses and percentage 5.7a in LRA 94$ . . . 51. Land uses and ercentage Me in LRA S . . . . 52. 53- 54. 55. Land uses and percentage 3a in LRA 96 . . . . of slape classes in SMG viii Page 60 61 62 62 63 65 65 66 67 67 68 69 71 73 73 75 77 LIST OF TABLES - Continued Table Page 56. Land uses and percentage of slepe classes in SMG “a in LRA 96 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 80 57. Land uses and percentage of slope classes in SMG y in LRA 96 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 81 58. Land uses and percentage of slepe classes in SMG 5033 in LRA 96 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 82 59. Land uses and percentage of SMG 5c in LRA 96 . . . 85 60. Land uses and percentage of SMG Mc in LRA 96 . . . 85 61. Use of potentially prime farmland in LRA 96 . . . 87 62. Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 96 . . . . 87 63. Use of SMU's that include at least 5% unique farm- land in LRA 96 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 88 64. SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 97 . . 91 65. Land uses and percentage of slepe classes in SMG 205a in LRA 97 I e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 94 66. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 38. in LRA 97 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 95 67. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 3/58. in LRA 97 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 96 68. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG “a in LRA 97 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 97 69. Land uses and percentage of SMG 5c in LRA 97 . . . 98 70. Land uses and percentage of slope classes in SMG 5b in LRA 97 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 98 71. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG 5.3a in LRA 97 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 99 72. ,Land use and percentage of SMG Me in LRA 97 . . . 101 73. Use of potentially prime farmland in LRA 97 . . . 103 74. Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 97 . . . . 103 75. Use of SMU's that include at least 5% unique farm- land in LRA 97 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1on ix LIST OF TABLES - Continued SMG's, their acreage. and percentage of LRA 98 . Table 76. 77. Land uses and percentage 1.5ainLRA 98 . . . 78. Land uses and percentage 79. Land uses and percentage 80. Land uses and percentage ZosainLRA98 coo 81. Land uses and percentage 82.‘ Land uses and percentage 83. Land uses and gercentage 3a in LRA 9 . . . . 89. Land uses and percentage 85. Land uses and percentage 86. Land uses and percentage 3/5ainLRA 98 . . . 87. Land uses and percentage 88. Land uses and percentage 89. Land uses and percentage ha in.LRA 98 . . . . 90. Land uses and percentage 91. Land uses and percentage 92. Land uses and gercentage 5a in LRA 9 . . . . . 93. Land uses and gercentage 5b in LRA 9 . . . . 9“. Land uses and percentage 95. Land uses and percentage 5.3a in LRA 98 . . . 96. Land uses and percentage 5.7a in LRA 98 .. . . X of slape classes in SMG of SMG 1.5b in LRA 98 . of SMG 1.5c in LRA 98 . of slope classes in SMG of SMG 2.5b in LRA 98 . of SMG 2.5c in LRA 98 . of slope classes in SMG of SMG 3b in LRA 98 . . of SMG 3c in LRA 98 . . of lepe classes in SMG of SMG 3/5b in LRA 98 . of SMG 3/5c in LRA 98 . of slape classes in SMG of SMG hb in LRA 98 . . of SMG no in LRA 98 . . of sIOpe classes in of slape classes in of SMG 5c in LRA 98 . . of sloPe classes in of slape classes in Page 107 110 111 . 111 112 113 113 . 115 116 116 117 118 118 119 120 120 122 123 123 129 125 LIST OF TABLES - Continued Table 97- 98. 99- 100. 101. 102. 103. 109. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 119. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. Land uses and percentage of slape classes in SMG Me in LRA 9 . . Use of potentially prime farmland in LRA 98 . . Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 98 . . . SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 99 . Land Land Land Land Land uses uses uses uses uses and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage 2.5a in LRA 99 . . . Land Land Land Land Land Land Land uses uses uses uses uses uses uses and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage and percentage Use of potentially prime of SMG 1b in LRA 99 . of SMG 10 in LRA 99 . . of SMG 1.5b in LRA 99 . of SMG 1.5c in LRA 99 . of slape classes in SMG of SMG 2.5b in LRA 99 . of SMG 2.5c in LRA 99 . of SMG 3/2b in LRA 99 . of SMG 9/2b in LRA 99 . of SMG 9b in LRA 99 . . of SMG 5b in LRA 99 . . of SMG 5c in LRA 99 . . farmland in LRA 99 . . Use of potentially good farmland in LRA 99 . . . SMG's, their acreage. and percentage of LRA 111 Land uses and percentage 1.5a in LRA 111 . . . Land uses and percentage Land uses and percentage Land uses and percentage 2.5a in LRA 111 . . . xi of slape classes in SMG of SMG 1.5b in LRA 111 of SMG 1.5c in LRA 111 of slape classes in SMG Page 128 129 129 131 139 139 135 135 136 137 137 139 139 190 192 192 193 193 196 199 150 150 151 LIST OF Table 120. 121. 122. 123. Use Use Use Use TABLES - Continued of potentially prime farmland in LRA 111 . of potentially good farmland in LRA 111 . of potentially prime farmland in Michigan of potentially good farmland in.Michigan . xii Page 153 153 157 157 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Land Resource Areas of Michigan . . . . . . . . . 9 xiii 1. INTRODUCTION Michigan provides a wide variety of soils and land uses. It's glacial history provides the state with youth- ful soils rich in nutrients capable of supporting lush forests in the north and productive farms in the south. The humid continental climate provides a limited growing season and ample moisture for it's diverse flora and fauna. As recent as 19,800 years ago (Sommers et al, 1978) glacial ice covered most of the state. Moving ice and meltwaters provided a complex pattern of glacial landforms burying the bedrock in most places. These moraines, till plains, outwash and lake plains, and other glacial land- forms provided the sediments in which our modern soils have formed. When the early Europeans came to Michigan most of the soils were covered with vast forests. The early Michiganders cleared the forests and established a lucrative agriculture. Currently agriculture and forestry are the two major land .uses in Michigan, Table 1. The Conservation Needs Inventory (CNI) was established to inventory these varied soil resources and land uses. Inventories were made in 1958 and in 1967. It is the data from 1967 that forms the basis for this study. 1 «.6 case econ I eoeuv I .9. . 999.99 ..9 9.99. 9 .9 99. 99 . «9.. 9.99. 9 .9.9.9 9.99 . .. ..<.99 n.99. .99. «m.. 9. .9.~wa w o n. . 99 9 9 w«.99m 9.9 www.mme u...9 9.? “M9 .96. .m. n 9.99 a a. 909.39 m Mu 3.3 .. 9.0... .u .999 999.99 a. . ~.. . ~.n “no.9n 9 u 9 ..nm. 99.un 9.. 99m." 999.999 9.“. 9 .. a... .2. .A. 9 a 9.89.. “.3 .99. .. .99 9. . 9 23.989 5 9.. 999.9.9 . 9.9.9 9 9 .9. .9 ~99. m.~. 9... u. ..au. .9 9.9.999. ..M «09.9 o M .99.9~n n.9. n99 . . .99. . 9.9. «.9. 99..99..~ ..9. ~99.9~ .. . u «.999 9.9. 999.9 .. a... «99.9.. .9999 999 9.9 n...9.9. u... . m 9 ..~99 9... 999.999 9 9 9~ .u 99.999 ...-9 Bomb “womb. New. O N o. e.“ d “OUd . d o :80 ”0* 9.99. an... ... .99 99 .9. 99 .9. 99 .9. .99. 999..99.. .99. 999...“.9 9.99 99 . 9.9 9.99. 999.999.“ 9.99. 999.999 ..<.99 “.9 9n9.m9 m.n 99..99 9.. 9.“.9m 9.. 999.Mm 9.9 “~9.9 ucgao 9..9 999. 99 ..9 MN9.~ .9 n..9 9.9.9.9.. «.99 ~99. 9.. 9..9 ..999 ...uo. 9.9 .99.99. 9.9 .9~.. . «.9 999.99 9.. n .99 9.~ .9 .9 .99.... ...9 ”99.99. «.9. .99... .9 oo...9. ..o 9....«9 9. ..9 999.9999 ... m.9 9.99 .9 .9.9~ 9.9 9 .9. 9 u .9. 999 ..999 .9. 9 .99. 9.9 .9.99. 9.. .99 9.. 9.m9 9.. .99.9 ..9. «.9 99..9~. ..9 999..99 9.9 m .99 9.9 99 . .. .. 999.9 99999 999 9.9 999.99 ”mm 9.9”..9 mm“ 999..9 1mm" MM9H9.. .m. n .9. 9:.nuwu..unu . .9 . 9mu9~mm., 11", nun-qua. anw gnawmua ww hkmwaauxw iluypuuuu 99 .9. 9.9 .9. 9.9 .9. n9 .9. 99 .9. .<¢a a; ecu-accuse: haeso use eons o:eaun.. 9.9-9 3 The purposes of this study were two-fold. First, an evaluation of land use and soil relationships was wanted. It was done on a regional basis using the U.S.D.A. Land Resource Areas (LRA'S) shown in Figure 1. Within each LRA the soils information was evaluated using Michigan's Soil Management Groups and Units (SMG's and SMU's). The second basic purpose of this study was to provide interested users information from the CNI in a form easier for them to use. The appendices are filled with land use information by SMU's in each LRA of Michigan (Appendix A to 1) plus the soil series, and acreage in each SMG and it's percentage of the CNI inventory acreage. l4. U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 0 N Superior Lake Plain 93 Northern Michigan and Wisconsin Stony, Sandy and Rocky Plains and Hills '°' 29;. u- 94 Northem Michigan Sandy Drift ‘ 96 Western Michigan Fruit Belt . r 97 Southwestern Michigan Fruit and Truck Belt as- - 98 Southern Michigan Drift Plain 99 Erie-Huron Lake Plain Indiana and Ohio Till Plain SAOIMAW Figure 1. Land Resource Areas of Michigan. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The Conservation Needs Inventory The Conservation Needs Inventory was established by the Secretary of Agriculture (Benson, 1956) in 1956. The general policies are outlined below: 1. An inventory of soil and water conservation needs would be made and kept current. 2. The Soil Conservation Service was to provide leadership to the many co-operating agencies. 3. A committee was to be formed with representives of each of the co-operating agencies. The committee would help develop and review procedures and guide the progress of the inventory. 4. A state committee was to be formed from co-operators within each state or territory. It would develop a plan for it's state inventory. 5. Data was to be developed separately for privately and publicly owned lands. 6. Co-operation from state and local sources would be solicited in the development and review of the inventory. The basic purpose of the CNI was to gather data on land use. soils, conservation needs and watersheds (Conservation Needs Committee, 1960). Procedures were established to obtain statistically reliable results based ‘ 5 6 on their sampling methods and intensity (Adams, 1964 and Conservation Needs Committee, 1960). The data for the 1958 inventory was unavailable for use in this study. In 1967 land use, with minor sampling changes, was updated on the 1958 sampling areas (Soil Conservation Service, 1965 and Conservation Needs Committee, 1968). It is the 1967 data that forms the basis for this study. Aside from the information contained in this study much is available from the 1967 CNI. The Conservation Needs Committee, 1968, provided land use and treatment needs information by Land Capability Sub-class and county. The Soil Conservation Service, 1979, has provided updated tables of soils. land use and treatment needs by Land Capability Unit (LCU), LRA and county. Other uses have been made of the CNI. Arnold et a1. 1960, used the 1958 CNI for Iowa to estimate slope classes by counties and Lee, 1978, used the 1967 data to estimate changes in cropland availability on a national basis. The CNI in Michigan has been used to estimate trends in agricultural land use (Whiteside and Schaner,1972) and as supporting data for attempts to preserve essential and unique farmlands (Agricultural Land Subcommittee, 1974). Soil Management Groups and Units Mokma and Robertson. 1976, defined SMG's as a combination of soil series with similar dominant profile textures, natural drainage classes and other characteristics (acidity, carbonates, 7 etc.). Numbers from O to 5.7 are given to dominant profile textures and lower case letters a, b or c are given for well drained, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained groups, respectively. The Soil Management Unit (SMU) is a combination of the SMG, slope class and erosion class. SMG's have been used extensively in Michigan for intrepretive uses such as crop yield potentials (Warncke and Christenson, 1980), evaluation of farmland and it's use (Priest et al, 1963), estimates of success with no-till corn (Robertson et al, 1976), estimates of organic matter levels in cornfields (Mokma et al, 1976) and the design of drainage systems (Engberg et al, 1963). SMG's have also been used for non-agricultural uses. Such uses have included comparison of performance of septic tank disposal fields (Mokma and Whiteside, 1972) and the design of systems for municipal waste water disposal (Schneider and Erickson, 1972). The degree of limitation for uses such as residential development (with and without public sewers), highway construction, and parks and recr- eational uses have also been developed (Mokma et al, 1979). The use of SMG's is unique to Michigan, however, North Carolina is using a similar interpretive classification system (Buol et al, 1975). Their system is called the Fertility Capability Soil Classification System, and it's similarities include classification by dominant texture, units for two storied soils and provision for special conditions such as acid or basic reaction or calcareous conditions. The Soil Conservation Service uses a Land Capability 8 Classification system for interpretative purposes (Klingebiel and Montgomery, 1961). They first group soils into eight classes based on degree of limitation for agricultural produc- tion. Classes are broken down into sub-classes by kinds of limitations, such as erosion, rooting zone, climate or wetness problems. Land Capability Units (LCU's) are groups of similar soils within a sub-class. LCU's approximate the same degree of generalization as the SMU's and were provided with the CNI. Soils and Land Use of Michigan Soils and land use in.Michigan have been studied and described many times. In 1938, in conjunction with the then new classification system (U.S.D.A., 1938), soil areas were described, some of which were from Michigan. Kellogg (1951) also briefly described some of Michigan's soils. Veatch (1953) provided the first comprehensive description and map of Michigan's soils and land use. He provided a fairly detailed classification of the contemporary soil series and discussed soil associations. He also discussed use and significance of different soil groups (for example, peat and muck soils and hilly sandy soils in southern Michigan). Hill and Mawby (1959) discussed types of farming in Michigan and divided the state into 17 type-of-farming areas that approximated the LRA's. In the same bulletin Schneider provided and discussed a soil association map based on Veatch's work. Whiteside et al (1968) also used Veatch's basic association map and discussed soils and land use trends in Michigan. Recent land use trends are discussed in many places (Conservation Needs Committee, 1958, Whiteside and Schaner, 1972, Wright, 1974, Michigan Department of Agriculture, 1975, Sommers et al, 1978 and Wright and Ferris 1981). Most of these agree that urbanization is encrouching upon needed agricultural lands and some method is needed to preserve agricultural lands. Prime, Unigue. Good and Essential Farmland Mokma et al (1980) defined prime farmland as land best suited for crop production that gives highest sustained yields with minimum inputs and results in the least damage to the environment. They also provided a list of soil series and their phases in Michigan that would qualify as prime farmland. The Soil Conservation Service (1980) listed current mapping units in Michigan that would qualify as prime farmland. They also defined unique farmland as non-prime farmlands used for the production of special crops. Unique lands have characteristics which produce high quality or yields of those special crops. Unique cropland was re- stricted in this study to lands in LRA 96 and 97 on which fruit crops were grown. Specific criteria for good farmland was provided by Whiteside (1981). It was to be non-prime farmland capable of moderate to high quality and yields with moderate inputs. This defination included the non-prime lands of the essential farmlands defined by the Agricultural Land 10 Subcommittee (1974). They combined prime, unique and good farmland and called it essential farmland because they believed it was essential to Michigan's agricultural future. The desire to preserve essential farmland has been recognized at the national level also. Lee (1978) con- cluded that between 1967 and 1975, 4.5 million acres of prime farmland was lost to competing uses and that a great need exists to study the costs of developing essential farmland. Larson (1981) suggested that by the year 2000 the nation's cropland will be fully used to fill the demand for agricultural products. Gray (1981), Gordon (1981) and Lee (1981) also expressed concern that future expansion of cropland would have to come from non-prime lands. 3. PROCEDURES Introduction The 1967 Soil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory was a part of the National Inventory of Soil and Water Conservation Needs established by the Secretary of Agriculture in 1956 (Benson, 1956). Agencies co-operating in the 1967 inventory were: United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service Economic Research Service Farmers Home Administration Forest Service Soil Conservation Service Statistical Reporting Service United States Department of Commerce Environmental Science Series Administration, State Climatologist United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sports, Fisheries and Wildlife State of Michigan Department of Agriculture Department of Economic Expansion Department of Education 11 12 Vocational Education Division Department of Natural Resources Water Resources Commission Michigan State University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Michigan Associatiofi‘of Soil Conservation Districts, Inc. State Soil Conservation Committee The objectives of the inventory were to develop detailed data on land use and conservation treatment needs by soils and obtain data on watershed project needs. The 1958 Conservation Needs inventory was commissioned in 1956, and data was collected between January, 1958 and January 1960. 'All data referred to 1958. Data from 1958 was unavailable for this study, however, summaries are available ( Conservation Needs Committee, 1960). In 1965 an update was commissioned and field work was completed in 1967. It is the primary data from the 1967 inventory that forms the basis for this study. At the time of this writing there is another update in progress that should be finished by 1982 or 1983. Soaps The total land area of Michigan according to the 1967 CNI was 36,514,587 acres. This figure does not include lakes and water areas greater than 40 acres in size, or streams greater than one-eight of a mile in width. The actual inventory acreage for 1967 was 31,013,053 13 acres. This figure was determined by subtracting from the total all non-included federal land (2,767,095 acres), urban and built-up land (2,594,730 acres) and small water areas (139,709 acres). Definition of Terms 1. Federal land: Land owned by the federal government, except cropland operated under lease or permit and Indian lands owned by individuals or tribes which are under trusteeship. These federal lands were not part of the inventory and are primarily national forests, military installations, wildlife refuges and hospitals. 2. Urban and Built-up Areas: These were cities, villages and areas greater than 10 acres in size that were built- up industrial sites, railroad yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, shooting ranges, institutional and public administrative sites and similar types of areas. These were not included in the inventory. 3. Water Areas: These included ponds and lakes between 2 and 40 acres in size and rivers and streams less than one-eight mile in width. 4. Cropland: The following types of cropland were included in the inventory: A. Tillage Rotation (1) Field Crops a. Row Crops (1) Corn and Sorghum: included corn and sorghum whether grown in rows or b. Ce (2) (3) 14 broadcast, and regardless of use (grain, silage or forage). All other row crops: included soybeans, sugarbeets, field beans, vegetables, potatoes and all other cultivated row crops. Summer fallow: was usually cropland in semi-arid areas being fallowed. Small Grains (close grown row crops): included small grains (wheat, barley and oats) and other close-seeded crops not usually grown in rows and tilled. These type craps were included even if they were used for temporary hay or pasture. Sod Crops: (1) (2) (3) Rotation hay and pasture: was grasses or legumes used for hay or pasture as part of a crop rotation management system. Hayland: was land permanently used for forage. Stand improvement measures had been taken. Also included were other areas where hay or seed was harvested and then pastured or allowed to grow forage. Conservation use only: was cropland in grasses, legumes or small grains that were not harvested or pastured. This included land diverted from cropland by federal programs. 15 B. Idle (1) Temporarily idle cropland: was land in none of the other crOpland uses but had been during one or more of the previous three years. (2) Open land formerly used for crops: was the same as temporarily idle cropland, except it had not been used for three years and was not being purposely converted to another use. C. Orchards, Vineyards and Bush Fruit: was land in fruit production regardless of intertilling or pasturing. 5. Pasture Land: was land in grasses or other long term forage that was used primarily for grazing. It did not include rotation hay and pasture defined under cropland. It could contain up to a 10 percent canopy~ of timber or shade trees. 6. ForeSt Land: was land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size and capable of producing. timber or wood products. Land on which the trees were removed to less than 10 percent and was not develOped for any other purpose and planted forests (grazed or ungrazed) were also forest land. Included was forested non-federal parks, wildlife refuges and the like. 7. Other Lands: were,rural, non-federal land not falling into any of the other land use classes or non-inventory groups. It included farmsteads, fence rows, feedlots, non-farm residences and their acreage, investment acreage and dunes and marshes not used for grazing. 16 8. Prime Farmland: Land with the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber and oilseed crops. It has the quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce a sustained high yield of crops when managed (including water management) and treated according to acceptable farming methods. Prime farmlands have adequate and dependable water supply (from precipitation or irrigation), temperature and growing season that is favorable, no extremes in reaction, a reasonable salt and sodium content, few or no coarse fragments, good permeability to air and water, not excessively erodible, not saturated with water for long periods of time and do not flood frequently or are protected from flooding. These soils must be on slopes less than 6 percent and have none, slight or moderate erosion., Included SMG's are 1a, 1b, 1c, 1.5a, 1.5b, 1.5c, 2.5a, 2.5b, 2.5c, 2.5c-c, 2.5c-s, 2.5c-cs, 3a, 3a-m, 3a-s, 3b, 3b-s, 3c, 3c-s, 3/1a. 3/1b. 3/19, 3/2a. 3/2b. 3/29, 3/5a. B/Sa-a. 3/5a-m. 3/5b, 3/59, L-2a, and L-2c. Potentially prime farmland is used for lands in these SMG's because it is not known if they do meet the specific criteria, even though they are capable of meeting it. 9. Unique Farmland: Land other than prime that is used to produce a specific high value food or fiber crop. It has the specific conditions (location, soil quality, growing season, etc.) to maintain high yields of the specific crop when treated and managed according to 1? acceptable farming methods. It has been used here only for non-prime farmlands in LRA 96 and 97 upon . which fruit crops were grown. 10. Good Farmland: Land, excluding prime and unique farmland that is capable of producing reasonably high crop qualities and yields when managed and treated according to modern methods of farming. These lands will eco- nomically produce moderate crop yields with low or mod- erate inputs of energy and capital. Included SMG's (Whiteside, 1981) are all non-prime SMG's except 4/Ra, 5a, 5a-h, 5a-m, 5.3a, 5.7a, 5b, 5b-h, Mc-a, Ga, Gbc, G/Ra, Ra and Rho (Table 3). Slopes must not exceed 18 percent (12 percent for soils in SMG's 0a, 0b, and 0c) and erosion must be moderate or less, The term potentially good farmland is used herein because it is not known if specific areas will meet the specific criteria. 11. Essential Agricultural Land: Essential lands are the sum of prime lands, good lands and unique farmland. 12. Toposequence: A sequence of soils that differ only in slope or natural drainage (Jenny, 1980). Thus SMG's 1a, 1b, and 1c form a toposequence within a LRA. 13. Lithosequence: A sequence of soils that differ only in parent material (Jenny, 1980). SMG's 0a, 1a, 1.5a, etc. form a lithosequence within a LRA. M Methods For the 1958 data the statistical Labratory at Iowa State University randomly selected a 2 percent sample for 18 each county. This was done such that 3 quarter sections per township were selected. Two sets of sample areas were selected for each county. In counties of 250,000 to 500,000 acres in size only one set of sample areas were used. Adams (1964) reported that at the 2 percent sample rate the error would occur as presented in Table 2. Table 2.--Standard error of the CNI Percent of area havigg Relative standard error(£) the condition 922931 gtggg 1 59 5.9 5 26 2.6 10 18 1.8 25 10 1.0 50 6 0.6 75 3 0.3 100 0 0 The average sized county was figured to have 48 sample areas in it. The average sized state was assumed to contain 100 average sized counties. All LRA's in Michigan are larger than the average sized county making all errors smaller than those reported for the county-sized areas. Counties exceeding 500,000 acres had a reduced sampling rate and counties smaller than 250,000 acres were sampled more intensively to maintain the same approximate degree of precision. The 1967 update used a point sampling method. A template containing rows of dots was centered on each of the 19 mapped areas and spun. Where each dot occurred (36 per sample area) on the map a sample point was located. Each of the sampling points were visited and land use and conservation treatment needs were determined. The area in the vicinity of the point, not just the point, was considered in assigning land use and treatment needs. Those points that fell in a farm pond of less than 2 acres were considered to be on the adjoining uplands. If a point fell on a soil boundary the point was considered to be in the map unit north or east of the line. When the field work was done the data was coded onto forms and sent to Iowa State University. An expansion factor was calculated for each county such that the sum of the acreages equaled the total county inventory acreage (number of data points times the expansion factor). The Iowa expansion factors and all data from the coded forms was punched onto computer cards and transfered to magnetic tape for computer processing. Analytic Proceduggg In 1978 a copy of the tape containing the 1967 CNI data for Michigan was ordered from the Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory. The tape was stored in the Computer Laboratory at Michigan State University. Computer processing was done by the Control Data Corporation 6500 computer. A program was written to add the SMG's (Table 3) to each of the 145,467 data points. After the SMG's had been added the data was grouped by LRA. Within each LRA the 20 Table 3.--Soil management youps in Michigan 11.-IMO“ M“ OlgnIeSeiHM) VayPeedyM Well-d M Mud . Def-their!“ My PeelIy chPoedy m5!” manna-d Duh-cl Dated lc-Sl'thick duck W a I: e e e FhsGthvIM) 0 0a 0b 0c WHO-608) 1 la 1b 1e Mlle Chybcnanddkydsyhcn 1.5 1.5a 1.5!: 15¢ Macadamia-n 2.5 2.5a 2.5b 25c Sady Iona. 14-0". 0'! clay 3/1 311s 3/lb 3/1e www.mb-todky chyhun 3/2 3/2: W 3/2c Sandy 1.9. 3 3. 3b 3c me. Me Surly loan. W, over and and gnvd 3/5 3/5. am am.- Lonny and. 1440". over clay 4/1 4/1e Ulb Ulc Lonny and. 2040". on has to silty clay has 4/2 4/2: U21: 4/2: [my and 4 4. 4b 4c Send to Ice-y and. 40-0”, over hunted-y 8/2 5/2: me 5e Send with m a slug subsoil develops-l 5.0 Se 5!: 5c- MM: Sand with minimal 999 3.999- Sendwthnub Namep- 5'3 5‘3. Sb 5° eras III-It ' 5.7 5.7a Sb St “or Mandala-In C On Che Che or Am I. L-Me lousy 1.2 L-Za L-Se L-Re sandy L4 L4- L-4e Late Had a _ . M/ne scents-99920- R Re I Rbc I Rbe Loan 2040'. over bedrock 2/R 2/Ile ? ‘ Sandy 199. 2040-. 99 bedrock am am. i am» i am..- we. Seedmbayandwmverbedo ' i 99 an an. |l use. g um). (dhfiefobvhgnbpeehsbmmsdbdmmewwmmmuwPhamwflmM Web-z Ago-“dope DalS—laidope 3.2.0!” 2318-”! cue-12599.- Pass-H.99- 21 data was sorted by major groupings of SMG's. It was then printed onto print-out sheets. The primary data was manually sorted for land use within each SMG. Appendices A through I list each of the LRA's broken down by land use and SMU. The sorting was done manually because of bugetary constraints at the time and took about 42 person months to complete. All manual work was rechecked and errors were system- atically reduced until no error exceeded 1.0 percent of a major grouping of SMG's (for example all SMG's beginning with a 3 in LRA 98). The residual errors were deducted from or added to the land use-SMU combination with the greatest acreage in the largest SMG. A and B slope classes (0 to 6 percent) were combined on SMG's beginning with a 4 or a 5 in the appendices. This was done to be consiStent with recently published soil surveys. Erosion classes 0, 1 and 2 were also combined and reported as a single unit as were erosion classed 3, 4 and 5. These changes also agree better with recently published soil surveys. In the discussion of Soils and Land Use in each LRA SMG's were selected for discussion that had at least 30,000 acres or contained 5 percent or more of the LRA. 4 . DISCUSSION LRA 92 LRA 92, the Superior Lake Plain, is located in the western end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (Figure 1). The total inventory acreage was 607,026 acres. This was 2.0 percent of the state's inventory acreage. This LRA is characterized by broad flat lake plains. More than 90 percent was forested in 1967. Soils Table 4 lists the acreage of each of the SMG's that occurred in the LRA and its percentage of the LRA. Fine textured soils (SMG's 0a, 0b, 1c, 1.5a, and 1.5c) accounted for 39.9 percent (242,068 acres) of the LRA. Medium tex- tured soils (SMG's beginning with.a.2 or a 3) occupied 25.9 percent (156,835 acres) of the LRA. Coarse textured soils (SMG's beginning with a 4 or a 5) occupied 27.7 percent (167,972 acres) of the LRA. The remaining 6.4 percent (40,152 acres) was occupied by alluvial, organic or gravelly soils and non-soil material. Well drained soils occurred on 78.7 percent (478,083 acres) of the LRA. The somewhat poorly drained soils occupied 13.3 (81,095 acres) of the LRA. The remaining 7.7 percent (47,620 acres) was occupied by poorly and very poorly drained soils and non-soil material. SlOpes were fairly flat with 64.5 percent of the LRA having less than 6 percent lepes. SIOpes from 6 to 18 22 23 Table 4.--SMG's, their acreage, and percentage of LRA 92. SMG Acreage Percent §M§. Acreage ngcegi 0a 74,340 12.2 4a-a 18,908 3.1 0b 31,902 5.3 4b 9,433 1.6 1c 6,667 1.1 4/1b 2,984 0.5 1.5a 125.716 20.7 4/2b 3,902 0.6 1.5c 3,443 0.6 4/2b-s 3,672 0.6 2.5a-a 9,640 1.6 4/20 459 0.1 2.5a-s 22,908 3.8 5a 19,282 3.2 2.5b-s 5,890 1.0 5b 1.37? 0.2 2.5c-s 4,494 0.7 5/2a 230 tr. 3a-a 80,284 13.2 5/2b 11,934 2.0 3b 1,607 0.3 5.3a 68,912 11.4 3b-a 3,115 0.5 L-2c 24,984 4.1 30 208 tr. Mc-a 230 tr. 3/10 459 0.1 M/1c 642 0.1 3/1c 1,148 0.2 M/4c 5,137 0.8 3/2b 4,820 0.8 m/mc 208 tr. 3/Ra 22,262 3.7 Ga 8,721 1.4 4a 26,880 4.4 NHsc. 23% 3;; TOTAL: 607,02 99.9 tr. = trace - less than 0.1 24 percent accounted for 18.5 percent of the LRA. The other 17.0 percent of the LRA had slopes in excess of 18 percent. Potentially prime farmland accounted for 24.8 percent of the total LRA. Potentially good farmland accounted for an additional 41.5 percent. No unique farmland occurred in this LRA. Some soils with acid solums occurred in LRA 92, dis- tinguishing it from most other LRA's outside the western Upper Peninsula. These soils occupied 18.5 percent (112,177 acres) of the LRA. We The dominant land use in LRA 92 was forestry, Table 1, It occurred on 91.8 percent of the land. Row cr0ps and fruit cr0ps occupied trace percentages. Small grains sod craps and idle accounted for 2.7, 1.4 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Total cr0p1and and pasture land accounted for 5.6 and 1.6 percent, respectively. The remaining 0.9 percent was other uses. W Appendix A lists the acreage of each of the major land uses in each of the SMU's in LRA 92. Table 5 breaks SMG 0a down by SMU'S'and land uses, and gives percentages of major 310pe classes. There were 689 acres of forested lands on E or higher slopes that are not included in the table. 25 Note the declining percentage of cropland as lepe increases. 0n slopes up to 6 percent, 18.6 percent was . cropland. Cropland dropped to 12.7 percent on slopes from 6 to 18 percent and was absent on slopes greater than 18 percent. Each of the uses within cropland displayed a similar trend, except row crops which were absent on all slopes. Pasture doubled as a percentage of the moderate slopes relative to the gentle slopes. It was insignificant as a use on the steeper slopes. Forests occupied about 75 Per- cent of slopes up to 18 percent, and over 95 Percent of the steeper slopes. Since the Ga and 0b soils differ mostly in internal drainage, the differences in land use, Table 6, can be roughly attributed to the increased wetness of the 0b soils. Note the greater percentage of forestry on the same slopes (A and B) on the wetter soils (0b) as compared to the same slopes of SMG 0a (Table 5, columns 1 and 2). Crep- land occupied a greater percentage of land on the dryer soils, presumably because of the high cost of drainage on land in a marginal agricultural area, and the problems that excess soil water causes on soils with short growing seasons. Comparing uses on soils in the 1.5a SMG, Table 7, with those in the Ga SMG suggests that the finer soils were used more intensively that the slightly coarser soils. Total cropland was 18.6 percent of the gentle slopes of land in the Ga SMG and only 4.7 percent on the same slopes 26 9.99. 999..9 .9990. mam: 9 9.9.0 9.99 99..9~ .9.999 9.9 9.9 999.999 9.9 999.. 999.9999 ..9 9.9 9 9.99.. 9.9 9 9.9. 9.9 999.. 99999 999 9.9 9.9 me..99 .9999 0.0 0 09090 30m mammmmw ommmmme on: .99 .9. e. 99 9:9 .9 .9u9999999 9:9 999: 999.--.9 ..999 9.99. 9 9. 9 9.99. H9M.~9 9.99. 999.9 9.99. 9 9.99 .9999. new: mmmnua 040: 9 mam: 9 949: mmmnu: 9.9.9 9..9 9...99 9.99 999..9 9.M9 99..9 9..9 99.... 99.9.9 9.. 999.9 9.0 099 u. . 9.... 9.9 000.9 999.999 9.9. 999.9 ... 99. 9.9. .9... 9.9. 999.9 999.9990 ..9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 p.999 9.. 9.9.9 ... 99. 9.9 99. ..9 999.9 9.9. m.. .99.. 9.9 9 ..~ 999 9.9 999 99990 999 .. 9.9.9 9.9 9 9.9 99. 9.9 999.9 99.999 ...99 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 99990 :99 M 0wmeuo¢ M_ ommomo< !M ommoumm M 9mm9904 on .490... +9 0+0 9.... aloulmu..9._ «9'93 .ma «mg a. 90 02m s. 9009990 99099 no emevseonen use new: useq::.m 99099 2? 9.99. 9.9.99. 9.99. 9...9. 9.99. 999.99 9.99. ..9.99 ..9999 9.9 999 949:: .mlllll 9.9 9 9.9 999 99999 9.99 99..99. 9.99. 9...9. 9.99 99..99 9..9 999..9 999999 9.9 9.... 9.9 9 ... 999 9.. 9.9 999.999 ..9 999.. 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.. 999.. 999.9999 ..9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.999 ..9 99. 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 99. 9.9. ..9 99. 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 99. 99999 999 9.9 999.9 9.9 9 9.9 9 ..9 999.9 99.999 ..999 9.9 999 9.9 9 9.9 9 9.9 999 99999 399 & {kn mmMmuo¢ R mummho¢ & uiwwmoho< &, 9w9990< .wmo xii! .9999 +9 0+9 9+9 99999.9 999.9 .mm ¢WAFMO(DdWDF‘NMDdWDFMOCDO(DCHVCDOWDQHA IVMOHWDUxFTObnvk‘O\ACDHThO{UhJHWJCW‘NHVF‘HKJOWA SMG .AAQEggge 4/2a 8,532 4/2b 1,115 4/20 9,115 4/Ra 1,978 53 589.809 5a-h 123,647 5b 145,626 5b-h 38,013 50 38,081 SC’a 105.705 5/2a 21o 5/2b 2,781 5.3a 150,694 L'ZC #0555 L-4a 1,340 L-4c 25,563 L-Mo 20.955 Mc 321,920 Mc-a 174,804 M/ic 1,126 M/lc-a 13,516 M/3c 10,654 M/4c 158,270 M/mc 695 Ga 21,211 Gbc 59.759 Ra 58,041 Rbc 16,522 Misc. 32,404 "d m '1 0 m :3 d- TOTAL:2,783,893 U OH... '1. O H O O 0 0.0.1.. o I. no... IOOV“F‘GM \JFKR'\wChONDO NLPF‘OCDanhJCWOFWJ-\J P‘OTONHDdeCDOc+OV4CDH$;CflACDdWJF‘HNn¢W‘CHDctO H 0' 0’ h) 45 drained soils occupied 39.6 percent (1,102,268 acres), and non-soil material occupied the remaining 1.2 percent (32,404 acres). Slopes were fairly flat with 78.2 percent of the LRA having less than 6 percent SlOpeS. Slapes from 6 to 18 percent accounted for 17.1 percent of the LRA and the other 4.7 percent of the LRA had lepes in excess of 18 percent. Potentially prime farmland accounted for 8.0 percent of the LRA. Potentially good farmland accounted for an additional 40.0 percent. No unique farmland occurred in this LRA. Land Use The dominant land use in LRA 94N was forestry, Table 1. It occurred on 91.3 percent of the land. Cropland and pas- ture accounted for 6.5 percent and 0.8 percent, reapectively. The remaining 1.3 percent was other uses. Soils and Land Use Appendix 0 lists the acreage of each of the major land uses in each of the SMU's in LRA 94N. Six SMG's contained at least 5 percent each of the LRA. These were 5a, 5b, 5.3a, Mo, Mc-a and M/4c. Also discussed are SMG's 0a, 0b, 1c, 3a and 4a. These are either compared with similar SMG's in LRA 92 or used to illustrate land use changes in a tapo- or a lithosequence. 46 Tables 23, 24 and 25 break down SMG's 0a, 0b and 1c, respectively, by slope classes and land uses. These soils form an approximate toposequence with the 1c soils being slightly coarser. Note that on the same slopes (A and B) the percentage of cr0p1and is 55 to 58 percent of the Ga and 0b soils, and drops to 42 percent of the 1c soils. Small grains were most common on the somewhat poorly drained soils (41 per- cent) and were equally common on the well drained and poorly drained soils (28 percent). Idle cropland was least common on the somewhat poorly drained soils (10 per- cent) and more common on the well drained and poorly drained soils (13 and 15 percent). Sod crops and pasture decreased with increasing soil wetness and forests increased with increasing wetness. SMG's 0a and 0b were discussed in LRA 92. Note the much more intensive use of these same SMG's in LRA 94N than in LRA 92. Over half of the gentle slopes on the Ga soils in LRA 94N were cropland where the comparable soils in LRA 92 were only 19 percent cropland (Table 5). The difference was even more pronounced on the 0b soils. Fifty-eight percent of the 0b soils in LRA 94N were used for cropland, whereas cropland accounted for only 7.9 percent of the 0b soils in LRA 92 (Table 6). 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