. .. . . I . ... . . . . . .7 . . .J '4 u .. , . . . _ . . . , . .. . . . . ! VERTICAL coon 'lNATtION AND: “ RGANIZAHON MARKET ‘0 FARM PRICE STABILITY-1N THE FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INDUSTRY JOSEPH N. 'UHL DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY "1969 . .. . at” r .1, .y: .3 (rm J1«.J‘7.n%.q’r... . . . J fl.a.fkv.v.rlr".|. .127“: 9 V l 1‘9 _ . . y . . _‘ V .5... v {A . . » 7.! r .43.” ”WWW... . . M532... ..J Jung}. our 2 . . . . n . . . , . ... 1 u . . ‘ c . . . . , . - H. . . . Mu A. o o. .. . . .I . . . cm . . z . .23.. 3.". Hahn...) .......n..~.:.é. 3"” .........‘ LIBRJ RY Michigan State University THEG‘S * This is to certify that the thesis entitled Market Organization, Vertical Coordination and Farm Price Stability In the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Industry presented by Joseph N. Uhl has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph 0 D 0 degree in Agricultural Economics Major professor ,1 I/xg/xwlg/Iglg/gfl/xlgm/xgflyx”QM/WW A 380 . AMELCT m WIN, WHICH. COMBINATION AID mu PRICE STABIIJTI IN THE FRESH FRUIT AND WARE DUDUSTRI by‘Joaeph u. on nu. awn-u mun-ad to the prom-- or “using tho «on-- .10 gal- at behavior or 1m M1“... of. production and lath-ting tn no snub trust an WI. W17, mun; the pumm- o: m we! W17 mien-arm coordination, and defining the m of the institutions. and policies ”teary tn- the meat of vertical coordination in the industry'- mamas..- ohun-l. mar attention amt. mum»; tho puma-gut o: the Win sector, its organization, conduct and trends, fro the view- pmaiwmmmwnwtmmm-am sultan. Tomi this, tb-Itfi‘ mm a “voila-time: the inter- action of the Win-adsorbs“ net-nod “appraisal of the» com-1mm o: tuna-bun notes- u m- m. stability. or fresh produce crepe. ‘ 1mm.“ vet-tied m W.W mun cum and emu}: integration; naming, {and a deferred . pun; m, edit-role of price. as» sun: or sun-try m1- ul-rbt W101». mun mmwmumottho Wot-grub Wad Wain-u and industry Wt W is” sub}.- Winn]. tom, coon-lie crop aha-hunt. the mm. of autism m- the m or mm- W Med. III-ht ecu-dint“. oa- ”duel. news, and the pro“. at mid nil-tilting W ans-man m. thc con- una- Ut who ill-N111”; - '0" .‘\ ‘ . . ~ I .s‘l o t Y' ‘u—v o .- I ..‘ oil ‘.\.I‘L~ .A .'.v 4.. .L ' Six: Ox; J—Lgso\ . v9 \4 " I'. Jfigfil 01 'O r ' A. —~ en: n ‘ . . I I - 0‘ '7.‘ ’ ' C I ' .. ‘_- ‘ .{v ""“L'J‘ “Sq t) J _‘.'...‘ J}. '..-.', .- t.) a t...- C ‘\ f ' fro- r :" «)q-.-.I -.‘- :11 "'fr’ , ‘J ‘-.;£ ' ; I l '\ . ' J I“ " a. ’ c ‘ ‘5 e‘ ’ .' J4 l O - r . I fic-‘JLvr'V-Jfl ) .’v-’ ‘2 l 0‘; ‘I v. 3‘19 {ll IIU Lwé“.1. AJ‘ {1.1. q, fr “0 l ~'~o" A . O 93!’:’; EC‘\" ‘. .-‘.;_.- .4 . ~'. . .."-.r,... .' . 50-1.} \ .. t.,L .lig‘l: ‘53:" lflqfl, ‘ A '3 30 noting 0' f\ " ’ ' L\,-\ a" t" - o . ,-~.' V I‘ ‘n’ . 7 Ln R5 5:43 . bush '1 fr? ' V $30J{. 'N.“- -L . ‘} :..,. ,__ ,. L 9.1-; . . ""‘lc' 'i‘vla .,‘J. 5... Av.- ~1 ,. '3 .m‘. t J'. filo f2}, . ‘.1"" v > u . o.._'~|-1 l“\‘f,t - ‘ '- iit .81' N- ...o 1". 4' E‘ ‘.-C' .2 neidoxioqq or.‘ -A a ’.‘ .. o a egw Yduoa er ‘ .‘ tvi'ewed has 81905 oino ' Ive Jiuul dee11 0%? n1 0 M. .3; 3“! C4» s-J {U “ n if ’J h. {I} “'1 '12 w 6—; P ‘ Us (I .5! .2. Cr .n"v 10’3395932190 no . o ”L . leeht do 331 ‘103293 3n 3 deefifi odJ 30 éni~ Jim; 7" ,aini bfifikOi s "t. :7 n'lf . r, A. 1' $' a Q. t' L '.' ‘f v . ’1 $4’)‘ 1"“: :0 ‘sp-\ l.‘."'-$ l\>A»“)\) I" s ' J..‘ J..); ‘.‘ ‘I edifice . $) «’1 Y" ‘3'! \"v1 (clgvi -‘ l’ . ..__;- .. .3» -'. .- .,A -_ J“ J-.). .Lv' :3 I“ » 8"0 " .. é .a- \' t.’ Joeeph N. Uhl .latilatea e: the mm» of fan prime. for tb. whet badet e: been We ad .vegetdlee and fee “crepe—app)», peaches, lettuce, dense, .earrote, touteee. and celery—ere preeented. Udng each-e: theee'ina creee-ca-edity approach the contribution of acreage; fl rm’wmv te pine-mun? .e etedied by pended enla- eie. W W dynamism“. tine eeriee, 1%6-61; data Ween-eta et eaep fan and retail piee fledbflitiee, autism “to! crop let-gin tone, and eetilatee of aeeociatione between tern price etebility, apply variatee, and eclected urinating trends. Theee were need in "electing the relative contributions of eupph‘ am! marke- ting characterietice to the {are price variability of freeh produce crepe. Teetilew Ira hearitue conducted by the National Conieeion on Food Harbtim ie need to develop twpotheeee of the ilplicatione of the “erection of induetry production an! minding eectore as well ee to interpret the etatietical finding. of the etudy. rm- theee hearings two kink or cbetaclee to deeirable vertical narketing coordination .rge: diecrepanciee in the intereete and incentivee of fine in the two eectm and an independence of vertically related urinating efforte. Beth nu. of ohetaclee were found aeeociated with different optilal. { or deeired ewtpet and pricing levele in the production and hunting eectere. Theee institutionally beecd market canicte are in turn rented to the probl- of tare price inability and eerve ae the focal peilte for policy recc-erlhtime concerned with improving vertical Iarket cccrdimtion and reecm‘ce allocation in the induetry. A review of peat public policy for thie induetry indicatee lore coneideration ehculd be given the prob].- ot fan price inetability ' ' '- - -" r to r -'r‘ a, 4 .3 +5” .' - 'Zl' 35.2.3.7.j ”(53’de 9.13 '10} (moth: Nicol J.O Jam) 55% 5311510 89 H3515 3“- . r' '. "., ' ~nrr~tr eoirs"m«~~e¢o newts “a? tax as -r Wv yen ernti dao11 to - O -‘ ~;~.. - - Is ' ‘t' Dav e 1f", a “ff-".325“: e..'351‘3’t"3.',{ 913“"; fut?!” .rrf‘S QCIC‘U“? kl ‘-+ ‘C‘J‘J'J m3 ‘(iilL’kflO ‘SJUJJSI ._ to, . . . J. ‘v , '.'.'. _._ . ' 9299135 10 GOiJU:£IJUQO do nUSJT{J$ unlit-Lm£§“3LOT3 3 R; 9301* 10 does ':' .' l .1 ’2 r a . c . c ‘i’ (x . \ ".r f“ r -,1,' ‘1' e 5v - v {:9 c f .. . l ' e"! .' 5\- t..- "‘ Hi \*._I, ‘(.‘0 - A\- j e ' '4 Y), .‘ .(l a): ~, V . *. 3).,l3 L-'~'-o (a \ ' JT 6 Le! E i J- 1 081.8 (e ’ " l . .' . 5': " ‘ - :V‘ F " r .' c ‘ n h a t I on C 5 3‘ i" 9‘ 3") :‘T-l-‘a u:- .5.3. 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Iv ’ J, I ‘e_,_ '_ . ‘\ ,. . - i ' fr - P e— ‘_.’ t: . . c‘ _ {ELM Ff. 8’21; EuDILJ‘IUO 3;? 257‘ {216.375 “J.--J 725‘..th 31.7.... :9. 511'- .8‘2131‘12'w . g e 6 9 ~‘ ’ e ,' r+.. \ ‘e ‘ ‘ ' . r t r O. ' . . £530? 2-) es 9J'23 why 1 1i ‘.('1 etiTJ ":E to )LLJCTQ SR! 02 fiexsicd .. ‘51.- -2“: .aff a.‘-'C--'1 . « I. 2‘ failed/)0 2.4.0.:....'3..:-::;:'u:.u:.¢ '; ' 31.1".“(1 'I'fu 8.19. 3 1’31! . y 5 $ y ‘ , . ."r‘ l I - . ~ V ~ ~- . .. - ‘ I. l .(-*:p« “J .2.) al.11J1iL scale, 392;.Je: J;ic. i.:<1i x; .b"«:;n) 325-23“ t ‘ k‘ s I e (s ’v \‘5 ( n ‘ .2 a... 7 ‘ Y i‘ l". \‘l‘ -1. n. t l J ‘9' d 1 ' 3 l l... I O K (‘3 5 —‘ .) r‘: H! 0 v - t. :‘3...-.""I A L ... .'. " .',_ . : ... .J 3-5 e ' o .2--ofiq -HJ no.-3 at fonua holisuenfanoo all tho and prom... trend: in mint orgmiution and the end..- tm of mm actor conflict» Policy dinctod to thu¥ building or fluctuation of nrbt pour do“ not up”: w to the problu of whiz cowdimtiu with which thin W17 nut b0 oonccrnod. This prcblu, ill-tad, ”guru dtontim in than institution: panting tb ohm]. diam. dam with the dovulopmt or institution- M tubal chm]. ”M11112: an congruence of oceanic We. «3.3;; ed: has 1101;333:119,on tori'tm: n]: 3111923 Jamidc-rq 1391:1523 9113 has ’10 “11:1.w'1 ad: 03 bséswib Yoda“! .ad‘atizfioo mics-ea 19-11511 '10 031193 I 11:191.; 8113 0;? ar'gxsle'z 12961-735 31:11 890.?) messed; chin-m 3.0 notmloaelb aJEJIT .13911'1esmzs ed dam-s: 121334131 31:” duff}: n'd'jzw rrttsJTfJimxifr-wos 3842115111 '10 arfiéoszc'xq 3110.5; wji..‘az'szt 92311-3 12}: 220131123313 asx’ziupe": $350113er ‘mldc'xq (J 8:10.21 35.13er: ‘10 ermpLeve-D 9J3 11.11.03; 3.33.1.5. sunnuzzazu £3213? rfo at: .I .1 v- : no .a '1 {1‘21 ' "" "‘ -':‘r ‘- 2-. o a , 4-. .'p ." . . . 04.31.0303 9 10 93!:951’.Q~.109 M15 ‘60 $4.15 La-d1!(J;1'a$-"I Ia'fu'IJ-3111) Irxhlflflfi .‘JLL‘AQ'MI‘DHO V .83'39'1623111: mm ORGANIZATION, VERTICAL C(DRDINA‘I'ION AND mm PRICE 911mm mm FRESH mm AND mm mug-rm By L Q (,7?! Joseph N“. Uhl ATHEBIS Suhnittod to ' Michigan Sta/co University in partial Mfmmouh of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHIIOSOPHI Worth of Agricultural Economics 19 69 -Lu r_' 1“ \J L ' . \ . 9‘ -oo q , .1 r‘?‘ . , A ,1 .I . c-o ‘0‘ \§ .. “ ' )L.\' r 7"“ ‘2. .I a 1 I U ‘ ’. f. v ".'. - '1 I," Q. ~ l—i ‘ O -. A - a . v. 3]“ “_.L o . n I ‘4. -’~ _, ' v‘ o I. 0 .'~ r..- .J _ . r|§ 'fi‘ P . ",7 I b w ,1 I O §F ." L a- . I .0. ‘~ ~- 0 l' ”.1 ‘v r " "(’1 L «n..- r . ._..;-‘ gnu-9".- .- .. .1. .. v "P.’ ‘. v H_" L-‘ Y w-r' r. "an J A W I would lib to apron w mtitudo to Dr. L. L. Bogor, Chairman of Oh. W Of Agriculturd. Dominica, for [raiding tho fund- tor Oh. ecuplotibfi 0'! :7 Mid. ’Ibudién ~and 'thii «initiation. . I 1'" intonr urit '1. in ‘tho stub; two ind mat. bi giw‘nn credit. b. Jan. 3mm mod u q- njor profane; ml ighgni‘o‘clinim. , Hi: W of w Mt. awn” and im-onblo contribution to thin sum? up mural]: new-(150:1. Dr. Hughll Godwin In: Mormointho Wt Orthowablmgfideonuptc diam-ad in thy $130.10. Both men, lbw; gr. “pt fun: respon- sibility forum-1111033; £1"me 01mm Amt dobtildsoowdnfnilytnddfo, Mary, to” amour-.30- uur. a: mum um mm or mimion. “ ...... (7*, "’1‘.“ 7”: ‘ 77‘1” f C1,; b’. 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Wineeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeqqe the Pubic of Agricultnru. Price Stability. . . . Agricultud Production end Marketing Intmction: muoeeeede‘eeeeeee-eeee~eeee mij‘OItMStWeee'eeeQeeeeee. cm 2'. mm: PRICE swim As‘ A PROBI'ni II 'IH‘I FRESH FRUIT an mu nwsm: mmnquflm mm, ._ , , , II. Gun-n1 ammon'o: m. mm swom'q “end the, . Jerbtin‘sector....aO-..-..o.u.....é.. Pen Price Instability in the Free): Producellndustr: q . lepecte, Sonrcee ed lenifeobetione of Agricultural PMCWmt’eeeeeeeeetleeeeoeee cm 3. mmc omnzum ”_m‘mymvnm, mmmmeeeeed_e.e‘ee.ee‘egegge The W Handler Behtion. e _ Shipping Point Exchenge Rehtiou Shipping Point Integretion, e . The Shipping Point Selee ticket. . _ The Hholeeele Tenth-.1 Hufkob, , , TheReteillhrhIt Sector. e e e e OIOOQOO 0.003.. 0... .9... 0-0.... 0100-... 0.00:... O=OOvOOO cm A. HISTORICAL PRICE STRUCTURE AND 8mm II THE mummvmmnwsm.......... 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'- x, a n l- . . 1 ¢ {L41 . --.-«-' -.L£ Ill “3” .3 "’ ‘ ' ' " r;. ‘ ' "P 1' ‘i- f" e e e e e e e e e e e e e 334 -' bu... ‘T4'.‘~"-" ”Li-l (.4;.iA.LIJ}1I H “33.3; 7 ‘FT 1"";"7‘1'0T' ' I",!"({"17 \{"IOJ (:32: ’5; Y“: vr1.1. ~ 5 as.-. V,-,-. .> .L .5 J-. cxa...‘ Lt~.I‘J . q - I _a . ‘ h ~\l’e _. .‘ \);-\‘ J;‘L‘T '. I "‘3'; J .a OIL J ':r‘:l':) ‘r: '2 ‘ ’I .I ~ - J n‘. ‘t' 1' I " 'lv y-- - - I; ' .1. ' t f. '- . .' '.7 ', 1" ","m IT 0 e e e e e e e e .--~=J~ -"-'.o-.~. L.A’ ;,~-..'.\'=.~.' by}; .1...'.- 1 }'3A.‘_,-;’ “‘3 -J. TABLE OF COUNTS (continua) WWIOfMthI. o o o o 0’. o o Ila-ht Cunnim :0 source. of Instability . -. -. * llufifutationo of Price Instability and Producer -Adj‘MIootoooooooooocoo “Mimlubitumlfliflilh- o o o o o The Shipping Point. W Rehtion. . 'l'ho Boeidtul Income Claimant Position . Shim Firmeing of Producers. . ‘. . .' Shipping Point “and.“ Odiution and M‘srltibno00000000001000.0000 hm Price Stnbility ind the Retail Hunting . 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M‘Ododooaooooooo00000000000. mnnoooooooooooooooooooocoo... iv Pm 13h 152 160 161 179 19‘? 205 233 236 21;? 260 272 276 286 292 6353 $31 a |\.[ 331 Cfif I€I QVI 991 YCI P r .\<\ ‘N ‘ "A (\ :Qg ’ ' ~ ‘ ' ~\ {i'rvu’vr‘fi‘ \ (I’fn \nmmxjnoo, LAW-LL“)? 10 SJ um - ffiianI 53:11 30 eacquoa gj? 30 2331308 35 atcllfirofl defltsfi O r..' g"+n' o o o o o u \‘JJJ'u-I' ~LIII -~” '~ —~ " ‘ 1 n : u‘. .L: wasunozt iFfl x [Lids CJI aflgfiq Io euoITsiuJLIGLJ U J‘!"‘f 1 Ir) [I]; :‘, ..‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . C . Q . . . Q . . IVHVA-O‘Ro ’" o o o o o o o o o o 9 83452.73": {11.2.6 BUC‘iJUCfI-"é 1.1"]: ”pI. :41: 'w‘: 1,, '-‘ . -”"‘ o o o o o o .II'.-.J“.L‘3;‘.£.:«. S‘v'..l‘£‘l~3.'-I'-t JF‘WOLi éF-tmqri‘ 6"" .'- 1-“. " L.~'~.,.r"' -, L- T r-- ‘— 3‘ , 1'” O O I O O C “(IIL‘Judllu’ i \- {1‘;.'r;.r..;_.-J \‘.L”:)ufi,'_ ,._,L’\- :f’ 1-3:;J. . 1' 1. O 'W . in — a c ' . 0 cf .4 - N! ‘ o o o o o o o o 0 08399113) 0'5 . 4.0 PIKE-T ESL”; L "ff’rifEJ. HI 'pL n :4fiL'xwvj ”" 1,: *w& r “PL“wérp LJL uoLu-.Lxuo~ saLLq19 nu VLICL ¢AL11L.U I - ' o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o g g . .flOJ-‘r5"g1"-1ff', '- ' 5 ‘ I J I; ' - t o If- 9 _ “.L- o —f§ n if, \tffiu'fbb’. _.[J {1-} ’35 911»; '1‘le 'u|).'..g~rt‘L\-é.4 831'11 I'":3 It r '1‘!” «.1. (""1 r: "v": r . .. .w'r ‘F'\ m~-'7‘r-'.t:" ‘.'7".,( .\ "CL“ J " Pi il..a...;: f“; ‘ b‘th 1'10. IHI. LL . C' V‘ . “._ J.‘ . I‘A'lgzLI .' \-. .lj .H.._' I “J (LAETISE'Ewri IO Lug QTBSJIfiIHflEiHWT(IAfi““ Drngjsjv~rrf" oooooooooooooooooooooooo-«‘-‘--A---L‘—"-i .ceoi'fl ma‘i n" affirm? .OOOOOOIOCCOOCOO . etuobivv ed? :tfilidsifisv $911? mfisH hanginT-VI anB . . . . o Yfiiifnfarl Bait? fins“ fag "finijasffl'fw& b0 griJeAWgW add at "kahuT J5 mJiLiJrJS 9311? m~si OQQOooooooooooooooooooo'13'3‘3‘C. - '.- h. " '.-'r "-3 ' -‘ w; 1" ”r. n ' . .(J'. *1: Tbx- "'3: Y )i‘i‘r ‘1'; .’ '11. Frj{)£;4L":-'.J51\l’ ‘.L.:'u".'s";f?_5c .V ”1“: .AHO o o o o 0 o o o o o o O o o o o o .8."L).1;'.}'CJEI'.;-"XI “ail-’0‘} . . . . . . . .no.£anib3003 Iamnsdo 10 ”31103 a bmzwof o O o O o o O O o o 0 o o o o o o "-hr-ffikfiI-xw-‘L. CquuuLT-a A 00.00.0000.Coco-oooooooooAXICIM'i-A O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O a :(ILIeq-m vi 1'” 3" o o [_ 5; (n LIST 0? TABLE 1... l. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 13. 1h. 15. Trails in [tubers and Sizes of host: Fruit and Vegetable EMPOMFZLMB,19h8-65ebbeeeebeeeeee Marketing Terms for South Texas Vegetable Marketing Con- tracts, Sale Survey of Gamers, Farmrs, and Packer- smw¢.,1958eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Contractual and Omership Integration of Fresh Vegetable Production and Marketing in the Major Truck Crop Producing Areas of the United States, by Kinds of Crops, 1958-59 . Sales Terms for Retail and Wholesale Purchases of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables from Shipping Point Markets, 1958.59000000000000000000.00.... Survey of the Pricing Process between Shipping Point‘ Sellers and Whalesalers and Retailers of Fresh Fruits andVegetablel. 1958-59eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Sources of Retail Fresh Fruit-and Vegetable Supplies, by MOOfWICPI,1958‘59eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Retail Chdnstore Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Supply Sources, bySiuofFirI,1958.................s Inlet of Prices Received by Famers for Fresh Fruits and V‘Ct‘bl.. a Otmr Far! PNduCt., 1935.65e e e e e e e Relative Importance of Seasonal and Irregular Fam Price We for Selected Food Products, 1947-58. . . '. . . Anmal Variability of Value per Acre, Yield and Faun Prices C! mm Fr..h v.8“8b108, 1918490e e e d e e e e e e Retail Price Variations of Selected Food Products, Seasonal “O“WMation, 1956‘65e e e e e e e e e e Annual Fem Price Variation of Selected California Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, by Seasonal Groups, 1918-57. . . . Iain of Daily Price Variability for Selected Fresh Vege- tebles in 16 Whalesale Produce Markets, 1957-58. . . . . Harvest, Packing and Shipping Costs of Selected South Texas 'FruhVegetables, 19n-65e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e Selected Production and Marketing Characteristics of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Craps Chosen for Study . . . . . . . 58 76 78 8h 93 9b 103 104 109 1.12 116 181 228 L x,‘. C L ’1‘,“ K N \ .1 (\‘S dl V“? | 5,. r1 ALL 8”“ ;\‘A :39“ -~-rl1 PVr PH 'f‘l (.05 "'-'4_. 5 JJ 1"..‘vls ' " ' t ' ' . . ‘ ’ r-I r‘ ., , ‘7' F...“ .1 r'vrv;~ {-_w( nr-( *0 “H's V f‘“? '3"'""- ' "' r ("q-1'0” a.) ‘ .‘ )v I’ ‘A ‘2 NJ ‘ -’ ' n - l-ks‘w .- A .. L.- ' l - - t 1 ‘ Q. - A L‘ - - a; e ~ 5 »~ 4 -- - '» p . - 1 e - e 7 e n f7 I? \~( \ 3.! r r.) I O l' 'I -“‘-.l ‘1 l", t ‘ ' N ' :‘f L1 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . ‘-“ r‘\ L “.n. -m‘ h 4‘ ‘u-M . (.1 ea. L _._.a § I ‘ 'r' d ‘I ~ ' J ' I If", *r '\ ’ '\ " ‘ I! i‘irfi‘r' W h r‘ vov V'. y-N ; I.‘.~ go ‘I‘ 4 ' ' ' ' .2 h ' ' .h ‘ ‘ . . ~ ‘ J (L._-‘i&: A .Z- \ .0- A.) - D k c - Lsu.\’\ ‘ ‘ .- -).. Cine 3' L, . I '1 l- , 7 'I z ‘4 A e 'Ie,‘ r F ‘ - " .. '- .. " p. ,\‘. 1‘ A - " ‘ r r“ , «I . -ytr _ .‘ . ..r,_ . ‘ g. . , a ' ’I . —“ ~": 1 J- ‘l‘ k: -e. 1.. O ‘1’ J. I _.AOJ‘J L O fi’v I La(l _‘.- Lo) I t .. Ivb A " e 7‘. 1‘. T l .r.-r; “.rwc‘ O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O \ .s. a I.» - «- . 32h) “1:51 15-3323; mo?) :' '5 I v‘ vf' "h 'v " O r‘l \ c ' “ ‘5' V ?" ’4“"‘.‘v-,; '.. l‘ I 3-. 9rrf9- ‘1'": Jetty-(1“ If“ I. r ' Y ‘,.;,| J. .. L\| (-1“ -) .U [I‘- ..I1J~ "Ii- H-v— ‘ '5 ‘-.,' r1" "' ‘) '1‘" J ‘ ‘ 1"“ .‘ ’ , , ’- - ° '7 .H - -'-v 4- ' -. J' ' O U ' "4 1-3;. . \"_"u‘ _E ‘3 'fl'r ‘ “C (‘1 ' .‘..1 .4! ‘81: J; 11-: b‘CJ-Lrifl‘ {AH—l i0 8.394.}- f q r. f ’ I D 'i I. : a. O': H “ 'u -" ‘ A ‘ ’ ‘- F: ~ —- - .. ' .r . - -. - . ‘ - v -- .. . - - ' [3897 'J i -J L 1: i I: -‘ . V's. 11"».[0 4‘ ..-I ‘3 I. ,p J- .. 81.". .- .1 -~ (3-) J-.-.v r , - — - 'n n r; i ‘.7 , ht ” r f x e s - 0‘ F‘ a» a» I . 3; . f‘-. v ' :fl'fv— ‘;.V:J:1...¢.~- Jf_."(" I ,i:'.[.l.'.f'_i.l- , 4 1.0 . t C?" L‘Ig'p, -J-.a., [’nb a 1.A_l' .4. '1. . C C C O O . C C . . O O C . . . . . O . . . . . \ K " ‘. X" 4., 1. ' ' .- .- .7-r—.~ 7-. .' ' r—OL“ : 'rn ..' n nan ner‘v 1's ‘ :1» ."'«"-' 9". "L O 0 "GV'VLW‘ \—’-I: 0 1 (~ lo-‘- e-ob'vC‘ -A‘ ~’v‘ \)v“ Ca;l~'«-"~". 1 (1-1») ,_ J l .i‘l -c 9-.» J A _l J l- - .Y -.' - - ‘ , r .- L 'j ’ ~ r ' ‘- V: V - v p.» (- £45,! ’ r .. -- ‘ r a v {A r r‘ w c.‘ r.- ._~ '5 .r. ~ RLJ rJI‘L -- 15L.tj L .L A0 a Af-z-L.-o.J-}'-'»\'c; Cfrg; a fix" ' Q':‘-".‘_')ab“ 1.1-5 C1 L‘.'.l'..- ~J‘J (J ‘ {‘ A "v r r, I; ." I'm " c-‘v .1." ." ' 4 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e U." M.‘ -b e .m.;.t-;,-u.-\.-‘;\J ..{.‘o f .. I' P- . 'v' "fr- ‘ '- n‘ I ‘.-, {AL-“"1 m'r (at: r?~~ 9.7"} (\ . fir "’ “‘;'~’ ‘83-»: I‘ v‘I-r {)Lk‘i: ’11,... J v" "(1.~J "‘ L' L IL 1' .4». g £ “.4 -LJ\ \ 9-: J O as", LLI£\‘\J Iv. f I t‘ - r I- IV .)- ' I ' Q '-' H " ' t . . 1| ‘ “ H e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e‘l’ \p'v .-~ g5 .~ ---r’v-«=—‘u '0 8.111.“ . "- . . ".-'.-' '. ch. s ,.‘.‘J .. .- ». Ms." L '- ,1 eJ\.LJ ' _._". K4 luau;- fi' 5. V «LI-L U - I - '.-_‘.‘..’1 ' t) .( . (”Lifts :J I-l—SU 4 ‘. '.f~." yr" F‘ls. ' 'C‘ . I v ff e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e eK ‘. 4. ‘l.... 1 ..0 9st “ g A 'q\ .- ~ . "3 + . . - . . . . .‘ "(cfi ‘8 “in". C": 1 Miss". 'ft'! 6 ‘- -v- e e '2 ' .1 ‘ 5"" rf 'T.‘ w ) 1 ,‘{ {\r y - J.\ , is g“ . 4‘0" I 'U.'I‘ r. I J. () 4" ‘1 ~‘- 1". 1 J .l) " I ‘ ‘\.’ \' -. \- q n. . u ‘. ’ ’ —0 O- u- ‘3 .-‘.:j ‘ if! I53939V t‘e .'r( ” .U'n‘ -\ "I t. D rfh- r e3!" ’ :01,” J- flruf‘e) .3‘." .‘ Ae‘fv - l'or *1, I," '- ‘f F + e [GIT 03.1. s 1 .s's--::- A ‘.)..'-' W.) -. a-~ ~ pk: _,', _ .",'«'“\.s ‘4 .0 Q‘ ..!~:;‘- -(‘ .'.4L 8 ‘ 4.9!)- \.J 'ufi anuvmvdi ~ 1‘? Q '1' .- (w . , 'f ~v ‘.. - x. 1p... -5. In. nan. ~ , .) " no a; heioeisu 10 ,L r .e- ",.— f.) '3 'L,‘err "-l.‘1 .A- ‘ .r’\ '. f ‘0"‘ '. e ,- , g, ' ‘(. .'.r -\I- q .I'YII I 9- -. c (7 .LJ>.I( ;1L3-‘ ‘UUw-‘Jl \)A 1 Uk“) A J’I-W ) Lin-".1 .L‘.‘I '::£.°~Mf—\"J.'- ‘:)‘~‘ \—\--L a A. lbdddl '1‘? .7 I O. a "C‘ u ._~ -w J h . a: ‘J (Jerri p .I‘p-e‘v ’1'} r‘ 7' fi. b‘ a} s y; -. L\~...._-.'~_.~)-. ‘ ‘ a C e- .— 'r- , ..* - vr t . .\‘~~l\a ,agJozL .. r. l -. at, x, — . . . ~ I . , — -,: La 1 ’cd r,¢.“ ' /|' ' ’ C' . .I ’ ‘ o. ‘1 -'4u~- .‘ A ~ k - .—.. .’ -‘ LK'.; ‘-’ "-L-£...-~ .. -. -"- - x,- " Y‘- "t? T (‘ ‘. .. .. . 4-) (s llf,‘ I (- . r c r J g, I \rxt e e e _v'_ gtw V . J]! ‘ C" A ~. Jr III" ‘1 qt". r77; ‘1 "\ -(-”~ 'o" " ‘ 331,...- .-~ \. . ‘ - 1.,4 U 1;' IJ‘\ L'. 4*) _ .L ' .' ‘- ’ . .4. 'J‘ .- r . {d i.u_xau nuuxrnie has egnsd ‘"3 $75? IBHPHA 4 '*l’!"." .t‘l‘) "1-.C It“ “' Q() t”. L._ "" ? 'f;w_" ;" I i"'\ ‘ [-5 'u\ ‘5}, va’,..{ 1.\-». \ .l ;. Kym \ t)_ \s' .l _. (.4 \.{'_,‘v.\. ( 4.,“ _‘4 _L. _\J a .“D ‘ I 1‘ “J t ‘u ‘48 .I. ,‘-,\ "'- -" . .r.“ ~ . e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ~"'"_-,'~ ‘J. 1:33.: Xxx-‘5." J1 .1997’1 . "H 1 .L. -.,., ; J’ m :4pJNMW a- u '+ Mu .q - + ' 9 P‘s; .g 'L 0 ’fi 57 .3. Jag .[ .5.‘\«“1 \l i“ Lab-l !. ~4‘ ‘I‘-“\f—a—\ M. A 3..-... .‘;£ 11‘3J’.‘93A‘L ~3lf E‘OU Gaieb f ' _ A r’: A r -' e f .x, r r e . - ‘ , -‘ : t \- . . . . . \:JJu -OL “zaqu eqozd Lis53g*gu Lug defii K (‘0 . v‘ ('0 .A .d C U ; . v .Q .01 .II 'E er. 5 40 9—, ('2 1" LIST or news (continued) Table Page 16. Prise I“ of Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, . 19‘7.&OOOOOCOOOCOCOOOOCOOOOOOO 232 17. ms Fern Price and new Variability 5: Selected huhvgfilbl..,1918-6heeeeeeeeeeeeeee 239 {8. Trends in Altemetive [assures of Fan Level Variability for Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 19A6-6A. . . 242 19. Rankings-er Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetables by 2 — Measures of Farm Market Stability, 19h6-6h . . . . . . 21.1; 20. Fan .5: Retail me. Flexibilities and Farm Price Elastic- J ities for Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 1946-61» 250 2].; Classification e1 Marketing Margin Forms for Selected - huh Fruitsmd Vegetables. 191.6424 . . . . . . . . . . 251. 22. Selected Vsrifiles Representing Trends in the Karket-r w Organisation and Conduct of the Fresh Fruit and Vege- mthCO’OOOOOOOOOO‘O.‘0.0... 261 23. Relationship of Crop Output and Marketing Trends to the Far. Price Stability e! Selected Fresh Vegetable Crepe, 19Meeeee‘eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo 265 1-1. 391,131 Vtilisatien, Prices, and Harketing Costs for Fresh FruitsandVegetablee,l9k7-6l...o.oo.......i 292 A-Z. Market Level Cost Components of the Fresh Fruit and Vege- mhmkatingmginglgéheeeeeeeeeeeeee 29‘} A-3. Calculation of the Index of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Mar- mingCOltI'19h7-6heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 295 3-1. Selected Trends in the Market Organisation of the Fresh Fruit “Id ‘08“Ib1. Industry, 19h6‘65e e e e e e e e e e 297 (‘33‘ ~4" ._ .A l" V) 1 ‘A‘v‘e 1 1‘ I“ 4x54). 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Major liarketing Channels for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. . 55 2. Stability of Fresh Vegetable Fann Prices, Income and' ' W”§l9h6’19&6000OOOOOOOOOQ‘OO‘Q00e 107 3. Trend in Seasonal Retail Price Variation, Fresh Fruits" m VCBQubIOB and All FOOdS, 191+7-19650 e e e e e e e e e 111 A. Trenls in Prices, the Marketing Margin and Marketing Costs, FrCIh Fruits m Vegetables, 1947-1964 e e e e e e e e e e 118 5. Annual Stability of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Prices and Marketingmgim,19h7-l96heeeeoeeeeeeeeee 120 6. The Deland and. Price Structure for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable “Irkfii: GeneralModel.................. 123 7. Fresh Vegetable Fem Price Stability, Economic Crop Abandon- lent Ind “081316 Production, 1946-1961;. e e e e e e e e e 128 8. Inns]: of Week Sellers on Shipping Point Market Prices for FreshFruitsandVegetables...............o 1140 9. Effects of Retail Pricing Policies on the Farm Danand for thFruitsandVegetables...o............ 221 10. Ieer to In: Variability in Farm Prices of Selected Fresh Fruits ‘1“ Vegetables, 1946-1961} e e e e e e e e e e e e e 2314» .w {A f‘: 1 FM! “.7 ("1 r -\ )l‘. '3', Hr. . r7 mm -' LALLJUVII—‘I 30 it: Ll. ~ . —. '- ' .- '; r , ~ '3 e f'; ' U'Tl “muff; £23. 9 . “Wm "{- -'11 40 ‘1 \'r‘\ ' eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo\\\-I:"'H\.[‘8‘3_C :- 'P ,Iv‘ I- " -.-+-:- ‘i7 .“' . +Fl. ; ai Uni Leann ‘10“ £LTQJ erlui IlsezJ [an Ring a u x" ' . t ' "’ ' . ' s e e e e o e e e ‘ L")+—115». :53 303 saoq'xuq sri'l‘ .ecfwbo'rq IL'IUJquL'” 'lio noictgrzih'rooo Lsoid'mv '10 3112311 91fo '10 drsms'wassrn bus ~231b'xooo L33 ..'CJ 'zev '10 BEN)! ..'ns're'i'lib '10 83337393 31!: ear-giants OJ ‘aiefi'zsm L531 ..«ov .913 mi ad‘nez'rrfangbs 31-:i’5'1i29b OJ auai'msd minute of has ,noch \gftufi'a dr-eaes'rq 31!: 'io eevjtdoeficfo £32315 9."? .3 "Si-ism 'io moi mii' zoos .33vidueu; eeadi ddiw ehionioo 0'") q - r o ‘o o .L . '4'; + "r n - - r ~ ~- I . ~. :32. .\J.\- (V .- .o .. ‘4 - J’--“."'.~H f... !l:; £3. L‘j-‘-l‘4‘f.“‘ 1:3-(«0’2'10 m:f::.¥::fir; ci‘l ‘ ..r‘.\-I taervou ‘ .J. H ‘I19 :ZSJ-"I 7 ILJLJLJQJ 131.3 ‘Sfii‘a’ifiw {Latbuusn 3.1.. to; (3 3"IUJJJ s'c'tpA '10 Jamar-12330 r “\H ‘W .qq U3 {p.x’i t agnmde; 1 GI. .011 +1033“; 3121017033 2 PMthis‘stnmkofthohtimIB-imum lerhetin, e Wiel Won effeetive tr- annry 1965 to M1966.lheeewchsrseinehfledensmsiselofoont- ”trons-eel months feeds-shun; sectorsndtheir impli- eetiese termedmmz Therepertsotthe 0-iesieedo mwiwmuwwwmth-utuwu Agriculture “$111198. www.mchefthedstepsblishedbythe anuthnutmammmum to these “flu“.mfltb,w detemfor this may-3 mm u. 0.3. w of Auieulture publication the prou- of “Wasteqpreisethemeftnnrming sector. ‘htlic Lew 93-351., em cam-a... s..r. a... 71, July 3, 193. 3The euthor served on the M! of this Omission. However, the views massed in this study are the author's only and do not necessarily reflect those of the Ihtioml Omission on Food Marketing or of its staff. All of the dots used in this study he either been published elsewhere by the Omission or we gathered in the course of staff duties but not considered confidential. The final report of the Omission was entitled: mum Q m Report of the Netionel Omis- sion on Food Herheting, U.S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington, 9.6., June 1966. Stet! technical studies ere contained in 10 volnes, of which the primipsl one referred to in this study is: Or W Ennis. M]! m Technicll Study N0- Fm. Cmiesfi on Foodmliuv‘keting, Washington, D.C., June 1966, benefit-er referred to ss mm Tedmicel Stow No. A. The public hearings of the comission were not published end are not widely available. But thv erenet confidentisl end the officisl trensu'ipts of proceedings sre tunable, though at considerable cost, from Press Stenotypists me P, Inc. 917, G. Street, mu, Washington, 9.0. The euthor hes s set of these trenscripte end a set is deposited with the htion] Agriculturel Librery in Hsshington, D.C. “here these hearings ere used throughout the study, libersl excerpts ere used with the belief thst the resales- Iey never heve access to the trensoripts. One csveet is in order. The privilege to ”revise en! extul" use never givestethepsrtioipestsintheseheerisgs; shilesne mtiesl . errors in the trenscript have been corrected for this study, these hsve been held to e linin- in order to preserve the originel stst-ents. The excerpts shouldbe J'ndgeduith this innind. Throughout the study these hesrincs ere referred to es fin! 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Manoloot ”M’Wmaotb perI-hdovflopodhthh study roquiroo owlwottbtoemmdmwmniuol mwmm.lhooondm1n~dotoflinchop- W3. .Inoddittnbothhnnoothmmwmumt onupn-v «mwmwnmmubmtmumo: “in. ouch o pom :pnua W vorticol interdopondonco mmwm coordination, tmmoo‘comiqaoly'mtod mw‘tummmww Wimmimtono-i’ M- www-mumgmd.“ Intondtodoport mutudamtwmummumapmmuu “with, -—J: tho Mono: ton, tho, Ill 9on0 militia; 'It utmtmmmmammumtmmmmm. not mummmm.mmmm1muon -‘ 0.- utdtmmmiylldqtb .11?“ MM ditto!- ”hWommmbWunthotmmr ultbuo'uodounthombtm-ooctor. lorpord‘ohobloogrlnl- tin). Mos thro 1o.nrth-or.o11 o Mm in tho tho hart-on rooming m-lfl urban. ova-m. blow crop ' ‘ W1“ dictoto thot soot output docioion ho ndo by tho mwwum‘moofthothootfiiohthoomodn 5' 0014-10130 “Mr M: fill-m WW tho m warmth-".09 th- awia-W-fiw mono-Gr - ' A . . ~ ;. 2.x - .r.-r“.- 4 2 my... ;. o #2 oni‘ 'i‘ re 2 . 2 {‘32.-~:2-2'2 .2.2- 3.2-". :'r222 222- 2 r~‘ 2' 2 A" on. 9’! ‘9—«54 Va “3 h-.- \-l- - .;_":.'., f,” ,’., 4.. 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O :‘ L I.. o. ..‘; ' I' u " “ .' . + 9.3. .r.-:21. . .-’.uu' 2:: «r. .23. .r.", w“ J “2:220;- .o .1-9- .39 .1) 5,99 2,3,1?) M2: .399... 211.05 .L J”: - 4 '- \“'.-.- ..‘ ' ’ ' . ' ., 1 . . .' J- L '— ‘ . - - . . a -- t waa. .WC)» (“)3 FJ'OJ.V£30& L‘ifi 9.1;, (1.: [:3 o'oOA‘I'-.‘3 3' S: (fifth! V'J V. .9115 SLI‘Mij Sir; J. a. -2.; ..- .2. - .-. , _ 2..L..c. . ,« ..' r.» 3-..-:-..;2.3.39..::-t :2“; z. 2:9; r-rzo;~..2:..~2.-o2:q ..’-921219;: ”9:29: 3-2.. ewaxq 4.1.1-53” on I‘r""' "f‘ -r,.—' 2. J . "t‘3 ‘O A. “'1', --~.. . .~ - '--I-' I . “7"2-2-L' “f-a'v‘J-J-flu'l-fi L?" 322223 PIS: ”129.223.31 v.9 .. F.-,r.-b-1:3.1. mdoa 8.36.60 0 . .. ' .1. '. r .2. 2 A... -. . . .3 2. ,. 21932393 51.91." 20%.; ..n'J a - an 1.0-- mm 9:).2..3-:v.-.--,s mum-909 9...? 11.2. 293.19 a . '7 f, .’ p f L ' 0 ~ ~ - of --.1 sit-.5 ----_~-2.v-..:--2-29-{ 2192! {10939: g, 1,525: 22; '2 s 1:? n. no be, ”2253 930...? has . ;.-, ..' 2.; t. .,-, ., . - 2. ,‘ , a. + , ah '- . ..r.L . 9.9.1.2.. ..~.,-r{ 9.1.1 Said (1.. 9.1.2.) 9.? g .2192. -20 9;: r12. 31 9'39...» aanu’o'J} 1521123 ‘ ‘3 ‘fi 1 o. ’ r. _L . r . . I _ \‘. Q‘ c _ _3, ezzJ 3-1 “Lu-'21 $2.: 520233-129. MIC-.10 JcCfi. 9.5.13 93;.-rL-‘b acme-fuedos'm-m '- ‘ u l . .',- ' ~ ~'.‘ I" . ' n2 - - n-V o \ L '2' 7- ' ‘ L94 5; :..2' 59.21.? 33.1.14 9;, 9.....- 9.2....2 -0 9-2-2, :23 M. \Iu"..&2f r35 )5.) '19:.1f20"q n‘ 3+ ~4. ‘ “ "‘9.¢. 0.1- ..’J l. :51 v 1 It a ‘ #499,425: 9:{. Gym-2!. m; 23.3 ‘- Jun-'2‘! 13.190 9-..; 32.3 .I.-Lac; ed 1.20 r{.L’§3".:-)r~..2{0 (b.9019? 8:; 930221;; {10:39:50 202x; e-JJ no wad 3.1341111 2103098 confirm a!" th :4 M ; tionl .u , «.0; mm: “fiat 5 outnofiuor intimation, nut not-toting dooioim for opioultnrol capo m o! a non-n- varioty. It 1- troo fins hon long-huge mmmgpum, bu tho poriod of 1:116 for idol: tho my 1. hold in tho not-Ming oootor .phdsoo tort-run dooioiou.’ Thin in o funda- Iu’ul mm botuoon tho production on! marketing ooctoro for trooh mat: ad vogotobloo; tho proaoor not» dodoiono about total - apply for m; potion, mun]. you-o for fruit 'oropo, rolotivo to tho tho hon-tun for tho oon-oopoimng winning docidono. A obno- «out pron.- of mm «Mi-nun onto:- on tho shun infom- tionl'noodo for tho-o two “to? dooioiolo. . A oooohl distinction botw‘oon tho ooon-ioiootivitioo-of tho pro- duotm‘ofl Mug not." in tb boll! mm. mil W]; M11517 lo thot tho hfior to tho loou of Wuhfiotiotion Mo oil “I phoouhoroprodoot uni-«W. lorthonodtpu‘tprioo " Mm dooonot occur mu. product 1- “Mod Mo‘tho m mm. at «gown lurk-tug m1; 1t 1-, not“, o rooult or the was proooom- At‘oooh who: low]. in tho amnio- chum].- tbro to o Moo of mythtiono ronlting 1n priooo for crops. But tho mntmum'mtummuoun-ummmr eaten-n.- Rio Wont-M tmmmtbmooo uniting m- hogothtion odor thooo dread-unto at on ono‘ tho “ ma havonovroll‘bion tom-1 dam! or tho out of protein; tho. m. in... too, bani-pneuma- mtbprobl-otnrhotooordi- lotion. hrbtimdll bk 4mm in thio may a a. not ,or inbordopondout, MW won-1o inditubiom having u thoir purpooo tho Winn of m and oollor Monotion, tho noptiotiou of norm ' ’ - f: . .- I - { «hr-c rr‘ L: V R a ‘_' ‘2" :2 1",.~)rl \ l‘ .b—uJ .h-r- J» k- - ‘\_ ' “ \- ‘ ‘ ‘ " ‘ . _, f ., -P ,, w r.-,'.'. 2,. 1‘" ”LT-”3‘": was!) i. by 3.11 .3 Y! . L {M} ,2 u I;..I_ .- ‘ r r "1-, ’ .’ \ ‘9 iii:'Jc " .2. C34 .' :z'\ \ a] ’ f ‘ I'v" '11: I. )V Lu- ‘ '0, 03 J-I. 22-",2.’ .for'.’ ( i”..‘%" P. 1"! to QF'ES ..’ -r‘qa-o \’ J- . ‘L‘ J L “L, - {dd J U -§ o-Q 8 b C‘ .- o -‘ - v . o v .1 r . (‘2, . :_ ‘, 6 g. f, 1‘2 ' ._ ' _ :54; Mini 2:2: u ..3 2).} :-¢2J:.-s. '0 9 54.3 to .0-'.---7q_ -.lf v.26 ,e'tbl, gmibflwrm M22 ~ 2 2~~~22~2~2 ~;-~~ 2., ..c-nr r-‘r'rr «(2w 2:23.12 {on-xv 9 3 ”0.3;! L L :3 8“ a ..lJ- .‘ l-‘JJ..'I.'~ J-j-' ‘.’A.‘l '- _t’n‘../ to J~:~.J.a.'.- ..‘-"2, A 4U I»). ;’-.. a. v.1 o I. 1.- 2.; J,- m. a... ..n'. _-.-:?-1...-..;: Lu .3 £2-21, 3:);.;L2:22.:; 52d: 13333.33 J 99:19 s-‘fiib 1:535:92: £2014 aria 3351132253322! £55.23 333151} H.291? -389{ ££"rvna .eboixeq Ev:n£ 10} Elgqta t‘22m 9212100 3:13 101 a-nziroi 9522.1.) 3!: 2-5.2":(2' 15:: 9221:5st 95!: no 821935599 nol'JaIEm‘ooo Jezi'msx '10 15...}.40‘10‘ insup v. 0 1.; (0 9 ..1 '7 r2 I 3 75 .3 ii 283 ‘2 O "'1 1+- 0 cl 2. 2 _ _ ,.. - Job 2:: 0mm 33:12.91; 925.2151»: eosiq ea: 0‘ r ’ a . 3 I .‘ ‘0' 0' . J' I: v .’ t ‘ ’ ' L I ’ z 9,” 0.2312, ,-., QUL-ffl’u j a2 ”me 93‘; n9 12.53.30 Jun 8062:) [101.145.232.201 . ., ’ J. ', ..‘. - ..' ’-. ‘- o .E-fvf'f’fill'f) 5a.. Aungd €24-L.r-2J"Ib‘3! b." 5 JILI'II- .222 -L I ‘ 2.2 rail .53.“; 52.1.1ch J5. .esoco‘zq 3111:6224 1.1m £303.52; '30 391193 5 at waist 25.23218 Iiedd’ a}: can t '2') 52.17.} mo ion 01) 8'105'2L513038f1 add .+.Vl-.'. .— ..'. .LY - .. J» 3 .anfiam 5 £2036R$ at 2‘ ovuuo .3Co 01:351.: "cg 2:: 115011 on... ”15-3232: {5.3.9{3 Iras'xf'fz 03' !? 2ng 121 on en's {112nm ’\ ,ooJ ‘sidT .Jouboxq ,-, L r. .2-2' 2.4 ;.2, 4+ . -- ~L2..[ 9.?.) :o Bfiiufflui‘s 94.351039 9... no-.. 2‘ ‘2 ‘ 2,:22T-n-' ”5% '7: z. - ‘g’j..a.-21‘1!.1 J.‘ 133 - SJ L’f‘ip JIJ-‘IA (59971 35.23 {71.1. 870-: 2 ,. .’ ‘1'8 (3:29 :.9.J")',;I [7.0.115 ., n ' qrr fr' (2 +2302 9H * 1951 l' Qf'irrrrtt. JJI -J '- 1.3-: km.- 2-1 2 ”U 2 Ow‘ i ”242' A'ag fi' ‘1‘ 3 '- h A . ’ Q ’ f . ' ‘ ‘ a." 0 o o but .0 3:553:21 3 11-95.“;nz ‘34: J; ; P . «f I . 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' z '1 ' L 5.2.3 1:21.; 1! 01.1 ..o «2.0? 3122 'to - is“: 0') ‘921m'r; '10 a..£..r.2'1:; 2.2.21.2 '29”: 3520134421 22".: 222225 .rHy‘va, qn?‘l'tu r31 +0 ’L‘O p 119 \ $ :- “-L;~I~ v-2 in 18"; \‘x19 .3 (.H Jva 8 '15:: '10 noijgja‘og‘u: 95H oirnacs~ U1!*1L5-“ scthev 1 ' 2" ‘ ’ 0U . ‘ I ¢ 2' 't o ' 2 .. 2510355- 70.2.[238 ”.5 w (5:! ‘10 naughgen tic-w l ..on my “6 our Irkuti 6 um of ”do, cud tho vol-tied coordimtion of product now from m. to com. the dotinition uphuim tho vertical int»:- Waco “Mum and ulloro in 3 distribution chino]. on! tho noodtoriwiutht thoir Morocflonio ooorflimtod for-aim «non-1o offioioaoy. ‘ ‘ Tho obovo doflnition or muting roiooo tho quiltion my capoti- tin a! profit-noting an act imo um tho interooto ot‘bwoo-o all oollod'o oro 20W. Ono of tho control ind-ooh of‘rtho Iigholl- Jono thooio no Wop-obi. of hot-onion; tho‘oovonl mkot W in opioaltro, ooch or which-u Inn difforing optinl mo. and «out m.‘~1ooordi.n¢‘to 'thoo'o outbox-o, “In pncticol citations it would bonus-1 'to’r‘ tho optmootpd; of on. «go to coincido hoot]: 11% that of ‘ou-Iioi' or into:- otuo'o."5 = n:- pouibmt'y aid uncommon:- thio or. can-hid him 1. tho o‘bfidy. 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Beceuse it is the function of. each fix. in. the ehennel to transfer the product with e. minim- of ptwaicel m and Incense the product quality deteriorates with time, there is s M. defies of interdependence between the vertically related fine in the imnetry. Moos, costs, and profits st each market level ere W by _the plity end (nullity of the marketing effort at m ell! acceding nsrket levels. _ Poor cultivation or 1mm”? Wt W by producers or shippers have the effect of increeaing reteil end “Mud-e Ierkerting costs. SiniJJrly, the prices received. It dipping point“ by producers are directly affected by the quality of the Ierohefiieina end pricing effort at the retail level. Besides resulting in meet-res. for intemtion of the lurket levels, this inter- dependeme hes two Igor eoonuio inplicetions. It first phces e I ”it. oe efforts and ingtitmione which can coordimte the _nrketing efforts of the eem‘el interrelated fins in the distribittion channel. Seeendly it results in the problu'of tho. should beer‘the marketing this ed ooete when the oeerdinetion is insdeqmte end there “2" realm losses in product and profit. I‘M Boulding three nechsni-s tor coordiuting s nerket an be untitled; the mileage qstu, the threet get-I end the integre- tive “6 m1. eech of these has the “my“: oranixim ed Mix, the nerhetin; efforte of "runny-related tredere. their perfume 4111111131 they mph! different mend-e for effecting eenfliet . roman. All tiree ferns of Ierket erudsetion Mung, LL, “Tour‘s s Pure Theory of Threat System" w mm 2: 12212-5. rhymes. , .. ? 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(_.. . ._.... “1.13.; ..~- A. )4. Cull“; , 33:") 3-! 83,34; ‘14; ..‘, , O ,\\_.,J_) 9.,- r,,,_:. .mja . 8 91:1 ,excbsfii b5312 en~2££nrx"~v Jo 93:0}?9 3Ft~3 Inn 94‘ 3n.t +5zib".oo has 90% 8- tn5499m Jnetezflih {anms {913 Ens amulfiEb sonamnofiqeq mieid n o 3' n_ 7,6_ u; re- .2 2' e .o- ' “ 091'» ,I' . 2 l“ ‘ ' A ' .5 “P . H' a q noxsxsihg;, ”9. DJ 19 gnaw; uexno i,a .9993999891 Juri-noo 3n1J99933 - z .«r we,‘ n". '7' fr I 310 t('109 {ml 9 i J..: 3 :foA.z'iOL" ‘QL-—.X ‘9’}; hr OCI|3 O Elvin-E “ta'if'o- ".;-'b':\+:5 : '3' ’7 ““J "th ’I I'meI‘elH N ‘Lwe M“ “:r-'.— M mfm mu. Ema haw H ”Lyle “e 8 m “allot-ho mom: and "gotoblo industry, none in the pure “to. - .Thotrandom tin. in tho mbsbitubion or these altorn‘otivo . has of norm orgoflntiou for mo. onothp has implications for the. fun pd... “Ability of but: fruits ml “stubby . f . Tho-prim durum-in the porfomnoo of tho throo toms of “.mtion for tho purposes 01; the study of. hand lion in the rain of prison in floating rooouroo gllocotion in tho production or“, tied mite out Who. Tho arching! {can of orgmisotionlroliu duo]: out-um prim 9o mid-o to we olloogtion in production. It d“ 1. olurly tungittodto :11 producers, thoro or. no simi- tioolo log-tin moo We and W 11 W1: My.“ tho «nah-mo cabs-will run]: in ouch production god-urinating tutor roooiviu {mm oqunlto it: main-.1 productifity.-. In contrut, . up mun mt.- _.ubcmm , u odniuiojbrotin docioion tor the Minrolnof prim “_dlpouting runway in production. , Both tho m and Magnum. wit-3 my Mum whacking conflicts botwun M routed firm. m, coorcionia fiho primary .. Wins pooh-I1- for th- thrut vet.» and Phi! .54 110*- ! Em Tho who: the production procu- und tho int-Woo of tho ufliWLA firm: in tho fresh fruit anti ugotoblo industry all into quid-ion whether priced out utiafucfborfly coordinuto the . W101! and whiting prooouu. W111.“ for thin took would , bo tut prion may rotloct all dodnblo and undooii-oblo product Attributoo in_ trading on! much, tint prion m on noooptablo “motion or apply2 und duond, all thot price. or. moon-lily indo- Mont of 1mm fin bohuior. A unbu- of obumro how _... . . 2 . ..‘ ' .. ..' :. ”_.r ' \ 'r- _’ _‘ I o ‘. , r era-«q eviJ KL 3:1"-.. (ct‘f2grrr..:*z. 1:. v.9? {2’s 3.2.1.1 I235':I ed. .1: Lmrox 9'15 , . L .. . _ o u_ _0_ ‘. " l I ' ‘ I ' ..'. __ er""rM-’ 2592.; '10 1*.‘2: 511.? 12.: 9.11:3 'rs'vo .0132 v 9:31 .93333 V... . .21.; -~~—-..a .J ° .2. ' ' '- .- -. Mu: " ° . -, -_-.’ 4. '3- - 9d: 203 anciivw"~f¢ c3. 1;“1CD; sac av- n023;3L:Lg10 »:.1£fi 10 canal “s -.A-figo - . '< .0 ' ‘ ~"£ "". '. a "Io ' -‘ :+ I : g. ' . ‘3 odd u’ 33.; hflud 35 LAL-3 OJJ .0 ataGfTUJ 5-. 101 h94ubfl£51009 JSATBN mufimofis emu-32:32 3-1.". .2: 923.22 :11: 9.9:..1'32-21 '10 9120': H’ 0 {'1 C v 1. ' 3 {I V“ Q :1 t-‘J U) . L :4: D 3—,. r," ' ’_.‘ .- :.'. 'N. F. . r. :‘T‘ .0 Q‘{ ~ ~ .' " ' 3053.01 r:c._....sr..-:_.. 135,210 .0 3.7.0.1. 9;_._r.s~,.:3x:3 a... “as... 02.3.91! mus 39.31111 nce'x‘i r .2393: ':q a: Hot: 9.0.12.3 937110332 03 2.9.2.2232, as esoi'zq 3924222: no 22193029 margin on 8'18 9192:} fixes-dam [[5 0.. mi 'me‘"? 2122.9?) 21 I'nsflfb 'II ‘Leoog .I~.~.r':...,s" at 9; 139.? art! bra 83:32:33 I'LB eo'woea'x r11: 531-21 Jason 10309;? ""1““: 2.5 .1 brie. no; Jvtrbo'xq £10159 :1: 3.23501 1.5:: 112.: Jet: ezjflsdoz-z arid Jastyf‘noo [TI .1va E1 sufo'xq half-372m 8H 00‘ .[szrgas IT'TIJJ’O‘I .6 grivi‘aoe'x eff: fro't noi:.?:::5h 9:411:32: 331212.133 as 8531;: .ifzzJ, ra we.fia‘{a evledeml 9.23 L. 4" 1-130. .rmiJ m bo'Iq It: BETH-“039“! _ ..‘:v‘asoifs at ecfic'zq to 9.1.01 witcsflb afiai¢.noo gfii$ofl1£4 eupbgt tam raiaga SV£351éGjflf has ognsdoxs odd xg'zg. nicq 9d 8.}: 30:9'1593 ‘2'." mi“ .2311”; be: 559': 2;...75912 *Isv neswisd anti 5 30:: 81 am. has .mdefia 33-334.: 931.? '10“; we: 2.5.29 em miJsriflnooo .moitnioao1 Joiilnoo to snag Jzeqsbz 19d: has 323 CO"§ noijo.L»"q 5d: 30 dignoi edT ‘61.?» ’Ji‘fi; eid‘c 'zgev hm; 3151’: :iast'l 95!! mi ear-:5: be 31:191-' 159 3.7-917 ad: 9d: a .2.‘ 'b'zooo \fifixcdss'laiisa 11.39 399-? [q '19:" *9 {w noflesnp 03H]: LL50 twat 14:22.1 em’J “20‘: 89: 3:5; ..Ug-a'za'zq .aaeaeooa'q Emits-X1331 has uoiéoubo'xq JNI‘ 0'1; aids ziasbwr fris 9[.f3'1;3.b L55 ”0913...: «33521192.; 3833213; 35.13 9d 91767.2- 13' 23.3 m; 37:; goat-1r; 35:57:} .rzoijquartfia 320.3 311"»2'1 1 rzt 2953‘ (2:333 ~5‘NL?‘ \1. 35.3.1? 2393’: 9'15 asoi'zq J..-rift" b: 3 J.1;.:;r2z.b has minds '10 1105.99-72.51 svsn' a'Isv'zeew 'io 'Iedzwn A .1011'22192' mi‘l Isubivimi '10 Jae-snag patio: mu. :m if: on: i . “3002' 3:90:31 S." 3"“; . mestioned the capability of prices for coordination agricultural narhrts. In a stutb‘ of the California fresh deciduous fruit industry, Jamison placed the onus for poor coordination of the production sector with consulption Ms on the heavy reliance placed on prices for coordinating industry efforts.7 In a like manner Clodius laid the responsibility for agricultural price and income variation on the isolated and uncoordinated character of aggregate supply and the crude ani isperfect responses to prices which cannot effectively coordinate. supply with daiand.8 In a somewhat different View; Collins he argued tint there are excessive costs to coordinating markets by prices which do not reflect the canbined production possibilities of growers nor all dimsions of trader preference and fail to communicate all elements of product (nullity.9 Finally,‘Briemeyer suggests prices are less than desirable market coordinators because they are subject to misinterpre- tation, and «the. negotiation process between traders is characterized by mcertainty and a contract curve of indefinite length.10 If prices are Judged insufficient for the needs of a highly inter- dependmt narketing and production systcmyother means of market coordination new be forthcoming. Oswald Blaich suggests that integra- tin systus are. substituted for exchange systems because price 7Jslison J.A. The Cflfomm F e Dedgi uorug Fruit I u m- m M garnet-.12... California mfifimm Station, Giannini Foundation Research Report No. 275 , April 1961;, p. 125. 8Clodius, 3.1.. , Market Structure, Econouic Power and Agricultural Policy: tPI-oposal for Form Production Control", m; g; m m 52: 513.25) M" 19600 1 11.11. , "Changing Role of Price in Agricultural Marketing", We: mm 1.1528. Aug. 1959.. er, 11.17., "0n Price Detemination and Aggregate Price Theory", m1 at {am am 392676-94: M8. 1957- 'f .Fzéirrd'f'mff'j'ie notimzmooo 'Iw'i Jeoi‘Iq 30 Y: Li"- 5‘139 903 L-e- “011339“? 1*: "arrf-rz" +1.35" BIIOUL‘l‘O-‘fih devil. sffl'1‘0".-'f.r9~3 $313 '10 17.51333 3 “I 033531“ "oi-3w: no}: 9;.21391-1. eo’J ”10 :zelbru‘tirrotso 'IOOq 1151 euro ed: beoalq deem 0L . 3 , ' r . f; I van 1 "" d+;w gang-.5: no £293.31}; so 1.13:..9'1 W‘ Sui J!.- no a humuh'pe'z no qr an! 00 v3 . a. v h a” f...:."--' “IL-'21:“ IT} taxman: {11.3-5 3 {11. 1.22.1110"; '19 vxfauini urt'CisJIifoooo '10'1 9.1!: we 11:.2.':J:J'r':.1:;v‘ J. 10.11:; Imus 9:) iv; I:"111£Lro.i'1j:s';o'l ngllidienoqr-Je'x ‘13".3121133 ‘30 deios'mde f.‘9~*3.!:‘.:iiii'_70002'w has hamlets! «7191373333 153211 13.215125 J‘cu‘smeo :’{:;‘-.E; {w eeohq 0‘1 309.11.01Jr19": 303211951131. bus I r 3 ‘1- s‘sefrn . 0-. 3”_" s.'x‘_7 -.‘ r3 '. T S . _3 ' _ .h1--t.”".a.e .31. winged: 3119.1; ullt.’ ;e .---.-) J.1J—._m-.e:.;ca s {1.1. 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' . 7-3-.,,- '_ J- .I '. .‘7 ‘ r 1r o I Em L 9d [:1 O 5).},‘3'; (:I'fi' 1‘Jl ENI‘tS [£f._l.\ j),r.-f:. .1051 (‘1‘. 2““: e" i {It}, . . .-‘-1 ‘.r9-.;” f$rrFC 2“" ”SI :0 “'\\ f‘ t- " I‘ “n. r'rf -. , 0- 'r- ‘-1.-~r v ..4 ”a? eXKx owua ‘w ~O\O.CQ ‘ .11 L 1 HJ J3 I3: .13 4‘34—a-_‘—':. M 6.— -**— 10 coodimfion 1e not only unsatisfactory but cleo involvee high costs of pm. dinner: and product mane-Juan error.“- Lnd Cochran reeeone thet integrated vetqe hove cone to replace emchango wet” in eeri- cultunl eerhcte u e moon. of conduct-.193 pmduetzgon end marketing been”. of the matte-tot: in price. M the foot. tht product Mt: attributes. ore rained fluently can; nrketere with «from you. M Idle etretqieeJ-Z Hoot of theoe criticim or the role or price in coonlimtiq W101: 3nd mum; of Agricultural pnhcteere . ! waned with the peanut: of prices, theirnloe 1| nrht cu- Inflation and in directing reeource dbcofion in production. They ere reviewed” here hecenee the resulting mtegnted ltructuree are or 2", Th].- mum-{u to the marketing procoee for treeh fruits end vegetablee end ‘ become man the can" come:- con be not ebout the mun; of pricee ct ten leveig mhtile pricee' ere subject to e m or inter- fretetzlone by producere, her on be haunted to product volume end 181-1151“, had they! cohoot'evoke appropriate neource edduetaente. The second remit of tho interdependence a: "many related fine in e arm chemi, the probln of net-Minx mm on! coete Ihen coordinetion guns, 1" the subject of the grater put of thie “W. Itihere’ere cute to preeem none of vertical coordinetion Ind red-tune. to em or 1mm of theee ”chain, there 3 ml the pain. of their incidence. lo 1.11.]. be chum e alder of Whit institution hove evolved for the pupae of either m “11" out or 41an 1t m: the nun-mm; and production sectore. i Va-ugg; urket interdMence and coordimtion ore studied here hich, 0.1%, M33; 1 t g [unworthy of We, Deportnon’c of Agricultural comics, quart No. 520, Ice. 196.1. LU. "Chafing Structure” of the American loom: Ite Inflation: :31- the Perfonence of Agriculture]. We, "M 21 In w £121.06. In: 1959. g .n c g I. O. . . _ P'f 1“ '- . . “*5. 7'“.ij gi'kflii 803334.15. 0.31.36; “"9:r "'.-‘z~.'.’2'.3-‘~" ICU-2!? 3.1.90 m!!! 8!. [:09 'rkfi-t'"1'303 . a- . - ’ P ' ‘ L I . ' ‘ .‘ L '- ..., t ' . "‘t‘ o’w‘r’ ' .fi 1!'~!(\1: q‘ ' r lav-fl 997‘”);- 13:"; L.)"r.l'LQACI(-)'u‘ fri. '-_"Q': \ _'.:) '(P ..‘: 31-1.: ..‘-’0 t : 73 \- )[{J_.U-r} I: Ls “.ma . OO\_1 14) J9 . 1 ‘1. ' -.‘ - . - . J ' A. 1-4-! - _ .. __ . .' ‘ .. O H .. ' - ... . 3" . 1:03! I. .. 7n" 5 r‘:-” gm. :7 <3 '3 W.“ {73.9 33.31%-‘1 or 2:...23'.» 9'. 571' -....ré. .. .f’. -... ,. 31!! 0‘3 .3 d. I -_ .. 1- . or . ‘ ‘ K‘. . .- 5.5. -. . . +~.-~'-~ * I r Mam :vr_:"jt>;7~' 523' ‘77 nor ...-"1 ET.’ 7.0:“) '10 W :3. :3 as anuhf‘u SI Iva-3 I U - '. . . .- ~ . . - .-.r V335“..- 2*. “cm 3 523 33.5.; 9233: has .r.-1737-7 at 13-r;i35.":091.!: 93:3 3.0 97115994 J ' ¢ . _ . I I. ‘ " .' '. 3- ‘7' . " v..'; - ' . ’ aha-.333; 351.313."..33 11'. .91.: 9'19..e..~...-3m. emu; ”.I.-{3933.13 IsmrLgv 9'15 9.9 fm. [31.113 93.27.13 '10 9‘37: 91:3 'to 3 ‘ni'r’szP'ro 979-1.} '10 deal-T $1.89.'E'~‘ef5'1 fre. asIsz 137.8 571-; a33r..-’.-:r;._' "...3'1' ...... '10 3.3133733 b .5 mafia u} 017; an: 57.. £71000 n1: '. urn-37 L7":«{'.r.2:;1 1:3: 9M0! uftorfn‘ 995.7." '10 Windham erfdr d+ hot bon'retmno ‘67:er .rzr..2'3r>r"n01v7 11?; . ~-.o VttvoI L13 es'woaa't Emmosqifi at his notmolmm 30 52's. 8r?."..'.:“.5*3.'!'3-=‘C i:._ .7?;:":-_1r-)%n.i 77 01.19.01 9:1‘)‘ sausnad e'zsm' basin/9'1 913 Ian: 3:37.: hrs. 8-34.711 xi'UV-"t ‘10? 8:39:00)"; 22.711137112er 931+ at 3229194711 ‘10 1L men-2;; art: quofs 9:13.31 ed fist) ma Est-.710 9.73% 9313 113.221: sausz'ed -<.;:as‘;‘:.Lr 'io “sort-Jr! s 03' 3795‘ 1"!3 915 890173 eificisfav ;I.:-‘»18I 31:75:? is eoshq f ,. W~‘ .- . a. '. .r....r . , .. -x '4- .s .73 av. -71 .19....”07: c3 L»‘-%-1...3.-..".U an $22. r \Ct‘nfu ‘a'mrnfsorsq '{d 8E0£~£~$11 ‘-- . ‘.. 3-, n 701,-, v e~ \ 7 “'1' ‘ ,— ..‘ 0-9 .+.P '- .8 J15.” ...I! 3'.) 3.» “10:35.31 3: .. :11 .. "' (w; 91¢») 53 domwo (.9. “'3 hm; ‘80.: v C:.£Up I! - ' . r .n ‘ t' ‘ O '0 I. r ;‘ w .vv‘ .0 s #1 r a ...)...»-.v.:.-“: 1..-:--.~:.:J.x..'. 9‘. .10 33.73»:fruvfxefuf 9 J '10 an an“: bar-763 SIT -1 I . .. ',. - ,‘ J“. ',. .. '3. '~ ... ‘ . ‘ ' 4 ..' . 8.340. .43; 11.31.: 3:432:02 15.3! ..o 3.32:3"qu 9::3 .It-rr1.sno .-s->.».'~..5r!1 s at amt}. 1 ' ' n i K} ...1 \9'5' 1 f H .. - . .'h ' . 4 Q " a-‘JJ Io 33...! 13...: .31, a {3 To J..-5:173 3.43 at 311...} r.oz.:.:=:rtlvz mo 0 ms fw 130?..37‘“: \oo I'::’:.;J‘r9v '30 a.-.2;e...- 37.93373 03‘ 3380:) 6‘18 9:943 31 .ng-ufa . fl ; :3 ’ 'Ir"1~ ' . 0". r "‘ . - '.'1' w ..L’.’ ' .:'L!I 8 “If ‘. 5C .1..:..;'.:. C-‘t .BOUJM " (NFL “DOV: J.0 f;,f._‘,{[}“;. Q! wlk L; (U :2 h 9‘ J '3 A ;.‘:.-....'.-'."a'; 15933.9 10 $é:::>:;'.; a; 5d: 10'! Ivm'Icwo 93.5! az‘roj;J'z.'..‘.'ca‘3r:.'t 39.47.1151 .3":0-*.'-5.3 7.3.7.19 'lm'zr) L113 $11.. :i‘: 7.3 Jaoo em: . l ' ._ ,. ...-I- ~ , '- $1...-LUAL 6.1'.‘ 1.‘f'(‘)! 1:, \ ~-. .~. " V 0' e If cf . v 7:0. ‘\ r'UI'¢ '. l' .' 0r " a 0-. ~-:| ~ " ' 4'! .u ‘.L § _' “ 9 . 1 3 ~ 73-: firm 11.: '7 “.3 “is: 9.7 77..-u: c.7233: ...:af3'rr-vv «~39 run-1v. A: ‘O- . ~’-.O!~O-" ~n no “or-..'. . ..‘iJnt-.. J- r... — -..-”H .oé—--.-o o" “H-WMI‘-.- m.~*‘ _._“ . ,., ,- . 5“" ~ '. .. ' ’ - I '. ', . ,, _ _‘ ". ‘ '. .L - ' ' ‘ . ‘ngraaurI. '10 ‘Iu'iFT'IE-JWJILJ ‘ 3"» . If; If” 7 7. ..'".7. '.~‘/ ..‘!,0 ‘da LEIS‘E'd: . - 0 0.. . '0 u - O o A ~.--.. I . r. . . “‘10..- ~— \2 \s ~- C 'J .w I v 7 .- “ (0' "18"“(5’3 ." i 7:777" .83 3171.513 £92143an 77.1. '10 93...: "-310 .' 9 i r' :3; I a: 7. i0! -. 3': " 'x-wr‘f ' : .- r..\‘\_r ., :.: ~"‘ -. ',‘ a...‘ . . ' . -' . .. -‘ r '1 . ..L.‘ A o‘: Jr. Au 2 .OH u) ,~_::‘:-.-...»: 0. .-. 3.1-...4- ' 3- L3,. :4. I0 $18,353“: "'1“ c) :v :V-vy fl u .’I( r‘f fl 'o ,- :- ..'” '1 saw... 0'.- (‘11: .1 n .-).i. xf'}. J’. 9_".\;' ,‘O 9':' US, .nu‘ ...a 7'. 4.. ' "~-'~-‘. .. ..ra‘o 0&- -Jb~o.o-co A‘:o-‘ V‘- .‘ .I KI ‘. ' ' ' , xi .3";I..I‘I . o\ . \J. ...u 1‘ I\;~.‘A.-'_4A ‘ , . ‘4...me .00.“. .fl .. - ‘I- "'1 \‘. 3 .1." 3", 9ul_-, 'fl. 0" .H .... 1.1 for their ilpertanee to industry allocation of resources in production afl whiting. The probl. of resource allocation is a problqn of coordination and incentives. For the most part, mechanisms and problems of market coordination are uphasised in this study. But the Justifi- edion for the stow lies in the importance of market coordimtion for reeouree allocation. In this sense the study of farm price stability all tb coordinating role of the marketing sector is intermediate to tb ulthate e'oonaic .probl- of the study—the efficient allocation of resumes in the fresh fruit and vegetable industry. Lbs _lsProb 2: mm Eris: W. Then is a conspicuous lack of a theory of agricultural price stability. To be sure the place of stability as a goal and probl. in the agricultural economy is secure. But there 1. no frsneuork of amlysis for studying the problan. As LU. Schuls put it in an early writing: ' ". . .no general principles have been established for analy- sing the problcn of instability, principles that are on a footing with those employed in ascertaining whether an opti- mal utilisation of resources is achieved in the long-run. The analytical tools with which eonomists work have not been designed to handle problans of the type on which we are focusing, that is, for dealing with the short and sudden flucustions of the main economic aggregates." Stability is more frequently an asnmptiou than a problan of economic studies of resource allocation. lbumrer, relative price stability is important to the expectation functions, the short-run decisions and the long-run emit-onto surrounding the allocation of resources in the production of agricultural products, and there would appear a need for econanic tools facilitating its study. ”Schults, 'r.u., ct m m 2; my”, (New York: The Mac-111m cm , 1950. po 6‘“ H ~ , . .1 -' + .-; - . 1.: n1. 1.:‘C-‘rLDFHU Ill ("'2’31'111‘85" .10 {‘0' 1.13.3014: .11 \Lfi‘rBUC-li 09 9f:' ---'l." -._.-. ladiuj av '10 11:11-11'153'13 s at it's"? no 0.1-3.; 99':.-;:1"::.:': '10 1.11-7.60'31; 932'.” . _.';,1 i 13:31-51}: his 8.';‘.'—u_[-1'7'1‘¢_T1”: 3.12.; 2.1'1-‘.'*1"..-'..".':3:r1 ,.‘*:.;-,.-; Jaom aria? 7.0"} 3111-14: :um‘: 120.5 nomar'rfb'zooo ---':'i.'. .1251?" 9". 3:13 .‘CxJJa ahiJ 111' EN. 1-: 38.41%; .1;- 971-? zzf'.7f..”.:.;.-?:f)'1:o\:3 $8513.11 '10 '11:;1': :11er 231313211022) 31:52:11 ‘30 somaJ'mrgsui 314.3 m". sac-3:1 1:}..1133 axiJ 101 {1011153 1:23.22: 93°13, flag-:3 "Lo 'gi'vifzz 9:13 QBKS‘B 2.36111? {.2 .noi'ir.zic).[.[.s armor-361 . -v . ‘. ° 1, g. _.:- .,'..,” _.: . 1 . ‘, .1 c of, :1;.c3.-_f»r).11'1€1f1:._ 31. 70351113 .21..1.1s.r...;,;:1 3.1J '10 elm: in 23...: ii." . ouJ PLB 1" 0i:1:©..00‘3 ofszidifl ExiJ - r o "J’B' ‘ .' .- '- _. a r, .e _ .15" 7‘2, o... “Up-91v km, JJ-C"1"‘ max. 9111i 11.: ESO'UJCBS'I r re 1.."rfir‘ ‘.r- " can't; ‘7‘ 'Hr ' f‘P"-- '3; :w‘ 3.4-3" r'-""' 4 .r'"‘ 5’"" fl ’1 "1 "'1’ "(::""'q G'IT 8’) 9f“ »’-- l". ..‘, J B {a 1’ A ‘. { - . ‘J fl- f”. H’J“; -:-—.o- 1;”: who" Orv/.0 .-.-0"- ..‘ V. ‘- LI, n“. m‘ A .' . . on - 17'9”} 28 ° 5 '.’ _ ,' Y 90.11:; 51") 9:12 91.! ()1 433.4133. omq E 11.11 in)". s '10 yes 111‘ .s To )1351 - L r- ..4'.,..:.,..-. .. 0 ., rm -, -,, . .- .1.‘ .s:'1r,:.:,..=; 8.1 *5 1.111199 ,g;,'f...._o_;..,,-..1§jn ads m: {1.131.1’0'ag {-1.55 .5521; .8 BB ‘(uii I153 8 '10 e1". .1.th ;0'r:{ 915;? :rrf."-;?:rrfl‘a '12)} Biz-firms '10 21"0'19' 1-."5 '1 on at 379:: J J r3 5 (:0 3-1; 12.1%: 51.11.... -.1":'1t-'.) me, '1‘.)- :« 1 _ .mnx—ggrvw a}: :1: baa-veins as 393153333”! ‘10 1: ifmiiim mum Jar: e‘ 5.1:? 1 '1: :—':E"or109 .r.. 5' nth-ms ed'f 9'11; 91-; {oh-.11; r51) off-J exiJ '30 3.711?) :; six-.11.”. OJ berg-grab need fit)“..i‘.”?3 f":,.¢:_13'1-:-;ta 5- I1. 1ij11 11--...31”) '101 ,ai JédJ ,f‘j‘fiafJC'O'l 30 anoiJSJ)LIl [>1 '3 f, . .L I " '.\ f 37 ‘ '0. -o-- ‘. . . t .89 113.39 1}:__*_..D 3.1....11)HOC'9 N13,.“ 9:“: 'rr- ' ' 'uJ-r I... ‘ 2"- m'l ' N I! .‘ O r: ' f o.c...c~.1c.-:e'1) moi :q s (1.3:-11 1104.41.31)» tr... ‘{;.£1:supc*-'I- e'Iom ex {3.1: iiicsdé ‘1 8.51 1:35 fiffiJa 9:)”“11'1 913,1-[3‘1 ,19‘f9‘1'd‘1 ,nof icjnorfg gorgrmgg 2.1 '10 gsj'ny..a 13:15 arz.;aj.:):.1b :1-r'I-J'10.Ia 9.1.1? ,az‘zCichrzfi .m‘)iJ.r:17-css :119 arIJ oJ Jag-,J'quxtl 1.7:;-rz:.r«:>':'1;.'a 81:9-.1-f;.zu;31;)o nod-331101 91- SJ Eel-cm a ';;11%,;;-*:,I).1'31r.)w 9:96.? I 15 11—2. 121?;qu ,[gvmdjnoi'qgg '10 noiJ-au'i0'1q 9ng .‘ji'ufia 51‘}: 3:-3J13J.E'I_...'::‘27. afooj 311120.339 19 w .———-————-- H9 4' 0' "A" 19" ‘x. ...1 ." ' - ‘ ‘3». -.’) .13 '.-‘ .' 1. 1 e. L ..r. . .1? I.) m r {I s: '.{ -fl—l “~35, ‘5‘!. ."uyu I‘r.‘ 1:; ."fi .1 K) :91;J'-.1, ‘- s'fig3 I1" ' '1'L'?" a. ‘.I‘I.l ‘“ QU‘ JiJE2 ‘ s ‘1- . ...“...- -._ A”4‘-*—C‘ Dante-lio- .“s‘ C's “vs-0' .- a... 12 not. nre thee pumipu publ- ereee tor the—.Itndent or arm; Milifyc' the diciee of Minty Item,- the choice of date, end the 'eeleetien er correhtee '0! lurket etebility. Ila-ht wmtymumma werotwe.' my, whet “my” med-in tens or nation in inc-e, pricee end was. then.“ ht ether mm each “1mm mu- lty, “mt, ‘ef title." tibility ef‘lnrhet trnding relations, or pufit‘umty‘eem ele'e he need. be, ten price etebflity ie of duper-.15" m; ill» itnbility' 1.0.1; u.- ouuu-e wormin- ef the prdlheitidied, that in, the nbility efpricee to direct econ-iereeeure'ee into their nut efficied ueee. Priceiirinbility is of inteeeet on]; inecter e'eprioee-ere reed inthe precede!" W-muon; 1111. an: no. moon-1.11 11. their mm end mum role in W allocation that price etebility be'oonee e ”1.61- ' I In undying whet mum ee reflected in price inflation, e “Schulte cheer'vee thet neither production, price her income memento eccuretely measure the ooete of instability in fern markets; nor do they explain the ceueee of the instability in fun mete nor the . neene of correcting it: 2;“; p. 65. J 1 ' ‘51 price neuure 1:: mm mbmty «on. not npprqsnete for npprli- eing the vertical intonation of urbt eectore eince it ie one con- cept canon to all lurket levele end beceuee er ite ilportnnce in resource allocation of production. In contrast, profit etnbility night he more npproprinte for naming whet etnb ility when horizon- - tel eel-loot relations ere etudied. It might be ndded here that “abil- ity ie e prerernble neu‘ure of vertical market interaction to price or incme levels beccuee there nre no legnl emotion: on market organ- ‘ intion cud behnvior influencing the price stability at other whet levele no there nre governing behavior influencing price lmle elee- where in the whet such as the Robinson-Patina Act and Fair Trude Love. In thie eenee, the etucb of etnbility ie leee institutionally detenined thou the study of price levele. SI 393111521 "10 3r;9f:t.r;.-‘a 953 10‘} 9.9992. .1915qu [Ly-2’9 .‘r'xq 991:; J 915 3193'? fl. Lifdsta 10 991013 943 :13LL19533 .(L I has ‘sésb io salads 9&3 ‘QGYLagffl v ' " 7 ' T . r. I r ' .23LL21339 33A151 30 999511109 30 fiOiLOS A93 enJ '- “I, f,[s';e:r*9i.l‘ .a (03.; '10 19:5-1911 3 {If .‘3-911185951 9:! {gm EJLIIEU'BJa 39.41531 895L1q t9.270911}: n1 anoi3911gv 30 31193 n: b91ue sex at Y Llrdsda 39315m ulidgte 3309 we .f1q as done 291yaseu 19930 Jufi AI.L9L51J asLJLJnsUp bus 10 ‘ancifsf.91 gulf.s13 39;: 139 10 13LI16533 .amzii 10 {Jiiidsda ‘13: to at 13L£idsJa 93:1q M151 919‘;{ .bsau 9d oais bluoo V3 111% in Jito1q 0 fl. .0 :3 unissfaazgunn b1nw3uo add {Lao at 33 M211 U313 sox1q ‘1ev9wafi kI.n1soaco 3'91 b 03 993L1‘ 30 {Jiiids add ‘81: sfli b9Lbu.a em Idb1q 9.13 to {JILLIELTcV 9011. .3995 JaeioiT 9 3853. 1:913 3n: asexuoes1 olromoae to 99311 odd at beau 9 5 393 L'q as 15399cL Vino 39919391 to at Una 31:3091Lb1i9r'3 nL LL93 899I1q nadw Elmo 81 31 ;noLJsooII3 09130961 aemooed xjilidsie aoi1q 3913 noi3sso£is 99131991 at 9101 ngJsuib1ooo .mlffofiq 5 s ,3~o<‘5fl1£v 99L1q uL 593993391 as V3LI.L3533 39fl1sm snitbufia HI W .L c ' ' ‘ sins 9,01 9 our; 19m 99:11 noxiovgo1q 19‘istan 35:13 29V1$a 30 831J133hi ! 10 83909 993 91uasun‘1f6551VOOs oh 101 ; 3d: 10n 9351153 m¢3fi mi 13: “CLEO 513 nisque tfldd ti 3ni3991103 fio enssm (J (D m t :2 i m r! ‘ ‘ r. C1U~5 i903 91999 qdlfiégfe 39fl13m 10 e1uasan so t1q LEI 23 3103909 39fl1gm 10 noiioe193ni Isoiia weJJ gnza 931 @o sausoeé has el'vei 39913 " I-Ls 03 nommoo Jqso xiifidgfia u1101n ‘3931Ju00 HI .noLJoqu1q 10 nothooLLs 99110291 ~rcsimo£ nnlw v3LLLdafa 39X1sm an1Hepam 1o? 9fsi1no1aqg 910m 9d JHme * TsHJ 9191 hour‘s 9d 3”: m 31 .b9? bu3a 91B ercLJ£T91 3911sm £53 1 o: noi398195nt ’9J"Lr 150L319vio 91Ue=9:1eI1519391q a at x31 -n331o 3:215m no anoiionsa £3 ’1 on 913 e19d3 eauaned aIsvsL 9109a: 10 39fi1sm 19dfo 33 v3 :Itds ;3 90t1q e“j‘N”.A")‘,Hi 1oivsded’bne coiJssl -99Ie aiovei 99L1q pnl.onou_s?1L 10115499 guin19v03 91s 919d3 as aievsI 9h51T 1i93 has 30A n51; sH~ncaflido.fi 933 as done 39fi191 9d3 n1 9191w {£T99913u3L32ni €99I 9L {JLELfnfie E. vfn.‘3 913 99999 BLHJ :1 .eng 1 .e;oveL 93:1q 10 ximfa 913 r513 hantm1939b M lw 13 111-: is Mend. 3.1: mum to gar-gut. data if 0119': ”up. a! Man! malts .r. to «Land baud the load 1nd. But ‘hn cmpcbluum tru- thia :ggrcption, particularly in tho‘ {Icahn-diall‘uptlblo industry. Inmhan Mn 11; boon.“ W to nag-optic prim cur tins, ms, fins ad Mott- mmutummmmohmpuummw «data; It hmfibmlmlofwmnuhmml ofprtcu' "many; it I”; a 1-11, «at. 0-. W111». "0-0 that damn with“. pain]... at cutout-ion nd the W 0! Mil- m undid“, ". . nut-opted at: m .t mm for «tinting rm 1nd mmmslfl m man“ an» It up nation-1 1nd of - whit-dud mimqubodiau-dbrhishrmd- and mum nan-.17 A100, antic-.1 may mmtywbo at“ a; 1.3 in: nunm dun-uni alt-unity!- appi‘ogching unity u: um. 1m1, dthough’ load can-uni dutieity' 1.’ Mal-ably mun-.13 .. rho mption of “ability observation out I unba- or cup. nu phant- pI‘Obl-I. But; in given Inter 1n the study showing wide “fiction in 1:13. price ,lbob'ility of u add or fruit nut. and vigo- hblu. Crap dial-situation 1- 9mm: ”cascaded _to tumor. at “we, 1.1., Scum, 1.3., vru um or nun-Apt“ Due. htblndyuisofrmlne. minty-ammu- m1 at an m 55:590. kg. 1963. 17W 13". a in mm m (In I”!!! W'- un 00:, mi)1 51.5.1». . ' ‘ Emma”.- B'dfifi ?t sin? 93L.5""5 03 Iisaaavuu ti JI h¢*aJnJoJu3 at arms Lib 3.n .I3”3£ I530: eiJ ironed Lmsts 03 ems aJIU>a~ has vbu a 10 eqose adj vi fiIfihixo in? 91 ‘Ho?d' 3331335 effiJ no“? grieils ensIJth 913 91adJ aencsad J: fimfiauhui as dose nI .Vy -Jc (I e dsdagev has Jiyzi fleet} —- eJowbo¢q has enti'} (E: s 5 ‘51'3 "ave aszfitq 935391 Lg oJ {tsaaeoen .ajbixn gJEIidziisv ooidq nwonfl doifiw 103 Jcflxcm sdJ 30 anoianemjb II: soizq 30 aJuoqzs 2353 afiasm noiJ539333s 10 IsvsI aid: eIdsdouq at 31 fibusa 930 .{Jilidsitsv 91mg 932919 .1193 as ‘xgm J1 :tJLIidslzsv ~[fcbsa in Jneyaxuasam efiJ bvs nuLJv'et'nb 10 833; Wrouq efiJ ddrw 3HII£9b mug? gniJ.rfiJas 101 Isisau Jan 315 ségb b935:91355. . ." (bebuIcmoa 331 r o Uri! to IcveI Iznostn edJ JsJ MJ bent; a sJIunoa A3".391J;;iuaizsv IeveI bns ebIsig d3?! 3d be 381M“aib ed mum esquzs' qom 301:9: HOI.J£; 9"333 ad figm'géiILéQJa smosni I‘mciJgn ‘oeIA 31.35915 15d30 at esotfiq anJ J5 Y I2: aniflosozqrs {ti )iJ 2510 brgr3b qu~vn e.iJ OJ sub b9v1oedo £1.13voI {Idsqsbianno at {JioiJesIs bngmsb IsooI dguodJIs .IaveI aqo: :7 10 13th 733 s 1970 anoligvueado *JiIicb 320 uCEJggefiggs sdT ebiw guiwafia xbea sdJ mi 133 sI navig a: 533% .amsIfi afiq aJnsesqq oeIs ~939v has eJLUIE dzazi 10 Tedflnx s 30 QJiIidsJa aoiqq edJ n: anojjgquv f‘ ... es afismnst oJ tebnzgm9391 ELISWSHSg 3i “0133311- [sievib quO .aeIdsJ s‘rG b9 HaSXEEA Eo 839HI£G_32U sd°m ..3.1 .nsrnir=8 ...'.l 19du1re i”AI ‘"noInbaoT£A eoquozofi 535 * Lfiusrzs? eunanl m: 1H :0 8:8"Lfif' dJ nt .EAQI .3UA ‘09:;23 .;:§;;j973 I:;* :3 19 -rrg V - ' II v ‘ mwgr?ol :fiqov wru) “-nroofl 9fnr’3at v, a. °"'+r”"7‘n ‘.w. T .sJIuHoBEI f' Who‘d“ - -n-'~ I“ v-U'v ‘5..- '- .p r...)- ‘ o’E—l-S 0‘: Q 1.3:; 3(0551. ‘90:) .1:le ‘1’!" 7'1"} .E‘A .q‘...’ F. It" I 05” £3: Lb: ht {If 19; ‘5 m trnzva ..’ - ‘6 (f ('- ’1 (55’. ll. ens means of insuring W thsse price mum.” The choice or statistical tool for usual-in far- price variabi- lityiselee of importance. Carters!!! Desnoutlined six-esslres or annuity applicable to the m o: parish-b1. crepeazo Inch of these consists er implicit ass-latices about the pricing presses and the deduce-usher“ reaetien te instfiflity. hriance as measured by the deviations truths mm lean see-es that Mars view an deviations Ira this average as unpredictable events. This does not “plausible: producers are pubsblywe of longdtemprieetrends eel do not View an denatu- fr- the average as unpredictable.” in», mere reason-lie Iessures of price memo include up variance of observation about a regression line, deviations about a moving average, and deflated data. lament or market stebility using 19The case for diversification is often made on the praise that the lean variance of two prices each with the sale variance is less thm the variance of each separately unless tb prices are perfectly cor- related. See: Johnson, D.G., F m t (Chicago, 111.: University or Chicago Press 191.7, p.50. 20Carter, H.O., Dean, G.h’., "Incue, Price and Yield Variability for Principal California Crops and Cropping Systens", m 30: 175-218, M. 1960. 211:: an attqapt to identify only that price variability thich 1. un- predictable, Carter end Dean rec-ended the variete difference es- timate of variance. This msure sssmes tines series data consist of tee additive components: a syst-atic component with consecutive observations neither sutocorrclatcd not correlated with the automatic component. The Latter is an estimate of unexpected variability and presumably the variance of importance for resource allocation; 23. L130 Another estimate of unpredictable variability is given by the irregular component of the decanposition of time series data. into trenl, cyclical, seasoml and irregular moments. For an mmple or this applied to food prices, see: Gale, H.F., W m g PP M Prise] m m m 0.3. Department of Agriculture, ecellancous Publication No. 81.0, Jan. 1961. $XI ..itq oaarij 3::n25fie gniquani 30 ansem eno ~id5: '25" Si'zq r122"; f...r‘11'!£."?'g;&ml I153: £00.! Inns“; 153:: ‘10 eoiorlo 9.2? '10 csmIam :1 257:5 terriIa‘m') mach} {.25 “1932150 .9535i10q51t '10 08113 31: “5311 {Mia‘s add 03 SI: ('39 £Ir:.;s I5.“ L'Utdsmsv O ‘10 Iiosfi J“ .910“; SILs bins: {‘1 bits 8588011: “5.1.2570 9H JIIOI’LI eIIOIquL-aas JfoIIqrzui '10 333181109 seed: 23d ire-13359:: 85 9:155:15! .“5JLLir.-'su“as.’c 0.! 50130501 ensign-momma!) 911': “5:: III-23w a“:93:xbo~q 35.2.“! assumes £155.21 mtIsJI—ginol 3.2.! 1.1011 maidslveb arid 30:; each 8112": .aJrrws:I.-2'.3‘noiis'1rrrw 8.6 97.516173 31:23 122011 emotisivsb aim-“1:! 9351:; 52:93— 3.10.: ”10 9'15 :5 “fic’gfotq 9'15 B'ISOUDO'Iq :eIdlauqu C593 (5 I>‘.5Id5.foii 91:15.11 85 s: 519%; 351:! mm“: anoffisi‘wb IIB wolv Jon ob b1“... F1“ 991:5 25:57 ”-3 951,15,“ 8301359155: Emit/.1 “:0 23111252351 eidmoaes'x 9105! 51911.71) 5n .'.“I'o:1 5 $1154.53 BHOIJSIMQD .SHII noieee'133'1 8 duods B'IOIJ’SV'ISEdO '10 “5+5. is 92.351 ..'0 .trrsur~:yzz.“25~:.?~'2 .535?) bsjsf'isb hm; ‘egsfisvs h: E! 1. (1 l 5 2 F “1 _a .’J 15 1-91 512.! J..-.I.! set;- 51“.“! arid 50 32:15:21 {25471.0 at noiimjr'i'a “re vib ’10) 95.59 91" 3...! 8:29;. e}. 305529151)“ 9:21:23 9:11 riiiw {2:259 5.93qu ow J '10 9:2'II152-5V 559m - 'rl' r"L.d~'u a n. r 0 #10) 15,15. 1219:; 9'25 .~ 893 i'Iq 9:23 ase.-1:..r 1.;Iu..5...r:sm {2.2.910 925.5115: 91” (32%. 1'55 (“I'- A “101 2““: 3.3“; iI’f,‘-‘Y.’*I’."Z “(1.5 (1:255III'01'2 :998 .b935I91 ~w‘é'h" --‘ -é-t; — a... nhv-n --'V'fl“--" . «r- r A - _vr\ .'-~.-VY r7 5 - n .G(.q ‘,g (a 531: UfliJmHJ 10 VC-L539-J.uw :.II¢ .OBBOIMJ) q , c '7 I 0 rs . n n 2.:25I'II21 12.123! 11.5 9051"“! 920ml" “W“: 55-5251 "GM (19.115503 5i'..--“=I.-“"'E-T we 15255;}. 3115355010 m3 aqo'I-TI sirIr'mfiiJisC' Isqioni'zq .CIQII’EI .334.) ‘EIS-EX‘I ~12” 5.3“. :23 “7‘14 1I*i£‘“5.r“15v 9317-2 Jew“ 15.50 257535152“): 0.! ..‘q... -315 115 {21:3 ~39 65)f19"91Ib 055 2:15,“! 9.11! f‘fi‘.5{'29“.;I‘."CO‘EI‘I {25.17. has “19.13153 5 9Ic153‘35bmq 327.25% 5151") 32-225 *5 awi‘ " c 1"." .5“: 3.5.1511“ ‘10 93511110! «9-20:2:- 03 SI 53.3-13.9 owJ '10 .0 m I Q N on“ . .I.-near 0:2 mm 312911152509 11:1‘22'“:2.;a“ 51‘1Ja“-.fa eriJ ricfiw badsIszruoo “zen bangle-mow Jun '19. ...‘2921 amotJm'isec“ 10 £2.45 .515: IL'EIBJ“. .57 fwa‘ osvxem: 'lo a..~:..-.~..9 {“5 at 192.251 9 IT .31“: Hog-“mo .39 war. '5 W012“. ermIoaI'I “30'“ 9121753350.“; -2: ‘10 0:31”. (“713! air? {IL'W- “52675; $253.! I54 nevi-’3 87: 15.2.12? W52}: :..‘-2I ej. 'r.;!o.':!.:e'I:r.u '10 5.3:; “lax-:9 “15.23521123'59 0 III 5312‘: 8911's a 51:11.! '10 Ixoj“.._Z“-I0c“ro:r:ix 92:1 '10 ICI““~I“'=)I3 “150““.9111 “:21 of.) r w r ‘ . fi' _‘ 9': A 5' '10 0-. , . Law as .3 .59. mm... 'IDLL $577 _LI hrs-5. Ir; “5.; 5;: I; 53:59:: 35,5392. ' I -'l’ rat-c" .-- Ar-I rT " r I . . (‘ . f‘ (\- A It. . A . .. ..‘ ,_‘_ - ._ ., - L .- Ebro 1-- 'v".-.~I.Q a 5.. :1 ’5 0- J: ‘L”"H\‘J. ‘ . ."..1 ‘3nd.., .55’.‘ ‘00,. Jr"""-r I (‘2‘? t 03 1:51.. r‘ qurs eijt v I'. '1 a . .. ‘S'Lf'b'l‘ [Di'n '_l\ 10 31':st “bx-:- (_h .C....' .2”. :(;r».-,4 engwfl. Erl;:i' v; ()1. ”or! faxed nwzfi ...-"-... w. ...” -40.“ a ..--.a-II I‘.‘ ...”..F w‘t A... .I ‘49-)! OILSI' Q‘Ji‘: .(Jh- ling-153201.001 8’10£.(1.$J_54ne } .1 15 first differences is canon; the assumption is that the producer assupes the current pricelevel equal to the previous level. All of these measures luvs limitations; none of then is entirely satisfactory in “swim unexpected price changes, the important variations for the stow of vertical market coordination and resource allocation. In perhaps the two most famous books dealing with agricultural nrbt stability and mphasizing price instability in agriculture rather silpleneasures of variability are nployed.22 It is apparently recognised in both cases that narlnst instability is only an approxima- tion to, the 'prcblu of resource allocation under conditions of risk ltd uncertainty. Among the measures of this problan employed by Johnson are the-average absolute differences in fan prices, disregar- dim signs. and amual average first differences adjusted by mean prices. In this, study a umber of measures of farm price stability The choice of time unite for observing price variability will influence that variability appreciably. In the fresh fruit and vege- table industry prices change hourly and even a daily price is thus an average of considerable variability. For the purposes of this study, however, this very short-run price instability, though significant to the timing of harvests!!! sales by producers, is not of greatest inter- set. The concern We is with prices as mechanisms for coordinating vertical narkot relations in the fresh produce irrluotry and as guides to resource allocation in production and urinating. Few adjust-tents 'can be made in the production sector to very short-run flucuations." -..; 3r :Mi‘: i ”Schultz. 'f-Wu ' luau Ml: _m 22- slam! John-on. 11.6.. mmmm 2- fl.- PI ' r I a v. §..4' . 9 .‘ .' v.4.- ‘ 'r 'e =.- ‘ “V ' .' ‘ 'lfi'fyfii‘i'; 922‘} .. 115 .i‘. “Fig. 1 "-35 9'“: Irv/11"“? 81. 133-1379.}1133'1-[1 0 $ ‘ '- “ r- . ~ I 0' .f.‘ .0 ' " P ‘0‘ - 'L ‘ ' 'i *0 s 1’) _J... ..’.‘.-‘U.1. an .4959} o ..’ ad -12.. pa ...)‘.:).L can; as: who add as: areas :.:. r. 24 ' .... r' " .. -.-.-.'--*-."‘~-3- ' . «f ' ' - - mm:- in... a: -- .13 8f. ..., 1J .. o emu :u, J-~.v.".n..;.ifui L ex 5.. a :‘r.:!.+s¢::11 5229.1: - r I .Av. ' .. -' ’~ .- . 3 s‘ ' I rv .. z” x J I ' .‘ ‘i‘ 9 .‘ID‘ . .s s “10'? a- t "i ‘: ..‘». effiflw’fm. 5'..- in (ct? ,. -..-..'..'3 sort; :9 1365.21.91”th :95 PM- 533': a}: 1 H a¢"'.",<~.;' v v’ ' ‘4’ 4A 0‘» ‘r‘- c '«w; '01] '1 a '7 9,33 9‘ 0-- (;..-_-.‘,. ’ , . 14. L t .a.~'i‘_.4 '1 ’1 5J1- 1,)-01 . .s -I-“ L) O “‘8 .L .. l "‘ .‘u‘ 'i w' : .‘ v x‘ 3‘ rl‘ v'” .' ' "' V," v ‘ ‘ I .f ' ' 1. 43.11:..- r1... ..‘:5 2.. u. ‘..,..J,,.,;..<_~.~,., ammo arr-.41.... 30.: mug? 3&3 aqsn'zeq it; " ‘ ' w w . "‘ . r . I—l .‘ - - m . I... .v ‘ + .‘ r 1 ’ ‘L' 0' war: ’1 ..‘ r1}. fit“: L’cn... $17in ”Lilac-Lt}. a 01m {oihnsie sexism v r C} " 3' "T 5;:A F.‘ " - 113' l'~ é . PI ' e 3"! .“7' Q ' q'e ‘- I use;- u . 4 1.: (1". ""f" ‘3 8 ‘JJ- . ..d ;'.--I “I ‘3 91.2) ‘61... ’42:. .5. «O 48 -.lasxsm 9 (12:. 3 Tu \JS‘I s. r . . _' ’_ ‘ .. 0 ~ I ’- ' ,l '. :- ,I , .... ..‘I _ . _ _j. _ _ ”flfiufifi,qcb vb vino Ci {JrizuSani Jeaflud JLJJ cease dood.nl besinaooeu .' .. '. . 7-".. . .‘-. . . . ‘t , L is: 10 L‘..":’..1.:-r.."{.’.'3 “form! moms: ”1.5;. couzmcsu .o 174-.-1 for; 9..-: 03 mold ‘a'. \I- - .- J-n .. '- \:~,e¢ ..‘ r 1’ ' I: ‘ F! " -r ' s. .- . ‘5..- f «33.1.; 1:5. 2' .1 girl“ m dff‘}.(f.~,.-",tu1 thaw 3.1mm .v..._..3i"9m L’ has n'.‘ 9 p z-[" I- V \ . ’, r' ' 3" a O -ne‘ '.‘ '.q .“ I. R 'f P ‘- --»..-..u;~:..-'..- “KL/1'21 “33-. 51.. tot-.13261iiL chums 9.1319173 9.13: 9'15 toanrlot l' ’2'... _t' '.-- ‘ lr‘ '. “L " as 3;)C.(13‘19.-L.'.b Jan: strewn -...suuts has gar-g4: gaze .zr'.'_..‘. . ... .. Q ". ..’. , '- J’ t.’ V ', V‘ ...J- a mix; 13'143'1 o aounarena to “your?! 5 gimme aim? m. .esor.q P.-~- ar‘-:r. .m:s' .d' (3 :w ‘0 rr ..'O-v". :r- N “ fly 1‘ a I-L.'..". u ....1-‘ '1 i J. . ).-v Us } ..I 1') : s {I . it)? -w) A")? 8‘. -L' .II 9!‘---u -- L . '5 ...-3139‘] bps J‘,;’"t;'£; {haul 9.5:} fl: .‘5‘-:':«'?'55.'s13’.t1i.’6 millionsv 13 '3 e: (Teflfihl J ‘- o ov .‘ :- ' t " “I e:,~ ' " -' I. " r I m: a I; J er. 92L q *J.-.:b 5 :9er has 15-1.5-1 91.2.: .’ Bilif'TJ \ Lenin: sigsa‘ O k e a C: '<‘- (U {‘5 Inc s-‘w 3+ p . lo 3380:;th:1 off-f '10"! .1?$18633.“st o.I-'..’£.‘:sf..f‘=.r:oo lo gauevs 03' {"13 »?:‘3.t-r--.-Cfa ;'f_:!o:IJ ‘<.r.f_ff-".!t~:.'.3:asu" 93.31:; :1; arm-1:; ‘Z‘IE’E’ 33"{3 .nsrrewod -'.'.~:~ 'Io'}. e:'-"~rzhfas:{';:3m a... 891177-31 $157153.” 3': e'zod rr-rennoo 94'? .333 P '~ ”'1'. o s “L V ". I - g,‘ ,v- P .I ' 'o , . 'O ' . a...':.-u-.- 22,. has \‘anng-fff culmri rzo-rt 3'13: m 3f!CJ’-:£f8'{ ’t-uf :cu Lanif'zev .' . .'.' ’ '.-.. .. ~ .. ' _ . -... .2. .. ‘— l" ems-3m tax-”N Mei .gaL.-<...".m it: a 1:«:ahfoufot~.g :.-. (..‘..Jfifioiffi Sfi'tu..a..t 03 , t.‘ . +i~ ' ‘ ' r- ' e- ‘1 a a I‘ ~ "' ' "' ' ‘ ' -" .r.“...r. 31mg? mot—irons: 73:9. 0. 2a? ., I-u mun-~23 9‘3 1;... .5511 9:! rise ..- , _ .- T . " f. .I., ,Y' I. ', . ‘ ‘r ',. ”.8: -f‘(\f‘.(.IJLI' 9.1 . .10”: ‘(v f'}. Qanv rtrnr‘ovr.:,.; ‘.“.T ‘Rdll!'{0'u S ‘ . , a .. . ru“ -s '0'. -"..-‘I' n s 01-“ '¢.. ca “ .3 .rin Ins-h“ e -- a -c~QO.-l oeosk 4: J ' l ' . , '.. ... I. ‘r...._' __ .. 'N “Y ' ..._ ) on!) .r .. f 1 an: '7" r}. ... Lyn “'2’. ..L:.L* .flowfiOL ”In .“ “Hm I“. in“ -O. II.“ “C: N ...}..- ~~ 16 The doic'e' of tine over which it is reasonable to enact these adjust- ments is ’te some extent arbitrary, but in this‘ study ammal price m1.- ticns are 'of principal concern. ' This is a qaalification to "the study, but data limitations preclude time periods'shorter than the month an! ' as ill be flown monthly or seasonal price flucuations for fresh fruits and vegetables have not‘chang'ed sigrdficantly in the post-iwar‘period.‘ 1mm data is used in computing fu‘m price variations in this study for anothu‘ reason. 3 It is‘ the interaction of the marketing sec- tor an! the production sector and the inplications for price stability in which we are idieres‘ted. Structural'changes in the marketing sector occur .... m .m- £15.; The choice of .mm at. 1. '. comma. between long-run date meded for v'ieeim structural'chdmes in the ur- Rust sector and the shorter run proum‘o‘r price variability such as the'effectiveness of mum market coordination. “So-6 studies of the correlates of fan price stability are instruc- tive for this studyyhich has as one of its purposes the separation of that portion ..'...‘pac'. instability for fresh fruits and vegetables (he to apply characteristics - yield, weather, disease, and the like -- all! that portion due to variations in final demand or the intermediate dual!!! of the marketing sector. In 1945 it was estimated three-fourths of usual variation in the harvested acreage of potatoes was associated Iith prices lagged one and two years.23 Hunford estimated 60 percent of the uriation in production of onions over the 19214.1 period was ' due to chanes in onion acreage, to percent was due to yield variations; awn, 3.3., mm. 3.3.. "m my. mass m Lt, Potatggl, 1:232:51: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 19“. . , . p e 0 p l, __ t. , -I'TI E's semi: 3:922:3- OJ slams-2.9291 31: J; rf:2.;.:;: '19-.0 8H..- '10 83:0 19 s..- ~si'tsv sci'Iq -[si-t'frrs 73:332. aid n1: 3:}! gg'zsugi'irfts .hzso‘xs 922398 00‘ a}: 931:9:11 . . par: 331.293 921:} 0.1 r1..E.T.so:i';..f..z;.p .5 8L sail- .17 :vor ;.2 Is.:;..’.-‘orjr. 3:2 913 soot: . , . . . n:: his fission: eds? (193.! '19 'ro:.'ac:‘20.c'19q n :3 9125292.; 811113531 111:.E sisb dud . , ts: 33.211191 :{ss'x't '10'1 anomgnsyil 933:5; 1.3108593 :0 WA non". mode ed Iliw as - .boiorsq '.‘Z.:’.‘"-"'J?.’.‘v({ 9 .3 mi“ {Ed‘risx-i'i'rirgfa Lorirzszfo Jon 9‘73?! sol-Asti‘sgsv has P“ a} '33 It}; 5310.22.35}: gsv sojrxzq any}: (r3391. .00 rd: Loan 33: ads}: Isiah}. 1‘66 -ooa ‘fu‘;'.'r..‘s‘i'1.5£rt odd to rollos'rsdni 913 a}: 31.110859"; 'Lsii0t.s 'Iol Unis -.-.‘L‘tsia soi'sq no": em i2-.:lf2 992i 11.93ng 2V1..3r:_-'1921,V1,LJ2V1999VI 9:221 2" .9'123‘1i9w Vxeoub .3115 boo": 10'}. a'zanaa 1.91:3: 22.13.21: has rroiJ-dLVto'Iq 91k? '10 noirros'stni 912123 «279321 '10 "212“ "12 5 {Li 22;. ..'-[£25,323 9:1 'Li'IU 17:15:03 noiJ..; 92-12:]: 3173: bodn-Ich —.'r.VI22‘m';:) V1219. .2'..31':.:1'r:930q 9232.? 8:22-13 'IOJDSB 11r1-':-i933V2'.2V..V.V 9:3 222 ns'r...1.) o2? gnimoooA 110-5392;?ch ‘10 due-1252f.- Vine-9:19 951$ :f 11:23an 3933.213 car-22': 9.1214533 9220.12! of 12:218-1‘ud " ' . ‘1 ' ‘ 2‘. FF| . fin “‘01? {1.2-1 OJ 110.722.8179?! rd: 91.12111222th A '1 1 n ‘32:: 23:25:12.1 92'1”" ...-(7.2%" . “..'—2"“ 422-2129.? 12-2121'213 V222 I‘~-~1~- "221' ~~1"~.-~ MI '1 ‘ ‘° ‘1—‘4‘.——J—‘.-- ;';-'-'.;-I..J-e. ~‘ ;_-"-WZL._.’1 ‘ 4‘ -‘ V‘JJH- 4-.L be)“ 33‘}: .' O ”1'91 'Lu.‘;_£ ' f 3 ‘ R ‘l f “2‘ ‘ . c ..‘L \ Q IJJD -~3‘I.3 5IAL'J ‘1‘). A HI . K n 53:. eJ-‘Zbk eq 0; V ’ n {_L. be. . ," . ° -. a4. “a .4 n n 2 2 - ., ‘ ‘5’35" has 331571,! Nude-1.11231 mi fi-Q'ZSL‘QBT 'ICIL 3119:2221 3:29:21'." “Vii ((91-3193 «RM ‘63!" 2‘s‘023:’-'--C 248‘" 3-2222'2‘2 '32:. .r.—1:22:22. ."asId 2: .‘I h-—- 0"! N D “we“ . In-” w...» mt a I E“! 19 Wang, tho «11.1mm of mic-11 an wanna-.1 norms, a! tb motion 0: W p100 minim resulting fro- local— mplum-m.mau.3° 2 rum-o1: u mm mm 121- urinating and production m: to food ...-tho p-umtytm. mm tone or ormiution d mum's: 11b urinating m mint: tho pom-tom or fun nut- lI-‘ut Mum-00111110 .piriul mum. In gunman“ due to thc macaw 1n mum th- mam thmwfi turf-thy M nut mm. W- tuu ad in put, for uncut.“ ml pun “11m, 120 tin-diffi- culty arm .fit tb'fn'2r100..1l,m it 13' no nab)..- W, ~"Wiml’l' tut :tt-yhd.-plnnd'1mutigpthn at tho W and this unit: co. Mb... Thu studio- qr b0 41m 1‘. “Indium-fl]: Mitotic“ of .nrlut ntrwburo dun-Mom calm print-- 2n we ottho first type at that ism-h: maul!» 11km. tic manual arms... «do: to... onto]. (an of MO; math: “'1 .WI um 11th ha but: «(focus in - m th‘t an: prion Wit: 010.11.10th din who: our an 1925-6511-1113? Anthea-p12- at an m .r.-m We Ifl haph- Ihbilitytb Mfithpfiw W191- for fluid: huh dtm cold by talented and non-fodontod all.” crani- Sit-1m: m dmticanb 9139133110 “"1 Mod between tho prion ' ”can, LL, ”Mine Costs, Fm Prison and th Far-C's Shh", m m W Joint Conan-10ml Me O.- dtho, 1957, pp. .251. 311-1.». m” mutating cram, Catch, and 611:; Pack»: A Ian-rh- W ”M m mm... 61117-112. 1966- QI Ladniqpm.¢9voxofirue n: [as ismoiisn 39 noixsviJLuo 9d: Laotdssiisiosqa £999£ Rout gxifiyaet aLoL ngsv 90i:"q Ig~ciL3 30 noIJoubet ad: has ('1? t. . c “‘.ad£v£390 has zeaJLQKUa noiiapioqq has gnijaflq~w 9:{J L99 39d noiisstaJnL n9 :0 OBIEBTI 9dT r1013; 2‘11““)"o '10 e 1.90: 3:19';9Iiib (EL-7U {IIV'Cwneoq 913- Ecol 19'! a 03393 m'mI 10 9:): 1531;?) ' 5.1 9le "193- [3 1.91:1 nséa'ga 391391-9191: 9.173 at ‘IObJBfLBd his ml .391 as 9399 IsOiTifTB 919 3.:399qqs bSJSTSSSR Jon 99d - adefitsm (- 8/019"m efij finisiisrogigmeqo at {Jiuoiiiib sdJ 03 ewb ed am aidj ddsq ~5399391q91 vw‘°'fiwL bras execuLOHq'xd “L191 Jug anoidsiez LexieedJqui ~113ib 9d: 03 ‘xfiilidsta SOITq magi 10 9399 9d: 101 .tzsq at has nevi: H9 .9Idsifisv oa ai Ji nafiw 9i eoitq mtg? add Jgdw 3ni\-i99qg o EJIUD noiJsgijcame loci Lans bquhw J5 svsd atongiiasvni emoe ‘easlsdiflevefl 99:9933 939d; .919A LSWSLVST 9’9 aJLuasm TiedJ has .noiJcstani 9d: 10 (+- 91n399139 91999 10 399139 add ddiw gntiseh saodJ 0351 b9bivib 9d me .aasiwq must no Janine: Jefltsm has 04w [Icahn-:1. gr! b9b;.o~:~ a]: ‘35:.933 '10 99;}? 3911?: 9113 '10 qutzsrcs [EA oinonons to mtg} Ietiso 3 OJ 19LL gnlieitsm 131931991195 9dJ anaflll n: 9v W9 £39 need 99d aoiissimsgwo aid: aJaeggua has noitsxtnggxo 1970 asdsaoq antic simqoliisfl 30 yfiili 9+ent eoiqq mus} 9d: mf99b91 smuJouqda Jeflwsn 10 v' n+3 9JJ 30 eiqmsxs 19dJonA I€.boiteq EE—ESQI add 101 aisiJnauel lib SGLTq ddjnx bentsoaoo at xJiilisi a eoltq must has —;g; :19 89 59 f9J9*95 9'zunon .995 b935'L9r9?_ vd broa BUTJLO d9 '1 sbtuolq 930;; Iq 9&3 csewisd b9110191 99w 93n9"9 Lib 3%ME31flVIB on :anonss ‘ dc :_ _ 3 ' «7‘? :“I. I ‘ ~ are” .- 4":‘ “'- v a ‘ ‘ "r ‘1 'r ‘v - , c’vfifiué 8'19'9 u 9LJ 1-3 a9oLLu mTpl .aieud 9n£39J.c;’ ..u.a .99150‘\ " . f a ' - . h I'; -' ‘MI y... .' .'\.r .y- §r. A A -wou ornonoali £990; eastbnoJ JHLOL ‘91,‘;rt? -A )9 , a. 9.? vnfiisq ova-v..- l."~0*‘b 1-. ----Ow*o~~.- .Oflfl -J- .. ...:J"'.L':CA .qq ..‘;2ii ‘65}ij A :aodn: 9'1 9LL£3 has .elsi~~$ . 19L10‘995L9115V" ..A. T .noafszLE o-flxj'i'I cafi‘x-‘..1..5 {29b UN) 9‘“ U ..’f-‘V: 2"-';-t :1; id'- ‘M‘ "-7 "‘1‘"? mffi*2ffC\1 O." “- fivv'v obtained under than nun-min ten. or mm «min-.32 Aurthu- M ,of the math. prices or from Ten- citm fruits Wbygmwmmtimdwimm inflated tint. while tho maxim uodvod 1mm.- Ihipm palm. ”utmtbmm,thlino£tbmpdlbwm train for coon-gum 1.. and: flat m- mound omits prion fr. Win through tbu ho awn. ton. of In“ «#:3th 013““,de offset of“ ”Winonflnprice stability nub. mm. dim}: it lacks .piricd dutc- Studying the WW lottm inhltry «n- th 19% pend. Jon-a con- dwtbnpidupnndanottbmmtwmmpor dbhmbymofncbwinmmnfiudtb umfism-Mth- tmmmumm flimsy" Th”. MI 1: new oraniution, tram-rm the rink of mint price fluctuations has th. nun-out all producers to tho hrs. uni 3-1141de hippos by nuns or Hunt-d mug-outs, named in naming the out; of mm risk for bath producm an shippers (Lib dthough tho uncu'bgixrty of prices pruned. Tho result. of this curb and nth-r. M m not man-in but want that the ormiation of the naming sector, its onturprioe cmbimtim, 32mm. F0309 mug—mama . gramma- m m WU ohm-but of Agricultm. Marketing 3.0.301! W“. h. 3‘5, “.1959, P0 ‘01. 33pm, J.c., at. 3.1., C_:_l_____trus 22.1.9.2 L M m 55; L2 m__ Rio M m_ of m U.S. Department of Agriculture, Econulic Research Service, Marketing Research Report No.‘ 7%, April 1966. 34am”, w.o., "A Case Study of Risk Distribution", 9.0%.]; g; Em W 33:235-hl, May 1951. 02 C‘ . . r c. - .:. .- F '- .. ._ '. - .' “E.90L6983n3310 Jentgm 30 amAnL evxusqzcuLs eaqu Asbnu LsanJuo a 3,:1f3:33‘"I~1108:3T “.r.. Q31. 3 O 8 3 3 {CH "“1 L 3-1)” 3.15 {.100 8:13 30 Est £33 19d J'-4¢A aAaqufla 2§9$9LAqozq b~5 geerg :eqooo 991$ 9m! L~1L9L90—LGVLA3 vd beibusd 5— duioq nqficciAa TSLOE bevisoaA 83""}“TJ”COO 9A3 SILAw 35A: hsésoibni (. -1 “[AUOuAMm oarbq gr:LQWLAa 91$ to asia 9d: ‘astit edéo 9A9 r1*"+ asaiAq ' t aldgAsqxoo b9vi999 91 aAsoybOAq drAj dove 85w 83VIQ£1DQOOO 101 nigzsm ' dsflzsm 10 8N101 svlentofiis owé 93€fi3‘ch01d3 gnLJev~sm mow} ascLAq (V) E.aci$~singxo sciqq mAsi no noiinscrrsng oszJILm 10 derLe 9A3 30 xbnfa 19530 990 gnighuéfl .535b Isoitéqns aflosi 3L Aguofidis ‘b9noita9m.9d n59 {Jilidzéa ~aoa aanob boiAeq 93-3301 9A: Aevo {AfieLLuL 9933391 sifiAoif 30 A3 -3oq 83w 9*sex sac AJ gm Aub VAJaIan ezii IO not3222q):9 biqu 9A3 babuio A3 to noidsy LuL.Ao ea: q19~f133 n1 9!., .- 3" ’ I-‘L :'~ “’0'" 4- 8! A14? ”‘48:“? ‘QILJUJJJ‘JA. 1...,4’!» Al) \Jo‘e);V-":.'f‘- ”Kl .Kugk; {55, C ‘3 .' I." ‘ -. ' 3') r69 .m - . . -. 0..-. ...-\"L 0-“ t 6’“! 11-. ..W o a” 8“" c _. “ (h‘. f. A . f '4‘ "J I 'I .u‘r—g .Ii tIQr \Jg ‘z‘J’J‘A ‘\ '15; .(‘YA ‘5 ‘O‘ITO'L ray"r.~:"39 as V fin + H} fiflft'llfifrrv ; tfidufi ’1 :* Elf. “*h ..‘-C gsrrww' 4'"‘ rtx "" (R T (It‘s. '3' _ -- “a 9 . ' .-_ . . . ... ' ' ' «' xxl Luz-L 1:1,..- _hl:’ 1-3-9...“ 0.. ‘0' .<--' 0“"... u ‘5; ......v. \wo.“o.dll at. .-. 2.. .... Q . '3 .‘J 9 ‘ ". .\J ‘ 5&0" ‘ ',.- I: I‘ , vvo a" " , . r . ‘ '9...a r. r‘ . ..’ Q$TH$LLO£Zg~h io dn9mJ*cqafi 0L.U .LA'H ~A '<_.§: 999 A» org A9w91 fl 1 _- - - fl; .-. I“ o 4..“ - . arm I». "a .5 o=--o-#I“ib ' I .OH JAoqen d0T5989 1(9%;Lm ‘9oiequ nGLL—39A oLAQAUOJ .AJAI 9" a fi"' " v 0 ‘ ...“ .' ”f c f I c .91: v! ' ...-r. 7' VA . c th’i In (_ 2.2. $agflni‘5LrC{i'I‘JdL ‘. «'13 Hg ..0 gamut“ 38.8 1‘ At: (0 00.3“! ‘zimoLAK ..’ ‘1'!- -v ‘9 N '- :’""_‘ ' f7 .iLEL 53A IA-d8 Ct ‘59”.Lgnbm 21 Mien]. (as, m verifly'ef fir-”Is: sffect'fsn price levels sud “any. ' studio. e! m mum of conduct in the food urinating sector es fsrs prieee ere rune-m ems-tbs- those «sling with whet ”Winn. here Ire s tuber of siterutive attribution chenels- sd dchsngesrrsngaseuts ebtsimngbetueesthe fresh fruit sndvege- “no. shipping point what. end retsil sud anon-.1. buyers, sud thee he” received considerable sttertien.” For unple Rules reper- ted mum-my signifieslt differences in shipphg point prices fa- Flerids citruspreduetsuhentheprodeee us soldte retsilers assent trusted with uheleeslere end threugh s broker es castrated sith direct. m- shipper te bum-.36 And, s «my of fruh taste ssles fru the' Ii. m Valley 0! Teams meet-0C so shtiflm significm dif- ferences between prices peid to strippers by chsinstore retail organize.- tions end ms-ehsin ergssisstions.37 35mm such studies ore of the interaction of the msrketing sector on the mesh produce shipping point price. This is one market ranoved fran the producer of the products. But because the shipping point urgin is relstively couetsrrt, theee prices may be taken as the farm price less s constsut urinating charge. Figure 1 in chapter 3 pro- ,- rides en mtline of the slternstive marketing chsnnels for fresh fruits std vegetsbles. - 36mm 123., 93. £15.”. 3;, 36. 37PM, J.C. Parrish R.O.P. T ‘ trig. ket St ture em rm (3'er {alley}; ' 1‘me S.Dep.§'tment offing, nanic Research Service, Marketing Research Report No. 588, Feb. 1963, p. 13. This My is s good example of the difficulty of melting t1: effect of sltermtive ssrketing errsnguemss on far: prices of fresh fruits arr! vegetables. The finding, lacking statistical signi- ficsnce, me that chsinstores psid somewhat higher prices for fresh We then ether kinds of bwers, but the nrisnce use large for both types .of mate. Price variability obscured the effects of the- differeut but-s. A detailed description of the difficulty of Istohing ssles fer the two kinds of buyers by sin, grsde, centsimr, minty, sni dste of sale is also an instructive festure of the study. The sons problus m illustrated in the 1960-61 study of prices psid by kinds of buyers for Tens fresh citrus products: Podsxv, J.C., 9t. d1: 92- 5.0 *3 p . ~‘ or ‘ ~ , - 9 ... 'I‘ v' I ' ‘7' .V- I - qt 9’ _u ' 8J.9V<:L[ 90:79:: my”: Jozef»: V3131? ‘3. 33.431 3.0 \..:UI.-..' ..<;5 vust-"t Imoificnut .'."J r £1.32: 5 1‘3 . o _z ‘7 .—- {:1 ‘ f ‘9' A- .- , l . .'. 0-,). a- I '. - .“ z . - I!) 10ng 21;.”xif’3L' .12.; 1100,. out I“. ut,.-:r£;.m0 _to 9.31:3.» :m. 9.13 ‘10 ..-..3-Y....rJL. _._ v _ .. _.y: ' ”c ’ .r‘ t ' .~'-.‘ ..‘",3 ,, .3 _f.L_ '_. 0: .2 ‘2‘ 5.71.313. ' 1a.; v] ‘. 1;- .,£,~'.::l.’.. ‘33": 7.311 3 ! Lu 2 V {13.94 an.) S'IUE'. ‘IOf‘M‘IyI 9'18 833.5. It: 3!. ‘ no u - p. . o -1 O p -.- ’ . 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I :13811 D 6 n ‘ u ." an 'H' - f -.. ’. . . , 3.. ‘ It, -3 , I, - , f-L . , _, ’ {r ‘3‘ ‘ 1m: EW‘J 1‘. 79dmv t ‘ . .4 _ .r:_.‘ $1.;f 6‘; ‘__(._ (3.! J- 1‘, \.’)LJ 3;! eff-(433:? ‘ ¢ {“35 ,-.-~ ..-,\ ‘- J. .3 ‘ l r.~ 73". up! -'» J u .' . ' . ..Jf ‘5 p . ' . L~ r - u '{ _. 4. '1“.-. :5 4.3;. ...»,x. ear -.- m"! k; .- 33-: flaw-fin :0 sun-...; 23.4.0 I? ' 223‘..st 9 J_ v_," 4 f I I a— » y o c 4 _. "l T " " ' " ‘, + f "‘ cod . '." ‘ . - ‘ a ‘ ' - ,a-u - 0", b '"l’ +d d 03“, 1‘ d“ J5 4‘ ~ b) ‘(J' V live-.94.: -.l:- 0 ”h." ~J.-..\ - 5. («'5‘1.’ 8".er § CC'L.4“.' ' -’3 3:” To . n - I. r. o 3 '. . . . - . . T -- - ‘ "" . 1 ‘ . ’ C‘ ‘ T a ? .,‘.' I". ..3. ' ‘ ' r " ' H I 0 ~! 5 o \ r ' J '1. - .L‘Iv L I «“0 div» ..LO £7va ‘4». 11x39} £37...-S'ICJJ IL .5 ".3 ('3', x” r ’ ..' ‘r3'1 ....LD ,. ' t" - ., .' ' f.,-.. .-L '4 . .-. - "I hate; - :09 ‘ensm 6.;er NJ 2:19 3m: 10 aim-J on m K. "Lu: 3:3..[53 man's 5:: V 9: " . 3 h"! ' “" . .- .’ $ “ 'I r “ ¢ r r a . c' Q ‘ 4‘ ‘ -.‘ r ,1; 1,, 33 1,. J’ 10 amuse... 9-JL~.'L!," » '?: .I. {I}; or a“. ‘9‘? ‘ 20 3:1,.) I551“ U48}? 5 n3”)? 2 Ln. M.” M" L} -.‘ ‘3 - v‘-' u ‘ ‘ L . 1‘.‘ ~ ...4 '- J '7 :."....' Q- 1- fs“ 0-,, r \ A, , .. . 9' ..'. .. 3.. ‘ J. . Jlr ' -. 5‘ "0 :v' "' L' \J .11 ..'--1 'L“: e. . r‘-~ I ' ‘ ' I - z b a I a J ’9 f‘ t "." " 'J II- C’ "‘ ‘9’ ’4‘1!‘ O'l'f fl'"' 4 ;""‘ ”ac-'3'.“ '3 "’ .. c" h ..- 1 " s 9 I ou‘ ‘ovos’ ‘ 41va . navy—.4 -..; u-J A\J.-_-J ““3244. cu.»9t 1.0.1 BL-J {.I-IJ 1C) 3; ‘i ' ' ..' 3.1-1.): f‘. b 4 “ ‘ l f n ‘ I" —':'~-—.. u; t b-Lg 22 Tm.” the dtcntiu no.1... is“. for 15b him of (red: fruit: tn! W1“. Thu. are 1:13 F.o.b. :11, for flich the pro- chat an! tith are gimto tb bwur at tho cupping point. Ila-ht, tho M1“ Ida war-mm:- rdhimtitlc to th. product until it whit th- bw'cr'l minus, all! tb cm In]... 'A entri- m of prion undu- thuo alt-mauve ‘1” tall 1- mt difficult. Peron-tun, m-wmumutuuoormmmu final-atom“; it isn‘tmdmivo 13M“ Mail-u dim. For Mil-r, win-mt proud: «3.13.10. are I'ld and-r tbs dtmtim. In and» of collar prof-mne- tho but. may “.1: is Iold a F.0ob. tuna. th mt bed: 101:: m 0111 mm, :34th inabippedtotho ends-0mm» memt 11w: hold, but 1. annual]: trap and uh: Wu or-priooo under tb dumtim difficult. Fmomfldyitmmiuhdtbmrofms. lo. 181:9A potntoumkfimflwMIneoivodfiJVWSOMbaginm Iork in 1956 in «ma. r.o.b. shim point. $1.94 inn was In!» can“ tons, :ndfldévhntho «spam mdgnedtoa, mum‘s-.3? 1m, not Inch mu» m. m an com-tout mtmna diam. in producer prion undu- tho 15hr“ amin, cub-u. We.” ‘rluno'm'nggootiou that uothlr dtmtivo, ”Foamy J.C. 0012: or M r1 Pot toe v.3. Department or Agricll 't ' Beonuie Research Service, ting Rum-ch Raport No. 233. A112. 1958’ p. 10. 39h- mlo, no: Poduv, J.c., Parrish, R.0.P., 39. cit. p. 16-17; roam, J.C., at. 31., 22. 313., p. 25; Brunk, 11.11. Ln‘ifiomc m g; m but. Florida Agricultural inpatient Ststion Mletin .0 “5: W0 19 a P0 1253 Shown», R.K., m 2.1m 2131 M$ Co Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 38, MO 1961, pp. 16, 18, 23, a. rT-C'I'I. '10 19:17:16: ‘17.? '10? 2111193 1295.5" 15*'_':.f.7.22-~;->.f.215 95-11% am 91991? ~0’1q 5:!3 :5:a..".-fi-1 "1’31 .31.: .'1'.;)."i. 3.4...) 9'13 $39-11“ 39.03.:(923'1 1:35 833311 3.7.? Jewry: 371.163; f"-‘.3q-.‘:.i.‘i8 .‘.-'3 .‘.-:5 ”£015.16 9:1: 03 nan-.33 9:5 97ft? his 31-be ..[Fxfrur 531131-0111; 9.33 03‘ ¢'+ 37-45%":3'1 '15.:f;:."~'8 9h} ‘\;:(.?'c°ws'i'-: dis“. I)?! vvifis 1'::1;.p'.-.-:~9 .1 .9553 3.172.221.135103 arid? 111:3 pansfg-Im a'tszrgd 0:131 83:139.?! 3' r 0 d ._ (“ ~ . ’“ V O .' _ r -' (‘1 ‘ 0 “1%?“ '5 J5 maxi-153 a 8:12'1; I’ as: .38 91.1.Ci’,.3'1'.3.-.--5 9:23:10. '19....111 8622:?! '30 110-8 .U-.aJ\—'—-J— ._ 1 - 4. . 1. ,, 1 , a . - . r . "4 ._ 0.1 1.:71IC1.-a r11 ovzusyrzecig {1 Jon 3. . J: :2: 19.112.31.011. 0:? 391-.,s:fe,~.ev baa Y (' crv—s fi:;'—..‘c-r.vrv If? a "’ ‘30.? "‘ :Ir‘ N — .JA .1) $I.c"j .L‘i )8 \) A...) 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Q. . on" -..o-' u.— .‘.. o‘.‘ r'-(\ -. r- \ v ‘ I . ‘ r u ‘ ‘3 1' I f‘ ‘ .- up. ‘ ..-A ..‘ ...L (\..:- . iq a..- ”ii . ‘i 011 .u\"j 23 the eating whet, return prioeo higher then theee atom-19th”, but only the W «glitzy produce 1: sold in theee markets. One otuch inflected that whet oonoiItenoy an effect the returns rru theee cit-“tin eelling emoluments; a. wide price difference no reported between thooe ohippu'o gelling oonoieterrtly lot-go mime at the eno- tion mute out thoee using the motions for only cocooeioml onlooJ'D: The loot recent testing of. the interaction of urinating end produc- tienoffreehtrttiteoflvexetobleemundortahninfléflc A stubot the ”hot behainr end prioee paid by three lorge rot-oi]. orgoniutiono in the Cellini-uh lettuce flipping point what mooted, with one qnlifiootione, thot the orgurlutiono poid either the orange or higher prioeo then nam- cupotitoro, that there no independence of the three ongopoliste' btwing behovior, all there no no evidence to support the hé'ypcth'cm tint the bwere could meet mkct prices to tl'nir cam by lithdntdng from the what at strategic tines.“- The theoretiool Ironwork, date, end stotittical limitotiono of the M lob it lore intereoting u o pionoor ottunpt to dumb the inter- oction of market patio: then u conclusive evidence for its finiinge. FinIJJy, o etudy of the relation-hip: between price and quorrtity ruiotiom in o verticol dietrihution chomol ..‘. recently reported by Prutcn and Collins.” Morhet efficiency criterih tore etudied for o eiluhted Iodel of o three-level distribution channel with W or the Wendi“ of the free}! fruit and Nge‘blblO marketing eector. . F mm,’ FeEe, no C140) ’:‘ 37o” ."'| “mung, U” Dolmch, D.B., "Do Lettuce 3W. kert Oligopeow M?” W m m act. 1965. pp- 101-107- “Photon, Lg; 00mm, 11.51., ”rho mm. of W Efficiency“, Journol 3g Iota 3.ch 3:15h-62, May 1966. r4, +3 333' ‘ns‘rjxi'gnq-J‘v‘is 93.35% 1.33;"... '19.fr-.,.-’:.".'. as l'Iq 8123.391 “9:110.“ moi-331:5 add L) 155.3352: 95:0 3-:9:[°;.r,m939r13 mi: fine. 8}; 9933019 {3.17.me 339i3. 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L: :0 11.36er 9313.1: era-3‘13 ‘ ad £3.er 9991 Iq bus 'Ioivmfs» d Jain-mt 6d: :5:oa risLd ‘t-sgfsojzml 39:1": :1 intoq gaiqqizia ewfiei 519193.553 9.13 111 'to 9: vs 9.4.3 quilts bisq anofd'm 'rnr'v'zo 5:1: 39.. 5'3 3301350331pr (“:0 93.73.f..<::jofu.i a.r.;w 913:” 32.1: ‘a'roa‘ijorlrno 10113.12 1'.st eeoi'zq 16:13:31 03‘ 99;:9f'h'9 01: 853' 97.933 has torvsrie 0d 3;: .7.":;.r d '332fi03r03110 99:95: 9d: '"\ “1.0 biuoo 1.9339 9d T J-.-{I 3.199.430?ng add d'xoqqm fine-92:35.3 Oi;-._.9CT.;'133 Jr. 39:47.12: 9313 {1:05:71 5 min-:51 3:? 3.31»! V’s! 9:- simwhs 11.313 :H “:0 annual; 1.": I 0:3 aifsc’z £33 .5323?) gftcrzrsfiyfi Iafiimtoedi 9.1T #:9351511: 3:53 "rhyme 03‘ 33.329335 19990.11; 5 as 11.533379231: 910.13}; 9731*. 1:51:33 .8}. {MAJ-:1: 3:55: 101 acnefibre 91:39::l33109 as “1:.sz eelJ'mq 3939191 '10 1:01:03 33131231.}. 14:73 aoi'Iq noeus‘so' aql’flanojc'gjs'z sn'i 30 3! .1 a 5 (flsfii'i I 1:! ..’“Iu'wx \L ..929'1 asw Is." maria nor)"; 2':- fa: .[..3 329/ s n?' moi £32218? 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J3..£'.....-T .0 9.9231393 921.:- 2-4-va 1:51. 03 ...-.'Lul .1103? 9'11 A .3631 33": ‘S(:w—v'.;i_£;{: (Ian's-'53 >51 r_r:-§'.+3:-.".PZE ".0 19.1"...rrcL 2A ism-puma at the model included, among others, that mpplier-growers did not know final denund and had no direct contact with retailers, the function of the intemediary-wholesalers was to match profitable “miner-offer and retailer-bid combinations, and a lack of forward contracts and preference among traders. The result of the simulated Iodel us that the supplier-grower's price variability was significantly related to retail prices and quantities sold but not to wholesale quan- tities. Further, retail price variability was related to retail sales but not to wholesale quantities. The similarity of these results with the conclusions of this study is develOped in chapter 5. W 9; the Styx. Chapter 2 provides evidence that form price instability is a problan in the fresh fruit and vegetable industry. This consists of a discussion or the general framework used in examining the interaction or the industry production and marketing sectors, «litative evidence of the magnitude of price variations in the indus- try, and an examination of the sources ani manifestations of ram price instability in the industry. Chapter 3 is a description of the econanic organisation of the fresh fruit and vegetable marketing sector and an interpretation of its institutioml structure in tens of adjustments to market risk and channel coordination. Chapter I. examine the two petal an! spatial aspects of tam price instability in the fresh fruit and vegetable Met”. The analysis of CW]- conflict and coordina- tion and their relation to the stability of tam prices is the mbject of chapter 5. Chapter 6 consists of sane tests of the interaction wpotheses developed earlier and a general examimtion of the contribu-.. tion or the misting sector to farm price stability. 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Unstable farm prices have . all-ye contributed to the risk associated with producing these crops an! the resource misallocation resulting tron capital rationing and the failure of production to adjust to market requiranents at acceptable prices. Over the years only the, sources of this instability appear to lave changed. In general prior to WW II this instability was associated with uncertainties in the production process such as weather and dis- ease. In the post-war period, while interest am not decline in the production process as the source or farm market instability, there was an aphasis on the importance of fluctuations in danand and the non- farn seem for price stability on the ram. Firch has recently pre- sented evidence that in the post-war period there has been a breaking down or the earlier relation between general business activity and the variance or far. ineane an! tInt variations in farm output during this period have not been important sources or the variance of farm issue.” a. stinevheathe'eenveltiesal we... of tun-rm instabil- ity' are being questioned, it' is significant that the National Omission on Pocdnarhetirg should propose in its conclusions a new source of m W‘mabmty -'-'-'the marketing sector. 'A'hey statusth in ' Burch, 11.3., ”Stability of Farm Incme in a Stabilizing homo”. Jam-3; 9_f_ Farm 22% 1.6:323-10, m 1961.. One of the motive.- ions for this study was that the market variability of fresh mite alli vegetables did not decline appreciably at a time when the market stability!» all farm products increased during the postwar period, according to Firch's findings. , p _ 26 ‘ .. ' 1 H 1 r ‘ ->e AV ’ .,. . z ‘ ...-r... .- {_r '."' 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I, A , C ,‘ yr 4 ; ,3: ‘ -. r,.. . 3 - ..— 9. {J {1'13 ‘7) - _ . .. .1 .-',;J dd J! .1511“: I” ttffii‘fl 'I Knikjd i 1.33.2.9“! 1.) 1 LC 51*;1 3° [..' «Vb "0'“ "' I‘ " " C ' fir. .- ~- no: at} ‘1 re . \ .."W \Y H“ ‘~ " ’- ..‘; ‘-’ 4., n‘; J- -l ‘ (A) O o 9 JIJ-bA. *b, p! ~e ‘H e- \ “b- PC _I r-‘q \ t \ l)“ O \ _j: i H" .1 I C h‘ ‘\ 2.... 7"} .4 5'4 <‘ .1. n~o-'a-., r“ es. e-‘r‘ .\ r v , ' - ~, . '4'.:-.' e ...-11" ‘ ..‘ , ' n- "' .:,'_.'.~- 7.5.7.. .12.?) I .0 $23153 {1114" 9L1 ‘ '10 87‘31/ 1".“53 unfit-‘XCA; ..I- 1.354;! 30!"! 9*.‘L‘I bOI'Ié- r.‘ . . ..'. 4.. J ‘t. , «I P“ 0’... f_ -<_’ val» «a . " ~_,. A o ..’-fl .- f . ,. “_...!. ugrwf.‘ L f. '1' J..“. IL. I .- “LJJ : to 37.1.39: ..'» ".’Wy— r' ..[H- fil- 3f“? f '13.) :3: '.U [3"). .’.‘r 55‘...sz 5 3A _ ‘.._ .'. ,- I". .. a. "‘o :. -. .'., '_ '. ,_ . . ..,- ,. .-.. _. JE’: :. 41-x}. Lalo» .2..- 3s- . I 31:33 h. miss 64. 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V‘ ".s r + v .\ - "-‘ ' y a 3 ' L r '-P .— L L“ - a.‘ , L . ['4 ~-‘ J~ L LO ‘1‘?» ..’...1. -‘J./.L “31"". \j : . a I E"; U \).' ~ , J I- ,III \I' I? IVC: $.15- e" '10 J- BEXO LU . ' . . _e o ' . . I v t...- ..w ‘r - ~-~ ' 4.. .. ...v , ." . r .. v . 3-,... 9...: 11:. ”3! 9: J..) .5 a)" "E q. . ~'-;; ‘3" -' .'v'if‘) j’fi!’ IJL’; gw‘ ’ "far inf f‘a'f‘ ~ I, _ . x ,. ,.~ - . . ‘-"- . H 5'5- ' tePa’Ix' ‘\" ,fifw-f" r (‘ -.' ,_r. I" ‘ .' I k 1- ’ -r. r ‘ , e ‘ f . I ‘- _ 1' \e 9' ‘0‘ I" . . .._t‘o $ t ’ “L '1’" ..0; an“ . r1. J ..L-‘L 1. - “1—; "M L. m: 14.43:... .e e ' 'f ..‘ Pe' ‘ 07‘ f ..‘ . .'u."“-‘ 5...... r: l. -..r C) ,‘4‘_',‘1’:‘OU’.5 Ac 5" 27 the W's report identifies instsbility es s. problen of ram M sfl tin nrketing sector ss one source of the problm "Pull mints he“ the timing influence of group sction are volatile, often depressed, and highly sensitive to domm'd pressures mung further done in marketing chamels.""1t Le Chet“, the excerpt ombines the problems of ievel uni stability .of rice” but at is ilportsnt is that both problems are traced to s on»: source. In this study the sepsrstion or the problem referred to Mo the onponent problans of level std stsbflity of prices is ...-u e useful, if not totslly scourste, distinction. . ntbegh the We did not aske operatioml the perceived autism etths muting veto. to tens price stshflity xpr undertake to m t1. pedal. of In nsrket stsbility in depth, the problem did receive s-e sttention, psrtiouilsrly in connection with the stuiy of the Mt sill vegetable industry. ‘ In this study, the problm of. fem r Flee Wt! elli the unlysis or the mount intersction otthe produaion‘sndnrhetins sector is or central interest. Hence, it is www.mumummtmm otthe Gui-ion. mmdmmgmmwmmmm. A distinction first needs to be drsun between behsvior in the marketing. sector with the intention of inducing fern price instsbflity, for whet- ever reeson, end behsvior notiusted by other rectors hsdng the same, unintended effect. As will he seen, price instability st one level of the nrhet Is: he the result of profit-oriented contact us! trends st mother level. Judgment of purposely-induced instsbflity is not ' “if \ ‘44-“ m m 3.2 Netionsl Commission on Food Marketing, ‘- n. ”'00., JW 196 , rp. 110s £225?” 4'23 stair-3'2““; .5 8.: VJ 52.532125; .'-; ;:.' a, fig,“ xix-’13: Jugwwz a':-_a-f=:31;;.~:m3 adj :.u.;4.-.. "rm 24.! ”1.3 4r)" :7 5.25.5) 8.5 '1'": 1-5;. 3.3.73.3: 1-75.": 5.71;? 52:1.5; 3333213.?! mg,- -3, HM ’0 3f: _=...'f.'.:,.": "rift-":5: 1’13 3-;‘31‘1‘4‘. aiming: nms'i" ”51.4.4337 03'; 0.- mt- .=‘;‘;. 4 1ft-" 3 inn; ‘3 =r- '~ ==-0 ..Gfti} 0v i-‘4-‘~'=.:_;-C-;m:g: :) pg; .4. P2511 :.3.‘ whit; 'zm’J‘p .’.}: (J: ;.T'7.+.::.."_‘3.r.2=i0 8:1) LL '1‘; ‘30 in" (rinks-7’3 i-"rrs {970$ “10 ::*';~=f-;cx:*g 51‘? "gnbfiflt? '5.':‘3;‘.)3Y.9 9:13 ,il'~‘..-*.=;Ja a}; 5 of Frye-4"” 07:5 ar;:;.-:.f.:.'=:,'zq {Lieu incl} a}; $133103”; 3.: finite: Jud gear: i111 )0'14 u" .1114. .<“"-.’.[ m'si’ “:0 z'm.:".;.::;'.‘.ca-.;‘;-a 953 32133 81:5. in: .souwe “c.1220 at 3;;3fi'fq Ev. 133.23.:35 3 74m; Lawn-*1; ‘10:. Weiwtq he; '0Lqu'03 0d: 03m". 03 .1103.ch #3535» ,5. Sauces-g3 gifggd'ui cross ’1: ,. 'r‘iaarJ s bes;‘a,reas 5:34.13: 0753:; 033;? .r.:g.-c,ids';rcr="-..'!c: a") ‘mwi-y .isvéai fictions ‘ .i :1: _r —- | _._—_._ov-‘owon—chnn-v: _- _— “ ,3:an 6:22:21} me”! no noiaciihnn". Imof‘J‘sI’f '14 “G 5;; 3.1-: 3;"; 33;: 333:” .OII .q “Sig-ii arm?- ,.-'.'.‘3 ‘qfidjiiwaffl 28 difficult; nrket behavior end trends ehould not'be permitted which ilpeee eeete en others for which they are not compensated. But un- mefied price inetebility ie 1m. new to Judge; whether firing or mar- ket le'vele minted to price instability which is the unintended re-“- cult of- c‘enlfiet or treats et other market levels, should be compensated for the beet- ef- the inetibility is e hoot question. The distinction beetle to be dreuh not no much fran the standpoint of market ethics but tether becefiee it highlighte one of the areas in which legal and coat:- .ic problde ealbini. Kerket price Itebility is an economic problem relevant te mt «ordination end the efficiency of resource alloca- tien in production and whetingg the interaction of two market levele end the resulting mm permanence is e legd mtter.‘ But there is u let, ee ie the cue for e war of problae connected with the level of prieee ell lurker. interaction, prohibiting market behavior which ie’deehebilixin‘g to Me or I'Bppliere elealhere in t2! wket W hr the weblan of price levels, eoonanic thought end the lea ere beth releunt; for the prehlue of price stability the luv eeeme to and developed e blind spot, although economists mum beno lees intereetei. .. . I i t For the meet pert thie ltudy is concerned with thet market behavior and those trehde in market structure which, while effecting the stabil- ity of term pricee, do not hive that purpose as their referent. Conse- quently, the rehtionahipe deveIOped between the wket sector and farm price etebility have no value content. . The study ie of little aid in. proving either the positive contributions of the market eector to ten price etebility‘ nor the eumloitetion of'the producer of fresh fruits " err! vegeteblee by the merketing sector. Instead the relationships . r .. . ' r; .. 9.: J .1...” -'-‘~~=“er) r r3 r- '—y '\ f “r ”Q" 9:} "’ ")0 _,"‘ "" L; “J '3 ‘ . {5 -0! {33.190 x -1 ..'."II (3.11!» 3 1. L. ‘3‘ V _L J I IV I v 9" .( ..‘ .-f‘ .'.,(t ,,., -4 .. - - .. . . ..'. .‘- N -' 1. ( 9.7 f . qw‘3r ~ 'f‘ ‘.,._, 1 “f. r.) .'. 4 l >: ‘ g") ‘{"' _"F.J IL "~‘I’) 1. (‘1‘: 9 {3 ‘3). i \ . \x‘I .'-: ..'J v." o'- (I -1 Qt . to rt) “1:1(100 ~U J -‘_ ." .. .'.} ~ " ., 1 ' 3 o“ p- 1‘ ‘I r n \-' r ‘.’ ‘1' 4 2. r {"33" 3 3" i.‘ A. $"’ ..- ‘v;‘{‘fla *1‘: “7.3! b ’5. V ‘.." " J- ” “ ~'—‘\~ . ‘_‘ x U kk‘ -o‘lj “’15)-.. {..‘-L "3 .--t...!-"p"-~-41-.~ VL'J- AC1 J- \c-----J \- ; 1&9 xiiifdgrvw? eoixq o: beqnegdva alavsi 39% 7.. o _1 r“ , v 4 P . revs? ingfim 99;uo U3 3.9993 99 JaubLoo ?o u;ua .’." . -. 9' ‘ ‘ ‘ 3-...1’ ._r- .t,- .rr.‘ .."'.r.'1_' if) 1 ‘: ‘J \I 9‘ no -1.l . v‘ ‘ ‘v4& ..‘-.4 rxfo:i;553 99+ 39:? 1999 03 Jon n";"n ed 0 afiean -‘ ’.Y. ..J r. ... v.1..r..°..'.r..'.' +° .. .. . nU999 “WE .5392 Horny 99 859:9 9;: .3 9:0 av 53L. :1 .1 saJacsd isflast ’ - .0.» -‘ - g .- 14"r. 4.- ..‘ ‘ 3‘ '.' . ' ' .'.? 5.;:_[:.r.g.[ 093291-533 EL, 2.. '«.I’...£.t_:. {91,1 Gilli; JC.-‘:.~‘,-; .J.'1'-." ... JO EFF-.55 4‘0, :1 dis-£0 . .f" A. 3 ‘o. . 3'.~'-""‘ ~- v~~ 4. {33.9" ’5 933110.391 '3’) VS 1‘“? ' Q _1 ‘: :-’-) t‘fI -.-’..E‘. {50 ~' .»;.t_.‘. £0" 0’") g9.f'fr‘..; 03 .-.f 5V9I9‘E .a-A—._.. ' . ., fl 2-«‘.‘.. v. \c“ ~.-' ‘r""|v ' -r .' ‘. -' .L ‘ eloqsf 5371;; 3J3 ,9 noaaug's r; 99» gruifaxxbx nu; HOLiOLLCTq L; moi: .v . ' ’3’! T ‘ ‘3' "L "" \" . o ’ '31 :n ‘ f ~ " L -3 '3 ' ' ’ f V a; 999v} Jgfi .99~.54 I; a: s a: 99ML490;HMQ A: .9wa '9. :Uc91 9d3 393 O I \‘ i '_'_ ._ ‘r-Q‘ —. ,‘_ ' .. ‘ ‘ 99: dJfiJ b$_ a .939 a .sEuo": Yr "9.954 s 99- 'ZQ. 9&9 di 85 ‘wsf on . . 9 av ‘ r ‘ ‘ ' "u‘ I ~ ‘ \ '. «I! .o- o i 9., . I 90,19,9‘ ‘9~"- fiwna CLLTZT ‘Jx_f';1"flA 319351 by“ a Sftq 'io Lave . a n w "'L 9: " u , n as — 1 r Nrro " rs ( W 9 '1' PH 3""13. ’3 + 4". " H49 2-. r 1-.—':'.. z) 1‘! '_, -.'. 5": 1-7.1.n 1);. ‘3‘ C1 TH;‘_._-I’_“‘ u '14.») a" ”J 3'" : V3 , .3: .‘.“J' ' . ‘S‘Jav ‘3 81 .4 )4 43V! .. _. .. 1., .« .- -: - -. .. . r I . n , r .~‘ .’.3 " - ' i'l‘LJ AL“; ‘::o‘. I .1); Olrcir)£.::) "9 ‘Q1J—C‘v 9 9’1..- L. I [I -. k) ‘»i\:.L“*/'&\fi 8.. j 1:! $ .40‘ ‘1“59‘0 07‘9"»: '..'r\ r 0" + ”" ' t' i' 9‘ "Iv 'L'n c," "77 «r- 0 v‘;"'!’. i- '(V 3 r-‘{ + 'Y'""~‘I‘ "r! vx'm rust: "1+r ( Ofl'w I I (A "‘ Jul 3" ‘4; ‘J; .‘.J ('4 ...-.'.- -‘. v‘N' - g.‘ V Ig'm gfi‘ J a“ 't; -L'- - . -I y”. \ \4 J.\.~' .1 ‘~' 31.: 1 U v.4-'—I - ‘1 J‘v‘ y .2.” his ' v 3 ‘ r‘h"" A y 'z ‘ . r ‘ V‘ a- . ' ' "" ’ 99;.Lh.4 v3.99: .b.4 d In b3r~~91 BL X»: a 9th} 39:9 1203 Fni TO{ 0 A. *',.r_ .'L ... .' 9r ' °, ,. .L , A, 4_J.._.,. -. ,c .- J. J .. “15-533 939 erJoe-:3 sizdw ‘fl911w CIJ-DJTJJ .uxnpfi fiL duLpTu 93093 has '\"I"~ ~- ff 4" 5’ J " ‘ "'o" V '- -9.udu .5; 9 9” qrfiflJ as SEOvfig:fl 3593 van 99“ o? ‘Supfiq “fig; 30 {3 - ! mat? His 70*393 u9‘"9fl edJ nesufsd fscoIfivcb 3941;39’IDI99 it ‘viinemp -‘ .' ‘.--‘—'- ' ' -f- L ..'i“ -l .. , . . . ..‘. . -4' -' 4. . 91 bus biuuLL :0 eI gun a 9“. . FJ-HJD eLfsr an 993% ;-_E:‘5 a 5319. t . .L -r. ... ° =. r'. 4, -..‘ I? '. . :1 °. mzsl 03 131593 934939 ed: 30 LL3LJUC;1-LOO c::u_u3q 9A: 991.;9 fifiLVO7q 4-5,, . 0 . 0 v c ad.-93 dae9z TO taouborq an: to nozfisixoqus sf: 1:3 viziidsJa eotxq O I I P _‘F' 23.; :.;;v.!o.z.,*.e.1-9'x 311$ Lafifmi 29 developed are intended only to gain a greater order-standing of the interaction of a marketing sector with a farm production sector and to appraise the net contribution of the former to the price stability of t]. latter. This alone is of value in mining present and prospec- tive'lerksting trends and arrangmsnts. - In its fiml report the National Cannission on Food Marketing iden- tified five general problem areas of the fresh fruit and vegetable hunting sector. These were: (1) product perishability; (2) producer m power} (3) direct shipping point sales: (h) shipper-grower m relations: and (5) retail pricing and merchandising policies. The contention of the present study is that each of these problems has a common dun-inter of fan price instability. .The Omission's apraisal of the problem areas and their relation to fans price stabil- ity is reviewed below. with respect to the perishability or fresh fruits and vegetables, the emission reported: "The nrketing of frssh produce is daninated by one central theme - apervadimg semee of urgency because of the perishable character of the products. Rage volumes must be moved to market in brief periods. Supplies are highly variable, not only within a season but also fr:- year to year. Both the vagaries of weather and the uncoordinated production of mamr growers may Operate to bring about sudden shortages or unanticipated surpluses. The industry appears better geared to meet the physical challenge of distri- bution than to deal with the econanic problems of marketing fresh traits and vegetables. In this except a great deal of the market instability appears to be associated with eariatiem in output of the crops. There is no explicit Meme ”whet immty ". . .originating further along in t1! mtingchalmels.". But there is the indication this market ‘5“. _.Pe. L9e efiJ 30 EN5375L277 fl” fiQJJCifi 5 his: OJ Kano LeinoJmi 935 f;oqof°vw OJ fffs 30492;; n-‘j;~3f-’.’373'JZ;{ .1133? ,3 :-. In»! «.‘ranogs f._:‘;-it.;s~>":r!r* s 30 noiJoa'stLLt lo {JfILJmJu voitu 953 DJ to:“ct 9%: :0 UL.JHCL moo Jen 9r ncefiaOTq fins Jfic&¢“” LFLFLWSXS fit exisv 30 at enois 8&2; .fieJJsI ed! .a nous~zs :2 Ian e..teTJ gnifaflusm eviJ r \. . nr v. 'p, ‘ v _ e -. _ _. _ ' r 0 J.' .”idgtgn n00: no HOLaa._:oO LapJLJDu efiJ 320391 Isn£l eJL nI efifrjefiev has Jimtl deem? 9&3 10 25935 m~£~0"q Inteneg evrl beilrJ e a o '- 0. p. . \ ' _: : _ 35:3 rio~q { I) :{J Lghgxzmveg Joy onq (E) :euew seenT .moJoea EHLJ £13m usxcqg-moquda (i) :reis. Ja-::q uniq~'rf .a Joe Mi (L ) ;Te"oq Jeitsm .ae iorfcq :nietr~~1'«m~vFrn foiof"q I.E5 J91 (E) has :efloiJeIem anib51i Cfid emeICOJq saedJ To dons JLKJ 2i 'ixJe Jneaefiq edJ lo noiJ neJnoo edT a'nofiaaiFIDD ed? .gJilidrfani SSLTQ mmsl 10 JonniIoneh nonmoo 5 -£ifisia soiiq mtg? OJ neiSnIeu mieJJ hrs 85915 rsiflhwq edi lo IsaESqus .wofed Leweiveu cl {:1 feJqueT noiaaimmoO add - eu.-&d 15m nee ero 2d Lef3nf"ob a: asvbozq deem: lo verse'Naz ed?" worobqsdoefd518-'"oq efid :0 s:wsced vet; 3:71” to serve :"'h"v191 a leitd hi Jsvfism oJ haven eJ 3"m as UIOV e3ufl .eiouhczq edd lo ntznea 5 HLAJEu ELMO don ‘eL;'5i'I 5v fii’m { sun as .L"q.:L .abotmeq hrs TQflJgCN IO eeits._5v 9d: dJn: .7: Si OJ ~50V'rwzl 0313 Jud Enfqfi oJ eigtaqo Yet "‘lO'V \rsm Eo moc‘e quq bee”, thmooonu edJ vziau’m? 9:51 .aerfuLftrra {qurrngf 'nr‘ml '10 as 5;) :0 {3 ..'-"Due duct-J's ~ifiiain to efixeLfsfio Lsoiagiq 9J3 Juan on hJiefifi I$Jd9d 8189375 decal ;niJei"5m to emtifiotq oinnnooe SJJ dctw Igeb 03 “513 noidud ’ \““.aefdgdegev bye eJtnul of OJ edseqqs zJiIiisJan: Jefltnx eJJ Lo iseb $3923 5 theoxe 2113 HI Jiofque on at eiefiT .aqozo edJ lo fyqdro mi cnoid5 .C” 5v d 1w beriooaas I enJ mi 35015 Tethfli pniJsxjgiuo. . ." VJI tiniedt 39 fined 03 eonemelem Jaime: eidd nothoffini efiJ at efiedf JU3 .".elennnfio Tnidaiusm .53 .q .1112“ 30 inability in the p'oduct of e leek of coordination in the production pnceu, not en inbred; production oherecterietio, and e distinction ie dren- hm proteins in ptweicel distribution and marketing prob- lne.‘ The inference is that the marketing eyetan perfome adequately the tee]: of pl'wxlcally diatributing the product Iran production to emu-ere, ecoording to the marketing urgency of the product, but that the result of thie ie not altogether econaniceily eatiefectory. The inluetry urketing characteristice imposed by this perishability uni urgency, in the form of riek-ecccmmodeting mrket inetrlnnente, end their econuic ninplicetione for teen price etahility are taken up later in tin etucw. ' ‘ I i ‘ The Cc-Iieeion'e concern with the construct, } econanic market power, he elao reinted to the problem of price uriahility. Market power we defined u ". . .the ability to influence pricee or other terms of trede in e w fevoreble to the business firm.".l‘6 In its studies of t1. freeh fruit m1 vegetehle induetry the Comieeion'e concern with Ithie eenetruct centered on the organization of the producere' selling effort, the cmpetition of eeeanhlere for producer supplies, erd the transference of marketing coete between the production ind mketing mu. For thie puticum iniuetry, the communion mud: ' "Una-M fmere heve no positive market power it e11 nnd itienanoubuyereteobtenthefullnlne depend thet Harlot eoniitime Juetit‘y for their products. when producte nuet be eold to haven in e lecel narket end the locd. bwere are few, «repetition m not be fully effective . .in achieving the remit. Munronuummmawmm “an... pass.” '- _i‘: ”Mn Pb we CE ’»011 sdJ Iii rm ofixsa‘Imaoo 30 flosl s to JOHEth 9iJ ai xiiiidsJenl ; . ( . L; \7. \ (‘u .'J' "‘ " A I :' o . : ’ ‘ P‘u- r " ' ' " HOLVccxkaib p 455 ‘3_Jc£79m$‘s 5‘0 HOETULLOHq stfisunx a Jan .caeoowq ' ' ‘- ' 0‘1 1 ‘ t“. .r.: "o .’r‘\ r . ' . '0" .' ‘ ‘ ‘ 0 p”;.ax<¢:zuns HQLuHuLIJRJU .501 and; n1 3 vI‘Olq nravwsd Eh "3) at ." . I ’ p- . I“ w. *r“ ‘« 13-LC ‘\’u' 0“ " I 1' ’ 'l '-'I ‘Q*8--,z-;_u;;~-.~ :15 urHOfiieq 1.5mm a 57f..~_--.).-.¢£;.!. adv LIL-1'; CI 81 S‘OHS' 8. .-.‘l €mr .BUBI C - w' ‘r 7 Ir ‘~“'" n .‘ '1‘ -- t- I' E p ..4' OJ HOiQO”-h "q (933 cJLLoIq 5J4 finingifiéctJ KLEBO 'vn q 30 was! ed: 8513 Jud ‘douboiq add $0 gamegtn gnfifieiisu adj oJ gnibiooos ‘ "ew"enoo eflT .'ZOJoglaitga V"Q;A,n"o'° ~9Mx‘a oils d-an 3.: aid: 10 313891 ed: 5 {Jiiidfiuci"3q aidfi ad bsanwi as ffazfs‘)gxoco Enideimam fixiauhnl Uiaflj bra ‘CJQ9FUZJEF1 Jafltsfl guidaionvnoos~fgit 30 mfioi 913 Hi ‘xoneguu 3. ' _.f. ..L-rg. L .. 'X UL T55;£ QU nagLJ 615 fiaL;mdsi a eofitg “1:; TO anoita: iiqhi 01mg @030 . ‘6va 33 ad 3 ‘fiawoq fisfiman oixmnoos ‘Jouwfiauoo eiJ diiw unannoo a'noiaairmwO ed? moq Jails -I .Ydiiidgitgv soiqq 10 nsljotq ejJ o: b935191 0315 BEN 30 ar"si tefido TO aeoixq 9?:eu:‘nr 03 ‘J'irhg eié. . ." as benlleb 25w 30 as-?uu}a aol n1 &A.".nxil eaefiiand efiJ o: eIdSTOVBE 23w 5 mi 9&31: dJiw nteonoo a'noiaaimnoQ ed: mzfaubni 91d33939v has Jinxi daezl ad: gniijva ’aqsouboqq 9H3 10 noiissinsguo efiJ no boxedneo Jouzianoo aid: edJ has ‘aaliqqu zsnubvfiq to} ateidreaas 10 noiJiqumoo add ‘ontle gnijafi'sm has noidouboqq ed: negwtsd aiaoo gnijsfiwsm 10 eonsqstansxt fquJa noig' acqmoO 9&3 ‘.f‘fienbni uslusidtsq aid: 10? .axodoee $115 is 18w0q Jufixsm svidieoq on evsd sienna? Lssirsgtonv" spisv liul adj njsjdo o+ awequd gnons noidf¢aqxoo KOqU bneqeb \ifisioeqa‘i .adoufgo'zq 13:13:13 101 {11er anoiJiivrzoo Je‘i'rsn Jar!!! edJ fins d9;15m I£ooi a mi 315v ;Ud 03 I108 ed Jazu aJouiqu nedw an eviJoaxxe VLLUI ed *on x;1 noididu~ too (U91 915 azejzo £5001 “” .*£Ua31 91$ finiveifios mi :33300 amidentrz 10 sonohiuni adj OJ b15191 at ‘bnA . f. L 4“." M1 31 "Umpniaed and unsupported farmers have had to depend upon the cmpetitivo bidding of bwecrs to receive the mu market value for their products. If costs rose in the mkoting sys- tu, the ram price usually was depressed until reduced pro- duction in relation to demand lifted prices at all levels or distributim. " In these morphs the Omission related the stability of fresh fruit ani vegetable far. prices to not on]: tho cmpetition nous bwers but also to the level or marketing costs. Both these prOposi- tions are mined later in the stat. Here it is sufficient to note tb Iodel of the industry pricing process qloyed by tho mm. Producers were viewed as pure oupotitors having little Mus-co of consequence over the prices of products they m; inked the infor- onoo is that the behavior and costs at other levels or the Isl-Inst detozh nine the producer's price, at least in the short-rm. Therein lies tho basic pr-ioo of tho Ca-ission's pricing nodal on which its conclusions are based. The prodmer nabs a amber of ilportant decisions in the channel, m that the total quantity produced and marketed, yet has no influence over the price sheuhich the product is sold. Coordination of the production and hunting sectors suffers accordingly. The C-Iiseien's model of tho inimry pricing process all the nrhot power of producers I... gained {rm such state-outs as the fol- loeing inch is taken an the transcript of a hearing in Tens: Hr. Raitt (counsel): My next line of inquiry concerns the producers' argaining pom. You are both a produces-an! packer (of fresh vegetables), is that right? Mr. Shiatsu: Ice, I grown on stuff and pack it. Hr. Raitt: Do you operate those two tires as separate enterprises? Hr. Shinotsm Ios, sir. “we, p. 102e, finqu hnc~eb 03 Eli evsd awaits? fe1noqqzany bus I: s nr‘wcnt" junfifi: {13% gal vv§8391 ofi azegwi ?0 an: hid 3v?3.2 J94'03 adj ~afia flzifirgiix 9%: u? 9‘0: ciuoo $1 .eiuumouq 1133: not eulsv -o~r fiyni a“ Ifi.vu F¢caJVw=b 8fh fifisxax ooiwq mfisl 913 ‘KQS to QJVVoI 1:5 J3 a€>11w feufifi Vnsneb o: noifaret n1 mottonb \. or O O. 4‘”.10132Vfc13a:n £50.: an \‘w*!: :03 efi: nine den 01 amci: min? oidsxopav has 31:71 aqeflfsm 30 Jewel 9d: OJ Gals Jud Bismud efrm 03 dnoickilfla 3i Si 929” .fiflnxa 5J3 mi 19351 bsncwa :9 913 anoiJ woiaaiwrofi 9A3 11 befipffms 230301? fixioifiq T"Tanhnfi 91? lo Isbom a4: 30 screwifiui efiJiI gflivsfl 310 iJaq"oo 9""q es Feusiv efiaw eqooubowq to eaoi“:q 913 13“o sansxr Samoa -usgr 1 Sid be :ztnt ;auxboxq 39d: ajouLCEq -€a;9b Jojfism en- 30 eisvel tofijo is 3:303 Lvs qofvsiad adj fad: at some V'F .nuz~iqoda ed: at 3859f 35 .eolzq 8'1800f01q add enim sacs 831 doifiw no Ieboq gaioixq e'noéaai1:.3 d: to 681mgfiq stead a;; mi aaofiainnb Jmsdtoqpi :0 zoimrn s eefism 193mb01q edT .bsasd 913 65% $91 ‘Ls efimsm Ins isoubodq yJifirgnp jgfioi 51$ medJ gnoms ,Isnnsflo notisflLhuOOU .bloa a: Jouloqq 913 fiofdw 35 93 u'q efld TGVO eoneullni on .Ea;xihthcos afisfijva 3103093 ‘nI'9“" a has moi 3”f01q efld 9:13 has 888 JOOTq f4. Ecitr vtlaUVfii 963 30 Is xom e'no 133i sznC edT ~Io? 8L i as edns M373 3 wf Ha mow} he risu 35w eweoub01q lo Tawoq Jeflqsm zisxeT at gniznad s 10 qumoe yrs": 943 moi? as a! at d: idw anlon 'aienu“o"q efii announce vfifirgni lo sail 3X4” VS :(Iaenuoo) ddisfl .mM yrs «aoqiowq s dVoj e~s DY .TGan urcrrgr"oi J. 1" SJfiglq Ssit 8i ‘ia 2-23533:uv des"l 10) Tales “-4 .31 flogq bag 3?Hta nwo um:woz§ I ‘asY :Ua Joded .1M ?a98qufiana ejsfisqaa as grail owJ seodé siszawn new 00 :diiv‘ .1M 32 Hr. Raitt: Suppose you get into a price squeeze in a particular com- modity. Which business gets to make the profit? Which hat do you put on? Mr. Shimtsu: The fem makes no profit. The packing business makes the profit. Mr. Raitt: Even you, with total control over both ends of it, you let the packing business make the profit? Mr. Shimotsu: The packing charge is establishzg am if there is any- - thing left it goes to the ram. For this man, of course, the incidence of market costs and risks is an arbitrary allocation since he Operates in the production and marketing sectors simultaneously. But the same attitude prevailed throughout the industry for the non-integrated sectors of the market; the produc- tion sector was viewed by the Omission as passive to the pricing process and as the residual recipient of returns after marketing costs were paid. ‘ It is not a simple model nor merely an agrarian polemic. The remainder of this study is concerned with developing the dimensions of the model apparently used by the Commission and underlying its fin- dings. . Appropriately defined the model is of considerable Value in conceptualizing the contribution of the mrketing sector to the stabil- ity of tam prices. More importantly, the model highlights problems or market'co’ordination in the fresh produce industry; the need 1on market coordimtion is underscored ‘by‘the difficulty producers have in adjusting resource allocation to an unstable price largely determined in an imperfectly competitive marketing system _ p The Commission mind its findings regarding producer market pour, the importance of product perishability, and the economic Wm, McAllen, Texas Hearing, p. 3L2. . r. . . . a . in . a . .+ t - 2 n . .4 i.” “£1100 '7..=._V..x.V;V{Jar-‘7 5 I‘m. 91:9. 253 as 31!.“ 3 0 TL- 3611 HOV, 9'8”" H“ ”3.1911 .'IV'T . _ . ' .' .' t.‘ . ..‘ -- .'4 .-7 ~ "..' 'i" ' r. .‘ .n 1‘1"" ' ‘ ‘f‘ d3-L i.“ 3 \..',;_ 1(3'3'? S'lld 93:43 I (‘J 8387-: 8(4 i)”: B’IJ [h ...- it . V J..; :11 a ‘- r’ a, - pa u— l mo * .: 1‘0 o-‘i 35$ ‘r -.' __ C.-.’ , fi'l 1 " ~'. "‘5 a" \ N" r 4‘s,“ f ‘f «-E‘ '3?” C89 r"? CEL”; art—inking}: 6 -.. Oler/' I (In E46‘L~rq i ."24 ‘ FL :‘1 ‘3 To! -' A14 0 {it A ._q ‘- -_‘L .J_ O'ghf f: K. . q a v7 .\ s g'- _ ' v" f .. J. .. ' _s‘o " -. ' ‘5 '1‘- Q. _.' o 33? mm 3-: l0 3’ r4; «gun ..’ T30 .[mfinoo £2ch 1km 5M 113' L: 9‘61st .'Lx U . "f”" . e .- .u. ‘ :nl ' , ..- . r .dinfvr1'14i 9V¢3m deep g'CVVV .3;;q sad ' f t ' t '\ . ' "r- . -rvr ‘. ~— . ~' - 3"", ‘ J ' .“!D ‘f' -jrs dL JHL'u ii E”B ?9JLII BJUS 3 SL 333 Lflinflsq 5H; :LaoOfllha .TJ I‘ ‘ . - .'. ' fl .‘. L" "Karel and 03 8.90;; it: 3; ..E (guild - :- 1, t--. , .' . a . . t,. - ., .L .-..” , a .- 113 .'...L 3.4331 4-; seem $33!...3r1 i0 annoying: 3.1": ‘55. was _.0 “um 8.: hi: “10'! 4 -'i .. t. . L r. - . + '— , ..:. + _.u; .1f_7,: nu. 2m, {133333.023 eds m. 3'33'19 .o 0.! 9.5.22 rice-I: 50011.5 ‘fIS'IJIT‘TS ' I’r-v ‘ ’1'. 4‘ 'v p -' ’ ' H y‘ 4 a n. '. $80.4:an tpj' raven-Hi errands 9:253 elld JIVcV. .‘ngar'mansofimxg a'onoea ..r. _. 4 J. u _ . .9. u ,4 ‘ , 4..,- '4. . a“ r. 0. "ya ~93ax~xrrr ‘3};{0 ;..3 “£324. arid '30 810v£38 5.6mm e~u..r_.--rron en... 70'} Vyxucuml on; L a - J :- .'. e ‘ ‘ ' ..', ”a - L "\ r‘, .vr'L . 21;..-04 Ir; :r13 03 antenna; 35 1:05:23 mo. 3 xgrf -_.; 51*; am: “miss-a 11013 A . LAVY .w - .3..3_ a -H L : i..t,, 4; . guano V;7;7,..,.VV.-“‘1.V_.:~. 3.3375 dL‘JntV'I i0 ‘.h':?.:-r:_.-.')9'r I:.«.‘-._..<:V--'I Sue as has 2.393qu Fe!- Co' .nlEq 873% m - . , .r .t {-. - . - - “r 3.: .ojrefioq r:V2..7 '“ “Iris :73 13:32.42? “1011 £9.03: 3-9.1513 a den BI di . . '. . ' '. 2 . 9. . ’3‘. ‘~ '. - 0 t '— . emojenexv'fi‘) ‘3' f 'N'V'I‘ "an l[»’I/.’ f\::_f'f531!03 a; '=:.’.x'.:.: Lift? .0 “Iofirnimm .- . y K‘. '~ ‘ -.'--....‘ I. ~-.' L v“ t" v " ' - '- ' : fl -.r;i'1 ad'r. 3::11‘.,1.'I::=2..IIV'.I mu- £703.33; .'..0‘ em. ‘2‘} 5:33.; \Jidretar‘rln Iooom 9.2: 10 ‘ .r . r . 5' i V ... ., J.. .. :r r ., 4 ' ‘. ' n: SILLSV 917313....canoo to 81 lead. 53.) terrific: \Ieinffrqo'rang. .33!“th [3,: my! 3'1r-mVrF-.n“Iq Vilma: V313?) en's“ vi? {.t3“roort'r€~“\":.-“ a: net‘s 'if'moo (ta-{1.5m :13: is 2'3"}; Ike?) view? soiuq 35's Em: 5'3 03‘ [rotissnffs SOTUCES‘V‘I affidavit-.6 1f.~’-\.'I.'D‘W5 "r71 't'o‘rrr {TI (“vi 4?- . V‘“ ..’(4 id... 4&4‘ _L“ V ‘ “__V 'r Tr r: -° optics 33133-19th n8 . .'.-p o s- \ '1‘ '- » O :- r . .pr ' .- K . . _ . , ._ L 'I‘ 3‘ 35:: 35”! “maiden“; gflf2«13;9'l 8gb. 2b-»: an. hearsmra f0,.'€=3_;-'-3”0...' eri; . ’ I ‘ 4'; :- '~~ 4" .‘ a. 't ' ‘In (4“ -! . DIV-Erma“)? 91.3 [$15 “Calla-“3:... citing Jot....,n‘1q '30 .‘_‘!}[“Jj'f("zt._[_ 9;.3‘ (Inmcq 0 v ‘ e fr’V‘T n .935 .q ‘ggzu'ised 359:3”? ‘rVeEImM ,Twwa 33 position of the fresh fruit and vegetable producer as follows: 'a-ewers-are ‘in a weak bargaining position when semng their craps to shipping point firms. An individual grower has to deal with one of the limited mmber of shippers in his area .. and each of these is likely to be larger than the grower. Further, the grower is generally possessor of a perishable product that must be marketed within a short time interval. Shippers are thus able to look at prospective market condi- tions and then make price offers to growers. This places the grower in 53k» position of residual claimnt in the bargaining process. "5 The statement is tacit attribution of the producer's lack of market poser to the urgency of crOp marketing but more importantly to the conduct of the first market for fresh fruits and vegetables. The mining areas of fresh fruit and vegetable markets singled out by the Commission for concern were the trend toward direct shipping point marketing, the quality of the producer-shipper trading relation, a!!! retail pricing policies. The industry trend toward direct marketing, paralleled in other food industries such as meat packing, was noted as having two effects relevant to the stability of farm prices: a change in the distribution channels employed for marketing fresh produce and a declim in the role of the wholesale termiml markets, the tradi- tional price-making markets for the industry. According to the Commis- sion: _ _ With the growth of selling at :shipping points, the place where =priees are determinedhas been relocated. Prices are no! es- tablished in scattered areas where particular products or pro- dset groups are harvested, packed, and marketed. Shipping point selling tends to make price discovery more obscure."51 The C-‘lssion did not undertake Italics explicitly for determing the effect on the pricing processor this funk-entail. market change from Shannannnw 22- 3.11:» p- 50- 51.12% 13-“ L9- ...... _ ' -- . - -.- 1'1- _-_ L- ‘ »L‘.,.l‘ ..,. ‘3 .J "i. zauef z: 33 “~3V‘wfiw hivnTe an 3.3 ”:31: .»91. .33 lo 30:.-3nq I ' . I ’ " " .' v .- .° - . ‘ at I. I q r _- .'. 0 P “If: “e :f:f-‘...rz.'"; 19:. {AA-V. V. V: (V. .. ...-J . ...-.. z (2.- was 37W; 0'53" .$« 7" : r~.-.. ‘- nr¢r r- r[. : ‘rr I ; {.'. '. 0 “ 'f' |. ,. en‘- ; .,.f :-,V .\ {I f '3”qu (‘3' «‘49) L .".‘-,, *EII-.. h , _ ,-_.._ ‘. ‘Cd . . . .. t .. .. ‘ Aa’.‘ \ ‘ (4.1. . - r 3 , °. _ f. . .V ,. L - - ' ' "' ...' l x - . '~’- .'.. .! “V'- ’ 3“,"; 8.1.1 [_'_ ""‘;‘ ',‘ .‘. ‘V ',t.-; . A": L.le -- _-. .L ‘:‘..u .i'u t'x‘o In .3? 4.390 . ' V .. " , I- . . : r' . . r; - . .3 - O“; ..'-L "If: ‘3 A" (1.. {V ...Qi ..'..{ZJ- 5: ‘ {JR} \:._Ll"t '.-.. 8-,: 'C‘( {3..J .... '132‘ $3.8 . _. . ..-. V .3 - rr . .. ' 2 . 'L..." M33. arm a; 3 .Vo V.:CV.:.;:.;-.;:; )~. if-..“ 33,-. PI. “19.4327. 3‘: (13.13“. V1 ' . , .I. ' ,L 9 3.. ,’ ‘ ‘ (., ' . .-.t . '.,‘ 0 ‘ e.’ 4 " .J..3’vnl$ v.11“: {...—”J U I." .(, 5 r4. - .bJ " L \V‘ - .‘5 14:4- 3 I‘ll $3.3 {.'. k 5:! J 031.; 3“.)"rz .- '. M. “p in er: C' - »f‘r's ’lfef J.‘ J( ;‘r f‘~1'¢‘.‘f{ f- 9') l' (\O- p " "(.‘.-err "4’: .'.1'5 .‘.) “.‘- . '- JV -'-x. . .4. \V3 .-V -_ \IL vJ. .3 (”luv u.) C . . ...u 33: .Sssfd 312T .alwvofi” of 3“Ui:0 wciig 9'3. 393. 333 afiCLJ L A -. - v . .V .L V‘ . :r-..-. u .. '- .L‘ -—V - f’l...‘ , 3:, 3"};{1 {-I'QVJ [13- e; .151 3-3343 .1; I - :tf'i L0 {VOL 1-. 'VK‘q 1‘ 1'. H-" 'Y‘v‘uo'll 3., K“ I_ \ rQCea~-I\)O' .'.q 3...“. n r ..' ... .V . . V. . '. V... V, . A? .A .. - .' 31311;}: g; 7) 3131.53, 87 RIM"! "3'in :y' 2.. .'f'; Itf)1_.-J. Hr], I. u 331») 8.: (nff‘fl .417 j‘bxf' a 91; _ .. .'. r '. -L _- ' ,.. .. . .' --- ....- . -. , fl .. 3.--”. (3...! t 3'}. 0V.» ‘Vnunse'IO-Ji ‘3’-um em.“ 13.--. 32.151 .'C'; ...2) '71-~V.i'.u' -'.o 03 “:53.ch , ‘ . \ I ‘ 1" C l. r'r ‘rv . V -r "s v e :- "' ' . .'d'li‘zzu'gfng I'm "~.V".V“:i ..3; “:th 1: .'..w 33: 7' 9...} Lo inu‘rtoo ,. . . ‘ ' . p,.'4 ._ ..- 9 _' gem. e. e 0 r: ' ‘ ’e 0"}K 0'71 EJ'ISL.'~!-1_ VP. 8 Igu‘rr £211 Ell. -.‘.L') . :.‘,.‘17 J L‘f.8 \‘.'.,JT.:. [181": .. iO (_'.:)f}‘45 3‘: ..‘-Y r“ ."C."I 9 '1 L , -.r A. -'.V - . . c3. .4 -+ - , . . .n - .3...“ :4- . ff!) (3 33813.17 Li 2.0.. MADE». SM.“ S’IUW J'IGUI‘IOC/ '10; HU_-'3'..V_...V..O~J Stu Kid 3J0 I v f' ' '- r. ; ""L s ' “ - ‘ ' ‘ ’ I ‘IIC-_r_.£._1.5'f. V-VVV.“93V“f 'I.’”"-'f_: 3-193-30th 5.2., '10 if) jig: 3.. «fir-isn'Vtsn Juliet; e. t, f‘_ . _ J "iv, ‘ _ . ' ._!__ _ 'H...’ t.‘ f”?! . e e- ' e_ e :- ‘ [‘3 A»: ~ -532. o .'. 3‘13-” i.) '1’3'3/ UJ' “"n'fd ‘- 'it 5 U . .-L. .11.. .a'f'.-'()_3_..~..V?'I $114 .V.-C C'Iq .[-L.3v~'-"I has 1" ~ y Vs ~~A I ~ '45 V v" "' .r " . - ‘- rr4 - 33 pm V3: (3331: ...:ffricsw 33 .333 3.- ':..r-.--V..“..: -0ch “1933.0 3}. 319112732; .- . . " ..J‘r": ‘- ..V 2, ~" + V‘ L ,° , egg... 3 :33“ £th Nu. m [3.3.5.13 5le OJ JULVQAO'I ewe" 1-3 03.x: rm.'3.{ \‘ —. 't .' "’c- \l"" - 8t ' -‘ " ' ~ - ..‘ . '- .‘a— .’. ,J'. J .L‘ ‘ 1.3 932:. 1,21 .V..-.-.s .1. 93.3-6333: m. 1.. go .33.: aft-rt... o {1033‘ tumuau 3.13 ml LL. . .f’ .’..- '”-... ' -, + a r . 'r ,., ~4-51. eii ,349fi" 3n lseiutei elseeionu e3u .0 3301 93 31 5313335 5 . “'vrr‘ ~' ‘ ‘ ftx ‘ "" . ,' L .’1'. ‘ o .' " V .r .‘ “8L1'_':u--J 91 J OJ 31'. ....V'.fC'~’)C)A ..':'),\18" Ill U.{v‘ '10 L 8o“:"“'i.k T‘I‘TJS‘ix‘» *‘QOI Iq £330,131. e ‘. ”V7058 'e e H . ' s . - $ .4 ' 4.: .' I- rx 0 9:3: ,V. eonLq s .3 .8 fr 10:; :zrriqrictia is 3-3-5; .0 Lia-073 9:13 d3 fir", ' ' . .. ‘V c " n '- ‘- ‘ ~' «:3 3.0.“! 9'15 3:311?! ..-.e..V.:~3.V.V,VieVI V113. and rVVVrVVVVVSJVVh 31,3 33:) £qu -T)"«" '70 '~3‘(.:'.3'.-O°Z(7 '15-:13’OI'.'1.C({ ”'7‘th 8;.38‘Z5 3:31:433503 NJ; f“‘3€18f._1f153 . - ...;VV . :. _ L...“ . .4. - , ... . r "j (. V3..... .3“ u. 3'33!“ .'.!‘fo ‘:.'“J-".3£.(I IJ-{ij ‘J‘J'IB'I 5'11) BIII-‘O’IB JOUD . - . - ‘ s ‘1‘- ' .‘ “‘ . f v ’3‘. r3 " - .‘I -' ’- .‘.. . .‘ " "..'U'Ja' 9701?; V :S'IOOBllV ' C‘i'l. 3.551.; 0v BEAR“): ~‘1.--.‘...1.:.'E‘. JI‘JO'; , . .f- - ’ ‘ :.:. -'. + f- V .'. °._ . - 11‘ am} I V "1.939“ 01 ‘élv’. “L1: 4.. 80-3.1133 9.33-13333 fan 3i- no: atrmof) e: 3 . .Q. _' ...}.- , " a ,. '- g, r r -.- '3' s _ _v_ , V’T'V'I.» 9‘ 1‘3 :3 «232.341 .!3%.2rV5";:.L‘..".'VJ."l 8.3-13 3 ..fifi.’30"q 331.333," 331.} no Joe"?9 ‘ A __ fl '- w‘wwv — (‘3 l‘ v e¢‘-' - v- n (‘4 ev ., v-n" "as-'1 h” "(1'1 e) 0“: («D-VHV" efl-n V""""" x 3....” 7' ."J . -~ ...... —-~d‘. w -- efli-fi-d ~ "~- 0‘.- ..u-a us".- 0.0.”- .r I 9.11 .9 e 3‘ eq 01““ --~~. 3‘ what could handled a «centralised pricing process to o dooontrolilod nu-kot um. Ito opinion u ”floated in the chow can bo urn-rod tobathotnotoulyiatho prioomoremnblo inthedocontralized fit. but, oqunlly important for tho coordimtion or production and w with tho nrhot, it 1- nor. difficult for tho produoor to know hit that prloo iot'or to abut pried ho is odjusting his resources. This 13 not Jut'c probl- of cmutioh along dooontnlilod what: but “ in “utm'tho result or lubotttuting a «Implant, ntioml pricing sur- fooo for a dildo, controlind prioo mutant 1 ' “Tho min of the Cochin-ion with tho fresh fruit :nd vogottblo m 7.11:“, or IhIpping paint mint, contorod mum tho nothod of mlmgo botuun hippo" and producer. old tho offset of tho integra- tion of muting on! production functions. A canon Wm, Wand in other food industrieo, in for tho chipper to harvest, pooh cad amt-tho produooro' crop. for a find too, extracting the foo rin- tho «111:3 prico of tho crop and rcm1tt1ng tho rudndor to tho Me. This {on or W in: fat to not only perpetuate tho produce» poattm a: W w in the urinating system but no 1100 and...» tit moo ofdittoront profit-Immmg out- put and flung lowl- ot producer: ad thoir muting agonto. ‘- Boga:- dng than .co‘nnioto and‘riok-ooomdnting muting Wont: tho 0.1.010- con‘cludod: '“ *“ "Urdu I. agreements, the grower lots the shipper handle his crop for 1 foo, with the grower hearing all marketing risks. Thou magnum: m alto. factored by chipper financing of under-copitmsod grow-n. Agency salon mung-unto oom- Italy are ndo by ohipporo who 31.0 mint product: tint thoy own outright; no)! dim-megs: than us tmght with pounc- [1:1 conflict. of mount." ”mt r- 50. ' ‘ '- ' 'l‘ ' : l-) “ ‘ ' " V o . ‘ I“ Q '1‘ " ‘ n ‘ r r ~ ." a " I35:3..Z;.:'.u1::~:>sn .6 OI tn.- '."'1"J .-..£,)-I-’1r1 1631.11.1mfio 5» Linda?) 9.1 13-0303 VH4” ,1 .5 ,t .1 ._r -1 J ' . .‘- " .. 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SJLtq 91 SHIN L . -‘ ... . 3. — ’ ,- t», . e n( a " r' 7' yanaubfl fin u‘n-1zzu:'9‘ f’b rc¢.5h~u‘~rw 1o ”:IIOfiq 3 Jth ion at ~urs triaifiq Igdcfiizn ,xaiqvco 5 q if; Ji 3118 to Jixaai 9d: noifiibbs mi .naIR a ostzq h13rrq1dfl~2 ,91qua 3 101 0331 at g'ul-v Ins :LITE fi4:“2 efiJ itiw nc? mafzwofi 953 30 nqeonoo edT to Iofifom sf: hanota katsinoc ‘Joiisv Infcq gxiinJa 10 ‘ £15m 32111 '~ :' '~ 'P ‘2 «fir " ' (H 1 i “ A ' " cfo 5' ' f ' u- r‘ ~53§9Hn1 bfiu 1o dfirlle Sufi Mflb 8I9afl301q was efisquia nsgwdsd ednsdnxe )fi‘ .'.! ( ‘7‘“! r.‘ (I .0! . p (x .r «*g O {h :' J n r r-- f‘ "_ Y -i ‘ .'., . +o‘ " :7 ‘§ 0 ~ .. _. _4 _ . x... - .. u- -v - - v .4. v A 0.1 A. 1{\ ”5 11(1.‘ .1 CO I"; .V ' 1~HJI LI“ I '4 J .. ’\' (1. 1‘5 E" ‘I\ ..'II A O U013 tiaovvsi c3 thqLia 9&3 101 ai ‘asiwfaufni boo? teiio mi heieilstsqnu 9;: fdjjag'gxs ‘99? Lexi? s "or aqc1o 'awaouh01q 9H3 Jefiflsm baa fiosq 5‘ as 345191 9J3 gnijfjmax its qoqo 9i: ?0 sojvq yailIea 9&3 moqi est "'1 ‘wt‘L‘r- r V I" ‘4'“ w‘ "' ~v v no r—‘. '- "* .I- < amLLJJAésg ;140 Jon OI chs- 8,fi ~nshe,~qug ,o .fiol aLn1 .teSUuoqq ed? ."".(\ ’1‘.' ’J W lfr' ".'.:“'Iv“:'*~ C'!J q: j“‘(‘\ :‘r.[ r‘r't ;‘p‘/\' '2" .-‘L:-,. 'W‘ (s N Cf! " I"- ' (1";(1 ‘_"- 5.1.\"J-1'—~JOL Jo) L.—L— ...)’~—..D- 3 ALL. — '- -'x‘.\fi I iv ”01“, L‘J10'I 8 oLbO!JI-' .Lq ‘_-I.:V r‘ . ‘ '- r r P ‘X n o ' .. ~. ~ g - ~IUO :xLSL JYLJPU“n1q firs-9:?Ib 1o ethoa afJ 3b stsil 0813 83w find 1‘ .1- ~ «~. :' L "'1' s-«V t' -'- w' . s ' I“ N h V l .v fin .aa,995 GU4w8“;bu 1Is.3 fab afin:b.3-q 10 ajcrel 3nchzq hrs qu 'I‘T "' L .‘_r r! H' ‘- 1' “a, 9:..- 801-1.) "... $.15.) :{jIHwh I I h :besulsnoo noxcatmmCJ a! :1 6I.I1r' '1er '15wvjliria art? 3391' ”Iii/TOT? s'I {WWW O'I's emoa 'ZSII‘IU" .8131? “n'JaAt~m £15 *"Iuvu; "waNv adi dci‘.' gm; 9? s 103 3019 PFL=RBGL1 tenqina vc’ie': I3 2. QOJ“O 3"s aIPW'ng:uw73 929%- ~f00 eunvwafir~1H5 aeIaa :959"A .RTSWOT“ bSSIIsilfisfi-dehnn 3o ‘fi”-vw cafiv adv 8T3”Qi ° rd 3.?5“ 975 Yifiom V’Q": * + ..‘, ‘r 4" (r:' r.’ y 8"“; .‘.;11 8-- JL' 1.0 .'.1 .4 v-- ...._.. u ‘ u , . o ' ‘ A I.rIu VJ awn a ‘1 -’IA" n "I ..' . ’V'r r'r..."' av -r.' ' .- ‘tm '-' 0 0'Or 4r- A.\I.U0\1 10.0,! \ l.;.‘J xi 8‘ ) a" "r d“ .L‘ s ‘ LFJBLJqpa ..‘..‘Lm O .“u s4 ¢ - r' -..,1' . --‘—,' v ., 'roa ‘.u26“3uzf 10 eube Maw {xii (‘3 "l A ’1 —rr'v1.‘ a h QC en 35 thio‘oonflict of interest involving the kind of «change between the protocor at tho first whet and tho intogretion of tho production dd mting‘ooctoro us a: cutml intorolt to the Omission. Hhfle not cplicithnood inthis my intho final reports, it forms a. fun- donofiol bsois for tho nppreisal of the intonation of the production and Winioootoroa Boosloe of product poriehability, it is essen- tdol tint tho pridng ad output levels of the production sud msrketing soctors ooineido: Item-ego of most fruits and vegetables is only s short-toa- poooibility st boot. 4 But o conflict in these prices and outputs, montifiod by the Omission ss csused by the method of can- ponsntiq wppors for their reflecting servicos, would be s serious berrior to nor“ coordination. Tho dominion did not pursue the ooonuio inflections for each s conflict, hero suggested to be fem prico instability, but neroly noted the existence of potential differ- omoo in W end shipper desirod output lovels: "In. W ordors end sgrocnonts) hue been inhibitod in their cporstions by conflicts between individual grower interest in high value md the group goals of benefits roan lower volumes om ordou'ly product flow. Conflicts also arise because shi pro tom high value rather than restricted marketings."5 sum Mien into production in the fresh fruit snd vege- tdilo ink-try no viewed by the Omission with concem for its influ- ence on th future of the non-intemted producer, total output and the empotitm of shippm for supplies. The Omission felt that this in of immtion: ‘ * ". . .hoinjootod mcnpitsl into forming end hence has oorvod to mintsin or incroeso production. The effect has boon to reduce or hold down prices and to intensify (selling) cupotition in agriculture. In some instances, the bargaining Mpgwerkof Ara-more W has been reduced by buyers! ace”, to ”Mr pa 51-. CC 599.1391 sag-5.179349 ”:0 Luis! 9r” pniviovrxi 3 997995113 '10 J'OII'lxzoo ahiT noIJourozv 9d: 10 IzoiéanSJnI 9J3 ba5 Jaitsm Ja r1 adj ban 199nb01q ed: eliin .roIaeIunoO 9&1 OJ fasxsan Isnéneo to 859 8203993 gaIJeflqsm has -r:sr'l .e 3:191 J}; ,ed’toqm £51151 9d: HI gave 8513 HI been ' IJIOIIqxo Jon ncIfiouboiq 9%: to noIJoowejnI ed: 10 I53I£1qzs add 101 eIasd Isdnemsb ~9eaaa aI JI {rcrfr“5laitaq Jaubowq Io eau5398 .8193098 gnijofinsm bus grmi 9 759 I95 nocioui uq sflJ lo aIavaI JUqJUO bns gnIoinq ed: J5dJ IBIJ 5 1w! 10 BI e9£35d 5'239v has a "”"1 Jean to 9 51033 :e me nIoo exodoee I9 5 aacifiq 88 9&3 HI Jeri? nos 5 353 .3399 35 EJIIIdIEBOq mteJ—Jnode -cno i0 boidem ejJ xd L98U50 as HOIBSIfiUQQ edJ ad beIiIJnsbI ‘aiuqduo exoitea 5 ed bluow ,aeoIvnoa afiItefltsm tied: not atequ is gnIt 'seneq Ib unicetumoD 9dT .uoxkgnrbqooo 39> 75m 03 nsInmsd t: i 643 SUETUq Jon finai 99 OJ hates: me 819d ‘Joiifimoo 5 flame to? enofifsoiiqni oImonooe r ~Iettzb IgILH :9Joq 'zo eoneieixe add beJxr'gleqem Jus (vfiIIdetenI eoInq O :eIsveI Juqiuo £9 15999 19qqfna baa nsoubonq HI seems I L Jffi”1ut usedo ovzi (emf; 9m99155 £95 enatfio anzsm) yxfls’" 9999Jflf do‘mo I: I5 rivxinI neexja d 55515.nn9 v4 e1oidgqeqo 'r?~xed 30 81503 qrou: d3 i::r5 9.”UIOV d2Id -gtqa 99U£9£d 95:15 0515 aJaIIT505 .woii Joucoqq xifiebto has i““.egnIJo: 5m bafoI":as I 5513 nodist erujov dQIJ qovsl eueq ~929v Ins Jinx} £3911 edJ aI MOI: OUbO?q anI noI35959*mI naqqcia ~5I35I 9;? ENG? nnosnoo d: :w ncIaaImmofi ed? "f Le‘s-t\ 25w {niaym' I eldsJ 953 hrs Juqixo IsioJ ‘1995502q Iad5qgejnI-9on 9&3 10 squiufi add no eone fl aid: 35A: diel moIaaImmoD an; eIquNa no? 31995 Ida to noItidsqmoo :noIdsigeJnI to mnol asd ear9d has grirws T 0&9 C EnJlx 59 Ian h9d9939I 35d. . ." and 339139 95? .aoI.95 ”a 955 ""VI 10 afsfnisn OJ bevtse fiiiiae) 11iano¢ai of 5:5 ELOE'I] nw~d bind 10 905591 OJ need 5915 and aaonsieni €"0: GI .S'LDJIHQEWiE nI nflstqunoo sass 'aietpd yd {-99rhyr 1999 9VB;"{ "rr 379m153 30 19 moq _“__- ._. l’ o l O - v 3“_n .16 .q _£:_:Ea M ti 9. 5' $2 $1- a {—4 I captive production."5l* . Specifically for the fresh fruit and vegetable industry, the Canmission mortal, "Slippers have also gained bargaining leverage by growing use of their supplies. This puts added pressure on independent growers". 55 The final area of concern to the Commission regarding the marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables was the number and variety of retail pricix policies and their implications for the relationships of prices in the Isrketing channel. The subject is covered more thoroughly in a later chapter: suffice to say here that the perceived problem is one of pics flexibility and inflexibility under a number of alternative re- tdl pricing strategies. According to the Comission's report: "u... merchrdising has also induced inflexibility into the pacing system for fresh fruits and vegetables. Consumer one-stop shepping reduces pressm‘e on supermarkets to estab- ~ lish retail prices which closely follow wholesale price changes for these products. This insensitivity of retail prices makes it difficult to clear the market of variable thplies wit hout major changes in prices at shipping points."5 This mpothesis of.“ market interaction, whereby price stickiness at one mket level is seen as responsible for price variations at another, is interesting, and it is unfortunate it no not pursued further by the Men. Booshso it is so closely related to the stability of prices it deserves treatment in this study. These, then, are the five problan areas deve10ped by the Commission in relation to the fresh fruit and vegetable industry. That they all have relevance to the price level problan of market interaction is clear: it is also true they identify areas of interaction between the saw. 1). 101s 7 55kg. Pe SOs 56m. p. 50. L; / f F ”.n9fxzu‘atq 9vxsqno I» " L \ .‘- ' .~ ~ I H o u ’ r 9 '. t‘ ’9‘. 'fi . r ' [10.803 “LXI-:3-) ELL- ‘SVI‘J-Iw'Hii #3:- .1; ;)0(f1111.‘) " "£1 .LU‘C";L £1.13 10$.(151).L'1..3‘(¥C 19.4 ‘- 9 -- - v, - o c , x . -J 3' 4‘ . ‘3' ' ‘ 'I‘ r v " o‘ o ' 4' .'r‘of: ‘f' =. .irf ,: '~.’,f. 9,. 52-1,“.fo 1' ' f1 «‘9»: if, -' r55: [-3 .‘l 08-3" 9 ' ‘Jli air: 4.91"“ ‘" Qte“ CIG'S'I "F‘ !, ...- - ‘ 0"?! 0V . : " f‘ Ar 1'- o f [1:9 + q \o ...:rLJavf‘ III‘V" '.-.. F0 ‘3. (80-1 " .3 8d": (..’..t‘ 08§J$317lddfilo 9111:! , Z- T , 4 ._ .‘.‘ _ , . ., f... . ‘.. 4"" _ ,‘r .- -;. , r u n . :_'1 {.11 gnflvcflusm 9,9 LniufingI nUzcda‘dwd and 0a nmeanco 10 52w .3 139 J a“; V'. , 4- o '3 p . ..- r...- t . -~ I . 9 ! o ..v o ~ - r J w ‘ r a f LLLLLN; A3 uflthLl Lab texMLn ~33 ab» erLJwE 1A9 9 iJ’L heat} to , 2 o; ' _ . t. L r L .I.; , ,, ~ 0. FA”... ' - A; .v. \. '_ - ' I 3:9L14 -u Pqnucno" szw vdu «a; ehtL SULLLMI 9L9 a hxs aeLoaioq 3nLoLtq 5 a: {Lj3uo~oji 9109 Lezcvoo a: doetfiza sfiT .Iwumzio 39L-9hism add at (4- bsvisvfiaq en; 3333 O’Iul $49 01 99:1.ua :uqu5:io 19331 .--. .... 4I‘_, ..... v.19... - '.'. :L r'x..' . .r. -91 9543LJ.99¢Q 10 zeJyun L ZSLnH {ILH ALFfLflui br-5 vtLILd :9L1 oitq :finfiI e'noaa imwnfi 9&3 03 ynifflcosfi .PeLgxésaée gaicifiq ILsJ 913 otmi VJLILJLXULZ : {eonorfi :als 831 yriaiffinflo”en 835M" dmnmannfl .991f5f939v LLL aifixfit Lesa? 99? L‘9 a a gala JLIq -J33; 03 9iefi13519993 no 92V939"q 39:9{91 "9499C93 qoda-ano 3979529 99?99 CE 9'I9nn mc'fni vfleuoio 591%n eaoitq 1:519: Hall 39334 39fiiwq £33191 “0 y? J‘fiafieznt 9th: .afouioza 999d: :01 k- a1 ' ,3 ~. 4- ‘4 . - '- .. - - 7. " ‘l( f V " 'Q ~.. 8.5 I 813. CI I'T—fu. ’33 fig-31:; S'1~'3~'{ J- .9:er ‘1; - "f T- {1“} ~\\d“- £1. ‘ 5 y{‘ 7‘} ‘..1" (_.‘r 1' D f‘:.‘ ' 3 C,f"'. I ‘ ‘(Lflrc’ r? ;' efffiB ms ‘ 1~ ‘. (x. ....4.) \ -- . ..~.- ... . ~.r Pas pr 8. It) 1A 1" ‘.o‘-'\ [.7 :‘1Y1..’ u:— 'T. 'in Lvlfii) +53" E's rr'nf’) {J .9, r "-Ce’ L. 4 ’- e-qqa ,1 -\J. ‘ f . .‘ .1.l-\- ,' ‘ ._4_,.) .‘ ‘J .... .. r- :1“ \ ’-~lx- 'J ’-....J l\. . (_.' Y“ J.' 5 8 «-‘ (.N ‘- J. :-‘~ .../8 \‘ ‘ . x S, .p . ,- ..' + + .' . 1 v i, ' - .I‘1G1'L'I 1 OH 2198...! JESS .6 (for! as r. ’ "L n .‘."' - r- r- : ’ ‘ Q . m ,9q05u e “As .0 1cqq113 a Gain agu fizU1eo 1ws erxduel :o zeovb01q 8111 _L ' aw." .- .- '- , ..‘ .11 . .Cup-IubsffL'I 93331“: Ibflrflb 9.“. 01.} [gt-,1 n '.‘ \. If.) «35 915 aflwnxet std bus 1‘ ‘ 5 g. I ". ‘ . .L" P ' U "a . "u :‘ ’ e . Lunar; s11 uni» fivaetg nave vidadouq 9:5 ans: Q1251 93171 Ianoasea " I 'g' '1. . '_ s N . :-~' .‘ A ' " ‘.." "1 ' " . smog. ct, adrrcxclqwon £1,103,393 819.2» 51.5qu of 399351.21 1110.13 ,anom’at'rsv - _.,,., ‘ 0 '1'._ f- ;_ '...- 95hf§s£ 1-33931 10 shrug 3&3. . ." -9131ua¢ due 53F¢34a 9031191 30 bsolnno a lo axis? 9%? _.‘-A ._- .SLT .q (_.‘. r.:-::.13 1‘11 A: .P as. ‘rl -. . ’ J11 C’\»dl_01..'3- A. [I :(J 13'; .' ‘ of 38 e1‘ Saline, Odifernie table eem due to get to New York. The value light chance ‘1,“ in that eenn due and maybe-non, either up or m «.58 ' ' ' “rile the imaetry ie in N that prieeetebility ie more of e pnbln in the {rub produce inductor than in other food eeetere, mmtetitee are by ne nee-e certain e1 ite ecnrce. They eeeeciete ueh cf the=nneteetion with ehflcee in output and uneapected chases iljeether: but .there ie the feeling that “harm price Mute can- not alwe be uplaimd by theee. . For mic, the follmdng type of ethane in net nee-on: Egreeentetive Purcem: De you feel then, that the basic prebl. for thie (price and incue problen) that ie occuring right now ie general over-production? Hr. Chin: Well, that ie ht they tell no. I have other theoriee. I have no proof ee I don't like to en: it. But, gentlemen, it jut doen't ee- right to me when a whet on amthing could be $3.00 a crate or nothing, ind in one month'e theorinthreeweeketineit iedomtcnothing. Ueere not coking for $3.00 a crate continuously. We are not acting for amt ae e contimoue price, either. But a price of $2.00 or 2.25 in the market, which we consider ie ,net an exceeeive priee, it we have that find e! a price 59 continue]: we are better off then with the fluctuation.” Kr. Chim'e cfiplaint no that theee fluctuatione originate in the mar-- ket eector; he ie right when he ewe he hae no proof, but hie years of experimce in the market make hie failure to associate all price sari- eticne with changee in output eignificant. ‘ Other witnesses believing that the market eector is partially reepcneible for the fam‘ price variations attunpted to be more specific. One expreeeed the following view relating far- price variatione to the ”IRE-.9- 7000 59mm Mullen, Teccae m; p. 61.7. 39 n- '7 -“ 7 ‘: ..‘?“- n‘ P -v"r*'D 91I97 995 .xon W91 03 993 OJ 8 BL nsvoa cahsi sLfl“O.- su ‘5333339 10 - ' ~v~v ~-»~ ....' - .9 7§~--.' .t- ‘ F" .‘f‘. r-r’fl +flfi.’ 'zo qu 'IezlJLS .9101“. 99' ..'.er I'm. 33.37 {77.77193 ‘..-.7J r... 000‘... 7 ..n-..- ennui ”.rmob O I O ;"O ”I, 30 910m ai yJiIidsie 9011q JsfiJ Jaefisewgs n: a; 339 .L. 993 eIE.dn f1 taiodoea boo} "9Iro n: nuzfi Yd iauf Hi eonbnwu d: 97-; 9&3 n1 asldtnq a eisficonas tsfiT .somuca afii 30 nigJuoo enseq on yd 913 eavfisineeefiqex aegnsio bsjosqzsnm hns Juqéuo ni eonasfio 333w noiJquouII ed: 30 doum -nso V'3I'(L wit soifiq J9 :Iurm Jfidu nilsel 9d: at 919d: Jud :19diaew at 10 91wJ 3min IIo? ed: eiqm£5£9 101 .easiJ yd £9933--¢xe 9d 8\£W[5 Jon :normtosnu Jan 31 egnsdoxe to} m9£§ oqq 9135 o: 06 7:£193151 sviisdnsaeuqsfi . +‘{ . gzio‘ 39.91 a}: 39 173 II.9'W :rmidO .7114 1 I 09 39919 on svsd I fymbhr¢7g.no Jofifisn 5 n9ne.' 9m 03 Jflxit m993 3' . a'fiJnom one rt has (391.. o FJ.>£ 9i btuoo 933 an .3nLdJcn 03 nwob af Ji awiJ 319-w .911J {ii to 99$? Jon 915 9‘u .vf3nou~i 31:09 eégto s CJ.{A 203 gniias Tom a 395 .usrdjs s9oiuq enourrJ 9 as :nilfvys "01 Buifies ai «Brianna 9w do iiw ‘Jaim .odfl Hi d3.§d 10 00.89 30 eafiwq 9 rwq 8 io bntn Jng evsm 99 ii (soiiq evieas >9 u.-. d-nn ror; Lrsqui 933 diiw nsnd 110 fisJJed ens 93 vIarouannoo {w- (o naqob dent Jr :4. U 5 \ ) ”u N‘ 'V . ~. .'.“. .IJ- «1-,, f 4- , .L ' ‘ v -'[511 eds: {Ir 9U FJLE- 4 LFIO BLLCJ-‘- ers'fiLJvii 9&9):th \’.‘)"J ('..-()3! UUJCIJ. "fill? B'MI J’: 70 3:392 aid Jud .looqq on a; ! ed 8938 9d 9913 sdpfiw BI ed ;1cfioea 39X ~7TJ.¢ sortq _[15 9833-oo.b OJ 9"u[is. eifis an Jet~nm 91$ at eansfifieqxe inpta :JQJHO at aamnsdo déjn anoiJs Viiuijtsq at ficjsoa Jsizsm qu JsdJ gnfvsijed aeaaenafiw TsdJU .oiliosqe 9309 ed 0: bequsJJs eaoifisiwsvs 9:3; magi 9d: 10% 9£.rz:noqzw 91 add oJ eroiisifisv soitq n35? 33.x 7E9: wetv gnfmofici 993 £9339 .qx 990 raj qr‘t“ '7 g e_ '1?“ 7” OV\ . ..‘ “_ . 4-. . _.‘-.- .~. . . v . .... 3“: 99 .q .3SL1394 33:9‘ .neiikofl M:TR.a _¢+ t1 PI 39 market ”chin efforts of shippers: “In our business, the market prices oftentimes cl'nnge rapid]: by a very small over-supply or a very small shortage. One supper w only hve one car of produce unsold but he may send a telegram to 20 potential custaners and quote aésheap price and maize the situation for all shippers.“ Resetting as” this theory of market cmmication may be, its signi- ficance for purposes here is not in its accuracy, but in the perceived source .1. tb instability, the marketing sector. A mmber of other perceived relations between market stability art! the market sector could be reviewed here; for all of then their significance lies not in the «clumsy of the relation but rather in the fact that changes in output do not fully emlain all of the variations to which producer prices are subjected. For filmoses of moplaining ram price variations seemingly unrelated to tb state of market supplies, it is natural for producers of fresh finite and vegetables to look to the marketing sector as a source of this instability. Consumer demand variations are mostly seasonal, predictable, and well known by producers. . The marketing process is less well werstood and the only other location in the marketing chan- nel which might serve as the source oi price instability. But this residual research technique 1.9}. holpi'lal to producers in identifying exactly what it is in the mrketing sector which is responsible for the price variations. Consequently, investigators receive a plethora of lupotheees regarding these relations but a dearth of empirical evidence. Periodically, at least in the agricultural industries, it is eaqaected an investigation will bridge this gap between twpothesee ard acceptable widense. One of tin reasons this does not happen is that the marketing w “an. ,. 601. '..J'J.~.,T‘I{..'.-.Ll?". (1‘3 863.0139 fél;-;;7'U}93 y‘flh'LflJH l f ( . - - .- - ..‘ - . . I - J ‘. a r- n " v .- ‘ .~ I " ~ -I " . . ..., . . at f «f 0-0.... . ‘ , , v " Lin. 3': ?).;{..':Z..L Eif;';..’f--=';. 9 .10 ECL‘pr; 2’93. ‘..-..‘: Own {.341 .gt’i'u J.'-O III ~’ . A 3 . ‘I‘ I f. .'o \‘r '3 'v ' .‘oo 2 M I "" "2. I 5 ' “‘4 , w” .'u I" ‘17-: -;.-.~ [.3 ’ so“ :3 "‘9 ‘.«i; » “"i}::70 -43.:1‘; \ ..-"; b ‘13 . "F"" u ' v L 7" “(“f f”. ’I 1"? O V“) .'H" . P; "er "'v' 'Igun'fi'fi ' E'. “; \Jl‘ .- 1 -_k’.‘, \J\ L- \. .0 ‘ .A_.J\ Va. ‘} J‘ . ..'..' ’ C} 41.4-'a \f“ L U l L A ,.. . u .'- . . ~ .. r .;.+ m, (36“ . .’.. ~.."‘+ Ln, 'HJEJ’Z‘J £3 5 ’ 9 , 33.3 C."g.h..l.‘.~-'3 J.’ -e-.._-..,-,'.\;,~ .«,J V Ct? 4,2,. ...: _g-V 5 .‘...‘J 8 \.er¥ 0’ v I‘;' If ' ' r'.’ r r 4‘ I,‘ -V'v- r y. “‘j ”~19": c { I. l. " " f“ '5‘ 1'0: "'3 ~’ .‘A' .d .'.~.F)\"o.‘ ‘x-vl .- ..-b J."..'. r"’—o-¢I)3.’v--.\" 5; U L‘Ls. ..‘..p .U.- \J‘) L456 9Ji.q » . '»n . - r+ '. +nx n u-fn, +3 3 + ..3 .-,? fic’v 3 3?} ”3' 3 ”31 03v n; vwd ng Jun‘ auw DJ \:1 um excl cunO Luq 30; some - V V t __ _ . ~ .I. _1, ‘1 _ ‘ r4 4- . o . 'L'~a :3 4" In A .333393 .uJJsAfiax an” ‘VV¢*&.V+a~} a J 10 991308 4‘ ‘ ~ v ..'/r A. qu" 6-,. :- ‘ Tfi.;18 J~£t . 3 3 9?" «fr NL’° *n,r~ n” Ifod a! L 519: b9W C99?“1 p’.‘ ‘I . , ' 'n.' 'p. .>¢ fro- '.‘v- P .‘ ‘( ‘. uvv " . q '- J' N“ \ '. ' ' " ‘ . r n¢\mv;:a ;;wxbfitu a d'Lbfld:&MJ M)J-suuL fiflfidthSDfifl'SdfhflOO r ~ ’I' u L ' ' " ”'5 v- 4- + F- :4 a q 1- J- tha Jan, Jvui 413 3; 35.\Lm ~L‘ N‘LvSL'T 8&0 0 {5513003 3L: 2 o '- -' v I 2“ I 0 0 ' .‘ -' a ~33V~““q I"-Jw 0d 8”"‘Sz iv 3'3 0 I ; mlsfqfi; vf,i n Jon ob ivq3Lo .msgca1dua 913 eooltq ' r ‘.‘.' ‘c ’5--,' .‘I'U ‘ \r" I 0" "" ' "‘ .' ‘ ’ wt: " " ."f I \ r..' "‘ ' "03.2.: 4.3.11 ‘24. :U. 136;: <1-‘J'M‘.J’-"-"“v t; ..’:n :71}, x. .‘_11L.J..£.",J.k{-'-9 10 BS‘SO’YIUq 'IOq ,- c f - - 1' l; u r If, 3.“ I" .. r 1" .'. ‘ . ~ . ‘ '. f r;,,., ‘ . f ' ream ..c: a 3393.40.41 101 £,.,'::r\-:-_.r: {.12 .I (33 .33 czwsw to 93533 5;: 03 c. , .. .- , . :. ‘. ...... .L . . .. . . ' :0 937'33 L as 101093 Vfimvfiiinm siu OJ moo; CI aefiusdu;3v has 83:011 ‘ p . o . .- t- ' o ‘ - ._. n" - f .‘ n' ' I ‘. . . x ‘Iurcanea . pra~m 9:5 810;»s:zav r,g.up w; demon .EJIIIJBJENI aid: 8" 833513110: _"_'{‘;- '.Jit'y‘fj-I‘JF V7111“ .(J :r I ).'C. CV1? '.‘Lq' r13,0fl>; Irflw br's ‘9£d£.T0_i-b9'lq -- ' A Q «$151110 'gni;:._ up; 9:133 at r:<'...x-'5:t~r::£ friswr'f30 3,35." 3.313 L212 I>oo.+e'13bnu Haw ea SI £3332“: snfiiq to f: “'503 3.:‘J as 9v7ea 31?: a flollw Im zfij331Jxabi mi ataoufiotq OJ 12'3q131 303 at e~yicflna$ 63159391 Isflbiaei 9&3 to} 5EGL3moqaat ai doiflw 103932 nxfifio‘3~n aa'J ml at 3i 353w {IJoate 30 ST: “JfJ.q s 8VEOCST 31039fii323vn: ‘1idn33paazofi .anofjsiisv SOITq .3. .. areahtve I;r».t’:-’r.r;'-19 '?0 531.3%?) s Jud errofgésle’z 9730133 grijrlv'rsf391 aeae rz'Jom; ‘ ‘ “0" ‘0 " ’ 2 ‘ N r' .' vhm A " n ..' '-' '1 gnu 9,53 8V 3; ‘33 '~+gu' I Is“ TI5313Ln 6&3 ml 335 I J3 ‘3IE30L003131 - 1; ° ._., a: ELflu smcuzd Iiiu UOIJSVIJesvnr as J .‘4 L - Ll. vi 2 J ‘ 2 .4. (V f. i q. .S-n- h} .0 4 ‘ \ 3 ...? D '2 m 0 D J (0 ': .. m '2: (‘3 3 ‘D S9 ._A 5+ Q ~") .3“fi?3?¥9 C. ' V 1.0 sector, its structure, institutions, and performance is multi-dimensional and far more oanpleac than producers admit. Another reason, and a mo- tivating force behind this study, is the pragmatic nature of marketing thught ans research buttressed by the lack of a framework of analysis fir‘stWing the interaction of a marketing systan and a production actor. The lininnm objective of this study was, it not to provide this {tam-work, to 1mm. its need. Anselm me as. W 2:. AU icultur m2 mm. It is necessary to draw a distinction between price certainty and stability. While market stability implies certainty, the reverse need not be the case. D. Gale Johnson has made the point that if the varia- tion of market prices were lmoun with accuracy, certainty without stability would be a sufficient condition for the rational organization of resources.61 That is to say, the efficient allocation of resources in production and marketing and the coordination of these two sectors requires only that the average price resulting Iran the resource alloca- tion be known beforehand and regardless of its variation. In practice, of course, resource allocation involves both an estimate of the average price and its expected variation. So sensitive are some resources to risk and uncertainty that their allocation differs for the same expected prices if price variances differ. While vertical market coordination is of major interest in this study, resource allocation in production is the principal problem resulting from industry farm price instability; Several aspects of resource allocation in the production and marketing of fresh fruits _.‘r .____ 61Johnson, D.G., Em ce for W (Chicago, 111.: Uni- versity of Chicago Press 191.7, p. 201. r 9.. ' T" ‘ t' - - '. r. I we ' rr" - ' a ..’) t . ' '- :1- .' "\tr ."lrul‘fi “T.- 0" "' “few".a' t‘ Inilfli“- CV31.) .‘.- ._J- ..'; :1. u' f .3 ‘ P‘ U f 5:55 ‘83! - .311! (J C: ..‘. ‘C- ‘J'b - '0' .'.» 3 VVL ‘ .'.-JV J05 ’ . A A . ¢~' f" ' ' . hr~ '. ; ' '. \ ‘r'e. :0: ‘fl- ' .-r\ 0‘ Yt‘ ‘..," r ' ( ’oa ' v “'0’“? I“: 41:1,) ‘.f .( .3”) an“ L(‘ 1'. .0 '.u’. 1; 8 ..‘."JJJ. ‘C- AC: .‘.‘J. a .. -'-.' \.1'(]D 3L0“: .‘.L 85‘s ..'.-' , ..,..-. ;., .-‘ ., ..'. ~3-.- L..3- ..' . '4' ' "JILLu i’ ‘..--1; 5'. q () 1.11” 1:43.": 1.: L jb‘ ”:79! 91-1 8 C ‘13:.st Easier 1-54.1309 93.10: ‘.J’L‘J S'V'IJ ‘- v A. :;_T‘-‘,l.:. :3 '10 {W1 mi .5 '13 For,“ 11.1.." 1311' ."Q’LB‘Q'IJJ'J; «$373029: 1mg. Jd'urorfd {gal 213m '1 3 Ems $93311. 3;,1"}::I.¢H-'.31". :3 “so n0,'t::":s'tei5rt.t said" :-;f‘-3.‘;.::3£.'38 vol st:%-':*..-:.-LQ oJ' qua '.LJ; gun»: *..;F.r;;:‘a aid: ‘.‘0 vii: :60 '1‘1’7'iiii’41 sit? .'Iodoe .W‘ert 5331”. 95's." £31157: OJ "91133-39111'3'11 air” ..4;z—:1g_1,:fr "a -.f? (1.“.2rt.rr..v a n.\ a ..r lhs.ura '..03 :.~,\ gruxn.“~9 - +n¢.~.; '1....'.‘;.‘...'-......-.‘.-...-..*. .;.-..'...-,.. :H. . ..- ......i...-..‘;. .r....'. i... ..'...I...“.-'. .1..." “'.-: r.-_-‘.;'.: :..........-- 111.; 15-: ...-~,:*’“:'€'.v.':v en‘uu rm)“.- nt"_?.*r)n.7.."a.'£ -1 5 1115:?) 03‘ vfmaseoon a]: 31 r .. -.. .. 4 “we. .zr‘m. .-- In: '.- L «'.. -.. '-r- +'r'-4.¢ rum”; 1; I'Y‘g-v 1."! U14 ,’-"ET_'.;,J'-E'O Ernie .r. ‘.vl--.i_..".€w8 » ---E-‘L 81-1.51” .‘flollivbu'a , n ' . . 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':* “ 369;! ‘..".6 {10133111071 Hi -:,:v_~-1-.:'.:; airman 21."? raft": gniJl‘raz—fiz ”oi-1;: '3‘:.’;'10‘fs 96".? 3:511: 3,"er 39153391 o*"':-’:": {11.000671 .v' '65."..- '3?» 3:;‘;:.-':Iv'.'.=:j 9'1 1'; f;:‘:-.31‘Tf.>':~'f:".:,«s' {raronfl 971 [“1013 “Zea-rs"- out: ‘10 5;.‘2‘25‘15’19 {:5 Liter! aeer-s': :1. anirrs'u: ifs 922.": :91 ‘92 'uroo '10 -;. . ..... .~ ---°. , .' ,,.°J...'.. -. 4. i... - - - o. s-z'zwr'a :1 91 08 ans v‘.I.‘.--:’..’.- .; c» .5114..- is bE't-f-dzti-T‘B at 171.15 eor‘Iq a .— . I “In" (R .‘ (‘Q‘_: ‘a J. ‘...“ ... ,Y a. .'r “_‘.‘0 g 1‘1 1r 91.52: end '20.: a 32.. 1-. rr’.z~ri.:;¢ro-r_..;. tame J.'”.L-I 1.1.133- my" bras flaw O‘¢(' .‘.(1‘ f .' PI on f‘ I. 0" l ‘0'? § . no ;‘I n g ‘../'1 ._-,’ cps. [‘..-._..ng 93L -C: 4.: 8 J... I“). :' f “ "‘ ‘.- 'L . 9 . w l‘ . ' .‘ ". A . 1 J . :- r" 8;.1' n. 1,29' 5.1371 103m: To a.» 11m ,~~.r_.‘.':coo .1321 an: 130133.91; 9.54:»; "I P. If: I 1" 4' . ..‘ '.' 3' I r - r ,v .' ’- - "5 -..-.~ . e.~.- 0'": 'r :~..""{ “A1 8L 9.211 r .- .4; r; r.r-.=..'.u;ooUs oo'trroee': 01,1:er3 7‘. _ ‘ .. p , -‘ . '..':a _.A‘ r ' -_ .3, , ' ' , ,lr. '._ '1 f. . ' tr, _ do .’.JO'-..cb _[s'rm'cu .‘.-“1.1L-...-:«1a..;r--c so 2'11; uric-:1 *ffija'hezi we'r'l ml. raw: 9‘) ‘ ."'t""~ rr-r‘a '1 Q r~(v ."E‘Q‘IN "fl 1. s .‘b ’- ,f\ f: A y !+ . .' '..“, r.- a ova . O \a ' ' . [.‘.-.1- 1 3.0 ._...A.-I-"~' \ -‘.-11"; ab ‘1‘..L J-JL'O j ‘.la‘d fi-f. “0*”30'0 ._. 8 no J’(-'E: u’ mflfl—‘h := —w —T __ .— P r \ L P‘ .‘ '.1- .’ ' '\ n .‘ r ‘ L - .‘ a 1' :u e t 7 ’ t A~ -- . F? r“ . I .‘ “'..“ :.1-- ‘0'; .11.) -- .'.-Fr." ". .. "3'? tin.» . ;* n .rJ. nor 1. ‘— C. W~~ .-‘ I..." «O ~ ..'on up. no § .‘.-4“. ‘ J. .- ' 9“ .IvE-n .q ‘I'L‘i KL’\)SVA:1 C1:L')J:lnr r10 Kiri??? I‘I Al snd vegetables are considered. There is first of all the combination of planting end cultivation decisions on the part of producers which ere instrmentel in determining the size of the crap end product quality. For tb producer there are also product and enterprise decisions in resource e‘llocation; product diversification and specialization are staples of the former, the assmnption of marketing functions such as gluing, packing end selling are examples or the letter. The harvest decision is. another apporttmity for the adjustment of resources on the part of the reducer of fresh fruit and vegetables. With the exception of the latter,- tbre sre mime rector, product and enterprise decisions in resource ellooetion in the marketing sector for these products.- For those decisions not predetermined by integration, pro- dust prices ere relied upon to coordimte vertical mketing efforts end ,rstionslise the ellocstien «resources. To the extent these prices do not guide these decisions, either because they are too unstable or othenise unpredictable, there is s problem of coordination and resource mention. These sre the costs of market price variability. The Wee of fem market instability is more difficult to define thn its eeonalic inpliostions for resource allocation. For the purposes of thie study,- tie kinds of sources were defined: supply-induced inst-Ability m dissed-induced instability. The letter includes fem pies imbility .origimting either in the wkert sector or in final, unma- Me' Kerk-t influences represented in the supply-induced methane: vmht instability include yields, weather, total supply, biologicfl. inflame” endother enviromentd rectors affecting supply. 0. m Additienl factu- might be producer price expectations which, entitled filth spproprinte mint elasticities, result in the cobweb ." 1" r ' " r‘f' - .’." "'H '.II . .' f‘l" H" ‘- ‘P.‘~r LT-.- . r~ :- ..- ( ‘u ' J “I - . ‘. 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(1“; .‘.—.1351 ‘ finu—J-‘Bm J ‘ - h In- L. -" I ‘ L - L - - -‘. K ' ¢_g v y I Luv IO “9» 9" T 1? :vcmuargfis 9 a '93 {L ~ ~"~o 7*»uons e; noJajaeb ' o —- '.' - _ ’9 O o I I. I " r“ f . _l ’ .~ -- I. J c. r. f‘ w,’ ~ ‘0’ ‘.. . I ‘ ‘ ’ q i ‘r‘ {.'.} A“ .‘.F' .9 UH» .rfv -' n .933-.- ...,d ‘1‘ O J . $13: \. -‘L - - $.23"; ; .LO .1 12".)” I {J rt; 5):; J ..O 3%;1 A. ‘ C. "‘ ‘r"/\’-’: J-r.‘(_'| 'r‘fl'." ’..).U‘L ”.'wa Np) Ln f-q vrr C r-y'p arf“ (5". z: ‘ "CC ‘ + E alf ‘0 \’;J-‘ )‘o \JV. .\_o ’d'.‘:) ._ - . .| _f, 5‘ ‘ J\ ‘..}- Elk .. . _t._ ‘J v 3" ‘1 ‘ th‘v' ‘ *V .‘ L8. “ ‘- . . "‘ "“ ‘ "0" ”OJ“ 4') V'fr Tr. " -" 4. 74' ml: 'ufo t’( v ( (\OHYCDH'I HIE {Vb}? 7-')c,b _nus)..U .L 1.. - ."IVLJ . ~Ilu ) -- , , ' ‘3 )___‘_’3 ’ A, ’1‘. a ‘ _‘ ..‘ V ~' . J r -r f ‘— 4 .-.~ - x ' J - ... .. '. °. - P. VI r' g, .‘ . "-“x’r (- “m“ M: ‘ *1 v.3 “$134313. (51/334 LC: 2.3.0.23..- 123) 9301.3 '10: .auoLLO'H O V": ‘(j Y‘r: d'e‘: "h” I 1“. JSVIT ‘~. I qr, . 1' ..., ‘0‘.) j + ')’-I.D' : (’3 rq q” or, Jr - £0 5 ’J.4J—-" AL‘ L V L\. , ' ~— -.'~\'I ~ L5 ed —.- F'Iq ’1 L 1' '- , . I' 3 r ,. . ' , '.L 3ft: Uhr-T J». 71000)!) J ‘ L' 0'11 3 8.1. 5"(5‘113 Q-vIthbr 9" "1:1“ vafl"39!:«-O '10 ,;fr‘ , . , ~ . a L, ..'-1- _. _ ‘.rm , 0.1 v-P , . ofl‘LLII' 'b‘ 9“'Tq 3v'u.nd iO audoo vJv UIL SBJK- .MOIusooIIs soiuoaat , xv. r, 1. .Lf‘,.., '.r. n :. - .. r r; r e. ,.; L... N ‘0 q ,r- 91;. um on m-..“ .I.-I...) 9'- 0.1: 81'. ‘uhuwx, (4.11;- Ji?_-‘..):‘1 ..::.,.. JO QC'IJfoe 8.1? 9 r’ a- " L " \ P I. . c" " ’ “’J'."” P". -'." ' ' . asuoq“'{ and To? .HOLJLr [I5 931N(801 now an L I: £411 OLJQIOOS ad; nail fc~7 (C ‘1; .'.thq‘ ;-. ‘...v“. '_)ff"f" ’ ".r P'I""' 'J r' ’J )1) I. '“J .‘ r (Ojre gl‘Jt ..1. -\’U \’ ”.‘.3‘1 C‘s)‘ .. Jot: (J (f"£-£a1 .{ ‘V.,IIU‘JL8 8.1.11J“ J 't r r 3" ’ ‘ Fin] v 4".” '~“r. ..‘ \' 't’: " ' \'\¢- "‘ I 07+Lr ‘ . F1. .5 A CSlJJLC‘fKJ. Tejjd 93L;— . .' ~~ .i'...‘.-'._ .4.’JV;.,"_C l."~'~;‘l -J. _._ .I.-5.11.)..S‘LJ ,CUB '. .J LAIIJEUBIVJ 1. .Isnft mi 10 103308 éaflfism 9&3 n- . r. r4 .. .' - , ,. . I .."1. ' J-IJ. .2 I , buOUufiIngqua add DI b33L98313?T GUQLQUIIUI vbfilbu .Lwrg ab damnenoo ... . n '.., {I .' .L.'f':._ -L,-,,' 'V , a . an 53:03 13dI29w ‘afia 1* e visa: {V_II15.;L£ Jufl'sm :0 aiaedJoqgfl '5') Josimsa 103351 .ELJU9FIOHIW"9 wedlo has an? {ONE at Isoinoloid L . l“- . . . v5 '=r‘"‘1‘1“~' on ‘doifw atOIJsJOSqKS eoévq fienwbomq Vd Jigim 103053 I o.tdibbs none 9H0 TU _o 5* I ’ 40'” on ..' ‘9' P. .1. Q. , I . -.«o.~ cameos 31¢ n; diuasq .9510- HI} 5:9 dang,“ £u£EIZP7¢?B ndIa b~hslwoa 42 effect of lurket price instability. The far: price elasticity of demand bridges the gap between the two sources of price instability. As a derived danand frmn forward markets, the elasticity of demand at farm level can be viewed as a pmduct of the danand sector. On the other hand this elasticity trans- Letee into price variability only with variations in the supply function. These reflect changeein technolog, yields, weather and the other par- aletere of agricultural supply functions. Hence, farm price variations have duel sources. .Under these circunstancee it appears preferable to treat fen price elasticity as a source of instability separate from the em]: and demand-induced lvpothesee. Price instability is at one and the same time a source of sane paedueer problane and a manifestation of others. For staple, fam price instability reflects inherent biological and climatolOgical risks involved in the production of fresh fruits and vegetables. In turn, tint instability may produce other problems or manifestations; because of the risk all uncertainty producers ma? find their capital sources limited, integrated structures may develop for the purpose of either sharing the risk among more producers or reducing it. conceivably one institmionel manifestations or market risk may magnify or augment tint risk. The ‘ integration of production and marketing, for example, undertehen for. the purpose of risk-sharing may increase the risk to which thoee not entering into the integration are subjected. Or, certain risk-eccmodating market institutions may change the incidence of risk in the marketplace. These are of interest in this stucbr for their relation to price stability and market risk. s'l'he price stabilityswrce-manifestation dichotomy is one of I’\ I \ ‘\ -... -..-{‘.er x ' '.. , .. 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Lu‘ ~'."..:"L- ‘ 1ft}, 3 , 39hr}. 5'1 V.- L‘., ' . .L' .a ‘1‘ , . r- '_ ‘.. 4. ~. ,,. h, _ _._. 2 ‘f..-:. . , ‘12r: hi odcif;u¢;af LL; e.lnui na-:2 :0 ”CiUOLIOWq efli n; revietnl .. ' ‘.. ' 'I F’ I "" ‘. r" e\' ’ ' ‘ ' t. ‘ r ' . . . 92.5392 :8“? u; sor“"m no a .L7U % ”auto $33 01? 25W :33 .r2sTail J31? A e ' o" ’7 P " ‘ . . . * A. ..‘ ‘ A - ‘- . . J' ,' I -. vw32u:.as s»:.qso 11:2u I r 'Lfl sun'”%07' ruujsrueonn has hal1 ewi 30 F 1' Zfih-,8 lo eucqurq 91¢ :61 qeinvev {hm aeiudoxuia bedstfieiur .heiin". I 0- r 1‘ ~‘ :— r , n ‘ ' " '3' ' 5 " " PI “ L - ' ’6 ' k~“b*~90109 ovi ¢9$9U'39 90 8999” 99: 9"9 ensue £811 914 peruse: . ..- ' .'Pt- -~.. . ' _.' ‘.o .. :- j‘cri "h. .‘.-)3 .IO 1". 4—- what? Yy-‘Jvlt )u‘ud. I 05.. A 39!“: 30 5'90} LLR—BV 1.41.3111 -.[s “‘.." tr 313531 9 £8 .’-... ~ ‘.. ‘ uh» - ~ ' I. . . . ' - -. 2-; J» .° .'"1 J ° 9 5K9 991 ¢idfiv9sn8fl bus n01,ouuo;4 :u noi2su§sun£ ex; .ABIT 35d: oi refit sad scseflonr gem ynxusfia-rexz 30 exormuq adj 20: r Asu19.?13 1" ' ‘ " ‘-' "I""' ' ' o l” 4“" ..' t' I‘\" e -r.v' - 9 o- ' . ‘1; .Sueoepens as COIJELXowHL euJ vuLL 3212:3re Jon 95023 nozdw - ’. .-¢. _ '~ .. - \ n . ' . 9‘ "O‘ ?\--'. r L- ('f‘ '\ " ' afifi3iueLl sAJ 83H is gen enoifinc wlj n1 JJLZQJ 4d13i2oi~raonuigz misting ."- -.,' -3 ...? f ‘. . o-.1. 2. " 7‘“ ’ '.,jl‘_f ~.» _“l’_‘ O - -_ “‘L anxa _luJ UL Jesus ml 50 915 semi; .Ue”ixnfifl7nfl vie a: NSLT 30 :1 ’ ‘. . w 0 in: 3 e _v _. - __ 2. _0 ..LB 5'1 69"14511 l" P "Lieu-.I.-) Ia Sf‘s'f CJ fen F'Q'I ’ILLJJ I. ' : ‘ . n C I 1‘ e r e .1, - . m3 :3, ..') 3-“ ans Tsili“: r;\ fibi'jbb' '.€?;_r' 9*”9'3071'kfl.’ " _._-iiil ..‘; ’.(a' L‘a-J 1‘ r1 . y'i', kg ha #3 degree rather than kind. Sources of farm price instability will be described ani studied as internal and external to the producer's deci- sion making process. Variations in crop yields and output due to weather, disease and the like which are if not’controlled by the pro- ducer at least predictable to sane extent will be tanned internal *‘ mean: instability; Other considerations such as the industry's positioning of assets, enterprise combination and the organization of mm. will be described as external sources of market instability. This is net-elf a conceptual distinction, a difference in degree; because—Just as there may be internal and external sources of capital magma; there w also be 91mm: 'or the market organization inter- ml to the producer's resource allocation'decisions. The grower-owned muting cooperative is one such element of market organization. ‘ In this study major attention is given two classes of manifesta- tions. of farm price instability in the fresh fruit and vegetable indus- try. Thefirs‘t of these is the implications of the instability for short-rm resource allocation in the production and marketing of these crops, 5 Principal among these is the crap abandonment prevalent in the production ‘of fresh produce. The second class of manifestations, the ones at greatest interest‘te this study, are the market institutions which have evolved in“ the wustry for dealing with the market risk associated with fresh fruits and vegetable production and marketing. These include unique exchange manganents, flexible enterprise canbin- ations, the maintenance of several marketing alternatives throughout the distribution channel; and a variety of integrated structures. ‘ There are three types-of costs resulting from short-run price fluctuations inagricultural markets: (1) the costs of substituting 961' III-Liv ‘V‘ffcx'zfai? 29217:; 1:13? 3:) 25:97-“29? 2.;3‘2 L““"H "9""5'1 59""93 —?::2»-'~~? shaman-2202?: s..:" :3 Inf-'13 ‘.r‘e 2K5 .T-z'mu-‘rr‘f: 2-1.:- f"-3'.‘.‘~'?3 Mus I292.‘T'”'.'389'J “J ( "“9 + -,.. f ' 2‘ v. i " “fl" '. '3 ' ‘r‘ 3' ".‘v 71 I rw’ ...... . ~'_" I :33 Ln: 2)} . 2'.--¢|_..': 0 J.) 2,. .-‘)- (v 2 J [1 fr f. ugh Ant .'.:{12‘2 ‘) .1 L ..u-;..‘ 120‘... ._.-2- 2 c2”) ..- 279.733" if": "M: ii 9%": 7i: S‘.-.’--C 9.3? 2-2.2; sex-:sib '29-’{T291' ‘ :r":~ ‘21-}: E22. -2.’.‘ 9 U32: 3'; 9 “-‘2 2222-9 02*. sirlsfoi’fig :‘ussf 35 75-12325 3"-": :'-"'::.i‘ wit :32; . 2:." 9:172.“:gf“;-..'e..":arz-‘2:2 '1'22 1'3”) .2 .J'iIf/l; 153*? '“ '39 3931903 ”-0 :‘-?.L:22.':;:E'r2:; '52? 52".‘i' F213 2252' ‘.tf'i'in- '3 9;-_"'""--"r9 ‘8-"§~£;313 lo art-"fiojii'stzoq .:2f_-‘j,_.'._;' .‘.-1155727221 (infirm ’10 com "27;; I. '“K 22-2222 23, .E‘:‘-'2'_",?";f‘232‘3 9'1 L77?! 8.2372 'm ‘33» t: 9; .'.l: aurt""‘2"ff;.‘ ,3 ("53:93: -_7'.2.;-_"f;2 41.31:.1'71'“ " :03 s 23.1:9'192. a} aft-i; 1': fig-‘2 ‘2‘0 81.3C’1"~"28 [5:79:32 H's {21379953 (7227 "Mt “urde‘ as day: sen-309 ~29 ~,_'r rm: tars-i! my: «Miriam: 9rd: 7‘2 a'tr'J 91’9 srf 02.55 “at erredi gn.’;r:oifau £222" ..u—"ama'z 92"."? 12191:”qu 2:0- 2,915.; 9:319:39: e'teezjfitc'rq 92’: 01' {an .2'12’253'129.’ ..J 0 .'-‘.2'f'-',23:2 9.2“ ‘22"- :é-i-‘J 3 er; 3: 911337910019 grillsfimm ~2z-?‘~:2"2.?;1=;J; '10 22:30:42.3 «313‘ ram- .lj‘ 3.}: zzc'-_'r_.1'2rs..t2‘-‘;—; 1:255. afar-+3 a'ru“ rLT. ~';‘.".r" 9 fix-9:21:91? ":12; -,:2,¢;'t ”at"... 9257: n5" LIE-71:13: .1 9311:; 1’42'13'1 3:) :zw'c °-+"f.‘ .’wjmrt' :4 ..‘ ry.» a: PM -.~ _ ." as 2' r ‘f"' 3 4‘ "3'0 2-." +- .I'\ .2 I..'\‘.'.'..-‘»(. ..r (”U L’) ' ..‘...» :.)~’,--__ ‘... J..»! C... 932.1.J _-O \'8AJ-_. 9.1.. ova «4:; '21?“ '- a :(fj...'.-l“"J':{'T.'3i'i Hrs I‘IC.I’...13‘2;E‘2O'-'Cf 972.? r! ztriF'JJuoiis 909 I mr'I- 2'10. a 8’ {:1 sir-J ""6" 3!?95.If(.‘-.‘.’“£‘2C".3 111070 9;.T (3.5”. await than; Iag’mrz'r'z‘. .82: go 971‘ ‘:,2‘;‘2.".".=-271:<:-2‘ "'72." 90 c3310 {2:09:23 :2; ~' .923 II on"; tic-3.97.3- 90 f1.- 2‘ Tc..'_rbc~q £2919:.‘2‘.';2L-2°_'3£:.~?..' (19.3223; 9‘33 9"»: {-33.3193 51'2'2'2 OT 9'1? 2‘ 913222-: §?9252J'T'2 '9') 9.92.0 2219.3: 3922-2-22 e2§-+ 2th: 311-135-525 '10?- '..‘j‘:T;. "Ex-'5 913 r:-'- be“ [are owed richiw .7; 7'2“’v‘.‘~f'£_r54"2 {-22:22 fat. Hwiouq s_f25‘,r:?e;_.-:2*r has 8219.71.92? Hasn't rifiw ..9-‘aicoaas ~2:-t':2"<‘~e 3:13.“; 3139.9 9!.u"):5..- ‘einu“:-;_2_:::>.'2*.'.a Giana-{3213 any-Err" 233:2“,{222 seerfT :i‘-"'1'-?Li-'*1"-:IT 83519521797152; Sci-T932221! irxistz-z 1:2 53:";x:9-=""~f21 e'ii .crroifa .2... Lajxmvnia f'-~-f"'239222'_'c ‘310 '.3'2‘9 2":‘4‘.’ s {as ‘.[t-2H’rgyft2 n62iT'g-’:’.'fi'rieih 94.3 922;”; r""t~ a moat 3.334123 :91 332203 '13 8'3??? 9922-13“ 92's BUTT terrifyiie‘ztizra '10 ate“ 9:1; (I) ... "£2.31: -1131- .'.”.llt.'.'.r.'f‘1";.-:. (if. 32' -3111! ' .2 Mg. another guide to reecmrce allocation for the price mechanic; (2) pro- duction oee‘te resulting Iran miltaken upectatione and the failure of produces-e to‘ recognize all possible enterprise combinations: an! (3)- nioro—coete nob ae capital rationing, aeeet fixity, and the like. In hie 191.? book 13.02. 'Johneon argued abort-rm price instability no a ”or came of reeouroe miaeallooation within agriculture while long- an notability me the canoe of capital rationing._62 Similarly ning foul that while average'ineole ever time it of greater eignifioame - to Menthol: the variability about the average; short-hm loeeea due to price and inane uriation may be eevere for periehable crops and. neoeeeitate costly adjuttnente: furthermore, credit aeeda an! term are affected by incane and‘prioe iariability for freah fruit: and vege- tablee. 63 All file of the capital rationing in the production and marketing" theee crepe heprovidedbyaldtneee at a hearing: “There ie m eour‘ce tor'fimndng vegetable crepe except abort- tem bank loans of one year and very small loans. Farmers are hard preeeed for operating capital an! creditore are reluctant to lend a farmer additional money for stock in a vegetable (cooperative) aeeociation. Haueton Bank for Coop- eratives states that no vegetable cwperative in the State of Tana hoe euoceeded. balding agencies do not consider vegetable c00p associations good risk because of the wide flutntiena in the market." 2 . - . _ . The mule-onto or narloet prioee in the modern whet ecom have mtiplied, and thia ie of filndanental importance to the problm e1 marl-t coordination an! resource allocation. Theee reqtflrenente u: be' ole-ified,’ though not mutually conclusively, into three kinds: gm. Po We ’ __ 63mm, 3., 'Muintion of Relative Risk. Involved in Growing Truck Wop-”2 5mm 2: m W 212: 695-982 19122- “new Mullen Texan Hearing, p. 378. I" -o'rq {SI} {Tail-“FEST! 99.}:th 9:3?“ '1'»; noicssciis 99:2; 929': 03‘ Mar: 'zsridons 30 GiHLLx? 91$ bra a2<*35339q29 rrflsjgim not? gniiLusafi a 399 uoijgub -(‘-.'\. 9a:.':-'r:-f.-:s.-;f‘;:3 a: If‘ue-‘q L2: .‘.-:rx- 0; 91 OJ e'xeoubo'q n: .9fifii 9J3 its .tiinZ $9828 (fininciflaz isiiqno as daze sizes-Oioim ‘3m: esivq urfi-quIa 590375 nonnfioL .D.G flood YAQI aifl ‘( r ( '- .'t'°’-v ’ - fr ’* n [I ?"’Y .. =' 1%.. 9' L-_~;j'4 '3 .9. 91.1»)... .,._ b IT-.. -'.‘w 310;".."590 9:281:11 99'111039‘1 ‘10 95359 1011,21 LI'" - .-, M ....-.t- '— r 4:... .~ 4+ -.4°r:...: 4. . I‘m-‘..L-h 1‘." -..-£3.12"; ' ‘ O 11- —-A .’J. “’3': AG'»'J-L£¢)3 :3 93‘“. C 9:. 'J 85"! Nov LA.‘ 48"8 1 m4": ‘ S ' 1"" C" .’ \ .‘. f‘ - . ' '~ ’ . .11 "V P .I I ‘ aonx‘LC T..a 19.593J 10 a: QFLJ fieto ennonz 93919.5 eiifiw 38nd bnuci - r '2 n c‘ o" - ' V n f‘ ’ + " ~ ‘4": ' ‘ \‘ I‘ - 't r art-3:91: rz.r.«-J"to.!¢ .9.._;_.'19J.-. {-.H .t-ods ..-}-L' 51 Lb‘f 9.13 mg”..- 3:99“- 1:; 03 . a . 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I 9: 951.0791 94+ 03 993753201191!,.rt.n...r..; '.10 a}: 851.13 has J-s " .Zqifium evai {ram '15: {:9 z 929:2? .notfssoiLs 9971:0390: has Hoffmfb'moo J‘s-£15m ‘io .-- _,-_ J,:. .'.- . -.-., .'. --. ,. . 2. :. :a‘nL-f 92-41.? 0. r..- .-.:J.9r£ezrfe.<9 ‘.r,£.'£...’run.: ._s'm .{,-_-'r0.’J 393183.13 ed YB!“ .r.-Os: .q ._r 6:9“ -. ,,,m - '. _ ° ‘ _’ " :. ..’ _ =2 1 3 -. P .19.“- 3.1.1.016 at fwsv [or-LT. 8:8 .’ri evis‘si'afl ‘10 noj.m 'f.'1r*:s>.f<;x,;" "-.': ‘wfidJ ."H' {a - -..-,.-,-,.-. '..- . n. r_- y 1 ~~1+5~J-¢'~:“ ‘ 3 W13 9.2.x... 2.1;”: ..'.) 2.431152 2’... .' 8’10'13 .. . ,. , , ”..‘ ,x, .ETE .q ‘rjr:r':f£-‘:t 352:9 {79119.9}! 1-5..-.»1-«3 E Ac LA. d ‘7‘ t}: 1.5 guiding reswrco ancestion in production and marketing, the snocstion out products into the nsrlnot systun through time, spsoe and form, all tb distribution of income between producers sad the marketing sector. Sue of the differences between those roles of price ore of importsnce to the straw or price stability. For one thing, in the first two roles price servos ss s directing influence to resource allocation; marketing and production decisions are guided by current uli prospective prices. But in the third role, price serves in on enlustive role sud reflects previous resource sllocstion decisions. The stsbility of prices is lost inportsnt for the directive role of prices, tin problun of roseu‘co mention under price instsbility. But the observer of price stability is looking st price in its ovflmtin role, and “MILO.” the tie prices the one. A rather of authors hove srgued the price nochsnim is asked to prior: too any functions in todu's oasplex mkoting systc. Schults hss slanted the apprapriato role of market priees is to guide resources in the predution sud trade of agricultural products, but he feels the price syst- 1111 not be permitted to ports! those he functions efficiently until an sltornstive ”ohm-In is team for stsbiliaing producer man-.65 He then ssks whether price can satisfactorily sad simultaneous]: perform these two functions since resource allocation in production is s. long-range role of price while trade decisions are of a. short-run mture: ". . .uhat appears to have been happening has been a. breaking “Schultz. M. m 29 yams: 0.: mm...‘ ture (mo-um; New York). 1950, p. 71.. ‘xy t. .. i " V: .'.r.‘ .r"L ‘ A'- .'fl.‘ " ' 'n‘ ' :5 ‘ —--‘- f‘ 4‘6 'r-rV' -- r 2" c" 3 nr- 1‘} arc-o-r- Pf f‘ "c- 2‘ .'F‘ I‘QI“‘_ L,:‘\5;__f, .r.“ u g -.1, d:J‘.'IA'....).- 3:1-..3 (o. '-.’-'_‘—'-."Lr--L’ . .... .’.: .'-'.. ‘~\ '\1 .:-:B 5 4.1.4" 33‘. (ft-21.4 J $ 7 .' .. n . _t‘ ', o.- :3, -:...o:. ."f I. on (1" romp. T n.‘ .m'l‘” Jr. ,'p..-..~. 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V'- ‘01- L‘)V w'ng— “J.'-3.4 1515‘) ‘ ""1. ~i 'tw. \’\l.lti 3 s. f) n E’»{ 90‘ "33(1; quf'qu e ‘ o- n '4 F“ ,‘ e- n o - .fi’P-( L . ‘* _ ‘. ‘N’ t "‘ r. f f .. -'¢‘.} (.‘--.. e.- \..' ...‘f— 08 J“. \ Js.~-a Li£(t—v?: )1.s hob ‘ ..' 'U h 1‘3 .'I L): (“'aI’C-ivafb~';J11..-.a «hf-v5 -- t. . - " ' I '- . f v ‘Q - . . ' C " j '3'" r 'J . ‘lbt' I ' I "_.‘" s ‘ ' ‘ r ITP’ ‘I‘ ( {New .; g~ n'.‘(o~ {ga- ' r F. -L - ‘1’ "L (a. (JO-{A A-‘- ‘ 4' ~3d'AJ lu‘T ‘-)~- -I ' -“' ‘3 13.1.: "I :~ J ‘J J}: J .. ‘v’._)1 1.! “fig-.I‘vy-L CI 3.! o‘O—E'-‘ 31,05 gtq ‘0: ti = h o '. M ‘ .91., 3:11! “(J :uu'1'0 a B :0 -i 1" J . J - _ _ _' _ f 9 r! D . . v‘ . Q ' ’ . «o ' I ' C ‘ _ "(_.')‘t. B 113“.” ‘3 f4 ‘ :Lr‘l f;b ‘.‘ J21 1'99“» 55"th of 8' .t,‘.":' :3 4" n, . .'. .. ._— _ ._..- l_ll_—~ 4 __ 7'“ “P ) 7"”H-"5 "* ' "'0 9'7; ’ Fm: .~. . f. r.’ ' " T JD " {“35 '0th 4.4. v a c Q' s .1 I on-..'.~.. ' -.‘- mgw ".... "J;-=_‘ o _.‘; ..." '-.--'.. ‘ 0“ s ‘L - . 3‘. ‘ a e o I ’ ‘ . - . f . ‘ 3 ' ,4 ‘ r q 1 "¢\' ow. e. .33”... ‘\.I Nxvl #6 sport of the mtwerk of prices eomecting the decision to utilize resources for prodggtion and the decision to utilize products for eonmtion." sni, ". . .oomlitieno here hem neh that the pricing not- has not been able to guide the allocative process in production efficient]: an! at the acne tine Ineep farm products into foreign and danestig markets at a rate consistent with short-run dmlowentsd‘ 7 , o . Brit.» he. suggested there is a. difference in kind between the scent-tic equilibrium of pmduotien ml finel- oonemptien end that of mint tradere.68. m letter «mam en ell-not or price negotiation not found in the truer equilibriu, end this difference is relevant to the role. of prices in epicultml urinate. If the production- eonseeption equilibrim lies in e different lode ent- then the ner- ket trading eqnilibrim, no 7mm suggests, then the role of price is chewed eoeordingly free ; resource Allocation guide reflecting econ-er dqend to a psi-romance criteria reflecting bwe'md sellere' gun. in negotiation. It is by no neon- eertnin that e price resulting from negotigtien between Inger: end sellers in the mketing‘pneeee will eleo serve no endoqeete motor nuket Winners! the mantis: or "emcee in protection. The neptitted price, for one thing, is highly-whale; for enotherthing, the goals and preferences 66%. p. 75. Q 67mg. 4 . 68 ram-war. 3.17., mm, m M d t W 0.1-- m 9‘ W lectures deleve% f'rens MM College, College Station, Tens, Her. 11-13, 1963. The distinction sought is between the production activities in marketing and the marketing sec- tor es the abode of the direction-giving function of pmduction. See: Braver, H.F., "The Low and the Met in Perspective", in m B! m 32 m, D.C. Dnhl, «1., University of Minnesota Agri- culture]. Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Report 75, Sept. 1966, p. A. o n r _ ' U . ' "_ ' f‘ 3 «."t‘, :1 r r: t A ' w trgx'rts-zat'm "3‘1"” 0 3'41: 0:»? -0 3".“(1‘8 ,5- J v ._ ..‘; . . 2. ; :- 2 z- A. V I ’L " ( " " "" 'f' ' '2 ..y ' FI'Oa-P.v' .r ' I. ;' r. ..'! -.. -. _._ r .‘.; .r....' 4 A ”:1: ['(J T‘;..>‘.T “.0- 9:"... p...;“. n. .44...» '... ¥ 2 I, _c .at: ..‘ L” '... 5'. ' . . l ' f L, .‘ N ’ ”12545;- .J- J.. J .01 3-.)1 _Ln 1 ‘ T ,‘ ‘Jfib o D t I . “"f '. 3 1 v .-— . 'u‘ ’v{" + w + of ' ' I *taf ' t P.” ".-‘ .3 - .2. if T" I" ' 5-11 sJ ‘.1 ‘3 ~ ur ”on? 3769' “no: <3..th. ....-ifl' . o o . o c c. i cut" - Ln r r l‘ .. ‘ o'.~ .(‘(‘ -- r‘ - a I‘ ,s’. 1 .5 l + ' a ‘ pf“ ( ;‘ ‘.. ’ "'5 fl 3". ‘0 1 .n'. \, '. .: 1 . »_ i \)J I ,A .- _hfixJ , 4 v. . . .' ,‘ J..l- ..--..'. \ K; ' ' ' "' t - - - - - r 2' - r. - '- a. '.. :a-x . ',_ '.., x I I -‘.) -. I .‘,‘.2 -0 .. .’.-‘5‘: (‘ -.. Vb ”NE ‘..m—J-J-2.‘3—L-J - — ' ' Q . . ’1 L 1 3’ . ‘ L (r a \ ‘ 'r t; “, 3 2 .I- -.,- . ‘ 2'3 . ‘ar‘ ' ",1 .. t‘\’. on O + ' r‘ J ' \’ ~ 2 l ‘ '2 “J "J “ " ‘ iv“ \ ‘ - 1 ‘..u U 5 .J. *4 . o L' T] I .'2 ‘2' H 1>~ Q. _4 " (I: 7" :1 I C. ’. .9 ‘U 0 u p a ' 4 .-f-‘-\(-._ .- - ‘ .‘. . -'~ “ v- :‘ ’.‘L. f' '5 - ~ ‘ "q :fv.l' . I ‘_ _’ ‘ ..‘.‘J '2‘) ~J.- x; ._)' ~_' ".5 _I' k‘ ‘) ‘ '_-Aa 8:).r. 19‘§-I8 J.'» n f f ‘115 ITC-i‘.~f‘;" ZII'Z'JTW‘.) £131.71? ‘35:; {reffr>173tocfrg '33 IT;'.T-’I'I;"‘I.L7T;Q.3 33.133:th 39";Limjufl QQth 7o dvnfiafa p3 aVE5A719 weffgf ail £:.aws%573 Jafiqgfl ..r' ~.~;g m": t.” 1"“ '3 3"-':."> 3f 5;? has ,‘"31ri"t;.r:-'_:':.f.7-:33:3 79.1"70'1 t-XFJ rt’. sz'ro'i‘ 30ft mhan“fj;"".’ 9.13 ”.'I .a "“7153 ;,"t.',';:;:r~ "in: .-.: {31"2""; '10 sic": 9:13 0:} -'i’,”_.’i :«u'j‘ r1591," r7951: 077.123? mm: J R if: 5 I": (“HI {713°rr..‘f‘_?"'.r;e no: " J'arrco 9‘1 ‘3: if." no 1:591" r::-~"'r'r.afivf 5 rm"? 1"'1«rt-i‘-*IOOQ.6 3:157:35“) a}: -__'- «-_.... .... .. ._....u u. 1- z 4- 7....-.— .(.- ' «hr .'. r515 ’,.“'(- 'fi-"rr, "ff! “if? 1 "-‘1c- '..“fn- "x r- ..‘Ifs'u " :‘fpn. n r ..'p -wr\'—'. "'C’gff S 0 '2' It“ ‘YC'K f‘, t. ‘3 9 ‘7’} KJ 4-9.! -- - ‘4 A ...: 1" .~ 4’4 w hf l V\. \‘-', r ) J. 54-. .L~l".J --4 ~.)_v'_; .)l . «-‘.-.. \ £- 1J1. 195w 3 ,°— + '- .—,I - ' ' _. + ..r , ' -' . .- t—t,..- -...f ,. '. '.‘g” r - _v r .J;.::':. 95.113; 5 5.5-3 rt £5- 13:: .2. .-..t:;. _-. C-r- “.'.. 3.2. .. 20315323033 3 .. r1}: 8-[J.-L.‘28 ov . 't .. i , r '1 v . ' .' _.‘ on ’ <) “J 12-5 HOEJQUJJI'ICOO J Nix" '(U; 54.??? 9‘11? 1;; lug =33 evqsg 031*; f1::w , J! 2 9 t.ot.—t. “I“ . '+. l .. ' .. .. . '5 at: '1': war I” we .t,_uo,».3tt 95:. .I;C>.l.-.l‘.‘.(!.’r9 -":‘ r r. 33 'wuze‘; ‘30 morassofls "r .‘ .'u 0* .' \" “.rr‘” (‘0' '7 I, r \f-Y :— ‘g’ ’ “N [.'f‘! 4' "Ar-t -*a- a ' 1‘“ ‘ Ilu- . -: .p ' ,g‘ . F . .' (..J .2; ‘..-' . :‘f; inf...) ..‘.Jh “.‘- 2.‘ .\ Q... 3.. :0 .‘ igu’.‘r35 I‘..‘_“ '5‘, . :. UV V1” ,_ _.'? OJ: ‘ 'ffij *a’n‘nfl'w-l: ‘ -— -—— “r! p. 2-..1'T"'\)- o o ".- "" ’C‘ q 5.2....4 ‘ .'I T6 at)! .-.‘- “a“ ”A r” 9- L-,4!—:+.-..-..—T - «! L _ L'.‘ . . — «l ' ,‘f ‘1 'r 4% — .K.’ x... C. .3! . u '3‘ __"p ‘ ‘..lf‘fi' -, r- .'.s "’ 1”” 5: v It)" 1 . ‘0; &. ‘J»u.l ‘ no. .t”_..’.‘:" :1...” -O‘JR gin :L” \’ .r.-9:41). ‘II 59;: 4 .‘M Q‘: (LN .— §‘ cs1 A~3 ‘ . 1.1. ‘ilio IE: 5“-1€.rtfi.'\tut,’ 1.125%; 8:31.:- S 0-5 3-'::.ze V Skiff-J}, (‘53,!!1' 3'36; Scuff-..‘! """'_'.'.:. f5 '.90 C" r 1»: ?~9:a " L . "~—-ol ... I 0..- l0). .. — .‘.. ..':53--q-;- .; '1 31¢...) 0-» ' {r ’1 , C ..‘.' -.‘ n“ - - I ‘ "I of. $55-03 CQiJf‘IIJét’Tiflx- 5LT .Esii .Q..--.££ .' ...: “us... ,5 _._;.- swarm); Q -:;~ea §_;;'.‘I.7}92{'I!:LT 8113 mm: 1131;393:1531 It}: 85-13: him 5 ma Swizz? 7.: 5:23 newdod .no Jams: ‘q '10 nofiiu‘n 'r‘l :r'tv fij-not‘i'w up 91;? lo 9'! 59:53 88 103 m‘: "eviJoeq—a'w I ni d5 33hr": erz'd has wad 6.1"" 7:.9’. rrwsfsyrtatfl :998 -J':'I:,A 530'mr :rt°~i '10 {ire'xavbfll ..Le 13151.31 11 ,_ 0' {£51.53} 91?? -r. "-‘P A‘t: “a . .r. .I...- 1‘ 0 ~. ‘ Q 1 in“ . .q .doE‘I 4.15:3 (i? 3155i woermlleoair‘ ‘rxofimén 13....-. :3 Lqu-fi-o u! A7 or tho arm mt.’ for mu: outfit a: 'wty mm um: mud-of undulati- in the mum met. ' Thu 1'. to with;- nit-tubing Int- 3» m-tm award-Ind to ”cum but" duo hnmoo tint «incur a 1+.- “and. A-pruiio or tub and; 1a that'tho m1": pm an m .911- / wmw l'oi- not-diluting tho pmducbibn a: mating or nah trait- and «mm-u a mom ; mm .1th 13mm or 61' meg unsung “accur- and $111!: mam, mum: tho tutu-gm or the mam «ascrim'tho am use». If um Mancini 1. mm vacuum. for a. «mean 1.16 of me. 1: sum mmmm mm W menu; ..‘-m may, the; Wuar'pnea 'u' guac- ti‘thii‘o mama‘w‘rm m1: mm: W. for manning}! tho mwm-pma. 0. as. «burial 1r tum no than in ma: 5mm ma tum tio'ctrdut=ctaeohtmut1zi¢'u an ”In Minty"; flea ago-"mur- mny,-'tm'ao nun-km m:- bun x mm or no mph-um» m- ung-nob arm-m mum; in p11: pm: pm you. it h “W kiln-tint. th- uomoy at that prduo til-1110‘ Wain !” Lmtry ruin-u floutinj’ 69; ranted oubjoct, nogloctod bus, 1. the mam»; batman mat fulpotlthn and thu ml. at price. 0: until.“ s 100.1 and]: laid: for taut”: in Toni, on. study pronounced tho nrbt capo- titinhut hand this . ; . '. . .dou at up]: tint prion for mu. m Officiant ’ umuummmam. Idiot.“- ddo price “ration our the course of the union like. it ”thth utopia. mudfl. nut-1| ‘ docidiu \Ihcthor or rat to M tattoos.” . mm. m... rum-h. Moro. m m mm m h m m mm 9; m 0.8. W of Agricuturo, a hunch m, Ila-bun; Web. but lba 588, Fab. 1963. ’..-70-1mm.” ._.—._.. ”...--.’“-.-m... .- - - . - _q‘ . . -. _-.......n ‘ . .. -. ...“ up diiw hey-ismntzti 9'15 "($19147 him Juqfiyo 39.13303; 1071 550399.39 399:9".1511 arid' '10 ariJ figs-.9 0.: 91': 391'? .90199; f.)f:3.‘3.i:301_39:t .9: {J at "sumarxco 9.1.1 ‘10 990d: oaI-s Jud e'Ieoz-‘bo'rq 03‘ bus-.6190 9932-09900 9.?-9.199.913 1.13:0 3m 199392;: grimflmm .I‘rol‘Js-fii' "f: "‘00 ad 1': ILL-£5.13 Erasure-E) 35:1: mama-fink 9 ~13”. 0J5; 12:13 9053?; '10 9:09: 9' 19139.1 3in ass-hid '10 99999:; A aijm'l Mat-39': ‘10 3.1139299 has noiJaL'bo’Iq 9d: gnid'mlcivxooo 'xo‘l {émdso '10 99:19:... 999. 991.11: 9. J 30 1105-30991 3 3:19.193 smog: 00‘ al asIdsJegsv has 9:1.1’ uLLaf-v 496399 ‘noiJos'erni‘ “fie :{J b 15 910 +099 gait? 931' 3.91 9:39:29: 991 11.10.1999 3:13.39: .1911 9:13 dJm 103099 ncaicfsu..'0'xq add '10 1101.10219er ‘io 91m evidomib 90': 101 edquJac‘ :19 ad be'meado a]: Ho'sJomani 9M3 .flsjjcl 91.99 qua 89 won. 901...? 9911:0991 ha 3 noitmfl'xooo #941591 at 800mg Iii-'9: .r.-[5’1 mm 9999 9001:; 99 9d: 03 gang-:3 as 89013:} ‘10 earmd'roqmi 9d: :10 .aaeoorrq notdsrrb uo'Iq ada‘ '10 music-E1719 ed: 10": sonexrpe moo oIJJ-EI. 9V9d do. .r.-u :10): 91:20 '10 39911911 :11: at; .191 13 919919113 ‘11: hast! 19:130 9:13 BTBGQC’S 09L»; dchiw .EJLUxhsJani 90:31:; ms ‘ioo‘ gag-cm: 371.1900 '10 309139 9- J L xJiLELCIi-Sflapm 9...? '10 {1013'qu s mssd 103093 3-9139)! :99: 9d: :19!” £19211: mg '30:}: . atldgq 1031 .110 19:1 1000 Jew 3:911 1933:3153" 10 flan-C 9:13 101 99901990; 999“ '10 150911.009 911': ergidaeer': 00‘ 9917.531qu ‘10 a]: 31: 9990:; anfiolis sol-£5 90'3r099'x vziaumi 101 9.9013. eat-Eqmt ad: has 9399:: n09wJ9d [Io-'szliaoaus 9:“ a}: .9991 basins-[pen .309’50'119 b93519: {-35 {I Jr-eaas 1.9001 s warm-91.9 no .9019; '10 9101 911:1 has noidtisqmoo «11-100 3925" .9... aid b90m1m0’1q vine-‘9 9:10 .3919'I' :21: 990379903 ":01 bids!!! 3}: {J 13931;. “w Jud evidii Jusioi'tie 9'19 850352103 101 aeoi'rq 3.9:” qum‘: Jon e901). . ." 9:13 ,bzathfl .no-EJmJb-yzq gratJos'Ifb ru’: vamp-Tam 03 seizing Ji‘ act-”3m {191-9599 91” '39 99': I00 9:3 19:70 noL .'.Z‘Isv mitt-q .9wa 111‘ a "La-3:073 3:19 1:1: 9'15 8801.316; 035903 3.9.4.3 .Cerza‘dxxcf') val-rigid $909-$201" +13: [:1 03 30a '10 ’19:“. Je-‘sw' grzibissb 9?? t_f___f. '-'~"" 5")”"u’. 39‘2-3 1:.5'9 9:19:71 p'r-c. _0: “(1.0.9 .959531039'1 ..3.L :‘3zsfjoq m it! no... ‘..-0 or." -0 Arse-m I‘d-curl. to»! M u. “—.‘: -04 1‘7”-” n . ..‘ '4 F . '1" ..'.A ‘ ' ...... ‘.-”. .. (5 IIrU: E; (J.‘-'7 :4“ ..'o u ri‘r}: .T'j.‘ ti) I'V "J . C. C ‘.‘2.’ A L i ;’ . 3 5'1. 1 ."J.'; 0.3" PICM" I’QI ~' ~- %- '00-I-‘a; ..‘-M —:.. ‘u‘u-Vts- Lhuf;-_~¢aa~- .'-;‘r ,Er‘f-QL .C'Ea'i . ’39-? .di {ho-Ivafl d31998951 gniJexml. .901. u ._.;.. 019m; can 0anoofl .V‘ AB nutty-oaths. W an; uni-10:0: mum ulna-minty: (1) “mmmflomcity,.hh¢.tcr “ha-Ibo, for “him “mt: d mum-u tut “mu-u: W3 (23...: um. b. a. ...-Maud": numb m idol-o Winn-tut 1n; and (3) M mth‘ out. uncut-u- m m an n- that “I. “Lam-17° Thnfidc' “in, who} or "thuo 10 a. “$10 “lath: and w or nut tho Inn-kart hu unn- 1m u. may!» m to tm.:aflm put. out a damn. manic-“c 0.1193133“ tun; Minty. Tho mar: audition for trading “math“. no finerAwmm-obm’qu u-u‘ nah-to “tn-mmwumm. mu. min “a.“ Milan-or tho that m ”and mus-and con- fidant; and 1th. the dw- “My“ a m Intim- as W. Attila-m qflibd- tram um «u- m. m “tn-um“ by m Imam rum be mu, mum bah-rt” in “.1 or “unfit um 1.. tho ”I: mm: d v.3“); m; bit tho pith].- duh-h. thorn! in» th- ml: at . um- ouutuu u» up» can“... but num- tho-toil: M the Mflu»m« aim 1016].. would“?! to out! hthtnikut dud; -w-».‘u¢ d mm'myuim mtnna .- tht mm hrtho trash nut. mud-mu data-mun «and. he w M Wt, turmoil. & M1. train; “hum «pud- ‘ hgwmdnflnmuuot “wumm.u. Wu “It-th- ‘mt’ptruu. “this sanity, 1n til-1,111.“ ”an- 5.2.. p- 65- " ' L- Ls'utdjxsi'igs 'io r:0,'£Js.nL-.’;z.m:--9 55:11 at 3.10-25 ZJpr 9:3"ij 535303 3311215133 '10 3:19 CF: in}: #5331; sass 913 evsz’ 5333153 sci: cc of:- (I) z’ziiL‘adsJe 3971mm if: 11013311503 3:51;? 03 grin'flxm'x has gaitijz-g'sfia yfiiysidws to} ‘eahmedo‘o suo’tod a.fir:«.;>z.':9vom $9121.25; '10 3!. 15313551! sdi 9d Lib: Jain»: (3) gbanmeib uovcx‘: 39:. '13 aJL-‘oa 9:13 9'13 o‘miw (S) has :m': 33.8 380161 gamifidsia 0?i'atc)i.3;rloe 9-91333 mid 2101?. has b‘IE‘vJOJ 83mm noiJrI-oz: eic‘gie .6 a}: 5191!: 3:1: '10 '19:! Mid ,maiirnoiixs 'a.3"s}f'1.m 9111‘ 10': {313331350 said 313m: {tin-13.30;: am! Je'~i'1.~3m 953 Jon 'zo 'rzfé'adw hm ob. {orzoos {It‘swded 110“.)an m 5 duo ain‘t-‘1 {10335102 8131': of 53:1:me {arm-.523 'Io'l noftd'ifanoc 17112353911 92'1”? .*{JiJCi:.’isa‘a bfiiiZ'JS’IJ’ i315 1an *‘idiflnpo oa ob oi wifii'cx’s 9:13 3; xivmf 'Ismrzzrzoo '10 mi": 0:: 3.3:{3 at 2.: fittinée 3 81 83f? .aL‘vvsI guidi'rq has Jrqgmo smrr'nra 9N egrmrio of! esdaiw «we mama}! 19510 13010092 {3115 Jamil s-ii ‘10 seat? {.313 Hedi-1’...» rxoo 13.4-95! 9'15 («wit-am Jar-f 3' on 35¢} gi‘iLz'xp slalrs'rifieb arié sad 0‘: fans ;moid.i:b moss ddm Jam": ziuoo a]: IIIIII'Idi,U_-Ji\9 3n.i;€-.5'13 9.116.333 A .Lsnimea‘sbmq ‘n‘uoie ed Lib: aA .notisxi 7mm $1301qu 53:33de (for: 'Ioi‘J'srbd 0.2:.er en'J at 8103398 39315:: 11153" so ‘10 mum: 2.1 'zojtvzdad snia'JrrAa'n wise 10919:” arrivi 15b 1119510111 3th JUC". ;‘ 15:33 “at slush—)gew bms 333113 {$3911 193.1551 0‘er @1103 51100 939d: 'IebfiJJ‘ moi-mica eidsa‘a 5 ‘10 X051 mic! Jar: at xyzoa‘ss'! atinazw 9'15 eiovsi duqduo has 532'}. ‘gftidfis’afl’I arid 3591.? 332.1 do‘ ..[e"'1:s-:"' 3935153: 3.43 n}: e'zsg‘wo 03 33:11? as rim-'3 1353‘? ;a noj'JouI 01:; has wide?!" 54:! 5 Jon 'IO 'Ieicrerflr’ Bed Lam'MO £101.31! {in ' .225 9143‘? sjefw b51233 ..':m'l dce'x'}. ex‘ia‘ yd boinoas'zqe‘x ahneqeb noicfxica gnibmé eidbia s yshioss'r 'Io'l *{Jicsqno Jraetsn'ni was hm; visa-3., dazhpmn '10 \:J.T;u'z3;~zoa ‘10 eonséatcs eds? no $179-$329 sacral a o: .3 a}: .nrmd [Lt , . 'aJfirrr-noo ahiT .eeihsq 32:11:31 and among; 133133.33 .26 .q “if: .gbguV #9 o fraction of tho Ifl‘kd'v .orgoniootion of tho distribution Moi; it: ~ non-16 “tit-Winn. ood coordinting both-onto. . It \dJJ. ho, organ to tho Vow not. mm institution in tho trooh mm. and .motoblo mt!" om pronto duo-moo of comic bohovior old mole math: mu unset lovolo on! thot tho offoct or w;- 1. ; admin-kin to to!- prion. Tho-o intittfiionol probluo no not , mm, although tho orbit-boon. of tho. latitutin-o 1- in tho uturo of. tho product. But othor imitations oro modnblo Ihich mto tho annuity of lorkoth. «tort! tuned by tho Maxim-NO. or mtIN,1lth1oimtry. . -. ;;» III m to tho othor tin quootioho poodby Schultz, tho Imi- tudo of ion who nriotioho 1o thooubjoot of choptoro l. and 6. Thou oro ooaojdonbly grater for frooh fruit- Ill .vogotobloo than tor other food produflm. ond. on not-a. of. tho mm at tho. choptor, gout ow fol»! Mind in the pact-‘..: poriod on no tho mo filth-91100 Mon; for othor crop... Both thio qua-tic: and tho 113%.- tho. omthnor tho norkot, dwd to o Lotto caught on tho lam-9d nonra- ot tho out» notability. {It by not stability 1- Inuit tho mum; of; output. than, on futon W tho otobi- ntt. 9.1 them and reducing mm,mtuno. Than includo tho doth-due worn or pmdnoon, tho withdronl or main-1 loud ood floatation or pmductign 1; thooo orooo boot ouitoo for tho pnduo- tin of tho" troll:- fill-i mud patrol our tho. W with tho “flu-add” uni WW toolmiquoo. But thooo ilprovo- IoIto in control of output althout M dodnoo 1. who vod- obillity only oorro to ohift ottontion rm oupply on tho oourco of tho Mobility to othor Ion-coo. O afii ism-5:30 oi;-JL £7,422.11; ode} ’io 120.13.53.22":.«;;.v:o 3529252: ed»? '10 11013311121 5 I,-:-;.:x._,":.s ed IL?» 31 .afiozrargr'zdrzuv‘r 5;,"45222 “10.59 bu; arroiiud‘lciaai ointmooa 5.5--irgi5gov 21215 Jim‘i 1.3.977: 5:13 n3: 221059-721:-'i'j".f:r:r;,'r_ 17222337533 35:13 {infra edi :21: also: fir-:5 70‘2" Lie-d six-.mom ‘10 931751105511) 9301:.ch .[c-zznaia gnidszi'mm 5;". air” ”to 338‘ '19 add +531: Ems 82527912 3:1?!ng wciiav 3:13 gums Jon 9'12; 325 ,- -i‘o-zq Iworaruiumr 535:1"? .aeoittq 2:31.53 03 gnixific'sd’eeb 51113551 55.“) vi 32' 8270: +1131.» :2:.te dd 3.0 a.'za,r.sd-3(ai'1 arid rigua‘ffis Ans-152201: across-2:; noirfw 6225:2293: s: 973 axxoi'Judrde, ”val -5dc‘o 33rd .Jouhmq 9:13 3.0 '10 eon-.‘si'me-an-‘xsSui arid 7,3 Lsaoryxi 3310239 grzicferhsn 'io 7.222121;sz en’J ugliest-rd: 832123 at alevei 352-17531 412735.11 51:! .gagfizrrfoii‘. 75' be aoq anoifiasrrp 05:3 7921,70 arid: 0;! 1273395: :11. .5 1.2125 A a'xao‘qsyfo “10 gout-.2113 edd ai; anaid‘si'mv 5:33:12; 5:11;": '10 6.2303! (.923 39121532.pgov has 33233:"; 1.215’1'1 '10": 'x:+3.55-.z,'- 257L237 bienoo eds eaeflfi‘ "X? 27,350 e-‘iJ ‘20 grxi.-‘m.‘;;;sd 9:13 3'3 5530!: as (ii-ms .BJOLR‘fJCfiq boo'i 751130 '10}. 55.20 5:13 am as {sci-Loq 7524-332X; 5:1,,“ r15: 55.51.1255 ovsd 03 7259 (1:5 Jon ob ei-f km: 220,235,539 airid tic-“oh. .8973 0’10 152-130 7021 8:2qu 31:13? eohq dim 9:.iJ no mam-:5 93,1512 5 0:} bneqoh 35:57 7:,r~. .553 io maidsmodus ed: 32711 at 75111225575 2.25.3: .21 7,2} '11 .gdii’viajani 155m add '10 source harms-.3721 «$1558 and gnidon'mq 8703952: 3'15 e-IELJ ,J'yqa‘uo '10 731.133.1157; 9:” 31155111 922$ 951121 and ea":- 11‘ .850138i'531f Jz:rqo‘mo figi‘lim'bi"! bus 3329mm ed: '10 “(31:12 has {drug-I 15:13:57.th '10 15-43517? ..3" :24 ad: (afzauubo'xq "10 8150352111 gnmilosb ~35?qu 9.2;! 70‘} bsdiua 335:! 55575 535213 111: aoidonbmq ‘lo noids'za‘neonoo 9:13 {13,531 3:13;.JTO'I'C'HG ed: 7: 70 Immoo bevcrxquzj: has .rfcqo'xo 955113 '10 11011? $707-qu 955d: 32»;- .891, pixies: Sui-51:. whqeds‘ww has aebioiJreeq-‘lo my: -r12-;v 93127:; n): as: Limb ant-3150250535 dire-133:» Joqa‘oo ‘10 Io'mnoo rut air-29m 53H '10 eon-05 arid as ‘ci'qque mm": {misfits->335 awn-:5 odr evxoa 713:0 7:113:53 .aeo'zzme 'Ierfcio 03 ‘g;+.'c.[£r:'g:5rsf it}, 1: misc ”3E! ity. ml 1m: ad 1 for is 01' 50 The tin-1 gnu-u» paled by Sam“; the not. or luket innuen- ity, il-Cphlised in thin that. The gderfl. kind! of costs ore sun- nailed above and elaborated on thromgbut the etudy._ These coeto lathe the the]. Mincetiel ter this stew. But-1t ebuld mt he find that there ere ell: native upecte of nrket price inabil— 1?. The ‘11-: .ooutered 1- atom. price etebflity ie that 1t 1- net dun-eel]: deeired by all; It doee It effect :11 fine «11:; @mmfimukeeqldedjuheutetonrket price mun-Luv mm, there in e the line between Ierket stability ad rigidity. For on efficient mket, reletire etebmty 1e desirable for «11.1.2. co-micetiol end recource diocetion. But flexibility =1nreepooeeted-ududooet Wherequdhportoece. Thole problul need not preclude the stub of price stability, but ehould nerve to m'mt ”hue: poliq preemption 1n the teee er unable nrket prioee. It 1e curricult to epecity o etebdlity idol: reduce- riek for .11 producere end tredere or to eeperete the bnetite d rink reduction from declining price Mobility benefitifig, .11 run rigidities benefiting only ., In.“ whet might be heped for 1e e mt- uhere pricee ad ooete ere reedfl: tron-titted but rude- 1'tebfl1ty er urhtieu for which cone fine “not .djuet recourcoo - or this recource adjustment in costly -— ere at e minimm. 1.1m it must be kept in mind thmughout this etuw that price variability 1- mt viewed by all in the industry on undeeireble. The View of the fictional Agricultural Advisory Co-iednn thet '. . .13 the content fluctuaion of day-tow nrkete, femero' nobility to ”mun, Lt... Gonna. 3.12., m. Anlyeie at Market Efficiency”, gnu-122mm 3: 156 Hw1966. .- -.' 1'. - O J 'e‘l - -~ *e - 7’! :" ‘r . -‘ .' .'fl .‘. -£-.=.rg-.u..: .152-722... .-.0 .....200 2.23 “2311.121: 155800 1:02... asap £2.54 9.!- — t i- " .‘.. '"I f ' t ' :- ' "I 4 . 3,; _ ,9, game, 0 3,4737 $31.55;; 9.12 .',,-I.Je air-J 2:2 Lo::23.._,,q-.a 82' .'.;Jt .DU f. ‘ “f- " ‘ ;\. _p" ,5 ‘.., '-3 ’.f-_.'; ~:~. -r \(O: ' ‘, d :1 : s'2 ' r" t.‘ ’ v ‘.. "'7 '\ N‘ g'1 (JO db!) 5' _ ‘1}; . 1,! \3 {J V‘AL\. L Li'!. ‘n\ t‘ - J [‘() ..a\ dz; ‘O\vs-«.t” .15 s C" H LeS—L L... ‘1 0d Jar: ..‘).wa'fa Ji J.'-Q vac-ma 32.2.7 701 220.23): 21.7331!" 1252211 9:23 ed Jam 575:1}! 35.73 baa-2:333 } O «J c . ’J ‘. {'2 ’7'? f , - ‘4. L ‘3 l “ _.‘ O ’D Q -.[2;:-'2:.Janjc 9.53.10; 35:27er J.' .1me of: VJLI‘C‘Lud 9:)-71'1"? ‘2r:.7:".33.1;.722 {1i i-:"'Ir'-31131‘O.‘-»!‘-29 5.1175120 9.1"1' .’{JI J.'-22.81 1.22; 71092225 Jon 8221.02 32‘. .1233 70' 1292313517 71.5.2287: vim-r Jon :1 eta-'27:; Josh-em 0.1 e.'.’rr_'2~:n.'r-a:.ri,;r-s 22.222229 937;.er 222-712": -[323 11220 7022 :7; Lamps 7;.{.L‘.[..-.-E¢;Ja J'tMJ'II-fl‘i r25 22 ..J---.1' uni-E 92:5,”; 5 5:2. a'zsdu‘ 315.2312}? .‘uifi-rIBJ'nil side-2.2353) a; mat-£175.73 92-232.:- 5'1 ,;*9--.':2'..n Jae-5:212:23 ms 70"! .YL’fblBi‘! but. $125.37. I. Juféi .1'0-~':.-“.<;:20-i7f2=.5.271.: '0897 I'm; {102" 531‘."- 7_::-:22.'.00 Just: [We 70? .sc-IILJ'qur-J: Lari-2:3 '10 5:}- 3225175120 Jaoo brisk-1:52:52) oJ sanction-I n1 {viii-'12,. a oohq '20 7.322126 2.71.29: ..'-[0 C'xq Jon bear: ans-[dams 8521;“ 9'23 {21' aa«.')quI'-'zors'vrq 705;.ch: “gin-r! Jan-3:23:15 rz'tm-r OJ 2377105 Lino-fa Jud 9‘ '\O‘r D xiii-2:233 5 flies-".13 0.1 .11. ro :2.:.‘ 8-: 0‘1 .aeehq ire. 4'12;st 010517231! '10 9051 2121.1 «Amery-e oJ '10 e'zefs'w has a'zssoxmq LE5 '10”: 22517 30031207 1132.112 9 - ‘ . r ..‘ g. l_ ‘l‘... ,.‘~ ' ;.' : o .. ¢_ . _0_ 0., ‘ o O 'I" :wgyrsznrn *v,a.LLI.asb.-.'.-;-V 9.)..2.’ g_.,:1.-.-.I£:.-ar) 1.2.71.2 IXOEJJUHSVI 228.?! '10 831 19:15:11 n C \ o o"- .I O Q 702 £79701 9;! J: gin J.‘-.11: I‘m. t s 7: I170 .r I')f“x( 33513132.:2‘31'1' 111071 Li's i J.. mom-'22:: Jud 500.11.:- :::3'- u 7'1, 2:12.51 97's c. .300 mm 890173, 979.117; 05.213252: 5 at -- 2390-2210937 $2011.52}: 302112.250 aux-E“; 92.05 do}; {w '20": 22-01;.‘121'7'15‘1 '10 7:332}: Lng-nt .w-rn'inim 5 J25 3'18 -- Y-[Jfioo a}; Jnrngé'aut‘ua emu-355'! 8111': '10 5:21:72; J.':x'iJ 717035821“ d‘xr02";,r:'0':'{d $2122.21 a: $3511 {d Jaw-2 J}: amt-viii .:-.;2 xvi-4311253210 as. V,"- oar-£111: 0'23 122 I133. *{d Laval"! Jon 8': ‘¢.*L-‘:.:'..'c:f'x_z.'£'mv 212:. . ." 33:13 110-222-222:sz 75203221722 Lmudiifchfis Isa-1013237 sid‘ '10 7.5.27 _03 75-?[2-1201'87515222 ,32‘1972'17..17;,—0J-7'55 '10 12022.:3'30211'3 3125351200 91': _.‘-_.- ..— i ‘5‘“: —"" (RD E ' 7".“ch ‘- 7'8 ‘ lg [57'3“0'5 (._.-Iv- hind“. “b-- ."-M' hog-Qua "WV-rt: :f) 1"" :1 ';‘rs‘,"' :1 r3. 81': '71? r.\"A e,{-I‘" ’7 7‘ fit - ,- r t’ r“ 7 3.3 '11? ‘ L-.-.1..4-- . .a 4L \\.~11.LB'- +0 1.1.3. . .eJ.e/ ~‘J....;..LOl-.' Q ehLeJ .110 2.9““. 51 dam their pricee leede to more rm loeeee then gamma” 1. net ehered by e11 in the freeh fruit end vegetable industry. new here lede edlireble edjuetmente to the persistence of price fluctuetions, eltbu'gh-thil hi bet-ct the'expue of e chase in eutexpriee oedain- thien. he found); view of e poteto pnduoer in Celflome might be ”11.1 d eluge-mher of people 1nthe industry: finnedutehevebeenhthepetete Wume period of years runaber thet we must ever-age our income. Hedouttekewonepertiemryeerudmthhuit. We, for instance, Ind four bed ones. This (1965) is the eee'eud 101:1: pod one thet we here bed. Over e period er reel-I, for the grower to watches his production, for the -grouerub (bee-t Jupinudeut, butt-nu.- mutant in his «rage thet he plate, he fill avenge out very “lie 0 O 72?: £21192 1; m m __g_. A Report. of th‘. Netionel Agricultnrel ddsory Cunittee, Whington, D. 0., Nov. 1961., p. 5. _ . 7?!!31'! Sen Heed-co fleeting, p. 725. O '.. I a}: .ar2i‘..';3 05:10" 6:82:50: J's':5221';.-£.'1'1 .- z :2: OJ 802:)1 85 (-111 'xjjsdJ basis!) 715123-16 .73'233211 1:3: 2212:532wa L1: 15 J.Z:-.1'I '1 11? 2:11 at” at its 75d bested: Jon .anciJscwoxrfi 07.17:; ”‘.0 5123:12251r2jza'132q :.--='J 0+ ednsrnd'azftbgs «,2; ':5,c;,1i-5 9:15:12. 32.15:! uni £12100 53.111.729.109 mi 93:12:70 5 '10 savor-57:0 9121.? Jr. need 3er :5-th dguchJls 90' $11.22.": slu:*10“.':-£1‘.3 :13. 15005-20226: on-Joq s '10 1119371 51217-10116: 5131'? .0033 :vngau :17}: 911:1 1:3: 95270.1(; ‘10 79121711: 913'st s '10 1501ch 5 10720 widen-131:]; 0.3.3.107 S‘dJ n'r. need 9711221 021:1 EU ’10 9220117" .91:.(mni 1"0 51271920; J::.1_.'r7 07-; Jr .751 “:9 423227511 8711:9275 '30 boi'xsq ..’-'5: a: aiziJ 77:3 £1121; 12.23" 123313353750 57.0 13222 e: «LBJ Jon oh 511‘ .fJ 2:1 (69:91) ELL-‘2‘ .3017) 1350' 1:10": 1‘ m .0111.5~fani 10': .6»? '10 210$":52q s 151710. .1122: 0212:": '..-.1 J.‘:VJ 0110 E10013, 7.532151 1712109013 9:23": '10’} c220.";J21211'.01:} ai‘ 9.13:1; 5115221 02*.2: 182.707.}. 0.".3‘ 101 815297: (11:03 0.2281: 00 8.12:2}. :1'1 J'10’ ..iuo has. 12.2”. quit Jon each 0’1" 21 107-20113 ‘cwv Juo 51:51:“;07'25 Iii-:1 51 52:12:33: 9:: J5!“ 917551315 em 1:}: 7‘". . .1107: I! -.- _ A . ‘9 - “-.' .'.. 3". 0‘0" . ._ '~ 0 .. o. I '1‘ _ ‘ q (‘7 I ' M ..' .. . ‘I' 15'121JI21027,,A [21.0.1.J51-1 9.?. :0 :12ch ...- 2 . —. '11, .. .~:..‘.f ._ , .3 .q ..',JOQ'I .Vd/I . .D.‘0 .1'2‘2’12'2. Lie-3'13 I cum 31 1113360111110 ORGANIZATION OF THI FBBH FRDIT AND VECETABLE INDUSTRI The .rketim eke-e1! for fresh produce, comprised of e nudnr cf nrket levels at eech of thick e variety of kinds of fix! my be fen-d, ere very duplex. A single deecriptisn of these is net suffi- cient for under-1W the induetry and its ascends cherecterietics became the nriety of fin and dentin awiutioue very widely by mu of tb centry and by crepe. Nevertheless certain features of the “lists cu be (unlined, uni this is the objective of this chsp- mfl‘o The per-pens of this chapter are threefold: (1) to describe features of the fruh fruit efl vegetdzle industry releunt to the study of fen price sterility uni amt interaction; (2) to indicate, the We of. 214.11th structures in the infinity; and (3) to mine the pea-females ef indutry intitutions in terns of their Gunman to market etebiJJty end coordination. The allection of tunic amniotic! W in this dup- tor is retard to a the cosmic orpniutisn of the innstry, as mated to whet structure, beceuse the femur includes several ”Probably the nest complete description of industry trends and char- scteristics is contained in Technical Report No. I: of the Netional Con-18:10:: on Food Marketing: 93W 3129. mm tn 21.9. m 3‘ W Maggy, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Covert-amt Printing Office , June 1 . Pert 11. Prior to thet report, owning per).- tc the diversity of interest expressed under the decentra- lized resurch effort of the separate Lend Grant Colleges :3 well u the difficulty of generalizing upon such 11 1srge number of craps end geogrsphic arses, there is a dearth of descriptive maJJSis of the fresh produce industry. A report pardlelling the NCFH study In pflvlisbed by the Deputment of Agriculture in July 1966: mm i_n e U.S. Depart-melt of Agriculture, Econ-1c Reeesrch Service, Agr. Econ. Rpt. No. 95. 52 ro-v» - > y ‘ vr ."IU .-' ', I j. ‘y f‘ u "'H .-9.. 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OJ (L) :L-.[:‘>'.'.~~9"..£J 91.15 'If-BJ.‘23!.£3 eerd‘ '10 asecxidzrq eziT 913 off Jrrs‘fei'u'x \z'errfrti e:-I.fn.;?“9;,9v ins Jim"; rim-1'1 9d: '10 astss‘i 939:3.LE'JLL OJ (9) gnoiJ'ss'IsséaL 399195.11 Luvs *{ixfjjccjsd‘a 993312; M51 ‘10 {I We Lana p.313 airing 9&3 ni‘ 891:3J31u'133 311135199970995-2131": '10 soushoqmi erid’ ”lo maxed mi 8301": J ..':Jarri '{xdrmsznl 'lo 9:.- mm [9119 .1 9d: oats'rqqs o: (C) [OECb'iLU'HVJD bus \jdLLL €533 Jr: .9; od‘ noLJUdL'IJnoo 1119113 “magic aid: {11' {3991:1233 aoidahsdos'xflfo 31mm 99 'i0 nounelioo ed? as “CIJ’BL'LTKI 9.13 '10 noLJssinsg’zo organza 9d: as 03 {139119191 a]: 193 Iz'wvsm 89L "Lani “199301 9&3991'5993 ‘OTUJ'OU’IJE’. barium 03 b9tas'rénoo ‘# ‘ “—— “ -'IJ'.-‘-I‘:O has 3:} :19'13 mdauivrsi 'lo r:o.‘hc:-L19az9b 93917:! 00 380;}: 9M 3.;Iu'sdoqq4r5' LLIEOLJBV 9"“? '10 A .04 Major} L33 $23199? n1 b9rLL5‘rr: 0:) 8L BaikaheJos ' .L ......i '_L_ {mt “I‘LL. 55170:" Ems. r:r:.i';*.c£3'_';gg"jfl 3:11:99 A12 1 L 00". no noLaaLa moi) “Abl‘tf‘. 1' ~ ‘ -' ' r H - -- ”‘- -' . 'r y." I. m u - \ J;;\.1I41'1{.‘v 05.! oLoLJ :OJOU ‘ILUQL‘..LJ.1LC:DH) 1; Jtnr.‘~rfi. ( [.’.-’3"? .'f‘. {"5 +FU'! Cl ‘ «Id-ca -....- cw—u "-.'! ta‘rao ..v-axon ...—u- .'. 3'9uo ‘Jfioq91 3343 oJ IOITq .11 3151 .ouQi 9n" 99L11J F ziJaLti -g Jnc 39b 91'3 191nm beaaeqqxs 33919391 10 vdia 9v _b 9dJ OJ qud"9q Ii2w as 3939ILOL Jmefifi bnsd easxsqea 9dJ E0 3101 9 d3 ,9991 be SL1 aqc"9 30 Tsdmun 93~9£ 5 dove noqu 3an.LIsfi9n93 Eo vdtmi"°1b ed: an L0 fiiamibns 9vLu‘Lm-a bio dJugab 5 BL 999%: .93913 oquSfiyoeg has ;ere Mfipu aid gnL££9£i5.5q dtoqeu A .vqéa ma: 999Louq d:91” 9d: :déQI YLJL a: 9XUJLL9L1§A 10 Jasmxwg -~9fl 9&3 vd ,9da uq arw ‘9'IUJDJOI'LEA 'io Jt‘xemd'mq‘m .8.U 532': (J rt 9*" ‘5" 0‘4 f3¢""’;.~‘ "*1: 1‘ .‘ "n...~ -..- “-I-. 'r out... 5 “‘-‘aM‘. .‘ .39 .01! .quzi .rxoolfl ”.521 ,soi‘vueu {1.2156891 9L 30:: 00a .. "2‘ 53 m Wm gene-on: not comidired to be el-ato of nor- lnot otruotnre el.’ thot ten in. a-efl: mod; the purpose here in to «on» only thee arket directed-tics related to the interaction of the norkoting end production sectore of the industry ond, portion- lnrly, thoeo feetureo rolmlt to the price etebility at. the producer level. Both becouoe come of the conventional structural variables ouch ee lorket concentration do not cool eppliceble to the purpose and become one chu'octoriotiee of the induttry. ouch on the tom and net‘s-e of ache-go relations which ore not .nornolly thought of on etruc- tun]. veriobleo do eon opplicoble, the ten'ecom-ic organizotion" woe dnoeen in place of arket otructure. ‘ . . .. ' Korket chorocteriotico of greoteot intereot to thio purpoee in- elude the reme of oltornotivoo ovoiloble to bwero ad eellere at the voriono troding Junctm'ee of the induotry, the enocotion end con- binotiou of norketing functions old enterprioeo aong firms, norket i-titutiono relotinc to risk om uncerteinty, end the eevorol neon: hy which vertical coordination ond control ere promoted end enforced in the inflow-1.75 These ILll be mind ot the four principal nodes in the freeh fruit end vegetable norketing channel: the producer- fir-t hondlor rolotion, the eefiing norket of first handlers, the .- ‘I Y ' H I 3-! A 7511-. um be rated eech or theee orgoniutionol properties of the in- .. 'duItry incluieo, but in not limited to, the more conventional norket . etructure on! conduct propertieo. For ennple, eioeo or bwere end roller- ond market concentrotion ore aspects of the quantity end quality of whet olternotivee but do not completely define theoo 'nlternetivee. Also, product differentiotion and barriers to entry my consist of the possibilities of unwilling or dilugreuting luv ;. kt enterprises or to products of ’ott-npte at vertical coordination of the arket levelo. Whether these dimensions of what orgenioo-g tion ere euiteble for other industriee or mt, thq oppeer to be --- 'noro fertile oreoo of etudy for the freoh fruit and vegetable indoo- tqthen the; dineaione outlined in the etructuroliet oppmoh. 2.. ? - ' I’U -13m lo aJnomaLs ed oJ betobiacoo Jon Tirgfifi 5g asiJeiteJosxsdo JeAzsm OJ ai 912d SBOQTUq 0d? .12 an YEiHOU"OO at m'oJ Jst as oiuJorwie Jefl “OijOSTejli sfiJ OJ berioi aaiJattoJJs.3£u Jofltsm eeodJ mine enlmsxo .uoiJqu .Lns Euqauhni edJ lo aquosa noiJuuLo1q has gu£.eA15m sdJ lo Tsoubcuq edJ J5 YJiiidsJa oofiwq edJ oJ Jfisvefsx aoiquei eaodJ .xlmsl .GIJSITSV IstuJouan IsfloiJnavnoo add to smoa eaosoed dJofl .lsvel bns eaoqfiuq 9:33 03‘ eidsoiiqw mes: Jon ob noiJs'IJnaonoo 3321153: as done has mic} sdJ as done .meaubni ath lo aoiJaIueJosxsdo emoa eausoed -ouqda as lo JdguodJ xiismton Jon eds doiiw anoiJslex 63333335 to elqun 83w "3 iJssinngo oimenooe"mmeJ odJ ,eldSOIIqqs moss ob asldglxsv £51”: .9'1LrJOU'LJ3 Jefifism ‘10 :33qu n1 neeorb ~ni eaoquuq eidJ oJ Jaemani Jaere: lo 33:33 teJosfisdo Jeflmsfl J5 8131193 has edegud oJ sldniigvs aevianteJis 10 93n51 add style -moo ms nolJmoILs odJ 3.313311an edJ ‘10 es'wJormt 3:11:5st 311011.33! edJ Jsfl'zsm (mail;- Home as ahq'zeJrzs bus anoiJomJ‘l gnlJex'mm lo anoIJsrLtd encom Igusvsa edJ has .YJnistoonu bnfi xeifi OJ gniJslst anoiJquJani beozolme has LoJomoqq 915 IomJnoo has noianibuooo IsoiJzev fieldw'xd ashon Isqionit; 13 0E 91$ J5 benimcxs ed II-hw eae NT EY.11J3ubnl edd‘ul ev has Jivui deed? edJ ml «'19:: L150 ozqe edJ :Jiertmedo y‘rfiafl'gsm 317151393; La IS'JJ'JLIJSPZ JB‘Ii'}. '10 Jet-11.1131 3.315;-an edJ .noithIs'I 19111113?! Jamil -rrt eiiJ 'io 3tJ'19qo'1q :Imisssfxmg'ro 5:5de '10 dose beJon ed ILi‘w JIEY J31: 1 Ir'zoiJrz. vr-;oo 910:1. 9:311 ,oJ basinil Jon a}: Jer .aobulont md’aub £11533?“er "10 36.5213 ,0 .Eqa:3:;e mi .3eldueqorrq Jouhrxoo baa e'wJoana ms 15.}.54335'1) edJ ‘io ersqas 9'15 noiJs'IJs'160300 Jams“: bra B'IBIISB 33mm smileb YISJLFDIITIOO Jon ob Jud eevian'IafLs Jefi’mm '10 xdiisxp $23139 oJ married has noiJsiJns-ze'fllb Joubmzq .oaiA .eevfichx'LeJhs #:3111134 iir— , 3'33' r salt) '10 Eminidmoo '10 aetJiILfiaaoq {AU '10 Jeiauoo 153m {10 ...:onoo L...‘r.J*zev .15 83:11:19st '10 eJouho'zq ed '10 asai'queJne Jo)! -.=1.Si:ns 33:20 Jozitrn "to anoiansnztb 933d: deda‘eri'ni .airjvsl demon-1 e..J '10 9:} OJ ’1}; qqs *{SrfiJ Jcn '10 eemdmrhni 'mIJo “(0‘1 eI 1331113 913 noiJ -a.:rbni 9.123533 gov has Jun: dee'x'i eds“ 101 35?qu3 '10 83915 3133131 9101:: .doso'zqqs JailstOU-Ida or” 1:1 beniid‘uo moi ans: Jib er” and: 17:13 5h Made nut-etc, end the retsil market. These wket sectors ere slam in figure 1 which provides s general, simplified description of the fresh produce Ierketing channels. amalgam A: abou- in figure 1 the obi-mine point mt is the point at which the fresh produce is introduced into the nrketing sector. It is composed of e gmup of films in direct contact with producer! and became of this proximity to produc- tion is reepojnsible for the fundamental urketing decisions relating to prodmt preparetion tor mrket and the ptweicd distribution of the product. ‘ h the first mrket for fresh produce the time in the stripping point nerket eiso exert considerable innuenc'e over ecreage, output and producer prices. For these reasons the economic organise- tion of these Isrkete will receive somewhat lore ettention than the ether lurket levels .to be studied. ‘ 0-1: perhepe 1 percerrt of total producer _ssles of fresh produce is sold direct]: to oomumers. The bulk of pmducer sales ere made to these fine in ehippihg point nrkets and ten local Idoleselers. The ilportence of these ehiphing 1101‘ mediate and time is increasing with the geomphio ooncentretion or fresh fruit end togeteble productton. Virtual]: eJi sales from the producing erode or Florin end Califorda to the large: hrthen merkets m. nede through the ehtpping pointmr- ‘ kete. these, ten etetee ecoomt for epproxinete]: 68 percent of the nine of fruit pmductionfl sud ‘99 percent of fresh vegetable proc111u‘.:t1.on.76 In other feod -rketing industries there is no utire]: oompereble Ierketing sector to thet of the fresh produce shipping point Isrket. “Baron of the Genus. U.___S_. Gene—u; g; tur: 2-3223 W m U. S. Department of Agriculture, 19 .'- . ,, _L_ J. - . L r. . r;. .r' 1., 4,“! .. r .. I -, 6'18 820.. 3s a J r. 3.11.!!! 88:38; .w an»: -.‘-Hrs"; 9.13 “8‘. ‘Cutn'VLJI e.-.:~::o (111;. ' ~ 301‘ «Ni 3.4- "17-13 - "0 "an ~'-:.'a" b! L.‘ I f~ Fri. ‘ '.. " J :0 “Olaf". Lu‘,:J :,. .‘. 1": ‘L_'._-__TJ - 2'. .w_;./: H: I“ (, ‘7 {-3. .'.LJ 9'1 ‘3‘;.- l. (.4. “WLF:8 r~ . - u ' . ~.‘ J'. "x . '0‘ ”I v' .8J;.:[;.J~..13 3r_z.;~r..nf1 2:; 1'; '.jrr q fine-1' L 9‘3 . :"':r\ 5-L r ..‘—r... 3-"; r?” ”I: 5*» '1‘ " : ‘l "3 a" F ‘ «f7 «(a {3* w an N“ f 4.};(4 E)..J _L. HA:.::-.J..L 1:4. 1 v.‘P)‘.L.a ul‘. (‘ ‘ ..." -... . U.‘ ‘ ..' I} I ‘ -L ‘J ...-I- -Vfi- 3“ .0. on”. .’.o' _.‘ U U. 0.9 --u ‘*0.0‘.‘-" .‘--.. ' ‘~- +~ ' 1 . ' - .'- -' - 4’ 1- .' ;- .‘-- : 4 L - J 1 'tr ' 'L .L’SIOU~-‘Q'I»31I. 84. gamma: rug-'.. 1: :J .z:.-.:...» ~c J: mg 0.13 8 Jenna“: unioq It}. 8;'7'-;.'.'1 “.0 (3:17:54 5 '30 can: o.) ai 3.11 01033.93 3a:i«9>’uzn 9.13 031:1 -oui:(f;:3 3‘ INCL: :7 1.211;? 10 u .CHCf' ms 8’18fiflf cuq {Uh-r 305.8300 399115 mijgic;' mofPLSe‘.“ '-‘.r:_'r_:,-:>a‘i';-;.: .£.~*;i':ns-1‘;:':‘~‘L' '1 ed ‘ 'Io'i slut arr/330'! 3J2 130:: 3.0 rmffiw'i'xiaih L«>c-.3::'.;Ji<~3 993;; irs Jeti'rpm 101 noiép'mqo'frq Jauhm'q o: 9:33 mi 81:31":er eaxzbo'r that? 10': Jszi'xsm 3813711 add 8A .3313}: 01:23 ed: 2:33? “:35 'Is-vo szmzwfzrz': sidsmiian'x) 3'2923 03133 35:21ng Jaioq v.1:31qm'cria -.£.S.5‘.::.33}Io 01mm :39 said 8:!0-2‘59'1 962-“ 1nd . 380.737: 12:31.1:qu Isms d‘xiqduo 92:3 xwzij moiJnsJis 91cm 3535‘91303 evimo': £123.; 83:3,1'15111 9:29:13 ‘10 not: .r.:s‘irnuja ed 09‘ aliavel 3mé'13m 19.4.30 8L souboxq 83:1? ”10 2-){"=.!:.‘.:.3 :29:va Jo’m3 -[zjoa‘ '10 J! .9 Via-<3 I 8:335?qu VJL‘O 03 tat/Bfli 9'15 COLSB “ream 08:3 '30 ‘n’LJd eff"! .mmus'amo of! Yid'oe’xtb bioa has; mew“: 513 Jr- _m'oci 33,." iqrr'ia n]: aJ'TIJZ'I eaerid’ :ic‘fim 3111155915112 8}: 813‘;in hm; 833:1{212‘1 dmioq 3 .i 3. bits 989:” '10 eons-hoqrtt .noJJ'omrmq sinucisgev bus diu'z'i dag-'1”: ‘30 110135103393er 01 {it 120933 9113 Bhflo’iiiai} 1211.3 sbj'goJ'i .‘10 859-11; guitar'émq 91H nzo'I'I cafes: Us {Irr'IJi‘I'V di'j‘zi 0‘3;qu :d‘.1'{“'.':J.'.’J 8 51:3 fi311.Y'C1:{ shut em CJ‘S‘JJ'I'EMI Irx'-;.'{:."1d. era's}: arid oJ’ '3 a. "Q. - £‘.\A v .-"- ... J , . .o ‘ 5.73.! ..o -r.-«2019c; .-.; y.f93,.~-;:_.;cm_;;s '10? .r.-@332. 85,0}...2 0;: 9:311 .835)[ ?.flOLJCI'?I 0'13 eljsisgov :{891'1 '10 drrss":sq (’2: has :woidoufio q 53'ng m" '10 erCsv r -::.-.'— I- L - "‘ r 2" v . ..‘ - 4 f“ 9.0 grg: m 3 an .9 0:: m. 97:98:! wa.....fa..rbrtx gum-£132: boo} us'mo III -'- V t n: Ml o“! rt - 3:: ..‘-N " ' -‘\ '3 J ’ I. ' - . J I“- 0‘. ‘0 3P 8.. 9'1, 908:3." L8H“ J :83 .0 we“; 0 imam-a S‘DLTSA'TSFZ A ‘ - _ _. A .— —h"“—-I'V' ~— -_ _ ‘— v ”-.'-I“. .— rc":':“"'r~|'"-J .C‘ix"; - r " .~ - - . -- .~J_.’,l 3 °-..".‘"" 3'“ "~' A 7 “W6 3 .’ T .. - ' ' " ..." 41 -;.... td-i—LJ; '3...‘.'4.‘.‘.; $43.31.}? ..‘2 £1.1.;',‘;, ‘..;t'i 0 “15179" 9 ‘J 10 UBCTIHJC) u. .gm- 31113319183311 '10 Snazuf'zz-aqou .L;.U 86i+8;.:r3"f. (-finfl—“g-fi-c~ '- 555 lllllllll Ill-Illlllllilllilll Ill-llllIl-IIII- umxumz umxumz - . . m o aw u a Huauauwe oawmuHatz uuuom wawdenm aoawwwwwmm w. . .... ..,.._ .IMIIIILIILcAaurHuanHoi .303 cu mmwumvlllrllllllllil m h“ _i r t m W: . muoaausmuuuzbuu .'.-‘..-- .. - 0 d 0 O a :33 a w . L. "s L . u. . mumus u ,M l m mhflfldmfldug Uuwxrhum . IWQHOXOHQ NHD.Ume>VWCM v 8 US UHUE COfl‘QdEO - a ”mu AW unawuosw . unaum nmwum A \“ .. salient? mucunauum< “I. H O u N% .arvi mm>wuuuuaooo auuuxumz “CC 71 . «unusual: Wauywm J 283.3828. aauom ow ca m uuouan wan“ '*'1';Hl in 'U-B——-__—_—-.—q-m . .nognuuuwm> van muaaum sooum you aguccmno wcauoxumz pond! .H uuauum A \ ' ‘ ‘ Atn !' (I. II ll ‘Is ‘ I. I Itl ... C, 'ut ll. .II a... .I.! III; I, It. J‘I I. ‘1'. I. 08-. ll .1! ' H. l r. ‘uxJ o H t. m rJ o. ‘ I. .1... ..‘: 1‘, Oil. all ....I. '.l P‘ v-- .‘c: .‘.. . . \ v .9 «IUnva v 1‘: I still .. .. . 4 J. ' u . . x \ A. I J "' ’..! u.| 1: tuullllll'. « . .. II- 'I I - II ‘- - . u . . . ‘ n . . . . < vl I . i)-.. .< . . J \ - b . a .a ... J .. so v'i. . .IOVH‘ ‘ .. . ... ‘33.: #5 5.0%” u u,» d. 0 A o c...’n fist—.3”: t. , _ J - .. ....1...ow..»:.;. . ..«m‘ . J . i . - ,. k 1 x, . . . o .4 . ”J , .u‘ I I I I .J a I -.‘l! tan-.I....) .. .D 0“} .‘- J'tl - C ‘.F fa? ll . .,. ... J Jot; . w . Ll. ' I‘ll! I --p \I . - .. u 49.! y \u c. . | {t ..‘. .. '.I s l . I,||-.I. III 1"! \ o . I‘ II} {-.'-{.II" -I--Il .a I - . . . r ... .. .p. . .0 n7 ‘ (Inf. ., . ‘3 ld\ ..‘: , La a... . . ‘ l V I I’ll .lil Ilrl... l I. I n M J: J I H! I! " Q‘- ‘..-‘-.: \ .w i’n mumxéum .llllIl' II). -.‘ U x w D r g. N n .9393 . I '\ ‘ ’1' .-$I-1- .z. ...... “ II. '..Illu-v 71.. - v. ‘ .. .‘. V . .., . J I v. ,. .. hi .iflnnysflflfirfimu ‘.z ..‘. J i ‘ ‘u fiilllrlilkihi .'\‘ I H w t O '..J. ~‘l . ‘.I'IIII 0-) W‘JIIII'OII.I'I,‘.II- ... .-. o. . .. .. . J? V. o. a . P. '..... J. 5‘ .c. 3 . ..... .. . ,o . .. 3‘5}: ., J. r; ...?fi 94...} «1+.» 5.3,. .. .......,.Je...wu ‘.. 56 The principal role or this Ierket in the mm»: is to preserve er enhance the‘pmducte' Inflected etete. uhereee in other teed distribu- tion chemale the product cannon]: undergoes sane chenge in form upon mtm intmduction into the marketing ayetan. This is a fundamental difference in the functions end mle of the enabling urkd'a for this may heving breed mutual. m- the procure-nut. and «mag behavior or shipping point firm. It .1: on]: enoomgee quality enm- petition in both these nerkete but else reeulte in the usable”. ' naming the role of e 'eerrice agency for-«produem‘. The effect or this role 6:: producer price etebflitj' in developed intake-d let-er Were; " ‘7 ‘ ‘-= J.‘» -~.,.,?;‘. ’ There are four principal marketing inflation-pertained in nipping point urkofiu— (1) zen-my «then-p ru- W, name; . hum-mg end hailing: (ape-With: er the cup for merket eneie- ting of cleening, fishing, peddng, coloring end the like; (3) pmeical d etributien er the pndnet invelvig tine. end epetm. decisions; end (a) the fine-fer of preduetltitle ru- pmducilg u mum; nerketl. ’eul the allied-function er price mung. h en»- in time 1 the producer of treeh frinite end vegetablee typically bee four mketing elternetim or kinda of shipping point £11: to Ib- he III sell, 'Hflle em e11. theee mutating functions ere combined into e single tin, Dre 0“ the: ere divided anon; tm and sometimes more m point 111' The grower-0M end alleged marketing ampere- an 10 et one tine or enother during the season involved with e11 ' theaeeketin‘ maid... Or the indepadent producer no: eel]. to n “In who perfume the first end second functions but delegates ‘ . .4 nrt :- -: W . +A ‘5'“: :’ v " ' o rt ' r1." :0.“ (M .‘I‘T’ "so 6”’I£‘«:’if)'fs*-' OJ 8-". ‘.:1~;:~e.s.a,_.-I:.»_ 53..u Hf. .,-.-,_1 2.2.“ So 1. 1;. .7.- “,3 ‘...-Liq 53“.. " ‘ ' . ‘ ‘3 ‘r - vf- .VJ ’V' “i”. J.‘. Jf- C'J "00 'i. JO [LC "’.‘U'L’ .‘Ju ~,'J')- u , * JC'I‘J‘. if)“ ‘ NJOJH- OI”? SHJF’ trxrxu‘fa . .. . , _ _ . ‘. , 4 ! _. nnfitzxxftni Heurc smOdrkm»fibwnJ\f JJJ‘U c“[8£;3 8L m1‘gxo nclJ . _ v " :- I__ I1] 1"‘ _;_h“_ ‘ 0 4 Av _~' . .‘. r ' ‘ C - I It £2335;:~-.' :...'u.'}. s 8.1. 3...i “--’,”a 3:11.)?me er” cat no; ’.' 'i 0' int blunt ‘ '. e 'r . (‘.n to "'1; :8 THE. 0“" .‘.O 8.;(71 111.8 7.3; Ci.~.«"-£J.I'l 9313' I .L 9' FLO -. '19 ..LL 0 I ' ' ' ‘ (I C 4+ "1 ' ;+~e(‘?' 9;. r0 . VI‘I": “pu:’n} >1." TJ - ....“'a IJ‘EB 01‘1“ :J' LL s)O’LI~:I Jtrkd ’10 at; O... Vb‘.' A. ‘ .J'.‘ 5* eh I'EPYAd (”-0.11 “:4”. q A» ‘4 Ar -.. -'~' . r . .'. x v '~. -'r .' ’..“, ."D . y r‘pd -:r:o:> ‘2",11L-‘315p 49:1:3'131'0316 2.10 v or: in . 3-,; -. v 110:; ‘-._~-.«...:r_'r::r A. '10 '10.“. s. -’. e‘2'z'n'i..z.rrs=-"ms at} m: a head 06:12.3 Jud aJ'f*::'I.':::"!8 and ti. .00' mi noiJ‘iisq (D o 335. -'.‘9 93.; .a'msirbou’q 'Io‘: mung-“3:3. gab/'15.: s '.‘o 510'; .53 7JIIL'U.'€:88 'IeJLI. .'.-r15 ain'J‘ at fmrjofisvsf) raj”. \;.fx£.7'u‘£Ja Raffle; “192m? (rm no sJTO'x eftrs'd' .efiqusdD - ~ -, n. 2.. -..c - -'.‘J ..-. .. ' .m mar/mils: m: 1‘3“:ro .-'I’.‘q 3110;. 3.1; LLLJsa’L-M qfia'if- q 'I '0: 9'15 919.11 &. . e e" . n"- F / O "f e yufimiarm "mead/(71:1 rnao'zx. qrrm 9A3 '10 ‘(Immfidta \I) :aJsr-I 5.. 3111011 ’. e . f v , r {h f_ l' ' r\ e -84.€3f703 Jan-ham 'zot qoua 5.13 'lo 170::th :9“! r; V mailm'i 1.115 am 131: sewn! 2—!” ~- -: 4- . \f' '4' :'*.-. . r r 0 Q\ 1' f, \ ' " -- v . 1 n . Lama; c1 (5) 3,211]: a,” 14-5 32130-09 ‘r'g, grant. .-r “gauge-Io 'lo 3:113 ’- r----."\.r~ " f. .‘ .' ",. r“. Tr r- :- ‘L -'. e .arzs ;-.;raui..:£¢o mxdmfi (Lb 9.4-3“ a * «Eva uoufunq ar.’ '10 no: in; ‘.wo‘ax'b 3551-9151:: 3111211531100 03 :u‘IOL-‘ICO'Iq 17:01“: Slim 3311! o q '10 19733.3 '13 9:13 (A) 9%: I 9'1"}..1". r21: rru'ozia 8.31 .j-r Iii» {eci'zq '.io cofntonu'}. ail £53 313‘ has gtgzulcggaxnx 'IUQZ am ‘z‘Hneiq‘g 8,... ~v Lac, 80311111 {18911 '20 193%qu .133 *(gm eri more; 03 2:33;: Jrsjtoq ‘fijficigfa “:0 amt; 'zo aavkim'rodfs x. can: 1.55.1109 ms BHOLJ'DIIL’ 'i {-11-{;";:.-E";.r:';1 ems-i Jim semis-roe eL'Lifl ‘.V :‘1' L. 1‘, '. , ..' . ‘1 ,,‘ .._- ,3 ,1 ' '. emf; &'3;;'_..3:;.-103 rr-rr; on.) (Eu-0.3 be; Qua \gLafJ nufio 910m ...11'1 sigma -3'::<;ooo :aiéerkmzu £55213)“ has hemio-qurm :1 l‘ .81 L551 July; érxtqqim'a .[Ls ddiw £>e'.r,£ and 4:10.53er braooea {as JE)’ 1'1 em angigzq o=..~ 19¢r‘umaaf3 n5 57 theithird up fourth te a sales saucy or baker.” m wane the brekerage oncen is generally associated uith only the fourth marketing function, title transfer, these fin! often nonbine this with the other functions as well. ' i . ‘ . _._ Table 1 indicates ens nethod of classifying the kinds of shipping poinbbfins besed en enerehip, integration, and urketing functions perforlsd. The'cetegoriee are not mutually occlusive. as noted, but thq highlight such eherecteristics as intonation and the separation of Metisg mentions nong firms. For this reason they are here useful for the purpose of this study than the more conventional elusi- find-ion. The kinds of fins are in sons cues self-explanatory. Wing mares represent a forward integration on the part of producers ilhdshippinz paint narkets; smear-shimmers the pmduot of meter!» integration of the production and shipping point en‘- hsting functions; : . _u'm em “.IMM=M an. declined heme.“ incl-cued slight]: heise ever the pests-MI period The were! nuhfruit and vegetable enables increased by 12 peroedz ever the l9A8-58 period ad then declined eeleuhst during the 1958-63 period- Th0 average sise of these “satire W fun 3535:000 is 191:8 to 77h the literature shipping point fins are alternatively referred to «as enablers, first handlers and shippers. These nelee refer to the market level on which the fins operate, namely the shipping point met, and do not serve to distinguish firls by Iarketing . function perfoned. A distinctive feature of this study is that ‘ brokers located and operating in shipping point Isrkets are included in the kinds of first handlers found in shipping point markets. 1111s is not the renal practice because met brokers do not deal directly with producers but only with shippers. flower, viewed in tons of the fou- Ierketi'sg functions shove it is clear the broker nonly_ sue-um fer one of the shippere' roles. 'n .- ,‘ 93$ alfifg huh 'Y.qa{n'd to vo“r35 CSLSB 5 cl rstnol bns Lfiifid ed: \- 73ni$9;:r"11y11 (131.5011 5:1'3 2443:!) ' est-08.35 "g‘lstrrior; EL 1 -5 :mm 93:;‘13-‘10'1'4 '19:- '.3'0 52': {[515}: 31-1.1 snidmoo 1:53";- 0 3711‘? 535:1: .'12-1532513 5:313 2501‘“:er ..[La-w £15 8501;191:111 gmir'crtn 'a '10 Hut)» 513., pair-citaasio LO iaZJ'Jm 3:: 05:} LL. {'1 I 51153 'e‘srw': artist-£15111 has .floi‘Js‘i:-€~Tr;‘i ._cffizia'zerrwo no bsesd 8111.3: idnioq ' A .‘a f ’ f- \." ’f"' r" 'f 4 -’ - N _. .. . '- 'fl . n e 320 ,, 55.1011 83 .6912. 35195.5 31.15.,- uLun can 51.3 851 10139 355 evil .b::~r!'xo .qeq "' "~" ' ‘.'+A " 4‘ '... y ."H ‘ “ . I f $r'e- . Pl‘f". 2. -9 1101551555 8 5.3 5:58 r.oLe,,,'-..,5-a‘n.. ab 25155-1'15eos'mrio dwe 51....-511u5u1 V513 .5 ... \ a ‘ r '.‘I : yo .' 'v e r. .- .\ ---~-, '~ «," Ive-:1“ 1". .'n 510:: 5'11; 135:1: no as n 5113 '10; .8 Lu (350.5 woman“ ,.-.ru.eo.:':55 '10 . ‘F r .' ‘ ’ ' P ‘ '01 I: . f\ . "r r "' "V‘ e- fl Q , -1:ea,r-,L:> J.':KUOLJI‘ICVI‘LD 5'10. 51.51 met” 15,- we. 5.511 10 5.0.3-151 5 .J '101 Luann "IO '5 15!. q;- 5~l£58 55350 emoe :13: 9'15 an}: ’10 a? 5531 5d? .eroLJIsoLl '10 3'1 sq 5.6;! r o acids" :9 =11}: Mandi 5 Jrre 8717321 as-vi: :c-r'ooo gnidefl'xs’vi .4 eouftn'xq and 9.5 ansq'gjgfadimzmg ;a’5:{':.enz d‘nioq gmtq'zhia odni e'zsoubo'xq -'Is‘,:‘1‘1 J.':jtoq yrziqr 'L;{'; has noie‘oubo'm 5&3 '10 110L333 23153111 v'xseohqo'iq lo .enoiJouUl guidefi wanton}: bus 'xecgwn 11-1: 15.11.1209}; anti: Jagoq 011;ch ride ‘10 aeqxgo‘ 3:30ka J.'U'fl [it '1'} 1o '15 (5.41:1 seiT J.‘..OL'mq lI‘:~"~:-.'-Jaoq 9::3 ’ISVO 68128 a}: flmgll’e EQ—i-ex‘él 5 id devo Jnso'zs-q SI "'1 Le 55510111: c'mlr'ns ans sitedmav 13:15 5:11‘ .bnjrzeq 89-97331 s:iJ 31:111.!) gisz~2',\r:':.r~.oa bmileeb new brig 1703:1er n f 0 I" ‘\ 0- L ' «Hr—r 4"" P t “ ‘ ‘ . . " ' o: Sig-'1 r11 040,218,, {5011 befics‘fifflffl 5.511.113. ads 5151.? 10 53.58 95.515115 od Lane-19.1 'c[2.-VLJ..::'12~.J£5 5'15 81725.1 drri'O'v guitar ”13 5'1: 3-K'ISJ'E'I add nlW 03 1919'; emu: ass-3112‘ eE'I'I":":.L'.{3 31.15 car: i am J'? .711 ,msI-Jmsaaas 85 gr: ‘vigqh‘fa 5:13 1.;[95'21‘5 ,932'zs'rro avail 5130‘ :ictmr no 19w»! 35.915111 ed: jazz-":55: 15d ami'i {11:12r';.,.ds__i> 0.153153 301': ch hams ,d'ex'xrm Jntoq Ligand at $3133 8th" '10 5'1..';£.~.:'2' sn,'L;I:,.:-E:J:—1_i;;"; A .i')szzao'}'15q euoidorwl '.35“.::L3r:.£ 8'12. afar-imam £31327)" genirfql'xfa {‘11: $1.13}; 'ron'o buss 59.13001: 8'19:- {mid aLz'2‘.asn}{'15r1 Jrzioq gnigqifla n}; tzurc"; 315.35.}:‘1 Jitiri '10 alzrtbi' 9113 r1}: era-1.3.3» _[pe'u J'm on afzsvt;cy._-.f Jam: 9'31!de 59.7“. 551,167 Lyrxon 9.13 Jon 8]: 51'153 r11: bsueiv .'ISfx’emo‘i "')q€’.il‘.8 n’jm v "10 d‘grcf B'L‘SOUbO'Iq {13.2w "1:" ram 11530.1(! 553 '12:- '.o a: :1 evocfs axvoia‘oyul 511.. 'dsfl'mm 11101 add .55 15': 'a'rbqqiria emf: '10 5:20 101 e5dueL'Jadua oc,. =1 idle 1 an; Broke: A may: ' ee svj 58 Table 1. Trends in Numbers and Sizes of Fresh Fruit end Vegetable Shipping Point Finns, 1948-65. , mm of 1'13: 13a ‘ 131.8 1951-55 1958-60 1963-65 Audible; mmber 2032 , 1993 i .. 2277 2106 - .f , .'.“ ales (8000) 535 _ .6116 638 3 ' 715 . Shipperszf . umber NA 3538 2320 1912 up. csrlot Isles NA 583 - 762 921 Grower- ’. mmber . NA. ‘ 73W . 55% A921 ,_shippere3 .. st. cerlot sales NA“ . 350 1 399 A21. Brokers“ ' ‘ saber . m 231.7" 2355 32277 . _ _sv. csrlot ales NA ' '920 935 , 989 Cecperstives5 mnber NA 715 729 63:. e7. sales (W) NA 9140 1238 1793 Branch umber NA 166 m 182 Offices lav-worm «new 111. mam: 1215. 1221. 1229.. 1912. . The Burenu of the Census defines essunblers ss ulnlessle establishents primrily engaged in purchasing, pscking and marketing fresh produce received directly from pmducers. These essanbl‘ers inelude the shippers end cooperstives defined elsewhere in the teble. 2m Technicnl Rpt. No. 1., p. 57. Shippers were defined as plants purchasing direct from producers, perfoming the necessary marketing factions such ss pecking end grading attengent to shipping, and melting long-distsnce shipnents of fresh produce. his definition differs fmm thet of en “enabler on]: in thnt the Burenu of the Census does not incluie firm with no pnid nployees. It is likely that one-man ship- ping operations, where all nuketiu functions are performed on the form, eccount fer the divergence betueu the meter of shippers and endless in 195h-55- 33cm Technical apt. Is. A, p. 57. Gram-shippers were defined as shipping point plants engsged in both the production and mu'keting of fresh produce, without distinction given to the relstive islportence ef the tin finctions. Imam Technical Rpt. No. 1., p. 57. Shipping point brokers include Inning brokers, those selling brokers engeged in the long-distance shipping of fresh produce, combination bwing-seuing brokers, sud grower-brokers. This excludes selling brokers locnted in the centrsl teniml markets and not engnging in long-distance shipping. In "L; - Y7 t. . r1 '3 " ‘:"' '-~,~-r. V ',,"l . 5'" ~ m " eELL-sflmygs: L ,3 3.1mm dawn '10 255.1.-. Lug, 6'19- ..-.»L M. 33.11me .1 sins? \ - | ‘ r I 1 v ,v o - ,3 1' .. ‘ \ v- - ' r . ffio -. \_ I” r ’0‘] .Quj-'Ll,tk .1. (db-.-.; 1 v 1.1.31 T"..L.._(_z ..'-..(4 ”_Wmm‘. ar-C-fi—nnuv—OI'OCr—v '— (own-H 4“-.- M>C~ -'." ~v- ...-v — '~~~¢-ODU‘.mwm‘-"~M.-WM‘--1-~‘.;mauigu-n‘"O -mflmfllfiOH‘-‘“ "0"“:*-“-;w‘n';~-- ‘4‘ f . L r \ .‘.C‘[ '1: ';“f '..Lwfir L. -1‘ .... v .-. P L)~-‘ '- ‘z' C )--C"‘.- a -L=«_‘;.L L _.‘ ref... .1--.“ 13 b 13 ‘ Po warn ~06 rv¢~ .LJ. K m ‘..LJA . 3- 3. Li: I ”v.3. '15. ”TC"! «-. ". alums 313 ~ ‘ m ‘~ “ ~. A“: m . L. . ,\ '3 1' ”.I.“; U13.) 0}"? KCL '.IJ L v9.43“ 0 i5 7‘ 99 Sc? {36 rfi 89158 301150 °V6 9 CT A91 '7'!) :"fmm #131010 1£\ 99? 065 mi esCLa 30 C153 .vs gawquiie {3 AM fiadmnn ”EQBHOTE .(‘Q N '- .~.--1 89h; (40-91133 .vs 0." ' . 1 v :1 I 353 (32;? EA 9 m. ‘18 . 1.3m \ 39v; $519. (3003 “5:1: me LL11 {ILL/m) L 2,315; .vs 3:1,: m Luau: £11181?” I Harv"? "9mg ”8931“30 MAFI " .‘.r). .‘.-‘.‘r‘r {‘(VI. ..Lp¢c' r““‘¢" r.-.. Fin. q Offitqtsf) r ‘ OJQ',,L‘-'A) . J ' rsz (f‘uda-[o ku‘h‘J ('4‘4ogt.; '.'.\.‘.-. .'.-.'.... -‘:-._ot vo~C~§or“‘i éog :o‘gua‘ czar .Lga‘uul . t‘k" “I "‘- 9I{ T10 L501! s..11;t::r.~.:.:>::1~ an L.Ls.1...L.L.:-z;;; "uni; .eb 8:12:91) Jerfid” 10 L58 'mfie .z»L- Fir-v.11 T‘ {‘7 F. +(\ ‘:f it '7 G‘bA—LS' _. .- . ... has 't-.(':.i.-:;-JI ._‘fr'tzrrfta':.tfl{ mi barf-‘1 YI-CIL;I.-E'I CI 8 rmr dziLLedae eras-i"? ea :3 eaad'zr .rrzesarirmq no'r'l "41‘9wa .‘.»svjsrm'x 93er mg dag-1'1 . r ..r a. o 9.1.; ‘50 ,7 ' ‘9 _,LL .. . - '.. .t a \ " 0 em: 1.}: e'IS.-,.L.~:e.-:£:> 153.-.:193 aeviJs'quooo LITE, afizagrriJa edd‘ simiont . 123w '-"::9r{z:r;1’ial .‘C’r: .q (A 0/. .335“ Lfioirtdae’l‘ Fifi/ins 7:33er +1.15. T;aaeos~n 9983* 3375:2610'3'15'1 .2129- ."I-.'.n.3CVIQ P1011 dm'zfi- --r.'.".<.5.-:s'3°niq Egl'i 2:331 L‘IZB (;<.s:1.nz.'.u‘£e 0; d‘r«.s.~;fg=nL-:3L‘.~:=, “11:“ “ML LIL-5 2a.": iz-ECT as rio L58 anoxJom't :ILO'I‘l a'xrv‘nji.‘ no_:;.'ir...i'}=;-L) 2.3.:in .eimfi‘smq ricer? ?0 Bjfiiuffille seaward-moi dos: eL-eoiw 81.532’19.’ $513 '..«0 use’mi‘i aria“ 33:21 a.“ v 920 'Isici'maas ms '30 eri -qi:na min. 7.-.:- rzo J..-2 '.J' j'Li-L :1le at 3'1 "ow”; 1.111%; on dfiw a.;.:i”1 9hUI3fII 95.: L10 LQILfiOITLfiC‘: 22:65 :.*:">_'r_..:‘o '11.”: p;.'l';;s:':"rr: If r e1'-"T‘-.-J .Rroiiz'mqo :- r'L- 1211.»: ex. (24:5; 2 '10 'ILL-z :1: 9:!3 r.1s:ew$-38 lo 82317.10 M: N“ N ' “ I . .‘I‘ ' ~~.' :' ’ f. ' . ~v' 1 . ’ ' I “ ' . [.. 5.. . . -‘ - ~ -‘-r.' l' “’15; {‘..-.IJ .14.") £939.! ..'0 911;. {.Lfd {11)f:;_.°.'! 'IOLI‘J: Haj :"V‘L-JJJ'LL ‘~_".“.r'.':'\|'8 9:1- .8\::*){ F, .- .‘. _, .-‘.L '. . ' g. .. -. , , .‘ --'-.‘»'~ : ‘ A 4. tb ' slum"..- azn 'lOLfgfl (“.‘.v rm: fiIEfDJTj.,-g -r_..v_;l'..o az';ou;:.;..-.;..-.:; Lei-M91 flea 323-33 re . 81.035? 52:11:53:ro 60 $715,000 in 1963. There weresone 810 earketisg cooperatives handling fruits and Who in 1952, of Illich 73 percent were reported to - have been madly handlim the fresh crop: in 1964 there were 631. - eeeperatins and abeut 66 percent specialisms in the fresh product. Over the 1952-61. period the average sales of cooperatives handling man-u; fresh produce increased m- 3622,ooo per year to $1,255,000.78 1- 1965 mun-shippers reportedly accounted for 5‘. percent of the m- in shippie‘poifl markets an! M permit of total sales there: th Native importance-of these firms had not changed appreciably since 1955, the first year for thich ate-1s amiable.” But thus integrated {imbue alt-ye been the most 1.an in shipping point white- in tin eefldperaly period. handlers accounted for 21 per- east of named 26 percent. of sales in 1965. and brekce accounted terthe W25 pen-ab of un- dampened. of ealee.8° Theaehipfihg peint run listed a table 1 «pm-cad different with rates overt!» 1955-65 pried as tuned by tread in average Ill- The me sins of ”operatives W 91 percent over this period. follwed by ahippers with a growth rate of 58 percent and grower-shippers uith a rate of 21 percent. The average size of ship- ping point brokufs increased only 8 percent over this period, and these firms were not characterised by aw significant decline in numbers. ~ Measured by timbers, then, the grower-shipper enterprise is the 0w smpping point firm, in terms of sales the marketing coopera- tive is the W type of fin. Because greater-shippers do notA 7311031! Technical. hpt. In. 1., p. 119. 79m ram-1 Report No. L. p. 57. ”his. v , I F.‘ . . . ’ .1 J . .- . ..‘ _.‘ ‘ ‘ . . .(n| ’ :A 0 .AA In 9138 Z::*..:.Lr~.ur.1 30‘1-;~.'.a"‘1*3(;")-’>43 gr waxy. LIE. L-HOLi 91:51. mum oudk’l I111 Ch" .C mi, 4 Q ‘ ‘ . 4- . _ f \ .f f_ x ‘ e: C." I, . 0‘ er -. ._ .' _ ‘. . : 03 Legion " 9' ; 9.11.310; (_fi mam :0 time-e (.1. dCIJ£er~t~V :3 air-‘11 t e 1' - . "r -. .“ - I p ‘ - 9 ' .' r s . . s‘ '4: ‘ to .‘o 9' ' " .;\( ‘. '3‘.“ ' Child ..’ +84 KI 11L .’. ('..LO ‘ "‘ 'li t.’ a" Q‘, .---:.-,1..f,- -. 1,; .‘..3) ~J- :q n’f‘bm ”"351 ‘ " “ PH '1' .,.~~ F’ "O 3” "1 *4 ." ' OI a V"~ 4 ‘1‘: “’1' v 1“. ':'.r’* {r ' ‘-(‘ 7' .,2--' sec ‘7 .\I:_“J"\\I. "i I‘.A:_I ‘ .'.. Oal‘v' 1.4. ;‘.l L . .-.fl IL-)- ( ~l \IL- _ \J [.‘- (I )" K-‘. K) 3'.‘ ill...) (4-)VAUSa .'L. Jun . " ' — . r.. P,,v » , ~ . 'v I . o '.- Q _;:‘:u.'..r.;;':. 5‘11 '2 move 3.0 rams»; 9.4": 1.9 um Lower-f; r- (“-I .3!“ “IS :0 .D-m'w o“ "f". . f‘ I‘ ’- W ..‘ gr C‘ . - f". CW" he - 'Wq ..,n n (- ' Y ;~ 5" er.‘ vwo Ii" ’1’: 1 If"?! ‘rf .‘.! v’l ’.(‘k'\--.4.n' 0‘ w}"- 9 qu A» ~\)‘—“-" 1" e '.KJeLl In ~"~lij.Ole- ~’\/t< U-‘i ‘A‘I‘fi L J 02-”; Aq (J 5‘ (I'a- ~ '. r? ' 'e" - ' ‘ e ‘ ~ " ' ‘ ‘3’ T 9Llu 4:) ‘...“D'If‘q 4“"? 'IO. ‘3 3145/7135 XV- 373 "x ‘,-'I Q... “(‘-.-x," .J'.‘. :71,“ ‘ II {‘.J .r 2. .. ., ~' - fl 4’ . - I ;. _. ".4 av. -. .4 .'- . .\ ‘ '. . 'fl :‘B’It‘mu c.0..;.7’: .'L’J C13 JO ~.::‘.}")'.'.’:'T{ '..“ ....“ 8-..Ezn-.~.u.. ”It- (.2: J.'.“_ LII-{:3 III BIJ’Ifii o— .‘ . ,‘ . r - L‘:'- A ““' . . " -a ‘ Q! L a H .e,‘ " (’.E’ f).\...€-‘H1ki(:.) I»: .’. 5!:0 J‘ .XI I51; Lu '0' (“L :‘ "05: 3‘) —O SVL":\'.:VI) -L \‘VJ ~ .5. ‘ 6' a 9:1\1 3‘ . .r -:.r' " - -‘ - ’ '1 . "t "L "r"' -'- 939‘1J cm ~'.9IJ£,-C-'. r113 81: £4.34» 412--.»: IO; 12...“; 321!“ 9a.) [my-i some . '0 ~ O . ’ e_ 'e' 0- . I r A "_ ‘ . _ 0' I ‘ JD Lil? {-.‘Iqu-illui Di Jfib1-0:luj: ~E.Q..I Una U““Jd 31,3‘3 “:3 9‘." Jf 8115.11 LSJS'I,‘~§JUL.I A l r’ ‘ "‘ \ - e.’ . y“ “\ " ' ~‘. :- :- . v * '.I' L: " stq I; '; A I-sdrwooon 839194;.- :Jc’m. ..»o..'i'.q V3; I. swam ed: 1U. scoring! 4 .(0 \ :- Leum: ones 8 9.49124 f- yr, 0" I :11 89.1.3? '1 0 5m. has 8131 4’51 C "IN fag "' "3 ~ ‘ 1N’J41-) J'qql‘d rr‘ ‘- 933 911': (13.9 I 91:65:! 1;.» '10 Jr;:.s~:oq 52 {“113 mi": “.10 31163 .0 memeq CS 34:11:1in 5:13 '10”: H. art: 5" Jam; gniqufa ed? 9;._ mews rzi'. LINWIJ wgd L9';:.19,:2a:-1z1 cs Isoi'rsq Cal-a " ‘C‘I eziJ 'xevo 22935-1 1‘13»ng 83:11 'Isvo d:* JO'ISI I? fecae'mxfc aevid's'mqooo '10 esia ensue-vs. e; 11‘ same has * n J.‘”. rr low-1‘ 'wv «Hr 'r'f'a rt' r ~1~ I . "‘r OJ +f J'HIB ”9.x {1... 11.91 .‘. (’.u J 412131.; 0 as “E. .01."-1 3:. 1;“ c. ...9 3.3--. ' 11- .:1.'.OJ.;§ (131.9; wife 3‘ 911 t“ " v'/\ r - "' t J t'w. «N- I . ‘L o LIrK": C ‘K' !."[\1 "-Uv.f\ 1“?)7 L 1"? VA.QC£)'I um 8_1{ pr‘rJl’j O'In +r:5:1:‘f'€f1 ‘ " ’- I‘ ‘3' " r ' "' .' -, ,~ \. ' .. . . 0 5'3i'&'<1_1.~.c-~~-.. r) '2 30 «11:31:11 3. Y.-.-s'o J.’);TJ‘ be: 4--| r’¢ L .» 1'- ..'-$- “ , - 3...._'X ~. 39.x WWI *" u 9:299:93 “-1.1: 1.0 £9,999; 0.12 I“ 99.”? mq 80.; '1. may? 1995 p. . .-‘ ' ‘. ' .- (,p ; n " .- r ' _.'... r - ’ ‘ 9- 0.3 -o u'!""‘1f(7{ Pa fish-13.9". 1; '.2'12<::...:.{3—'15..‘. 3-1, 9; J '10 +19 '1 9r; :3 91:09 , a .} -.-" I: , h " '. "1 ... . - - 1- « .... _. . .. . . tarts-1.; .1 1-6%“:1128 8.1.x) .’.O ..'..s «.19 9 .. .'.“ 91-01:: '19.’Jo 110': 891199”: ":0 23 j au"\"'p-4"" 9 r. '."J' Y' W '.‘Jm "; ’.‘~’-"V .1": r J 11' + l" A b. r)- -r r: . v u \_ O .. | ‘. "hi I... J.‘: ("A 1.... J ’n-~b u kaL- A .4. ... Vt” ‘ OC‘t" I do \- I-‘-a‘\."1 a"; u-n—K.‘ ALI-101,1 1 ‘w’ I’m-Lb I 0‘ 1° _ I‘ - __‘.’|1 1“ ' -'. V I -_ _ _ _ . . -=-. 15>... :u ' “13:75." EL; JUL :89 L’:.'.‘.' .10 fit??? 1:11.? min-1'59} 99.0213 10'}. 3:"“0’19q “AMD'Q u - M '. f ‘1‘!) .‘.(,‘ L“ r.’;. :: ‘~ 9",} “5an :r frOf j "' .1”( :’ '.'.Ir.i ..L. ' ..’ K] .‘.J'.,).I .1" F,. (32". ff 2513'qu r. ,' ‘..: .‘. -. ‘ ‘..J‘l ‘0' * W fl ‘a‘av U ' ( .‘.. 5' h"-¢l.- H '- .D‘ C . bl‘u' 'HO‘I J'- ‘ Al." ‘1 0'..- ‘ m “..' u 7 ."q' V i. Q L‘fl-‘o 1’5'9." :7; I. ..'-M ‘ ’— _. _' ' 4 - '0 . a. a . n -_ .‘ a o , . . 4.1.1.: ‘23-, - ..".~«‘.- 9 L A; .21.“; -,.~1_""f1>.;1 ...15'11;3__!_‘JQ_{'{‘-;’;\ 154} 'j (2'1"..13.) ‘¢:271_{."’j;~,'_1‘1 \ --.-.-..- . ~,-\ aha 1 It'- 1 3‘; ‘ '."-‘- Ir -.', .-" . , ' . _ ‘ o ,4 {2“ oi‘q ‘Av'ki 1:1qu {5:15:- oa'!‘ GTOQC’Jl d:"l;’:§5’33.r'i {10105: ‘3‘ 0.; "v . - .'- 4- -'- .. . , ° . N ("7" ‘g .7 y ‘ 1 fl ~ \ JO 1'.th 4:". 11.! (moo 31.131.231.120 90. ._[z .q A .olg. .33.”: 2., ",1? 12:1, ‘8 ’ r ' + v~ ~ L. ..' ' a ,_ r' l‘ ' Do- -o'.q 91:15 9 24v .1115 31.1311 dawn '10 331’: mm _L; 01 91.11 Jnioq futiqqin'e ‘10 31;..37191‘; 7:19. 10‘: £93.woco 39 em"; 01111.9() has 911719.51 EXT. 1 .r1oi331rb {51.173113 3 11.9 30 J."BO'I‘q SA has e'mqq 'r'izr-tav'mu 1:15? mantis L23 .Ej . 2L- :3'192-10'29' 31110:; 62 or the plant at. sufficient scale to achieve packing sad selling econ- odes; ippmaintely two-thirds of the mrketing cooperatives primar- ily Wing'fresh products were located in the South Atlantic and nun. regisnrin 1965.33 And. again, this increases the mum ilporbence cf the grower-chipper in urkcts outside these regions. Cooperstieee repreeeirt st claim- 5 percent of all shippingpeiub rim nstienny but. beceuee of their 'eize almost 18 percub of total shipping pom bdufih. the geogrephic 'ecncentretics or shipping point broken metchee em or the nfleung‘ccoperetimu In 1965 the South Atlantic end hm. regicns conteined 61 percent or m shipping point. broken.“ W in the machine: bmrs and sellers ell open-sting en a very Idl nee-gin. these tiri- reqeire large volt-er fer profitable epcetien and sinival. This not only limits their services to the macr- W13 erees, influencing cuppa." point enterprise combine- tin in “tithe” uses and in the less ilpcrbeib‘ creel, but she streets the geographic distribution er purchssee by reteil and wholesale ‘ 835g 9 pe me ‘ 95mg.“ p. 16 .. .' ,. '. 1. ,- ,‘ -., . L .. ' 3. '1 : , 'v I 2- .J- 4. 3‘ J- . . Ln. . ~. um. mi cc.) m: : . n em -Vo T. '- Lg...:'-"...~J '{ra’ ~17" um. 139- .831:ch K e e. . I r , 1 ' F ‘. ‘ ‘ ’ lV ._. ' :32. 31‘1“".44. '...) .‘ ., m J‘n';.-{C» ‘: ..J\ ”on. .1 :4. 0115-111! 2' .—.. - v . .. : r ,. ’7." ' ., , -.r -, f“: u 1.44/1 ‘.I‘j ~“" ‘ f )u‘- ('3 ‘1 (‘N—nu '8 e‘rf A \“ n\ t. ' LL "Iii“: VT 9' £105“; Fe . ..‘ a- p . ' 8 ‘ . " L r ':’ . s . v .‘ _e ,- P a -. fi . - . . a: Si. 23'}: {fat Lu ’anc-JITO (Is. i:.~,.*fi ‘IJ- ' 5'45‘.‘..':E‘.-'153‘n 02% Ed: 3 O SC‘I‘T‘SJ‘TOLIL'I . I A - ... :-,1\, w\/». 7., Yr'l‘ .' {0-, ‘ '.‘w " A "I'. '(‘_ r r ~1- ‘3 . ("v -.".'('e’fi “ e ‘I'f't‘ pg New“ Q“ . 'fc'vt NP *‘ x .I....; q 51;...“ --L: e ..' ,1 ._- J .. 'J U._.s*o I. Ll \ r1- I .‘.. _.iue .8 \1 t“ , ., . ) 3 ‘1‘): ..JVI» _) “fig: JOJ ‘ l c I .‘. ~ f. F .L f- . ‘0 _ .r r I. l‘ _ '. , ‘ > . d I n _ ._ .'. emf-DJ 4:) erc "a ’ xi :r‘. in; 9.2--3 m -e 1c :0 we: and J..! ”xi-$101331! an“: I]. A.) . . an we ani * gqquxde a -,',- J“ . r'l . "-L‘ - v; I “‘fe " .- ‘3 - ‘1' ..'r-f' 3' .7 D f} :‘ 'f s‘j“ Or {V (e .r- z‘f-(Y ‘ ‘\ t “(’..-..‘ .4 .7'.)\-"J‘ Q.“ ‘.aJ. '( . "~ ‘|A' J-‘k1 ‘3’ A -- .' L‘ -\1 ..LO [10‘ \ F, o - '~‘.“ -0\.’ J.‘. &\i£"I‘-’ioe‘za ~11 L ’o-ry " ~'A ":1. "“0“’ o .'l- 2“ ‘ ‘r ' .’t -« ‘..L "q" ..' a -’ 1:..U a...J{.-D£\.~. lqu‘J -.:;_€_[ {:1 .ac J.JJ':'I‘JQOOC! panama 9:. 3.0 Jan: .9" ... .' .' e,' ,, '.r.,'-'. "' "l .r.. r \ 3- *' - L" ' - _~.'r~=er~ry: uni-or ~ Jaw“ .3. £5 .‘0 31,: 326:5} In. banismm 8?." 9': 01:31:35! Q . - -- - ~ - (1.1. . .'. LA - .. A -.- 1 v1.4nf‘!‘ ."fi 'h '3'VC 1'- In”: in, c .'.‘l~'( 171' 1 ft . (1 1“! ‘nfl" c w 4' :- ' -.‘ ‘ fa .‘. 43 L20 tz'...\,s’-, _.'. \, tuft.) r,.-__t‘,.l.. (.4 L;,__, V-” .4 J -0 '3. ..L'..\)V;_\.- ‘.1.U [1w (“LISL -, #39. I! d I' 4 -'. ‘0' . *1 . . "' .- f . ‘ , _ 'Q ‘ v Q. r . . « .ryvre a '3 ,1: I w . "‘.. .r'r' Ff qr P. '3 . -\j‘ m Now I . “(1, U l. ”'1; \J ”Jr- ‘1‘. _ L ‘ O ‘_ 9‘} --LJ 0 5’ ‘1‘..- if , ...!I ,~ .. ‘ 'V‘ll§ ‘. .3. J. 5" '.— ‘l“ . .Lr-Z‘!’ 44'.\Iee _gtJ;>Jr.‘A ‘3'. J ‘ z. .- . e '- \ ' .. -' ':._..~ -. , n . — . - ,o . _ . _ em on 9.20 :_‘-.'*:&n8 '1 ~93. R, 53354.‘ r I ‘.ngo Ja. 8-7.1.- . J..:‘SVIV'Ilm ms nuisance c. v: ' e‘ “ 9" :‘O’M "' 3"; "".‘.- :‘ ~ -‘ .'w- a! : {9 Y - f-f . r ' -'. ’ .- . . ‘f ‘ . :‘l . ‘ ' “'..JLJ- .‘ (I) 17 1.2134” 9 3 ...”. _(Yl “J..-”13.2, u ,’.(;_..‘-‘£~_.,=..’,1_,4 _1. ‘65-?) LI; '2";1J‘_)1qu(r[q ”0&5” .y e ,. .I. i 0 Cl. :2 :2 O . 1 ‘ e a o '7'». *r”: r‘r--t"'0 4” Wr' 'c‘;":‘ LAOI. rd “ m ' "Mn '5 -.-_~- . e -4 J"- I 0-4“; 0»: _. ‘ v.“ «u ~31 .JU 1 .34. . u -u‘l: d” - ‘..L inc, (4!)- H1: 3 d-Juu l x (u ‘ ,L e f’ . - ' ’, £_ ., '.., '« ~’ . ., .-f ,_, . _ ,. _',. _ .... '- .- , ,. 5.33;}!- J yulr .52-) Lac-:4: N r m Lomtru-L '.JJJ...) orfrv.~:.-;.3r~:>. 9 {J etc-935:; ”wow--w ‘-.-u-wwc-wnw-s-w-Q-Q-e-uwm ..’ .0.“ -.‘--‘. _____ .Ohri .KI ' '- ' 4 63 organisations those precuruent policy relies on these firms .86 Harv brokers do mt represent a' true distribution alternative for producers of fresh frdte and vegetables since they merely serve as inte'ru’ , lediaries between china and buyers. But to the extent the grower is integrated to the ‘ehipping'point level, either cooperatively or tlreugh the grower-shipper firm; and to tip extent or broker integra- tion into. production in the major producing areas, the numbers and eisee of these brokers as well as their ‘rolein the tetal distribution channel beeches of concern to the producer; In addition their effect: en shipping peint market enterpriee‘cesbinatien 1e crimes-est to the ‘m the WV. descriptions! kinds 01‘ 111.111 IMpping point hrkets tee conclusion 'can be dram. firtt the partially integrated green-shipper is an important factor in these mrkets and the dominant distribution. alternative for producers, muhet more important in the inner prod‘ccing areas thanin the major areasrfllthough the geographic 'e‘onccntntlon‘or M fruit}. as: Vegetable production makes peseible the mun and" mastery shipper «my be forlal integration into productien,‘tieven in the major shipping point markets the grower- ehipper'is'demi‘mnt‘in master or firms. A ~ '_ 86mm it 1. that the organisation of a shipping point nrket, more: as it will or will mt support these shipping point brokers, may im- pose marketing econendes of scale on the major shipping point markets and penalise the mimr producing areas. Even where climate permitted there is small chance of new shipping point markets of appreciable sise opening up. The marketing apparatus in the form of these brokers coupled with the branch buying offices of large buyers at shipping point, both of which require large volume Operation, favor purchasing . from the established, large shipping point markets, '. With masts cost savings, of course, areas of production may shift in the future. " But this is mt theproblan of the man in Mississippi in) finis lettuce can be gram there injquantity competitive with the California crop .'butmflrtdlblarxobwersfillingtobuyfmmthatarea. _ (‘7‘. ‘J/ (1 .J U 111134"; 1 “~41 1'1 93.5.1.1 no 9911311 V;9§‘1rtr[ 5119139119qu 9301191 81101388193310 9"991rhmo 19's. 9‘113‘99'1913'5 r:oiJ;.rd.T_-1Jaiis .91.- 1:1 3 3115:88'1q0'1 do. ob a '19:-0'10' r. ’ f ' ~ - - '- - '1 7‘ '1. «19.19; 9.5 9:993 13.91911 1.12:2: 630.18 891113352591! 1.125 ohm? 118911 .0 f '.“rw. 9:15“ 03 3133 .C'zetjlfd bars 8'15”;ch .Lf18 11999199 6 891.11. .5401“ '10 fiitvhi‘s'wqooo M1319 .Ievei Jriioq grziqqida orfJ 03 bon'Ias-Jrzl a): f 9911.91.91 uoflmd '10 Jr'edrm 9113 03 hm: 1.11:1 'qu.....-.-,-'Ir'wm9 slid 113110111: for, aferjfiwn 9:13 .8591}; 311191110151 'xoism 6.91.1 nit notdoubouq 03:11 11013 noihxihdm‘i‘ 1539.? 9.1.1 91 9101 11911.1 855 Iiew 85 929110121 9:2ch '10 893.13 399139 11.9113 11013119115 117:. 319321110121 sariJ 0;)" Insane? '10 891100911 .[samxario 1393‘ OJ Jaeued'ni '10 81 nohfsrxizhgm 931193193119 dex'uzn Jnioq gnquma n0 .sueosbouq 31:10: ggrriqqma r13: 81.1911 10 81:91.31 '10 11013131199953 evoc's or” 11:01". h 19331333111 $1191.1qu 911:1 331171 .111 5'11) ed [1.130 31101211131100 at: 8381115111 sawhpoi 99:3 1412.5 emit-113.11 9 239:. 0‘ 111 1019.91 Jushoqrzi ms at 'quqids—m~ro'13 9an :11 drssd'xoqmi 9'10!” 91's..fw9:rsoa ,a'rsuuf'o‘zq '10"; 1139919315 noiJudi'IJaLb 01..qt1;10¢~ sdJ {1511011211. .85915 “105.991 sdo‘ a: {1.6.1:} 85913 gniouhmq 10111111 91:51:21an 3921931 {10139910151 9521539391! 1218 1.57mi (1391': '10 noidsudmonoo 901115139311 19.11101 on r131»: uswqqin'a V183 91'1qo'1q bns evrd‘s'r 'quooo sriJ ~19»: 013 9.13 939211211 Jniocr 51.19133.- {8 '10? 9111 9:13 111 nave .nolJoubo'zq 0:191 .8111? '10 '19 11111111 111': 3113.11.19.01: 81 191.391 is 1530229}: 39:11.59 drzioq_ '1.n "Q7 1319 .9 “10 1101315917299: '10 edJ Jeri: a]: .11 auril‘da -.m1': V1351 :9'1910'1d Juoq arfigq-ida 99911 310qu .'a dim .111.ch '10 11114 31 as 939,911.11 rx'coq Ufi’f".£‘ 8 101151119 5‘.” no 9.1.908 '10 99701017099 5.91.191sz eeoq beddjun'roq 9.113.111.1139 e'ror‘w new we're 32111011130111 1091er 9:13 9311:1901 has 91' 1.5139qu 10 8392113111 drtioq ganqiria won '10 9911.910 Lima 81 919113 819310111 99913 '10 n10} ed: :11 £31er sqrgs 3111119315111 9:1’1' .qu 'an'in9qo 9313 , qui'..f a +15 81931111 9"le '10 9.901130 an \w’d dons? 91:1 :1: 1w bquuoo m'a: 9'1: 1 rant {1013315 no 95111101! 92,191 9111191 r19 r 6:1 ”,0 died ,Jnioq :);i5..i'I-”{O‘::§r§.l3 (£31.. .sJexE tram Jn 'roq «wiqu 22 99:15}: ..'»; ..... 11532.9 9.1.? 9101'! .9'1oJLv'1 911;: mi J'lfuis 135m noizoouw mq '10 32915 .9'.'1.Hoo ‘10 (Knives 35:00 9911:1391 8131111 oriw iqqfaaiaaini 111' am odd '10 1191' on: 992.1 ion a]: 81:13 31!? qmo 5111103111233 9113 113m 9VLJ1'JoqL'Ioo {.‘.-11.11123. :15: 9191.1 moug ed {use .8913 3.9113 1101'}. WC! 0.? gntllb: 8-15—1599“ eg'xsl on 1191”! use Jud 6h Somali. there ere o m-ber of enterprise ombmtione in shipping point We end nest of theee combinetione appear providing a ride W of traction]. tone. flop cherecterietiee, technology end nrketing We eocount in port for this divereity of enter- We “initial. We end lettuce m be peeked in the field during the hornet pnoeee no are more eplflioeble to the grower- Ihiqlper Operetiu then thee crop requiring ehed-Apecldng. Fraeh citrus cape n'e duet elm! delivered to on independent pecker er shipper by tl- producer for 'ettelive product properetion in the pecking houee before nerketing. But there ere motion in automate. mined“ : in clippingpoint mammal cannot be .1:th temp choreo- tdeua a mains-regaraeute. The oceanic holes of theee m. in ‘enteqriee combioetionere of pathfin- hportence to this that; Leora]: the entire rage of ehippztng point enterpriee mine-- tho. “sum-wet. ,eoeeeeef‘aflyeimulteneouelyin the M tuning point-mete. There ere oertein merkete more. m. ”pelleted by oeepentine then othere: there ere markete flare broker- ere fer more comment than in othere. But within the me nor- ket are then one fem of enterprise confinirntion is typical; and the ~- populoflty of fame of enterprise combination for the eame crop differ thmnghoutfihe eemtry. ~Thie‘ ie elternatire]: accounted for by'tradi- . tion end ooomniee _of enterprise aggregation or disaggregation. ' Evidence is lecldng for teeting mpirically the last typotheeee. W, heeeuee of the aim. of the ehipping point mrketing fmetiom .'an their frequent 1eoletion into eingle enterprise time the ilplicit pricee end coete resulting from various combinations must - -. -I r .. 1 ...I O , I . I “1.). ..r; '1 '7: 1.1- ‘r;.’fl‘.-.,II;‘,rILIFI:’J 9931919.”. :0 1.9ch I': .8 8'15 91;.” M;.JCOO€‘U 912:: 3 :jgrzL'fiivorL; 197295-713 81_.cI-'r.I-';sf:.".-:.:09 939.1’J '30 33107:! Ems 8339:9511! 3111 oq 119:; ';~‘( ..ffcx'r 993 .13:1.'”.J.'3C';£ICI£'113.'1 qo'z'i' .Lr'u‘o'; ixuoiéorm'i ”.’.o 3179113310833 -~.I9III";9 '10 3:331: ALL) 8in J '10? met; r11: JIu.-'uor.I15 IIIE'irC'IL'.’D'~’I guide {25" Ils-i’i 9:13 at I'zc;>-’39I‘1 9:1 37,23: euuxjsi £11.: 83011297? 10139916.. to 98371:; wrowcriy, 1.193 oII 9L'I': 2.9.";IQI119 97m: 99.9 hm; 8221:3013: (1893/1311 9113 21111111!) amdio 111.914. .1e.r1i-.'\srv--‘9I c. 29.5":Lj99’: aqmo 980113 r1913 newerieqo 'quqh‘ia 7.99qu3 '10 '19 .‘rwsq dn91;1:-r'€-I‘nl ms 03 Lc'IQVL-‘rau max-15338091113 99's @13qu 95111091 {anbfasq 951;} rzi r: 0.7;J'It'25539'1q 3911:3011; 9v.?.3n9J;-:.e '10"! 1995.1'rIo'Iq arid 350' ‘ '1 noiJ,Lsr:J‘:d.:.'-Ioo 92:: :fIII-Jrr9 r11: 81016.9; ”:..:v 9" s 9'15.- II: 311‘; .7911 ‘23 1119511 9'10 Ied «9319.9 qo'zo od‘ bejudiI 335 9d Jenni-:9 rinmw 939;I’1m Juioqn omrqqera {13: 93911.3 '39 asexu' 9191011099 szil‘ .8311221I9'11II99'1 an 133929139 has 891391193 0': 991:9ng qrti '1“: "31:3qu '10 9'25 :1 oiI‘Ieri‘: 1.1109 983mg: 93119 [I]: anoiusl'rsv .xgbudra aid: ~9I1.'chr-.oo 95.- 1:39 3119 3:1 ioq gar-:iqqfufa -o 95119.1 9113129 ed: 931': a 8A 11;: 3;.[1310911r-‘I1Em'ra vfizr’mas» 9908 emsqn'oo \gfid’nmsqqs bras 8381.39 moi: 91911 ag'rI'I‘IEm‘II-IL (115199 9'15 91911? 319-41.22.01 d‘mtoq {Inlqgizia Let-“191198 9:13 919111.: 839: Tat? 9'15 9': ~13 ;a'19dII‘o 115d: e9vids'19qooo \ICI' bsile-‘qoq 1(;.I'_£*I'I’39Ii #15111 91198 ind' nirid’iw {by} .8‘.’ 971110 UL mar 3 «1911613105 9910111 ’15? 9'15 ewefimd 9:13 bfiB ;-[,I;9.i'r.r;J 81'. nniJafluL'noo bBi’IQ‘LE-‘JHS '10 12901 9510 {15:13 99:01:? 3974 '19".'§‘.Eb qmo sum 9:13 101’. r1023'II311iWr'oa sabzq'roa‘ne '10 and: '30 '.jdi'zsLquq ~i?*:>,'II;* ‘.1'.’ '10' 1.9JM199'II " xjstvftIirIrrxedis a}. elf? 31:99.09 9d: Jxrorfguo'xrii .r:I11':Is* 9'11- 'II: :38 .71") 9:0 ['01I153 rvy r B 9533': LmJna '10 an ’.rrmrme has nolo‘ {139121331119 {$113993 10': 'FE'F'OSI at 99119 bivIE ' (10: 31.345 932.3111 thI'oq 23117.q".".r'a 9 II 10 \fil'idsamxfiI 9:13 'io eavsoed .'Ievmvtofl 0) h- 94’ seamedna sights 0:29;}: 1103319502: (J's-15:91:91} 1199': has 8901;399:111 Jam 81101319119509 390.919”; 11.012 griJLLrev'x 91209 has esobq dioiiq :1 add 65 be ‘11 mm by producers and finns in the shipping point markets. M if these prices and costs of the production opportunities are ham and In single enterprise combination is subplanting alternatives, then it m be takm there are relatively constant returns to the inte- nation.“ the shipping point marketing functions.87 7A similar argu-w m 130140 for the integration of the shipping point market with pro- ductien'x. if anything the decline in numbers of grower-shippers over the_1955-65 Period indicates diseconomies to the form of integration, at lust at ”sent if not when the integrated units were formed. In alternative explanation for the varying enterprise combination in pram point markets has been offered by Blaich.88 While not igloriq the implications of the fims' cost structure for enterprise mum, . he suggests the need for market coordination in tenns of the eebetitution of mganent for the pricing mechanism is a fre- mt source of the integration of marketing functions. This ,aqcplanai- ' tien-‘iae of interest here because it pennits greater variety in enterprise .wintim thurde- a coet explanation of enterprise combination. The perceived needs for improved market coordination and the manner of eubetituting other coordinating institutions for the pricing mechanism ._.—f ‘ m *—*r _.7 87This wuld be true for the brokerage function, i.e. matching; of bwers eul sellers, as well as other shipping point marketing functions since new shippers sell simultaneously through a broker and their own sales force. However, this is not to indicate there are no eeommies of scale in some of these marketing functions. Substantial economies to scale are evident particularly in the selling Operation of the ._ this. A small brokerage office consisting of one man and a telephone exhibits a sharply declining average cost curve. 86831451131. 0.1%. m gteggtion 33 Theory, University of Minnesota, Department of Agricultural Economics, Report No. 520, Nov. 1961. For an application of this thesis see his: "Integration in Theory with an Application to Hogs", Journal 9; Farm W A2:1280-93. Dec. 1960. .aJezlmsm mix: UHF—£11113 e rat errant? 5-435 8'15'U130'If: ‘.gc‘ Wren)! Hen ed * - -: . ..: ' . an '. - r ._ ' 9.75 3917.31: inmate ”of. on; 3:113 10 assoc .0th see C'Iq sag-1.713 11 (MA .... '74 ..-- :r~ -- .3 Mm! ’P 7’? £70“sz oo efi‘irvue‘ 0 "71-"18 on bus [MOM ‘(AFI JJ.L/l‘. .L\‘3L}_L.h "73.1.1 VAleJab-u-L ”-31 ‘ “‘1‘ ‘ -‘V‘ . ‘L". 0". 21“ U) ‘,"":..'I ‘J -eJa; eiJ oJ 3512 . ‘ J's: ‘I J "’J at“ '- . ' -L moo \rievmca 'II 3" ’4‘1! ".5 9'12:th newlsJ ed it 59:71:? :— V -'J'f'{".'.'$ 'I:5.E_?_.-"-£7_13 3’. T'"“.;.1 01.71 rm: 3-,t',:iJe:-~:1srr~ unioq 37317.}:quitia 9:73.17 'i‘f.o 1105:3353 ~03: (1; 1.1.9.: Juicer: Jrioq 31’ Egg-117.18 9.71.1 LO 1*c»1Jr"'7..7,.ri 613 10': shied Jnsm sieve 37:51:17-?5'3-I15wm3 '10 81:67:12.;ij HE eniioeb 0:31.71 awhim'fia ”15c ..- Josh .50-.-.15'37 gemrrr 7.0 u <33. 3.1:} 0.71 Hacks-10110933510 se:159.E:-15_'c 110.171qu 331-3691 ed: .beuxzo': 97:51.: scrim; 1.51.12.13.53: 9171.1 me: 11: Jon '1]: our, $7.31.; J5 Jessi J3 Lufiizt oo saitq'z: JETS . 13 . . .- 4, . don t he .nousi; 7y. nemello sabre" ween) 101 e: '33 {LE HOLJi-lfif. '1 o awe J N u ~eil s a: . . f .. ..., .. ~55; --.,37-3 .1511 .511011 ’ e ‘ e .L. c ‘ eaJ.';._,-r.eJ::e 111 member '1 :‘ f!“ e ’|:‘r .noEJ 5117: one.) “...-71 5:53 1.7:" .5 [101.7135 77.11003 Jo: Nlja J.'.) 03 'prrpf _| #1003 J.‘) 12131;! 'I 07?. 55111510911711 gnioi'rq 9:71.21 .rzzmsv eriJ 'Io’i nochmsqus evisamedis -.C rzA r5890 8.521 81'1'3‘11‘132'1 173's?» .- n :4 .\ I. 9"“) '10 (11:0 I"! N J- vani \J been 9.1.1 PJ"";"8 e11 {105:st 70'}. Jnexr'sgmsm lo noiJuJIJac'ue 9113 an: '1 351.19 34112171 '10 [101357391171 5:1J '10 eo'woa Jneup (3.5515; 83-7.17'1511 J1; 537.351.330.71 52:52.1 Jesmedrti 7.0 81 :10.“ J 0 170.1 0.61 C' .~..~U .... @333 3800 3 25:01) rrsn'fJ noEJsmErf'noo "’ 11c." f:(w’7".r 0"! \0f '5 )~¢\ VC a liep‘. -(JA . . . , '. _ 'c‘l a'esn Eerieoeeq od1 Liairre'fosm gr‘ioiuq 9171.1 '10? 3505.73 1: .71..';1:3 _i grain-.rxt‘rxooe medJo p;'-':JI,!JjJa(7?Lre ' - , . f‘b 81815.17'6 lo gumdoJarr: .37).; ,noj;J:7»-.'-:u‘1 97:17:25710'211 «3:1; :01 511; 2:7! 13.2;ij aft'f'l 'd sonic 17311033701111“: 3.51;“ ‘13:: (mite: 3.5- {a "Zoo 225 Ext: 35 {8131.EE‘Z’: Hrs nwo “ll :1le in 5 'If “O’IU £3 r!:;.-i:u-m71:i7 75312217533: “1.2.52.1.517'Ee Lisa a'xr-fiqhia 31:71:17.1 ash: move on 915 61-0315 stzuiftrd 0.; Joy: cf. aE-IJ' g7;.7«\,7s7«‘:~:o’1 .ceéco'. («eta cadences .LsiensJa JJC. .auoi-Jnrus'i 3:71? *7 7:52:31: “to 0:10;: 111'; 9.3393 '10 en'J '10 moi 35':qu .11: £27.49. eriJ 1:1. 2-3.1:..‘77'7015 -.:.a; eats 371.2503 0.1 enaiqebd a "1.5 mun 51,9 ”10 3173717.; 31550:: 5 7.1.; o ‘. :17;'7-.‘..,~.;ci Elma-7; :1. .31; f: .'.-)V'TUO duos {3:73';:_7.‘_I;7_._ 3,1. g;’.:.ee, {fryisfie a aJE'SirELe .8303uxmiu to ‘(ulC‘ie‘v'LH 37117.1. ..‘“.1. girl}. 7'-”.'i.”..'~.i-'.. :.:E':.'7.'.+‘:'.:L- “71.3 . .3551; ' '10’. ._LngI .Vd'E .095 .0” c.1043?“ e '31)}.1 31.7135“ EP 31 {1111‘.11“.‘§;,1'. r(1.0 J1;:‘-;1!3';1-;(;11L1 {13.1.}! 1410611; [.'C HCiJJ8’1‘fiLt11" .2111 £9571: 37.52.13.713. 87".," if) {101.11y37igqg {(3 .er (-..;1 SA .«2-3- 313.31: .. 5:73. 7.21:"; "we! 0» mi Jaw ms .017 EL 66 Wily. 1117 among finns in the same market and handling the Ice crepe. The MM“ structure or fresh produce shipping point mar- kds w to this inquiry conceal! the forms of exchange between me all sellers, the extent and kinds of integration and other We scouting the relations between buyers and: sellers, end the .neclnnins's'sflsble for coordintim marketing functions end pro- duct nova-at to‘lsrket. This institution]. structure reflects several clique testes-"o: the industzy: shipping point firms are character‘- istiun: lug-1r than the producers from firm they must secure supplies, may at these firms are Mid]: integrsted into production, procure- “ With!) for supplies uphuises product quality, ma product War rsqair. that the mm be prepared for market end cupped Mate]: otter hamstjdmh the «caption of s for crepe which on be stored. This urgency of marketing, derives from the Israel: Mullet! smith end maturity of the product otter planting and. Mitt deterieretion after harvest. ' v m ?_93_._nt_ hows m. In addition to shipper procure- ment-fro.- omed screege there are two principal exchange Arrangements between. shippihg point! fm and predhcera: complete and incomplete . commence.89 ' The. difference hetuean these ta) form of ‘qcchange for purposes here lies in the time :‘at which price is det‘em‘ined end the _ sanitififty' of the proeucers' price to structural Lchahgee and disturb-‘4 bsnces 51:3;th further siong in the marketing channel. 11 complete é9NCFH Technicel Report No. L, p. 89. $79117 -5117. 57.15:: 9.71.11 mi 31:17: E”: 23.17.70.775 ingv 75155555171815.5131: xv - r e -".,4- " F’v‘ ' ."L 7I- " ‘ :7P,‘v. L! .' " r .‘ €75.41 r"'..l r. ..‘,{3 ‘1 LJ Alt.) .‘O (J.‘)? ()1 Shred & {15-1}! 5%,) “ «4.1, 1-41.2 3.1-5.13 03 3713‘. 5“qu 8 30X 1' I . ' 4, 6' -‘ I i ‘ 7‘ ' ' "l t -‘ "E - "h .1" l 01-: 719.7130 3515 50.75.31: 9:11: 1.0 3.591 ..:15 Meme 51.1.1 t8”.c:.£..--C18 pm; 3 Eve vrr! '.. ,. .. 7‘ . o . r- \ 7V . 4 7 '\ w .' ",. -.' '-' I :7- ' .. f I V - 0' 1.1116 . thJ.£.-C£- 3 3-1.5 d‘I‘Cv‘QJO’ {Pat}?- uF’J (11010-3!‘5/ 1 Sat !.J.df:':7.rfl?‘30 65117155103118 1'15 -.L I -c7:q has anoiJorw‘i gnaw-17151:: 571-3: 5.7: - from 710': eififisvs 8.718.517.757ieem eriJ Q 1.7771071753 270093.157: 071.77.71.75171537 a 1.3.503 ...r...1 51.31.12 8.1;.7117 .39. £7 1.9.17.7: 0.1 J eras-vow Joub e l .’., . 9‘ 0" 77" ' t h‘ '- 3". ‘I -‘L/.v'(‘ 7 'J‘ n a ’ " -:eJ55-7151.0 07.7. 5;..7 J.. .151ch C.n...z,:rr-1a :»47:J.-......»1.J; 5...} 1o 89.77:...159. 95791er e :- I. - '.r, r. v ' o r.( ”~ 4 77" -~ 0 P V . ‘35.. {5:31.78 9715:5573 Jam: 7357151 mam mm: 83.011503: 9.7.11 [153.1 73957.54. 1.511531%: . o 1- .7 I'"7 '- .‘.” . —. . A . 7- P . .' a Dr 1" . n ‘ "r'b ‘. ‘ 4571507117.“; ,I3o530m 11' DJ: 16%“ ._{QJAI 7.7,.[1555771551 5.15 8-7.7111 5m.- 3.1 10 70715111 » I .. r ' r: A . . 7r 7 7 .P r n :s :7 'L- ~47-v 5 JGL’LG‘L: 5.7.5 7087.315. » 301,750-11 8:131:73-..1r.-7.e 857.1.I({"'.’f1'101 50.5.1-1...515..oo Jug-m { .I. has 37473-77577 1 .3'1 {3971:1q577tq er. Jom‘cvzq 91713 (75:71.71 mature '{ufiLt'fsriai'qu acme we": 5 "Lo noiu'qeore eriJ J“ (1J...~7. Jas 71.73.77.171 :"33 LEE; .1.- r135r773J: beqqhie erIJ 17.07171 aeviteb 35131921737513 ':0 3.1037117 8.12.11 .I7153710Ja ed {150 daft-71w e v ‘I‘ ..L , ’\ . .' r‘ ‘3‘. '5'.~e" "\-0 r- ur I r 1' :‘ .’. ‘ 3313;15 '1; 51.1 :5 J:)_J..1o71q 73an to 7(5.:'I..:Jbz-1 M15 1137-02-1 {IO-‘.LTLJF-SOC‘IYU 11-98151 .J'ac-V'md “L‘s-.1135 '70-JF'IO.-"9~~" 3:73:33”? bus 0 L e t *7 e ..', r . ‘J‘.’ ,: . -O'I' 00' q 'ISCT'j’ Elia 03 1105:”... 7:77.135 {271. .77; 0.1:...37I7x-1 37-- ! 5.7. '.71 -1 .r‘rr’lf 3.7. mi' I.‘ -0. U~7—- «no new-v “We-Log... :3. ‘... we w-mm-‘ adverehnefi'm 93355110.. [stir-13.7.7117: (.sz 97:75 97177171 9:55-71:15 hem-:0 1110711 35951 '~ ’1" . . L s ‘ \‘I‘ -" ' .731 .' . .‘" J'V. .. . I o - 51.55.12; 1171571511157: 0:) :37. 25.11.0710: .r.-.1, «31.7“_'-L1 of :07; 7.571.11qu3 {maimed i: <+ rw } 1‘ t- .'. .'.-3 .---‘~. J, - 1. .. ....' , .. o -_1. 157 5 as 17.5.0 .1:1.‘:.-J--1111'I5r3 o. 5.77.1717; '37-.55 11.07.- cr 9.711 10 \'d._-7.7..-'~=_'7.73::ea i -4 I. ...- " «' -‘ «.7. we .. .. r- -.7 ,- «77. .. :.-7~ - eJeI-L..:0011 ..Cer15571;1ri_77\1:-::551 {J {LE {75 51: 715537.75. ¢.r:.5o511.&7.:~.moeeousd ('3‘ ”I .Z. . .. .'j '. .77 |w7r“.. .‘50 .5; wk 0% oibf'i- IS'IU‘KE’KH 1". N." 67 enhance amaganmt is analogous to a non-recourse cash sale and consists of a total transfer of risks, rights ,' and obligations with product transfer from seller to buyer. Under these circumstances, typically through the process of negotiation preceding harvest of the enp or at harvest time, the shipping point fim makes a cash purchase of tin amp and markets it entire];7 for its own account. The trans- action In or my not call for the shipper or grower-shipper to per-'- 10:! the harvesting function, but all other shipping point marketing- functiene and risks and the profits deriving‘thereof are the responsi- biliw of the shipper. While the prices offered producers by shippers in the than of eeqlete unchange arrangmmts reflect the expected selling prices of tb shipping point marketing fins, the producer is isolated from any Inspected price changes occurring after the product is transferred to th- cuppa-.90 Should the shipping point 'merket selling price dives-gs fro: that expected when the transaction is made, either because of a change in supplies of the crop due to weather, disease or the like or because daiand has changed or because of a change in product 90The difference between actual and expected selling price may, of course, be windfall profit or losses; accordingly the producer me: or new not prefer this isolation from unexpected changes in prices. It may also be noted that shippers could include a risk praniun in their, offer prices to producers, thereby shifting the costs of these risks at least in part to producers. But comparison of prices paid pro- _ ducers under complete and incomplete exchange arrangements does not 7‘ indicate the former includes a risk discount. As will be shown the abstitution of incomplete for couplete eucchange arrangenents is itself a means for the shipper to protect himself from price fluctua- tions originating further along in the marketing chamels, not .a- . meme for influencing directly the level of fan prices. :2 C: i) r V; a A, .. _. an,“ 1..-. 8?. 31,880 06‘1 .0" 01"]{J1-I S ‘)\f 81.09 UJJ‘ -.LD C44- *JLIIJ...‘).-LADILO chAB»‘..)/:9 fiij annfd-;if o Lms ‘Ciflfifi .ahaLT to fisraflgxa IsJoJ 5 Lo LJaI'maa _. A 1*..- o I " ~ P‘- 'v". 5 4 "firfihfxvr¢7:n ngffi TCLLU .1anQ 03 sta mow; fia;d ElJ LsuL dig a .. J..; I _ L - ’ ' 'L .L ..- .'. . . ’ '1' s ’3- I,\r I Y 5‘- J' r a ‘1 ‘.E N r; 1“ ‘t" .‘:1 C".‘ -’ l “ l rJ“l-‘f(“ ’f f“‘ v. .‘ \ (- .‘r (. KI\ ‘t .r)-‘- ‘1 J.‘- 1 ~ ,_, _L‘NJ ..‘. ~ I , ,. {,‘,~. . '.4, HF_‘I.‘«“' . "‘1‘?“ ‘rj'. (‘1: "a" .'I""';' r” th ’t'r";‘l ”by" '-"i if 10 Cn'" 1‘:'.‘.‘.' 3L.-vr~4' a '..-x- 03:.) L4 ‘LW— .-.;51; 5~ 4-~- -- V w~ (..’ ~ J-.{-~.' — —'l V, - ‘ ...: _._‘J V -“' ”It“ "’ J _ "V . . .. . ' i.“‘. ..' .. '. ‘. " . ‘- . , ', ' . -’ . ! '... .'. I. . C ;' ‘ n "Elfifi'jd 9“ L .\"_'."'( (’15:; I1. (’1‘ Eh. '.'. E'TI ‘~,..'-:TJ_-.'."E) JI L’.L‘T." ~.‘_.;! ’I..5 (3010 Qt“) LO ‘ - o ' "' l’ r ‘.* ‘-. fir. ‘ fir. w‘ N If § m "f‘ *Tufi cq ~~aw Lawtrdrz, fifi ~n3c¢4L ~{L 1' LL”. Jun v; .0 LL- HOLL 5 a - - . . ~ 0 o O a - f V _L.‘ ( _.’. ~‘ ' ..‘ ‘ ' trV‘ue:;‘;-;; Ln15ccr FFL .CLF i: ~"--0 .LIi; Lu J ‘:4‘.~'~ L. CIT’uL--V“T‘f 91h! axial ( . ~ ‘ o 'r .. r‘ v‘t’" ‘ ; ."' r '5 ti}. ~‘ ' '1‘ rt; ta“ -“ f I" "c' "" 31"“u'25f'1 Gobi 7 "'3 '1 ' ( xv “ fit)” u”. JOHJ SLAV LL}:- C (...‘I "‘..: 8120-15 1J1 b .. . ,L . '1. ...-4'- .73 r -? 6L? 0 ‘g iIi d n ' ' . '. r. .... .' .r'p . ‘, r; »0 mwfi‘ 04¢ n1 euqqur: ad'awawc:v“q Jifi9‘t0 anagtq QuJ sIsun "“"K‘o ... ..'..r LC J l‘ r,. ,-.- “j .-rn')p.r‘fyrfl ‘ r! -‘ .7) vff ;' . r- .2 4.’ . I; "C," '..:jfxr-p 4.: P '... .90. f." a— & H - -) L.‘ (YA LW: . _._-K .. J- Cl - ._- J.'..l‘. J- H J-.»J (g. ... _‘ .’. .. _'.- .-‘. x"., . gll ‘J1-l ‘-.... 9 g..__,-.a 91 U F‘cr 0 '.f' '3 h" + F 'i‘ofl"; Hr" q :' ‘L f"; 1'1 r‘ V..- F‘otw-rfirx -- n‘ r- r-r‘v f” .'r' .r-v ’L( 1 .fi. '9 4-.itTL“'14F4;';L‘-‘ 8-4- bs "'1”. -.4 \ .‘. 3v” ..'.) “a H '... '--o i". I"; I- .9 C...),'. .. (J'\"-:)Ei-I..5r-Ar / ‘ 2' ' ’ " - “v ”7”, V ' .~ .. 3- .. '.,' «Y ‘- L . ,"'. (Ii; I _ I J- 5:54“? (I .'l. [.I.-rid “5'5““- 552’: LI! '-t ’4! ‘11”...' {I -L '.8 C‘ .'.: |‘_r1'\f}. J: .'ff)‘ 7” L. {a (It: OM ¢ ‘-4 § - ‘ flfl-‘H‘fiqj 'IQ'r‘LiQ ¢‘~”‘-"~"" '3 f‘ '-4->~.-L. ..a'.'. J ‘.., 'L... ‘I \a @0133525224 5%? aslw LGLQQUxe 351$ K013 snwsvib 7“. .r- v } . _. p. r v ' M 0 asaurrw a: Ldflflfi’fi 30 4 A I . . ' ' ’s ._ ext TO anfiaI. ‘TSquSUW 0d 9"» qnfio 9 .I... 3- ,J .~- — '.-... ' . '-.... L . ~."..‘!f?'("7"_T $1-. ‘.IVi-JY'. ’3 G 9" 973' 3"")‘J "I“ ’- 39*") 9“, '-' inf-MC. (721-37719; '1’) 9341']: t .kl \ -’ \.-~~x L ._ L ..‘«., _; . “MM“%.~‘~ W “W“ U‘-—on-C-oml-a '- av.- “G’dmao-Q4apofia .,o-v~-~--«--u u “‘..--th ..:-9%“- - ": ~'- '- 1‘ " '-.. 3- . - ' . L . ‘ _ . '. ' r r. ' . z . no L“;M GTLTf :Fx.u9: JD 99”f% Ar: rd” CE Ky? 30% :finc¢rf *9 er.V~ \J '. .' P V? ‘r‘ (w' (‘1 L" r L'; w! “‘ V'Ir f' 1'.'ar‘-'l Aft .r‘r‘ryo '. r-A ' .'. r i ' '1 ' ' ~ -. . , n , . >3 ‘ . ~ ~ .7 ... . .. IO ‘.wl-A . .LJ._+'A‘O'I‘T u..’\' .°-'.- '. ..-» .".)J L. o) l '..-n .L. (_ _ 'u u .'. ‘ .. .. -. .L..:. .'._- I .. 1 . (( 9. {IL-"L19 4T . -1. 9., -. L , ‘.-. L. ‘ ..f, 9'.- u -}-,‘ - “..‘. . ”H," ,. :. , f‘ , , 3 ,. ? .,‘ L . r , . UL «Cb’wwlhx dd an») L-LL, myrr..1 w» L; 3a:;~.L ae.e~v wuy*um! I u - o _ ~ ' '_ .' o r .'- . v . , . 7‘ . [' f :1 ’ ‘p v' ' I '- _Iql r f; j \ ‘2, . r- r: " -. - . ‘. ‘1 . Z‘ r < , ' "' g . - , .L’ ... H. 014.5," '. '1 Inc [J 4.. 1“ _._I': --u.-'-'I b v.‘-‘»U.E- ' .: .1. A A. no? C :L' .' “.5 k' ..‘/1" a :4 a! ' "f {,3 f (.,-’_'_L;‘,- 1'} L! 0 v .. f3 4' 0 - o p ' . L . o _ ‘ ,_A .J n F‘ '3 ., ‘1 ..‘ r. ‘ o ‘ L {c ' .'- ’.. .,. ‘ , ~ . h ’I ‘ ‘ J- ‘ ‘ _ (I v‘_ 87% L- 9..L.L .3 c.~ v.0!) Sm (A 4.13 at J1-.. a u: -‘L-:I...:.-<) (..' 85.": ' ..‘ 'I:.:. 0 ‘ ' r ; ' ‘v ' in v‘ . "' 'r '1 r v :-u- / -. -' .'. J- .p : Q ' o L ~ $ ‘ " . [I .1 ', ~ ~ -' _ 1" ‘ -..' -' .“ -, .. r - ‘. n ‘. .‘ ‘q r_} 51“ 8%: -_‘ J.- ; no.0 ‘JLI ._!;; .. t‘o V.~" . .C: ‘.“,~ .t j K .‘-; CU \J‘;~r':;"' f.-!- ‘- .2.‘C‘_!: \ s J ' -. I ‘ r l V O I I’"? " \ 3 2‘ '3' P 7"Q"'( 9V. 'r’ 3' '6; C .c . " -"." " In ' -~..! ~ -. ru- ‘. . n‘k c.9f. bv-” "1. “A 8 -.a_4_‘3r~1.a‘ J . C’ I. .1- i. J- '.-L. L.‘ .'. f" ..'_".,' fl") :5; .' U C If Avifi‘ .f '. . I I 1‘ " ‘ f 0 o; f 0 . n , .‘ 0' ’ . “..'” -'..‘..’ ' *‘3 '.> rt"u.- 1‘- ~. -. -" - ' .v. .- L. L. ..'. , ' L . . ‘ ..' ~9L11nA-L LL L4AN on . aana u .L:. s aoan" L 1:41-“ .m; u-;uiLr5 O ‘- a- " ‘r-vnm “". AW * rr rur— 21' . 4' - I". c 'i‘ - » .' . .. -. ’ h. - '. I. " L ‘ a- 8\I;‘.\ ...E\_ In. '78 F“ . CL:-._L'L‘ .‘.:3) LC: tr‘l‘.._L'.§‘ 01.41: E 0 :vz,_,-_L ‘ij‘je'jug .1. Fr . r r — . , ‘ «v c - -n r n. (v? v ' -. v 1' j». ...“ -. . J . . '. ' ' f 0' r .. u ‘- . L .. ' ‘ ‘ .,. V“. \. f- - 'f‘v '3 f "A . -. . . A . b“ "’ "'L‘t 3"1‘ ‘q “'0 ‘ ‘ "*""‘ J'I ‘ " " " ’1. “’ *~ *1 _‘h"‘- 9”,, -'.-.. (.I.; (14 B .. ..‘..‘Cjt ‘ O ‘V‘\ I Fa «a {.IJ ' . - r" - \', - ' L. . =— ‘ , r . I n - . . . ' -. -0‘ F???" f,l v '.- ~- A l- " .... . . ... __, _ B Ukrl 18‘1"!“""‘O L ‘---~‘-‘-'-~‘-ILV~ J12 I. L “AI-J..: JE'-..'-~.. - .,.."','.',.'1f_" .'"0 89.513 . ' - . .. "‘ 0' r I - L - o . rv . ..' f. I l N. ' l" ' ‘c' ‘ ‘ ' ' .' ' ' - . n a - t l . ~ - .o-.~J.C J.': [ in! .'./S ..r 5 L ‘7“: ‘v‘ILfL‘: 1L. “.'. "I 3-2.4. ' f. 'T" 3 Shy-"3w: 68 quality, the derived fem price will not change accordingly.91 The significance'oi’ these characteristics of the complete exchange arrange- mmt lies in their attributing the costs and profits of market flue-A tnations and incorrect price annotations to the shipping point market sector, the market responsibleror the basic decisions relating to distribution or the crop in time, form, and space. This is the market in the most favorable position, by right of influence on output through integrated and contractural arrangements and control of the national pricing surface, for correcting market price fluctuations originating either forward in the marketing channels or in (farm markets. ' I ‘ A sizable portion of the industry operates on the complete exchange arrangfuont.’ A cash or on-tree price is common for most fruit crops, especial]: citrus fruits. and is often ah alternative for the vegetable reducer as 1011. But for both fruits and vegetables in most areas the incomplete exchange arrangement is the dominant fonn of exchange obtaining betwem producers and time in the. shipping point markets._ And for many producers it is the only distribution alternative available short of integrationinto the shipping point marketing functions. , The shipping point incomplete saccharine mans“ ‘30th pro- ducers and shippers is an indmtry imtitution designed to cope with risks or marketing fresh produce as a result of either product perish- ability or unexpected shortages and surpluses. it is characterized by a partial exchange of risks ,_ rights; and obligations-at the time of product transfer to the shipper. It permits the marketing of crops - . A L - (10.-..-ha. ‘wsfH-va .- ‘., at .. a 0". fl- 911'» possibilityot these short-run price ehangol resulting from _. chances in danasd is predicated upon retail pricing and merchandising policy rush is partially independent of Iihslssele prices and sup- plies: see Chapter 5. r‘ V; V L‘- I. .‘ r - _ I .L .0 a _ r‘ yr - ‘ '_ “H“ : _ ' '.." . ’0- '. .‘. $ F. ’0 f.” .' ‘ . L0 - .121 was v‘.2;..3'.3 cl; Is. 1.; ‘.. L La! n' :- .L A 0" we?“ ~~v a?» *J-L‘ ~‘ r. r r__ ..: " L‘ r. ..‘. '1, cut 4‘5".“- ..f‘ .1, an n'i'Y'B 1)- ‘ , '4 LC? ’ I‘LC‘L) OH.) I’) 1} _.x ',‘,' 1,31 - ') ‘._‘ 1'21“ J.‘) vs [mad-E --L41-‘-‘-4 L ‘ _-.~. ‘\J' - ' r ’3 . .'r’. a \- ' A "1 ’ a “‘ '.- ”t ""1 ;' . " ’ _.' I" '.. \G‘tt {P.‘“' ..n , r- “J iii 1 if) dx...i;);t ..: g) r... ..LJL) .~J («I ..'.d.‘\ ...» vb 1.." 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'.. ‘Qt .r.-"é“CL-J n1: 9”: L0 ...C‘thnc .'.-1713 {taut-‘3»: f’ Jr‘b’I'TL Li“: “('3sz :4 ’31) [1.1.23 J‘=\IaDIU9\-Ii :- . .- ’r -‘-¢ .- -L - ,— 1‘"- =-. -'- -: _.- ’ - .. :- -§- ‘ — '5— . Q P\ \r~r¢.-.- '~ ; ;'-n :DN 9}"; .1 LI' '."—. If: 1.) L:}1{(T‘..Lw S‘urKI U»). .L. 09... 1'. \-'.‘;'1'x: ‘A (‘.‘JLJ-V 31) $530; .104. 99.; .1); LL- 8 (Sigma... ...:I "\ ~‘ 'I "u v r 4‘ ..‘ a I "f '. Pu. ur‘ 3"“. e '4? C“-iv .'T (\A‘; ' ’1; i." ~ F'O’t "Ic‘i LIV-Q OCvr' “ if) 4'. alwi. r. -\ :1 '.' 1 ._ol.u (Eithvu'fi. I ,maI ..‘.I. ‘.-’ $.4. .-L ‘ . L _ - .0: v... ' ' ~ I. 1- 'j r: . r' . .'. A 8‘ pp. :r-g‘“. 9.4::sIrr, 0!.) .11.? n 833:; :tqn K1;- ed. :1“.-- (:25: 1.0 Hole {04; Six ..‘»: ~ 8 n .v ‘ A - . - ’-. .. . 3. . ;. .L . .I.- ‘.. I + . ..., 1’ _, "W . (.‘.,I’OLL) v4.) wfi't Jr: a“; '...O‘. HO .inL =Oe£ EL CIOyLrIr' ‘6 r."-£V-‘fi ) 10 l:‘;:, a} It . h! w'i.£’A{.8 .5. . 'a‘ ‘ “ 3 r r t r '" i " It . '- 1'th g". +“ ;' .'_ we. '1‘} '. (Dy-if r0“! 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(33; UL .E:.‘-RIJ_.,’,:"'-3 ;-...;;'. {figs 5' r f (‘3... L'J’ '10 'ig 'JL‘JS fl . 3 ' ._l’ “ = " "" .-“ ' -' ' i‘ r» ' .'. .- ... ‘ ' , .'r - .- . ' . . r L .r '5 o - A I“) I: o ...-'J ‘.. AJ ‘39! .{tOu-i‘l .‘.. .LIJO Loti: 8‘ a‘. (..'. ‘ ‘ - x . " |) ':' ,' i; .1, 4‘5' ..:.)u." -’C’I D . '1 ' A ‘I, - .. .’ ~ . «. '..... . +7 ,. . :3 L N ‘ "h .i,_ .-’ .‘. L . ‘ , 801310 LO .. I ' '.. 3“ 1‘} . 7: “‘1 I \I E: \5 ”Chas: ’: *4 _~ .r ,— 3??? :23 .‘.! . O.) -r‘.‘ ‘L ...). ..:.) J u a?" I -', 'Cflfl’ _ L. - . _ ,, .'a, f ‘ mm: 34 £33139: a: uni uque has asoi'rq Sr93€_uQ :"w .'~ I ' A n I. :" . ' EiJIL'SM/I£.£3'I"'LAL Lns tnlnxm LI- VI’ n J.‘ \ “ewe-“.1 n’..W¢b-toaar- ‘-fiha “-‘ww-«fl-mw Ofi'mw- . . . , .. .. ... , aging firmware a caszd lo 2:}; area ed.‘ *91 noqn bgdsuifi:“q a: in :20 n: eogrsdo to dumfaeqeLni V-IxIJusq ai J'QLiW. xsiIo: .E uaJnhiQ sea :aeilq 69 when the cost of'price negotiation in terms of product losses is actrenei‘v’high. in mechanics it involves a shipper agreement to per- form the customary shipping point marketing functions for the product, selling the’tmp re:- the best price that can be Obtained, extracting s fee for these services from the selling price of the crop, and remitting the rmainder of the-selling price to the producer. All this is done, in‘oo‘ntrast to the complete exchange'arrangement, while the producer retains. scornmic and legal title to the crop. Whether‘its: justification lies in its fleadbility'for marketing a perishable crop the supply of which is subject to wide fluctuations orlfiits' contribution to'orderly marketing by providing shippers full discretion without risk-of product ownership in making time, form and spatial marketing decisiOns; the incomplete eXchange arrangement has serious implications for the price stability of fem markets. With “an arrangenents the shipper is able to add marketing services to the product without also sssming ownership and marketing risks. His is a agency functionto en. eitmt; but his strategic position in the fresh produce distribution «than coupled with the incomplete exchange arts-(neat piece the shipper 1h the position or nanngthe marketing decisions for the producer luithout assming the risks of produce ownership.92 . ‘ i I There is no good estimate of the extent to which producers of fresh fruits and vegetables market their crops under incomplete exchsnge errenganents. Nor is there s measurenent of the availability 92The implications of this separation of the marketing functions from the marketing risks and the consequent economic behavior of the shipping point market fim are further explored in Chapter 5. .. 1 - o- . . p . " > .' I s ; e ' I. ’ -‘- . .{ f ~ 7 - r-j— '- "‘f‘ '* - rt yr-~ .~ '- '1’ 1f _ ' ~. ‘ -I'\v‘ htv' L: 4‘ ' st f -I '1 a. . 1' 8.1.. ‘ 'l" 1 .'.: .. 1 .. 4“---1‘ - —I ' , 7“ I. L 1 C. -. .- .‘ _ ‘ -- .' 1 E: ‘ TY F‘s) ‘ J‘lk' ‘~- 0‘ r1», 0“ o 1 ° ‘ ' .. p .; J'.‘ ' 4 ' ,. ..' 3 ' 'P as: +\ . -v . . or .. -\ r. - .1 -‘ 3 “r .‘ ~I “ r . ‘ r' '\ _. 4‘ ..'..‘L'(? O ‘.- 1' K ..‘.l ‘ .I‘I L- ' an- 1 f1 '.I’.~.‘ ’ J.‘v‘ .: L. ‘-' ‘- ~11’J».-. J -~- \ ..- .'l..- .3... '3' *1 .‘-...1‘5eAJ Av.‘l§" \ t .o .V,‘ s ~{If J _ ' . {“ .’., .~ “p Iv.‘ - r .- '__ ..r - " '| v ’\’s ' ""' :‘I‘f" '.- .'.) '.." ' :p.' C ‘3 F?“ 1 “‘~'\’.=..(J-.4 \MA 1 .‘Ua. -.;5(.~Lk 1.45 .L . - t I 35‘ ‘vltA ‘_... f 5 4.; k1~.‘4 \0 1-..-JLu—JO Ufi- .I-...O A .. . . 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O] Q. ‘34 ...w' ...l_. .‘ .h. 1 __y \3 ._.. 7e .\j\ u .1 .'.-.Cs' .31 .\I \iM ‘ ’(J a. .1 Vi] . ..- ' A ' v“. '. r' r'. . rot '.' - . -. r ' .' '.~ '. ' - .'.. {1 -' ' :- J'r‘” ’- " ‘ ' " ' L '2) F " T" "(\r ‘I‘. 7‘“. ' "'C‘ -l.. ‘. :Vcr "\ ...)". if.) . Z") ..‘-.-- -, A- a n..L '~t‘—-’&. . .‘.: L‘\ .'-.L 1. 5.4-.. —'I:,‘ --‘o ‘, ‘v a- t, a - .L -- sew v-ixt" ' ‘ J "h ‘ ‘~. "‘ r ' ' .'.r .v '- Ir 7 t " r v .- r > ( ' ' 0 r‘ c I' ‘ I" 'nr 4' v' .." .o ’ ‘ .‘. '. .- :W " 'a r v .'4 ,VK- '- - - - ., . . 4- ; .L,“"|.\“‘Ja,":t,‘\ J..; ‘.-. ...-I ()d uv. ;’ .~ ' (.... ._..Jt. ..’ In.) \rL-“ft m ...‘J (1131.) J“ .‘...f.'..,‘.i-_I E r r r) “'.. - 0 r I 9 s_ . r ‘ 0-1.. . . r t {_ I '} _ . a. l- | 0 . .. I ~ ~- I f: ' v 1' ”I? ‘w‘ ~ '. ro' nun“ ‘r ”.r- rv I r. u ’«r 6‘ .LI-H l, u .._'( :-.u“o 5.‘ I... V'..._'.' .r-: .- “flux--'.: '..Jat ‘..-,. '.-‘. .0 (‘u f10...o.1~..-.Liv1.-OO \JJL .10 A - .' v --- - f . :4 . I. ' I 0 If I . f- I J. ,J. O s . o r . -\ "‘l" 1 1.. r ‘ ‘ a . 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I" ' 4 ... .. I . .. .22, . n . _ 903%! "1’ ("HT -9}: 1J1 t «5210 .I....C“ id 49 ;'.-..;.. ff? L: 13‘ r "I'll ..’ .8 Banji') L {4.32.311 Os 5.. L 1 l' ‘ .~ I. '. _.‘ _ l _: I" _;_’_ ‘ as“ -'_. _ .-I _ ..., 4 . e . f; r _k ’ ’- . I - . ' .‘ .- _ . L.¢--..,.-.: . r, 5:1-' \.‘ _ O U; ‘.f .‘. . . .,'- '_-: I") 'c";.-‘" ’.\ '33,. '3 '.."' o ’7‘) ."1 ‘1‘". ‘r. i -5 5“ ..'..3. 57:".9 ‘O'D-fl‘" " O--”h%‘"-‘ino—su—o~e...¢.-...‘~‘_.-4;-.a_w ‘.eww-s- --&Qm~‘.-~- '4A- - _.‘- .. n. > ‘.—L'. ., .‘. V . ' r, ., - ' . L: n a i ;. ”21’7"" p.01. Minis." r .-,. :r~ {~24 2;?!“ a .J "to r.;o.r_..-.c;¢-qqoa 3.. ad .'0 graham-.I.:stl er...“ I B I V ’ .- -~ '1 ~- ' - - « -. ‘I J ' . .<" .' 1 s ...- . 9:13 IO '1'.)f.'.C.I-.€‘ U C .‘-.7: (10:: o::’.‘.’f'-‘_':3~_'(2fy G:.J 55.2 3.. «1L3 {sf .1353. ”15.1.2?! 951': e a '1” “of“ '.v 3'}.- .E‘f". 0.5-3-‘19 '.L'. ‘ . \l': ‘-' I ( 'L.) 49.42;. J J5“- “2': n! JILELX: 1‘1 fiffifla - h ‘ V .l . \ l b 70 of themplete exchange alternative. There are variations in'the team of incomplete exchange arrangenents adequately described else- ere.93 All shipping point rims,_essemblers, shippers, brokers , deelin; direct with growers, and grown-shippers, employ incomplete whenein some portion of their supply procurement. And, although the peeling arrangements by which marketing cooperatives secure most of. their supplies from grower-members differ somewhat from the methods med by other kinds of shippers, cooperative pmcuranent'can be said to be duinated by the incomplete exchange‘u‘rans‘imegtflh. The relative importance of complete and incomplete mhange mate is {mm to vary by crops, regions, and kinds of ship- ping point fine. But no single vaothesis, ralated to the state of tie nrket, the numbers of buyers and sellers, or the kinds of ship- ping point firms involved, withstands the test of national fir Y v— w—v—w—Yvw— r— ——~—~ 93mm Teehnicei Rpt. No- 4. p. 39. ,p . 1 \ ..'... I .- ..' 9"!hedi1' difference, of course, is that the grower-members share in both the marketing decisions and profits of the cooperative. Indeed. these ten features of cooperatives can be said to be stim- ulants for cooperative organization and growth. But whether the cooperative treats its members as patrons or investors will influence the extent to which the procuranent methods of cOOper- atives resuble in intent and performance those of non-cooperative shippers. On this dichotomy of cooperative policy, see: H.F. ' * Brewer, gifldgg Freedom & Q13 m :- tic L cult Urbana, 111.: University of Illinois 5 , 1965, PP- 259-7 .’ ' " ' "' ' ' ~ 1 L - . _ - . 'T r ..' + r '4‘ a. y' I , . , I.. m . f —. ; ,1 ‘IT 3~r.( ,r- " .-fi‘f."\. "017' h H t.‘ eV :1... "1 0-. \ _).4 L; ' ~ 2‘) ‘21.“? A - OE-.. _E‘ ( ‘ 'J -.: ‘. c.‘ 'yfls. Lx. ._,- shred. ,. .'. )" 8.5‘.’ ..' O . - I - ,'.' . q . ,. ' J. . _, . , . . ‘ __ r _.' -9 Is n:»5"“°aw Ef13£ revs e»n“r°hésmvs hprnlsxc GJSIQLQ¢C§ 10 3&193 J . 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O». ~ .~ IL.“ 9".“ ‘,\ 0‘} f"’ (v, “f‘ .L‘{ A 71 generalisation.” There are apparently a Inter of market conina- tions of these tuo ferns of exchange existing simfltaneouely mr the country. It is true some of these eeiaimtiom are enforced by stripper contracts and financing with producers. But this makes the disparity among markets even more excqstional. At this point havim argued the relative importance of complete an! incomplete We arranguents in a shipping point market does mt have a significant effect on the leVel of producer prices paid by shippers and that obser- vable differences between shipping point markets do mt appear related to this either, it will be hypothesised these differences eomtitute varying mere of gaining market subordination toward the goal of more stable price relations. w m W- Ownership and contractual integration of the production and marketing functions constitute a second set of institutional art-augments in shipping point markets relating to fin 95Despite considerable effort in view of the iuportance attached to complete and incomplete exchange arrangements by the staff of the National Commission on Food Marketing, no estimates of the relative importance or trends of these were made. From personal experience it is clear that industry representatives themselves are unaware of the national differences in the use of these two altermtives. I estimate that, excluding cOOperatives, no more than two-fifths of shipping point sales involve complete exchange arrangements. Including cooperatives and designating pooling as a form of incom- plete exchange, approndmately two-thirds of sales would involve some form of incomplete exchange. But individual market variations are considerable. Further, incontplete exchange is somewhat more coma for fresh vegetables than fruits, and there is a moderate, national trend toward the substitution of incomplete embargo for caplerte exchange in shipping point markets. , ; 4‘ ‘ ' _ _ .‘ 'L ' a_ .'. - 0‘4‘ . _ ‘ ‘.. ‘ '. _ 9. ’ ‘ ‘. - r xf344c,4..g.,;44.~._ n 444.....3549 13:14:41.9.99 10 same: 04.4.3 93.55143 '10 2115!. V 45;! 593103419 9'19 909.?2J.¢.::'.'9.I4szoo 991.42} '.to 934309 9%! Fri 31 .Vm‘auoa 53:11 _. 4 -r . ' r-'~ 4' . 4‘. . 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' ‘ Q P 4 .-uoi‘dsisr s49 - {.1 9124.45.49 910m F0.._uf'""quu.£.LGUJO4'1ijOO r4315 CEIYI'%”194’T‘.'O .59? :“r'rvzoiél "9'60?- 'Tr'.‘"r‘.'"."4 .....- »M_”-w :Q-uqlu -... ”an q‘..-‘~ 5 9351319394100 moi-3955'} IELIILJGI'I'ZAZYI I‘ufi noiJ9;;I_4m.q aid '10 10 39 c: i? p ) 0 o m C.) until OJ 2313‘-I.J5J'.€~'I 8J9r4”154:1 Jnioq initiatia n: E‘JTIC'L'L‘. #35115 Largo-Hui 3:34am: 6 I ._.—— .— ‘1 ‘u— . Q l r1 'C ‘~ 0.?“ I49i954‘i'.4*.3 99953904934: 9.113 '30 34:93: m: f'fo'i *5 5:41:5'134‘2545‘103 51:53:91 94373 To 315438 9253‘ 'm‘ e4.*.*;:::7;:.;-.:35’:'.5 9:;r;.5‘f:‘4.x_9 94-19,.1ze42c4onj L1 934'1353’91 941.3 ‘19 59 30:43:59 on .7351: 492-4"..5:‘-‘4 £30ch no {.012 ‘ 9;)r:9.1'_"4.a:(§:9 IRE 45:2“; 11.0772: ...5'534; 919%.- 909414‘? '10 signs": '30 911-14 433.41: 0'1: €9"v'.'..r.l‘:‘84'fit}4"{: 53:14txj;.;r‘5fr.s489'1rr9” V'Z‘JBJIHLI 543-4“: 5- :10 at it 1.43mi." 'J '10 91.39.9394’: 59411935 I51'm'; ‘54" 9ch '10 a4I4‘i.“...;';-~"143 13.44'4'J 9'10“: 04"; ‘9 )v1.54.mr~09 £41131.-. 43:9 J5 {J 94.543 .1385 . 9 t," -2 “-9 |\ .C C- D.- t». 3’ _‘ {-1 (4: ”\ M b» '3 I“ Fri-22.4 4 9",": "‘ 631““ 9’ ~r “ P ,r " ' 9 'r ‘ ' ‘ . .:.4 . $4.1. .-5 ”44.9 has 9.4 4-4-41, (4:) swlovr .: 39-.-”? Jig-LCM; m :1.?fr;q°1'4ie , .- ...-._.. . , .. .'. r',.,. - .' .- . _ r... .- - -I4;OOI4JZ :0 Link“. 1; (3.5 71...4.-4.t,u-.I ‘.I4E.!4:-4".'~.--.rgf=.-“J 141's 854‘4'414431‘31‘5-75‘009 31 “J1? “(II n \ 5 .3 " (.’.-3' --4 arr " '.‘- ---~~n 3M. OVFI ELLIOW 83-4-1.4 ’5- .~.O 82’: -..u-‘O‘nu' 'Llfiusf... r. C5114- a ‘9 KL4. '.Lfm 9\.49.£q sane-EJ5' “15v 439:4'15474 Irvibbrrbni 3:451 ..- gum—3. I919 QMEE'OOI’LC , . r o mo’l emoe e 4:444“; +5-148-14108 81: 9995:5933 9J9Iqr<>z4ni *4 4113'” ..- .’435N9r4 "9:109 9'15 94351945041 5 a: 99911 '9; C LJ fl I‘- 9 J ‘11 9513 89.51.4344 9v 954913 '10: n 09...on 1154:2950 939C 434340311: '30 retinal ‘ Igrfzfa 94"4’I E 351403 12-17953 Isnoi4.srt \ -r,, 9 v1. '- .‘. ' r 0839-... ,4“ JILIIC‘q 21“-:(177 '_'I a {Ti 8*J;S.‘~I(IX_9 F‘JLBIRTITIOC 72 attapts to (cope with product perishability, imure market coordination at this level, and adjust to market risks. According to table 1 there are better than twice as may grower-shipper operations as run-integrated rim. Moreover acne 450 brokerage operations could be indentified as banker-growers in‘l?65.96 Vertical integration of the shipping and pmductien ninetions is far more comnon than tnrizontal integration of the shipping operation into more than one shipping point market. Cen- em data indicate better than 85 percent of fresh fruit and vegetable seedlers were single-unit firms in 1954, 96 percent were one or two- unit time in 1963.97 Single-unit shipping point plants are most com- Ion for those plants integrated into pmduction,’ the gmwer-fehippere and broken-shippers, and somewhat less. common for bmkers than for shipper! am assulblers.98 Although few shipping point firms operate in more than one market, those that do so illustrate an exampleof marketing economies to scale; The motive for‘llnrizontal integration of shipping point plants appears to be the eoommies associated withthe ability of the firm to shift the sold force among different prodncing areas as the harvest changes location. Because the numerous production areas do not harvest at the euetine,flcrop;cannotbetransferred to different packing bases. The only firm resource which can transfer among these producing areas in the saluforce and perhaps goodwill. The evidence for the marketing __.—— 96mm Technical Rpt. No. a, p. 43. 97U. 5. Bureau of the Census. U. 3. gm 9; gains”: 1 "Whole- sale Trade-Sumary Statistics", Vol. III, p. 2-12]., 195 :m 91 m: "Wholesale Trade: Sales Size, Enployment Size, Single Units and Mflti-Units", BC 63-1432, 1965, p. 2-119. 93m Technical Rpt.‘ No. a. p. 82. .K "I "' " II v f ". ’ ' .‘- . fr _" 0 + ' ' \ .I. ' . - . CLO 311..-: ‘IOtI'. ‘79:" .1355. f. 1» ....J “foil-I ..‘Ez‘ 713““ “3,15“,qu Iiefll 95:03 03 gjfjnm3+8 . .. f .L . .' ' ‘ 7.? .° “'3- SC'Dfiu I e--;:.r=,d* O-J {It}: "7 0:791: . 8‘...'-’._'."C 397;:ng 03 3-2;; V s has . level a}: . 35 13.9 3513?;- C‘;'I..«':~:;Olt as we “. . ': {o ‘7‘:::-:_;q-':r: 8-457: :73; 23:: 3-1771 2:; 53.577: 1‘: r:‘. ’f "‘3 fed 5'55 f. . :- 1; .'. . - f . r, '- " . - . . , a o ".-A 1.! 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I;‘.L.Cm{05'l‘ file ‘13? 73 economies of this transfer is given by census data which show that operatixg expenditures as a percent of sales decline significantly with increased numbers of plants operated by a single shipper.99 While nationally gmwer-shippers of fresh fruits and vegetables accounted for 51. percent of shipping point firms in 1965. there were variations in their relative importance throughout the oountry.100 These rims accounted for on]: M. percent of shipping point firms in the South Atlantic markets but for 30 percent of the fims in the West North Central shipping point markets.101 Among the stimulants to this for: of integration,' ruling out the possibility of excessive profits in production of fresh produce, may be listed the control of supplies and product quality in order to better schedule crop inputs with packinghouse requirements and insurance against’input shortages in times of light harvests.1°2 For the producer the motive of forward integration into shipping point markets is less clear because of the cooperative and non-cosperative alternative forms of integration, but as Ill]. be discussed one motive is to insure a market for his crop. Many of the same motives sometimes give rise to contracts for marketing and production between shipping point firms and growers. 99m. 31.3., 9‘s. Census 9_f_ Business: . 1255. 100mm Technical Rpt. No. a. p. 1.8. minus. ' lozProfessor Kohls the suggested the increasing scientific nature of - fan production has encouraged the integration of the farm and nrkerting sectors for food. His ”M would appear unique to . the broiler industry. but in am case there is no evidence produc-. tion technology has been a factor in the grower-shipper Operation for fresh fruits and vegetables. See his: mg; Issues in Fmd M9333 in the Y Ahead, Ontario Agricultural College Publi- cation No. LE. 6 8, March 1966. J» ."t‘ -v ‘v- «F " ‘,~- 3.." 7 '_ ‘~ ..: (r '.v— '- '- I" r. 0P \ T :. 3.. r— h "h - \v' S: l« ‘J ,‘ 0“ ‘1‘ f‘.-’:‘ .‘..(‘l r‘ “1.1,! '1‘: ..’J ‘3 ..:.(J 14 _'\‘ -'.Li CA. A..(_ l!:‘ 1 ( -‘ A .U ..0 65.5 J- 1.141).)" -* ”4-4 r. "1 .’h- ' 0 n. 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I ‘ ' 7"” ‘ 0' fl'.’ rQI- fi.‘ 3% I - . 4:420:38 40 1:213:03 9.13 [rev-m4 9:: Mr: 30.3104: -1034 o FULJSULO‘Zq M: -k - 2 - a '4 . -x2 ; -¢'~ 4 (€3.02: I: (:01: iL"i~‘.'u was: 03 291320 :1 32:24:44» “‘9 ..:);me has ‘ .0. . _ . ”v 0‘ m: 3.2,.33a'Iaza JarrphL v . l‘ o “ ~r' a v0: '1 1' ’- , ,- -,., ‘2 4‘ £11,225: AOL ..O ‘J‘X, ..L'K)... ‘ ‘3?in ’1. 33311.19 5 9.2{12' '...” 11,1: ' l' ' '1 ' ‘+\ ' J ’0 -' 4 Jud ~0-un Tow-L i0 RH-OL 9V4VLS"GIIJ 521“?" "OOQ~HOF has 8 iufiTquoo , '.., , ..,.. .' 4 ' _.,-.+ ,3 . 3 .. :n - .- .cozo C... '53:. ., 251-23 .6 9.32101. 0:, a; 1; 4.0-; 93:0 L-sausma 9 ’ " I}! an _ J..; b ' f L -.‘ ‘ ‘ ' . ¢ ‘~ '- .4-, v .‘ s ' . ' . . 4' ~- -v v': - s .. ~: ‘ “491. 849E'4--I-Cfi) 0v 17.0"". t“.’ d;.‘:3’..LJ(;IiT(J-;J EEC-Via 01;. 9.44.18. 3 31' 40 {1454! .r “w ' ‘ :\F(h fi"fr." Jh‘ ‘.‘ 1,7,7 ' r ‘g ’V L(‘ -.' ‘ V" r'r- "i L‘La‘.'- of". ..:,c';('L, L ....."". 0' “2.4L J.'.AA)’. "/. .,.. ..‘. [‘00: U)“ iquJ-‘x 3ch «his )~,fl.J.I-.'ff' 451'?! — ‘V— ’0‘: - ._.... -~~.=I- --”m. ——-—- k. I r . sf‘r'r' '5! ,_ ’* r3. '\ ¢ "J '«4 '.I 2- n'? ‘.- .. . “ ._ k- C... - Os 9 -' ‘ou--._, o ..‘ “I’dug “..'.41 one... -u~... .- v '-~--4 .r....“ .5...- 1‘. I :4, . f "I "1 'n" I I, I .rs r - .> ‘ I'I Ox).l .0; 0A os)’ Ida? LIN ”4-3331- 1n 2 WI“ rh- I P- . o b -( ' .‘.\ Auto-o' 4; r“ g 'y ' ‘ ' f ‘..- ;' ..:. ‘u .'I‘ '3 ('r g :— J 'f In I ' " ‘q "I " n -, 1 ' ‘. - «v Po f_, -r-‘ . w v *0 J1:J-'»Jl \l..' \JJlx s U ,‘3‘ Li 4...?‘1 _LGIAL 9.1V £39 -I. .I'I'JJB \AE}. 3‘! C1,. T3\185 1011 L. 2 r .0 3* "2 -- : 3: -. .1-- . I . -- 2.8-5 111',_ 4 ‘31.»: :0 3104“ 4 l“ “”14. {‘34: I.» ._.I’,"II CC! " 8.8.4 0'1"]: ”NB - . 2' ' C ‘ ~ - ' - f - J ... . .‘ 03 5— LI. _~- ' “j.-_‘.-<,_*_£~~ 0N firm-v; ’15 8-3,,- II C C "1‘01 9:30:20“ 11!? 4d: .415“ ., , ..-; . v. -, -,. 3. . -. ~ ., -: ban; ~er .‘.“:o 0.”! 2:. 31.04... emf-,0 2,155 It: LU: ."J'IJ;.;IY:_.?I "55.1.": ;J 9:4,: 'I“ c. ‘ - .~v:" H - --.. 4 ~‘ -~ '3 . : r -.. P - . 3.. not 511.0 1:30.22. “Arbor“ 9:. 11.1: 10.523: 3 NOT £3.50 {wasxxwfigh ~23 It J O " n! v f ._ ‘f’ '51 '0 "s f{ 1 ‘2”; r) ( ~ , r ' ‘.. 4 '_ 2,' ’. - , ' "3.1,. qr £....'..:.’...‘-. .. 1.5.4531“ 90:33 .asuzaz" ,_-:-v :02, anuur'zi [4.3973 '10} . '- ..' . , I" ' l v -ii~d;/z 50‘2'9i-2-(AJ Jj“ 1".UE‘JL‘JL'1‘IA C)! €193: i‘.’ {Ixfir‘fl'l' ".‘. "pT:"_'1~ {:- fj- ff? ‘ V‘F‘AI1 ”’1 ‘ 1 .1) on.‘ ‘ .‘. .. .... -.v— ' o no «‘04- y'- --.-:-—- . , (1‘2 .‘ ‘ _. 2‘ OOU\I 14" "IS“ .'1 V 51-4-(3; .kltfit 901: (10.1. €42.) 7h These m include a number of terms such as harvest arrangements, mar- kdzing services to be performed by the shipper and their costs, the nnnor in inch the producers' return is to be calculated, and the producer's voice in the marketing decisions concerning the disposition of his crop. Perhaps the most important tem specified by these con- tracts in the assurance of a market for the producer and a source of supply for the shipper. While there are some details of these con- tracts necessary for the mrketing of a perishable crop characterized by an unstable market and sold by market agents without ownership of the product, there does not appear to be arw reason why even these tea. could mt be left to more informal arrangements than these ..:-lasting antracts; And,‘ if it is only these details to which the eontrect is addressed, there would seem little reason to sign than 1|th before harvest or even before planting. Almost all cooperatives require owner-«were to sign marketing contracts far in advance of the Mt, and this is further evidence these contracts have as their principal purpose the assurance of adequate supplies for the packing and slipping opaations. The 1960 Survey of Agriculture provided an indication of the extent and oortent of contracts between fruit and vegetable fame and tr. nrketing eecto‘r; ' No distinction was made between contracts for the fresh and processed markets, but it is likely most differences in tom aresdue to the fresh market contracts. Processor contracts are mite unifon an! mnprehensive. According tothe survey 29 percent cf‘rege't‘able “farm contracts and 70 percent of the fruit fam contracts. , 1 ’ I f f - e f - ' ' r‘ 1m connT »- '.‘v v r . . r. ~ ,' r' . '3" “I "(“.‘ "ONP\ + _f "I" _t'f (’"\'_'rq I f?! t. . -"‘I.l‘;.‘~ ,‘ ‘4 A ' J. 131‘ 'I'. 'v'ti)‘~ MD ”‘..-I t- ,,--..- -O -‘ \- n S v ... ..IL-I. 9". u a. ‘ i I» ' '-' ' ... F- -{n ‘5 4‘ x'r', “ ‘ “wart.“ -- ..‘. 7 n’f U; L) :‘*Mn '3 «..:-F T.“ .1 1" \— ‘3 s‘ 0" '1'- r: x? | f.:‘ 10"? ._1, ..: 5')|.\o \‘ ‘ Ap‘ '. 4 -‘.. ..‘ 1.: 5' \1 “‘v (lo-' Ll .c. 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W '1 c "L -‘ "r‘c N' N ".Y“ c n“ '~ ‘ “" '4" CI" “""Pfi “ [JV “a'fiv ‘10 awn-sin; : .m e. u .c t.‘ 1 we, e: ”.1 . ._,- \ .-. . 75 m with oooperativcs.103 Just the opposite was true for the impor- tance of price as a contract term; 76 percent of vegetable contracts am! so percent of fruit contracts specified the producer price. But the place of delivery of the crop after harvest was the most important contract Specification for both fruits and vegetables; 9t. percent of tin vegetable contracts and 80 percent of the fruit contracts speci- fied to whom the product was to be delivered. Table 2 illustrates the contract terms of a sample of farmers and packer-shippers, as well as processors, in South Texas for 1958. In that area only about 25 percent of the packer-shipper contracts were concerned primarily with the guarantee of supply sources for the ship- per and‘markert outlets for the producer. This would be an under- Itatanent er the true extent of such guarantees to the degree that othu‘ contract specifications were quantitatively more important in all contracts but less frequent than the market guarantee. Some of these contracts may have contained provisions for the method of calculating producer returns, but only 9 percent could be identified as princi- pal]: concerned with guaranteeing a price to the grower. Another 25 pa'cent of the packerhshipper contracts could be identified with the harvesting. functions of picking and hauling. T110110 percent of contracts between producers and packer-shippers not concerned with‘msrket, harvesting and price guarantees emphasized intone my or another shipper financing of the production Operation. Nut 23 percent of the fanners sampled indicated the packer-shippers 1030.3. Bureau of the Census. y_._§. 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"va ' l I ‘ | . r 3 352.1325 4':sz 853%?“ 51:12, aorxq 53:5 *2.1;Jez> "15d gJ9 {'1 .1 LIer 19529::er Jon (J .rzoitmaqo {toiizytrivom 55:3 '10 5353;335:1371 "5:1 3H3 'IEII‘ZJorrs '10 um 950 {LC , .'.. .'.- .' - '\. I' .~ , vs ._f - n, _ _ , u'IeIszIA-Jim. 5'1 5,..J {:9 J55 .IJ' rt? I,,:I;-;{II:;:.a a 5.2.152. 9; .J _. o £50191 {3 d BOI'LEA r ‘1' n“"‘ 1 ‘ . . 'l 1 r A I" ‘ 9 rr---- V' ' o ”4 ‘cr‘ .J.O\ {.‘."-“\-—r- :FNI'FL If n“; 1:“. h 0 813.3333 .C .Y} 5L3. 1.1-7.) 3 “f '?O Lat—)1 hr"? at .b\‘\.).[ ~..&-.o: a. o— “‘:' “-.:...” o 4 sq no~ - o .v-- a...“ .... -o— r . t P: " l ‘ . .- ~ ‘ . \u r . - . . . ‘ ,— f (‘ 5' -.L-v 3:53.. r (CF. .0 '.;:'\"'LUI-: ‘: _.,l _. by: CYIKJI” 5‘15"}: t 3:31P." :5]; B1591; rqg, ‘V 0C) 0‘; ‘3»)?I 76 Table 2. '.Harketing Terms for South Texas Vegetable Marketing Contracts, Sample Survey of Camera, Farmers, and Padcer-Skfippers, 1958. Contractor _ Principal. Contract Canner Farmer Packer- All Teml . . . Shipper Finns . ' . AA— fi ----- percent of contracts------ To market 2.8% 15.4 12.9 10.9 To bw ‘ 30.6 - 12.9 15.8 Price gauntee 30.6 - 8.6 12.7 Lem - - 2.6 1.8 Rent of lame _ — 23.1 6.0 6.1 Intox- .58.... - 15.4 8.6 7.3 Fertilizer #6813161; - 7.7 6.0 4.8 Equipnent provision - 7.7 6.9 5-5 9.... 6.66.1... - - 7.7 6.0 1+.8 lacking! 13.9 23.0 12.9 13.9 Pro-grading 5.5 - 3.5 3-7 Pholing ' 11.1 - 12.1 10.9 Other2 5.5 - . 1.0 1.8 . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0% Total lacuna: are classified by principal contract ten but most contracts contain more than one contract specification. 2T1» mntucte calling for seed advancement and one gromng agreement. Source: National Cominion of Food Marketing. McAllen, Texas Hearing, June 11-12, origin]. transcript, p. 57. I. 0' ' 4 I A .-. - .- ., ». - . - . .QJ‘_1f‘)".\J;‘I-’k¢ *9”- \v :l'- .2" S. 7:"."1r‘ .’..”3 ,1 ,'~,' g, ‘. -.' ekz(,\.L Quwv~, Liv“; .11..)3 . O m ‘..-m ’1‘. “ .-' ...".k a-.. D- C ““M'O m I.“ «5'. ‘...on¢-.- 41- .' "r. ,». '3 x)“. ' . '..gt a.‘ . -'--gr num‘o-Dwmmmpm orl N- u“ “-4.60. ...-:5_— v—_"A_ .. r. r ' 7‘3 .I " " “ , “p '1' -' r .3. 2.02.5«91 83.91 LJ1am _- . u l . .,_ “ ‘ " V'."-‘f "n ;-"r."l «1.. ~ 1 L'. ‘...) ‘ G J; 14. ~;.’ 4 ‘ ‘1 _v511$;.‘v ..' '.O- I". .'IN ‘0; {-V ' If i.» L 0 93:81: 1.. C: . , -.-: . -oa ...... “‘1!” -..; -..-ughmcumnats "an.-. \- ..‘.“ ESE-1417.5] .3 SI 15? 91;? ; .‘.“ 40.5 0 -"Q- l O a-\'a§-~v- 3-0 G --- J..»...o-‘vflchglo' “0'1“”.- n-u -p- '-.unotvoo-o-jrnn ,- .- 1 - -.- ,-. '- n e . . " ,a a I an_ "r5r- :11”?! "Or (.r.-q Lu“ -‘ .5. 1|\'L» ’- ls’a‘at IcJ L 'Iv'ifi-aj 01’5‘1 VI‘ w‘-r.‘1¢.38n*1 -... 1. r r I 1‘ $41.1. - 5‘ 4.1.1.1”! 1319.”. - - - - - ~ Eluch-L'ZJE‘LQ') 10 3.1.0:: 2.7.1 - - - - - 13,0; 0,3}; 41,311 {’35}... .13.":an OT 13321" 9.511". - 132.531: wd 01' 133.5 $1.8 _ 3.03 e; 11:818er 937mg 8.1: ‘..? - - 8.111201 .0 (‘.3‘» LEE - bfiEI "lo $112851” 11:5; (3.3 8.331 - noie 'vo'zq 1061.21 3.9 0.0 Y.T - noisivonq fiesiiiJTeH Eu”; 9.3 Y” - 1103:213‘1'0'1 T d7"?fl:!‘"fl.._3 61.11 17.5 $3? - no.?':-h'c':q 'Ieo‘nv.’ Q . CI 9.511 0. ES 0. {I “.51 bio-1‘1 ‘3 . C C . 5' - 3.1. 3111.1 8"3-8'11 0 . CI ....SL - I. II {$107531 8.... '61.}: - 33.3 $191130 (‘1 . 0:.qu O . Oil 0 . 6411!. (1 . CI; Ls 0‘01“ 3.!) 1103100 deem ..'-1111' 13:21:20 0‘:~.,'3‘:..rr00 'TT-"CiCII'T’I '25} 1151:1381: [:1 9"921' 83081311001 .110--.::s'f:.’; £31,138 :3 $31.00 01-0 r;.:2 .-J' 68101.“; 111831100 tee “1:38 311.- aw mg: 9.10 1111.0 313‘ ;-'.';:,' 2‘18 1,05- 3“.'0'i ..II: 8638131100 (111“?\ ,;.~..7:'.;,.- ( EfsfiiEBT 118115131". .;,rz.'t;3zt~.!-":‘. 1100': ”2:0 113:).‘t'2121'2'x1'.’ (.38-c Psi-5' 310111019. .‘.‘2‘: ..'; ,J.';-L"::--=~':..rt'z;i .'7.-;11.f“71.":-o (SI-«LE emit 77 financed their land rents. The extent of production financing by . shipping point firms is probably greater in South Tens than in other firts'of the country, but is not unkmun in any fresh produce shipping point market. Its implications, especially in altering the contractual terms to something resanbling ownership integration, are develoPed fu‘ther in Chapter 5. Marketing contracts between producer and shippers of fresh pro- duce vary by regions and by crops. A study in 1959 of contracting for the amazing of fresh vegetables showed the nunber of plantings under contract to shippers varied from 1.1. percent in Monterey, California to 33 prcent in the area of Celmbia, Wisconsin'to 5 percent in Calnu'on-I-Iildalgo, Texas to no contracting in Broard-Palm Beach, - Floridaio’f fine: the rational [sample it was estimated 6 percent of fresh vegetable production was produced under contract to marketing firm as contrasted to approximately 66 percent of the processing crep.105 Table 3 indicates the extent of contractual ’md ownership inte- gration of fresh vegetable production and marketing in 1959 for a” water of crepe. It is apparent that the regional differences in inte- gration are in part due to the different crops grown in the regions. Somehof the creps'arewgrown in proximity to one “another, such as' .. celery, tematoee and ....t ...-e in Florida, "yet are contrasting in'their degree of overall integration and the lrelatin‘inportance of loontrac; tal and ownership integration. In the array of major crops there is Well, 3.1... at. 9.1., ggntrgctg; Production 9,; Incl: m 1.2 3919th kg, ygted Statg, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, EBB-152, Mar. 1961., pp. 5, 6. ”5.1219- srxw -' -‘ 1. (f ~rr T"?! c )1, ._.; (‘r'vv I“ . ‘11. ...). ,‘Jst.-'.-:- f. C. ' .‘.. . . ‘ p - I ~‘ . . a A. A1 _ .‘l (.411. .~~' '- la *- w 'e a “-— ..~ ~ ..‘ "(\ t). --v' — -v w --~ -’ :-'~") s f‘ I"; - ‘f “ .( rel‘t ‘9 fe' ’“' .' In a g fwvlr 4m»; '1 . "‘v ff“. ‘1" ‘3‘! " r r. ‘f '9’ "c a '{re-L .~-(-LL:(‘*L':-I-'e.~4 t}... 1508-!“ {5‘ ' ‘ V ]\B 1.14. 1"- ( 'I 1. ..:} U VA. (4 C ‘~‘-‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ a! "" ’ ' . .' ‘-ei" a I (4“ 3~ -q t ' ‘ ._ ‘_ f_ ' r '- _ . g .' G 4 . I r, .-, o. .L" .L . -‘~ .& . . ..‘rfilm’v‘fef'STfripfl €1.13 ..' ‘....l :9 u _.‘-.13 .'. .1. ‘r.I-J...',-.4.f.'i_3~123'.e* (3..-.Cix or)':)4l-.11‘1.'. -‘. 8.1.1 o 0913.15.11 \J ‘..: r“ r '- -- ~ 1' /-:"“"""“ JV." .r“: “a" "‘ "Ni? "‘ (2': '«": ":1 "11 * QJ , ‘3") (DJ: 9 J 1).: E, J.'?) (I! -‘.-.‘s'b .. ..' ' 81.1. q—.:‘ 5.1 .50“). \) {—‘.lal- J; a“; .‘. '4‘. ("III a. ‘ J C‘l‘a‘ u 0‘) Leon» ' . ' .1; .23 'I'm 1..{.. 111 194.11. 4" - I- '1 h we . r‘ -' f} ’fg ' 'L‘- f (r ('1‘ ..n -' +17 J P 4"} «2' j I. a T- r .' + .:w ‘1 “(7: .‘.? Luz: In. 4.0 (Ia.'(.4‘f1_- L‘ZII [J.’ .5“) )ie jag A‘."~l:.\\~,. dljvé'nal n )w’ é,-£—L‘- 912-5: - -. o. 17.181 ' .'. 5, .,, o , , r "1.0. .'.-.13". 3'... 0:) 1..) \'-.‘.I 1:: ‘.. 5'33 1- . 233-173 ".d 171-5 arm--301 ‘Cj Tm" 93"“ ~-‘ l-A, .-'r~ . .'\e '3 or u. l ' io 1....«1113 85-11 ’.SJ£--;.‘-.:’:V {£8911 10 enfderh £1. 9.!3 b ‘5 kn ‘ :1 v54 [- . C 2»! Q 3 e: 4 (D r. "' ' -“ .‘ (‘1 IV: L e . . +77- \ ‘ | a' L. :— "'1 8-z_:'1 0-1.12.3. , gens-oz 011 m: ;. 52012.5; .11 1'10'11 8011811 e'zecq__.a 031 3381011500 " ‘ - ’ ‘ J' 1" re .J '9 ' ' '- Q .- 3 1:; Jvcmm & o..- 11.....nos-au. ,81-117-1." [od .0 8915 c..J 111' ero'req EE 0:1 I" ‘- 1‘ ‘ -..._ .'U‘f ..' ?‘ " (¢ . 1’ (If ’1,” f + 'j t\'( 9‘ .- '. ~ r\ r :"I- 9.13.?1'0 l 1.1-...19 1"11' ..qu’ .'. .‘. 17.. 2.." 1.2.1 31)..‘if.00 (XI Cu 2111); J 4- {QC-.1-.. $1-- ‘ L\‘ 1513.63 ’3 Exc'Nr-rr “o“ '3'") 9"": 13' 011V?" '3 ray :"L"Y {3 r: n47 ADI H. .O .1; 1) O 1.J\JE1f.-._LU(.'3 c.3331 v.1. u {.50 4.:J.Olt'3i1 3.. ...O .. .B...£'IOI e ;3~11..7:.Je;i'1;1.'1 OJ $813111.er 1.0311111 iomricrrrr 85“.»! fIO.t.f')rr}‘o':q airigd'pgev 14.51913 ”1,’ . .‘ ‘- o - '9 ’ I ' '9' f.- “’. A \ ' r "' .. r' - - . 4- -‘ v . - I.q'.‘.'tt) 31.? m .3980" .q .'flu .o uLEtO'Itl.‘ 021 $19.18 l..'7'-0’.1f'f:£1 00‘ botherinm as email J. ' '..! , I. -. , '. , ' .... (-'.. ‘.L‘ 0r, 0 y "1 ...; .1111: sin-.3191: a was Leo 218131100 .0 Jrrestte e. 122101011111: E 912.8: ‘... rt" ) v. v. 9__:‘ ‘r r "V .- . e ' .'. _ a? -. 'l‘ . I) ._J‘ :3 '10,- 1,2:(I. 1.1". “CL-4.3.191Fh 1-1‘15 1101-1011110'2q 931.3228 :1‘.’ air-8'13 10 n01..8'm .'.t . ..'- .14. 3-...'. ,. .' ’ '. 4.3.131. 1'... 8; 1.l‘° L; ergo-'1 9.... ~1.<.-.J datum-We a: or .arm :3 '10 190.1211: n -, l e- ..‘ v ." 1' ‘ 1‘ v ' '~|‘ ,- f‘ n .- ;-, : “:' e 4' 9 '.. v 2' 1 . e101,, 2' e 1.1 11:. fit-.- 0'27; 8.10151 one-'16 2.-.: or... (.3 9.110 e 2.2, 121 9'18 110-51.321.13 V) ”(I I r J hf l.‘ ..' " l ‘(e (\ I J x "‘ :‘N- ' gr .-.- (y ;' a r r~~ C\" n ”)r'Nf Q!" '1 (a we '~ 0.8 -.u' '4 ‘.~-".\40....} v.10 C) "1J4“ '..r.._\.,,.l.,.' ..-- [10'1“ --rt..1) C. .‘.; .'3 ‘-.; 10 J!01 _ '. ,r -‘- .- ..' . .- 9 -‘ .‘ '3- ‘ e ‘ -‘ ., ' . 'fi ‘- ’- - - s - t. b 'L a .- 3181... 1.1.1 51:... .'..thx-f' .1", 9'18 00 {, ..‘3-.=£'.~'0I -. 1.1.. moo deg-.1 e L: 8 8590.11.11 d 013151.503 '1 .~. " -' I .- r! ' '\, If I . - J.' ' r M- »» ... -.t.13'11:1co 10 531:511'IOrfa&"?J.1I99’I e:-J 1.11:. ..oirra'zneer: I--..G'.F".’O '10 sedge-b I ' 1 ,' .'. ' p C ' I --- - _- ff ,’\ H ". '.-,1 1' e‘ I “(v "1 r 'f" (‘1' r “ ..': .' t- " - "f ‘ C 5' '4 .. .’ » ' r 1 OJ. -1 L- ..J 1.x .- ....v I1.) 1 1:.) ,,J .L ..'. V1.1. 11.. 11110-1. (1. - , $5.71", ”__-? ffifr,.'o r1915; -_.?U. _ - -.‘ ~ "-.01 ‘W’Oocfih- n\ 7" ‘ ' .11 I. _ v_ (T r _g . e“ '- ‘ -- ... r- ' ..E‘N'I ..‘ I r—In.-'.\l-(‘ ', l '(fl-A 1 () ftg‘) ‘1 :\."5 .‘.-r ‘ .., f a Ca" '_¢ ’\ . . u . J.‘) .[i. .‘ r f' ”it : vi‘ ' Int-A“ th“.-O‘- . :-u-s»-.-:o -‘.-Q “~- . v 0*- v"- . ‘0‘ :u.“ W o-. ‘~.Ql-.‘u ( "’ ~ ' “ (-’~-“" 1““ C i . ' e '1 ” “I ..' . ~ , .‘ ’(. I - . . ' . , -e '. - . ._. - - .- K. , J. . f- ‘3 ‘V V'rflvJ—"Ju‘J‘; a“ 1L) kll“‘:.." "D‘1VA' . J. 1 fl .' . ' ' a ... .vak.. .0“. . '. ’.‘i‘ ‘.." e \- ”‘1'.- eo-e-‘ne- (‘.. .1 o J .... __.“ '... .I. -- C”...“;".o- e . -v " i 9 l‘ . ' 'v " . r . .flr' ."e’ 01 ~ .1 l . ~ "are a _-- .. 1 — . . .3 '9‘ .»1\-1 ""“(—’\-L O .. -.'-ls ‘--\I\,,~... ‘.Qau-s (L’U‘h' ._.”; £1".I"L".: 1J1 C I’Ch'logk; 78 Table 3. Contractual and Ownership Integration of Fl‘esh Vegetable Pro- duction an! Marketing in the Major Truck Crap Producing Areas of the United States, By Kinds of Crows, 1958-59. ”__. * cm 1 . -. ‘ F rm rw uct 6 tie ’t ket Contractual Ownership Total f. -----percentoftotalacreage------ MAJOR CROPS Celery 11 53 6h Lettuce . 23 21 M Tomatoes 8 19 27 Cantaloupes 8 15 23 , Can'otc 1.1. ‘ 6 17 DP! Onion: 3 3 6 MIMR CROPS (keen Onions 23 1.6 69 ‘ Broccoli 50 17 67 Sweet Corn 1 Sb _ 55 ’ Green Lima Boone 1.0 1. 1.1. W' 15 13 23 Cucumbers 2 . - 26 - 28 Snap Beans 0 28 28 Caulinour h 15 19 - Boon 15 2 17 Cabbage l 10 ll Strawberries l. A 8 Green f’easj 2 ' 2 l. . .Mmden. _. O . .1 l . Source: Mighell, 3.1... et. 9.1., W Production gg____ Truck m , . 12M Am ”39 States, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Economic Research Service, EBB-152. Mar. 1964. pp. 17- 13. 1 - . . t 1" -.’) .; ;§.‘.-‘ ..~'~'-.O~O"‘I-~U ..’”...‘p..... .n‘ o . - - . -.ue'tr..~rw) g...':.'3r.>.r=._fnoi‘ .E 91.7%? . w , ;.-.Lc. 'N .' .. ,. .l, ”5 '..-‘r “-a . J.‘!J’ 0 A,‘.’ ..HAJsv'LU v ‘ _L - v' u '-‘ .‘. 1 :31) (3.17 5;. .'. ”1.: s; _.,1 Lo 0. . ‘c '3. ‘3..." ‘I 'w.‘.' up to -..- “. ..'-rd -‘ ______ A“ ‘.-.¢- ‘ -.‘ up n-wwnvw l “ ,,"\ y«:.\. £310 ~‘fiow‘bl‘l ‘ I, '7 r3: 5.. ;. .xUL. .- 0 - o- x -. -' - . _ . r. 9' 1 r) [v (3' J. '..r‘ ‘3 Fr'T ( ‘.C, Is , _‘.\ I ’ ‘8 .A. I .o.‘ .\4..\ r) - ~ 4...! I - A --» e-\' -.v - r- d' N L ' '4' «'0‘ t O ‘ ' ‘ r . ." ('..): A f:-J:s. L‘JK) _ I-} '-‘~‘ A.-’}’ ‘.. J.‘. “'-. ‘ "J .- . ('..;- ' p r r . «r U'“... ' O . ."-(:"~'.' - 1 I) p .r r‘ 1 5 ‘ ‘ \ J.. 9 4' J .L .‘\ 1 "Ma" \ - .. D\"—r~-'.v.t “-.‘ - s‘.¢- Una-o o «o. O— 3... .3... . v-wog‘p '-p_1----Q.O\- 4 o n ‘ ”an.“ ...-05.4. .A.‘-L.¢-'- a u— - \— v-..‘ .3 .- s:-‘-. I u L . ..‘-“,1 ‘ '~\Ir.~ v‘J ~x~ "r" \A 4“." rif\( vl\"‘-..'o' . .‘ . -5 . . ‘ -' ' ..‘ _-_r '. _ ‘ -.. ‘ ‘ c _ b‘ I cum. p- . n «.--.-l -c _. an"-.. .5 .- o. to .r-w ._. n”. {—..I v. .— -.|---- u .. ‘..-:5 . ..- - . ~ ’ ~ . r‘ .' J ~‘f_1r‘" :- "L“ ‘ .‘A..-"fi.\'.’_,\ Olav-.5- a..- VincMO- - ‘1‘”..1-094‘. o nouvn- :- Irv-0 O‘- “IN". .'1'.DV.I~'W I — ... m an .- ao "-0-;‘f; ';:‘C3 Itik'i’J‘J lo Ul(_",';f‘t”[ -— q. .- a. ... 0"“ ."'N "y"! A}! (..';L.L.-..; J. ..'-..:“; “ [‘1 r- v- p '- é-v , '\\ J-.]. Rf- “4.9 ' '- " ‘r‘ # ‘- 453 .'..) {a SOIL. uezl 0"“ h _1_ ‘3 1:. 9.1: (“1 890V” p OT '(‘\ ‘. I“ .5 .‘. I J. aa-quoffiuxmi‘: .‘ f‘ x r- r \--. o L; 3301153 . \ v C E E 8:10.:in r_' (er'rvr ("_."C'T‘1 ‘ ‘1‘.~A\.\ J8 .a" -LA.‘. ’3) ‘ ‘f‘r‘ . , x 3 GA an E31; 32 m) r- 91m) r»? "r "‘1 E ‘ . , .> \ .. bk “0330177 <1 <3 +33 .[ :‘gm div-{1'3 x ‘ - ." . .- .--., An A CA 81mm; 1312421 nee'Iu '..)” .‘. . r ' x a U: KI 6113513qu I\"\ . ..‘ ‘ 5. at. 81 8'13 "unweuO h'.‘ ‘5 ‘4? ~35 C 3‘ ”E's"; @5118 o " a r : \.L x4. A 'woL. LU 3 f‘ x L 8 BI 33‘ 9 .r‘ r - “ ..-. OI I s :15 '..-15:) I.) 2 ‘ r» 1' ‘ 'O ' 2' u +* u a“; [’I‘fl-fi.~,.'1 on ,x S S ant-4311 (19911.» ‘.7 I J: O HOLS.’T“’...SJEH 0...;- A _- -_. _._, __v v _._. _._ -- ., - 7" \ I“! , " " D - l r ' .17 '- ‘L t‘ - -1 .5 1 I ' ’ - . f‘f' 0‘ f fit I gr- .'.na‘. ‘ s'r. » l‘ . + T rr ' _ 1.; 7) (5...; u: " g-v ..’ .'.-..~- ‘ ... ' . 2 -.. ‘ 4:"; o .'q‘f-;:‘. :; -“‘v-~' o;»¢ol. V.” ..:.-l‘-.«.'. ’ D _J._‘_) 0 his t .‘.-4. '05" ‘.A.;,..Ej.:r-‘-45 :eawoo ._.. ‘ ,ft' ."‘ P {\() (J.‘. '.. 5'2. .V. 'w ‘,).' 1., 7 - ‘_ .4’. ' ._. - ' ‘ ( _ fl 1“ C -’ ‘-'L-*“‘ '3'- ~"-~.>..‘ ~\ .".J t L ' '.U '~'-:}'; .24 I" f"\":)8 I: ‘ " ‘ l‘ulbs-cot ta --a:--.:.u-- s ..'-4;".va ..'w~.u"'.~* .0.“ ~” “I .2 . 'n 1 C? a: .~ ._.. h . “ . . J . ' . ‘ \“ . .‘.\~J~ “' 2" 0 ~ \JJ‘. ..- ‘1 41’ ‘....H'N-J iot’J‘ J :‘Tu‘ .'.. -.‘—’L‘ ‘3. L: \J 79 the suggestion that integration is directly related to crop perisha- bility. But this is not borne out in the array of mimr crops where it an be seen strawberries‘ard watamalons, It” extranely perishable crepe." have very low degrees of integration. '- Nor does any generali- sation concerning the relative importance of contractual and ownership integration along the crops emerge. The about of integration of the production and marketing func- tions by crops and shipping point narkete; similar to enterprise con- himtien'éand‘forms of exchange employed} does mt‘ appnr close]: re- lated to am product or met factor.‘ The relative lurketing altru- tivee of these three organisational characteristics instead are unique in each shipping point narket. ' It seen: highly unlikely theee varie- tiene derive from differences in costs and retum under the various alterative ce-binatiens in viewer the eomeqacrt set or implicit prion of the combinations “viable. Iet the variations persist to such an utent they are attributed to tradition. «Again, the possibility that these me. of market organization represent alternative methods of market coordination and accomodation to production and marketing risks involved in the fresh fruit and vegfiable industry must be ad- - ‘nnced. ' 0n the one hand different risk preferences and aversion of reducers an! shippers build produce the observed variations; on the ether hand the lack of variation” in the pea-romance" of these combina- fiea' 9.!9999 P3: 2149293439231"? .¥.E°"'1'.t9“'°-‘?1th “1°- mm- binatiom'pm'pose of coordination and changing of the incidence or magnitude of rich. 2 2 h ' 2 2 2 , fan. r,,r -.-rz, ' . ~,:__ .. ', ?. .L‘,.'L . "..‘ . .. X: {V§.".I.U’ (1d 1 ~,- v.9: L J A. 1‘." ).\r- ‘— 81: 1‘13'.U. ‘ri '.. U; ....L. J.‘). .U JL(}.;JPI§J; :- Ir'a 9:1 I -~ 4 .-. ,. r — . .. - -_- ~ ,— .u-I . V " ' .‘ ~' .'r‘ :v- / r "‘ " '. ' . ‘ 5".2‘1WI Z: .'Lfte.) ...;Q .'..a'..Aol -0 ‘\ .f - {:3 Shh! D... ‘4 I- J 5"; w” “ OZ! (4* "-3" "I U1" 1 eY'ul._.£- ‘ u ",:'. "a ’2‘" ‘r- "H" rrr“\ n ‘.‘J waryr: "I'Y'\' {3" {run '.‘C'x:""’"'.'- ‘10!” ‘n P"\”-\‘:‘ Cd ""1 ‘1 1‘7 ,_, -N- 1 ".~ ..:4'11 '5‘.‘ ‘-l»:' ..‘-'... :1 ('.d ( \".\- .l-v:¢ -.-‘ by :vv l I... -:) t V ‘- 0* ..‘" K“ O; l ‘. U ‘-~ v U J V‘ U t L 7 ~v--«~ ~r~-~ 1*. - A 'n: v 1 N. r "w . '13:: " - ._~ - 091* .:~ :'\ ‘../j r‘ - v c 1* CH: an; 2) wry-’3 -_i.'_k.;'j _'.;7“.‘.:’ __.." ‘J -L) l ' ’\))~‘ &-‘)4 . .{1A \. '~ ,2; 1"; ‘ 'JL -L ._0 -""~i ..‘ :3 .r’ e| \r-q ‘:.~ «7 I . ‘ cfilz- . Vk; '4 o— n e n -_ '- .‘. A e . 0 J- . I . _- .. ~ .'I I I . '- "(‘.. Q—d- o . 4“ 1(1) ..:.0 E: f); ..‘JJ ; (3’12: I)“. $.95 is”; ‘3‘; L aJJ; J.., .31; JJ f 3..th h.‘ e“ _ ' _ . . ¢ . f- \ ' l .I. (Ti..{r?‘f9_f‘fl. o w. r) inf. J.;5’1., L .11: rrs. 32:57:?) said gnome noidh'xgetnt " ~" ’3': “( ”IVW'W“ ;".P' ,5 ' ;' 4h 'I’ ' C\4: rul'l‘~ (“ 4'r1’ ;' q "rfc‘ :' ’0 ‘y'VV‘ -14'1511‘)-:.d. U __...- '._..’pf. ‘ 'LL‘I HU.'-U\J.{.J I. U.q \. e3.J :‘O 110;"3 -;.-.’\’.,.~ 1.0 U. \.'\ ..‘.v 918 l . r- . . '..,r. .J- ...,,,' .t s. - :,..:.' n“ , .1 , - €3.03 FL-:‘{".E 2 OJ 3.535...“ -’.-3 , 333.13. 1.2. “1:0." 5.13..) .'.-.23 pm) aqcncn "(a ar.o:dL .. - r' .., ._- .- . '.-... , . ...-.,‘_; . r. - , r ' ~.'.. .- -:3'I mime: '1.) :13 an: as r $301425) 5.“'§..c_,.iq..‘-'.9 :0 8:329 : 0:13 hummus! 5-135515 3:23:33 "In! svjidnl’s'x 9h. {onsz d“:~:>£*tgm “:3 33:13“.va ’9" OJ [‘9st . L. ' .. -:-—.,' .P‘4 '.-.J- -' -. -‘--*-'-. - '-' * " ~ 3:111:11: 5'25 Pnf?uu¢-.£ '33 cue-..:: 43513.0 .111: _~-.-.-;,:.m:9*:o semi 53.413 :0 nevi: " i‘Nfl‘, “ ““1"; "l r“ ’; ~""'r " l” (‘ ..': 64"} (=6 j“ C ‘x' r-p‘v d, . V"? ‘r' '9 J.‘; 'Mr :- 2 A!" G . .'.._-. L-) J'--' ‘l-d ‘1‘“‘J fl.-.J.A.'\J« '.a— .61..” U» 33~J (A .L. U .‘7 2...: --:-V 1 (3' -u— . 1-- e8 ..VBL {LC '.. .‘ '.. ,, ',n . ' ' ' P 4.” v \ cone: .__ z . 31mins! (aria 1:31;.3; exude '1 his ace-.03 a: anonexeiun not“: SVL'ESn: 81:01.1 " ' ”"2 '1 4' - - f '1 ‘- r 4» .-'..r, .' ,. :- dusting. ..0 sea inc-4.031100 9 .J -o WGLV {at arrolesnxirfoc ex. Liixtehs .‘ -'--. Pub-Torr 0 v " "~ '3 n ' H’j "fl c r 4:. P 5 .. F; :‘J ~ ' v'n- .3 r . 0-' U ~'-~~-;~ J'OL‘JM-Te 9 din oJ-u»5.va.e and: bam- co en. 10 333.52” n 3 . "L r ‘- s- t e 4. t 2‘ L ‘\ v 'L .' r - r: r “24-w- “NOE 9‘“ {AL-4x...“ . .Oiww‘t’h“ OJ :38 U311 Us 915 ‘3 {3‘ mm..." [L5 “31,8 ' .'J- -' .‘...L.‘ ““‘ 1.- " "e' " 2'“ .~.v*'-r p '.- e . . 0....“ anagrmoh J:.e.*:s"---ie'x noicsngsgz 03931515111 '10 ac. ”fl-'3 e- 9:43 J.....Id’ - :9 ‘. r . t“. ' p - ‘ Lib 1“» 11:»1 we HGiJ'" -~ £qu oi net" 51):) " 0335 has nor ~ no-0 39-11531 '10 | . . .. .'. ' V , 2. ‘ f' '.‘ +'_ ' r. . 0 . ‘ _ .' v e v‘ r :- 9 Mu: 9.1 33:13.: “Titanic, L: ape lg 9v bit}; 3.1L"). dead”: 51.3 fff. .'mmovn: ear: (2 '- ~~ ¢w . 'x r‘ r -- ..‘ r .'. J _ '.. ‘ ' -. ' .10 8304.97va .5. {Jib d. e'£'€.":~‘.‘fl.5"‘fq I‘ .‘3 '31 3111“"! _Zuf, 1;; 1‘" { (5;.er 6 TJ ”j .:)£)3F 5v A ’ '3" v’,~ .- _I. . ..- .- we '2 ~ ~ [‘1 ,Y .L . .- - ' . ' f :1 AU [10 ;c1,50....J;~...'; :37 If; ."IF38\ =0 3;.0 90.3! . ';q ,,_.‘-_.'r1-.f {:gfigfifif .3 figs 9313ng mg 1 , _.:-L Q I - " , medic .33 9 3r...» .0 s 3m ..:: o 1.3:; s H a: rxwosrrm- 'to x-f‘BE and: in an 'Ieritfo Prizxfoo 8.: 3-CQV3I 3303 £675 93.23. 27;! Bonnier-m as 8:10.12" . .'- Ll :. " ..‘. ' K v. . ._ _ . C I -L e- "_ ' '10 someuni e .u :0 .r;.;-r~n.{3 ,A.S r1013. "JIJJ’IOOQ :0 380:1"r1.vq'3::oi" 1;! " (Sel- .HBKT 30 shadinghm 80 mmmmm. As abominFigur-el the stepping point mketing firm has tun principal distribution alternatives, sales to Messier! and sales to retailers direct. In 1948 shippers Cold 80 meat of their supplies or fresh produce to wholesalers and Due 11 percent direct to retailers; by 1963 they were selling onlyP 57 pm of supplies to wholesalers am 28 percent to retailero.106 This m e fundueutel change in the marketing'altermtives of shipping pint 1‘1!!! and In! accompanied by significant changes in the market organisation of fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale and retail markets. In pan-3m, this trend to direct retail marketing corresponded with the integratim of the retail organization into wholesale markets and tummy into shipping point markets through the instrunent of the branch buying office and necessitated such adjustments in the shale-- sale markets as the competitive assumption of more marketing functions, such as prepackaging of produce, and enterprise combination of the traditbnel receiving and break—bulk marketing functions of the whole- Cde tuna}. markets; ,....- Themehipper or aseunbler may enploy the services of e. broker in selling to either the retail or wholesale market. Serving as the inter- mediary between shippers end their markets and performing for the most part onJJ'theconlmmication function, these brokers nevertheless make suitable to shippers a wide range of divisable marketing services. Shippers with small 5.191 forces and principal interest in packing 106m: ofthe Census. 94g. oeggue 93.: Business: mg mg 12g}: .mdm ”wee: NCFM Technical hte I‘be 1‘, Po 92o The tram from 191.8 to 1963 is the only Span for which data are available. But the trend toward direct marketing had its origins in the 1923's and eerily growth in the late 1930's. . . H . . ‘.. Y' e e ‘ . e ‘ r _\ l" .g' .L. L ’y - i....,._ f - r L. t NrMN‘nP axe nWW'v r .F‘n a 3- .‘ . - L -3 . u e 4 ,n ,' ~ < v i j. ' ‘ l V d‘ ‘ ‘ _ _.' ‘ " ~ ' I ' ' .'.-I C ..- - _. .4“. ...—r. .- t‘.‘ k... ._ _ Ct-‘ at --',e_'-'ee 9“ "~- . _ . __- . - '.. _ r 1 c_ _ ‘f * _ "r ,| a. "1‘ . .'.I‘, .. . '- :r.'; ‘51., . Pl) ‘: Q. i t I: . T. ‘1 “,3 J. .. r. \ ..' 1'. U ...L.‘ .1 .1 F - L f . ..‘- f (‘.. . $3.2), ~ -> .. -' ('A l- " {..’-l 1 ' . u . ' . . - ' ,-.o el- .0 ' L. I - - . ..‘ v I ' ‘r c 8-~".:.rvL-L— " i, .-' " r i‘i' .. ... .'.-7.!) '- N ’ - 5‘ 1' '7 JV" ‘3; “I ‘ . '. ’-‘.I “3'1. 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"onn ’ '- ¢~ _-‘ §.r. .‘ v r :A - fl “('7' .f. p . i . 1 c9 .I.‘- - .u L. A 4. L 9;.)- - n- . .... - v x, L-..-.. .. \ f138 ‘ 'v » ....) kn" J- VaL-bcy- e I I f L ' , , r . g. ‘ ' ,, , L . _r e- v. w. n r p ' f- ~..- \ ;-_~f '1 a ‘ . ‘. r’ur .. .0 . L3. 0.3x.” _. .-.uJ-ff. , .18 9f; ‘9 0 L' {1'3 ‘ ‘. . '...3 u -_-» - lie-1‘1 10 Wat b5 - L; 0 -' ' 3 - - . - - . . ' a. - r 9- n ‘ .v ' 4- v." 5" J or * '5 L r . I‘ - 'K- -. T ..x. ..'.I‘.’ I. 9. .50 ' ‘.5 -701) JILL»? .{L EJaLL .L.'..~..U‘ ‘ .1. JV" 1 :.-- 0 ~.' as i -J (“.r--J Q $5 .LL ‘1‘ .1097 ELL r‘ L ' ~ - 0 i 4 e} _ -. e e , v“ I ‘- r . fi ' ‘ x I A! rr - e. t 'r‘ . \ 'Qrf'. _ F 1 Ln“), cu .._.. . var, .’.- -JI‘ u' ”Jan Le) --'» .f‘ 0 -...Lq'a‘: "‘ Sm. 0 [10¢- .. .‘.,ficAL 3L. 3 u n u I r l r y, _ r ._l O 0 _ Q '- ¢ 0 I r . g- , - . ' ‘ '.’ . - r ‘ ff .‘. . —. . '7‘ r '-‘ . .' Q. - ' ‘r‘ T e *JLI'J 1:) U' ' .-'; U .- .-'. (.1 .'—L . . ‘1 ‘ tyne .U ':\'( u -.',l- ' ul,“_1)r IZIJIJ’ ~.a.a-L OJ; L -..'.z b ,‘..; J. 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"”123: .4 .' ‘.rll) Err? 1. r._'.') 43': LJ‘.’ 0.- ~ . -.B'I ! r r ' x . r .* ,_ .dne .-.'.Ln:;.-;1 Dad. *1; J sine . :- r‘ r. 1 ‘ I" i», 5 ... 7’1- rfi , . ‘ J 1 f) r r. 5“ w I“ '> a ..‘. h'o . ‘V‘l‘ C 'r J I.» ii-.— ‘Q.l£.'-' I .1) J.o 'u xaa V e Cl C‘ L ' ‘U .‘I’ I’ll '1!- c J-“ -&/U ‘ LO in. I. ..'—late 8.1 L - L. . . -' ~L 5 -" v' r» a ' r '0'. Q”! Q I. ‘ 'e / r‘e ' h' ' - 'Q-.\ - o * . o l".._ ~'...s ~J1 '..}: ..‘. a F’Af‘. ,. 1-4-3 2... u o a": ..‘...W i“..’-13'.32..r.' ‘ --'. .0 J----.‘:Sv‘. 'I b. .xJ 'I‘v;;-. --'c.‘ Ou‘ (“Ln—L”: 8 "’.‘Fl" ('1' e‘r‘cL 1 L! . " ’3" ’f fir‘ VJ! ' Ln‘ I"..- .“ F 'p '3'I;}~~:‘ {.'J .‘ “~- '4» r1 your ‘9'?\-\' U' x; _-,‘.L '3 \JJ. ..' '. ' .. A ..‘ -...) (’ \. uL‘w-b .JL“ «.0 o D*) ,l -‘l el' .I.. A‘A (.\-\J‘I‘J‘;\J x.;1.J.' ~’ J] .. w -‘-. L—r- ' -—: -e H °—' ' ' 1’ ’..L j : _ . n . * g " " ' s - ‘ "v . ' ‘ :3" _‘ye'. KLLL Lyle~\ .I- . ‘31 C. ': :7.“ {a U~rti.’-I '1"‘*‘_u,'J-lf',‘ L nc’.!_\ ;_\')J_‘v_ l‘l .,_,.1) “'1'! . ”Fr“ \j‘I ‘11 u e l‘ '- — r e ' . . 5 , m .- - L-\ r - g' 'g- “Ir-r ex . I" 1‘ P - . -. -- .v , ,‘ ~. r,“ L. ... .- - fl :- .esax¢1nn “Lm'ha a“ OJLfi -\:c no suns? rid 5 e a_q-n3 J olcslirvs ' - ' . ‘ r ' e- r 0 yr‘ . --~ . , . i-fi-c‘ .-_~ -' ' ~,. ._ :-~- . . ..:? .' A _ .‘. . ,..1‘.-.. " ". IL- vf.i".x.vl.--L .1: (LL. .’L- -..;., u..L'"O Ew'flJh. {"3“ {{9ij G'I‘fiCYCJ...” _.’..-"w-O-u—n' Lngwvmwo‘no ..' o“ .-. Cv W."-*~“w~~l*-~w-‘-—‘ - -——'—v_-‘ ‘1: . ”\r' “Mr p . L. .. m 'e r ,. .--r"-(-" v. . ._.~ 0‘: v "\’ pr "f'l. ' . . a- f - --» . e 3 w" . ‘ ~" '- ‘L. ' 0‘ .l of” .21).; ‘lL‘J 10 115‘? LI .1 " -~00- .. u ‘0’ one-- ~-¢ e ano~e e a e -.- 4 “...—e an. e ---v~ee .'\ “’7 — n v ' - ' ~ ‘ ... ~ . . . . _ r -- .. - -- ‘ -—‘J E' e- '4‘. ‘1 e4“ 0U Our": _:_.,~-..;'.: bit; .i- '.. :Ci"b ' IO? ’vT'JSE'uOOQB e v r a O . o- ’ O ' 1.’ I. v. . ‘.L ».‘ . '- ' » L. -,o‘-e - , . " 7*. -‘ (- J ‘ i‘! f ENC '.JI-Z—Se B E. L.'_ fil' :JLLI 11‘, ...-;.!' 1(1‘: {..‘ I . - "t'.i..'.I3 t. .. J (J-‘. .‘\1{_"_ C {#3‘\ I “(’1 '*' ' r '3' r 3 .' I: 1' . - ( .rw .r. " . - 3 - -~I- ' L at- p 1. 8 3' 12.33;...“ 1.3.0 (,L- ~.. . [3'1 5' -.u' ..-:‘g' e14; '.i P 1’33”:qu I‘;Z’;I'Id 9:13 {I}, e I -‘ (“I ; ' J ' r . . f .) _ .P | V o r, . ._ max uni w u a- d. 013 rinse nus 81 could not exist and compete successfully in the national market Ilth- out these services, so great are the marketing economies or scale.107 There are variations in firm anployment of broker services, and ship- ping point sale. to wholesalers more often involve these services than sales to retailers. In 1958 it was estimated 21. percent of wholesaler purchase non shipping point involved a shipping point broker or sales cam. and 10 percent or retailer purchases from shippers were negoti- Ited by brokers ‘and sales sgencfleblo8 There are few continuing marketinz arrangements between shippers and wholeselers and swstantially m form-.1 amnganents between shippers end retailers. On m. s wholesaler may enter into an sgreanent to market the crop of s shipper. But more commonly trading relatio‘fl b‘etw‘e‘en suppers end their bwers are quite fluid owing on the one hand to the desire of shippers to rennin quite flexible in the wont custom market outlets discontinue buying, and on the other hand‘to the desire of buyers to remain flexible in procurement as marshes egsimt poor quality crops from customary supply sources .109 " "There is a small cost generally to changing market relatiom at 10711ch Technical. apt. no. 1.. p.10. 1%chester. 1.0.; _ng Stgcture 9; Wholesfle Produce 1.435223} U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agr. Econ. Rpt. No. 1.5. pp. 36, 72. 109Manchester argues these incentives to maintain alternative supply sources and market outlets on the part of buyers and sellers are , A the essence of competition at this market level. preventing the exercise of market power and even short-run profit maximization at times: Ibid.. p. 113-111. A comparison with the preceding discus- sion of the rigidity of the producer-shipping point relation till show that the same motives, the desire to insure crop quality and product supplies, operate to cement buyer-seller relations at that market level. s 1. . o _._ _' '. ”-.- , {'.. ,.~ " A» (If 4‘ , 7- gprf‘ ' v: ..MI;. ..'-n r\ i- a ,“q f‘ I. 'f)’ "C, Uf‘"! t I'(DO -.'.U. :..f \I , ..l 8.: ..-." .‘. .‘J.n""_. ‘,_-. . .- ..-..L-.I -y “Ha“- ~21! u“ ~ _3 \ _ 3 As -' V ‘--- ~ . f‘l‘ r _ l~ 'J r a "g . '- ,‘ ,-‘, '~ -,-. "r .' r -. : ~.*" r.. 3" ‘ (fit: or A " ""t' j.) n 133‘- J ‘1’10 ' . ‘. -0 w" a w» .-u- 1 . 1.. a -4 . .4. v .. _. . v, 9 n . o I a I ‘ .' L... r r,‘ ’ ' ' - . ~ r r- 4 -‘ -, n- i- V ,1 - . o “‘3‘? ; If,“ fit‘f, ..‘ '71:. 'IJ ' :1: . '.‘I 'L J. 1‘» Q: " o 3»? . _ o ‘-" a; - . _rv . . /‘ A . J. I}... d ‘0 V E, '; i .‘4 8 \— 4 ~ 1- c '- o " ‘ — ' l‘ a ., L - t, a.( .v '\-, ~ ' . ~‘ "_ - 'L '1‘. ) ‘ 'mr ' 13.1.... I E“ ' .J' :(j :1 I) rtt.‘ ~ U 1. T! 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S d: .w . .‘2‘ ‘ _.C‘ Q A...“ \‘ C ; . 3 J.. r)!“ ‘, ’.‘1r .— . ....1. ‘.r_.. .... r‘ ., .'.,‘.5',_'|_.,, ‘. __.: __‘_’_ ' :‘ a —_' ~" 11- . r- 3"") fr -. \.__; _ ' -‘ ‘ - '. .~. . '- : ~. H" , . . '...;v . . ~‘ .' ._.. I L, ' . “ ~.‘ " “-.’ - ‘5 k I!“ " via-(J ‘5 'vk‘ ‘ 1 '1' ' O" Ll-)‘ .'.. J1 ;- ‘y'h .-.. ‘4‘ _a .. -‘J Lu’- y a —-D 11’ ‘..«d .\.'. .li- l v ‘ "’1'.’ u r: "0 I h '~":‘ ‘ " J A'.‘ "I“ - f' (3:: L l- iv A -.r ' a”) 1|:- - ‘ .- v “‘..‘C‘ Dtlhflt v & .. ,' ‘1 “..‘. 'n .k‘.‘ K4 _\ , ..J 4 ,. k, ‘1 _ " _1 v ‘ r. . {. ‘..! .‘- '1 ‘. ‘J -,--—d . )3 ‘¢_,¢ .‘. \4‘ [0" V L . h 'I" I'lg.‘f ‘N .- r. Y. r .__ _’ ,_ _‘ t f . L .5 :‘ ‘: r~ : A. o_ ."I-\' r 'Y. I. h ._ _.‘ '. _‘r P ‘+ ‘1"; _‘-““ l“ " *' '.L "-- "-’« ‘.‘AI- -A-'~-t'v ".J 14\o‘ .V -'..—\‘«\r .'., .1 LO J J.. '.l‘-/‘., .‘_‘_ ‘.-: v a 1 ;_ a V . I . q . ‘ ' ' ' - ' , - -' '; M .'J «- ‘vr: . r - r‘ ?‘“.." °- ' .. ," . v ‘44.: u--..-—.'u ‘.'. .. I J.'. w'uf‘ 1‘» ~."'-« -../.... ... .2 .‘.;~ I. .'u ' \J.:...I,..f ..0 56.21.1939 ' '.. . . -L .’ ’ , ' . I ‘ v" f ”F I . a 4 ‘3 " '7 ‘- “ : _1‘ ~ .. ' ~ ' - -- . ‘ w ‘ - . .- '.‘.-fu.\~.-...~ ”4.4:..-13 ‘0 ~ .iU - ‘~~-' hf,” '. L .r h: 1‘. . .9.“ _L 2. cc: : O~ ‘ 'T '33": “Lu — - I "-1.0 "I‘ .’-, lav . .v ‘Ly »‘ ,,~, 7 I . .J ,- '.,‘ , 7» 'L --- : ', 'f - . ,. O .' .1.--“ r. I. A-\'1-—L - L \— I. ...k‘, - 4:1... . .. ; LC." -' " 'A 'L’ r, LT L'— K‘. E; _._n. '_. ..'-'I ... H; IO “0.,” .‘.; ‘ ‘ ‘ ~ £~ I r‘ 7 . '1‘ r" f ' (n I l ‘: u 7- ~!‘ F ,-,- :- -. .‘ ' .1: ,_. E ' . _|r ‘ O" J.’ .‘. ‘ 1-. .'. ‘ ..:: ...' (\Y.- 2‘7 - - L 7.) .'. 1'." 9. J r "K! .10.“ ‘-'.‘.‘.¢.. “5'. 0:14. Kate \, ‘ . . . . r- .- _ . . 4 ~ . ,. . fl " , ' r '-"'"-’ " - '.'*. _-. 7 ' ‘ ’ ‘ . ‘ '2 tr: '2‘ _“ a N-r 3 o ~ ~- - ‘-‘ or; C'J- Ch-Vc ..‘ -~' - i .A.-L- '-: “4,4. x .- I L: \J’. ' . x- J t)» 3 J I: -~ '\TO ( (:1)... J.‘ J J8 J1) U..3O VI ‘ - _- A A. *vsI Jefitsm 82 this market level. The instance of local btving offices and brokers in eddition to the prevelence of telephone trading and a well-developed fem]. em intone]. luket news service permits retailers and whole- eden to secure euppliee from all parts of the country, almost nth- eut round to their size, and to readily change regional or firm supply cameo ct small cost and effort. For much the same reasons ' there ore for comtmiute on the geographical nrketing decisions of mm. While consistent trading rel'etiom between buyers and sellers do develop based on mutual satisfaction of buyers and sellers, special cervic- or em friendships, both are cure the relationship is 'e. ' tregile one abject to change at little coat. The one exception to this, mre or leoe successfully guarded against by chippaT-e’ but - Sawing in inertance lath the concentration of buyers, is the situ- ation there the bwer taken such 5 large portion of the ehipper’e supply that considerable coete in the form of additional marketing effort wold 'be imposed on the shipper by the lose of the account.- The nelltive eisei of bWfl‘B end sellers prevents an equal,“ reciprocal threat. The ndbility in trading relation between chippere and their bwere ie‘ in contrast to the increasing rigidity of trading between Mm m chipper: or fresh produce, unrest” in financing mange- Quin, contrecting end direct .omerehip integration. The period or time between these two exchanges is so short as to rule out change in pm- ductperiehémty no an explanation of the differmce in quality of relating, ‘The increase in umber of marketing alternativee, hence reduction in the t'pmitet 1033 of meta, from the local shipping £ e U) V7 amnion-:3 I'm-5 21313-?”10 111.73.. £3331 *0 93 «gene 92"{1‘ .I.:WSI $931151? 81:53 L;->r:m.f:arash-s.E‘r' 53 £1; at: fibxj'fifzft73 ‘.‘io f:;i:3_"‘3‘.’1-*"_""§ 3:15? of} 50:3"th £1.31 «..'.Iafw "he azrvfjusjz'z :‘ezx'J'j‘JIJ'uq csrx'ma ms . trite": .££.'-nc'.mi I'er Leno} ->{"'i‘.'.' Morris “17:31"! >3 Sufi '30 awn" L's 11m" ‘1‘ 83.1370": e'ir.-r.1..,cd meLse sat-.541 :10 into. ,1 1: 1...?) iii.“ :1: e: In; “ “11195: of 131529? 310 “home" tugs? Sufi flaw. "(.51 .3407 J.) . 5 3203 LL. :3 5.5 833'3' 08 xiique '10 anoiai'mm 3,1.:.Js~4v;1~..-:1 inmfijggxug-YE, a id 120 Citizfgufaxaoo we". e‘xs afraid :vq. r'g’qp “f Pal-(cmrn-C' [-6, )‘Wr EM" 3 ‘3‘» rt... I »~..‘ ." .r.»: \‘I‘F;‘;\':’D.:'3rr00 afi'fi‘; . “ vi.).1.__.-.,... ..‘-.J- H.» J .a chug.» -.-...) ...). J ... game... 1... - (1.4. in 7" c~~n mere ’7-1..-‘ -‘ N! P"-"' (I r '7 : +.- ' F‘ ""‘r‘ rt“ "T! X ‘r‘:' ‘4 b _.‘“.l.‘)ul\;» £41.‘ ....Lua. .1.» “lxa “J's—4 O i.().1v\ 8| 4 L . c], \J 1 I10 396 0 Cnre‘f O .5 a}: r;.17:1=.'.().i\11;-f'.~:.‘2 91-: any.” eta ne'er; ,(._3'-?;1a:.nei*:'1 [revs '10 89 "Visa 0:" r-o'w rm: 9230 ed“? “+3239 E'i‘ui'i or, 9;; o 0.; doetr’ra ero eligyz'i art? {1342317753 13:: 331731313 J4)" "mg ‘51}; :asesona 838i 'IO atom .3.’r_;i3 4:318 9.13 81: 7"‘CEMLKA 3.0 onetime on mic“ {J.‘JJ‘N verzsfr'xcrr'i n]: gvflnzse'mni :2"‘.ce-rz_-a [-.' _ :0.” y-- v-‘\ -~., ..'- ~_“‘, g ‘_/'_1 . ‘—‘ L‘-’ '. .1- _I' 4 \ ,- _ ‘__ n‘_ 1 ‘ .I.. \ . ‘f . . ' 3 . , “-‘ ‘ ..'- . l1_ - ‘ - ’.. 0‘ L.‘ IC) 1- ' ' " ' E ' ' - v v r 1- . . .r ”-3 1 , '.r- I" v"'," _ K-fq ' .. -‘ ,,-‘ - .- . . , ,~ I -, . . r . ‘ v ._ , I’ . , . -\‘.«1.-— “Ab...“ ‘-_-' W— ‘- '1 ‘33...“ “J- . ’ . s.._12.\). ..'.) i 3"\'-.’.’ A ..: .. J J .... m? ._ . ‘, .. .- .. e .-...U r. ' ._ ..:.:- _._:_.:' f‘i -.'- . 4,”. .‘...-r'wf 0L \‘L- ’9‘ ‘ ’ I "‘ ‘ 1 1 . .... ' ' '\ . ._I , ‘ J . ‘ '1 - ' V " - 0"“0~~§"- l'--e “ 3 -~ ‘0- v o .- ..o‘ s ~09 I? -o '1‘... 4». A- .... ....s. .. .-: cua... . In 7...." -... II .- I u s ' ' .l v .‘. - ~ :- ‘ - . , I . ' ..- ' 1 I, I . _ . . , o .x. ,_i... t‘» ..». .1. i 3 ix ) Qi-Ltu '.L'L . r , r r r - . — - -_- 'r‘ v ' . , . . I ‘ ' .\ - . f 0 f' 'y v [M ““ l' '1 ’ . ' ‘ 50- ' ‘. ‘ r ' '" r 'C ’ '* ‘ ' ' ' e ' ' J. ~. ’ .. i1 I -4 .’ «I -‘- ' J .c . K4), ‘4 -_ ‘ ' '- - . t {-'. _ _, f ' .‘. .5 v. - .0. r e - .- Q ems ' - . l . . . a. , g ,n . . . . ,| ~ I, .- 1 P f‘ ' _ “’4- 1' 1 x ‘. 1 - "' .. .‘. 2 3 .' ' _ .1 ‘1. , ' I??? _ "3:" x '5 '73? ' " 1",": 3' " ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘1. ' ‘ -‘ “ e.) ’ ~ ' e A1 ID. 0— -.. s . . . .a- ; n ...-o p 0 II .. ‘...-. vie-v.1 .’ . dew” ..‘ “._.,- mw“ “_.' . ,. '. ‘ e . e s v {st ' r " ' _. * -. 4 ‘."‘ ... . ... '- , . . ..- ' P _ “‘r-I" * u ’--- e “ -.‘ A ‘ ‘ ‘- e- ( a J- . r ‘J t J. I A L . q- x..-‘ ' ‘ ‘ _ l "I . ' , ' Q 1' ‘ . - ‘1 2- j, ‘ ‘ e ... kg 0"..e ‘~.-‘~oo C " "f'f’ " ‘ '0' J o‘ r :V‘ . . w" ' - 1 ‘ ‘ r - u . 7’ 'n '-.-- " '1 ' H I . " I ' ~~ , ‘ ' a. ‘ .‘ . , .. .. . .. ~‘~ - . . , . . Oy'v, . (. _ . ,‘1 ‘4‘ . _ 'aL._. ‘ _.L. J ‘ )g ‘7 *gle‘UIJ._ “‘S;,. ‘.U ‘..-E .'Lks‘ “i- ‘1.)J .t .0 9;.J 8A Table 1... Sites Terms for Retail and Wholesale Purchases of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables from Shipping Point Markets, 1958-59. _ p \ . d of A4 . Tems of Sale .. - . J Wholesalers Retailers] .. . Q , ‘ , , (percent of purchases) F.o.b. shipping point, total 73; 58 suitable shipping condition 71 - shipping point inapection l - shipping point inepection final ' 1 - 1 subject to sppmvalrulred govt. inspection _ - * - F.o.b. acceptance 6 8 Fbo.b. acceptance final 2 - F.o.b. inspection and acceptance on arrival ' 1 l. F.o’.b. sale at delivered price . , p 1 - Delivered sale : 1h 30 Delivered sale-acceptance and inspection final * - Price on arrive]. ‘ * - " ' ' * '- Cssh track ‘ " * - Other terms a<- .. Total purchases ' ' ' " ‘ 100% ' ‘ 71.00% A + 4‘ ‘L A *7 V W?— T' “1" WT fiv-u—v * less than 1 percent. _ _ ##w .Souree: Hsnehester. 4.0., _g; Stggctggg 9; Whoesl fig 2:21.22 m. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, we Econ. Rp‘b. Pb. 1.5, April 196‘}, pp. 56, 73. ‘ .‘ l , ‘.. ‘ - " . X.‘ T V 9 _' " r } ‘ _ r at f 7“ . ‘3 ' ‘ ')v- A ' N ' . ‘ v ‘4 - ’_ ' I i u r v . L A v . 4 _- ..A 4.. L 41-: .. .4 J—k.‘ ‘42 ‘I'fi‘ ' u‘ Lv'w - - --. d . - .'x .. ‘ c-l‘u.) . ..‘-‘3" '-- a-\’-¢- VI' 4.) _.’”J,’ .41 V. d5 ‘- a ’ \‘ v - ‘ I c l -. ‘ . ~. .. , -. . ‘ ‘ m-" - - ,, ..A 1., ,1 ,y I ;.‘. ...1 ... b“ a \ . \ - ~ . . r . I o\\ _ ‘\.A ( AJ a...w V..L\ L g; ..L i“. J.. p- .\.L ,) w‘;- .kAJJ .- .-.-...§..opw'g_. ...- - spugy“ .w _9 w... .n. ... r yr D or u~,n. “.’. ..fHW-~‘~Ow-C‘O‘. w“! -sv«-A -v . . V... o-.. A .- l."— urnnr-x M. . ... - -a—u- a . ..n'u...n~ .- A... s 'I"~'1A' \L—t~.-- - o a. - v- n.- Ann-...o-d- a .1: Av- o- «nut w 5.0““. ..— Oman-M'- ( . . c-v‘ 4" "' — ‘ \ l v ‘ II _ 'A _ 1 .‘.-..qu ‘... u- ‘f' 3 — *5.— -‘~ ...-.C‘OI-Nl ..'Q. m.- 1 F ‘ A '- _ , .. C“ 30 ._q. i 4.- _-_.-«-- ‘«:.- A- .....A.-' ‘.....) . x4. 1.].- -..“ u “I “’.Q- ‘u-O . I— “‘..... null-WW. on «an loo-«voqfisnom ---“~Q4-—-. inc-*Vs - I .- .‘ .\ - ”~r,"‘-,.r~rr ,q ‘ ":_I- .- ' - . ‘_‘ , t x) ‘ ., ., ' \ I”. J x...‘ A.) ~L’ ”n r ‘ ' 4 ‘ ' J " 7‘ ) \ . \ f‘ ' . (v ." a‘f QA'q "1-)1 . rd ;: ( I {-'x‘ ~,,) J-.-13v .\'..A.\)- (3...... , ' .. .u.0- A- 5 h ._. r'fiv .. ', "0' .,.;. ‘,'.., ,zr'H'AJ -,,.,_, __‘ 11 '-- ’.. J (14-; 4 ‘ . “I“ v_~\ JHH 6 '0 v I 0 Q ‘ I r ' .‘. u - " If .' I. r T'u‘ ".'“i‘f ." '- A. f; 3.- ~‘ ' .....i- ~A‘.o.‘-'/.J as--- . :f. .3 $ A r- , .' x u c - . ,' . . 1’ . ‘ ,"l ‘ ~ .~- ‘.r ‘ ~- rrw ‘ .-.. . . — . L J.- ., .4 «h J I \J—‘. V" ) ..' J .4 Ln: ' 5.5. O J. {-11 ‘.-L'._;\ .l‘- ‘ '.A C. Q .‘ A; I v r ... N "17‘“ r'?” :‘ 1‘") ~ -' "‘ .‘.. r- r"~ " o of Tue 1’ fi" ”3 I.--» .1.“ ~ W4. I\‘4‘\,‘ .-..A, ..'.s .._.,\. J "x ,3 . s.» 1v~J.‘.a ’) :‘t " A ‘vf; :O‘rllfgo r ’4 .3 U \ \Jx.‘ A4.) ' JV 8 O '-..O. A A r or; I - A -~ I‘ my. ~- \ r”. '1 i "‘ ..‘. ..'.ut-..a. y 1.4:. .- . Wm ouoOo ‘ f‘ ‘ r 9 9" A -" ‘Ix' " ' f . "I "'P u‘.r I ' ' V - ' v ,3 ..: .L, ‘1... ALA.) 1‘3 :)~'.-..i_‘. : ‘ .‘.: .‘.uf‘ ‘ A 9.1..in $41-1 .dIO. i . ( . w. - ~ . I .‘. .. -.'~_/A. ‘I In- ‘75,-L:.\ A.) u 8 {3.1.3.13 . (A O. 'J. fl.‘ - .I K r r .. f‘” ...? .r.“- 4 \J‘ 0"“ a. ‘1‘ I A 2' 4 :’ ~ - .‘.‘x- ".L V or. o o I . . A -3_ r1 *' "- -"-r “‘+A'; , , A \ «A :30’ ' r~ $r~firr n n o-r ‘ '01 qr ‘- ..'7 — 1.1!-.-“ “1.3.5-4‘) J :14. i-Aa'ur \JJILON-‘iva-)pfix . .r./«5 IX ' ..Sv J-'xi \’ " 1 1' f c - "C " H “ “ ’t“ ' 4.33 [-_.AIQ LO 9ULJ~q .- "L ‘1’ " 7‘ L ..s '8' :\ r1:—-II)\." \1- ' J- .. '5“" J :10 ' ‘I—Iu q 1s“‘¢\1 $ - ,I’l" I; ‘1' j' . r ').-V. f‘ '0 rforq rm J..) .'.. ‘ _..‘,\ .‘_ (_.A ,,.JI_J ; _1 Ins .- .’. a- -—--‘- ~_; _ ---‘--— L— w J. P , | - I‘ no- - r («raw " A ~ 0 \oAI ' {.33 T ..'. .‘ .’." .'.v 8 C4 JI ~. ‘ .-"Q’n..m.m " .‘.- ”T‘”.l~ ‘.- OQ‘QUMA—Q‘W’mw .9 —.-—. “ T- ', ' . ‘ , v" -" "" ': ".. . ' '1 re 1 \ A ' A ..‘ . _ ‘... _‘, 7" .... -_,, . I. .,..,-. I “ ‘ ..~ ..A'Ura h" ..‘;— A —-_'-. '. _ -.. -u‘.. If , . .).<. P ' ‘ '.fi. [1 ' .‘ ‘ _‘ . ‘\" ' A g: ‘13.. 1' i‘ ."“\ "'_ (V 'fl . . f ’— -v L ..’-4:. -.. ..‘ H _ “--‘ ‘ . ..- - . "__....- 1‘. “.‘. ‘.-M ‘. ...; 3.:- .‘~ ‘ .- ..t . 1_../U .4~. ..~_. 11.). A .9Jm4Ou . ,w , ' _ ’\ ' . " - .~ r- I I . " fl ’ “'7 ' r .m. ‘ ‘ ' q . -.- 1 ‘ r\- -' 'I '1‘»; .. I J- \ AA ‘ .. '... -‘~ ~‘ J.‘-l ‘ .":1‘- (x. -z"- .‘ '~'.L-‘“n.{ at} -..O - .. _.‘. "~"1. '\"“ .Kcv 'J x ‘ L -. y- -- ,, -. X ., A a . .. ‘l . “ F -’ 4‘ frqr “‘\ 1 'x '11 Or \-J- ""“A ‘ {K} a0“ OJ-.. c.‘AC‘-.. .- OL_L_.& 85 sum. point nerket, the no.1». sale, and the delivered eele more the seller muee nrketiq rieke util the product 13 received et thebq'er'e plat. Delivered “lee ere relative]: more important than F.o.b. sales in cupping to Mullen than to Wheeler». But F.o.b. eelee no the met when edee ten for purcheeee by both wholesalers and retailers. Hhet u‘nre'inpcrtent, homer, ie that through the' we or condition-1 tem‘e mun; the buyer product impection and rejection rights all mules deterring price settlunent, these - mt ccqlete exchange meme-ante let be tuneful-ed lute incen- plete-Imhu‘ee. For-We when either the bwer cri eell'er 1e. mortal: of product quality or dqaecte price to change in tnneit, the product Id be cold conditional: on the ecceptence of the buyer er eubject to the prevulim price on arrive]. et the nrket.‘ Thus «Inlet-em: to eccc-cdete rtet‘ ere pceeible 1n the marketing institu- tione.‘ ‘ ,. At the peat. cue aspect e! the wire Me fmtt end metfile Much-sea. cen he eta-arisen. By'neeu or the inoculate when”. m in the ehipping putt selling urket coupled ulth allege-cw We mug-enthuse: the producer-“end the flapper, 1? .1! 99-491! 30". .m PW ...”. '9'! 991*“? tWfl' 3.39““ channel dthcpt being priced,_ The leguth of the for doing so of course Men-fit}: the dhtence 91 the pmduction mm tho WWII-ha . nerket. 01'th mi mi}; from Floride to the Northern nerkete '9v¢- ' night; sci-nan: m be required to rave ache mp3 rm Cmfomic to Heifer-thy ml. In pqth «.'.. the crop pm. and market 11.1; under medrcmtencee they Width the cupping point firm or f" (I’ . nr emeriw 5:11:38 001: ' '..: ch 9:! f my, .‘ 013,2: .e'{.o."I 915.3 :JE.‘}{'[E:T! Jnloq miqqi‘ia J13 IJS-vissos'x 31' Joubmq :n’d 13.7111: 8: (.131 3,11? E‘F’ZSJ‘I :3us :35 Prentice eds} 11;;3'3 3:1.83':v;1«111 .7: 970.“: ‘(ffi‘fjfiéé {9'1 9'13; 85113-3 bemrawici :{1 .JII.6.Iq a'ievid ed: “5.0.". 17:": .3:3[1:ar'£0..'.r 013‘: :‘s. 033 8"w1...~0‘ 3'1 DJ £11.51 (Ilia III 891.58 .d 0. ‘1 mafiaelmm {Mod 3;:1’ asasrfozuq 'Io'l me: Beige momma deem 9th an; eeIsa ed: 1.“de .3: mid? Nye-1.9» oi ,c'rrxsé'xoqmjc wan 5:1; 32.11%! .ausiista'z has has {109:3 Oi-q'zr :i don}; our; '19 wd and grzid‘r: -:rs'rg carted Fanoiiibrzoo ‘10 98:: 0 9.30113” Jr:..:..._ud«8 eoir'lq mi'rm'z— i: 'SF‘LJ’S‘FOQ 3m; 8315?.“ noiJoste'x J ,- -11.ooni‘ 03113: .bex:s'xo':‘.arts'IJ 9d vmv 33:15.3:351‘1s'zt mgngdsxe equmoo 311915 aqua a]: 19119-3 '10 uewgud 911‘: "Le-5111123 nsdw 9£(;1:'.e:.-:s3 '10“: .zasagrradcm 8331C; :dianma‘ r1}: 5:3 - P1:3:‘I:> oJ eohq aJosqxs '10 13:35:10 doubmq '10 nlsd'raorw 'Ie'gud aria‘ '10 sonsdqaoos 9d: no mills: 3:33;me 1310?: ed {1m Joubcnq 9d: auri'i‘ .J‘sni'mm 9:13 35 sti'I'Is no {-3th milisve'xq 9:13 05' 305‘ due 10 -ug-‘:':Jar1.'c yziJmZ'mm 9110‘ Hit SEUISECX‘Z 615 31'?) In erE 301110003 0.} aJnemJau’E‘ 5 .anoid’ 8121-535351'4' bus Jim“: dae’x'i stid‘rw 5:13 '10 3:300:85 eno drzioq HIEH 3A sdsnfiqmoorzi' 911': "10 armsm xii .i‘eshsn :31: 9d n23 Isvmado 311136311531 [13113 L0L:;.'joo JGH'IEJH 531111158 o‘nioq :in tqqfd . 911$ r11; (.10. 23‘ ‘18 '13 93:15:10.0) ‘tquifia Mi: 1:5 'I'fiOfff'O’iq $11.3 neewa‘ed 3:39 . 5:051:15 5541:1034) 2013933 :13 13.3qu Mm: 911': 1133;:de vie-.1313 moo 9mm 00‘ Jozmmq edit 10‘: eldieeoq a]: 31 ‘30 08 31:31:01“; 'Io't 016113 '10 demsI 9.1"? .beohq armed JuodJIw 1911115413 3113:1131}:sz 911.3 13.013 noidoubo'rzq 91w '10 earned aib 9:13 ddtw aehsv 981300 —'is+vo 8393':an 13191131011 5113 o: sfrhof'i mm'l evom yam emiti) .Jefl'xsm .ei'rrrofiiLsO nro'I’l aqoq‘o smoa 01/0112: 03 {fizfiwpe'z ed 33551 Bub nsvse :Jr’ gm flair: 3924113311 has 513123 qcno eriJ 8985:) ddod nI .Iim ‘cd 31101' weld 00‘ '10 n3“: L1 o‘nioq 30'ti -'LPIa 911': nit“: nimze'x ‘wa assasdarfiuoqto emoa 'xebrw 86 the producer. The inqalications of this for coordinating the efforts of the production and marketing sectors are'of paramount concern to this study; these are taken up in more detail in Chapter 5. In addition to these exchange terns, other fonns of incomplete exchange are observed between shippers and wholesale buyers , but not retailers. The wholesaler may handle the crop on consignnent or on a Joint account basis. It was estimated that about 27 percent of whole- saler ptn'chases from shipping point markets and local growers were handled on a consignment basis in 1959, and some 2 percent were handled on a Joint account basis where the shipper and wholesaler divided' profits after marketing costs.”-2 A stuck of the pricing pmcess between shippers and their buyers is also indicative of the prevalence of incomplete sacchange and the effect of market risk for fresh fruit and vegetable trading. Table 5 indicates, necessarily in a very rough manner, the kinds of pricing behavior at this node in the distribution channel. Insofar as can be determined, trading involving overt price bargaining was more prevalent for shippers' sales to wholesalers than for those to retailers.113 But the difference was not great. ~ What is more importantly about in the table is the prevalence of exchange arranganenta with both a- -a J..-’.. IF.- ' c u ‘\u D newest... “11.0.. $32.15., pp. 53, 53. "" mRetailez-a- also make greater use of the delivered sales tam, where ostemibly the major portion of marketing risks fall on the buyer, than do wholesalers. These tm observations are in accord with industry representative statements concerning the relative ease and preferences in selling to retail organizations over wholesaler buyers. Not infrequently the following kind of statement was heard: '. . .(retail) buyers on the other hand are not too concerned with the price they pay for produce but they are very concerned that they don't pay more than their competitors." NCFM McAllen, Texas Hearings, June 11-12, p. 231, original transcript. f .‘. . ‘..‘ x , a~ -Pnr.‘ .3; - A; .. . rr *1: T70" 'r '. ‘A r‘ , ‘ . 1 J‘ 1‘ ’\ ', " F L‘ ' ' ‘ "‘ '.. f I ' .- ' ' ' '- d‘. 4‘). -~.-' ~ us} i. -‘..\ .:3'LJ-‘. 5’0 K." bJ-tAV .~ J .-[:‘)-< .‘1- ,1,....--.- -'A‘ - . -s'O’J ‘0.‘. ~.-\ \ b _ . .~ . o a u - p i . (. -\ " I \ .. ‘ x. - ffx r u ~‘ ‘ ‘\ u‘ ; "‘~ ~\ " '. 1‘ - 'Q‘f ' N. ' 4_ ", .- . . .0 P" " J \ Cd um w; : -.‘): q .. ‘..‘ _,, -- - . ..4.. h...- fu fwd-.144; '.. 51. . c .‘ ' '1‘ o. a r n ‘ J. ‘ J ... ‘ ' + ‘ ~ . r. - r ‘ ~’ -. ‘1 : <‘ Iv ‘ 1 I ‘ ' ”4' A 1‘ .;-..'o ro - : f' 5 9 -' _‘ C! I ‘ ‘ o .‘ I‘l—‘h."‘.‘~" ‘. 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' .; ' .-\ :'.. . :0 J I'\ ‘ qrr . ‘L'u'. “ "v. ‘1 " {yr 1‘“; '.. +'Q .'n? -'L’._\' 1‘. -.-_ ; J ‘.1 13 ‘-w O~-u U542“: .".v.';., '.Wl '... 0;. -~ I “any. 3;. ~.|.f-"‘v ‘ r ’ 4 n ‘I o a I V O 1 0" fr; ) 0 PP. r a .‘ >.~o r '37_ {'9‘ \r ' f. _ ’ - - ~ rt‘.‘ 1 .' ‘a. ‘ . -.\.?-‘ 6“ V-- ‘- \ E""-u-. v. ‘ ‘..TT-.. .-I. I’.) '1.“ 94.1211“ -‘--_C‘g‘ .‘ '..-‘.‘i -.att. LLUJ. '. ‘..: “UL-2 u“; 35.1.5.5 ‘ '~‘ ‘ -. .- r; , . ,r .‘.. , - ‘ . r~ .. . c. rm." .— 2. '. r 4 - . 2-- .. - a r: ..r ‘ ~ ' . V‘ ‘ .. r -) F \~ . ~r‘- .-'. v‘ ff . .11! . L:?J""_ -; w .:,.’J 91‘: ,. ..’“ f! ... .1 ..\j.4 all.‘) t -, ‘ \J. 4'_- ~:__\ {._t‘Q .‘.; .‘. f...";..\‘-‘:’ I; [40 .1)0.-&¢.S . C — t ' s‘ (L 0" ‘ 9‘" ‘ r 7 ' '- A .' - l - ~ - .' ' r~ .‘ . s '5 - . 0' J l . n - .L ' . ‘ , ‘ _‘ _r . -. .v‘. '- .. try {—.‘ _. . .’ ' r)”. z.- .1 7 h V) ‘ ‘ n A v '- f' L s“ v- " --"-' ' k -.:; \‘Vv_-."‘" 0! ’ ~ 5'; a .‘V. '-~$ ‘1 ‘\"- \.\ \‘ a'i' ..' ‘J- ‘0; ‘ 'Ava 01‘1‘1} Jf;-’-OL. 5 no I“. 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J ,, _, ‘ .4 - C r' r "-" ‘ 'xr'r‘. .r.:‘n'trfi 4‘ r2)”"+ '1‘,” (7" u '1‘ 80ft. r--t~'.r"\r;‘ v.3! P. 'fiv' . .'- ~"“"') I" '1 O ‘4 ..s ......"1-. .“ 4. 0‘) s) ‘.4 .U .1 .r ‘L AJJJ-_‘- J.‘! ‘ \J\ J.‘—C .7. 'v 9.“, 1“.) ._. ..‘, I” ,‘.§‘{, 0 A ,r q- u' .- I 9. f 2 ‘ '- ;_ ~O_ :- u ‘.f' f o r‘r " n 7- v _, v 4' . l and v ’ ‘ C-’ V ‘ . ‘- r u '\_ ’9" ': ~f fr .~ '_ . ‘ r -- , . [‘..4... .4040 ‘4 17L ..:} J 1C1...J. q 10' (4.. \.).’_.|.I- IUfJ'x'lég \. 0;; 95:5 93-I‘S'TQL .‘.A.‘ 9-1j J.‘ f. h I .’. ,' ‘4. ‘ , .' . . , .- . .'V , q 0' I ' O l I ' , ‘5 . ' V " "vb:|* (1‘- ' c - " -‘ r -I; ~- '( - I. - L " ‘ ‘1‘} OH aka“: (”IN-f :5? V .. -. J.‘) .."I .‘1 ..:.mt.‘ LL‘ 5:)" .fflgftvp _.'?! 9' J C ', 9.-',.‘Bk) 903' . Mm“ .M.‘4-JO.“»4 3.9-. a~t in“ ..I‘nng¢u:‘_-_....-g “-.‘—‘.-“-oum“ ‘43—; == ‘- A 1"" ‘.. ‘: ' P 5 A ‘0 on. ' C .‘ _ ' r. _nlo-r ' - v . g ‘ ' ‘ afifi’l‘ ._k‘ .~ ~ . I\ , on .- 0 ‘.o ok , _.. '..__._ .«‘!f.‘1 ‘ ‘ “‘ x L ‘ ---Td.. n4. :4 t ' ‘ ’ ‘-. 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'- ..o . r- , r_.‘. \ 1' vv h‘~‘-A - ,n . .v_1 3‘! .~ _0 ,- , ~ .‘ . , -‘ . -l"_ 1,) -_ . .‘r,._ _I‘l .. . _' - 1., ,1! ',_ _, V, "_.-_) 1 ‘ I“ ,“f' (y ‘. 1-4. ..3 ’- . .‘rr A '.r ._ .-.Il'n “flf' \ -. _ 4. _ '- . . n -_ a . \ -~, '1 }‘. J . .' .‘e _.‘~ " .‘ J-’. ‘.4, . -§ ... ~ .1 .‘_ Q l _ ‘ 1 - ‘ ‘1 ,‘ ‘ . r I- . ‘ ‘j ‘ J_ .. r. _3 ' W ..‘ r " r. :- i'-' ),:J. g r' .' \~_1‘,‘ w ' . _ y' ‘ . 1 r‘ h L ' ‘ ”\j “ . "' ‘ ‘ nrr._1'-'-’ o . ’ I' ‘ o. -’ A --.- _.4.. x -. ! ' . I -‘_4- \ —-.--. l .'- .. J..} O 44‘. 3'".( r:...'.. ,. ‘ -.-' .1‘ - ' v r' '1” ‘ ’3 . ~‘ ‘.. < .' _ -- ,~. ‘ '2"! . c- w ‘ r ‘ {x f- » .5. - . r ' ' .- \ - l;v.‘...‘.' ‘ ..4- x... Jl.‘ I. . U‘JJ \. U‘ I. - ..u {.'1-:,.L J..-,A‘g ' 1.x". _ _ 1 J K. t) '. J x; 2‘ .‘-.L SUE"? / . . fl . . I . ‘P'. 3' ,- (I-r 1 7'» ‘1'" -- _r..-.. .-,,» 4- ~.---~ ~ ....,.p. fr . . , '+ '.. 14 .--A J _ ; 1( -l - . .. . . j (\v' v If . 'l \v 1' (- ._~ ._ " "' ‘ “ -.-. “"1 'u “ \' -’ "". (‘.. ‘-7 N ‘ t-v 9".»717 9'.\; .. .. d. .a "‘ " C 0"} o o l ‘ I “ J r p - -o- -- ' A ’ ' - ‘ » . , b I“ u ‘ . ‘1 ’ " '” . ' l -' 1“ ‘-'\ ~‘~; I 3" ~-,\ , o -- - 4- - .r . '- 4. A4.»\ a ..: ’1‘...’ J. , A VJ (1 _\ ‘ _..J L'- ‘.'¢,__, ‘_‘_ _ , kn 1".) x; J ' ”LL {.5’rr U ‘4’ J \tl'.[u‘ ". ' L 0 c .- ~ a ’.. 0".“ c‘—_-“', .‘ .' _ '. _.' 1'. I. ' I“ F . 'v . -' . . . - . .-- I H. ' 'f O \J ‘_ _.‘; «I. .‘J .‘\- .4... .‘.A—-L '.A. ‘ .—.‘ _ 4‘ .(L ‘-«JH-LI $5113.! 0 .h: {Ill 1.58:1 87 Table 5. Survey of the Pricing Process Between Shipping Point Sellers and Wholesalers and Retailers of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. 1958-59- V Description of Pricing Process Kind 1‘ er- ; ' - Wholesalers Retailers (percent of ship ing point purchases Non-b ugained prices 1+6 66 Shipper quotes a price; bwer accepts or rejects without bargaining 1+0 51 Price is not discussed; shipper bills at market price for the dav 5 15 Shipper quotes price; bwer accepts or rejects without bargaining; if price changes later, shipper bills at new market price 1 - Bargained prices . ‘ ‘ AB . 33 Shipper quotes price; buyer sakes counter offer and bargains — . - 39 19 Ever bargains over price sometimes or with ‘ some shippers . _ 9 101 Buyer asks shipper for best quaJity; then bargains for price , . - Other mthods ~ 6 1 All purchases 100% 100% \ includes 1. percent of purchases there price bargaining only occurs when the produce is to be used for special sale. ‘MA—- A Source: , Manchester. A.C., th Stmctge 91 W mduce Ffiets, ' U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Agr. Ewno Rpto lb. “5, April 196‘}, P90 56’ 710-0 ’v ' 7; v e f ‘ C ' ‘ - ’ ‘1 W" '.- I' I," ”"‘T "" ""r " "‘ ‘ . f" "‘ "fin " " ["Cr ..')"2 4‘ IA '(fmh‘No( (4 O, r 'FJ. C, A‘.’ ‘. .4 1'- ". -) .‘. ;‘,’ ' l-.. ’..\ \.' 4x. I .' ' I. ‘. I . - - v.c‘~v -. .0 ..' C \ ‘b J. 4‘: I F r J ' I ' l“ I ’U- :. .‘ ' I ..‘ r. 9(- t" ‘ ‘ n ' I! ~ ‘ 1 4'» ~ ‘ " ' ,fi' ‘. ' \.‘ ,- .f‘ ' e. . '—-:‘ -‘./'I I\ 5‘ ‘ «‘ II. ~:LP’ \~ n-»‘ u- » L. ‘4‘ 0- -‘ d k.) 1" ‘- as ~‘. \~ -' i - ‘ *9 1‘ .I‘ h ' - -- ‘)’~~O‘ L ALL" . r1 -, I - '\ r .o ~‘ - . . . \ ‘ ‘~ '\ «‘- .-:: fl, 1' . ”...“ ”.’-“...‘qa‘..... - p _- ..-.-. --- ..‘mug.- -- ”d'vuo-euafi -o’.- 0 .'.-mm“:- a-u-Jr. “‘54.. “A a-fiwv—v ‘ ‘: _._— 9...e .- he 40..., a a... .0. .0». O -a'~e-a 1‘- -~ on to“ O-Oe-b..”«--¢-a -.. '-.~‘.-O '- ‘ ..‘-‘J-NCI--~vel ... AW; 0 . i O O r . . . ". - ' . (2. :§. 1. ,- r.’ I e . ' -' 4‘ l‘ _A- ‘ ' .) ." if" _‘e‘ u“ {-‘.‘Ilq ., ‘ . . , . .. &. cua/‘J_ . (‘JHL ’.. e L .5 1e -eaV'LtaLsr‘fl-‘x--. we; V’J _v ' s. x -A,. -..." c'V - . e o-‘ I' O O-IQ-O‘.‘ .e ' -"« “I , ‘ ". .\ _A_. ..' ‘ ‘4 l .’ -‘.. , ...\.”. ; ac .‘.”. -9 .‘.... .‘..Q - "$04-00“ .. A n “O ’0' 'O”\.~*~“H~ 'w -‘w‘Cw*~'---- _ _— A ‘ ‘! ' 1. . ... 1 '.. "'\. o I‘_ .'.. q "._ . , I u!_..L..r_ -;; . -. -.. .27 .-,,,. ..' / ‘ A C — V. r - D ‘. z ‘ " ‘ :1; Ir' \ \ c I a '- \ -, . v I r s I _-' [r ,, ,‘ F‘_.. r - t',~ ‘ ~r or. ’.(. -, A.- - _‘ -._A ‘.v“....'_ , a“ .-./y): i2.’.""m")4; A s ,' '.. i '_ e l". a : ~ _. “I. l " ‘fi‘fi - v . ( l- a , R ‘..‘v ' ..‘ -‘-. _~'. ‘ a i ‘ 045 -..- a o . , 1‘7 “Y J.) L-.'~ O '\_.. 4\"‘_.(.Tl-ll\l J . A . c A a e o I I y f‘“ . , —- , \r’ P— '3 ."I H+o\ :g" QC? ‘. \‘ I ‘éd. ... -‘.»l‘k‘.‘ 4 V. e".." \- “—‘\-' .‘ A ‘ \ ‘ \v r U '4 r r I t O f V . I O ‘ "‘ " ‘ '1 11““! "1 1') F '3C. ‘t ‘ u“ '5 3" it"l" D f C; r; "‘ q k .i) C 1 J-‘. .l , . ..‘ I . ~ -,. -.. . A - '.. \—'—— . .. .. “ ‘3 . ' .'. . '1 .. ' .. + .. : . ' ‘ ) ' 6‘ - H "1‘.’ I 4" " I: x ‘ 2‘ l-J .‘.‘JJ. tit/-'.-.i n .'-.A’H'T ' " r : r n - r I ' r ‘ ' 7'3 " I , If" r. -. ,C r I .'. r '¢ "'- . ’ (r- I“; v -- ' . I ‘...) \.4 m J~ a ._J _. :- ...' (J ' a) / : .‘. A. by d .3. ,._. ..o“..:._.-‘_..u . I L I. r)» \l. ( .hv I .‘Y ’- - 1. . A e " 4' 4+. "A“; . Ira ,- ..- ~ , e . ‘ -. . {a '- . ~ '».~”. . ‘~c 3‘.) \‘e‘.' l .-'. .‘.... red-- ‘0 .. ..‘ .'.-.‘. ‘-~‘-‘r‘h~ «-1! V" V’L.‘~'I ‘- r c A :*=',’1‘ f‘ .'.": '.-<"$ 1'rut :' ‘ ‘.I w ." f "..‘ r. '3 r‘(\. +7. .J- sa-J .'. c1 M\.'a.l*,».- '- \ .i vb £44....J-Ke .5. “I. .L‘JCA ‘ ,4.\_'U - - "“I‘ c. . O r , , i .' r - , _0‘ i' n!- - ~ -‘ f q r f\ I ~ ‘V {J.' i M. -~(-'.J ..-.H; .. '.‘LJ dc M R .. ’ r‘ (5!“ ' > . l i '3'. . d“ .‘.. \ t—I 1-3.: ‘ I '. \ . ’ 4 . I ' O I - ‘3' ..‘-f’ rs 5.. .‘ \ .-q._‘ ‘.‘4.. .’.-(Jr N "qu a, ~ ‘...f. r ,u. ....e ._ ;-~1.' $3 ;‘. kcv~ ..-vi-a.\u \,/\...‘-J L g... ui'w. 3‘4 .‘.‘vli‘u ' .'\ . a. '.r (3 M“ e‘ rth' “.'. =~\\r ‘.." “ ' \ fl ~ ' ‘....\I ~ .-O D b o y ‘u g l‘ f». . ' '. .. n .. r .o , .-, r x I‘ . ~ . ’ I. r I - ‘x.‘ V Orr r I‘.__\ rflv r" ‘ ,:\A ~ 9 c A L~-‘\ LU : ‘0‘ «4-1»! I») kl ‘4 951 ‘0... .o. ~‘{-.' . '5‘ AC! 2:- L'.~.') TE’EAI'J . - Lil .‘x'ur rs ..‘ F ‘ ' N r . . .. 1'1 y‘J.“ -.' l. ()1 (1114,53 kg“) 5 ‘(J _- \ e . I as J -r . - - Ln V ' ’ ‘ I". V '1 I_ ' —s . KILOLAUUlcl Adildkp‘ ‘1’ r ‘ A "I . . V‘ ... . ‘ . 0‘ .-, p . n I. -I ..’. J..-INF?" 1.x s x , . I_\‘~ - . U314~'—&\4 Hv‘q ‘ I... .’J..."‘“ ”Q-J~"OMI~-e“m, -.-fim‘“ o-CI "v’fmo fi _ _ F f - . - .— '. ”'-'" ‘ '. L'I‘ ’.' “'-"~ " n.‘.-¢ 0"" v' "r "u ' ’ ".«vé ‘I‘QI'Y . ' ~I ‘.P {-..r I \ r V , . I “3 . ~ l 9 f F ' k‘ ‘— ‘l v 0 'JJv‘ ‘ C) c‘ . '0‘ v5 - ’ . uni: \ ‘.l‘ ‘ 1': A -5 _' ’ (a ._. ‘ :.,L’ 'c \ ‘-. (' J O ‘1‘ \J’ ’.3‘1 89 I)“ Len-'— A '. . _ 5 l - r - ‘3 ,.., I rr.‘ ‘...) ,.. .I. y..- 1:. cl... 1. ,,,. ,_,, ¢ , . .-' .L _- >4 .r- n; ".1 '.. - '..} L I- _, a! J '~ ' O‘~ (.'.-L 9d .-1-O 1’7 di. 113 a #- -mm9.. .Oudhgb-wm m..dww-c.‘”-‘—C-d‘“-' ‘..-.....- ‘-“‘_~o..-—.'.-‘_ _ 4 V7 ' ‘ rv - I .' I (. ‘,\ 4. ’ '_- . . .r - 5 ... n' u’ ' - v' a. ' “I 'r" , ..~- ‘*~ -- _ a .' \ . - ‘ ‘I . - .. ;-.".r_ __.: .. ..' . .- .- - "f'wi‘r‘rfi 'F-‘ 'o "~er ( c - . c .. ( e - o . . -IJK 4.4.1. ._, ‘1' LA: .-‘, .~. ~r4-.. l are “v I. .o~u Dan“ ... o . a .e ov.‘ o-- .r.: o v..-. no‘aJ-D“”’~~ via-I‘M. - . ‘ . v . ... . -. . . ' . . ' .‘ ' ' ‘ ’ l ‘ r: p. — . '.. ‘.. II. (‘.7 rs“ '.1; r- y I" sf.\.‘ . '.~(¢I -—,-‘ .'-. ' . , ., ‘ ‘.‘.. , . 'I "‘ ~‘ " ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘9 ‘ -"" "' " ' ‘ V "“ \- - \J‘ ' ‘ I -' ‘ d J.. y... ‘g‘." .I \j x- . . ...» .‘. JC;”..“-cg Q L g ‘1 ..‘ ' ‘ . r- e / ~ It 1 l v . ,‘ . - I ~ 4’ . ('va e 1' ‘ '4' l r. '“fi I "' ['.rf " O .A. ‘._ .‘_ O _1 .. ‘... _ _ _L_~_ L‘4..k ‘\‘ . ~», . ‘1'...“ ‘ .IIOO‘JJ. 88 wholesalers and retailers which are subject to negotiation or renegotiation after the trade. The true extent of incomplete exchange cannot be kmwn from Table 5 because the terms of- the sale following this bargaining process may still transform what appears to be a final sale into an incomplete exchange. In sumnary the bargaining processes and institutional arrangements at this market lava reflect attempts at accommdation of market risks in much the manner that the incomplete exchange arrangements and forms cf integration do at the producer-shipper market level. Product risk is less at this level since production costs are not at stake. Yet the institutional market structure and the behavior of firms in the pricing process do not reflect diminished market risks. Wkfile it is true the incidence of production risks and costs is transferred to the shipping point selling market by means of crops in which the shipper has a financial interest, it is also true a sizable portion of the craps sold have no shipper. interest, and the shipper is guaranteed a. fixed marketing costs for his efforts upon acceptance of the product. 31; W Temim Market. Interposed between the shipping point and retail market sectors, the terminal markets for fresh fruits and vegetables have historically played a major marketing role in the industry. Their principal function is to receive carlot shipments from the shipping point markets and parcel these supplies to nearby retailersa‘ For specializing in this function these markets have received the principal effect of contemporary changes in fresh fruit and vegetable marketing channels, particularly those trends more r 4", 4 - 17 I J .'.. ‘ ' . ' .'. - r r: I- y. ‘ r‘rx \ I . . r 4 I I .~ r‘ .. ~(( ‘ .’..c ,a . I, . 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L‘)’ -'~..‘-.\' s‘ V J ‘.O' ._.. J~;a=-&. [A S O‘JIAJ. 94.223 ' T ' J- . ‘ ' I». ’ . _ , » A ... t 2. .e - ," ' 1' .‘.. , q. ,. .’. T ,, . roa.."v n r ‘4’. ...( a . .‘ , Ivz" {yf.a , . : .'.: I. r 0'. 1 P ‘ 8\ l :‘l .t‘ ’1. , -.....) J.. - "\’_.\’J‘ H! .1. 'ic-L. -‘ [-5.3 tux ‘ I‘m J .17-. r ':*A5--.-.r'.,: A.‘ \‘ \‘l-U “an... 0 uk' (4 {1.1. - - ' - _ ' ‘ r - 0 r ' L > ‘ " ‘ ’ '" JP“ ' “' ‘ " ' " '- " "vrrx' r w ' w ’J " v. .-.‘ "’4 I: I" .‘rr‘ '(-" i" r "'I; ‘1 -~~ - -‘i "' 3 ..4 (..‘... -‘. __3 A.:#[ Jn-O l- {LI—H 1.5;. L)“- .‘.! .‘- I} ‘3!) 9" '4‘ . ;\‘ \H.) ‘.. ~‘-a.~‘ _. . 4 .\.~. V -J I. Ux. 5.: VII BJJJ N US . '5 r' \ -' s“1~ a. ' r ‘c .- '.; ’ L L w 4‘ v 1 'v“ C' ' t'|"'3 'l f'“? t "‘ " a s 'l . I I .. I 4. ..' _ . . _ . . . "‘..C" 1‘-J 6“ ~{ ‘— --J - - ;) ‘-' ‘ 4" J.‘ ‘" ~.-’. .. -(')-" -.- x. “— ‘4'}‘I‘J I ..'. aAL-~ ‘... {AM/lll-s “J. A. «v w' '< have: "a ‘ "Y ‘ " ".‘L.‘-"' " '— _. - - -! WY . ' "-‘~' I “" r7‘~ F‘qu'n'l“ 412'"! I‘ ”'0 .11 «-0. J. V-» .-../‘\j,', 0.. v .I.. U---.—.3.un. in -' ..- )k xi ..L -3 - - up J“ ." .1..t-~,,..‘.r,\..._“ ,_ ‘r ‘ s 1 Q "r (‘t‘ - '3 “ ”Iv- " I ~ I.“ "-'a‘ ‘ " u~'- ' . ‘I _ I V ~ ~ ‘ I . ”1‘4. .1”, ' . ‘ Uri... J ii; (1" ‘1‘ ..' ; ‘."_“. .,‘l- D 0 “"3 'F I 4-» ‘.1 \.¢.13-'.u . .. I" .'-.I ' i .-..- ' .‘Li.u"c_; A 8 Lily“ "8 atlall: BI r4. ‘ .'. fl, ' ‘ r . -. ' f' ‘ '... ‘ 'I . . .7 , I“ ‘ s 'r ‘_r .l' r rVr . f, - ‘ l g \ ; :-,'( l‘ (tr :5 ' If .1 Q‘" r ‘-, v- f \jl‘U 1&1. \a ..‘- d o .L‘.) ~I }Jt_\. — ‘..: L4 I . ’7 \ .‘."V axe-I ‘1 \Jx’- A._)IL _._ 3" :OJn'-4)-1 .‘" all 8“- o - I o v o . . v o o .. . " L r '- “, : wrn s -- "\~ .’c '.| F (‘.. _‘3 ;‘- ' " w rt' 30‘." r ‘ s" ~.'r-u‘r O" p. “’u' u‘): ‘ v H ‘4- r'fr‘ Cl“... U ..‘- ‘ ‘...‘L. . I ‘ O V. V b A. U \_.' ;. .’."; .. 2 \ a a \¢ ..‘-.1 , '\/.J. -.\- ‘- V \QL J ‘1 V‘. w p \s ,o‘; n‘S’-‘- . . . I ,~ ' s I ‘ (1 a I o - ‘ r _v r o w‘ \ .vv. I.( A - 0‘ '.‘f'..“r’ ’7‘ («- -s‘ v, (‘1; ‘.~[ \n'p L“*“'¢.‘ - O-r ¢ - t . 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Jung All O‘BJLJ... _- fi 1 I l 'A v ' g t 9 I I ‘ ' 0 v I ‘r o- u- r I -' H a A a . ,-. ‘ ‘ ‘ .‘. fa, , , '5 ‘ , . . ,A._ ”..‘. . .1 ‘ ’ v . r f: 'l-( \ ‘. ' ‘N ' ‘ ~. - u”. 2;.1 .-',” .t » .v . . . \«’~. I. - t, .» L w.- .- . ‘. ‘ ., a. ' ( -‘.‘ ~". ' ' ‘ . ; . .1 . .... - .-‘...ow ”am-.‘. .---.I. -¢- a.» m. w on...“ t‘ I a ‘ ' O + I r' ’ . A. s, I ( r:u~( 1&1 r l f‘ ‘ rs -!» g-r v ‘1. ,_\.,... !- 'j- "p_- A n a 1 ‘ ',’ p- f‘ ~- P ‘. '.r ~ < g. ' ‘3 {-4‘JL‘ -. A - '4\« I J L‘. ... Q" t "C! .‘ ..!..I;gi.a-~.s.a.: V' a’.‘ t ‘1 L1; - \‘l ' l k a | . A. :1. J..-1-1:‘ur J.--1. I - u I- - a- - o - ‘ ' ,‘ ..~.- - f _ - A \v . ..' x - ~vr .'.. o: r, ,-.~ .- . '3'. rs . . r‘ . ,4. fl aux); “Liv- _g,, . 1‘ ’r. F 5.. t 'J -..‘-.-)u' 0 Unml 5V4»; (:‘x J.‘.JIJJL‘HLJ '. b v , ' '- ..’ 1‘ Ar” - r r ‘: "r~ 'r' r..-‘ I . .. . -‘ .- r r “'. ‘f ' . ., ...- r .,,. ... - -‘ .. 4 ’n -.--A- va--..-.:.- \ .‘. i (M 2m- ;;~:.-»uu.‘-J -1-:.I' N; f '.'. 1 " 'u'PJJ T3 . u A u. 1 v V' .- a- - . . . a? .- 'v 3‘ :I; |' I‘Ififfi c. “a; 3‘ -_,nac n.‘ r ova '1) \- 0 §' - - .—- v (w ,_, ~-.o - , - (x t)- \1 , I- ..'. If,“A 4-’~ .._., ‘. ‘.-I . \_ -4‘, . l g ..' .\ .A‘. I J l L.) 2.1" .I. (‘..! VIII J-‘,‘y ’ - -E:‘1‘_;1~ t) i 3:0; L Q ~ I I f I I u 0‘ , I 1: r. - ', r' a u ‘ "-( ‘ ‘ ‘0‘ r‘ ‘ "« --,-1 “ .I f‘ 9 l v. ‘r n N .4 " r ‘ 1"" I H}. n U -‘ ' . ._ gt s: r.‘ a ‘i I a ' ' A {._L J [id- ,-~,‘e ..-L‘. .‘....5- . ‘ “(j-.1 , a '.. a A d-B‘ '3 & a I... ’1 -r. _.' . ','3 , . .- ‘ ‘ ' .- ’"l 9.. . - . .. t ‘L ’ l‘ h AL" .“ I . ' I ' " v I " . I , ‘u I L‘ I I. _ . .'v’ . l_ (_a v' up, .‘ -‘\( ._. s .‘ V, P (N c,. -_. .. a; -.l. t .,t- -03“ an, 10 ~-~ ’fi‘f-..u.’.- .'1 ..-.'.J l'SyLE‘uS'I ' . l .f 3 . . L l" I o ‘ I o - . a} , r ,. 4- '- ~ . v ‘r r - - . . . - . P v r , -. '1 ‘(e . .I‘ f ' r- ' J r V r . - . . .( tr - _. a u - ,,‘ , l. . ‘ - ‘ . s ‘ _ c I\ o 7:: . g — ’- ~ -. 4-“) ~ (’14\ t”. ‘ A.) . a ’ (l'i ‘ - m)» I‘.I '— - - x‘ ’- -.r. x x .L' I: J. "\IV I— 0‘8 89 closely associating the retail sector with the shipping point sector.m The tablesale terminal markets at times merge inseparably with the shipping point markets; in the major fresh fruit and vegetable pro- ducing areas markets may serve alternatively with the seasons as shipping point markets and terminal markets. And even where the two markets are not one and the same, the only difference between them is distance so that their marketing functions are'inseparable, except for the break-bulk function. T10 major structural changes in these markets may be mentioned. The declining-industry role of this sector-has encouraged the enter- prise combination of the receiving and break-bqu-marketing functions, historically separate in the forms of receivers and jobbers. The resulting service wholesaler firm has shown the greatest growth and vitality of all wholesalers in these markets. It is to he noted that such enterprise combination places a single firm in both the procure- ment and selling markets of these markets. The success of these films lies mainly in their providing services to retailers which are best perfonned in the centralized winlesale markets and in their service to the institutional market. But the consequent coordination of btqring and selling of this enterprise combination should not be overlooked in the. were either firms- . HI. The second major structural change in this market is concerned maupter z. of the NCFM Technical Report, No. 1. described the trends in these terminal markets and their adjustments to direct sales to retailers in more detail than is given here. A brief description of these would include a decline in the number of auction facilities, an absolute decline in the number of wholesalers and a rapid growth of those firms surviving, and a tendency for surviving firms to assume and innovate marketing services in order to assure their place in the channel. r In I“ (a i r . .9. -( ' . I\ A ' ~ ' N ‘ F ' g . ' . ‘90 '- r:.° ‘ .lv "’5 " "M ' 5' .4- ‘ - '. .t L Li,“ ‘1 .: ‘..—.‘. LA. _. o _ f‘ f , hf, 1' ‘. . ; . . .'...w vrc+ (..'-4.1.1.“ '4 C. . 3.- .L ‘1 ”a \ \4 '1 (- ’ ... I -.-..A 3- ~ .. 'v ...“ “~ _.Ki 0 - 'p I .. r,” " , I r‘ r A- ‘, '5 >4 . . r', ' n -I"pr. . 4'” :f‘¢ 0' (‘l ‘* “’N '0. “'. "“ ..' t7: , __\J .5 I. ‘ A“. . . .‘g; ‘l .1..\ n' - ‘.-s , L‘t . . . .. - .— . ‘ .. - . l ,- _ - Ar‘ .' I n \v;. ‘ r) v ' ‘ v" N ‘ :u.\& 0’ 1" PP, ' . ‘ _L V .'..' e»! \ yup") {J c - ’5 .I‘A- J‘- - . A .-’ A .'~' L as”. J . 1 , r " 2., ,. .._ -- 2, --:--.‘ I i '. .. . . . n ‘ p r, . ‘ yr, ’7 11.: .7I‘In "_.':‘u'... ._i '.i "‘le ('4\‘| .. L .'.. 3., -41.) LAI-‘- -‘. .... . . - -|'—-¢ --- L :4 .~ ~' L f‘ rvn ~(~ T(\r 9'7 "I?" 't"1"-.1 fl) w- .I-.a".) $.11 “ ( r; ((J r. {J.L' . ' ,L.) sic-‘0 ‘- ' '11 «.3 ...?) 8U ~. .* .J as; 'I ' A ' " -' ’ . ‘ 'J '.__' J. ,5 Q! LA -x _ - , A r: - ‘ n »' F u : . . ‘rf u . g V . . , : ’gf‘rng Thai ,1 .. {.‘.ilfpr . ‘..“,U k- x. x. r) 1 dc. Fx—C \ O ' r N- r. (frx N. ! 'r ._"~a~rff" ‘ .I.\' t..- ...L.’ I. ." “.4 1 .1.‘ A J ‘.I- .. I —~ { L - ;’ "v‘> ,. xx r'nsf‘ " fury-rs to r-r 1 Ger-7" at E. ' .t‘d {6‘- r' . a . - q - ' --‘- d -J E ' - 'I - .1 l . “f .x {‘7 pr I.» I“ 'vg-r If - ‘« "_' p- :- J .7 -.'."- u -' O M.” ' .‘.)L t." " ‘..“ ' ' m " - r .' ° ,« a r .- -'~ ~ ' ”w ' '- .‘.." r .... ..~ .‘uc ‘ ' ' a,“ "W . : .'. .. vii' \r.‘ .‘.. L-f" ~-.' - ‘~ ‘.t-.. .'.‘ ‘\. J.‘? "ts \' !. I ..l 1 U»‘ , r u o r r . r a .L if " "3". ‘ " V y.» '4 .' r V '- ' ‘\" ‘ l‘. " . ‘1 " ' ' “ x , .. f . » .-‘ ~ I‘M ‘ .L (I .-.k'_..t. ‘ s J.‘.‘t 1", ......b A‘ ‘.F) '.-... "\v" . . e, :" r’ ~~r ‘-' ’) "0'3 -‘ r/v '0 'P 4'r-‘rv ;‘ . p 1 (\q 9 f; 2. H'O-‘C ‘4'. uq : ~ a". u...--- E ‘-l~c‘\ ’J-_\.' r1---\v‘..n.-. ; ‘..K, x. .' c. W-t\ l. I l 1_ n ‘. r I P P O J. 'iv“.r.'- .1" «"1 "" “ ' r: '1 n ' we ‘ 1:31) _r. I ,' o -.A\ . -.'; - 9‘ 79 [..: - 0 Cw. ‘” *‘~... , 1 . “--., -1 .178 u~ ‘2 (F L '7! V ._"" J 1“ L" "T . g 'L 3. 77 r ( :- “1 E II ., .. _ _ ' , , . , . ..:. . ' .. . A O) -"'\... ... '. "-4 .'-. -- >- 3 OJ-x‘ '1 ‘.\ c- 5' fled. 'ugl..¢‘ ,8 I 8L3 :- ' - r .1 r . -' -" n . - ~_ ~ ' u .- r-r 'r.’ ‘ . f »~( N "c. 1 . an. 9.1.1.0.? Lac.- o emf I... l .x. Cl. ""ht "Ni x: r " ’5" " ‘(e‘~ w .I r I ‘ 5. "L."I'" (‘ C “ _ I— c " I . ' - 4 . '... C" "'v U}; o; ‘ igu'. -bL.V-U.UJJ.UlJ1£ u. . _-' “‘ I" : -'U-,,r- : "I" 1‘ ( P, :'r-' ~Nf‘ ‘1‘ ‘ :‘\ ." P "i” 7 “ I" r 'rL‘ 9 : a -a‘.-. A .2- x. , 1..) < '..J. (J ...c‘ -.:L .. ...--.. '.x O * J ...L\ ‘1. Ir 7,. r. .. a r. .1..\"1’ h "( qts ['5 O k i a ' v' a ll :0 .J ;\ - \’L (J 1‘ a I r- u _l e L If} -' r- _. \ rs .~ an‘.’ ' r-tc 1;) "l » - ,-. I -~_ ahl {J.A. ‘a‘ 7‘! .,', '\ ' -‘-LJ ‘- - "ON AM ‘t - -)lr‘I_rH ‘ ‘..Og‘1‘. a $.AJ s‘o~ ...-5'.- r.“- rt. ‘...-.- Won—'.wflalrflh _ “mm v ' "tr .- . . 1" . "r - fl" ‘ h 7 ‘1' ’ ‘ t n I - Q" . . ,3; a . .. , F“ ...[..:..I:" - c I». cu. a .0 4. t “In: ._.. : ,-,-_ - . .'. ..., ' 1 :3"; . ) era. Lit-ct»; -"-CL‘:1 m- S':¢;_a_a.5cre'x J .- or .- ~ ,I .- I . ,- . r- “. .' r‘ r, -, v - r .. L; on: a" ’ g .'».wt«J,J£f.-’. : ...JOI'. ear—.113 lo .. ' , a ; “'4. _' 7.? .. ;‘ -3 r .. f..- .‘. .0 '.. .u if?! 3.1.. [.'.i‘ fiL.J..LL;".’ scrraoacs :13 ,e.._. I‘ .‘. : 1: . .'~ _.‘ vv'.~.-vf. q ~: o‘ fj f‘ ~..'1‘-' 1; ‘..?u .8 LIL“. .‘..A u‘ ..'... ...3 c. at”..- J. E'H'O., .'.C I O o .- -. r .- (2‘ -.‘-..r— f. .. - '— v .‘.. 1“ y. ‘ . f .- ,- .-_ \V,’ V 1.... tit _.‘ c. .; .-Lu‘, ., 3‘? sew-origin 51.5 share}. a. :3 I” .' J; -' '- ._Lt.__J-E‘/1O 9ft»! CI ...-35.1; 90 with its historical role in industry pricing. The growth of direct marketing from shippers to retailers eliminates the need for these missile”. ucept to serve the small retailer not able to buy direct rm shipping point, the institutional market, and the specialty needs of large retailers. Coupled with the loss of the auctions, market institutions principally patronized by sellers and buyers of fruits in the past, this loss in trade of the wholesale termiml markets shifted the locus of pricing from the consumption markets where the terminal markets are located to the shipping point markets where the major bwers and a large share of crops are located and sold. The extent of wholesaler integration into shipping point markets or into production operations is not great. It was estimated some 3 percent of wholesale terminal market firms were vertically integrated into shipping point markets in 1958.115 About one-half of these were integrated into the production of fresh fruits and vegetables and one- half into shipping packing operations.116 There is no evidence of a trend in this form of. integration; over the 1955—65 period the number of shippers and grower-shippers integrated with wholesalers increased by only 20 firms.n7 ‘ * A umber of factors are operating to even further reduce the importance of. the wholesale terminal market [from its estimated share nwe‘ter, Ache, "0 Ego, p. 20. 116mg- ‘ ' 117mm Technical Report, No. A, p. 59. ' " :~ . '1‘ :" . r ’fw rnr :‘IN "1 1?:4 H‘+. ’4 :17 ._ f , . - .- - .,. ‘_ .- .“ . v, .. ‘ . x . _ , \. - '- ' C] V ‘3‘ 3 3 5’. 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'_ v .. -. ‘ ~ .7 .., - ‘ r. . 7 -. , n . . , . u.’.‘r.1,J'l ( ‘Ju' 5“. ‘1 .1 ’3 h r‘ .0 .1 ' -‘- i *' .\ _._. t ’5' 'J.‘ 3 O ‘.1 -.:, .. .:"“f., 'I sh'IL‘J. ...-o u u ( v- .- f I a J. - I a + r ‘5' ' . »- fl + Ar- - - A {‘."~A— f‘ \ '24-. - v w! q, r (. ._. g ‘ -.‘. I'- _o-yc a. o. P f’ r a v _ » ,'- .4 ..'- ..'. -. - H V 1. -._, t -‘J - if- '1 ‘.5‘ 91-x- .r..(.l'1.\'.;_ .1 3- -.-...:..-‘ --.. u s- ._4 J; 04.3“ ”.3. '-' '31.. r 'n ' - _- - .- 2. - v' 9 , ' .‘. '7 , L 2. .. 5 E ,. '. .»’ .’.. 4- "j ‘..a '-- ' " w , ‘ ' K . ‘ ‘ 9 ~' ..- ,v. . a“! ,1: -- - -. . T new ..f! s‘; p; J.. '1 ? 3}" ‘15. .11, in u .20 I .. y 1.4- O. (1.1. .v war,» 9.} F‘i' 2". - ‘(- 'L .‘r '; ." 1’~ ‘ .’l' .I' th Pfl‘: 5'- "-'“fi ‘fi ("'5 4' (.'.? ‘ ’ ..' .r"_ '5 8r '. (I :4. ..‘gu‘f. .‘.»J 1 “J ;..;'1 .. ' . 1.x. :.u...J.nI (k- ...e‘ I:C’-L "g!.J-u—|.J.q l0 iv.) tn“: v .-r‘ n ; "’ (r ‘r' I r - ‘1 a 9 “'~ ‘ .n' . -1 ':.(. ~. :3 ~4- ~ ‘4 ' F‘lrofi- .’ 4‘) n ,'-.' 4' O I :‘IC. 1.. "10 r f'" a +6“ )1!" A 3" a. 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J t J.‘: Cw l u ' . s '- 441' r . .‘.-“ ..’ '...‘s “ -5” ..' .10 J;.E’3'It q .‘ . "r -' ¢ "’-"" ' ' r fh‘ hr-v’ "N“ ‘\ ('r‘l‘ "‘.nr ~ 7- nJ-er-s +- F .—,-;—.-. 3-{9 +0.1 f} .1 ~'( 1' A. _-.Q . ....nx‘x .:x) ~_ 10.5 ,. ‘ .4. 1,4. t. anua.“ elgfioq ;_;;:_...:"'.L; g ngl I" t- \ )( .. .‘. 'i,‘ _r V? g‘.‘ w '3 ' 1...'.'.' ,‘ "(“rrq " N! ,-"'.- r-{w‘f (.r. w- ' r. f. :.-. r ...-..- ‘ 4r. . .-’-40 -‘£J 3“ - 47““ - a J ‘A .5) \IU‘I‘J 3- - ' .. 4-0 .- J. -\'a '\.) Lq \-‘ ’U O“b‘-L A b v- I‘d“ UaoL \ r p , rm ‘ r. '. fl. :3" .. . .‘g f) .* ( ’\F (kg; - 1" ,‘ ‘ ..:. ... 5r: )F' ’L,‘a;‘h‘..1p l.. '1, F. '( -\," ..‘ , ,.— ""I'; "n "W'v .' q “1 xi? \’ “441' 4 J— -' ‘7' .— ~' _ A i'.d‘£.z.~1LT Jy".~) ‘:-. ..‘.~)t‘~ i {_.41‘ ,. .1113- :I'J 0";A J. ..-;J’ - ' '(‘n - " - .9 ‘ ‘ "C ‘ '\ '0 ‘ ' '.. T- " " " -a-': ‘ "'.' '.' 'T ‘ I’ _ i [-1 . .'_ . » .. ~‘ .--' O .’.u _‘ “~ \-. \I .'~ L~XO ..1 -.\JL‘,V. 2“ )g“. o f if); .4‘ .V‘ [It 2. 51d " I '5 x ‘ o’ r I." "w; T- " v f ' r " L .'f ' J u ‘c I 1‘ :' "r’( r: I. -'3 h 4' ‘ n ' 4' '5 ' . , ‘. - .. ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' '. ' 1 _. - - - t-' 1 ~.. -..- an .. “ m .'. ,1! us u '.L,‘) ext 2‘ ix J.. x ., v-) .' ~I- .g. u - ‘. g"..-;. u'“ if} 0,," ,_H :j) 8 '~ “I“; L. P, .4. A i .‘ I 1, FF ‘1 .J.-L r. ,‘n 7“ K‘ ~‘ I. 1' iH71, C (.44 - .— J. ~.z :1- I’ -J - O '1‘ . ’ H.’; r-‘ ‘s—‘( "’ 'ler i.'.(,-". "L\"r’\ 'L " F‘ ‘Vrntrc‘nrr Para mo- "* ~':'r "r 1‘ 'w:. A .-. _‘\ ;'\..~, "_._ .‘. I; ' J . 1:» V 5’ (..IAV-"J;3 .Lx‘ "j \3 '..;_') CA logy La... -0 £091.”?! 31 ' o _‘t . _r ‘ r- .o - r- o I u l r .‘ «L . _i ,.rrr_~ (n ',\ ’ iv; 1 I" ('l‘f: _' e I .‘IV - 1.1‘ .- - r 95‘. . ? f _ ‘P'“‘" f‘ {_.’ _ _4 .\ ,u‘g _JAJ ,\ tz.V .- (1* L ‘_ _'. __ _._.x. _; .3 J {V 1.3--.‘ 4.0.?! 5““ _10 f 3115”"! ‘25 -L I '.ao Deco-.0-.. smu‘-‘ _m’v‘ Rt O-'v~oMm—~o -- —- . . ‘1 " .4“ ,‘ ,i. .. a 4 v ,7.»- \ 4" ’ I ' W 3 --—~ . . J-. ...1 ‘ . e--.) . “Q . .r. ..v. ‘ iOJrJG‘JOIUy'. - I- .. ' \ . w ' Y1 _._':'_‘_ V a \ .(‘1 cal .(L' ‘u’guf . L ‘..r';\- {I .J”. ‘ I‘D-.'.“ V“ r,\. T'r'.\(~ '5 ‘ -«r.v‘lI-[ .'..“MJJJL‘LQSA .'.}‘ a. 91 of 57 percent of shipping point sales “dag-18 Even for those retailers not large enough to operate branch buying offices in the major shipping point markets, the shipping point buying broker repre- sents an alternative and competitive mamer of securing direct sales. Then too there are shippers and brokers specializing in mixed loads and buyer-pool loads from shipping point which am sized retailer can take advantage of. Another alternative for the small retailer and the institutional buyer is to fem or join a cooperative wholesaling fim large enough to purchase direct from shipping point. All these will further decrease the importance of this market sector in the future. Consequently, beyond its contribution to enterprise combina- tion in the market channel and the locus of the industry pricing , , forces -- both important to channel coordination -- them market lillmt he..further discussed here. 1h; 39391.; M__a_rl_<_e_t 2939;. With respect to the marketing alternatives at the retail level it is noteworthy that the concentration of sales and resulting effects have different bases on the buying and selling sides of the market. Thefood retail chainstore organization trend has been principally responsible for changes in the selling concentration mManchester estimated that retail direct buying rom shipping point ' markets might increase from 20 percent to 33 percent of shipping point sales over the 196h-76 period; 22. 23., p. viii. The discre- pancy of his current estimate from the Census figure above comes from his concern with retail purchases from shipping point without the aid of an intermediary agency or broker whereas the Census figure deals With receipts from shipping point which includes purchases through brokers and agencies. or purposes of emitting and esti- mating the bypassing of the wholesale terminal markets the Census ‘ figure is the correct one. By definition Maschester's estimate ' excludes the affect of the shipping point brokers which will have the greatest effect on the loss of trade in the terminal markets. , .. I" " ' ‘ ' h- e . 1 . .- L. J. .. . x l 5 . ,- .H'.. _-‘. . \ "- -.._.. ,_,... , ) Y; 9 {F v 4 L. ~I rs .’ - f N l A. , r b r 53"1,‘.‘d 1."; P... .'z- e ,r.,i.Qx' . .4 . ~ MIME, . _.L ..‘ -O trad .\ -1 y‘ -0 4- . . 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J--..-” .:1- .-. u :. l. 1‘. l J chi“: _. . .-..1 z ".4 -.A J - C .‘.. .- R Cid r1?x)-’L‘_-J..'»Q ‘ H .r.. n“ f ‘ a‘ 'c _. '7‘ .v I_ ' 3' C ; P" I, r. -. "I ‘ r I' . _I' C 1“". ffif‘ “'h“ - qr{ .‘. ,4 . ~ . ' _ - . . p - ' .» . . _ ; e ‘4‘ ~ '4'. _.5 . _LJ ‘..A-r -.. U - 'c 1.4. . A L U if) C? .. )-._ ~_ . ‘.U 1'0 U 0“ . E3 \- CLJU ..y' ' ‘C \.-J.U 92 of retailers; the growth of group wholesalers and other kinds of bwing groups has been a more important source hf retail concentration in factor Ina.rkets.ll9 For the purposes here only the latter concentra- tion is of interest. Table 6 illustrates a conventional classification of the various kinds of retailers and retail groups. While this classification does indicate the extent of retail purchasing by kinds of firms, it will become clear that this classification does not segregate retailers by forms of economic organization of greatest interest to this study. According to the table all retailers received about one-half of their supplies direct from shipping point markets in 1959. The other one- half was purchased from local growers and wholesalers. Further, the importance of shipping point receipts was considerably higher for national and regional chainstore organizations than for the other kinds of firms. ? Figure 1 shows the placement of the branch buyirg offices of retail organizations in the fresh produce distribution channel. The national chainstore organizations rely on these branch buying offices in the shipping point markets for most of their purchases from these markets. For that portiojn of supplies not purchased from shipping point markets, either through these branch btving offices, from brokers or from shippers direct, the chainstores and retail organizations purchase from local growers and terminal markets. 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I. t ).v Kr-.. ......Locf .I.“..Ouwlvivu \101 -0. ”I. ..wU .~U. fir... Lw flunk.» In: . .....LAF‘ U a . a(. L...‘ vyir. Hufi. 1 ”0.. ‘.4_V_(ls'or. m.ILVKr.OH r hln. ;, v l..-I\v . ‘.I-r - ‘ 4' L..I.MI )a’ H ~1 . a .IAhnt-u . ”.1 Liar. 4H “.‘. .Ih» fib Athf-ur'lrrrull “'0 .../U} m «’.. H ' r. A.» s! ..l. \r a _ I. \l \l .b. .. . . . Q‘. 111 u ."(1 v1 . \ UH; if ..: P..&.. .O (.-‘; -.._ .’.» Ir.o...v H.73qu my. arr ..‘-..‘! I'l‘ii‘t‘l: ‘II‘IIIJ’."I€I~§III lid-.'. 1.0.1.; .‘.! .l .I C'l’lo’.‘7| I!!“Oflutl¢t'ii.‘:“l .I.}. I! I I 1. |1|11 « ‘ .||’ 0‘5 .....a - . . ...: -a .. «. .... 1 r I . .. . . . 1 ) 4 . .. . . _ A . 4 \l s ... ... \r \ n 1.. l ‘ 1" \ I. .1 _ I I 1 1 . . . n .. ... .. ~ » a. “..‘.J. ( 7» It. ..'Lv t I 1‘ I! I I 5,! L. .‘..r. 5‘». .~ ‘1» A ... ; . u-A . 1 .....1 » h! . . «..‘.- M H uvl. I..- \’ .. - Hi—Hdhfiiws .‘.J‘. . 0’ .' '1. - -.. I (.III& I 4 Al... - i .. ‘ In‘.tu .I :S...‘ O C l.‘ .4. l n O .»( . 1 . ‘ O . n 1 . A . 1V in . . x: ‘.. ¢ .Q . D I x I . A I . .4 . . a 1 - \ . . . . .. n A u r I . 9.. u .-u ....r. _ .uQ 4'..( I! r .. r .; .n is!“ . _. I .r . Aha‘ o -.'.f. n. r 2. .I./tar... . I‘m. tu.‘ ..A P m.:..C “\C 319.-.”! . ..muC“ I. /) 95 plants. The table indicates not only that the share of supplies of these firms purchased from shipping point increases with fim size mtil the very Largest are purchasing virtually all supplies from shipping point but also the importance of the service wholesalers to the smaller chainstores. Procuranent organization of the major retailers as opposed to thou principal: supplied by local growers and wholesalers is of principd interest here became of the general trend toward this few of procurmenhm This organisation has as its goals the procuranmt of large quantities of fresh produce by a single fin and the provi- sion of mrkert intonation to the fin. For the three largest national chainstore organizations, the MP, Safewav and Kroger Companies, accounting for 90 percent of all shipping point branch buying offices operated by retafl. firms, pmcurunent organization and policies are similar. Their centralised procurement asphasises these field offices in the major producing areas and a central bwing office to which retail store and divisional needs are forwarded and filled either by telephone contact with shippers or throw}: the branch buying offices. In most cases the requisition begins with the local retail store but the area of purchase, brand, and total quantities purchud are decided by the central purchasing office; the matching of retail needs with supply, then, and price negotiatiom take place in the shipping point market but are coordinated by the central mhasing office. 120The following description of retail procurenent policy is drawn from infomel and unpublished NCFM staff studies. A detailed description of the Safeway Compatw's procurement organization and policy is con- tained in: NCFM McAllen, Texas Hearings, June 11-12, pp. 380—421. For a description of the Kroger Comparw's fresh produce bwing divi— sion, Wesco, Inc., see: Carew, J., "We Analyse Chain Buying " Ame;- im Eeggtfile m Nov. and Dec. issues, 1960. \ "w "-' f' ‘F-"""‘ "0 ‘-"‘~‘ '9 " 3" I3? ‘ 1' '0 :0“ Ce!“ L {.'L 5-1: ..‘-"5' 5‘ f; oQiin-flf'.’ -.. «to ._.-_ . .;_- l .. _ . > -..-: ~ _.,... “-_. -. .. I: the (TLC; ..i': '1: “ml: infer; 3.53:: no " f..:-3~‘IQ'I :q $133113. 98914.3 ; o; '1 a: 7.-..37r-j -_.- Liv "3.5.1:: '17:? ;..'-’;':;.v..:.';;:<; 8.1;: 3:3: -'.'.~‘..C ”your 971:} Lb" 0.) B'::=LQ’.-:.IOT‘.‘.-: ~.>'T.-""" ". 0;-3 'i e'.‘:.‘u'...5'".‘-')"f'.-. $7 .3 “his 3i 1! 3153-171 3'5 7’7"" re .:3:"I...‘-'21‘:§:,e;.:' '.I:'»-EI.3.‘.8 9.713 or} Igmcxt'v‘D m" T?*_:£_r_?_.z-Ji*r “13:9; . said '..0 {:oi~3.:::.i;.,rs “:0 'T‘I“.-*9'I.c.xsm‘l '1. 3- _._-'_'~.';:;_Cz:.-" .2: ans-‘01:; Inc-1E {..' E:— i' \frwi-‘utz'wq seals ~ ’7“ '-' F -- ‘ .,.-.-»' ,-.. ~"" '3 o'r (Cr: nrr'u' ”‘c-e. a" ?' rr--"r.'w ' .‘..“.\: ’ E3; .0 11",“ [CV » 1;. .-_\r 1:331:39}: SLJ .30 etc £)~’ J V 1):. w L4.~ ., un.. “.-1-._JF_£Tq ..‘ a" “»'".-‘.".O';':: T3 rial-nix} 2.3“}: 8;; mi r:o£:f£.;.<:ixtr:ffto =23. ”fl-E fins M. omq '30 ~53"er 953 3.1:: an..." 91-11:: ‘~;‘:' :~'_\'::' ('3'in (3212,"? Lo a-_-j-.3':.T':r..~ 11‘ €"l"s£ '10 .23.- J2; 'LLI 2:: 5211.3 fish .5; i": of: 03 i:0i:f.-:x:'-o’::.-7: crui'n'r! '20 moi: 'rr 7-5rvv A'I‘ W.‘ ‘(N‘I {... "h ‘1"‘«'¢. ”r." ’3‘ - “.3 moi it“: ‘0 No FIN".+,"(‘,‘ f-P'O ‘ J.,“ I. Ji... »...J; Jim”. . ' l i. '.. v.‘ (u ~4_.. ., ,. . ,.\ 4 .. J_‘ as :.-.:'_':“_n _.rijt‘gm' .Tli.~'1'.. .‘.".rzfnq :--P £113 '10 duos-inc: Cu? '10“: C .i‘a‘uuocos - ,. r.,.:‘..._, L. t.».,...;_...,... t.‘.,,.,,. , f ,‘P ..a [PH-)0, xrn' r.._ L- E"; \_:;,'-‘..‘.I.I-.I.O-.C 1-5!}? ti).l.uens. '.-;LE‘LJTO 01-5}..3 -[ 07'1” ‘\.--n .L ..-~::U~.‘I b" has-quo (“93; .31.) .' In: 9.3;, ‘.f 5r. :15:.¢.-1-..; 0— 3.r:<~rrs;z':'..mrrr'j terrific: J: E 9 '1 I19 1' .'Isi"":.t8 .‘.": .'.f‘n 03 s '.‘110 33:15: 3w? fit-titan 531's asmis “r..°ccr..’tio'r.~ unisn aid :1}. “.1 rte-3’33 {II} {(2.5 i':s"';.c;."*:o’f. 5'13: -.:-ms: I.EL.‘LO.Z"3"/-~’f.3 fry, ewcj‘a 123.2?! .:;-.+r-.‘r.'_",o gal-5% :{Z‘Jff'fif Said {hymns} {to 315-":th :fa‘iv Jggmzs :artquoisd 33‘ gmoJ- Lin ;1 £30 l 6J1 13$? auf“o. noiJiaLxlfiT 3&3 Russo JP.3 n: in." ' red) {rm f: .12.: 'I’T’I “effiitfinnffp .r.-two: has {Emmi ,9an‘fo'rrrq 30 5:218 9513 .r: _ .r . '.. x «2- -._ '..! .. v L .. Hz", .. ._' .. '.. v ~ 3.3- 9" It~-°—~~-9” 0 .3‘T-I-af)»;s=.-1 9w E-er _.o z ”malaria [Stones 9.13 ‘(zi J ' .‘. Ora . F-r'f' E-‘i f) f e'"' f‘ :- e" f‘ ' G..." 1 " .F + \ f ‘L “r C. .N I‘ ’ ‘ 3 '1" "f " 'Jl'J. .>1 I; [4- L.~---ta\l V.’ Ad .J—i— Q“.'£“._.'-L‘ v—-~..)'v afao.z.vl‘_,-.vo "‘fl ‘.JO-E ‘1 [b ‘nsl‘ \'.-_~.1q '8 ..') "o * "sire-.5 W" !'_-".’.‘!"-,=3 r :43? "if its "moo 9'28 37:4 +04“: "..‘: wmn V‘s ...-mmg'f #‘ —_ . ...-97“ _e: - “ 1-~ .- H +-- -- - r- . .. - e- . --' ~ . r A «(XXI 3m; 7.521.; a; who; c.2ce.£r'.r1.r:»o'.x,; -'.._.=_,»:.': .o 1:0---.r , :r a. -r, gamoI...o'l 93h ‘ _.1 . _ rC '. r; -.’ _'. , , . ...- ' : ' ._ :2")- 3.1.": :5; .33....->..:v;> A .r.: .1. m3 .2- 3.1. .e.1.-~.':.".- ("'1111 .'./:15 Isr'm'irzt ‘ 0 l ' I . I -::<):‘ a; "31:0" me o‘ '10 «;-'z“:.:‘.-~z'rocr:f; 8' .’f'v‘“ .0..- v aisle-'1 25:13 '30 .4 ‘ ' - (' . .. : (‘ _f’ . ~ 0 . . , -_Y N’» D , r‘ . _ ' '_ ".'Y e L, ‘ | . -r ". »..(‘ \ . (:(I ‘y‘l~-[.). t’ ' II.) t 7:. C. - -'- t :31 )‘I~ . 11(_’-£-LJ .:l.’ . A ‘ VJ. :{Y£ 4_)€{._r‘8\’ o O I ‘ " '1 .' " v '1 . . n - -~ rq , - . ... v \ _ . l .' '_ U" 0 - r-v *I‘.‘.’ .J ‘41. if», ‘.a elJIfI (QC: 1". g '.. . “7 "Ii-"- ’?~' 'L!‘ '0'.“ .‘. 9‘ J IO HOLGLCh-DREU S 'IO'A o . _ ' h - " H - ~ '- 1' ,~,' ' - '- 2! . . ‘ . . ." -lw‘ ’ raj-If; LILL‘QLL r1 f 9.1. $82-51";A 3!. x . u ,~.--."gz"..~.w :9“ I- , .3424. ,0.“ 39:" ,IIOIB ' r 0 .- r . 1 .0;;.£ ,sz' Hui-ax: .o:;:. .115 .voLI rum-W .0 "r "W ~74 ruff Mae-ow ..'-“ee- -.' 96 . When supplies of fresh fruits and vegetables are particularly heavy, the matching of supplies with local retail store needs is some- what different. Either because it has been so infomed by producers and shippers or by its branch buying offices that heavy supplies are anticipated, the central office may encourage special promotion in the local stores. Under these circmnstances the flow of information reverses in the channel and the state of supply may be said to influence consuner danand through changes in retail merchandising and pricing. But this is the exceptional case; normally the flow of information is from the retail store, dictated to an “tent by supply, seasonal, and mnsunption wnstraints, back to the stripping point market and the producer. The establishnent .of branch buying offices and direct procurement frun shipping point markets is stimtflated at least as much by market risk and uncertainty as cost considerations. is shown in Table 1 there is no recent trend toward establishing more of these buying offices; am most of the firms now Operating such offices do not foresee appreciable mansion of them in the futm'e.121 Increased shipping point. bwing will result from greater use of the brokerage concerns , and this, coupled with the fact that regional and local chairmtore organizations now compete successfully with larger retailers using imkers_rathgr than bwinioffices. is indicative that branch buying mOnly the very large, national concerns could support a national net- work of these branch buying offices. 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The procurement operations of the regional and local chainstore organizations dealing with smaller quantities place less emphasis on permanent offices in the major producing areas. They may have tran- sient buying offices. But a major difference is that while these organizations also attempt to centralize their purchases they provide in general adder latitude for the local store or division to secure ‘ supplies in whatever manner is deemed best. Because they have no fixedinvestmerrt in any one shipping point market offices, they are believed to be more flexible in procurement. They make greater use of the brokers than do their national counterparts. In this sense they are in a better position to alter area purchasing patterns pro- viding they have the information on which to do so. This centralization of procuranent activities along "with pricing and margin policies of the retail market sector is the important organ- izational characteristic of this market level for the present study. 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But prim of fraah fruit nutuntad an tha am 15 parcant par yanr m- tha nann. :1'ha in“: at traahva'natnbla prioaa, nnrkadby n mead M troll, ma ”mt nora atnhIa thnn this but um laaa atnbla than for athar faad empa, ' 3 Table 7 Mental tha ralntiva mam at aanaarll and in- ragulnr pica mMa for n Mar at Inn product“ Tha decoup- aitiu or Inn pile. m neon-puahad mint n nth-tam nnma nathad. Tha fists 1n ‘l'nhla 9 nra nvmga, nbaaluta ninth ta north M and”:- in thaaa tho aarlaa ammo. nu dntn manta nrat tut ow plaa Mn nra bra vnrlnbla far traah vaga- tnblaa thnn'tbifraahfruita nnd aaoanflytint tha ”anal-J. mam-nu: pm for traah vacatnblaa arcaad than “of fruits m. aauanlddWriauMa Mn-rbtbnnht or traah mum: North-afaratharhadpm abninfibla 9. 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' I. ., .' ’ o.,.. . . . - -. o. 9., ..' r‘ '1 *m'i eI-angu-N 61.12“! 5215 its. atom 933m: Igaigwxo 35m? $6111 :- 5‘r’ tum -I.?u‘LCs-‘BFA a 9.13 mi: "Fries-93 “ms 83.332": ..:: a; '1‘: to: (Led: acid-53 O").M’r .. J 0- ,1’51- .'.;...;C) .;:$.I:.x'l '30 semi? Frans er Ii risigpv r 3911 '12)“! adnoravom {ZS-22‘1“ Co imu'd 39:41:55: “:01 Bizarre". eofidq Inshrfiyrxl has witnesses “771:” It: Irrori‘a 8323:3733 boot! “radio 10": rut-ff? 16729:? Lia ms awbcrxq 0.} misfsusava'x Lwoame "10 $‘),":;J':_(I{.;”}I 3V; in w; 9.:‘1’ noiV-‘Lfn {‘3 m. .E‘ a~;".::-.;'f';vr:-:: L-.f;_r,gc;f-"i '.zo r::x‘.-i'.;::ii":;rcw; 5-5.? {xv-J; eceI a: 83:5 .:3 mm I.3:\.v‘:,_.c_.i:'xo 1:95.30 87:0“ 103. [5.0.1: 32353:»! 3:491:41: airld 10'} 0100‘? amenrev. 1'. Iguana 03 a Cit-U; CY‘Iq m 1 335190283 emcx'evom Iazfgi’m 9.13 ’10 913.1331‘193'59q ed ‘. b. *7 I;I 1:} .'.i H L". 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(£3921 armed mam egsddso oouJJeI SHGOJSMOJ afio'rmo anoino eeof‘sjoq 399w: eaonJoq mine-mar of? avleIefl aeLfssJegav .e-flm'fi dae'x'i 839:?)qu J‘s->31 aJoxE-mq T1133 3333 boo} o dsfl'c: ; J 39:? 151*: aeIdaJ'Sgav dam? .adnem'vda eai'fq 1313133111 has Lsoilovp .Isnoeeea ..bna-IJ aehubnl't . {.’.-‘10 553-0”; 913 apmmq 3 33‘1"! fr 9 each"! hm"! mi 53.; no {rm-”V Lemme?) .51.}! .331? zest-area ...__. '.. ‘..-pm .0: . change. this? BL'GIHEL-Elatiifi . . OI-Q UJJJ'J-L‘IBA :10 0’1“?” .mmj . IOU .qq ‘.L'JQI ‘91.”er L Q 2;}; 105 M at til-gun. Irishman. mm. 2.513-! W“ fun .“rfpr.uhh¢c it .58 for m. .03. WW forth-o. up was night bu film-“mire: tlu mp to m. -- nth- cum-bi grumdsur amino-hr con-Ir m. 2110' d“ {Grid-Mall n ‘u‘d Mew};- 13 m to be «unis. togtww .- u w «an; at. ”W. no «can; team minutmauunu ”way an on, and an: M Wilda-thin»: put-W: and lit“ or «I‘m .111»th Atari-dies“... at- n. mu» 1 .- m 01 mu mucous-w thou mm 9: Gnu-1.11”.» noted thp name: 1m to and-Ill pm. M-u...¢2.m- th «1,59 m- anta-.12? :u no ratio of 1m to tuna-8M, hum “Mum! tip at». tin-NW or total MI; 110.9:th aux-pm- mm. Th. fut-din Main- tc' brunet“. thifihum‘ .'.- m.hn'wzm infirm.“- pun-rm 2m runs- an W. A not «an: moth-cl- Witty-3mm; non-.- mtma may Wanamagu mmwu‘m m '1“sz in nu. up man: nth-rust untu- uttof lathe. and cab-.30 m cup-rub]... _ 'nuu $1.0an «Inhibit th' 1m W ‘WLOLMOO‘mfi-s fit 58 W 0‘5 tho-.‘amm «flat». Ida-1:18pm “- a . e o e 0‘.- - v .. ‘0 4 -. O. I - . o C - 0.-.... ...u". ,."O. .-.a. I ... '- ... o’e-- —e. .‘.. a.“ ooh-n e o 1' v- -ooo- e a came". o rt. . e moo..o-m.e e .‘. o o coma-«fie. .---Qo¢---eo~AA—-.o-O- sou. .. ., 4 . o! o D .‘.. .- .. '4 ‘ . 4 _ . h r . . , (or \‘J a J V > - ‘ u - ‘ refit-~n-II. ’.0 ~ -..; llq'rc-qn D a . - . - e w e 0...... ~.~.n..-'...'..~.e.-e‘ 9““.-.y.‘ . I v. u I ‘1" "I . '- A » '. ..4'. u 1‘ J.. J .....- . .g - - e . .g‘ 7 " .’50\ " "n c‘ v'l" -. 9.». .'. A _ ' , ,. ’ I ‘ . 9 - . - ox . ‘ r. .’ -l l‘ . t. ‘ .‘. "I . ‘ . I . ' e “Wu-1%. ......- d~_~“-‘.-b. nun-cow— -r.-ear. ‘..1sb'flfl «II-'9“- e Jae—v e9. ‘.. ..-.. {also —‘ _ “ A“ "“ A“ 4""! n' or, -/ I. - n d! w - - C - U‘u. “ ‘ f4 ‘ ‘.. on - W n a 'U - (~ ‘ a 5:0". .;\.1. t r 9'" I' i .‘.... O 52;: Al: éi 8 If: E \.‘.2 CI. .‘. .\ n- ‘ '.l (. r x \. \ -... .3 , . -'. C -C ,. f I. ('1 \J - ‘. \ I {‘v r emu-e "qty“; ”1, ~ 1.: .3 ‘-. ‘1 Ln‘ . of 0'5-'- . 3' . a (2 '.‘ ‘. (4:1,h. d Ciel-(U fl f‘ . _ an . r .‘.... . . ..- 89;)Jks..\li ' I- e -,'v+ "‘ . ..’. s 8 \— '.!::;I C .I‘ z. . . -2 s t .1. 35°: 4323"} -.: 5": '.-. r. ,u. x .. 89;: ~ on. fisgsd ‘MC‘ ‘r . M..- LEM , p- _ 3 l ‘f-'\ .r.-r.“ 3‘. ,1!) . .h 1‘slr '.Le‘ (‘I-' Q 0:- A‘Q 'f '0." ~. 9 <3..- -..-{I .9 ' '..,x .'eef: . '"A 'r‘ ‘-- \.I (I -’.. '.b “v'. NJ ' ‘0? 0.., .-. .. ..’ _.‘ ‘r, \ V—M ‘JJ-u. "-J.v"-’d:‘ _\ 3 p. n— 1 :1 ‘. .‘ .3 5.C 1....‘13' ._.! - v ‘ I v: "Q'- I. ’34- e. . . -'. e . ' ”WVLUQI [.‘. . ”‘-.. ..-—o 4".-. We: v ma.-‘voqr ufi‘o—t firdwc WAC-vaoJ—novmabn cam-*n‘onnnucn .. .‘~'~-C“~ W .'.-‘.. ‘..‘wnoo‘orunoa ”Ice-d “Jae-I'd J ‘ ‘..uotfi.‘ ‘ ¢~fluw.‘uv:¢w-eao v'luo-oo - . .,~._ 1 a .. n - ,. I; 7 ~_ 9 e o ' \ r‘ " "9‘." ' 3 .4':' _L ‘10 r.(l.-",,--1\ I A ‘I I‘ .., .A‘ .' I I ‘ é.— .‘I ll':"; I' -" 5.1 '..‘.-..-."' 'n.~.~ F ’e O ‘ ‘ ‘ ..., .- -- _ .v -,— .. ) ( _. - .. . ‘ .'.d.‘ _.- ‘ I». ‘V‘ . 1‘ . " . s... )- o v o o - 0- 4 .' . _ . " (‘ . .. _ ‘9 - .‘ _ —- A 7 1 , e . -- .. 3 - - ‘1 J.‘ J.. .. . s e .- ‘J—ns - . * . I r. l ' I G ‘ v» 19~ ,.9 r'r In \ . n~\- ~ I 9 . x 3" < 3 ~ \—Q.--. mum“ - '..! -e M.- we. ”we ‘- .‘ l-o'. ' 3' '!"' “4" I v . e"" 9‘ ' ‘ K :' . :‘O" ' r‘~ ' ' 1 r -. ,,.,_r)t.. . \u x... .v , ‘..-‘t; .'.v‘----.m..') .LEJJ ....;;I.Iu.-."" ‘- , . .'. .-. L . ‘ o z to . , «' - " ,. -'~ .' rt'. -. r- I v . . ... 4 ... u ‘._0 L; . g I ,; -J ’3'33 ... 1, ’. 1].:- 3 [(‘9:':.$".i62. .(> “0"‘” "~ ."~~' m F o ‘ ' ' ' W!" ~r :‘ ",— ... -"'.‘r-.. ‘ I] o r) ' ~“ .s '- d U: .. «fl 4 .. - .99'mo‘. o I - e . '\":',~..-.-.' i: .. ‘.- ”..:” ..~- _o. - l\4. . I. Q)". . _‘ ..']. ‘... 7 ‘.a '6‘. ‘4 L 4‘ "' ‘2‘} w“ -:' "-' fur-'0'. f3- ‘-; ”A‘... ‘ .... ., I . .'.) ... |. .. ...- A I' . ., r .-..-.x‘ 110 Pinto 3 eoqeree the eoeeen]. verietiou of freeh produce reteil pricee with thet of the pupa-cunt of Agriculture'e mu. beeket of oil. food pnducto. The oonperieon indiceteo the price eeeeouflity of the .rket beeket chased ever the 1957-65 yeere. There tee - eon-oe- pflie‘ drift tot-rd leee price eoeeomlity for the inlet of Treeh ‘ knit and meteble pricee. demo; tlpie reteil eeeeonelity ie trem- Iitted feithfully to the m- leve‘i, thin fluid indicete e tron! Ioeeuro of tithin-yeer etebility for rroeh truitaeud vegetable pnduoere . Seven-.1 fern ,rice vex-intieu ere clooe]: related to rot-i]. veri- etiene, end the cerreletien is e product of the hintericel interectiou e: own]: and duend cherecterietice. Beceeee of own ’eeeeoeflity, more eye!- the you! here erupted their diete to production peeke end trough. In odditinu reteil pricing end pmtieu ny eltor eee- eonl due!!! in e leaner which either ecoeutuetee or ndflntee thee emcee]. nrintieu. The reeultih‘ eeeoeue]. price Quotient here not been eon-outed 1m thoee ceueed by. me- in path]: output, thooe coated by retei]. pricing efl mention, end then reflecting indepe- dent eon-or prefermcoe. Whole“, the union]. retei]. price varietie. of ”looted feed producte in Teble ll m of inherent Meeting ite W uee in mm. price pee-tions, the etee- du-d devietien or eeeeelel eflehoe grin- in w greetor then tint for freeh {mite en! vegeteblee, but the range of eeeeeeel priooe tor the letter ru- exceeds thet or the ton-9.127 127Thoee Tenil‘ier idth a... mat: end and... priee «sputum; in the broiler induetry will point out thooe reteil price verietiom ere etiluletod by producere, end ere mt necoeoenlJJ indicetive of mm pricing diecretion independent of euppily condition. Betei]. price epecdnune of chicken in decueeed in: m Technical Study ”e 2, pe 52o - - ~ 1 - r- e v '1 . . J. . 4 "v ". 9! V " " ‘l‘ '43-‘22": 9'?“ ‘sz’T r " ”.2" 1.0-"~£-'.'2‘\r .':.9~"3':.r.d .9 u 891;. 3109 E 913351 . e n n : . ' ' I J. ' p '.. .‘ , -~ ‘ .‘ - _ .1 " v :14 r r“ ' ' ‘Lw .’ ' - ' "' Q " I«"'J ‘ ".' n-‘P. H'- 10 \l’t’".f{.a ,‘t ‘f 'IIF..' .... '44.: 3?-(; (.-(Id.r.‘u“.: . -. (‘5 ‘-‘q \"", -’lee‘ .‘l-_\o-‘Iu\ Fj' 'V A-o \‘JJe‘e “U.".J. IV’ slfifi . § ‘ e“, - I‘ . '. \ ‘ ‘v ... ' ' . o ' I I‘ . ‘$‘ we 7' T’ \“ .'O‘.'o~r.' " ‘ .I ‘ '. 'v‘L '.‘l‘:' "'1 t‘,’ "rfi .I. f -.<) "\J_-._."‘--;L)ll‘.f-~.: -(_ . ..-- 2‘ 3' .u 3QJ,’I.I‘.\.L’.IH. if. :w' a-» -..”1-; 1’.” :3..- .‘.:‘J; " *1 0L ._ __...8 U o ' ‘ _ - \‘t - I L . y 1 4- ’ - J3 - . \--. I' 0 ~ - I ' w- I ~. 7 ~ In . I '\ ‘ *7‘9';'.33 '3': Pair '3‘ u e8 .7423”; Ix'.“"\. AQJ- "\u T O ‘5 ‘ ‘J 08' '3' U3") {lit-u 5" . ...w’ '- -J '- - .- ”J.‘ '.7'4a4- - ‘n <-- -- Wu! ’3': r»' ‘L “r t", 3; Ti “8....SL" 3i ‘13;~...£;’_.:"Oh.8 j: .‘.~J&°I (._.JLU :2?!’J."L‘$ZJ.LJ1 ex‘:~‘J.e.J.s{ SQL-IBMQ‘IQV 35.8 J r . r i..': .~ . "'..‘J'. .. ., ‘ “J ..:-22.9.. 5.2-”. 9h! 03 91.2... uni-9’. Mimi! v I‘ .. R C. 9 C F 2 L {-.' 1' - I 5'1" a r, .3 57 CD I ir.':.9":':acr-;j 94-22-32. ..:-:27 my; -32"; -z- 101' ‘5? -:-';.'.rs;'a '12. Max:313»: Eo 91:18-92:21 urns! Law-9'1 oi 593211.12 EDMOIO 9'25 {1 ifsf'mv 9311'st St’zs'i limos-2393 2.33 “:9371': L39.§':o.iai'l 9.1%: ”.10 39121012"; 9 W. :t(:i.C'-“s.":a'r::oc efd Irma .amzbfs \f-.:‘_"'c-="- -...:-‘.27=3 157.1”,0'3'3 ..o sax-37‘s;- .ao.TtJ23:.76'225'259'10 bs‘>;<.:t9b iv..- ”gimme '10 arts-.923 (193:3:- 22’. (Tr-7' of 8393:» mica-1's" £29. 21:7“..2; rvcg‘. 87.591 sdJ 19:70 3'19"“3 03 --“~:.'--”—' '.-I = 2‘- ‘.=:;‘.=«'2 {19-72.373293; i-ms 2:23:21" '1 {1.9.191 1203;92159 HI .m{3;.-'10"1J Ins u'ré as '1.-.-.;';'.f9 '.‘fzsfi-Ez-z 'Is~:::;.r{ .8 Hi ham 29b Icro‘s $929123! 5929.3:2‘337252' so E'xr; “r 922.», “ 321-135.:99'1 s-i’l‘ .enoi-Lsi'mv finer-2598 C‘" I!" ".,~‘! v ‘vl-r."~ar"" “P O.‘. .42 ’.., kcexpf,‘ ‘r‘f :3: 4‘:- \‘ .,, ""f I "‘er x) .J(. -J gal-.9 .VLJO (. _.‘k'nu Ir. I»;- (ILJ' ‘..!) t1.) ‘] 'nA'J" .'.)o J‘any.’ 0"!0.J- he't7du"_l.\ 4' :63 a.-.’ )s .4' -— _ l ' .‘. p fl) r ‘ I ." I" "' v I r‘ ' ' .'. t ' ’ 9- 4' " " - . ~ “fi‘fifl-\L,I.J- (114.1'95‘?‘....-’3'. Bah—)5“: idlen; t‘bD—L‘J (} ..NIKI («f-S i-if—(lreq IJ-SUS'! I" 1:) u: ..:-‘3 o‘w' 3"" I _ 0- J. ’ . .‘ . j 3 ’.‘2‘1‘... .. -.. , ’1 - . a, :t a: A. in: .L«'.J:I" ’ 'I J.‘.'-; U 3~~(.; a 9- L J I f: '-:\:‘ .r.“/ . -Q'.v~.s.' .J :rf‘l 0 6‘" 5‘8; 3'18 .3 \"::q 'I JA‘Z‘ U'::L$ 0 Just! ‘3" ,_3. . "“' I!“ r-""‘:‘...'- i ' ' oka‘.‘i': ”."I. -0 "J ...S -'. 94.-f..~ 17-2. ELDJCIJQ'I ’00“- \"]J:.r‘.,.;3 ’ I - r '9 ’.‘oJ-r.“ ...: n uv -« r. wr-v - .. N "a .- “ ,. -~ .- n' '9. 4' ° - ~° " . 5‘ .'. “(1.5; c 3 in V Q ‘-.4.L;‘..J-f.\—- '. (.2 «(I 9v ..:. aw .z .I.—1.4., J.) a. I .... 92.14 Ufa-“1.5,“. Ki ...! C. s I ( QLQ : :1 a}. -2. '- ‘ 1. 1 , .2;._ r. _ ', , ,‘., , , .r 1 - ~ . _‘ r L _, . o UM? :29: IJ '2.) ..:.9'; 9, 2.2-». r: :. ass-9.2 ,3; {1:3 no 2.10 .‘.-35' cum- 3 :3 229-929.2219» bug-25 r--~..- 't' 'Dr“r E‘e‘rr‘v 7‘ 'fv‘v " wf g) '3 ".' ,‘ «5,11 L.’ '. "'((({ 7‘ . '-'., "-"Hfif‘ . :- ‘ -.J 1.,N'1 ‘ La)» ‘4»? .1... _.'.1 J..:utN-n . "" ‘1 40 \"(__'.l 4L“ l J‘ LJ ~" ‘~ t "t’.).\‘1‘)d:‘ 11-) I '5“ Z) ‘30 '.- 9' .. J. due“: 1- 103 \‘or‘ I. F Ive-‘- n'a" ‘aA-r‘; :5, .‘f :0 {M- ‘J {KN-9"" ‘ci 'LS-i T‘)J+5I 9P: _ *4 Mfimmuum.wammwrm. A- ' o . v. t. 1.4 . - - e. ‘ I v‘ - . ‘ \ ~71 t I I m: t’o-;3.:..392.-'r on 992373 9912‘ 'r-_L f2.- 9 213-222.93- 8.999 '..-C" 2 cm Tar-{L's e U '32 e a. -. duo (fr: In." Ilia-r “1"???- Pr'Cf'j add ‘ f III“ in.- "f (N :" ~~ " “-'.” oeu- .--- J.' u .; ~J2 . v -'.: c . .& ... t. . -.- .-... 4» to 9V2 9:» .:zru. '-.-’...-':1_...:-~ 9.9:: 90 rt. .1 . . ' - ... . J.,.-. - : :. __.-_ 4.223.. 9:; “9.9216121: :33 V. .2; ' . =0 we. -."-.2":‘-.~-~‘s:-. math-«:- I V .9: ,-~' I , . '. -.. '.c .' ,2. x, -. '. '2. . '." °. 1, x. I 99; L_;--.- :34. Ian: 22....) 2. cz-.s«,»2_:nn2v -o ,I-m.-Ls-99{e a? :q ‘ 111 Figure 3. Trend In‘Seasonal Retail PrioeJVoeiation, Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and All Foods, 1947-1965. Price Index 112 A 2 - ' ’ 1’} VIIIA 19127-58 - 4’ 1953-61 1°81 I z’ ' --——-1956-65 99" - /’ 10‘ J \ \ 100 d /’ ‘ ‘ ..'” 1 " Fresh fruits and 96 ..’ vegetables 92 9 Rice Index 115i ,1 493-] was . _' The marks; basket of food 9999 fix 2 4 i -‘ IZ?}..‘2=....,_;}I1 . .9|§ 4"‘~’Hfllw-‘- M‘n-n-u-I—l ... 'vrn-fiv'r- ‘wfi‘w -- '- .7. -’ — 7"-""‘ ' " ”'Z’Hmi";\" .. 1;” ‘7" _ I V 1 1 T . ' I V T ‘ ' ' * >331. - lard! HEW} firm“? f7 399'! 15?". ---..- Source: . Gale, 8.3., m Variation 59 Page toad 21-129.. ".8. Depart-en: of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 840, Jan. 1961; . Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index: Selected Series, June 1953- Hax 1961, 0.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin Nb. 1366, May 1963; 0.8. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, BBS-311, Sept. 1966. . . '. r '.. 1‘ ,_,i ‘ ‘.-- - r '\ ~o o 0 v I .‘ ‘ - . ~ r-fl r—w Ii 1‘ ‘ “‘r I I " :9 . ".73 '1‘.’ .' I',‘ 4‘ (1.",J‘1..“ '1‘? i'( j _r «‘4'!‘ "-7 1 , .. ' . , , . w . "‘ " ,. 1 fi’ fa. '..!“ ';.Jv ". " Ii )1 1' I f . ' g, .1 ' " ‘ 1“", In») ‘ n. . ._\ 9 -I( " M.--“- ,-.- -0"‘ - ‘\ '9 ‘ ‘1‘ - - ‘ . l . ... - ..- o- “a K. L , l f‘. ‘_ 7 ; . _v - x :7. "' Cf \‘ .f. .7 I .‘ I Q V . . ‘.. ,t!‘ we" \ " r- I ,a- ,_ 1" .4 ‘.. ' ‘3' , \ .rj I. . r. . r .. ‘ I r 7 ' "U \ d l ‘1 ‘.. ‘ f? ‘ " ' ' ‘ -l ‘1‘.“ : I . I “ u’o * I \ , (A . . , ‘y'. 1') .l ._x” . 77 I b u ‘ f‘ I ’ I ‘y‘ " --‘ i o, _ ' O r J L .4 — -4. »- I... Q ..P...... -.- .— --—-.-.-..— ...-.-‘»u-v- — .- -. ...- 4 —-’~-\ _.'-it ‘..-I ”if—.'.- «._.-_._J O 1' -.. row-I "MW 3? "a "_ ~. _A M Q‘rwgmd‘v: .V 5‘ j“: .4” ‘4" r" ~ “5 P A .v' ./ , ~. \ t 'I \ , . ‘ ”a. I' I ‘ it ' I \ I —. n .\ ‘ f. ' ' ~’ .‘ i~ x \ .. ~' " if \ ‘. " ~—- ~ (N'. ' 3 ,. ‘7 ~\ J l ‘7 “ \ ‘\ ’1 ‘ ~ I’ . ,1 L \ I H. v- I, \ ‘ '1 ‘x ‘. . -_. .-. .. " .0 .\‘_ ‘1 '.. . '0' '. \ ’ ~‘ — '— > '- ——- - '1 I ‘ 1 \' ‘ h, 4 r‘ . I 13-“ , I I. \ N ‘1‘ Yb I b “2“ I 3" .11 I .‘.l C 00 +- -{ ...- . , 1 _. w. -1" — ~- _._“--. r. »+ .-—.-'.. .... . ~f —————— ‘r- ‘ -v--v—-.1—.a .- *1 ”--.-.‘.. 'v ‘ ‘ I, V '.. ’ p ‘l ‘ H '\ o g 'l' ' "W " .‘w .' ol'hL ’| - - ‘ '." * ~~ " . . ‘ ’5 H Y ' - . p .. . ' 0(I1-J I N‘ ‘ ‘. 1"} l"‘ 't |. (.3 “I tzl"! n-J‘ ‘J - u N : ' “’0 ' v j.“ ~’ '3 .' ‘ " l)! lgs‘(4 .' I 1‘ ‘._‘ i I g . f.; I‘.' '1': t ‘ I ' ' ‘ - ~ ; r . ' 7' u ) ‘1 ‘ ) f , ‘ . I ‘ . O ‘1 n i - . . ' ‘ i u '1 ’ r ' I i ' : I E.” 'k n p: 'I _ v f‘ ’ Vt), ‘ ‘ ‘l . _: g , ' t ‘1 ' " u ‘ ~ ' . . I ' Q .,, . f ’t . I 1 L 1‘.) ' t ‘ | H . ’1’. ‘ ' ' {I _. . \ [a ‘ ‘ i . I ‘ _ ‘I.. ...n: ( 1 t/s(:(-'..'.. “’:'._; 112 Tabla 11. Rad]. Price Midi-.101! of Sdochod Food Products, Seasonal Rm;- utl SW Dcvhtion, 1956-65 It- Range of 8818011.]. natal 3mm sunduwd - - - ma muonl _ Damion ‘ low high . All food 99.6 101.0 0.15 Beef and veal 97.9 ' 101.0 0.1.0 m 96.7 mm.- 8.98 Chiekcn 98.3 101.3 . 1.00 Fish 99.5 100.6 0.10 0.117 produdtl 99.0 100.7 0.10 huh train ad ' ' ' flawle- 93 5 110.8 0.” uppl. ' 79.81295 14-0 om 91.9 INJ- 1.70 96th 86.9 , 117.0 2.30 pow..- " 91.5 123.1 '2.00 01:10:! 91.1. 112.6 ' 2.2.0 edible. ' 86.9 113.1 11.60 cunts . 93.7 106.3 1.10 «In: 92.5 110.7 1.80 136666. 91.1 " 109.1 5.50 unto- 68.3 116.8 3.90 an?“ 83.7 130.6 1.60 «mama-1. 88.1 113.2 0.80 utondon 80.5 121.9 2.10 r._. _‘1 A ___—vi Mmmumuuthnththmm. Bout-co: %.%%m S t t 1966 . RPS-117, 8'. 8. Wm of Agricul- 381'7100, 6115. 1966 and E411, Sept. P . . - .5 1.!» —. ‘ .r.: ' ,. . r :1 '2 .... '.x :- _...',.~ 2. ., r3. '.. ‘4‘ I" ‘ ..‘. ,. 7.0%.: 1 9" in”! $.02). new” . .. .0 on.“ r“ 93.9.1 .. .rH 2:- .14. elm... I ‘1 r . - . ‘L l‘ . a 6 .| " "'.' I. .' w .. .. If' . '_- 1' ‘.P’(‘ H.Tx. "1"G t,“ "[B.‘ P“ 84.4...4 -a-“ -o-‘uu‘nas M‘*~J.Ah‘v 0...... 04‘: .5 -0 ‘-....or .* (wt 1. l‘- o -. I! ' I ~' 00‘ ‘ u no “-.’ o ’01. “.5. *‘0- .‘-..- "O '. -v C s H .a-cu-Cv O I -‘a' _. 4 uno-‘ -‘.---D' in. n. . -d ...-.0!“ I‘d‘..“ ..o. v I"-"‘ .Jr- ...A 4..-! .-~-On. -‘-.-.o . .’. . - ~- , r - . '—' In I . ' ' . t r \ i ‘ - 9 9 - 9. '9 ' . A.) —,, }‘- s , .‘ -| l:7~) -’ i. -( I. - .. :A ‘ 9‘ .'. 0 .‘ 1' .../0' at.) '-‘ L '8 6- . f .'.. . . . ' .. . 1 ‘8 I . p4 \ .'I ' :‘r ) ..‘)- -. h “‘9' {W ..‘ 1 , 9 (“11" 1 ~$~.O~'-D d '1‘ .- .0 0 cu‘ - - 0" c O 80. w I . 2. f . .9 .‘J ' ... {..’}-f- UNI-1.».— Jr-(- 1.. «l1. .._.’.‘ '91: a. ""9”...” ”.‘-: n-P'w- v 0 .04”:- ~mv'- “CO-0"" w- ‘— ‘-*‘ _- . , ~ - . ._ ,l' - \v o \J o0,‘.-..-'. f O . \ 'K'Jo' .'.—$.4- * ~“ " ‘ P A. '9‘") r ' r ‘ ' I ' x . ,1 '1 ' 4 ~.;..(_v .. .. .i. E .. .\ .14 ..v 14.3 16.5.1 0“ o r .. -*- '1 6‘ . can “ ‘o- O ' \ Jn‘o r f‘ \.‘ 'A;‘.P ) !\\‘ ”.‘. '-. '. .0. _ ' (r’d-‘ ..'! ‘ I .‘.,‘fi -‘. (s O '\ ‘. \tl ~J\ ‘lv‘JoU ..': V""L ..:-.‘.; L r‘ C - ', f‘ r r _ ‘- N . . . . \_I.\ k . I'M’. («‘..H ) ‘3 n.-'¢I :\ :swfl ‘ \_ ' “ ‘.- V‘ 9' " 3’) . L ( 3. O t- a C; 1.1. 1‘ p ‘r_ : {'Lr‘ O“ E; :1); ‘ (If V‘ , rs «El-U | W‘- . . .1... ..--.- ' 8... ~: ”$19-37"? ‘. I I“ '0 v- ‘ ‘ ‘ w . ‘— -£‘- [.9 -61. {.‘./..: P 1; f "1) ‘1 (..' ‘P .‘-',‘ O (.r. V 'l—‘. . .I- ‘._. ' :‘ .1- f . ‘ ‘\; 8 .. T N Q.) ‘ l’ f\ P 9' 9 H! 0 - “ . \i'LJ‘ ‘.. O ..‘ ‘P ‘f"!!‘\ . g" a) ‘\‘ .‘.. ‘ '.1-‘ ..2 ‘.v'. C‘ c \ '.I g .-x .- .. .. ... . .‘. w 890 .5ch II." 7‘ t c“."‘[' {‘9 ... .- . ....o.~ +40% \... o -\.' (.{(."s'lg{ .t‘: a- - A r I. [\I" ‘.J c- l S: Q U I-.§.i. (: O 1.." a r: 'ng:/‘ ..!::3’ jirfl 175.00 ‘>‘.Ld\uw.‘ .-‘.zflobfinso-O “‘3‘4 A-‘=-__‘._ :_‘ fi;——v 4— -. ' I- . . 1' v r r‘ . f, ,- I ‘ r. .. .‘.v r‘ 6 r,.- '1: . . ' -‘ 1 ., - -Q- '5 ~ . f ‘ . F‘ ' g ‘I‘ ‘ “. K . . _ _ -x F' n - _ fur. _ .‘., on 3““ {_I'6‘v -. J..-..' fi!_v.' 'n-_ ' "._.‘f .. v ‘5'? . 1 - .- . a n 3‘ . ~ - J. .5 8.. - o v“ ._- l v \ly 1. g \- A .1- (..- ¢ ., l- 35'... i'-‘ J-‘_ -.() ':‘,\J\.’ “...-b ‘48-'- o“*--.l~*~~'¢ Coir—0'9"“9o4laa-Dq.’ L ‘—‘ 4...... ... ..~.. -— I _4— ___— c I ' ' l - . ., 3". _, ". a". ,‘ ' , ‘_ _ ”._. _' «.'..- fl f!’ I" r f' In' ~ 0 _ o_ f” . p . ' . Y. n o. ‘ - 1' (J v-t- \ ' a. ' O 4 t ' "N .'. ‘ ’ "' 3 3' ""'~l'\' "" ‘ '1' O 1" F0 - . _. - ... x _o O . .4 , ‘ ' ' v ' ' ‘ ' O ' .'. ‘1 f I ' _ Q . .— . - \’a . - .. . -4 . . ., . .\4\ -_. q, 4 . . ' ‘ ' ‘ f ' V o o ¢ 'l": . ., '- ~‘ D ’ .A J.‘ a .3. ~'. l f .. , m. if --...‘ W? .6 . ~ ., .. r - - 1 ., o -4 .. -- {-‘.4-\‘ ~ ~- . .b..-‘ ‘Iw..'\..*. 0; "-.‘. ("6 I.A.. 1.1!. _‘ ..'-‘.-.\ . ."_" J ;I__‘.‘_,_’ ‘1,“‘113‘ 113 1m. can. .1» indicstes um. rstsil fruit prices ere lore uri- file then freeh vegetable prices. And it ie mteble tut mum, : Wm ... W 9.. W.» #89191” mac mm ...-1.. Vpietiem. A esqsrison cf the retsil price variabilitiee ef the my. in feble ll Iith the fer- price uriebilities of leble l0, rd.- bm the: former ere month): verieticns end the 11+.th ms]. urn- tiens, emests retell pacing end pro-etien policy accentuate sevens]. pric- Jere se fer one mpe then for others. i. ' “’1‘. 12 show the lens-tern trad 1- m: price 61.8113; 01’ selected Californis freeh mm end vegetablegcrops. fa gun-n1 the fen price nflebflity ef fresh Vegetable crepe incressed ever the tile pried! elpvn Ihile the price nriebiJity of fresh fruit caps, Iith , the excqtien ef enles, declined. The fun price stsbility'ef miles In! 0111.. did mt change ever these tine periods. It is she clnr there Its e difference in the chase in prieestsbiliwova' the ecieds by esssensl m of crepe. P01- the vegetable crops the ‘incresee in the stehderd devietion of fern piece us greetest fer fell eel mm W.‘ In organisetiensl chsrscteristice '0: fresh mm. ... num- mm W mam-ed new» 31-:- the um B: ti: chine]; end theceutrelisstieh swtrsdted fr. the systn‘hy " w w mun-ins ... bus-ms or th-o_m--.Io mg . i'he W us nude thst thisehifted‘the 10cm ’ef pricing m. +41» um um ...... F? “P ‘Mflmfl' mm rm... ww- fret-6 tra- 9 19mm mm «44-»- e: m. mom- of thie ujer structursl chsnze for price stability. is index of 2. - n N I g "v '5' se '3 " r\ :‘ ‘ ' J ‘ ;‘ I '0 ‘1 '” ',( l‘ "' ir’- " '1. “1' ‘1 ‘ "- ‘6 ’ i '1.- r‘ “ r ' £6 '- "' 'n t ‘)'r" ‘ “-07 ..', '1' _3. ‘_ '.',' _."w \. ~. “ ..“ , ' _I . ,r \. g‘)‘ : .. ‘ '1’. ' ( ,‘ ._~.' 4_ ‘_ .. _- -. _I s. .. ’ 'tl‘ \ k ’ ‘ ,. . . v ' e o- e . - r ‘ ‘ ' .1 - J r ' - t- - . - ‘ . ‘ I 4 ' it"e . . y . 51 l 'e {.1 ‘ ._l. \‘ . ’.. a A U .1. ¢.\’\J" “.'j. ‘-‘ ‘ ‘ I .‘1. ‘ 1 c”, I. p?~'~' ‘k" v-“-’ .L {L - ‘I’ - -- - r _ 0c .1. .1: '.. v . 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L, _ - J (...-.1 g , , . - . . ..9 e... “‘8 in - 2" '.He -’- 118 628mm ..: “MS annals: .oz 5am “an Aquaumgunum .uuaoaoHn—nsm Hus—Bu van .mooanoog .3339 can such we 30.5.5 :3: 63300 voom .w.m Join—om cuuwunom 359.com 6332033 no ucuauuomon 6.: Km ... .3: 33¢ Jun-mum .3250: “.00.." “low 3.3... m Snug-Bug .oufiibm £9,533— awn—0:3".— .3333»? we 22.338 .m... £2 ... .32 :62 .1: 62 83-332 38523:: .333: vo'om a a 3337.53 ...—3339 nun—woman 9.397;: .uusumsouug no use—Suave .m.b “3 .m .30.— ocsn .0 .oz ungom gown—noun. .wcuuoxuqx coon no sauna-loo 3:332 .300.“ a a 3.3m Squad-Bunk wlo a unoo “3.333.. 33235; acuuuuuo wanna. Mama: ”at! a .oufirnom conauuum cuaocoom .ounuguwug mo uaufluuumvn .mS "venom qoag mama ooo~ wnofi mama ¢n¢a «nag onau mo¢u b b D D h b p I h h - I u n I I h on .. 53333 3.3088 . oh “l’\ I "',l II‘IQ‘III'I", \' Ill-I IIil'" .I‘\|It .III'Q‘ Inl- III 3qu 3.3?” II. OHH I \‘il'l'g P . ‘V/ \ x \ \llll \H(\ /(.\ / \ \\ loo /\ I \ \‘ I 03.3 E3" \ 1 03 K \ o: \\\ Ion oodlmm-nnofi 592.6 ucgoxumfi/ I OOH \ mumoo _ magma—.38 \Aoosuona anew . Icwa \\ Sulan-Nnoa onTNgu. Jean—3.0m"; I: 3.3.“ .19: .3300 2.3331: EH 59;: 91303.38 25 .nouaum an 2339 .v 0.3»: aumou wnhuwxuux van aunur: mahuwxua: wan .mwuwum :H mvawqq .v wucmhm vaahcAumh .uwharuwm¢< can «uhuum nawug c\Hnmm-mn¢» It Tera r 5" 15,171, , -..- ~/\ I O( 0 am I nuw we ua¢a¢4mnua .m.; n.v .n . 4 ruyu... ‘ . , 1.19 more then 5 percent above or below the 1957-59 overege. Figure 5 ie constructed ueing the some doto oe Figure I", but the trende in pricee, urgine end production ore transformed to ennuel percentage chengee. Again, the ordimte comiete ct tw porte but Mimi dietonceo ere equal on both exile In moat years :the. percu- toge change in tone price followed very dong]: the change in retail price 'for this aggregate dete. For: price viriotione were sellout lore eovere than retail price variations. Annual percentage chungee in pricee typicenygreu in the 10 to 20 percent range. fieceuee fer- pricee do not perfectly follow retoil prich the Iorketing morgin or reeiduel difference in pricee ie norked‘hy eoneiderohle inetebility. But oooording to the doto these vol-lotion in the marketing margin for fresh produce hove declined eineo 1960'. end thie is en indicotion thet et host for this oggroghte dot-n torn and retefl‘pricee ore wring lore clue]: together. . i ‘ - Circulnetoncee beyond the control of either producere or fine in the nrketing eoctor effecting price “acuity of treeh fruite end Veg- eteble'e over the 19h7-6h period ore aloe given in Figure 5. Become of the Koreon conflictupricee clued quickly M19” to 1951. Both preceding end follouing thie crieie it ie retehie thot the reteil price change occurred one your leter then the fun price Lad margin change. The other circuetencee concerned “other end had their influence on g the production poceee; for thoee thie fern-reteil log did not appear. The 195A end 1957 citrue crepe yore effected by freeze- in the Southern portion °§ the county. The in!“ price wee effected eoneiderobl; lore then the rid]. price 'for the firet of thoeo. ° But, due to perhope the lerger crop involved in the eecond freeee, fen end retail price , '—- 3' .' : . ‘3 ‘ '4L .‘. .r., .5 ' fi"5=‘J’€-3 EVE-4'5“" C3 ~J 13:05:35: '10 .3'03'53 3"93'T«“-‘q C 1.550 950-” e. l' ,~~' . ~ ~‘-.... e -. -.... .. — . _a _ o " r‘ \ t - . ‘ C, a '_ _' :_f: L LJ 53d W s'x'r' I"; "3 5.4:). 33-933 0 -J 115135.. mice-13'; 15.: a; a... any. . - - .-. , . p :. ' ,5. .. l. ., -. LN 9;"? LE) '.l TB Cd. t,:.{"in ndrlt‘id {rite-j) I:C‘-UL3; .- :3, 313.1 All-El 31.11,:U“: ‘ CV‘C'J. $‘:{ III ku .1~."13' c ‘ . J- :- —— 5 ' .e\ ~ ' A :3\ ' 3 :m -.Jfiz'ecr 053:: '10 aJamxoo 55:23:11 '10 53% might; ungnmo egemameq er o'x‘wl '3. u 3"“.9'! 33.: (11 .8243}; {€305 no we}: 3:99 8'15 ass-mien Inc}... 19 \ \ A ‘e. . - 3., ' I a yr rvc ‘e" ,rr ‘1 Ce’ . ' “"' Fl C‘f'firla 9‘83 1:. gas-T- [LE C-‘C'r'fs 3:. ‘5..J \ ) \ .V .‘.~,INU.L.L04L VJI'LQ: “PAL-'- 3 r?‘ 3* ‘c. ‘n"'-"--';'toa b'IfT'I'f Brazier; .:SV 9312’? I't”.-:C esé‘sf) 8 ’1‘: 5‘1737‘5 81'” '101 93"11 {:3 r's'tg.-3'rmr,';:.:r3 [$513531 eEI;;().:\_3';3.S‘3/.f.'193.£'1q £153.13 '1‘ :LLLJ e': 8‘3'93 6105;; J m": .[Lir'l 'gfirihiqu 8530qu at C3 e ‘i 11225;? a-‘::’3',;r)5_;':-3 .:‘31-‘33'; 3r;93':€-q CS 03' CI .- '.:o r'" '13";13. '_'-:‘T.:;J'€-';L'.'£3SIE 9'23 ‘aeofz'r; Lists-'1 3.501101 x;£.?:35-‘3':5-.:q Jon oh 892: 'Iq e‘CJ'iJL'LL'ib-iafii Ibimoo v.5 E‘~-;-'_3:-§';~:.-.3:z er. 2:593:15; {ii somtxrsr'l'iib LBLI'EJIBS‘I 'Lo't (Li's: ; {Lift-Jr 51133.41 :53fo Ni “LoiJniI'mV 6853-513 5355-. 9.;1J 00‘ 311110005 3"" J;.- L3." no -'-.."-.2,:*rzi ”33' 83: 85":{J i311.- fi-E’L saute immiirueb svszi $3szrf‘30'1q :i'hw'rl ms aouirzq £51339 1' n5 Jan]: 3323!? 9J;:*.;-_23'23;;.5 aiai' 'Io'l 385291: 3.3 wish-{39:30: mnaoio 970:: g o [ r r _' " f‘ , - . ' .'. . . run L {1; 52'1'3 :5? "IO zZ'F-mrxrmvj 'Ls~.1J_J,53 .10 ..[O'i'JLKTOO 91:3 Laoxjmj aoothrzh" 314.3 5‘ . . .~ -4: n‘ .1.\ _',-. ..3,, _v. «.333 Eric. adihfii Jahy'ii 20 (mirth. 01:"; q 311333."..5 nods-ha ELLJSAILPI emf " " . :5' '. . - ' . -,, ‘3 .. '..4. 5L:..;5.'.;,.~ .q 5.51 '3 ..'. m. mun-’43 0.9-3.35 9'33 bomeq Jéwfizfi‘f. 55L? ‘ISVO mil-bu?) Lido} ..L'Z'iI cJ' Q3631 "'05:: VII-'..“) imp beigila 239911.} J JILL 3o mas-103 91H '10 303:: Link-33': 5:3;- JE'IG‘ SI-CBJOH a}: it 3:22.515 BI‘XJ ,'"1..1-’:..:c-.‘L'.£<\,'I furs SLIIIJTCO Je'iq e$.!:_.“.i_.s‘;.3.‘:) 11-?i;,.'.23.'3{ Mag {531'1 T {315'} EJJ 1‘1", gt” 133,331: 155:‘( 9115) 2291513330 S‘fsrit) r0 €~r.,.r.e'_3;;_C';r;fi 17:34:: m; 1mg 1.“? 5559.- rcieonm 85.- orig. 3.3331110 1031150 6.1T .'.‘f‘.1"~’-'"LZ (Jo-:1 Lib '55.. .L "sun-3 "'51“ aria-.J' 930113 '10": :8393 02:5: c¢c-tJ'3t.f (Yrq em? f:’f."-;:\'§‘1:OiL acid mi 525529911 \gd Refit/3'1; 5'19»: ammo 8:3": 51:55) Y‘E‘E‘I £33115 4’33?! edI‘ 9'11': 3;-11‘51'153biane'x; 1354-3: ..'» '.J._.‘3"u -3533?th 5'1“: on. .\ 'L-i'r;:=oa arid _o no]: i'roq 3!.‘{.‘3".'If?q OJ 9.315.: ‘J‘ufi .38-343 10 Jetft 5312.5} '10". 9533211 £5,391 ear—{J [gagid' HQ :7 O I) (T? 9173151 J—EBJE'I bras Mud-'1 ‘53::99'. '378 9"” III: 13.9"“ 33,75}; qmoq 19"‘151 9‘13 120 . e enough nuuuuom $2 SS 82 $2 $2 $2 SS 32 33 h b h u n p u - r P p F b h nonoonm «enough Anaconm mdxoe Auowflhcoo adouoxv 3.- 2:3: nurses $3.35 coauuszLQ . \fl\ cumumu \ 03333 lt.../ ‘< l\ wcaaotha \ r no.3 I iIrIr\K!hllll\\\\n7$ 7 no. 3. .. 3 3.- owddnu I ewducuuuom Hmnuc¢ o .. S. ewcuso unannouuom ausaufl $03-33 .ooamuez manner—ex one .03: can-now; use our: 5.3m we hogan-um donned .n oven: ..pctTCVLmh .mpnrlmz .L1.H..‘_.....C.3 aim mafia» .e,.._.;.m.u..‘..n...< ~54». in; human” #0 41:...whv grands... ..x .....r,.;.» A V IL 7 3 . It, 'I J L I ‘Iel I . m . - u _ L L r _ ~ _ _ r _ . .eliliil .. n .D. L (5 n.. V I. L I \\ . . M // t _ fl _ x T ..L . . . m ,, _ A L . _ 1. r m: 1:... eke - .5 . re 4. — . runamrd... ....(Hov rcmnuhu I u. rang. .... .. .: ._.. M h r r t :e. .; L . {h t I . ‘J' ‘ A l4 I‘I ‘I It .‘I j‘IIoii1‘ itq' Irihd'elililiel‘lu‘l‘ IJ"-1£1' ‘ 12!. otobmtv voro oftoctoogoqh'thrJNIthP Mu m,w “hon troooo in tho 1’61-62 ooooon hod oak-o Mo ottoct on ton ood m moo otohmtr. Thio 1o smootivo or o otmctw ohm in tho. 5;di “tooth. mooptohmty to comm- influ- nooo on tho pndootioo prooooo on: tho pot-no pox-10d. A W of; tho otohmty of do-ootio production of frooh fruito ond vogotohloo with thot of pricoo on! tho urkoting main indicotoo thoro no no opporout rolotionohip botwoen onmiol porcaitogo chon‘oo 1n pndnotion and tho otobility of tho Iorkoting Iorgin ovor tho 19h7-57 ”rind. Following thio opon of yooro on limo motion hoo homo opporout; o chomo 1n (lunatic production in oooodotod with on omit. m. in tho Iorkotin‘ norm. 13° ' Tho roution or pn- dilation otobmty to 13-1» otobility 1o or com-Io doocrlhod by tho ' oilooticity ooofticioht of mantity with roopoct to prico. Along with radon-1* Hugh I doth thoro 1o o mm mto ohoticity or (land for o o-odity ouch oo frooh fruito ond motobloo, oo urioblo 1o ohoticity by pudu‘t podoo, Iorkoto, ram. ond amen-.131 Whoiooo ouch olooticitioo oro capital, on! ono oot1:oto 1o thot T W‘T —rr ‘7 —v— £03. my not ho coincidental thot um rolotionship did not develop until 1957, opp‘ruinotob‘ tho’ time at when mutating abot'o begun to floo noro ropidly thon tho urinating lot-31mm]: under this Mod price-coat rolation night the norkoting locus in“ found it nocoo- oory to more corohflly adjust mkoting chorgoo to gmuoro in ocean- donco bath the oioo of tho cmp, mghor auto being cursed for tho nouor a'opo in order to oovor tho that oooto of nrkoting oorvicoo. Inthio oomothot o chongoinmpwluo roofltoinochongoh tho Iorkoting oooto por unit paid by tho produoor tho duticity of M ot {on 1on1 1o oftootod. ‘31,; w... ., aha-3,9292: £25” TQM“:- wJ-“in E. 1316, kVo 1961., Do 8o f'(‘ -I. '.'9;1.“C\t':_8 (Igfintir‘ .10-‘3q de rr {5.113’;\9.It»9:I-1:1e'}”'5 swan-r {31:51:55 a '10 ; .3 €:-:1.'.-"i;.-i‘.;-:'iif .9 ‘v,;'- o Lei - 0-9.1- «J slls‘w-I (I. 9m) {11: 9.:91«"~"l n'raféuoli I: 1.11:). .: .13 20 931i; “rig-7:3 af. :1.’: i." b 5.51 m“?! 613:" IEBJ‘YI has urn-2'1 -: Tm; :0 :79»; or} 1,917-; '-«.'r..‘ gamma? f{.:’i.!-.';I'Di):.r15 ‘~§*I.J:21J_?,.r-.l said Hi 91;»:{0 ....ojt'zuq 19.9-sz3; 9.4? --"."O I:='.9:.o'zq p.303. :91 mq 9.1:: no 89319 flat-'3." o [’.O'L":1!":O’:’r7 Ci‘l‘asflzofs '320 whiff iii: osij ’lo coat": @700 A . . . ..‘ 4 _ ’_‘, I.‘ n, (I. - "ii-'1 :' ‘:.:.\1€j.~"'[r.1.t ; ‘1” 11.5.1; 31 A, _I' (I 3L3 $8.3: .f'. 4.", {'0‘ _r 3J9 8V 01.3 Silt”? .k .. .. . ' :- rr‘ :‘“‘ . r ' fir ’ “Is' a 'f.-rd q+ .P: 1 F 8’ C»!'-.5'1"1"W Uh: (..‘ Wu: H: (‘-.Ixc...O-L».-..-I.::’I w. --. 5 0.1 «N! 9’19: a~~53~ {~- 0 _. -_ f. -3_ ; v r“ _ __ 9 “Love (1";1'1" Earns-£13.: 3.4. to \,J.-’--. :a mi ms nour‘mmq at 6:9 weft) - .. .' , . .:rL..,. :1 '. ‘16: ' r:qr:.:r~,..19'1 9:229»: u: 111; ms: V: ;o {-3.12 emu. .~_1.:.-.9£Ioi .poI'mq Yaw-.91 9:13 . _ o . ,L , _ ,-, ' . :.. _ '-.- ,_ ' ’-,-‘. . ,‘ .:— ‘. f 3 _ A. 9.93:; ..:-1.13503}; c..c 1:1»--.;--:. an 31:“ : I a.“ .r.». 1(3):].0 n ;1.- 17%,.an 97.309! 82.1 O PI“ " C- , ' -: r ‘ . ~ .' ./ " oL . .— . -. 1, rv 1'; I'o' ..‘ -‘ L -' :' V‘, r . 1 “UT/I .n) 110.59.53.25“! t2!” ' .IT.'..:_.€. ..‘. buy}, A”... 9.”: [.4. 9 [38.0 83.'FTLXIQO 1'38 ' I '\ "0. ' 3 ,r IL . '_ _” O‘o' .'I . 4, o no r; r .‘ o o 9thf \3" LC -"11)-r:‘..:.: 8'1" ’ N") .0 3.4. 1134.1.-- 1.: ‘18 99.1%“? OJ le; 1.x: a3 UCII 31‘le . ~-' . ., .. 3....-- -'. -‘., ., '..! , , L r 4 ..'J'X - ,- 1.~J-_.1 “Olj'l ofJO;.L-L1 OJ v.25"; fit: fix .:A \fng; 33:59:) 1.0 ufT‘: ‘34..“ +500 ‘.UICI £383.13 F I . .- ‘Lr -\ 'L ~r -- v If < o~ ." ’\ . *O‘ I" 4 : f ' ' .1. r 'I . ..’ 1.0 ‘f‘...,...-:.!_J1;;,I€) Su_‘-‘_.~‘:2’Iw-‘\:!3 u:.._.f*.a-f'., 4.! 5 8.5 6';9..J anti-Of) Daub?! 0119139 'I -. , r z. _ , ‘ ...o. .I, ., I». I .'.r.‘ 95. ;..=;; ."f 0;. “ls-.4511: 0v m, 'c '7'; «.91.; 89 1:91:13 "imam-:11) s 'Io'l brxan'eb f‘ L ,. .. I. - -.. x -. - n._(,,,;g ms .920:- ‘Wm M .9. M; 3mqu ‘6. Var-313.2519 a: n ‘L ., .' > "' ”v ' ‘i nr‘ t‘ f ' -. " fl ff I a: "j '.‘r . ‘Iv- ‘r .!c\rr'o "an H'- 5" .- 7' (u‘ u r 1. bu},- -. .07..) «HO Hf.“ t1 -u-.J..'.‘. 00 3'16 LJL .:.JJu1'f.LJ .- ,.(. 81.91514»: -SV‘Q‘M *- _._—._. u __ -—- _ r f . ‘- . o- I‘ - P - o- . .f ‘v '} o' ‘ ' * +. [‘0‘th ’70.:‘3V'If: 3:)?! ._.-ii: F'. 1 ‘"T:..\) ;:_‘_;I'I :iL'zu us 13 13217775" If‘Z‘ITOfi {-219 Van ‘63. uva . ,. -' . -‘.-. ..- _ ' - ... ,. ’ “.'. J .3. r . . ' f , (I' C o: Iw' 9. a V1.60 ,1 1‘ 1:9. my. f»! :53 Sn ".3 9.; XVI-39L, 1.: arm: I If: Jnu H .y _ \ «~--: -' '-’-* - -r 1‘ .- ~'-t.,-'. . .!- ”‘14. *‘!.:- . - ”5), .‘t,’ .O 8.L_L\J tin-53p: .’\‘--...' ufa. i 1.3:“ ... 1U!" .’1’4‘}! EJ1.J [..‘ 5w) ‘7. J III-8'1 91()!M 9‘111 . -I.}. ..- ... ,1 .-"-.m - ' '-.' ' - ‘ ’ ‘ “4"” ‘3‘”. ' ‘JIJ. f)“.(,l()_.; €1‘/_;‘ 1 'To’) .‘ ‘.L‘a firl.l.\:\’ 1{’;.'.. . ‘\>IAJ‘ I? ..' ._ '- l[ 1101 HI L__'rt..'I Jaos‘ddo {-.:q ‘ t ' ’ -' 'o “' r - - I. - "' -\ r .‘ A ~‘ .3 cu: 4- . -r. r (‘ +0333 .r.: a" 5.1.1:? ,5 (m 11 MI»: .-_-r..L1.¢_:-;'-.3I,. fins, I .'E'J “1:30 e'mm 03 vi; .o' .I. ’ .I‘ "_.P-- a ' 9'" .‘ " ' f .'o 00’ ' L ‘ ‘ ."' Q " _-..., no; N- ._.-Tun 5.11.9900 '1: LI “Ia-r: 941.10 L!5..:_d 911;? {MIN 9999b . . _ -.-... 1 «I, .. 4 .t ., ' . . '- 35?) ..'-1sz 3 11-“:1. 1.11.11 30 (33:0; ."X‘Cgi 5nd '.‘ICVCYD Ow '1 :-“;O “.'. E31: '1 791158173 ‘ ' k ‘ vv v ‘ v9 on! ' ‘ . I‘i 917'..=.I..'J :3 I‘IJZ a; L 19'! s m. r301!) ff-“ 0 I ..': 9 J9»: 93.993 ELM III '3 .:.'_.°-. .:+ .. , '. L .. ' 1.0 Keyicudsh 9-1; “1 9:301: 94.3 \;f 1.1.96: L11! 11c; memo g ‘.IJOH'IFJQ’ er ' . -I- 9.1; - 9,. . , .bthSI-s 8:. lave-I am 5'1 35 br13'1;b A —f--"" “in". 11‘9"“: 9.?-5‘71: .9 ‘3" .Pf’-‘."‘fi.gc .‘. 9': .9"; his: 5:2". m". “V.” ..:hsu EI'ICI _‘p..‘—F -'. -c O- n. u u o 'Ofi‘io 'o I‘-o - n-o o --b 5 - ‘... 0.. o o .- .- ‘. n“ o s .- " ,J 9‘ r 4‘ -.-. dr” . I ‘74 PI; - r .' (..-- -‘ P ’7 "ol' ' "- .'. ~ ' ‘- at NH+ ‘IO-LI I)“ Irv \axrvo un..‘-l}l.a~‘~. (..' 4;.IU4,J;\.‘-L... {I _LO Ul‘. '-.U LLyili‘k. Q 1.\ ‘9 ._.. 0‘...- o‘ ' ‘f-t VI. \ f o v 1‘ .'.-5 .cr ,wgi .VOl .CL._I .dxn i'i‘lf'fl It.»- “39; 123 tho for! pd.» annuity of. dawn for fruito is -.82 and -. 59 for Iron truck ”.132 Artu- tho minnow 19h7-53 pun-10d in which Ila-cua Mutton not} coautonth, tho ndobmty of output did a» m. 493mb]: um 2 page-st pa m. In controlt mm In. a doc-11110.13 the imitudo or both ton and rotofl. pdoo minty ova-tho 1956-“ priod. AMMIIMMIISWMM mun-I'll Iodol of p1.» rolotiomhipl in tho frooh fruit Ind "(Etablo indutry ummméhofnlnomntomnnthho-oro con- mtionol couo'o of W17 pdoo 1:1“me but ollo to: plodng tho Whoop or thit otw in porppootivo. _Hith C'ffl ”option this 1o tho pan; at tho W17 Anya-god by up 0.3. WI .2 Apical- taro 1n pd.“ tum-1's. “min; in. marmm. Institution- and Hunting pooto i'ohtod to fun pdo‘o, thoro'oroifouf upocto of tho otmcturol ndol of unified?“ to thin otw: '(1) the principal prim-coking fol-coo ore postulotoé to 110.011 tho ow oido of the not-ht; g2) thojui'ko‘ting mtg- 1- W1: . ponivo “out in the pricing procou; (5) tho ton pdcd 13 311p]: o dodvod (Icon! for the "toil prico; “I! (A) tho undo]. doo- not "unto hypothoooo of tho rdotiommpo W tho Wing Boater ond tho pricing pnoou. 'rho oinplo lodo'l tun ropootzgy provided good atotiutiul raplta for :I.hm.“fixing]:é fro-h fruit and You“); cups. Ito voluo con bo ohm for on upon“ “hat“ or truth punched: a 9:11. 0:113 wt. 132m,x.1., "Futon Affoctin; tho Fun moo-o, Fm mean on! road calm-mum, gar.“ $90 J 1951. n. 65- 86. Thu on on too of 0 ppm: point EP.o.h.d.olt101t1oo of am. - "- l" A I I n. (‘ ' '. 2' A '1- ; at?“ vrA‘L F ,v u . -r“ '1' V"'“" 7.“ ; 'I'": (\ r! 0" "9’ p («or q i j '2. O ... -\ \ O .'. ..‘ ,f 13,; 1‘, 1 ‘ 1 J..... i» \ll 1)— ‘. .‘. .‘.. 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I:S‘:-'IL .:o efmsi'lsv £15.22. nus-.'1 2;." ‘ ._fizi':‘~s~‘.“n 1'32". 9'22: afr~v-?f‘:.7"".‘~.-m:: 2"r‘?:t-1=-¢';'~€-'I ism 9.1"} no err-.322 Mano-me..- mw*‘-H~ w- ---'~ufh-M~1-n-b.v'- I. ..e . ...-'.. -- sow“- _— v -: if ’2‘“ 4 ~.”"'~'-r~c~ "‘-‘:':( res-'t‘fl '3' I , v ' 4" -- r)“: "I J- L "'891 c‘,_to. f} “ .‘Aj I La'.-.¥'I)_ x.’ ‘ J.'.L} \39-’~1‘~’J qei51 L! 5 rec—{— \liziip'a d_-std To- 8\; 1h" elf- '\ ,‘I J '. ~ . - '- ‘ , 's‘ -'. l4 " . - t . . . .0 ' ' . ' ~ - 521.232.9243! I215 e433. ':i 10 turn: “:13 :fai-ftw 13d 22):!sz 9:13 I"'w 'I... ,4 ' L..- ?.'--. . , ‘... . ~. . . . -L.-12.‘~q:{.~. r11 L-'U£..L.fgul‘00 9‘21, .1: 332113232103 83W 8330') '_:r_,:..*:;.,._~~»g; 125 price ie We]: related to the one of the domestic crop end begin- ning eteche an; directly relcted to per capite commmtipn. The posi- tive relation of fujn pricee end mketing costs is in accord with the pnvicm tinting tht “the margin an inversely related to daneetic mductien over the 1957-64 pa‘iod. The e151 0: the regressioncoe'fricimt _for merketing ceete, bu- mr, he mt entirely expected, _Thie relgtien of mketing ceete to rm.- P119“! imam” mt. 99.1: that. ‘9?! when: «m:- — 1t.- m»- price mhimttene, functions, end ponciee effecting marketing costs - 1e lore than c pensive agent 1n the fan price pm ceee but also indi- eetee euething e: thechengee 1n Moth); function occurring in chipping point ncrkctc.134 Per, 1; the tum-med marketing costs ere e ”cult of theeubetitution efdlu'ketihg nervicee for household eer- vicee end, up the evidence indicetee, cemmer daehd for theee lar- htihg eel-deco is income-electic, then the marketing eervicee could eo 'ehift dunnd that the ten price tould be unaffected. On the other hind, 1f the increased mrketing ceete are due to product-luring eer- ' yieee such _u prepeckeging, _the fenn‘prlce eight he expected to 1am. 3mm menu; ceetI. Enemy, tr the mating eyetal ensued services My .Msmd. 5*}: 21342199999 mm“ W“?! W? {"18“ 133*th to decreeee {gm pricee.135 The ebeeryed releticmhip mm possible reletiene bet“ rm pricee and luke‘ting out. were suggested by Kenneth Ogren in: "Marketing Costs, Fem Prices ”and the Penm' Shut". 222:: £22 W FEED; 401““ Economic Omittee of the Gengreee, 1 57, p. 25 . . ' * 135A rem-ti: possible rfieon‘ fer the’ reletuu 11 cemented with the ability of the chipping point arketing 11m te' pen increased nub toting eeete remrd te ham or but“ to produces-e. . . I . , .9 , '- ?« e r‘ . .l.‘ ‘.. .' .‘. '_ \ , \‘V :- ‘ . r, ‘ r! ,,r nea'.-“r.¢ f 1.: * T."" G" f ~ ‘ 2 "‘_ (' " .'. .7 -‘.. .5- .("J c" .u .‘ g. ’ . “'2 I \. 'x' 2c: -5 T if?» (3 u v; . U E’ .14— .‘.-O 4 ' ‘ ' I. h I r J ' e I. n -1 x w '.: "I Q 0 ' ‘ v " f ._ , .. - ,. - ‘V « f. .,- - .. ' - .v ' . .‘ ' ' .' -‘. .‘.: 1) .- 0.: C.-\"‘ _JA 1. ‘12 &;‘/.-'..r‘3 7") ‘21. ‘ ' -- 4 k,‘. "1" 9“ :A-.'J k4 ‘- 0‘ a -- .. 4- o— i. an . -- . ~ .. -. .2 . -' f- . . ,. 3*» - . . '1 ‘-. P. , ’7 '- #- :3 t) r: 1 p ‘ I "' I ‘7‘ :1. . 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'_7 .-\",. . k,” . :11 k .- A. ‘1‘”... z ..I. . . t;u.- (jOJ _1“: J \V-Ullr. ‘.rli [1 J3“, .’.", 2"1" “‘4’“ V‘". "rx‘frrn‘"! P " ""‘"‘N?‘ (1% ’. ' ' .1 C“ t‘l»)o ‘ {‘IS' ‘14.. ..I)‘.~ tau" " ‘.~_' . x‘ . ' --$- ~ - ..' . V'w no “aha: L9Vfl°e o :3 .éfitruj utri 98391??5 03 hejnenxs ed *V - w - -—~ *_ a... o ...-40" “no two-”-_.“m _-— e t I n . e - c D r. ’- - I‘ \ - Ir ;. " 0‘ w. a ' . * .~ w » r r .‘ r.- “in; \:5 the 5;! i: .0, “21.“? 3.: .. 21' , . Sun. »‘3.,' " , 2. ," .,” .. .. ‘. 2 .' .'-,. 2 .’ ' '. t f L " E11121}? 1. £..').;_. . ‘ in Fab» ' : . e :‘.‘.'-,').' " 1“ .'- f' 3‘ , 2 . '.. - 1 V 2. . _ 4 ' -’ . -.. ‘ i'--- ' -- ,’~ ('.. .‘.--- o\ - ' -‘ r? I 'v- . g ‘r . . -o hr . - ' ’ _a . - -‘- - . , . ~ - 2- -' " .nxoc (PV.VD-.. a ..lt. ow u»- v -:w: 'efistu 'euhr"52 Sufi bra .rw n ‘..: JJ.-n.g-_J~.e- C‘eOAv. 0.1... e. cs- “'61 - -“ - o - c ( H .. _.‘ ... '- - u 0‘ . a O "V ..l ‘ 4-, ._ .-- . f. « ~a .- - -‘ -, »_ . (N - . ..' A .\l t“- \._:_ (a.-. ‘.2'1 Jun: g3: -J 30 S‘buwl; 7.0x; 1"],331q 03-‘_ {4 ..l’7 t 1 __ '.. . ha r . -_ u .. . :H‘ A 2‘: L .I. r. I '5 ' -‘ ,-. ._v -. a ~ I" ~. .4 .t ‘. A . ‘ v: . \otnk‘ I'V...° IU'R’F' At: \Ilic“\) U)- [tOA—‘l-',).:.‘- J. {.’.‘5‘J J.‘ J.. l‘r'fiath“: S.E"J8:~j(y7 ”Chino h“\.- ' ’ ' e t . e I . 'f ‘ ‘33. _N-wJSlI'f ’ n! t J .I( ' '1’! f“ \ gr ‘~v w .o -..—._.. . _V-’ .‘L '_ l ~28. he~22>££ euiq o Iu2l ;2.u,.y,.unt~¢*w.- Ifa 9. 30‘§UJ}25 . I . N-r.¢2 - n, 1 ..'. .‘.s ’7 . . ‘.J.-."‘.--O.o-I 0‘4 l a-)‘-4.“-') 1 .. . - l ' r l e r f'r v. - f r yr]. ,. . , . -'J .1“ {9. L‘d , Te ,0? -\ ”Of; 35‘1“.»1 . -I. ‘ -1 126 between prices end marketing costs is s mimtion of these effects. But the Maine 111-augments and contracts pnoviding for the shipping point fin to funds}! a we!- of production it‘s indicate the product suing services lust be subetmtiel to offset the trensfer of pmduotion Motions to shipping point marketing firm. 'lquation (1) as computed by successively eliminating less signif- iomt unetee m- . lerger model. containing more of the etmeturd threaten-ties of Figure 6. The order of deletion of these veriebles is ef-sene interest in appraising the importance of the relationships permuted in thst figure. In addition to thoethri‘ebTes in squetion (1) this plum mdeJ. consisted of an index of the mutter of mutating orders end egre'uente‘ in. effect for fresh fruits and vegetables through- out the country, on ample of e price-effecting institution; and en ‘ mud Mu of mhmested production of fresh Noam The letter is In “ti-ate of crop ebendomeut of fresh fruits end vegetables by producers for eeondo reeeone such es Int-vast coats exceeding retume. The intitutionel vu'iable no deleted by the ordinary least squares step-1d.” deletion mtine first, the economic ebendom‘ent variable eeosnd. The unable- representing imports and «ports were eliminated It“, followed by“ the late: of domestic beginning stocks. The sixth an! 'eeyeuth- ndebles to be elinimted 'uere domestic production end corruption, respectively. _‘ The men; of whiting costs, typicolly A . . . mate for contracting the index of wketing orders end sgreanente wee ttken fmmm_3_3t tommssmgmm- m at m: uti n IRE. m Stetgg, National Comin- eion‘ on ood Marketing, Too on]. Study No. 1., Suppl-lent No. 1. The in“: of crop'ebendonnent us constructed from dots in W Stitistiog, v.5. Deportnent of Apiculture, Statistical. Reporting chioe,-mne1e ,crop ebendomeat date is evdJable only for fresh vegeteble crops. i h I «‘KI ' - . . . . o. - y r g . . 1.. , . + . .’ . .. ‘ . - ‘- I‘ Q " "‘ ‘ P" ”"4 .- ' "-" 'uf" '3."~\ ‘5’? *(‘O., K, . “ ‘ . - L ‘ " _— U (, _r J “‘ '..! _ . ‘. . :1 x ', ,‘ II t - w J , v ‘e.[ I (J \- .~ . - L ‘.- ‘.zve \ -- v - a e .n r + .t ' ' ' "L ‘V a t .- . 4 0 ~ r H ". .’ f r r0 '_) ‘L 'r " - ~ *A'f ‘ r. 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O ._u- ,. ,[,,.,~.-_.. 27,371.“. .921. oJ.-:,._1-':_'_-_,A ’lo .' , - -'1 er,. r1“ "'_~ . ' .. .1 '. ~ I. <35. .1 I 'I{).L V3.2; S1 J.' :;)_L.'-;:\'5 84. £93.53) (“war-J70! 11?: 5 ‘1". (.‘- V. .._, ...” 127 Mono to bo dolotod 1n tho 1torot1on pmoooo. I In general tho mdol oonflnod tho priority 51m prioritizing tbrcoo in tho nodol of tho trooh fruit on! magni- Wu, m. Production on! oorm-ption ol'o ujor forcoo; 1190?“, cam uflI ooononio abandonlont no looo . flout; Tho loci of o1g1r1conéo for tho iptitutioml nridflo 1- mt 16‘1"- oihoo 1t 1.! a you loam gag-m ordoro oro mtiplo pui-pue 1:141th. ; my». gmonl oonnmtzlon of (the model in no u dotrocto hon tho ul'oo of tb oqmtlon in obeying .th‘t tho mkgtoottgr ot lout in. o Blood W 1o loro than pond." in tho onto: 9: was. It tho luau or immune oooto 1o dininntod from .Ilqntioh (1) tho oooffldout of multipfo dotonhntion tolls from .71 to .52. “1110 tho unablo roprooonflu ooomdo crop window no not amount]: routed to an price in Equation (1), 1t 16 :I-poulbl. to aphln ouch bohovior uthm *mm« to prioo-Iooot mm. Clap ballot-out 1o tho Wk dtormtivo to crop urkoting, 1o 11: thio oonoo o .prioIo-offoeting institution, and Mhor cmood by priooo oo lovoo to coood ”not oootool' produoIor ott-ipto to r.- tr1ct Inorkotingo and Mono for: prlooo lo 111 onlthc «in mm to pfloog.II. mt this 1: twoon arm-3.11.; F1gtn'yI7y 01's; tn;- 191.749. pom? é-cnmtm vac-m. «sat-rm mow-d. um tum-ea crop w. m m- 3;:ch “$9113; 1:: rum 1 dlzgmlfga- that in Figaro 5 oinoo tho tomor 1o oonplltod min only Itrooh flo- toblo crop an. I T : ....- ___—\rqv, ‘1" . , ' 1 non]. cum on bo ado bow-on thnt ooonuio obmdomont or mpomdortMtotthopurpouotrdAIqunpdou udthgt flouting tmloupnooo. Thotonorlightbo cpootodto colt o A“ '.7 ‘- O ;‘ r ‘ .... 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'10 won 3;}: 193591;; ed bfycm adrzsr-tzrzesr-rxzz 59hr; mentor) 392181 ~rschm5ds heate‘t s '10 313mm bebnednhw H3 at BLEJ‘ dzfl ..t-aacfnsdn has costs-.15 ad {20:81:35.5 Lu‘iseoq-mq 5 man 81921359 has r;::-2.ei:mb 33193:! .eeohq '10 ‘{‘+_I:£i-;'.¢:~..J“a 9311.91.er 130 fruit and motoblo mm pricoo no oddod to tho «potion. Thio vu'loblo In nittod ms. tho mat. oquotion boconoo of 1to ohm alum with an prion. with Iquotion (2) tho mm «mun ‘ miuciam‘ of Wm with for- prioo toll tor-.51.. 1'1» coorficiolt of lult1p1o dotorlinotion for this oquotion no .96. (2) g: -65.1.- -o.9x, + 0.11, + 0.8!. - 0.51. «i 0.2:. ¢ 1.91,. (0.6) (0.1) (0.3) (0.2) (0.1) (0.2) ho. 195.1,. I..x.muumm 1.:1floxotfruhproduoomkotordoroondmomto1nofloct guidaotmohrrutommtothpdooo. Tho urioblo uprooonting uporto did not ditto:- ototioticon: 1r. M. £11 tho ethn- nriobloo 1n Bastion (2) m mutually Wmntunp—mm Mano flop-Ibo 1torot1onuo pcnittodtoproooodmtflmmiobloominthomtion ”Wottho5inroonthvol,onlytholo,lyom1,ufl- whom-dud. Tho Whtho oootfloiolt of ultiplo ootnh: otion \dth tho addition of tho "ton moo vortoblo again outin- tumafimum-mommwnmb. ' In «nu-m to mu» (1) tho an or up mando- mm fa nrbtiu auto in “1011(2) to ”tho: duo thio oooffioiod. indiutoothoohouoinlorginondtmprioodthrotmmoow oonotont,tho1nvorooro1ot1ooiotoboqootod. Illuminati» thou-gm. nwutu—rbtmmamw tho profit otnorhtingftmooouldloovo tonprioomohuuod. Tho mum-nummhgm'mmm u E" ’..-u . ..A . .'a. -. ...--.. .. .. 1' .40... r..'. 3..- - '1 _z. u .v c»... 1'... < m... ...; -Ju . 1 sat-w". w Lazs . Eu - v ' I ‘ 1 " t r l " 4' I . ft “'2" 7. a _' .‘. f," “’1“. '.."; .'- '. " \"N Gift. :1 "V ,3 C , I (J c. 1 . \J v“ ._ f H \, ‘ ,4 . .' \. \') ‘.A.,L M',.V 5 x: A... D- \vv \--A--4‘U 8w \‘fiz-l. Ago-..., “ o \ . . g - o I. - .- r r ' L ; I" ' '- ‘. . . ‘2 v- . ~ A -' ,‘_ x - " u' ~, ‘ " V ' . o'; " _-\ o. q" r o! . 1 I. a v‘ w I - f. 1 y g _ {i 5‘.~ ',._ -‘; .L . 1"" 4.11.5" ..‘). 3..-.L \L .j g. .- Jm. ' I '...‘s' . ‘ .a‘ ‘—’ —‘-i E‘ ééfA 3A in}! 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A 8 , o\ , ’.t\ .a It . v . .- .3 . 1......ij n1 ...--.sL (5’ 3.1 a) -’....Ql 'io de‘Lq '1 tram 3.13 3.1-».-. 1900 mafia'm' ... :1! 9733‘ '10 r." :3 9:53 (.2, £101.34; ..‘-Si 00‘ +3. minor) III 7v "LJ'. ens MAJ 933158 ;sv-?'.'.». er: (2.”: (fl) r'o-‘:t.:5:rg;.'ti [Lt afaoo gniéaé'xau '10'1 "3-3.4.5! 90.53; 1.3.9.551 r'J'.F'~.c 'invq ('..-61:5 Ira-rs rf'g'mm at 93.11915) eff! 293531.5sz .- "i . ‘ ."" '-\ -$ - .~. ,3 -- '- ' T‘ , .. ”-..:- .! - .. 9.40:1 ham-1 3.4.1 ..'»svouz .'.s 9.1 OJ 3.. 110133.91 5.9.19.1... 9...? Jr. Janos V . ..‘ ”J'- .-x _ . I~- 9 ..‘-no '. . ‘L ’... ..'...- ,‘ . r. 6“ ' 1" rd L91.LOE;5 ‘n£;.'..,~.; _._:..—.»-:.--...v.'. 9.. . at 9:13: -253. «A .:a @4011 .9550 ad: :3... .L‘:~.;;;.;.‘~.3rw suxxiq :1;'..s:..'1 93,1 LI: 30 57:12: 3. F "._).n‘"i:;'fl to ifs";- edJ ' -. ... ..‘ ' .. ., ' .r. -' tire I ' - 13": {jiq [1313“? 13!»; java 1:“.CJ813'LLL'II 8 {IVA}.J \1:11’~JUJ.£‘:1.-:\0 Q3. '33 . .'13‘0-91 ‘( t.) 8 131 mmwummmurmum ammo-nauuurnu,mm1y.mtwnm m-m,mmrc~77matbwwm mmmaahmmntbmmmuw mw.Mtbm_-t.mrbm1tmmm~m thfithhMCS. luminplufinhnfiyiltmwm’nbh amthuwmth-rummmu Mtumuman-muwpummmn umwnmmwnmtmmfiu Wink-hmmtrum..lflauntothufim .mwm‘wumommmmmum Tull-1t: 1. It. for trod: Mao, and th mum. 111-Omar Mam-numb. hMWiuutn-uhtrut mum-rumthbmlnumrmwamu-u toad-Ito unit. “an” 11th M and rational-o tho mention of W in Win. rho rapid.“ stability and manhu- nyhr-u'btmrdintmmmmddaqmdmm mnuwmtmortununmmmmmum wuwmwtmtuMuAnbutthu-ou add.” Win gt tho but tut not .11 thus. prioo unrelen- muwtmmmomoumowwmmm no Mn. Isl-M13; out... muting tho 0.111.30er «an, uh- . W contribution to tho mum or art.- W 3333.1», ML, '1- loan-tun m1 of tho W mud-.I. m at an m 37:21.2. 1w 1955. 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NJJJJ‘W—fl ‘ A an .-'..>.‘ - . -. . . . . $3 1 49/11:»: 1104 91.2.2 .'1-m 9m)“ 'io I 2.0.“. J.'!J‘m WHO-7 «11'1“ “3.5 .'.»: 3.1;... Q1 I OEEQI Y5] m F30 " 9 F -'*—'r r- ‘ 0e r'_"‘J Q .. ”If ' T ‘{:n .0 Q I T u. ~., . 4“) .T 1 .LTCT‘J .‘.(g g :_L‘_.. L...- IMO—H 9 SLASH 132 at .’1“..th variatimbywmna. “rho m1. tunin- to «tank. tho chu‘actoruticn or tbs ur- btiu m "lat“ to fun prioo stability. Tho emanation of tin “0“]; Wichita, th. m otnrkot 011101-1de- Ifitn, tho 1nd. and lucid.” or lurk-ting costs, an ontupriu “mum” him- ‘niprodnuro haw “diam-“hm. Inn of tho latituionl dim-tetanus- of tho mloting chum]. MhWbydat: mohumdonointhio chapter. For this run-- tho scum chqtor in ducted to n quditgtivo wan-.1 of th inn-atten- of that institution- tor {on prim stability. Inthtor «mum rotm'ntoth mat «mint trolls ad afloat. nt “.mmwm using Mt lu- umgatod ant: thn no nod hare. .3 Iv .f -r-' w - ~v *. ... -’ -.Flf‘l ’. ‘n "fig-I" Qt", fiftj r r ‘0‘ rqu "hf! §'.-. ‘;‘.“.'1 'r if) :0 ' (.4. -1 ' ..‘ ...J. L.. ~‘J' ' ;. ~a»’. .4.-A.8 . ... . -‘_...~.s 05 C 1. ' ' . " a .L i ‘ . I.“ P ~ ? . ' o o a A: u 2‘ ‘1' ‘y " o1. .- 1 I. ... ”I i- _ ’ . ‘ ‘.f p 1. M‘n'f S. . . (‘3 .3. ‘L ' ’_J:. g, '1 3 . ) f),_ J {5 , _. 1r “’1 Cg 14! u . J .. f;5",;_. 1,1“! g)_.1_. ..:.“ --. ~v .' .a., 1“ --v'1' ‘ 1‘ '.(‘1a‘ #:7'11 " '.. .: - - .‘t 'Q t 0 :III mlm -‘ " ;\-. "E -- rh" 0" .‘r'( 9 v, .‘. 1 \‘I _ “' ‘,"~lt.\ ". ..." .‘ Lnl‘gl {4.1. 5 O ‘)J - J. 7‘ k. (2“, .‘.f 5” it .I. 0‘. n":‘o;‘-‘...' 8 CLUV§ 4".) .’fi‘.d£‘4 N \l v 1 , '. o ' N5 5" I" (1" '1 J‘1" I" T.‘ ' "L L _r i" ‘P 5 ' .I . . ' rf‘v ~f Z; l . .3 ill!) 8 {2" SO \I :2.-- 1! ~10: d c. i-AJ‘ 4' I :1 £311“ ‘C\‘8.-‘I“‘L1 -L‘ da.hl- 'lBJ sIbEbAL -~".' ”A 03 .u 5. . tr: :“er' a ' 5 - v . - ”I ' .0. f o x o : -°‘ '-'.'. ’ A ’11 x u :- '“O. r ‘ I ' ‘ " {it-IQ?) 3.525 91.34:) rfifi- 1:. '....m? :0 OO:I~(-_"J.'."I.,. 13:5 8‘37‘3 9mm ‘Bv’fIOi‘I ‘ -. I ....2 ,,-,,.,“1.- ‘,r ..~-. ._ _‘-.,‘ e. r, ’ .-. ,..1. :L .*,:;_-4.3_(:! Esfzaglmwhifl (1:291: and 31.393.11.14; ms a:a*m.-da 119:»:qu no.” 37.: 1.131101) 0 Q o ‘ ‘ . 1 _.‘”... .: .---.--.--'— ‘r-‘k .'_ '.-.y.. .-I I .- 0:. {:14 I: Q .‘\( £5.41; 5: ~ 54..” ‘lo 853LJ¢.£'..U»S:L.‘L(‘..JJ gut-3331.211: 9:: 10 Eng». :. ' I f 'm; .'.1ssg.¥‘r;.:.?::: aids 11.1: map 55.: 8:3 mama 5651..) was. f‘ranBtS‘Iqiv’I ed 30:27.80 I._'.‘,,,-.,,‘ r..,’u~¥-l. 'r..-.\ , f “ '5- ~.. 1- '1' ”.‘.-a?! ~:,Ar'..'1 {'J‘ 9 ’JJ 3)”..A.) '.-" .'.) Ju.L.VD 'L.‘..1LJ'L.A 3 0V J'xJUO-J’II VJ: TV'V‘.;£-.'..J n4L-dsa4huk' e” “08.19,: 8.5.:A V ' 1‘ 1 ' ‘1. r~ . -‘ " I - $“v' :- . .-- v~ 0' a .- "‘ $ ----'L Q .~;J,-,E-.. 42$: aura; 1:312; ".01 8334.11.13» a“: tugs-.3 -o ancz..534._[;{1.4. aid *0 a Jury-J J'srf'zsw '10 (me: :14’I5"E‘..“$it‘. 323 0:3 (3"!533'1 4..--1'»: 9w 1911174111: 19351 5 III -'. ', A... -1 . Amr- -. .. ‘ +1.1. . ..:. - _ r 4 M» ' 334$...) I it»; .‘1}.1',‘ .3 31.39.: V;;t'...;=;.~t'.-3 ,‘xlisxfiff 1‘1,-C...u;.lui..sdf. “ 433.11g“! I.‘ Bu"’ ' ’9 “F15 . ud—z; “ W O r ' .e'zad ufiafl 9.811 ' ~ ’ f --..31-3‘ Ch'ptor 5. MIG“. WHO! AID rm PRICE norm mmmnsnmnmvmmnwsrm In thio choptonr tho "Mom. tor tho 11mm or m: pan-1e. moto- bmty with tho norbting otrnctnno and bohovior 1o dovolopod tor tho moot port coin oconcnic oddonéo pthorod through tho hon-1n; pmoooo by tho manna. mm on road was)” It... hou'ingo oro . tortilo m a: cocoa-1o doto Ntttiw arm-tut fral thot pro- ooutod him» I. out thot to ho prooontod in W:- 6. Along tho Ion W oath; to gaido tho taking of tootimw at thooo . W, «1121:qu truth oolottipnoftho dtyto tho oolootion of tattoo”: to tho px'o-dntorvim with fitmoooo, no «no fro-um: dodinxjith hypothuiood rollticho at tho intmation of tho ”wagons! production ooctar for huh truito and "Win. ‘l'hooo hum-boon Ioro droun fro- provlouo otudioo of tho W17, Wharton suchuthoutythomlnwmu cutttuortht nonoo or Hoyt-suntan»; mo otoff otudioo at tho induotry an 1to put-a, tutu thohoorluproooooprouooood, numb-mm. tutu: thio w at tho tutu-action of tho production at chtiuoootorothoroooroomorbwthoooorohtiutotho otfoct or top muting ooctor'o otmctu'o a! contact on producer filo“. Duol pron-o ot Eioo lovolo old otobmtyjoro room 139nm vooo thooo pone tart-g. routing to tho mm no «pun. industry holdbytho 0.1m ono inlchnon, Tons oano 11 «12, 1965, author to son Moo on July 8-10, 1965, on! mothor in Soottlo, on Sopt. 17-18, 1965. flhflo thooo moo roprooont o “In-go portion of tho totd. ouppnoo of fro-h fruito all motobloo 1t 1omfortunotoanomohoor1ngcouldnothovoboonholdm wh tb» mm. trooh Mt out vocotoblo Wu. 133 P. or . r !. (w l V r ~r‘ \‘T ' Y - 1‘ ~ I s v - {'.. -_ .‘v 1‘“ v ‘ l .-. ‘i L - I 1-4L 5 . “ .. A. _-_- a o ‘ x- I , I , . . ‘f I I I U ' .- x ‘ L ¢ \ ‘- L h- n- 1)“ '- “-1- ’~ . . . . “ ‘. . A; , . T 194‘." ""‘ .r 91‘? .:tr';l‘ if“: " ' ' O '.f" '-. ti ‘...L 3’ K: ‘["J {:f‘qo‘l' ’A'V '3 31‘s) '\&;" 0" .:o 8~:‘f [I‘- ‘ ‘ .- -. . .r. . . ' ...n r T- , .‘.—.... -- . 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RMQIMW- rum-«mm» nogivoool orthoto of tho rohtivo Mo of app]: all M tor mm dummy or notability. Ono roooguiud pmbl. 13 um roopoct dorivoo m tho longth ond ouplouity of tho urbtim ohonlol. l'or tb loot port dthooooo at tho hoorimo W of trooh mm. " in: mm» produooro ohd chm point tino. W, m- r-ovod 1r. tho uholooolo toni-l who“ all rotdl Iorhoto,oro hot in tho boot ,ooitionfor om tho portanonoo of tho innit-17 '1' for wool-wilt tho ilplicttiono «tho outirqu-btin; ohunol for podncor and cozy—or wouoro.~ Thoir porcoption of oceanic rolotim iotho induotq Mb. imrodbothbooouoo otthoirinflnomoon tho politicol proeooo on! booonoo thou thou no not waging in pol-10o ond m tho urbtiu ooctor for on comic IcopOgoot thou or. in o. unhpo pooition to opproioo induotry ”lotion. But it is diffi- onltto ooporotothooodilonoionoofthoirtootim,omohnlod¢o of tho oitoooo along with tho chaining moon oro o; ocno oid. ' In wit-.1611 to thoir poqition in tho mitt: urinating chm-01, tho utnooooo' amt‘m‘. routing to mung m1 production at» oution oro froqoout]: ooqflicotod by tho momma ctr-stun botlooo fan-.1?~».'u“;2:..*:"':.t ergo-3:} wa‘ 3.?3-17373337'1 {:12 2:1“: ;) 3.7.? gar'v":1«5f{9d odd 5.011 . o u o 0 t , .\ ~\ 0 O. J. V ‘ I‘!‘ . - 4-. l , .I. .. .. . ‘. ( _.- o. . I- . : . w . . t . . ._. J.': . .;, .5 ..v '- rLI r. a . 9 H Jp- c ." '31-?..7..;,3.1) 8-. .’.u - J :3 2 J ‘.~‘r 9" ‘ ’ O A. .~-.‘_"'Ig V: a ‘ L.) .‘..L~‘\o' L13") Evan. 145‘):qu to v - r ° ' -’ | ’ r ' ' '- I ~ ' ' r ' I -‘.. ..;_ 1' .. - 9!]. p t? ' -- y '0' . v . . (‘0‘ ‘ —' ivy r c‘ ‘ "P " ‘ A -- .~':}_¢d.h f by: J.'.«n‘dk'. ‘ a. ' .— I‘ l“ ' to" ‘. on“- i ) ..‘ - 5' l‘ ) 9»! J (.u— ‘ b‘+ 05 * a '1‘ ”I .I I . ‘ s o" : ; r n ‘ '- 3. '- r ' 't' ’- 73 2 7 1 "‘ o ' ~ o“ " L 0' 1 oo(‘ . ' " ‘7‘ * 3.: 372,». ."_._-.'--.t\.:;,‘..-:2.-. .-.-.2 ‘.g-..) 0‘. ..' a... :n! u..- ..9 .. f :3.) a... .u ..-.a 0v 0 V .3. , .. . " .. .. 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'uf .‘..fiv . 9'- "“ v’\ ~'¢"—;.’ T ‘)‘<)‘ _ .;_‘.,.) :If;_[.\. :3.‘ in! ‘-'.A\' (4L ‘4, .‘. \"1" {‘.- I...‘, ~; ' L} 3.! 1,4 J..i'- OJ- {.‘. 1.24 .A . .'L'B (L. . - _r ' . 'Jr'xn '1'!» .’. . '9 '.[I ...JJ 1 ‘.— ' 3 .41 \lutJU‘ ‘ h‘a a; 913 noijas 135 tho too oootoro oo you on; tho Won onhouo wrong-onto botnon tho outdo Win 01:.th- 3. Produooro do not drou distinct lino botvoon tho supply on! dual! foctm muting tbir prion. nu mm. the oilultonoouo intonation at mph and, dual! too- un an tho foot uni no» pu'tioo in tho mm influonoo both; In 1.11%., thq oro m‘roonotio thou thooo who try to draw ouch limo tor Woolly unmm'mm tho two .'.1. o: tutu-..' Pinon: and not mm, utnooooo mo W to ottoohnjor Wau‘thommmooctogootho Manon-room non]: bout. tho; won mm to o. notion). We: o: food muting.” munitwmtobhprodmohnomortbww of a“ tho: tooo 111th III-bung oootor. ”Th. on at” tint loll obs-goo in. what summoo couoovh‘rgo pioo gin-goo, Bot tho: «tutor on tho contribution of tho-owing oootor .‘ho‘ Micky. 8. pnoolll’vod tho trdditiml mu thot tho Mobility in o product of __ warm- ottitndo on tho put of bath M on! uitnooooo thtt o nor- htiu o-iodonnuh all “lb. ooh]: Mod lath prob]..- or lurk-tin and to o lo" about in tho problolno of production, wojutmodbytbooopotmmolouwthoto htionl C-iooion on Food an Fihc mum bo Mounting produ- tionpoblcointhonoorMu-o, mun-ca tho honing oddouoo. ‘rho o-oprobluoroooinporooulmm. lovortho- hootaogominoofioflouoro-dotoponfidtnoooootom ourooo of Moo on! homo problao, rogordluo or thoclr Ioturo, -mohthoo-ouou1tuoobtd.nod. Pchopofldoiooproductor tho haunt-1h upon-o to 20 non of rooooroh Jutmution undo: tho momma Roooorch oi Ila-both; Aetrwor to W mo' cphitotion of tho urban; prooooo oo o moo of produoor prob- lno. 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A“ 11"!!! 3:52; ll l;:0",ul-' -..:‘III 1 3 u. do... .’.. w? .w .l,, ..Il. ..l .1; ‘.JL.,.. nv w. a. . 'll\ ifllflj i (‘.q ...-.- ‘..—us...— A - __.-our— .-.—hp...- 1 * .. . ‘.- pv- .Il‘l '--i‘o‘l '0 t ‘Il... sobl'.llli.'e'~'nwwl.‘:ni ..‘.sniinvi’iu-"il.lo"lt" .1 ‘ .l":'.-| oce Q nus-v-“ -..“..‘wm- -..--‘g‘. ..--rm“, '—— ""W- ...-s 11.1 end ether Win tieing erreng-ente m perm cups-supplies Ira being distributed aim; shippere in such e leaner that the week an.» ed11‘priee et the let-bet price. 1 shipper with heavy cmitmente II? findhehseuheteltielnppueemeeldet thepresent priceendw ”“1088 mto S'S, minthprice forelleonmtopl. Similarly e cheese in price eepeetetiom In precipitete behevier on th pert of one shipper te lower prim. oi.- the mere eecident or emu-amp oftheurgiml eerloedmlerkthe and: seller. nun: ilpeuflng weether my force a. eeller to hornet hie teclmicel supp}: iethepreeeitnrketperiodoreleetece lergeebender-ent costs. Uhethcermtfinsperpetudjyinthepoeitienofweekeeller eee persist-ever tine is questiomble. It the shipper were selling nemerephiereturnewoflnndtbehmrthhether shippers since heiethehederwhenthemht tells. “the indiste neponee eretbr metatheeeprieedeelineeweeenthetmreturne weuld not very-org weekend etronzerehippere. however one industry repreeefietive for the Northweet epple iniuetry felt thet cupetition were“ ell-into thee'e weekehippere ever tine: - lep. amine: hmtlflfltheeeweekeenereinflnhevemchoren up.» enthe industry's!!! if eo, howmch ilpect? Hr. Steam: Am week and- will here e tendenq to“ the whet “in, thepoiutbeingthettheeeweekee ez'enoreor lees weeded th-eelves out or business todq. There is e united umber of tho beceuee they hen more or lose ’ ‘ weeded tluselves out of the business beceuee their retiree net been ”tithe so they lose their clientele. 7 - - www-mu rupetheeieierremthreletedto them efbwereeedeeuerei‘ethe shippingpeinteelnnglerket. 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Mthooolrooot Wtytooooooiotoouth_ Mount-cytotmhotonloot thoboyorouommtodhytho ”photomfonomofmolwootoogmmuto our-hot Dorm “rim Win'dtmtioootoo httctopr Ir.‘lo1tt:' ”awfnmwoumhflhw (Rio We) Valloy? Do you fool you hovo slough? Hr. hoot: 'Ithinkuo hon toolow. I thinkuo Invo tooluw ohodo ‘ ‘o-othoo. — \ Ir. hut: mutant.“ It. mmn m. Itmsnyum-mug con-ob mun. Vino: {wood of 51) tint tho moo wold hold ‘Ip nah long-r. - . . - , “Wdom'ow'mu'mbtofltb‘okodlor mound-cm “mummy-1t. .‘1-unmanag- try no room til-ooh tho c-looiovo hooriuo; out thoy do not "wwwuoflym.mhoottbir banana to obfutumony much» not» w tho loool cup- pinpoint-unto. Mmmh Mootiwootwm.m no «In: about-nun” cpl-nun; to pool-o mt. 1.13. am- tions thoy dorivo at on]; m- tho Widty of tho dual! function foetus produoro but oloo fr. tho unity of tho lowing offal ond noun. 1- tho mm oootom Finn; both lypothoo'o: W?” 1”Keillor: Boon-logo, p. 265. " ' ' t ’ - o I , ‘.. . .' ~ '- - /., v - Hum; J31? Jpn tssé'oizr:xcnr;£ a: 'zsarrrzxt 1:11;; rzr. {J.'-J 08 CI: ”.5113 113‘ SUIwD 5 (.0 .1911?“ ‘:.f.-t~..rt-'.-.r 5 7'0 9'.u';:>.;3'c_?:2:: 8.1.? 57.51991 {I'm-«I eonszrfimi rte 1-'-«;7—.:i'..r":v.9*; :wEJ “w 932sz affix. 2171:; 9.11 aa'rmsdaiflro'xio see-13 tebm‘l 5%; nng msdfgt giEJ fifiw 9:.E V‘LI'”BJ°D: has efignsio GO'TQ deflzsm .rffrrz bra-isitauazzs at ‘(CE’.?.I§”A‘{£~‘2:1";-'£ '30 manna 9.13 Jai'l‘ .a'xsgu is wainun 'IJ xd be -;::.t rc'r. am: a’xs-W'd 9: EJ :«L-zz brig. J's-£23m Jmioq grit Q rqida ed: nojxkicorp .6 oJ‘ aaéfn'rsftu av zzasz'n .ro 193,013 287:9? {1311653 3 ’10 vjqe O (4 . [\I U) :qo'xc. 81.1 10'} eta/ixlzgntaiigsg JLA...».. J; 95:03:? “me h51 9d 131139511; 911‘ _nl'. svsd gov oi) 237:3 .. ' '\. u ‘ ' 151.. km: 3135 non; {3507; crow; 'IO'}, aforo *a' 9 W's-m WOH 1331533 31“ Jpgixvi‘i: ?¥%i£¥' (H95Imi) 030 295733 {123.71 ooJ ems-.1 9:2{mt1U I o‘cnsm 003 evsd 9N )irrijs‘ I :Jao'fl .'L‘i . 8 walk Jar-.03 Wad er: "J 21': ‘512'3 :JJIBH .134 9 .'.;5 .m'c 9.39! a Jo's'mo v" :’ xix fad not: “E 131311? I oazmnsfl :Jeo'I‘I .131 J.‘; L 13%.! Hilary: so-" 1-; 3'31 Tnx‘J fi‘. '10 banaii) "r. f "= 139L238 )ZBS-ZJ 91.1 15.3.8 J3.;;"E."3t'~i e"‘1s.:ll.C:‘-a “:0 a'tra'grd s '10 2139;140:1311 ed'l‘ ~21} pr air-.'gjsgtgv has Jinn-'1 [fay-fl uFJ Iii: ‘.grffrIidsJa Jerks!!! '10 eiaerfa‘oq'fi .3 3.0;: .ajzmzt'ms-zi a’r:n--’:s:a.‘:r;:;t;o : smiJ rxl Riv-"9:13 fal'fji’JT’J’J'OQOS'I e'zs \j'IJ 1.351273 '30 e'v.:".éa:a'~._‘;:1I:t-: s’tov: ‘-:£rr0 e1: I-=::J‘.s'\'-3'z29;~ Yf&n1rir»~*~onq mesa Jon «{1}: ' aibsc-I. 8 {J brovsd 103353 3.9;?er b91543 x~_j_UD.:o.thn as 'J of {10133191 *glrrger-‘a 3,n-':.j'og'iani '3..o swiJscd’fbni; n'Jod 5'12. $0127 .aJ'ezi'Lsm J‘uioq gulq ~5UJOL I". 931:ch 3931 -sm SO'VEL‘O'I": 03 gram teqo coin-37:1 93.051510 tr: snub has ' -4 . L . '.. I" :\ ‘0 ‘ a . 4 ". .r ‘P —'3- _.,l"' ,- 4- q, _. . naZumU-I 1'.»er am emf Jo \‘ox-J.J..‘-.3£‘,.J:.LC: £311 £1132; ”um um out on 1:31.! :anoid '>r:5 gnoflta arvEJmE-r 5m 9:1’J 'io 1:11am 9:;'J amt call: Jud etewho'xq 3271351 ' I j 1:; :1 3939: :33 ff“! {5312; 31:33-23 .’zoJoea J's {'rsm en J at ebne'zJ Jr _‘. V 8(13 J.' N\ o .I‘?‘ .CL'S .q .a'orrt'med n5_LU-.3.-."‘I 1M. Midfield“ of the vertically related market sectors of the inlus- try. Supplier concern with the quality of the forward marketing effort is at unique to the industry, but it is an outstanding feature of the industry. The quality of this tonnrd marketing effort is inadequately described solely by tho more of btwers and sellers. It is true the possibiliw d nominating the efforts of buyers and sellers is M \dth tenor mnbera.15l But it 1. equally possible the weak seller effect increases with declining numbers and larger sises of oil's. A egotitivo balance praaoting the desired stability of picoe is to be sought. .Anothor source of Iarkot price instability may be the quantity afl gality of larhot information. Even with a well develOped Federal larhot lone Servioo and the frequent telephone contacts of bwors arr! sellers tWont tho eonntry, prices no: vary so frequently by grades, as», ”an narhots that the observed market instability 1. Manny a :oflootion of the correcting process. Altermtively, market insta- bility wsgre-lttm1a‘ckaofcnarhet. intonation. Producers of ma traits ant vegetables require market intonation on which to base a m of production and harvesting decisions. The quality of historical afl “fleck intonation for those purposes is affected by F1”, stability. Om producer put the problem as follows: 151151- aanple a study recently concluded that the large More of packers of California fresh fruit made it difficult for th sev- eral cupetitors to anticipate canpetitive reactions of one another: “‘..: J.‘" Jones, K030: 32mm mm '%m mwrorm Department of Agriculture, Bureau ketiq, Harkoting Report No. 20, Dec. 8,1965, pp. 38-39. ~25 a; 9£J 39 a“9 $993 Jsflzv; stnfiet 515391.49JE’J lo ew:n hrz9jshuejnl ignite thgsifittL L13-:2o 91J to ..35p 91¢ dsiwr M;9 moo ustlgm :3 .zflJ 043 $9 92332:? :xififinJcixo £3 at 31 3nd ‘tufaufirx 9EJ OJ eupfuu Jut at .‘.-”533: .'1?in ".r'-'.s:‘31r:'€.?2,rzj 23f. J'Io'j.'.i'.o tujjd'av'trszt'z iris-("10“: at“ '?o unifi'tlsup SI‘ET \l L k \I ..:; 931} a]: (5‘: $1915.93 has: 8.15130 810 :11 31" 3- w "id ‘42 34:03 59517333 V‘- ..‘ .. - .r. ‘ y a so ‘ .‘.. - .- fr .; -.'... '.. ‘ f. a. 811)}.-.‘3 nus 2'19 .:.d -o 3.)“-0119 9;.3‘ .....;_(.+£.rt.'!r:ooo to 15.2.5319an ':r r 7 e r‘ _ e ‘~_e ' '~ -; a? ' . ('r 9:;J' 9.E"~':er~9q ”.:-Elw‘ps 9.: (1.: Jun I -‘ .a 933:1! 19239} d: cw bscnszfne 10 833533 '19; 21-31 Mrs 92:33:11.3 1.123.211.1391) (1:52: 59939‘zon.‘ J.'.)e'iie 131195 '10 ”stilt-“L333 22:43:39.3 513 j'jagziJCVO'Iq 99.1.9-1‘131 9V'Jifieq.mo A .3191 Isa .Jfiguoa 9d 03 at esoiuq ‘3;\-5.'.Jr':J‘£) er 'J 9d \wrn )Jiif.::{5:fa:..' -. 9:) 9311:; J97.” (an '10 92:10:: '19..JonA £5139)" forgoisvab Lirxw s ifsin Kev-f1 .nniJsrr olrzL Jet€~.3m 'io {ML-s: 11:) has $13.; 8'19"}m' ‘10 aJosaJx: 09 sane-ms '93“ (1.19:99'1'1 0:1'J has soi'v'wi‘: awoli Jar/.131” .aufis'rzfz, ‘31 251-."riarfpet': ca KITS?! \ffiffi east-1:; . 35:17:09 9.“ Jxro .:.Jo'miJ e'LSIIee 11.15391:y-giq‘r; a}: mid) [fondant Jo.” was batmoado 9113‘ 1..., {33.- aJerl'zsm has @9313 ~stszc J9‘J'fm; .‘.;Ts'vijmz'xee‘fl. .aasaoo'q '~‘:;.r;,713."8’f'I00 910‘ '10 notdoel’ls'x s 10 87993301? .noiJ'sgé'io‘iai (1517.: 30 :2’13.’(' .3 mcfi (TL-(33'1- ‘xgsm \jij’llid OJ doifiw to rmfidamuofni Jsjiifis” QTLUFST a9£553939v fag ediuql deezi .T .anoic.?:csb :giiiizasvmgd has ricijcmqu 3.0 16213331 a seed J beéoe‘ffits alt acaoq-wq 92mm 101 noiénz olrvi )Ioolduo baa 1591-1039111 zauofio'i as muido'rq 911" (Inc; 'Iszruboqq 9&0 .‘gd‘ilirfgéa eni'Iq ._— r”. '2; ) ‘.. .- . _ ." ‘ _' K _c._ r. . ' .,.L- I . . ... ~>- I. r- . - : v; Q 4‘ __.. '.U ’91'.r_.':rz(o we? .99: (abuts 3 eh}: we '10. e ' b r, .'T r . f‘ a“. t. ‘I 'P r: r r t' .- ~95: 91* “c J.:UOCLI.L e; 9.3. ...-.’1 1391‘: .5 ’1"")*.LJ..:.- ‘.‘o 5119):! sq "- ' 4" ‘~ 1 I f. r .‘ : ‘ . 'L.’ “L" "" T Li} ‘ ' ;'.(_u.'..ur-3 9.0 10 anaJ.Jr)39'x ewe-um. (,9 93 £31} mixing OJ cJLr'vso "e ‘ 1 f... ”..'. ' r-I‘. ....I 4. -..: .r...."u .. .....- .... -c: ,. 1..., -....- .3 < -r :7 t a 1‘ ‘ ‘ -' ‘1' . \"‘ o .. 5“.;‘."‘ :. “-'.: b‘I‘ '- - -a :t'r‘ t ‘a h; {c-ov ~ooeoo Elan-- ..:. ".'. .... “‘ ‘:_‘:'_-;‘ “is” (51'... «arm’s-..- io.o-. C.La-.wo . ‘ . . ‘ J (J J ‘ . .L ‘a " 1h , ' l. v -_0 r~r _ 59:;4-4 mind ...ffL'Z'J‘. 1:) JcemJIm 9 31112101525150 U” ”'zu'. 5'17"“); (Ia-3'91 'O- . r v- a ”-.'.o h o .o an ."r" ~~u- A... .i‘kf-LQ‘ .33; fi...._’.[ ,8 .99d ‘03 .014 J'quafi 3:15: fcvslrgh'i ,f';11i<-’€':’1”133210 1A5 Hr. Reitt: Snail-e before plating, that infometien de you need, it em, te help eort out thie Ierketing propel? Do you feel thet you luve adequete infomtion regarding total production all sane idea of what the demand would be? De you feel then you here adequate Monetien et the time you are making these decisions (to plant) or would w mtwmmu‘: - Ir. mar: Inellyeemetmtheqneetionpedemgh. m the mini? itana, you reelly don't have any information a m. 2 . the relative whet knowledge peeeeeeedbybtque end eellere it iflpiupedltend effeetedbythe mmummwmmng efl'ieee mm point twin Drona-emu.“ be tenet-dbl; 1c eeee priee fluctutieee. In queens” thie tier one hue flipper use“ the leek 'ef nrhet inromtien m freqoedly reepeeeible for piee [liability Minn ettribited WI: to supply eon- ditiene: "Then ere (eitme) gnouere mo exteeribe to relieble emcee a: intention and are well intoned u to eon-rent nerket ' eituetione. To e greet degree, theee ere the onee who «mot be etmpeded into Helm); eelee uhich ere untenable to the your. not Ivonldhenrdegueeethet leutMnSOpm' cent or the total volume of fruit eold ie in the bane of theee infer-ed me who have the ebility end ere willing to hold for e reeeoneble nerket price. . . There is no reeeon to believe thet dtrue ie abject to priee die-enl- intion beceuee of market glut , wept fer leek of whet information by the producer, in I: ”131011.153 Another producer of fresh vegetdalee releted e‘n expel-denim 'enggeetin; leek er whet inter-tin night be neMle for varying ”tune for Mt: crepe: . ' ‘ 'Oer monetienthet the me he” ie very poor. . .et ene end of the (Rio (rude) Valley, vith eel-"ts, the grower night!» 1’. 320 tonendontheotherendefthehlley uwmfifl‘fim: Ihovreoenthinthiehetpertet 152nm- Bea-hp, p. 193. 153m. p. 1.35. . . .. . . .1 '5 v -- N ~ 1 ' + . ._.. 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'1 . ‘- a, .— 9' " ‘!.'. ‘." ‘9 .1 r‘ . . (K‘s ..‘ «It‘irhm e'LL, Luv, '. L..-..;. 9. V in: c 12' 'C _‘.: warm I L: .'.- . O r I ._ - f. r . ,. .‘ .- '~. 10 81:51:31 CiZJ 1"..2 2;. L. e: ‘ “._o -..:'r-.:-. '1 infra? 99.3 '1 - I On a: 9’3-3.""--' 0 o Of'f'r'.‘ .’.? n14". -._-: ‘..L'..‘J.QC.L';9'I 5 TC: I r I 1 ,, .-‘,; ,. ' . 'r,.,. ~ , fi. 9.5"}! Cu‘ \..',.? ..'. 0f; Phéx’ .3 353,-.) 9.39 -3)“ 0&7 {‘1 131191 - {sic-1.5.?) - .- " J . . ' -. .- .. 7.. -’~ -' . . '.. . ~ J:—e--J:.~';.-'.x 1 ....rs T 2’)‘. 57' m ‘f ~t3.1";.’v_‘~ .1 to eurrmed noisy->315 I i .r“ I .’. ‘ -, N (... :- ."O”\’ .- A‘ o-r ‘.’ ‘V"," :- é-\.' a: .7: ‘ .r ( ~"o" -4 ., i' I‘A. ;:.. Q . .~ ._. O 1’? V‘Jv V'_'J {IO—L‘- '11X4O..I1.4- . . t - ‘1... ' .'1 ’ ' :- ' ’-- 0" \ :5" I- ‘ - ,-. r I. ‘4' .- ~~. a“ _ Q - . _f o .'..‘J.Lv..;-.3..~ _._-ma 935:9..1::.._-..~3 1.; Lu 2.:‘.-L::II gas c 2_ :vv .-.59*-.'1 40 199133010: '19:.13‘0gfi. ..,,( .x '.- r. p " .!,,,,,. -, R... , ,I .1, '. 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DC; “’I " .. r; t"! “\1.E.JJ‘A.. 11.6 WWthwImhuw—n‘u, 116.11 In: mist“ gdtting MO 3mm chipportcldu that ho nu wing Wmauummwmmmnmmw- WMhtthmmmityhmm~ ”ht-.155 Tho ctr-ct of this man equity 1. china- mow- “chmtcplmt‘adatwmliunordcrtoh-phml ”Mummatapuity. Int-acouw-u'tahtb mothfimormmium mummumnmot‘w Thor-111th; wmmmchmwmwwbhmth «annual-Min actor aid“ of tho what. he“. «pun-qt: mmmmowabomq‘flhufitflm rico mwiby 1n th. from trait and ”mu mme“ MMum-mxm! Aatho mended unaut- npput functicnc of hm and seller. 13 the fruhiruit ma ngctoblc 15AM 1» 32.3- 155“ chhnicd. Rupert In. 1., p. 98. The excess capacity spoken of -.hmmditiontotbmammlwmmtydtmm b1: ark-ta. The probln of chipping pout «can ccpccity u put bygSouthTmcchippor: "Homcccrorcarrotccbontumldv. Italian booight..Wchcvcabigutupmrcuccnmapp1-m- ntdycmormsmmmmammoight _hcurasdayantmuchimtoptthccrncmqmtot 1t. Bubitlmdgkthmrladummclu did,num1dhau300ccruofumtstogooutaldthc country on calm only 75. I run“ ly capacitie- “Immtlmuu... Hlmtcwofiicicwh thonhod,1wu1db0pachunwummt1mumu «gamma Ww,p630o- 15% TOW Rayon lo. 1.. p. 110. .. ._. . Fr r s .' v ‘ ~' ' a .15 " 1-1;: .[ ‘.-.--» -- ‘23! . etc I' rug: I “J.‘-5‘5 P...” L-e-J cowl-5'9 eJ-J ' - , . 'x " . . ? ° . ’ . ' '- .- ‘ H 111 F3)" tn. ~ on! t k0: d;.'~- *3 " M w Mu m'iw-B-fi eff—i VI“? §\’_: .0! .'.. -li ‘ ‘ ‘ "r t .' "-‘:. 'r‘ '.. -I' I -' ‘ $;”7:,a‘-‘ " -" z‘ '1 "—9 v' ...; * *3'3J f-s c~y i JGLZL 3:3 n; fic;i¢Jo~onJ QOALEM -o eaawo Veduonn -"'j3f.‘,.r’ ;:;~:..x_:’;.'.‘"la 11.11 ‘f..?-i‘..’.-'5("’;O 8:; ‘31-3 '10 :3 1. u....3V$'.‘.q and 8.1 ‘Q‘L'J'Bffbfll 81..ng 1‘ . - L: :- --'>2- ., . --. 34+ "n v . Im a’ I ~3,,~:’I!.’QOI‘19 '13:? v-;.-a az- "v.1.Of-f139 enemas! ex.” -0 Jo 2.:9 en- .a Jofl '18!" £"'or qawfi 03 10310 mi aaiqura fsr:oiJLbis Jnafq OJ eVenohozq 10 Jnsm , '«L 4-1. , , _.r. ,-.— .‘..”H ..:“.- . , . 4. . - ..-. 8—.V . 3.1:: 9-25:. V; ”.1 Jrflrta- L'Otuzd all“; “fix-assess us glJ-ngfiwqo aims-f: gig-13.02; Lo» 0 | U I ’ C Q I Gin-t no; 35":¢10C-'ITJ; '1“: q"”a '17) 8'19: inortq '19 was: Inn-.2? momma to r'w’: \ t .‘ J r ..‘ ’r‘T‘ " . . ’>- " ‘ 'r l c .‘ 1' ’ . ' ’.-r--...«.-1:z-.s'1 94.; hair-we o 93' (we 13 92,: :81; CJ 8F(IJ.~J8'IQ'JC' no {Jun-01:; A . . a. -11 -. ,1 ... -, -' r .... , .b. . .:. ' - fxfc an; riuo x: Egg-swat: Jena-m w 9- .’ .L'l roe Wild! :3 ImciJLI.-s ‘o' "f“ "n .--. '.. “Kauai u- nm'd' q a: RP“. "t‘n ~: ' 4r for I" f” ‘Yrr- 7' ‘ ,rJqu.L{'o (‘9\J_-(J... .‘ 0.3-. .:,-I C5.-\1 .'.‘v (J - ’ J L1 'ICV'VSB 21f..r'J\'-a1 1.5116 515 \‘p 1L;q':8 ' ._ -.s.. -'.f',‘ . ”H. , r r r“ .v _ r k. 1.»: um, :11 9.E-.;-a-V(~<:-.JV s... 05.8, {...-s. d.--:I_. 5m [1m 'ersz 91.831310?! M 91.3‘ *1;- .. + (r a. r’:“- . ‘_ ‘VH f_ . t. ’ ,l“ L~I..;*z.-ax.I-r.-C 9; *:,.-.on.-.' in; J..:L'L’l flew-J sit r13: VJ til-it‘s; en: es i'Iq -. ' . A» ‘ - .',_ ~,. _ " 0:, - _,..- h ‘ A; 0. ru - ._fy 49-4;- _1 ~31flJfl’ L30 Jug-3c 9.43 8d ."+ - ..3 53/;- r.. 3 ,_J . _« 4' - 2.. 0 I i a -_3 I ‘--tfl .nac.‘ ...-n..- 4—4...‘ .8-.. 3r” ._.-..: J..: lfla‘ ’:| “I" ’t- ”V“ r ‘ - “ "- ‘ ‘ ' " I" ' ¢ L ~ a." ' . 1J1 .- '.'p 4 a 4' 9,_.",-,..f_‘ {JV f-r‘rfi J.-:r'r: {22353:} 94-, (r_,_ a"? J 3 hast 1‘0 " .n '30 anoint-Urn! firm {'0 MM W M~muwmn¢.~—“ .- .— .'... .-‘P- o..- "uv— o .lLo ._..— “AB-i «o v .1‘:‘\ .q .‘1;—:¢.-:;:- u" ‘I'l 20 mafoqa VJ-105339 BECUIVS a-; ,,g ._ pfirmaai n‘aas 1001 10 V 'CBQVD aaémr a lcnoaxs. -;Lficm MJ 0- miJiLns n1 a.t JLJQ: SEW "LCILOb’CiBO 88833-23 Jufifiq {Ifjfl r: 1.5:(3 jg {gig-9;.v': my 8.4"}. 08393175“! Kid :swq;;£a er 3:9T dJfiOd 5 {d hiuoda JI .Vrb s Vnoi n3 Juods aJOfiiiso 10 159 3 nut 93" “53201qu ml“! 1153 en: SIC-.:.;I (Vi-Clea 310' .3 91/13:! SM .355. :9 9d if: 53 now bIUOIEa 9w has TVUJ vs a 0""3: 30 V30 5 V‘S's m 10 duo qoueioi’1.e efiJ Jag oJ Wq_ud”fi JgiJ no {Eb 6 81204 9819 Kb03Y19"6 has V.;b s 8TNOd Jfi is an: I 11 $51 .31 edJ has 330 03 03 8*0VV33 is 3150 LGE OVbd bimow 9w ‘hib " 4 '7 r '. ' 3‘1 .(3'.". UHCITQ ~ isnfffhr)‘ 0 if} 391M339 «(239 ‘5'?! $118572 I .3? who onuranoo 1:53 Rj'fdrmoa Vane-flail}. 9;? J :sz1 I 'lI ...IJTsa 1153 I 35%;; m": I 34:5 7‘ ,. 'L 5- " ..'-£- .. .. .‘U .‘,. ' -?‘. "' F J ego-again {:33 I 05m. est-N 3:9 s arm-3.1“; ed L-Jo-J .1 .'.5-215 911-; r \ .r , . .03.: .q ‘3, :':I-L' Lu:- . [Is-{Lot " ‘ I. :10: 05‘.- ' Us ’r" \ r artrrr‘PL .OII .q ‘A .033 CIT-(figs)? Lszuh‘n'xosT ”we: 1&7 Iarkoting chamol are ctr-one]: intordopoadolt, coin principally to product poriohbinty, it is inert-ant the mating tactics and stra- w of fins berth as two am oelloro bo coordinator! and thoir pals cement. frhio interdependence and neod for coordination gins rioo to a separate set of influences on aarkot prico stability m- thooo above. If tho marketing ooctor m neutral in tho industry, ooch aarkot love]. would noroly rofloctnnithoat influoacingfinal con- flor dual! to tho production oootor. But booauoo of tho tochnical and oooanic inordopondonoo of tho soctoro, none can be neutral. Tho profit and cost accounts of each love]. are Micah]: rolatod to t!» [recoding and succooding lovolo. Iroially in this industry thoro is no mechan- for attuaticaJJ: allocating tho costs of market risks m tho lovolo; this is an institution]. allocation mifost princi- pally in tho forno of exchange and integration oboorrod in tho industry. And at loaot moaarhot ooctor, food retailers, inhorontly cannot be neutral to eons-or dandy-tho offoct of thoir docioiono in print“, Wham, brand solution and tho like having an obvious affect on coon-or stand and choico.157 15711.1. strategic position of the retailer in the distribution channel and the inflnonco it provides over corn-or duand is the bed! for tho Omission's connmor proximity ”paths-is of market pom. Tho Omission identified the direct contact of tho retail sector with the consumer as the most important source of retail market power, defined as t ability to influence terms of trade in the retailer's favor: ood fran Em 1:2 (Lem Report of the National Omission on Food Marketing, Hashilgton, D.G., June 1966, pp. 95-96. The significance of this can only be appreciated when alternative sources of whet power-salsa concentration, vortical integration into wholesaling, private labelling, superior financial reoourcos, all the like-ere conaidored. The importanco attachod to this Mpothesis of market power depreciatos the importance given to organisational ferns of business at retail (chainstore, affil— iate, cooperative, etc.) and size of retail stores and tints. .~-_I. £M’——-— \‘.'~ l. , A... -.~.(.: . r - l‘ . ."P‘ ' "" _\“" ' ".+ " OJ ‘7 r’ "U ')f'-. ".’T ‘f ”‘0 (xiiftnfffili Tu-x’ji'hFI'J- Vv..-‘;‘.‘.9':~I.\.9 "'LB It: 115430 3121£»5>1'I£.11 csOJ . . -~ H ' ' l - of: £3,320.12“; 81 at LIL-idly 313's: JoJf-o'zq '.‘52915' km; 3.3332:'.I'-.<:Io:: oI...’ 8'19.Ff:-3 .Fzs 8'12“;wa as {$de 22ml 'lo £33393 arm .V nofJ Lyn-Lh'xooo '16". boon has sszreizrsqoix..o:n.c aisL'l .:nou’rffioo 81230;; :110'1'3. '{J-‘.I_.I;cf5Jae e" ’ __.»‘rI 1.32.1331 no asanorm‘xr '10 {be sisttgqoa .3 of ear: 951331131; 9111‘? r1}. Is’zc'fir‘In snow 10:1: .Iaa uni 3) mm 3:1J 'lI .svoc's eeodd’ — ." .u - 'rn '- o‘ I“. . l . r t - ‘1 awn-3 ‘Lgfff‘i 73gy.'_-131.:':3:J.L.-'<~.o:{w om: noi- -FrngeJhJI be‘osk s e: msJVoq'Lt o‘i'l‘ .bc 13%}: too efisusflt. F effi hrs .seo'noem nev F222 eon-L “mm? eu'FJ aeistomqeb TEN-’06; 39:313."! '10 air: :1' mi 21? 5: o: -LL'1"F 3 ,o'IoJanimo) Listen 35 ea fizz-{an} to a no} Irrmusvcrtm'xo oo‘ .EMVil bns 891008 LisJeV lo as- abns (.o*9 ‘svleteqooo ,edsi o o- J.)- 0 Ir -3. Q ‘o D O \ fl C‘- u ‘.. If: '3 a—l LJ ‘fi... | ‘.y.‘ ...... ‘ V . J 11.8 Although oao mkot lovolo cannot be neutral in the marketing ennui, oithor "became of their position in tho ohm]. or bocauoo thoir prom-J- ma cooto are offoctod by tho bohavior at tho entiro ”M118 ohonnol and its trootmont of flak, it is ooodblo consular- d-ond would bo roflodtod occuratoiy to tho production 1on1 1! :11 Lurkoting polo of firms in tho chomol woro congruent: Tho fin-J1 lor- kut". would .tm inflnonco am, but tho resulting demand could bo ootiorootory in im and man; for othor mkot hula. nonm- in ordor to «mu industry product on! marketing rioko, institu- tions hovo dowbpod which ow to bo‘rooponoiblo for conflicts in. tb ooonuio gods on! marketing tactics botuoon tho tor-ions wkot oootoro. Thooo oro tho 'oubjoot of tho ronoindor of £111. o’hoptor. By and hrgo the matched of'thooo omnioto an add mien-J in m hou'ingo of the Mn. But their math» tor tho low]. and 'Itobflity of prion, tbir inotitutioml booio ond rolotion to Marta rioko, on! thoir oigzfifioonco for tho problem of vorticol ooordinotion of o mm chomol woro not donlopod 1n dam. ' Tho mac-ho oonnicto which ..ppou- tohuo m intho trod: mat on! ngotablo uwmhtm cm' in of timi- typoo. Two at; ‘thooo oro 'mnutionma-buod oonnicto of warm... ri-Jo rim of thooo 1o pu-tm intogntion of ohipporo m6 production ood tho coa- fun-out mamas o: “15131.1” for prodncoro looking mustang nem- tbo. Uhfloitqumoortbgodsofthoohipprondpnduoa-oro brought olooor togothorhtmmomotho mm ouooto spor- oto inboth lot-bot oootu'o, tho «may of god: opplioo only to tho intomtod block of cupplho. Lo onldnod oorlior tho principal motivation of mm prtm man-Jinn 1. not pant. mummie- but v\\ k 41 . H ,‘r . ‘- T': --,'1n(v --.i- Y‘F‘ ‘1')I'l1 ",0 ':'Ir)'-" AW 1' 'u"':' ‘q-“n Iorv ' ‘ ’3 VF¢F+9\.:W ‘1'! .» €41 U.‘.‘-..‘1.‘\.‘.i (_‘.- U4. ‘.{KLO .. - vl,‘ l-Mubu '.u (.‘.-4L Au.b .\J;u.b‘; '.A‘u .‘ ¢b - rr .- ', , ' ‘ ' .. «L ." 4 u... \ ‘ ~ Lug 1L iJueL ncsxanzozq 913 Cu gwsusaLocs Lava 91 ed b3 wby~ng r »fl 1": . .r-r {1“ “ . r ' ' N '5' ‘ 4’ ' fi 3"; F r" ' . " ~95L_Lgpu1 a“; “J “‘NTWfOO STHW LOKPb'J adu n: adan 10 eLpog gnxieflfism ‘p ' . . H -ru.‘v"r' WI .’- l rr' '.’ ‘: é-l '-w..‘- ' ~"‘ r“ ~" rt-k‘. ~ ' bw LL on LLLMU” Lud.Lwaeg 513 wad (”hn«5h ebhvSLJMI II L,a biuow ann I~( ("C . -:’ ’- 0" "\"R" “ '. "" 'V" . . '7 ". a J." Lunacd .cisuul $93.3n TLJUO :01 bfLILLLua has 13*91 n1 was;al;;a .‘ .-, -.- ' . ', 3 ‘3' . _, ,5 ‘..o-r~ -’ ‘3. . -~ 4 ~ . ”1103-354. ‘E‘\‘3-‘.'I é’fl-\!9.l'.51'n LES J’WJ‘IO'ITI ‘CIUQJJ’IIE embflflMuD‘OB OJ 19.510 “I V « .. 9 r:' r , . + .'.'-- .. r-. , -.-' gt aucr~ was 10; eLuinno\aJ1 9d oJ 239 as LQLLW h5,oLur~eb svsd 289:3 - — O u I -L —' - -,o t. . A 'L o o “F " u r’ " 03:15; aLJLtLv slur Wtojv Jen BCLJ?L} tvauttbm bds 81503 almnnose s;J 0 t . P xi": .’Iafz'j-‘érfo afrid‘ '30 “1931;.3? 13': 0:13 10 Jae-{j re 9033 9'13 ecz-3 '17 .8703093 Sfiu “i Jiriidrs sham 83w eJui-? -nca 53313 ice oneJeL"3 aiJ 9*m1'Lfi5 Q 9 has f9w9£ my J 19; axe .J335-qrx 159%? Sn? wnJ.JLUmoO QfiJ ?o sjnixged vv r a 4 .0 ' P ‘7" . .‘n. '1... . ‘ 9 4 I (I " tT~UI -L1 03 “(1 ~-91 508 BLUSL Jnumfvwdi‘gfli "quJ a“ * q 10 YJILchéc noijnnwbtooo Isoidzov 10 “siiktq sdJ 101 9“HLJ_“”jfla 113 d3 has .afie i1 .Iisjsb fit hsqofiaveb Jon 8'9W Isnxsda 39>51833 5 1° ..’ ‘ IX - .'4 ;" {'W - .-'. ‘- l .. LI'I ‘q .‘ m .' cv -- . ~ “Ruff; all“ {1. )1“.- .' LC'JS 9‘35“ 0:" I”: ffls {’3 -..fi' 802.1. J 03 04.1-C'11099 3 ‘33 UVT .8?V‘3 1W0: 10 6.5 chnsdo roj‘u"1 Jafb elchstev has Jinx} .'r .- Ix - ~,\ :-' - . ‘. .'. ’. J ' ' o e JLI L"U bagfinuyffbrchuwich 915 seedJ . ,. 4. ' .. . :4. p n “,_,:u? I - .. ‘- -1- ~noo J‘J rho LQLpou,owq 0on3 .T8 “3 IO £97332 GJNI ILL\ nq aI seed: 6“ I mlLJJfil Bfiiivnuunifififffiai 2299? J”? do; as :[~~~c to :qiL nsd Jnsquno sis teaxbo¢q fan uchiin 9d? 30 35505 9&3 finaqqs binow if SIEHU .3913 -?fq0 OJ seven qrwqfiaq 9&3 9355.8 1znr-sn aLfiJ n1 1C-139793 798010 JfijMOTd 5C? 30 xtfienwacoo efld ‘euOJnoe Jniinm'fiJod'nl eta cqion:tq ed: 1¢i£159 Lsufisfjxs 8A .esijqq¢e to Socfd IQJSEEeJnI 9&3 find noi35q131115q Jiio1q Jan 81 noiJ£1393nt ISLJTBQ aid: to noinglJom Aw; thmdmlioufutmmmmmopmun. I: pnfitl «mmtmmqmmuwmuwus m1: lion-cud cyst... haddtbpu'bhguy inky-ted ‘ groan-chipper min dthnut th- pool or m'hkmifi;fi. do). flmty‘ uncut-1w 1:10.11th tar htcantia- into m Mun-huts. Atwntothhmmmmua, “unbou- M,udm1mwtmmuam1ummmm tit-ruin; not-n. ' -- ~ ., .Aumudumwmmmhu.um pull. cut-p W. .Il th. difficulty“ mm! item- tummmutbmrmmm¢.m pod-It tin... Loading t. mm,.mm Mtht‘ m.bm.mummmbymumu, but nth» by look or .10..”158 71- «not int-ht my a. up,» 1: mn- mmnutbmmummuumuthpm-s damn-v mental ..:-hung mam-1t; tho lhippu'u' ..:-mm; mm:- umumutbmmwaummflmmm. mmwuwrwmm Militlfldlohumolmlt meow But could with tho 13am eta-“nut“ bender on flu]. (land, it .ppnro shim cosmic dociniom m not .11.:- porcoivod as being in the but Month of tho production Doctor. Ono ”salt bu bun tho “m1” of coupmtivu 1n the AMAA 158% 2: mm m. 22- 2112-. p- 90. f’ .1. fr‘ ?" ..mNr‘u -If‘ 1‘ F J-‘(‘\‘."'"‘ c‘ "P “‘f‘" ..‘: " o ‘3’, + "I' .‘.“ “q :. r“"""° an Il'fif’. ..‘" q '+ .'~-~ Oil" ~1'.‘)-.~7"'—) . fi-‘J'v’Ji Lin $711..) {it‘i “VJ-(“"1 V' ‘ 5L 4- C.- .... 7'..“u ‘.\ Vx'3-IJT—"Ca<.l-B MI.‘-- 9 of £~<~ac>tzwaq 1:1:p-Igzw'cvrc' §._£<=c".r 31‘ 1:01-51:93 9.115-: 2:353 139 3311111918 az‘I'Z'Otzq A. ‘ ..L 3 a. . '~. ... ~»' r . "I“ on' ‘r o ‘ ' ‘rv" .‘ . r 1) 1'1'.‘;:’/‘51L4-\._L_r1).lu'1_3(I 9'131‘).J_ .f(\\\ '1'}... .~..I"\.~d (‘3 EC" .3"; {‘ +111 V’r3u9.d:1303 t.-. c ' 1' '- I\ ~ ‘... v Pi ’f' ' . "H.'r .‘ -r:sm:": 92W 313.91 cw: 31:12:01; ..‘.o 109:; 91.. 33921.1.-.1 mrv'nra 1531:3112-19‘ “3'39 -... ,- . '. ‘..-... ", '.. .21 he 9: 99.3 cm- 1 (01:3,... 9.1.: mm 1101‘-.-¢3r~..-1..m1 9,'...H‘"Hr 900 £11913]; .7203 19m . .. ‘. 1. ..,°. ,-+,,.. v. 4. ., 11.; ,‘ ms 9.; ,_,C...~... 1 .9013.“ 9.221 1.9:: ..or; 311:1 993': 1cm, 3A .3992'1511 mm; 13.1..» f'ssf.;;';:-;9.:+r:i d'm 902'1. 9:79 'ic fiaofd is”. 0: 3.1.2:: 1.119919% at J.‘-993 - , 4- 4' . L -;,,°., . J» ""1 4- .~ . ' - L ..., ¢ 9...“ “3:. 909......oar.s 90-11-1100 amnewl 1:91. 1 1.91.1 1110999 A s -.. - ; o . I ‘9 07‘, "I. 7",' ' r_ ‘ "I. " '2 L .4- '... “A. r n \.' :' « -:.,ngifijffi '8'190:.u;0’:q 1O ‘3‘). . ..’.th 1:!) 511.14 {KB 8 II'.O‘.pS‘-,~‘1:£'I'.B 9‘5"":ngth Jflycq -. 0‘ I r r . ;A'-'.- '.x (\r" I :‘ ‘ a I 9 i 2" V T'!‘..‘.’T”.L.18 "m {19-3311911) ..:..y.» 9.3.19.0..- 9.:v 81 ,_,!L. 9:— 31.9.1 0:111 110% - u. r . -a : ”-.:-J: .. :- .....u; '.. 2.....,..r'. ; -... u. . -, .- J‘f’l'x‘,’ _1_£'Q.L a'lo(hL{J4L'M»!' (8..“ iHI';J-.—..L “0-:(laa 4 .L“' 0d :‘¢;..-J.:'IOFIC .8533]: $5-:C7(I .' .- -v r .‘ r 9' ‘ . .1 n r ' ' I ” J -‘ I" "I . o ' 19,357»: 31:1, ‘RO.Y.1-qu."8 1:) >1..»,.-. 3:. 1.9.1.911 em“: a; nefarrsryce 9.39 1.35 911d 11% f a _.t ..:~[.';_'~,'f._;(.\s‘-.:.:_ 81 '19":(‘:.:Z {a 91:51 19.1 w is.” 81 JCS/£19 92'? “"“'".P.9!158 _'.0 use! 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'31: 'J'f'i:27_’19 my 9:1 "30 rzoid‘qmsaas 31:11:72; 3. £171.73: a':;:;71;-7w1;(.ao 1737:7373 E:7-:9-‘.'-'C;33:7:"37 '.0 [10.123313310351133 rid ‘51 be: 1.2231373) .Sb 3.: 9m”; 3.33.5 333:3.30 3.17.6? 97.17'97211' 1r ‘1' (KIA.- 9337723332 dm’n‘ dJ‘iw 9333333379 0.1 3710 3, .,:.(1337* 71111137313717 rte-.7321 710’: fumid‘s 70 3823319371179 efisvel V’s-£71531 3371339391."; 2.-- , . . .:. .. .211 a _ - ,-r . - 3137-9313731: ...--.3 _33; {3:5 9:! 03 33.93.33 J05: 3203.1 9.933 who-Sis ‘73f311911'18fl has r?“ (for; 9773;; 871.2.rf3.:9.::: 3.1.1.1713 {:1 L73 "1}: ‘.;-1..-..13.7::‘--*-:~17jee ‘03 ed binode 8.73.1 Vfw «1111 35:21.16; 9.771 ..:.zzfirzaio 9117‘ .af.;50;f. 9.2.33.15307713 9.17.3773 arid {2713371373}: Ladsvljmx -~ ‘ ’.‘v I L) o- l. I F- I’ " "'- ‘7 ‘ ' 1‘. "f " ‘ . L ...- L 1 n £31.33 a..- 7:37 .545“: no 77-1.5.1..137: ,n..:.7.-3:2:r;1..;3 53.0.“? 033:; £3933ub ed 37.3: ¢ 1 C1335; iris: 83371330'Iq 737191.770 no " _ji.'j.7’-£‘;"!3(js:?) ..orid hm; aijfprrq '10": 251375.335»; 33:37.33 933:! {37: 33350733; arid 35*.-.7: $377192 7;.‘2‘339 .771 930d? 3.7373737 :1'.'."_ .'1 1.137 3711.73 snip-7 oJ‘ sii‘ij 77.773-531-071: 930.11: 53:71.17 £1-13: 19:10 3333:1033; '10 2:752:73 aio‘ 313.11.712.35 03;.) 0:} 95:17: 87.73.}; 7—7371r.:i5i‘95;3:’:? a. 211 639A"? .9899 7.1.. 333.135 "37.333723 9:723 n1 33111710qu @3311”; no “(xid‘efi'm In Isai'l 1:30.393 9313 037K: H.131 17.321071: 277113.131; 1:717; {2011‘73713233 1395751 arid an; 2. ...N' .13..- .1, r 3. ..' ,- .7 , . , '. , E" .. fax; E" m. f.é;33..7£~.3_31.x..9 8.1 .33.: 131 51:!) 03:3! 3.9.1201} has a 15%:an ‘qzroxg :. ..9 I; .'. , . ,.. ,1 .. _'., . '..,t, q. . ’..L, . _ 1 7:39:13 710.. £111.33; 91.15 3719:9371 38".”. .335 a7xargrj.t..1..: 3o (303.337.0110 :q :21 '..s.[ s fi'wmfiw ”0"-“ Our-1 7 __-_-—-_. l 3 I I ‘g’flawht-zi‘ IshtVufftfigi‘. 3173 720 934355-13. 7728‘. 'f-ij'eq: 5 9rC'1bI'TS 10.1 \CI f9: ~ “I: 8'11...“071"‘ 33.13113; N“ 1737.103 91.6 [7: avi'7":37'c .7) 359.11.773.61 ed: '10 {£77.03 514. J.‘." 3931.757191'373301 0:5 17.97. '(‘”"U 5371757»! ainrzis'xsrrooo 19d "It. Iomtrzoa ed: '11.)? 1:3! ‘:,:1=13-f‘1.=”[ 6.37.»; 27.77.710.113 :0 ..':3311'J9ri'mn 03373315399 3:713 87““?‘7‘7‘N97 57”” “1t 3793‘: ‘07“‘1 9L3£ir ‘3’" 3" L“. i Mir!67.0.3.1;73Eumi‘qe has 8131:5815) my); 2:5 {fatty-.1 as (117.1710 03L? Vii-7.33.”. co‘ 3 -.:-.308. 0.73.1 1:37:33 7 3371931707733 6313 '10 .'g‘wzl'fi .(71 .87 23731317331 0937391333311 r3337; .29 2339517313 31.1.10 ".-:: 1'3 03 eldjp 13" "51 ‘1'33-.-b “17'1T3‘31'3'10'1 é’VUff'Ii-écooo lO 8902.108 as 81033 3.7309 01173760313 CIT-”15mg Jii 59110iua‘452‘fi 86 Easiness 39357131.:11'190171301q otainoeqofiom -..,..7:7:’333.£i 971.3 6:)..'rr£nI Lal' S'IUJIHot'tgA r11 ‘(IOqOflOi-fi '10 9, 13931.17... 81906" "3.3 {1'J_1:1; 8333' '10 39.13.14 dating Simofvog'l fn‘FO‘i" "(‘91'3‘3001'31 133‘ '30 E‘VSMI has ‘63 013'! ($537!: t- S .VOH tatlit '17:".‘A rJ.- h""”_:‘") 70': 11'} '{ ‘aeasN-noW u- -m 41.- ’N : .:.. “HI-g I‘d—v“ r 151 muting geniminenamflohieinfleflhletotheprioeohteined fee-them. boler- epergte one get erperoentege fee, em! ine-pletecohgngeietypieglinehippingpointpremfre- We. Thege fone of Mien fer lax-hating eervieeg reeelt he eleee reletienefprefithoutpet leveleforthe-zflrle. the re—ltn'heineednet dththedegired outpeteflprieeleveleef pod-eon er detrineetelto predeeereffofleto eentrellerhetinge. The gbeve diet-notion between those fir-e gale]: dependent on fregh produce an! thoge for which theee produete are e capluent to e brood reuse of product offerings, eepereteg the retail whet eector fro: the minder of the nrketing channel. For g perigheble product with g relatively long growing moon, g high fined invegtnent in production, end susceptibility to melon chgngee in output due to the min of vegther, it ie eeeentiel the producer be eble to predict 4-1:! in advance gnd to control We to oonelnere in priodg of guinea eurplue. The retell. anti-product nrketing etrgtegy no: gt tineg prevent thee. Thie etretegy could preclude the producere influencing d-gnd through price We along other thinge. hen the retail eector prgctioee nrieble prioe nerohulliging there ie, ggain, no.Mreeeonwhythebehuior oftheretgil geotorvillbeoon- gruellt with the gogleo of the production gown-.160 o. the century there ie oomidergble evidenoe the lregnlt m be price? imtghility in the fun nerhete. ‘ Theee ere the four identified market oonfliete in the freeh fruit end vegetgble muting eector. The: are for the loot pert ehort-run 160mm; variable price merchandising, e mm of the muting nix ch to gelling, is discussed below and in Nelson, P.E., Preetou, u. 33. sag—mam: Asa-um Univ-rat: of m, it e of Engine” erd Boonie Reeegroh 1966. 99113J.o 93194 aid 03 9IJEN$I3rf at dac.{w 99992.9 3 a; 393. r993 5313:3193 «no :91 $99 "9 if; 70 “99 9 no 939“9q0 9199999 .Junbo9q 993 191 I I Q ' ... ..~~ " . , ’.. r I 901; Jaemuanoin Junoq r-u~1da n; £3949 J a- 9 433gx9 eJ 9gqm. .1 .'.r‘,'., ' ‘ r .' '0'19. v ' «fin-r- v arr-1" (A «- r g‘ m ‘3 '5 ”"11 "Q {‘30" v.1. '93,?- EUJL» .’.-Ta ,..l.’.v"‘ 1 5‘ L. ..4J.‘. I. E\ .0131 UJF I ..O 84;;0 J. 9G9: . .8 .AnaOI—J— ;.q n- . 4 _ . ~ - ,, -. ,q 4.7354 - .,'r 991 99942 JflflflJ 9 ‘ efsrsl Jh9 no hub JL-vfiq 3o n913b491 98013 a at ' . .. . '. ,- f. . .L 2. w, . .9. ._. 4" to siovsi 99:94 has Juqdvo f:5'; 4399 SJJ difw 39;;n00 5; 9d 393 .Liesu ~85fliJ5izsm 3-299900 of 9J90? +9 999N?.91q oJ 19W;u :‘19399 to eteouborq no Mums-£39.?) '9Ina 8.991"! 93-9934 51929.6“st row-111- f ..’“.1 99:04.15 991T 0.! 1%r9r'444'144449-9 3 99.9 91".411'90'143 0.99.13 91:55.41 '10“: 990.413 hm; 83Lf1140‘1q :53 99"?- .-J‘:1aa :22121 .4347; .E:4;;9*z 9134’ 99:99-33:13 ta13,41:":91?o Jouhotq '20 9:41:31 19.9016 3 J'94rf.-:>':q eff-trickier; 5 9:97: .iom'a‘io 3.97:5'44219444'4 9211+ '39 1951:1399: 94113“ mm“). r1. .;*..rs:.:.599~.rr:-F': buiLi'"; rid-'1': s woe-4:99 3149-40443 31‘on 9,5.[9vicf-Is'r 5 EU}?! 99!; {Ki-..‘: 7 4 Iii-C 3 H9 -_‘p V _(90's 0;. J‘ 9(-':_‘_.- 'r -"J;J.. 'e bras .170 when; 13-9739qu 03 914%}; 94'! ‘iS‘FII- 39:19 9.413 Lirrzaaae alt if fish-+391: '10 99-521mm? '30 afzoi'm r1}: 9994-.4'?a:103 03 8513914144994! In 9109 oJ hm; sormvhs :13: M11429 99 'I ,. lb You“ 9': \21-5v-3'14‘4‘8 3"? ”9 45'29: {'n .u 84.:99uf10'1q 91:33 9.91;- ."I- am; ILL-'10:) ‘a‘sdys'zifa 3.?! crib-int: H.939: 9d“? .9U!.q’:.Lre nebhtre 34‘“! ‘.. 9?. at? 319919qu earn-U 01$ {194-1. .14; 53:11.: "-:.-Jo 3.4,:7101'1-9 89:11:44,539 93:..q r! gum-{3‘ Emma‘s?) gnionextfiai 111323;; .85: 9'z94'53 '41:iaifusrizmesr 99f9q sic-sirmv 8-‘3 ‘MOJH .9an 193993 115399? --r4:oo 941 .LE-lfis' 293999 11353939 9123' 1’10 uoi‘mgisd 91+ 5924: nos-4599' 1949;:qu g on 2;"‘414'r7-44'09 9113 :9“ ain't'roa'me: r19- 'th r‘nrc; 94E “.0 ell-40:9, 9'11? 131w 993934 41.1 91.55:" 7.52.539.th 99.424; 94:" 'r 3&3?" 9133‘ 99519341.: 9 94/9 93313-9900 aft 99.13 39.:j 4m It'll-£31 el'i'J’ 54.94:: FIT-""1 94411." {41’ efrnff’mroo $9999.". 1891:321t4'49ILV' 91'0“: SHJ‘ 9223 999.4! 19".1'4'4-43'499' 9 3'" 2.; firs-9.4; 911;! 10': 995 14:31"? .'Iod'oea “._F'Jsf-f'imt SL113 fax 4! has ’ V’g" ' F .r 1" ’ ' ' I V”; J.--..': .:."'-°iv‘33 LL11 910' 0 Jr c-L'st s . 41.19}: {1515 929:: 9:1."er 541.9(qu Izgaeiwfii ‘.‘Iih-af’fii ‘.J-oq “1034911 III 174KB MOI-9d baaazroaxb 81." (ESE... LISa 03’ ”£930qu.33 -"“pr fir" «'19-’99 ,fi ...”:- A , 9. _' r 'v 4'4 “‘3 1979“ 4 -:.-1.72:”? f; 1.'.-.'.‘~-..4'—.'.;—i.~? 5' 33-52.!12 34‘ .4? L ' ’.. 3.1;: $1153. "'3 41 " "" ix 5 ea err-caui . \.Lf'.'$"1.‘:‘,D’-‘E))i051.0{4‘0341 I 10 3&1.”le (ALL ‘LL‘: [UJiIBJ ‘0 152 conflicte, prehebly corrected in tine. But tehen togethc end occur- ring repeatedly they are of sufficient inportelbe to lam e per- petal state of fun price intebility. hch threetem the market coon-dinette: Mined by the interdependence of the Vertically related whet leveley The four conflicte -yert1e1' production integration, brute ..:-bet orientation, eelee end profit legislation, at! retell ticketing etreteg — will be taken up min efter e diecmeion of Infleetetzlene of eerket instehflity. Wamwmmm- mm Mobility-q be ebeerved directly in the fol-- of price verhfione er my be inferred fro- eecbtein tonne of whet beheviotr end inetitu- tiene. The {net method me the eéjeet er Chapter A, the mend use the abject offlnp‘te‘rB.‘ Inthiepert efthe «want-pt 1e Iede to integete the tuna nethe‘d‘e through the evidence geined in the hearing phone. that. section 1. W um. Imiteetetione 1n the producer eeoter to whet price imtebmty; tb next continue the etch of the intitutienel etmoture of the whet u en Mae-tent to th1e inetebmt‘y; In both thie end the mat- eeetion there 1e en iden- tifieetion prob]... Behevlor end nrhet tantrum tr- Ihich the probl. enl Gene“ of market inetebflity In be inferred eleo in. ether refute. Per eI-ple, pm hull» was on- tnetenetonlyeemtoreduoetheyreduoere'lerbt riekebutney eleo eeme eoonmlo crop ebendoment for produce" eithout mob eon- treote; thq w elee me the ehippere' W of quaity oontrol ever the reductionprooeee. O We my mm eece en obvioue mifeetetion of Ierhet i . .- ' .- ' e 'e 1' ' 4' I r ”" re .- ... \ 'L a“ ['4 in I + ‘ ~ZJ130 ins "3A33,0J as 3: out .333) n- Leo021100 xhhaéOIq .atottlnoo .'1 . F- . '2 ~ .-~ 41 'l‘ c rw-w. I’rrrx 3‘ " -rr F‘w “'6’”! n '1: at" '- 1' 1.. ‘ 1fI") .'g-G ~61. r E' - 193.1 .8 n. .’1-115.1-..3. . th ‘3“ {L1"\‘ ;\- ‘- .‘-- 5‘15 'L)..u-‘.4L A .Lil(< \) U -ee'-. $49.1U ... .L 6'J.._’\"-- \-'t “11...! n. . v . .1 _ .1 , . .. +“.,'_r.' _r 1.1 ”Lat-'..!“ '_-' ° , a ,. 4 U933; :11 1‘." .u‘ ('2! '93 .’.1 3 LNJ 11535.. ."xid .:.).-- .uufihr‘s ..: 93.221? 17.1.1-0 ex!“ ale *8 Lfgfvaq , ~ g . ‘ v. ._ '\ ~ ' a '- ‘ i O ‘ 0 I :13 - €3,511 1* [-':-'.mzf'mv szf 1 to 00119: $137.“ 29.3131. 9.13 '.g': 5.19.7711? crr" {103151531000 '. . . ‘- :- F"‘. 9 .u. "v "1" ., --’r -iu£: - 33013-n00 2101 en; .anreI Jenxgm '7 ‘:- - 1' :' e\1 ' J L e";'# '“."h ._r.e. V" ."" "’ ‘I I ' - Li}: 0': true ‘11 thins" .. .31. u .'.:3 r11. 30...“: ‘.zo-J.-£:r:19.mo $911131: hm .'1 d: 9 ""~ ;'"’ """'-‘1""3 " ""4 1" t" 51‘" C.‘ ’1' “‘3 “'4 I “Pu .... “91*"7'? ”HF? 31-16511 0 I —- “F‘A'Vh- >.‘ \ ' ~19 n}. d‘; v», (I J-nscr \I J Jpn“ “-". “ Q --‘-B one --“" ,«{.I'_E-f._?tdx;\fiun.f: $3515.11 10 anniisgfea'ibzs can r F O I T O (V Irj 1n_..'.', n J.',-..;\'.-v':r:_rr: ,3!‘ arc-oi “"."'-4 1.: .3 \' ’1 rs“ 1' fun c)" "‘ 4 '30 P ..’)l‘. r‘ 8141;”1.’fl . 1 u e ‘ I I“ " ' V ._. I. ‘- ' ‘l ‘ .‘.". i~_’. ,.‘«‘C.ew. o'a'v.-o\0~— —- ‘-C “—0.... cat. -“"-4'—'_ “-’-". d. *- " . ~ 1 I ‘r - o It a' ‘v ‘ 1.7 ’ .' v : .‘1 ‘ r 1 . ever“ 1" .~.; 002:. - ..::c’i 9.-.: 11.1. «£-..09*I.c.3 bewcaafo ed 13.1; m *giiflsscf'a n1 ~U'i'.E:i'e;t.'r. {.1113 '20-.".'~:'.s:"fs3 '1' 3.0129: 31.1 ’.‘o zszxm'i armies) .7202”: be'x'xeini 9.3 1:511 '10 am " «3'20“ 2.13 .A '15-‘5".{111173 'I‘o $0941.13, e‘i‘J em: rowan 39'1"} 9:1"? .anofrd ai' .11.;1'1'3 1‘33 {:3 Viva $113 '.to 3'1_ -' 731212} [II .3 193.3511?) '10 3219:6113 5:” ad rrj: 1.91.. ..n etnofuifve s 1 1{ 1:07.123 aiodjerr ow: 0.11.1 9357363111: of? shear mi" mic 8:201 31:32: 72:15:51 11.13.»: ham-301100 at no: 398 ehi'i‘ .BBBOO'Iq {111115911 69 ’4- C ..‘ ' f 91.? amatjmcm 3K:- -F.3.-[-Z‘.r:';:..."c.«'1-'£ 951:1th 33"1531 0.1 103093 19011120111 _ 2.4;.4. '15:: 9:13 '10 O'LII:O.U'T$8 INCL 1.0-3311 91H 10 {£111.33 «1:02-55 rm 8.: 9101413 HOE 's-J- :93 32:32 91.- bus aii dd‘od ml ((3.12: ‘3 an: ain't 91"J Iii-331‘s: :310'33. 813013113411: PM #1111...“ has 10:13:19; .r1zeI._IcrIq 1203235331.” J. .r.-.111! 07:15 beam ‘11:: 0:! \{35‘71 ‘CeifiifJa-JEJi deriumx ’10 3081.130 has moijovq -r:-30 f":.i‘i'9f~'.'1£fit zaif‘nai ‘3';.'C“-'190:.' 10'1q ,siqr'xcs 10"1 .a~.rI-3':919'I 15.43 '39.": Cir-d 3328-31 13.11:.» '1'a'rssrfio'zq arid 9039191 off 9*."1‘98 "3910 Jon 530513 M100 r1033 31101535111 a'ISOUBO'iq 'm'i 31:91':‘~.of:2::scis qo'Io Chicano amass 08-355 1':.~.f_.r.~oo ~='.;"1':..F£~;:p '10 aswzoq'rzrq 'e'zsrrqufa 95?: ev'ma eds "0111 {arid :etos'xi .3290. 'f‘r uni-fraz-‘an'rq emf: 'Isvo A 33:1"; 10 1.0L; 5.1.3. Erma anoi‘Mo as areas 311%. ...-u. ~- 3 «<13 93111933.": o)‘ — 153 immunoitwhwmmciotunImmh-t condi- tiono W botwoon tho tin or planting ood mafia Amman-mt wild not bo o pcoiltmt rooturo of tho industry oxcopvt for rooccuring inoocuroto prioo upoototiono. Tho odotonoo of crop obondomont io on mmuén of tho MIC-Of Iorhot ooorlliution ood ho on ohm "lotion to rooouroo ollocotion. According to o South Ton: roprooontotivo: ”At no tino dim-ins oooh production ooooon, o ion of tho rogortoblo om is oithor Maud cup oil: or in lultiplo horvoot crops, on]: o no.1]. portion of tho prodqu tion io «th: cold. Whilo thio io not mood in vogo- toblo production, tho riok or roooiving o low prioo or honing toobondonotiohliooflndomoinobtoiningodoquoto orodit or £83m tho odoptim of optin- production practim. ' 3 ' - Thioprohlnlorhono‘ro mhmh'l‘mothonoloowhorobut Motmdobodomout dot; {command-tutu indi- ootoo ‘tho oituotion is not Inigo thooo. Tho' allowing com involuo :1 Mm of Coin-m. min. and muotrotoo fruit wand—nut 1.11.1 31.1.1 ' 30p. nun-u: Emmowamun but to Up Chipping? rho booio qoootion might bo w do you hoop doing thioifmhooplodngnonoy? Inglis)“ oon't Just chop up tho trooo mlou you oro going motbuoinon. Ndomlnuowoltomtiw mopttohoopooningotmpriooyouoougot? Ir; Gorobodion: i, woolf, didn't hornotjtholut hull! of tho. .' ohoppodo-ootthotroooofl. Iolzrorohrdo Ididn't brunt tho ooooul pianos. And o produoor_of Cdiform ”gotoblo mpo ropliod‘tho following: 1611Mamodnotbotruoirtho obondomont no forthopurpoooof influonoing prion; oridonoo prooontod in Choptor I. ouggooto obit;- domout ioorooctiontopricoani 111-not cootondnotoprioo-Ionng forco. - “Mun.- lump, p. 33 1638a Fronciooo flooringo, p. 523- a)“ :3. _ -o'- . .v'! i v r‘ ’\ ‘ r A .. «£1333 *3”033 nusfinn uLLiG :33 hfwfim XL srn 3.q 33 933.8 zilIiizucfi h- 4 , , j _ A? ‘.. 1:! ,_ -..-._,~ (\ pt (“.‘1 ,..,..I “(f ,,.. ' u: ”m '..”;')-Hf‘.1‘.'n . 331,: £3". .-r;.r; _;.:-.J.~.I..;-.’._.V .-.'3 vs...) 9.1 ...).51 1 f 3 1.0 82.0... ‘..‘3’ A 5;" ‘4» '.- .. _ . .o‘ .- 3. V .. A, n“- ' J' ' -.~-r A...‘ + '1" 9- v- n f"-r--- 711.1,}.‘Ir,f37’1f1.‘:’3 ‘tki... \“.:f.;]“ 5’ fivfi",U',;:o.-:,‘L 5 LJ 10 f) ,A...'\}:,:7: U‘h‘ V "___" 19': 8 ed Jpn .J_-” _H‘k ‘. - ' I f ‘ II“\ I O t o I. ‘. 1,... V . .r. f V '- .- .3 “ v_ any- ::_ (- . n: " .v 'n \ ¢ ‘3 P' I! L .'1" I .‘f‘ .'-O P' (ii-i=7: :93; .-:-1.2;; f ‘a'.I\) .:.D 9.....ILO‘ G.La.'./ wt; 4 .8 ." ..aL " 0.1‘3‘4t- iKO 5'0 l {K \1 G‘T.) 5" 3338‘!“- - .,-'~ 1, ’ ' ’ a 0 r3 any fine nauamaL'Ib«3 3: 3:3 to mwl 3*; efiJ I0 301‘ , . 'SVJJEJJSEO" M" 1‘0. ~. ~.:. e.- ,- , . -_.: ,.:.- , - to 301316" 5 .303393 utaxcflncrw 3133 LmeLb SHJJ emnd in" do Elotciqfira 53 013353 vufidje at 0733133 effigiahev 833 3 Lu-” 31: ?o 90-41'"1w '73 a g gfi;n {930:3 333r~=d eflcifium NE «913? at Innawnu can a? 31?? 3:33; .LIoa ‘thb 3:5 2i fi“IJ "LVQA T9 euixfi‘wnf 3 134713331 30 :311 3&3 ,JfiififlfffiTq eiifii 933131954; .'_ 51-7:11-£'Tv;.$ft; 3-2 €f)f...5'.'i':f‘*’.3{ r; at tio’fl s [1.3131335-‘5 04 nuzJozLOfiq 333::jo to noiiqoba edJ Qw359‘;vgfi 30 diiemo “”““.393t3353q ..‘-3.. rr \ u, L "W -.’ .7" (V. f .' ‘.h.“'-f’«r. "((' -‘- d "-Y ‘ rIJ/‘Jr .'me I'IVCJA.\) {.11 u‘ 8;}x-- . 8-'3‘2 ‘) J 1i. J .'_';.'~. :JC- J A.~)_.§( 9 Ear. Tb- . -J\' 4.11 8-9.4 A L L. ' Q -ibfl£ 88 £33 10 fifiqufi 5 103 3;;p ‘7ov~rhrbgb fife jUIfn i0 I323T9q s#n:flsxs gnfimoEIJI 81 .9fieié eupinu 303 ai noiJnréia 9J3 89353 . o- ' n J J" .' "fi' " ‘ v 'o .‘ ' ‘..) 2’ rv "5 . ‘ " o 1,'. ‘ ; r" V .‘.. JImxl asVSXVCULLL Ins EULJul bgmuc33333 30 1u3q333~13k013 5 BSVIOM' ' . ' + . g .. ', - .J :3figfa 3533 CL 9L©3nfi,us‘5 (‘1 -. v“ r c ._r ‘ 4- I ~ .‘ . »~ ’I , I...rz_--3;q .rfcs QJCL. OJ an 01.1%. 'L'MJS 11.2, J.’.Hf L'ov 0-1 :LLss'm’i «*3 r. 3‘ I o ‘ ' V ' P r $ ‘4' . . 'r :- I .' 1 Ungcn 9394 L0{ on if' 91 ,2” 305339 p 333:3 9.; I. "' -.‘-- ... .. ‘ .:., ,_’ .'. .r ..‘”, o. -. .'.-- UC‘C 83 L5 .17. -‘.. : .jJL";f‘).l. 'I“-.’3U..r. 44 3.1.: UH.“ 1-1. Eli—..:: '. ‘ V .\ y r‘l'.¢ " .-g "—.' 'I. ’- « . 3:33 913 no» a33£uu dg;IJ 93“ qu 3333 3335 J'nso ‘ '\ ‘ “r3“. ‘ 3W! SUIB ‘75 9‘.“ ...)i; AU‘ '1: 01.} \o'JwLI . U L ’ ' I ' .‘I'p-a v" . a ‘. 1’ fr... r - ,' ' . . Y483 RED HOE 921-2 v13 3» 3334333 Uflvh 03 J osAe . ' .l 4 . , - ~..:.-.c 3 . :._, , . .:033 L0 3L uach SUI J3s~:;n J‘u,;) 3393v3 .I :35 ‘vd»a}T 3”! SJTfi;OTO e! D a}? .3 :'3£vTJIofi MJ beif.:91 a o~o sIcW ewev sin~oII- u $0 weoubaqq s bnA . . ,3!’ °o eannWLq 9d? 10' 22% Jawnno :3345 933 31 evfifi 9d inn b99n e£dT£'* «H333 3:333:33 A Tslngfifi a: ’Cfflhnafq sanebfvs :333t13 :Ffoneulfini Ln f33.f~33:1q 5 Jon n“ 3800 339V23'bF590i1q 03 30133337 5 at inemnob .5310? . \Vl '\ 'f .q ‘8'}; ‘Ji’! Sf! {job} 3 ’1; .7 - .4“ osanrrTK ns;~CI 15h Hr. W: Then this eebbsgethst the dipper isn't tube, what do you do with thst? _ Mr. Chinn: Disc it up, chap it up. llr. Hershll: Is that customary for most growers to do that? Mr. China: Yes, sir; very sustain-y.“ . There is as evidence eoonanie crop sbsndoz-ent is en incressing or decressing trend. This need net be evidence at the failure of producers to learn from mistakes since different producers may make the same mistakes each year. (1', the personality characteristics‘of producers night asks them subject to mistakes or high]: optimistic. Becsuse of the fixed investment in orchsrds persistent abandonnent night be tolerated in fruit crops longer- than vegetable craps. Date on crap sbsndoment of fruit craps is not svaihble, but one witness espoused tts curious theory, "In srw given your, costs have little, if em relation to selling price, but ever s long period, costs must be recovered or the owneris, of course, bankrupt. This does not neces- ssrily leen rowel of the trees, es spple growers are en unduly optimistic race of people sni new operstors one stung 'to operste ercl'nrds which beesuse effigy -- vsriety - er locstion, ere nol longer profitsble. 'l'he econnic sbsndoment of the independent producer would be governed by different criteria fra those regulsting the economic .. sbsndement of tin grcsershipper normally. To caplete the harvest“ of s my» rain:- would only require thst thenrhble hsrvesting 161.5“ Wises beings, p- 653. l .. 1658esttle Hesrings, p. 88. The person-lit: end risk-preference of freshproducegrosersssdmrketersmmednore csreful studythsn can be given here. Jones hes argued the risks associated with the lettuce nerket have attrscted s group of entrepremurisl mblers uho, through their quest for maul profits, disrupt the market and perpetuate the market risks. Jones, 3.0., "A Case Study of Risk Distribution" m 21 M m 33:235-lul, Us: 1951. . . , . l I "‘3 r» v «(\r- vv "~1 0"'+ 4" L .‘. i." r ' ’3 3‘ ‘..—IA 't‘C."fl‘ ' r r "" “'.-" ‘ ”-.‘”: " .‘r ,_‘ ‘5'! __.~‘ 1’ - . x, ‘\ \ 'v ..' ‘ ' .‘.)x .4 s...\' L. . .- . _‘..e-q ~' 0 w—l‘ \‘ ‘ ' . .‘._ ,. ;. '..". A.) +,..,. ...,n \ u» .. ' . f .. \-.'. a *e " . e .'.. .P s ‘r,‘ ”‘.. 1" ‘ I ~ ”a v t“ . ‘ "’ ' '°" '.. ,‘ h' e'.. ‘-A‘L ”rhuz.) '.. L‘ \.'.;. «(1-31. ..‘-"$-‘V e .r.. '\ -. '4‘ ‘4‘ 'v" s Y’s". tr .e v' 1 I 0 ¢ "fl ' q- . ) \~ 3 ‘ .~.‘. . ‘.J”. ‘8 J- .I. {.J.I-v Q I . ' ' ' I ‘ z- rrr r: "\r ‘ r ' " . 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' ‘ ‘ e ‘e' , x .‘ “‘.. fl ‘." -\ ‘J \J ‘- '1! m ‘kat ~._"~ . 8‘s.“ 4".t 1' "’2'! :13 i; I: .319?) :5_“ S: 4.." flat :{Lf ._.; s l. .e u s. i ‘g. cl. ‘ ‘ -.. e- . ~t '- . V v . r . .- I . ’ ‘ “' v - :1 v ,1 "1 r: 'f ( .' - - e: t, -, -. r r - . O ." 1‘. ...! .‘ :5? .19.. Jr \1 ’ J Cs: [1* L n. "I (J ' '..J“) (1:. - E. ~}.‘ C'\’ .‘x‘ ~. ‘J . l-wr- ‘ "2 :5 3 114: f) {'5' .'.“ '. .. '(" . I. I" : 0f‘7;"\.f"'n- r- (.20 " J" f‘~ '3 f‘ w, (~O( “ c. ' In {If ‘5' I: _‘- 9! - - : .5 - e-s - .‘H - r r' ‘1 5‘~ . .. - . ...... - a .- .. , J - ' (r' ., 5 . m .. \ ..., L l . a ...-4 1 04...: o. l - r_ y ‘ . {f .' ..'! r n -'. e .* ' f ’1 - .'«r 9 ’ .r'l' ff: . . ‘ ..u- ~rrr V! ‘f '-‘ .’." \ d-- '6 - , - . . . ..',-_ «‘- ,. .. ‘- Jn- _-’ I :‘w. ‘J. \J". 402 '-L‘ (z! .. .:J «:1 _J)-‘~ 3":th ..IO‘ ‘4 ‘.wv 4"; J..- )..'./ {.'.‘Ju .1 AL'.‘~.0 ‘CA."~ ... . E e . , 2‘ _l ‘I ~ ...! J._. “_‘_ _ \ f r ' ‘\ P“ f v r ’-,‘ '1 .‘. . ..., p ‘s‘ ‘( nr. r -r\.'r.l~' moo-'- ' em [..’-a -' "\fi, 4-¢.-~I~..; ""E": O... .\_.L. ‘V '-- ‘. o ‘... . ‘.- _, .‘. ~ . i - J.. _ ‘ ..‘. _.‘ - ..J—"i Gus“. “0".-«1. ”-.d M M o. b... e...“ 155 oestsueesdprodwtpricethersesthsposer-shipperweddreqeire tbst lea-bet prise «nosed both hervest em! pecking charges.166 is one pecker steted: ”. . .if we can't get pectin chsrgee outer our pertisulsr crop or ccssnodity st that given time, we will leave it in - tb field. is figure that the cheapest pert of the whole ' cost of Operation is the growing, and if you haven't enough ofslsrhst onyourproduct to get st leest pecking surges out of it, we either slow down our operstions or r8? discon- tieespeckimuntilwe mgstpseldsg ehsrgem'l In mortise, however, beth the independent end negated producer will sense-homing“ tb s-epssduetprisebeeses‘ekeswillbe shes-,- tb palm pus the shipping point lurketisg costs including pecking, m,.sndthslih Justutb green-shippsrdses. ’l'we nestins concerning economic ebsndonnmt ere the lechmins uplaedtedetminewhichsrepstdllbeebsndsnsdeflwhsswbeer those costs end the question of whether there might be errors in crop sbendoI-ent. Errors in this utter would sen precluded to the «IL-tent thsWisWhythe siuefthe-rloetellthelerlost prise rsther then s teel fer infleustngnhst prise. lot the inci- dence of costs of ebendoment would still be of importeuce. The ttu‘sst efebwtoprodeccswqhininpsrtthstnuc- tures obteining between producers end shipping point Isrbting fires; 1563 the crop sbsndcs-ent hes es its 3 purpose to influence price end ? retm'ns, it would only be rstionsl if the producers faced an in- elsstic dusnd function. If as sane has suggested there is en ’ elsstic dasnd for lettuce, all observed crop abandonment could be sttributed to the market price-harvest cost relation. But most crops he” inehstic dmnds and ab oment for the two reasons * 7 cemot be sepersted sstisfsctorily. or evidence relating to the elssticity of danand for lettuce, see. Hoos, 3., WM mwvnimsity mow 91%- " tion Agricultursl Econ. Report No. 92, 191.8. 1678c: Preeciseo Barb‘s, p. 696. 1‘11 1 e 1‘1 . a _ ‘ _.'. _ s_ e_ 0‘ 99r9pe9 bLu9w 9rdqxfe~99 999 9MJ 959993; 99L99 Jar 99g he 929X9 aicoo ‘ O ! (\flfix'r , . , V! . , fibf. ‘ . f —. 4.3.9 .'. . “ r 'f' a" "u: ' I ‘- rj'n r 'Tg‘tr ur'f 3‘ -':d' GPO an ' "‘.3 ?' ins/23 “Mai-xi: .'1...) owed.“ id. {~09 -muJina 6‘; .JC. \ “115.1. Lg. ~-‘ — b D berJe 99993q P . s e' ‘s*'f\r 0“ ."e~e.- "- ' a. mglussznn 9;‘ lo Jho ew~ 5.9 ,aneaq J33 J’flnfl 9w ll. . ." ‘: Jf 9ve9f KEEN; 9w’, .uJ n:>v JfidJ J5 VJE.90" :3 9o qouo 9‘3‘9 BJJ ?n 3939 :Tffifififlfl 9i: JhflJ 995;il SJ .bisil adJ r3y9pu ”To “”4 now 3: fr; ‘gefus99 adJ 3E rtofJgfivqo 30 5800 s;;s":;.;:f.9 3.1919033 35235.2 3:, 39': OJ $91.7 ouq 59‘; no J32: 913m 3 ‘10 uuo;uih jwruo anaifihisjn 9V0 ”no’ wofa uofls‘o w ‘31 lo Jyo ."—L-;I - . e O s O O O .aegfismo gal ;;9.x%5rm3 9w lzavvgguficsq sung: PL- — -- ’ ' 1'» sl"r 4‘. v‘ - ‘LI' '2’ |. .' :- xl“ '1‘ ‘ ‘ ' T Igwu USQMVUQ" tedgi.a~u£ Ins VuglflswaflL szJ dead gnacswui ,eoiJosuq a- . .- - .. . . . .; , + - . r .‘ . ,.,;. 3 SH IllJ Ba ,-cm339u 9:; q u9L§99q €"é8 qu db ng asvursd 99990 7..., . .‘.' ," 3- , .- .«5-~ ~'..‘ .. - .9. .3 - '~. ~ 3- '. ~+ .. a .J-5 ‘99; -u : gi 'bjnni 3~393 ¢L1J9 lam uh on puhqqicg SLJ cgpq 9:9Uborq sad ,1.. .. ..:.,Y n +, ."r' J ' .Cauf.‘ . 5.‘C‘o.—..-s;_i“"'“ 0"! .. 9.1!”: a” . \IJI-r, Quail}. 9:;3 1:11;} .:IfliI—f, '13 "V "rs I .. —s .'w ‘ "a - u . 9“ a‘uzugwd-n 9r 3 995 J29;- 1701133st .9: ..-.>!3(JT-0 9199 2 . 799 BFOIJaO'p can 9599 Linda oflw has bzmotjrfs Cd Iifw aqouo doffiw srimfiaJsb oJ bov-Frxo ,a z c090 at 390929 ed szin o9ed$ 93HJ Kw 30 noizeaup on J has eJcoo seodJ inoixe QJJ OJ buffiIDOTQ K998.hflfifli'”u§h$18. {J [I 890993 .Jnena LCL‘UBL‘B . ? -r..-. L t p 2, ..{i he .‘ .'.. .. ...r. L +.-,..' . 3.393% odJ pus Janka» add 10 sale Lug to nun: 39+”. qohmoba J' 9.3 PE 0 '3 .-2 \ ‘ 'i e O 9 “Vutfin Lflxonoxlihx 904 1903 s n5.{+ 9cafs 9 9919 As - - .9 1'9 .. .t. u _ rem '. ., .. . , r, L, ,.. L73: w {J 5; i .309331992 x. lo ed 41-4.58 1,.[._.o-..~: o;..,e...-.-.-.I-m-Jc.b '10 audoo '10 99 9E1 ., ~L . a . - . ' ,9 ... u '\q. r1 '- s ' _.5;ng tgjb'zJQJm 9..th Jug; {1-7: Igislzp; “3.x. cisomrouq oJ Jnexxzohzs .5 '10 - .-. .- . 4 a , :,,,,-., ‘. , ' - . t- . a .- 9.-.; “HXJQATEM unififi ENJQxixZ inn amonupouq nauwued yxirisJuo asu'J W'— suffiri oJ eacqfird .aJE as 85d Jncwnoxzsés qnto edJ 4*)?! fisfiri 8.9935991 off it [-'ot‘SH ed vo_no b; ow J} ‘ggfiufiqq J Estes Ja oyuit) 35 13 .uothmLI Ir~r>f sifia£'~ 94 b 909 Jfirna9hn£;5 q990 b9v9oaJ 0 fig .9 ouJJoL 99'} bn-Wt oiJas 19+ .. sJ‘ e u -L ,. , , . .,, ' '. . ..' ,,,.. 5.. 7 08:“ u.‘ .no_rJ:L99 Jenn 339V9.m~93i21 JUATQH 9dJ OJ [9 :4. .’ + . l‘ ' ’ 9 e" o ‘e " ~' g" " .~ V ‘ 99-“! -,»~ f3: ~. : ‘V r-f. . b. . C W V u 9 m am r :25; '..C 1.3-{- 319: J) cloamzerf ,_ 99-11 2.9993 .- s- . I F - re « '2. ' yr ‘ ‘_ _ + es ‘ ‘. 9 0‘ . ,7 | k 0‘ g If. we 2" W _ Q ‘ z‘ r- A “ r. . . -" .~- , . 9 . - . 3~ 0- uni n.J. Ditto. J Lu « .{iflioccstcxnua Ls 39.,93 93 J0 nae ‘ '. - ; r‘ '.4. a L -9 u ,. r s r . . .. C A _ he . .' ‘I. ‘ v. 1.... -"_-‘.s«:,4 . r“ ‘3...) t P' fie. N 4. f-_ '(I""( I‘ Q ‘ J. A [__. r :~,; .:- W“ -:. . - .. tv -- ‘..; . .~. ram-wt; m, .-....r. (... , Jo ....Jrei. es .9 . . . ‘ 5 es M ‘ ‘”' ‘ ’f ” , I .1 C.) “6"" . . ,;.-.'V.fin ’-l:‘l NI\‘"’ nnh :I"u. .’.v.".'nr; r elf~a~f “ Pa.- 3' p ;..‘v ’ "" ' ' ‘ 'N‘ ‘ ‘ OJ-r - ..‘ .' (J L... L . . -'." . '_.AA \.' ‘ " 4 q ' ‘ " ' fi*' '9‘ ¢-'- ‘9‘ "P“ .-'Ot" 4 ‘ - I -- -* I~l ~DA'M' ace-'- d ..s o _-‘-d a-‘ .‘.. .. o. 1.. . ‘.., -.‘ _’.... q‘ .‘..4 _- s - , , - . w . . . - . ~'"'“"""")‘ a" "’ ‘31.. e1'17""‘? Ctr-.‘.. r. \' :'.s mt'v'] 1' " F — A'r‘"" ' I' 1.} '/L 'k ~!----_ -J -l)-'-' ‘..)“. -‘-\J --—-.~. "’ «Lo ‘0 i ”J ‘53 e ‘ I”... ~ ~ , ‘- l f‘ ‘ _ (I) r ”" ‘ -- '-- e (~ve-s- .r.-n e nos - o'e- . r‘ _( 3 1 -- . , - e s. v i ..I N r o :- .- rv- -' 7r -r’- . . .. ->J 09+‘\I ‘i.‘. .69. .'?-,{3.~. ..r; f_‘- ‘1 J,;;°;,...:_;_,J’)J~ ,:~;‘. {I‘DJA .6?) .q efiffii2351 ooc 0:483”I n3 ‘LI 156 tb “Mmmothn cost affirm 1mm. forth. Inn-1.1mm pod-0r. loan. at tho :tuintic .1!th of fruh fruit :36. ”gut-b1- m “tempts m made to Mitutiounu not; tons of baa-mic Want. The.- mt Only quad the coat: of abandoment over ”flatworm, thunghnnt mummy“: .311 product-u, but also insure a. more r9pid response to crap .ban- m. The «nectiu 111-twat- uiit bounce of thu price insta- bmty and t5 difficulty .1 «fronting it im mum-.1 or volun- tu-y names. A mus-nut”. d I trad. mission of mi Won Sham produou'o W the round-g mug-nun of thooo hum-mambo: _ be ‘ 7 ’ 1 Ir. Corby: mmbogntuom upocific 131w mm mochtion influences price: when they am to m to be .1131: IM Hum: Groom-”,10ctmotordonotnahuwatt-pttofix ' priuttdl,butwcanm~ultoournnbcdfip tint 1n the face of the prevailing sedition: that In foolthnt Madonna mmwrthwnch mud nm'geth-totrytomket accordingly. Hr. Cork-y: Ion would mamand to flag, I um, 11 prices 0:0 mm» taut-datum trust-rm 1t tint the? "1‘. m: Thltt 1' right-168 Month; orders and ago-out. done with cooperatives my duo pro- rid. thn initiation-.1 netting for concern” abundomnt. “rho minutiae actor caudal-put Orinoco-1c chariot-nut is m]: nthtm or, in tbs extreme, what dthholding.1'hou been. lou («11111. no. of influondng pricu as product Minty WI 16656.tt1. WI, P-o 820 I an".: N‘ . ...«vf‘ ! “‘1’ .:.‘J..- V °. . n .' .. , . . A 10‘: soxrfv 05.13%; a“: 'io $343 35* ems-3°". .03": 3‘59er 033:3 of»: .'103.-'.£n0" q DSu ” ,‘_‘-9»:f!f'.‘-H’!Cf1 :_ J (a :- J- F TvTD Fry .~ ngo (x 9' '5 (w rr [I ".L‘»’ .1 A. 91-; ,. . h... , N ,, ..r 0 r .. ... [r CSQ'II') Cu 9.}; { $1.73."! .L. .3 .1 ”_ 1': ‘3" \‘i -. 3 2"). TI‘ -'2 09,5115 s.' U (I ‘8'}.9 3; '.CO 4‘]! .tfifi L o 4. {ll-J}. . I F a u ,i . .~-- -§ “-.', 1.x - .3 r- . , »I - f" 8.- :0... 1 7'1..— 0.. ..J...:!.(>.:-~),, .r. ‘ . £0,131,- ,. '184. ‘ - re - r,” r (.r.- ... 5— V a. -_{ VA ‘ L- "EO .rjilu. '.J- -. i" R- A (_Xx '..; :0 - " LE]. 1110*; wo-i 0 I‘ll (1‘31 Q“ a. A. r O L 0d 03 CT“?! 37.1“".'Y.’w$ ' . th' .I.» L, {1-E 0.1“ _ - L4. , 3- a- 9‘ am 92.13 ed(;."*.9~.u£ 87503.0 *1 v a H" . r , 9, .,.' ., J.‘,“ r .: ,, .’ . .3. . _. ,' . .' ros_».:;_-,-.;;~: 3.0 3.0030 9.“! I'm-“.13 gate 00;: 52-41; .vnwnc:rx.s...3 "°I:':r-'.s " r" "r 0:) I \ . 4.- 4“. O ..-. . V .5 J.- (x C i" -‘1 {I L [T "BC-V5015; 4,0 8.‘9 Calf“ 9:14;]: '4» 2.0 ‘1‘" ~l." J L" ." 1. fl L‘C ' ""‘.1" O” " :1 ' fr’\ n I O J..!gn-SLZ On... ..... ) (.x'! J..».Jmcyf‘; 9J¢.\.')\3.L.;\3 VA |..\, .3191)“ AOL) I: prziJCO't'mo to $039311— 9:: bag 1.3+: 51:1 r‘l' :3 .1 £7 a: 1 fl 1 .2. <4- : ".-0 t - .' r, ...",4 , , ... . {107221400325 2.7-ng 5 .0 sh _wsarrmo'zqv'x A .da'mcbsw 1.3043 L - r P 1 r‘ ' ' :' " __z.\ '0. ~.¢- . _f‘ '. ‘a-‘p~ .. 1. . -...‘- .4 F i- .r C NET...- \J.4.:’.(.)1‘C/ .n ’..: "31.1 \4 "..' 8'15: ..'], - 9‘. .:.{T $-LCI! I.) 9 U “U \4 fi\’ ‘- :f4.~.‘.8b¥( - g - ‘- on U . , a ' .' '0 aar‘rlazrz'1431 se— 3 1.0 ‘.." J 'v' ’7. v) (D a S3 (K . *1 5 o ' 9* En (D «L. H a Q 1 'I (3" "1 HQ) :‘iBfi‘TOQ .'1?! ~ I rva ‘1‘” r' __.. .r L . -_- ,H., .n J... ' '1‘?) Jq 1:.) 1’02; [19 -.‘! B‘dOJJIq 8531;..31,.;_?f[_1. ”0..; ..' 517006.85 ..:0.-'1;-Li!5f1..t-' 90’ 0;? mm; .‘.. ‘L -. .c -. . - .-, I. . 9.01; "',:".'3 0-4:.» 3.0:: 01) m 3.001130 em .9:*::.roo 'ix) :ewoJ «5‘1 .. , :. L. _ ,_,.. 1 . f , _. r .5315 “(A70 0v l’le-deOOI .3.‘ 9‘2: v'r': ‘.:.LJ “5 8011.1 352i: anojf:_’ff:uuco g;.r:t.f.i;s'9*rrg 5:73 '30 99.3? En” fit 0:343 U ...~/ . . , A. - . a 1. ....-. 4. r 1.0m"! 0:. {[0 10¢! 3‘03 a:.-\:..'-a has 3,014,211; [$3.100 ‘13:. “9'1 I. r. 1' .L ...... . .‘. ... . ... C - .. ' n 951-111,..3203-35 05).“ 1.2;: O: 3:3 oJ tum 011;. my ins vp no.1! 9:5 8-2333;an ‘U: ‘5‘):1r835 I 123:1: 03 b.“ “"0191 bem 0.4 [JOY 56571103 .'1?! 59:11.1.“ Jon 10:13 32;” 9.3.3 1i._‘5\+*:so 5 'fs 9'01 ‘gL'IbrrM 391.1153 3.814”! 3.8 f‘\ ("I o 9» . c ..'m ‘ 14.31 8.: J15“). :ewoJ .'zr’! ‘ ' : ~qu-r x»; 5' —~ I: -- - . . .... . ‘ ’ J, ' :13. 100') .n. .'w 3:131:25 (31-11319? "5 ’ s a"°"") 311:. zany-'31 ‘ .’ - L. 1"“ n .' ' , z. : 0. . .-....:..Itr:: rubs 5‘ -5. 200:9 $0; 3* fire Ian'ofi '4 -- “cut 2;“? 9r), O or. ‘r' J rfl a n’r 4 up ,n 4- .’. .L _ an) _1 .. .10 a ' ’Ts'-,....-; 4) a.“ \...b )3 1.) u -.FF“ 0 " w 3 '10\ 3'08 "" If} .'L‘i'fi 9'1 “A M " L I 1“.\ ’1' 8 “N {f I." "a I :1 ' ‘1 “(3" ”’ G" 'u\ (\ 1' 'L . 0: r r 1 4 N (" 'l‘ ‘J . ' (‘ “'1‘ C 1" wow. 1“ ~I$ \ j '.- .:. ‘v4 ‘v4\ ’\ .J f.-. ‘.'D -'11...‘:L.Am n: r -. a. r; v 1 .' 73'1'.’ ‘1"; Pr'fifl +n-t"»’\'f~ 11> 0 non :N -r '-N " (‘11-'"vrx‘f " ‘75- mn'or- ~~ 9": I'm -c u _ ‘ ~..- .'. at.“ .. -' u'u‘... g- L4 «...; th-JJ. s ‘ ,- . ...-D. . .' _' .: .-'. . 0 If.‘ J.'?” 35,; - .'..E“ _- ___.— A- -—-—- ‘— : h '— ---".- M 152 but are cos-only an! successfully esployed for these crops which can be stored even for short periods. For those crops which ssmot be stored srter hsrves't, regulation of largest int'ensity' my serve the sue purpose. Shippa-s my seems this regulstory role so is illus- trsted in the following exchsnge: Rep. Hay: You Isde the ststenent that industry flexibility can influence prices. Would you go into that a. little more? Hr. Peters: Yes. it is more difficult for us in our area. to make use of this particulsr point than it would be in sane area where they store the potatoes. But it is industry flexibility fran the standpoint of the amount of potatoes that is being shipped. During our marketing season, it is sometimes difficult because of heat to encourage growers to wait an extra. day before they dig. But sometimes an extra. day of waiting just to let the surplus on the market disap- pear before mrthgg shipments are made can have quite an effect. Econenic crop shallot-ant, then, whether suggested to producers by trsde sssooistions or shippers or seemed voluntarily by producers is s serious problen in the fresh fruit and vegetsble industry. As it represents mistaken production in the sense that it would not clear the market st scceptsble prices, it indicates less thsh optimsl WP ticsl coordimtion. Excepting those producers gambling on s shortsge of supplies in other cross or the country and purposely planting more tinn the wket will nomsllv take, the cause of these We can on]: be insdeqtnte resource allocation signle or prices at the fam level. hr the fruit industry,chrewdc excess productive cspscity night he on animation for crop lbw; although the sistshes inplsntingfruit treespereist furlougpsriodsortine, theresre short-arm cultiutim and Investing We which on be We. 169fish Wino brings, p. 728. 73": i‘ a ~‘-‘- - 1 if. __ - -,—' TJ‘ _ .. . , , .L. 11:30 135$?! “'02” 2:22:11 '1: ’. 52:10:07.9. .:--__. 2: 91322:: has aimezrra en's W'C’ r" - ' _.1 J. v; J. -r 2.’ 'FL'L-in'.) ric 0ft: 2:70 .'1; 92:3. Zc'r cm .emwr"! ..'-code: 70.- move tents an; . ,. -. — i W‘ 0. ._9.I,r.-- . - J .. .14 L . 91C? '5'r'15Ji3 ‘2'“.{5 VJ .5‘. “’35.. {.:. .235 = ' '.. LU f!i,*..\)...l.'-‘ '3'}. naUV’Ibl 192:..8 s.’+3'-.'O~.”a “ "I .. .r'”. .. t , . — m -- v- ‘1'? n‘rJ t c--;'Zzg-~ firr‘u‘l 8'71”."T'JT) chQr-‘grfl "iv-'59 0“ -44.-.. (4'.-- db 6..“ ‘ ‘ :C’V.:.f..a ;----_ 1- G~‘.L\J v .5} .’....) \e" s A' ; ..‘. .. . .4 ..4‘1 ‘1‘ .‘1 \w w a r __ --u'- 3111-21-22...) 3:14. QI- 0'1 erIC‘ mi 1.1 .29.": '.. '2‘. . . - ‘,' 4,.,y+ .L .'. 4, r4. _ , v m: 1 fit...) "Vigil--1 1.5.3-: 4 "22'8st ‘11.: up. u nah-":2 :CuLIv-j 9...; e J.‘-$5.2 143.. :'~T:‘.L .(1951 ’ .‘. " - 'J- ~ ?- .. - . 9' . " . ' re" U,“_-.;:_1,_‘_ .8 3.3-1" OI: Cg“. 'f‘: ..:-..)r": ‘ “Lt/"1E”?! 9 f:"."'-~..l [it n. .- 39'1L‘J- ._ . . r1 0" ‘ “'2 .'." '. +': . . 4' n a ‘l 03 3&1‘15 n :43 1'”: a". '10; $3.31."). '.241 (9'50 I 81. v'. o?€8.. 381939. 0'11 -' . .4 :- 2 J..: .r. ' L -. v; . 5:; FT, my .11 [jg-..’! “_._-‘..”: 31.1,}: £25117: 5-}... ..0 981! 9:..er I. . . .. '4 -. —'. l .. .. .’ aft-.'. .nuowm-x; 2: can»: ”-:.u 0 f {v mus 2.2.33 In: ,_ .'.. ,1 2) ..'flr‘ :' .."" .. .'.-°. ‘ ' .L'.) UL:I 2.1m 2....v8 ..‘-'J It," . "‘2‘ '..4- ‘..}. .'.i‘.: "_'I' {Liar-1‘13. 8L U _.': e e o. _ ' e . 1' 1 .‘ . - f. __ ... f‘ .‘e ;'t:;"'--f ..‘. 94:" -- ”2:; -_-':::.- -.’ 3f. u'j} ,J 233.... 22.23:: .0 372:0: -- 23.3.? . r’vl‘ ;‘I""l ."w"! 5' '. I "'uv; n :' $3” 4“" 'n'.) 7J1 ( '1' ' ._,- Jl._.' ~_-._‘1‘_‘J ‘4' '_,_. '\, '.\ ._A (_'-_J, \J,‘ ‘ ---__| .‘it:: L) J.'?) h ,8 ' ‘L'o £32135. '5; $227.2! cc?” crux-'2'. .’ mun-:0 07'? J.'-«3:1? "’0 93:41.” 9” a. . ,—-... . ,,.:.- .. .,‘ ..:x '-L - -, .zu 1,2331 sud-«.9 {2:3 8?.I:.J.~J?' ‘08 .307» -...D W 970:90' :13) - .- t J— ' “.I.; .. , . I“, . .. r. wr ._ .0. . ' musclb ..0: '1' I :1 .J 2.0 .:.-0,212.3 emf :22-- ou sum, pull-2M ' - ' .... . - 8"5f {A553 9"?» v 5":3 '3‘- .‘-: 4::225 T »~-"-:'~L'"~'1 ‘3 . O Ol'if’j 1.33;! }‘ e - . r1: :9 ‘ ’.\..'_)f .2 . 5:) [TS 3’5“? I c;q r fr, fry 3? " \‘ "‘-') "i J '1; ~ " I ' 4': J" ‘. ‘~V' «cat‘s-'53.. u if“ f 7' ,7 d .9 .5.) "1("3. O '9 k.‘ .‘C- .. .‘." ..:. ..: til); 0 gx'r' 2‘33! 'J2-11-8'-\.f.) (fl) J.‘.lnn 3L1 .,. ,- - L. .. . ... .r.-y . 0.; . , aim.” 'D'wI ‘vjc \ cm *Iilf-..;'). ' "2).! .35 “£0 3'10 9.1--.:: To g:-ol.-22£ooe.-.s "I3 "313' .3 " 'IOOO .[BOJZJ ...—..-? - ‘ , I... .. .IA. 05. - -. .I.; v _.!r_ q s .r . c I - ,. V' o . __ I - . ~ ,. ." . ,. chant -:.r-...‘-~zz..—.-..q ‘ ‘93-: "r; .r..': ‘3th 00 etc 0 85:21.6 'a-2 ...0 tr. Pals-@0313. Lo ,.‘ .. -. .' . f f . r4. . g. __- a-rv' r9 _, ‘ _ mg, 32-)..2..e...u 923:1: 10 cam-:3 e- c 3.55., ‘,!-&...-fmn .r.-2m '23-'1sz 5i: and} . _'\ . 2 L -' ‘.... , ,_, . . g ,I ‘ _ .0 .. , '.. ('--... (J.‘:U J.'} 833-1 r: '1'.) fi-l'vif ..'d ITCJ-t-1g3‘.-C.::.S 97)':'I{‘C3'l 9 .:".""‘(.)J' 53.1- EU ‘LLIIO ' .‘ 'L.“ ‘ Ls ’ .- ‘ \ “. 9"] ‘ ‘ 'L L " . . ’ f“ '... ' 1. 1,3... - o EJVJJJUW 0'3: Bud-'..-{D allow-{3 $1251-12: 3.70m; 9&3 '10:. .Isvui' I _ 7‘1. ._. __l, .'W +f‘ - .. . ‘ s ‘~-...‘Y',_.. .. ..:-2:1 {Juj- .J;;U Niels :3092513))I" 23:3 (10:9 “101‘ 170.:- 1.1:}.- -_:.'.‘: 9.20 9d $2274.11 (“'3‘ l.""o :: . t " 9‘ 4' Ni}? V “I N r 4 '3'1’ ("V + f'L' "? -‘-"‘ . ‘ r . 5-3 v‘A- J ‘3'. J.” '30 8 101 am I (141‘) AC-‘I. ”Flow-.5: 89... J." -._.=,'.r1.. 1.~uf.b..-q HI: _f ._‘ fie 0.10. fi‘,‘_ " 17‘ '_ .— _'. __.! O 1"..." ”" - o 03"“:“6 Off [5.130 ADA—42"? 8'--£.in.-1. div-:5 2‘1: J.‘-H; ‘51 Irv-nix .'1?) i‘t’.....~.b~i.v.:.--O 15:3."3'I‘JI‘C MO'-— -_ =—-—-— ."\ JO“ 9* “r .:r) I} 0‘ :‘fi Iv" ’.- |l\”"“[ 0".2-i .q “.1121...“ O 3-...-r'fil‘1 now 158 But 12. in difficult to ensign eta-onic exeeee onpacity to the fresh ”Mable production eector where under product and enterpriee adjust- “. eenbe nede in the very ehertmlm the dtmtiu equation a: persistent crop ebendoment ie the failure of the pricing gate-n to transit eteble prices to producer: on which production decisions can be beeod. As noted previously e hrge block ef production in idmgreted dth the chipping point market actor-em! doee not enter into the finutiypmug process. Moreover, chippere in the search for elpplq'euurenee end-etebility no: encou- rage odditionl euppliee through mketing contracts end financing. For beth theee reeeom the mn-dntegrated ampliee, the eupinee for which meet pricing dot: in reported, m be priced differently thcn if e11 ehippre were to enter the open met-hut for euppnee. Deed to supple- ment the math; requir-ente ot the integrated ehipping point time, these non-dntegrnted supplies my be me vulnereble to mket fluctu- etione thnn the integrated euppliee. A eocond manifestation of price instability in product diversi- fication. Riel: reductim through diversification in at the expenee of productive efficiency. In order of decreasing specialization the producer m iiret edd other, more eteble fruit and vegetnble crepe to hie product offering; then ifLApoeeibilinddhother kinds of crepe to _'__. 1700119 true in genera tor vegetable crepe acme machinery in fixed to the crop ed had to the enterprise. One South Texas producer, eelned HIV he didn't substitute more cteble crepe into his production pn‘ttcrn, replied; ', "Perhaps you ask am we don't-.‘. Me to another crep. Such e change is not eeeily done. Machinery repreeenting thouende of dollars in not adaptable to other crepe. Best use of ear led and crop rotation patterns must be considered for m ' Jeers in ednnce. By adhering to e certein crop, e. farmer eetnb- liehee e.‘ reputation ever the yenre which in not easy to give up." San Francisco Hearing, 1). 632. - r- : ' - 2 ‘r. t'-r..r. .1» J. 4..” .7.‘ ~ ,- 1 ., .:r .'., ., \' -_- a‘ w- .. -- » - J . ° , a. r' ., ‘ ‘:' f‘,.. )-- i \ f; ‘ .'.;J' 1.13: ‘I‘~~’ :Jm. QLLV I ”LEM-.1} V“ “.‘JJJ.‘...LA) LL 4. bus- '~" ‘- —r-. V A. . ‘ g I ‘ ' ‘ - ' ' . ' r r' I . e u ' ' 9' " .‘. x r' 4 t , q . r, 'l. . - - c - 2' ‘ - 2" " - ‘ . e 11 n '3 r \ ‘x f G (I‘ .I. I " £7 ”.3 . 1. f ". a) 1."J U“. x _f.' c e- .s. u‘ ..'.‘L ~ g ..'- ...- . ‘I - .. .I ugh-'.uHJ. ,_ I ' e ‘ ‘I . ‘ ‘ ... I " f I v ' F J. x, . ~., , ‘w‘ . .s- .. i 0 (- _ v ‘.t n ‘v‘--* ' 9-'21 -'H L -' '.. ’ ‘ ’ ‘ . 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'-- .. . -'T ,_,.l J- ..- I ...... . . r O l l I I e J— J . rr' .-- ‘ P "‘1 r" f t ‘ ~' ~' ' - ‘ r t ' I '. r‘ ’e " r " (7"‘N C‘ 'N e V 2' w" ..' )4... 2.“) E121 Clu 9U..- '. x :“ -U 1") ,.-'J {’1 ‘md -./.u 2 ~.‘\1 ..":..‘u $93-.” 5 5 \— . .1 K -~ f,‘(.-. ’~‘ * .- t. (3' +1 -.. u' ogfv .' J '0 ;.'3 ‘1—"ru I. 5‘ :2..- J:I{V I“‘ 6. ‘CI‘. 5 ‘3. .J(1, LA ‘:'r-'r1 ‘V‘ v -, ' 7’ V .‘ " 1‘" . ’J I" c e" :3 r? .‘fi '{1 f Y“..'." "' ~"'\ 1’ ‘. (\(qp “...-J ._- l l.-- \-‘ ,4 A: 1 M I. ‘.__ ' - _'o’ ..’. '42 e v, .'.L. 2-; ‘ . .‘J. Jun ‘ ._J‘ 1"" ' a a, “\ r. e L w u u e" e e v e c L I 4 o - .fi e ¢) .. . m V o. .:.. > ’~ 'r - rs. , 2 . v-‘-. . . ,‘ ,p a. ‘ -‘ ( . . ‘I:-}‘~ 5') vo.K’ UL) LJ. A 'J-:1,J.‘.:. J.,. )'. ) , ,~ .1 L" .: .5,“ L ,r,;'.,‘[.- ‘3‘1 ‘~,;_. ;, « A _. O u e -- “fl '- f ‘-) ’ .1. f‘ l’ ' .’.. (~- . -_~ If, r f“ : , ( _‘.!“ 1 . 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'- |‘ -.\' ¢‘ 0" \‘ "~. \1' '/ ...) \) J.’":J L, r AK).L .hx‘ J.‘ ..~ , £43. 8 -2 4.3 J.....t...ll ~. . d {1‘ f '. ‘_ "J ' , + "‘ ' ' v.:.~.'f( r‘t'lr '3>g"‘r\ ‘2 r ‘ ' ru - an-n '1' _ .4"? _ z 1 ‘ c e' I ' .‘ ~.‘-‘. 1 (I’Ll-w‘ ..JJ '..v 5-“. .-‘LLH'Y... ...;‘~..9 S..~' Ow I‘RL b B ’30 ..J S'J ‘ at ' 4 .- .1 . '..-1 -! - :- . . 2 '. .. . .. -- ' 1 .1 . I . ‘rP.’ Pf' ..,‘ rslyw 1‘ ~ r3 .. N. L2 1" ‘0‘. . (f «'Y " ; 'V-a -' \ L .:.K.-. .x/AJJ') .q C. ..14 \)--.1.- ‘e ...) ..J y‘..--..','~ 3 9 {U . Q .~'- ...-“‘4'” L 3"! ‘— 1 ~b . _ .I. _ ,. « I! '.r‘ r tr ' '4“ h' :6“ ’11-9. 'V= {.3 Cm (- I C- ‘ 21 " ..: .~. 1 .f: ‘ . I I - A .- - n '.. ... ,. ._1- ,_,. ..'- .N,‘_ c «,r ._ .2, , fl 3' iv. -» s 12> . w . 8-3!?" 2. .. ‘8‘” ..'rm <14. -1 fip_3 JCC 8i 815i eva-' - .r ... ', 3- .... ~ ' v-w .. ¢ 3 . 3 . - ‘.2‘ .1 "’ 1 {-- ‘131 5’ 1Y1 ‘3' -' ”mi 8f .7“: I.F"T {'30 ~_ "2151 q ‘ . . . . .. . I » .: \— ... .. . .‘.: 1.} *. ..- ‘.. . ,q’ . . . . .. -. f1 1 v. ,-- 0 2 p _ . . -. f F’.‘ .. ' - i, r‘ ., ’- 1'. - . _-‘.y a‘ )- . 4 '0‘ , \ - I x. . ' _ A. _ ’5 _ O‘_ r- 0 . “' ’ ‘-—‘ V Ix): "H' .L J) ".- “I I” .'.- t. ._J - »_\ i .' :3 \' -' ..-..- ._ ‘2". ., ,~..: ‘0 2 \ . . . . .._ _.‘ . . . '.. ..'.‘9 J'V' 8.5 '1'3-:.'lfi' STU-5": 9:12} “7"?!2’0 :‘fO - u‘\ . (In. I ,._,( I‘.’ . no ‘ .—‘-‘ .\L “. ;_. 159 his Operation, and finally produce for both the fresh and processed produce markets.171 Grower-shippers often specialize in only one crOp especially in the major producing areas and for creps such as lettuce, aliens, apples, peaches, and the like.172 But probably a majority of fresh fruit md vegetable producers are diversified into either other steps or the processed market. As one producer put it: t"Daring aw single year I have usually split m vegetable production into a certain portion set aside for processing- type vegetables and a certain portion for the more specula- tive fresh market vegetables. By growing a processing vege- table under contract I am able to protect mself to the extent of at least returning a 59311 profit should the fresh vegetable market be a failure." This attitude and diversification of production into both markets is not so cannon in the major producing areas but is quite widespread in other areas of the country. It is a reflection of the market insta- bility and risk faced by producers who must make production commitments on the basis of little more than unstable historical elqaerience. The situation is summarized by one witnesses' attitude who produced cotton an! grains in Texas: Mr. Horrow: Yes, air. The fewer vegetables I depend on, the better off]; am.“ Mr. Kiehl: The fewer vegetables you have, the better off you are? 171a early shady of the price and yield variability of selected fresh vegetables was intended to aid producers in diversifying into craps which would decrease total farm price and incane variability: fling, U., Determination of Relative Risks Involved in Growing Truck Crepe", m 9.: £3.23 amiss. 21+: 695-98. 1942- 172An estimated 1.7 percent. of fresh fruit and vegetable grower-shippers pecialiaed in handling only one crop in 1955 and 1965: NCFM Tech- nical Report Is. A, p. 88. l73HcAllen Hearings, p. 351;. V 8 \ \ - ‘ F ' V? to ! .nt-ttu...“ -— ' J ' Y t 7' 7 v' ‘r‘ ~V~ ‘5‘ “"f‘.‘ .'. . ' ‘ ,1 U ‘. C; I .‘ {I -A ‘..» r" 1' I 'u" "-"i( '... . '\ ' 1 .-‘— (N A .‘.YL. SJ». Tu- L ‘..-..ufiJaln... .'--A-“ ‘a vg ~ L iv 8‘. 4 . ma‘v . ‘-»‘ l...’ -~. - ' . - ' . .' t. ‘- .>‘~ fl~,.' F ' t' v' :' . . ‘ . vs V. HWLW "" «- ’resea't‘i‘ (3". \ . s .- ’. .../I \h . .‘:' Q?" .1. 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' ‘ I l" ' v .. ‘ .- c.tr(\-v ‘I f .'. ~.. I" 1'?" 2, 9"", O 9:. .:1 .‘.I“;L;'.L.;f"."\{: J..,3-'.‘.LO~-8 .... t.l.{ J:“d'sa)! “Jung v _'. J'l ‘1 _HVJ-J. a 5....uk J oaa r. I ' . L' Y 4" I H 'fir‘tv‘ an F' (\F‘B'r“:‘a H v" ' ' ‘ A” ‘ ‘f‘ 'r C ' " c~,""‘ 3~. ..._.. -- n ...Ti‘n ‘1"3Y'w‘ '1‘.” 0.21» 9_ LL.” 5 at “1:35;?A Ly. \ff.) ‘1." 1...-‘..L “4‘51 b a_ [I __ 1..» ‘ t.\; _a) - q . ‘ ..'" t. '. . ~ ~\ rrx ' (‘1‘ s 388.1: .. m- d. is. .0 hr 5 , «e , .~ fi'rv'r .1 «7.: ’ ‘. I . . ‘ i. - 1 . . A. _ D '(A . s r" r- :f‘\-.(\" [~30 4 L) .~ .I.? (l~ ‘ ’1» .- . 6 5:. .LJ ‘::0 I’rii'Crfl‘fi) —u C: ui L‘« C .s. I 'Ix'ns .a M. I. O J ‘. _ P a — qr I“ -‘v.).‘~8d .mb A A Mr J I- "1 ' " ..-‘x' r,' ‘r . rrr' 'r ' al“ 0‘ ‘C‘.[x A'l F" " " "1‘ c'r " V “’ "C .1". 1 1 ~.' ~1.J- ...-.t z e :J’CI"r 3:0 reg. ,lf-fifi f! “’~F_,. ,_l’( l. 0;“ J, - V . ‘ . \' ..'-r .C ‘5 .-.-“.‘.r-u—v: .'. ’ ' ‘ ' '7 "‘ ' -' " '* ' "* " " V'- r' .- ; ~. . .. «c. --'..- . r" (E'l..J IF-‘r. 71"?) [3'8 10 “I" .‘.-l, l ' a.) C J.,,‘I I [.'.J.- '.. .’ A.‘ 48 \- x‘J. -... x L‘ . ~. .. ' J “\— h ' . ' ' ° F' i 7 7 -~ * 7.x? '-"‘ "r' ‘ "1 'z‘u’ F". rnF‘t-H‘.’ " .'.".r , I r, ’_l - .--“ mot-16‘“ -..' r, f‘ rltf~‘I)( 'f\ {(‘r . _a .3 C“: ’.“1 I ‘__\ ..’”. (.‘w . _ A. .J _ 2‘." ..'.) ()\.‘.‘E. . _ .5 ,.. x4...\ u :4 ... n. _ r‘ ' + Gr br 0’ «.’; d ' I .. ~. _. -— ‘ ‘6' u ‘ . I '- -:- rua- '-»:-=; our "3r'r 1‘: r. er»: r~-'-.3._~ - .[s-m. 923). men in. a ‘.....M . ~ -' “1" .-.n ,',.. ~.. - .. »« L ' ' ’ ‘r .- ¢ .1 _ . a . e v o- . '1 ‘ . . .’. ‘ ’ _‘.“.I ' ' - ‘ ' '3 - ‘ - z 3. 4, .,, .‘r ..' ‘ . ‘..,“ , .r~ ‘f‘r-i:. I r E f. ‘ :_~'1Vfr l a) ::_,I t; 914'.ar"£'-fi-f..)ll .0 [no‘.‘l!fflhf Iv IVK. ‘ .‘. 'lLI~V‘ A“ A " A gal-I ' .-. - v ‘ . V‘. r ' J ‘ f‘ u(‘r '- "._(‘..’).‘ . _\\“‘ r...» ~. All;'~l\-b I”..A~'I Q‘u‘ .rxs'rrrlnlt. . H" " ' ‘. ‘ I .2 '. ‘.....ao- -\ “-‘..Q- a s-’ . . ..‘ «.... I. v-o-O-n- rs P‘ + ‘ ‘2‘“: . .- I. .'1 1, nc- .e Mrs-‘9 rm: “cw-r» ~' --H v r» -;~ 3 '-‘-r fr: 3:7";1 1.1.9: 10 uISQ'v'f c {chi} w. . t . ' (I x: ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ g s 1‘ ' \A .. , _ ~_ r" _f f ‘. ‘ r ' H ' '6 4 - . . . . _. .‘ . ,, n . ' ~ ‘ .. .'. , “.:.; . . (3. r 5. 1,3 7. . ()1: III {-’:-tors ‘..‘T'O «_frqn \_ {g '~;.‘.:> n_,_ f’)"\ ,_fi‘. , opp J “ ,... ' r .. a? . 3; r... .'-, '{I '4 fl A . ()Ll ‘J or) C). a -0 .’..-I“ I O A ‘ ‘ 160 Mr. Morrow: The fewer vegetables I try to depend upon for an income, the better off I am, It is so spasnodic ou can't depend on getting a certain price for it.17{ Crop abandonnsnt and product diversification are the two princi- pel manifestations of market price stability in the fresh fruit and vegetable production sector. In its own way each is also an adjustment to the uncertainty and risk surrounding unstable price levels. Karket structure and trends in economic organisation are also responses to ‘ these unstable prices. The unique organishtional arrangements and exchange relations in this industry are particularly good illustrations of the manner in which risk can influence the organization of the mar- keting sector, which in turn may modify that risk or its incidence. W Qfiitutiggg gr; Risks. Chapter 3 reviewed the principal elunents of econanic organization in the fresh fruit and vegetable industry; earlier in this chapter there was a discussion of four per- ceiyed conflicts among the market levels in this industry. In this section of the study, the relationships among these conflictsand mar- ket organization and the implications for producer price stability are enmined. A nunber of relations will be developed, no one of which taken by itself is wholly applicable to all crOps orareas of the coun- try nor entirely apprOpriate for explaining the relations between pre- ducer price instability and the organization of the marketing sector. In this sense a synthesized industry problem is deve10ped. This is necessary both because it is relevant to national public policy for this industry and because it provides the fremework for examining crap and area divergencies from the national model. 175nm. 1» am P f‘ ' f ‘ \" r“." T v f r ' .1" C ' ‘ “‘f e. '1 O f O ‘Y ' " ' 4 1.! ‘ ‘ ~ '1~ ~ _ . . .. _. . '4 ".’2 ' (’-. r ' ..:-15.91 cu t ‘ -u .1- r .1_.1.1.1.)H:-’! .191..)J i .kO'I 10.. . I11 6 r'fuu' r .'1.“ I ’ r (P H :‘ -- 'h P 'Efitn .“ ' ‘ . ' C it (\r:" .C "‘ ,' ‘14-. I '3” 1- '. 9.1 \ . .1 ,1 . L‘Ju x w n *3. . '.1 _ ., '. , 2. -A‘ . ,. L..- , , 1- n 1‘ *..- **.1 iv]- -4 11.. -:w: 1; r -J1H I 110 1; 9.11 ‘ r.u,AUJJ '- '5 .4 ..'J ,-1.. 9"~ .2 4.. -; . z. 4 .. r ' ..’. ~..,."f. -" If.“ 02-. .1 f". .1 ‘3' ,3 3.79.3". 2-7731013} u'J; .JO'Y'Q 1_.-£,", u! 3 3' .‘1 {15515 (IO .11 . A . I. ' ' AI ‘1, :4 .' v0 .7 T .“ P . ‘ r .'r* J‘ ‘:I- n ‘2" ..‘ ‘ ' J‘ .7* 2' - I E' ', 93.1": I 112:: .1 53.”; [24. ~J-I ..1.-- ma 9...- .:." I‘d ~A.;.5! 0 80¢.LJ15J8J ..'.-I'Thu‘fl . B"! J ..‘ e '.- L g n '5‘ .P .'. ,7 .. - . . J- 2- ‘1‘ ' J- ::J u-L‘ "q MI j an JLJ .mf,~a ms sews 3; ALL9 Kan K10 awn a; .10\993 HOIJOI o 2 0 CV fgv9_[ 93 w" ¢E739“nr fiaifiuyofifixa fafiq Lag anigifiecnu 6&3 of l L ., , , . _.,, , 7 £ 2. '. , . ,. '. , ' .-..- , , 1,. 5- C d 8;J€fv-9."T’.O'I 01-: £43 9 .~.:» .101“.- .-2..,1".:.-.~ I0 3.- - 01130:) [’11. d- 1" I} LINE» “{1}..- .JLVL 8 . ._ K x. "5 .--—-— rsr r r r .3- "rv'\:"r' 5* of "5* (J.‘ n ’4’ :‘tr.- r -l' ' 74' .'-‘I‘JS 8*-LIEJ..{, ‘.J>:;.J .L._[.C.L--_":u...-.-"JI( ..0 c, .:{J.1 ‘321'. .giJ\J.LJ.-,{ 9.1.-Evb'IJJ 5281.», f"+r_ I: rfir?‘ ‘.O(\V\ "_' 7",(.:"1,"?.*’::- . h ’ r - :J L‘ U- .5 .-- U I .) .-‘ 1“ ..—‘\—.. v‘ A’.‘ \' L.) "05 ‘ Ll H il— a-L I - -. ~ ~ ' B .“ I ."v" 0" ‘-" I' C r. '.. I“ ‘9‘.: ' "n:'" ' I. I ‘ a ~15m siJ lo uoIJLSJ119 o ohJ SJnSMIJhL has 1011 42; W Li Temnbm e}: 10 I '_ ' 4 . ' .5. ...!V -' ‘1 '1. .. . 2.. _ ' .'1 .95559,..flqrg_r_ 3._._? '10 )13;*[ 15.11; {919-91. 1:7: ;* 'Id’{ (:4, 11:11:31»! (IO-3098 Efiittfifl , . r . '. I" gr ... ,- -4 .4: ‘. -.'? -.--- J.,.-r -'1: ix maifigo — dJ 1925-101 g tSquxj .3 :11 £59 cr<.~-r (:u-;1 5 .;71. Q '- .- . I. -r.- . t I D.\. .- "um-“.-’ "“ I‘w‘mm -,r L z. , t .n .-.r' n .0 ,r.; 1. . _' , , ' , 1. _ 99¢5u9;ov ”as u_Ufi1 AuJfiJ 99” n1 flO-JBEEESVTO OImOHOfle 10 8afi9”h£9 7 8 85¢ afiolJ .stqsdo eiTJ r1 7919159 {thanIni la 11 .xzqauhni afiJ ni eiaval thfiSfl oiJ gnnrs e :~iiiaoo be $93 -';1:'u ..-r_"r, eJo if. $1500 8:: vi? :1: 0113 a! E;.Ian*..=J'.J£I3'I 911?: ‘ijfa 91"} '10 1103:3333 915 Eiilidssa ssizq 19:J-C~q to? ano_r: aciiqmi 91$ has nci.;sinu TO Jsfl — I I '10 111-.0 (11" J by: :_‘".‘:E) {30' [Kim .*t.0"‘J.e {9'1 '10 '1“'“1'"3.;1'I A .< ‘9’ - - o nrr»r r ' 3“- ‘r' .~ . .' ' -1n.'c-o EMJ‘ 30 8.591;: K) (,1. 10 £4.11 (13' E‘JI’JX‘ . inn-'3 #52'0 {w a; '.‘Ieaji \ f {134.51} . '— ‘ . 1 . ‘ _. r M, v: 4- :. r,” ._ ,_ _91q n9ewded anoii11919 nJ ,rxrfnflq;a 101 QJflmTQOTTQS {JuIIJJS tum *1} ,_ , .- _‘-_'..'.‘ .'J.'1. '..t,_ * .5, , F- .. #!.f"..r.~,.'. '. .'10JQ;58 C~_.,.’.,1_J:,«.'JQIT‘; Sb ..0 at);kibt\:.lrfi)‘;'l_0 SJ"? 135')” ‘\C\IJ_J.I‘U‘.)\1*3'LL 90..-??? 'ISf‘xlfb .0 .<"fi1 ‘ — x '- 1'r :' I ‘ *H! ‘ l ‘ 81 a , .J ..:9-,{'1J.6‘IJ.J a1. “flu. raftq Y" 1 ..f [9:1 8‘ .\ ”TB .8 57289384123111 ,. ..'. .°-r' , 2.4”,9 J ,, r '. 4' ... . .— . 131 341£oq uJvaq ILéOI.9L oJ $3979-31 a- uI suprocd 1.nd '73-:83911 {‘.,\_.‘- ,.‘ v‘o .p- "a h'ryfl‘f ’ (“.’t. " an".~ (1”,, at" ’.F'f 4' 4' f. h n c (l 7" v N 'fi' 1 9.11 1 1;. 11- 11.9J1911 J11 oJL .03 u; eon-o.“ 919 " ”UJflI 31 J ‘ . ‘ :- ‘ - L ‘ 1" ‘ z . ' v ‘ ' c v ' .Le ion Iawo1J n 91a 1923 ev1ofivyszxb £915 r03 Iv“ “PC ' ' 1'13 . I and» .(T 9 . -. 161 2113 W Lo_i_n_t_ Exchggge Relgtig . For the producer the incom- plete exchange en‘nnganent is an antorwm of e forward pricing procedure though it is completely consistent with forward delivery arrangements. Hith forward pricing the producer is given some indication of the price to be expected forthe crop prior to planting or, at s. minimum, prior in harvest, The eeonomicbesisfor‘such en msngenant is the resul- ting w in the nllocetion‘of prcdnction and harvest resources. A forward rising mt- m rationdise mhch of the production process mere prices are historical: unstebler The shipping point incomplete exchnnge cmnganent, to the contrary, prevents rationalization in unstable nerkets. The producer net onlyr heks expected price infome- tion It plulting time but also at harvest time when several decisions lure yet to be rude such el the intanitf of the hrvest effort, the choice of luketing agent, the marketing services to be added to the crop, end even the potential erop ebnntbnnlnt decision. Further,“ the prpose of e forward price system is to provide protectiomegeinst Isrket minty for the producer, the effect of the inmnplete exehenge is te increase his vulnerability to market disturbances. A gun‘s]. description of the prevnlence and economic implications ef the incomplete shipping point exchange Muent was given in Chepter 3. Thce it no srgued these srrengansuts are an sttupt to deel ulth the nrket instability inherent for e perishable product marked by attended distribution channels end unexpected frequent changes in yield end output. There would be no reason for the existence of such exchange errengelents if there we no forward market risks and instability. The (languishing chnrecta‘istio of these is that the shipper agrees to perform the shipping point marketing services and _‘. . . f . _1. . . ... .- s . Ir ;_ -e ' ‘f 0‘ s-\. 9(sq“ . r . ' .~.. ' 1 ~ '- 1 " ’ ff." H." ..,‘ "'I‘ '\" " q.'." 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S":" 8—1. \‘rt‘J‘. « (- _, "_ .“ LJ I *2 -{).‘ ‘1- sl;") g J t.“ _ '3 OI A .‘- “ ‘V A .:;{ 0 , -' '. .21.. -~ -‘_, Fr r ° -. 9+ "7-"'jf1'()7.3.)'i' up.“- ".1211 ‘..’ J”, ,T.O_.1.If.?.11’ U'f'.’ ..0 110.113: ‘l.'.J.... .3 5 EU LL 31“}? We'fiiO’IQTng ._ 531*; g «..‘, n 1 s e e e ‘ .. . -'- 3 f1"“Y ... +- f' ,. . .- ~q uv -§-—a— _ A, \ p- _ .‘--o n? \ G’s-C130! Izo' .‘.;;;? 0'33 91"... .o 1 . .,.7.-..'.:.ro.r.J£.I {1311 .25-...3. .41.? -1311: .11..» 2.1- :1 s .:. . ' .'. -r... '. '1 ' - ."' ' 3 3.! r- , ' '— s: 1 .:.; ..:..u c .31 _.rr: ' P1 . '1 1-1.; - .91-}: rut-n ' ‘.,.1-_.r-.mt'1n1 :.2 s1 1.1:. ...:om. 9151.2. - . '..L _ ‘. - . . . ‘. . ,. '.L' ~ I 4* 'L- . ‘1" ..‘a ,:§.-- ‘1.{: y'ni "‘11:. —C.r_o';dr. (.)J.U‘.'£ c“ “I $12.23;"; 0 2:15;)? \JL. L)?! : 53 ()\‘ “J1(t’:n“ u- ‘( b.» V ..J u" ‘ 1&3 A: 25.5 rvv‘l'f ,"I‘r' :- (‘1 h 3‘" '1' :‘c‘ ‘i'hcx’A’m 6‘ I. I 'r 5ft! 0 J "r n' 5 fy'f o. .' 9 (1'. 231' ~ ' I/"f‘ +3NJ ”.0. - um-..» ~~ .211 "'1 —‘-‘~- ‘ -" ...1 {1.8 0171... 1 ,. K41: v .1. e Lax. .. .Lud. 3 ....v x.-. 1 ~, '-~. ' .'1 .. -~ 1 . -'. —.1'- 1 -’~ ... .. P- 1. " ~‘ - I ' 1' ' '- . 4 ' * 3;; r:..:_1:.i-;+ :1 [335.11.15.13 FF: ‘..! 5. ..1..1 c2: 1. ':.,1..{ ..e. 0.3.1; ..1 .1 man” wru-JmIq us £101.. A - H": ,. ,. ,..' J + Q ,_t '..-... '.- ' I. _ if . 1 ~ , _L .4. , ”I :3 '11J ‘\“.O..3 0:11.41]- 3 0..“ .0 ‘v_‘. 151.2,? \J' J: 91;»? £21 .'. n f. " 7 of! Cu viz 9V :3. i J, _’. r“‘:.l 1“ ,_f 0.; .35 a '1'...” ... .,, f. t‘} ... ,,,.[ 5 I.’ ‘.. '- .'r . C‘ . "Y ,‘- X1: ‘.." nan '1’. .A .‘Q {n 9.‘§D 0‘. it» 7.11 B 9L1 V Le.l~,'.t. .' J.'. '.J , . ..‘. ¥‘\ .,.1"~o e.) .‘U (‘1' .l -‘ D L .'.... \’\14‘- IL“ . a o \r v‘ - v; s" . -. - .'., f. ._-.t ., ' ._.., -, n .- 11,, -:. '4 .. . , (if) t'EE' “111:1 .IYO.L.‘.--'_1.-.£1 u.‘ ".1. I O: 1"“ .E, -.'('.O _rfiiuhfvof" 9.5.) {.1533 ht'B ‘CI'O'lC‘ f. ..L'. ' r! -"'L«' 'L {‘.L‘ .r J‘ '1 :' .Vov- rue ~ . ' \ ' 1‘ Ir 1' ' I *1711.:.1.r. r'o..-1:1.=mr\".,.q QUAICVJJI: o1. ;._ .. '."1 SCJJLU !' +1. 10" 5 10 95.1.1111; 5...: J.‘. r .1. ' 1 - 1‘» "r. «:11 -...; . . n -.'r- ' a. .. swim. (on; :1...1 .o uO: ..::1 1.. ..- .':+.1:1..;n'1q end '10. ‘1,~-‘.1.-.L£1.’£J«. 1... $51.12*: ...;11 q . r e e c O _._ i , r '1“ t + ‘_', z‘ ‘ ‘ - r 1- ' - 1 . - n- v - w, ' r -‘ + ~' n ‘! ‘1 ' 0 31,1) Jr.“ 1...“. \1‘ (.....- u: .i'.,"; 7 OJ ‘{'+.~-L.,;_--'. .F‘H' (f?.[1.flv’ (ELI 9 71.155123! J. 0" 81 9 ‘4) ‘5: 13- .9 rr :- *1 at. :- [.'1-“1; ’\ " "‘T q f '-’ " ' o " C r uff "-'fr a"! J ' (' +ff; 'N' "\f _[P'Yo (" ‘ ‘J. . D- .0 ,Ln ‘ .LJ-‘-:2‘-1J— \. .I.—1 04. 05‘. .‘[.I,.1 '3." \)‘1'»V...L,L--‘- _ “ v-1L\'..O r' O“. V‘Bc1j) ‘..: 9-119,; A . § . . “g," r :‘1: "1“.7 '1'f‘“u‘.‘""" ‘ Q I -- r‘ ‘ 't‘ ': . .‘ I var: ..Frrrr .‘ l' q ‘ip r. m ., . I: n .’L ['\.‘x -‘. (‘~.~" \4'1.‘,.:‘.",'I'IB;_J_.) _.5?“ ‘ Au} VI [.01. ‘ o.--‘+ \4 tl-g Vk~'-1-\" I -.r¢_E 31‘ Lo .__, g I s e A - .'. . 1 - 4- . . . . ' _ ‘1 ' rm . . . w .. . _ r . . _ _. 0.? .1211; )...s {.15 9-55 (:11. 1c {1.1.715 9725.1!3 bag: '33 (1.13:: J: 319.111. .E 19mg-.. ' ‘ A v ' _ _ ‘ . r. .1. e - ’ I— ‘ _=. e‘ r 0‘ .. ' . ,t O _ .' . .. . . 1:1‘:‘-.'-10':cr 91.213.91.141 5 '10 1. ..:.s»-':s;wz-.1_ \1' -'..L ‘hs’quE 35.2.7.1. 9 .'.J‘ rfu‘rw Ire?" '.. _ “ -_ . .- , . ,. ' 1.. ." '1. .1 .-. I r f'. . ,f . -L ‘.J - {.'. .1... - r p ‘ C12» F?» f) Ulai"}ri'90¢; if'\-:'JC‘(L1~C if; .t {:5 (.11-£'1:'.5‘.$ 13’ (“Of Uri}; 9:4 LJ-’ £‘9~‘1'iaov.1."l Xx: I.I£‘J‘E‘1;‘§V f ‘ . _ ‘ ..' '« "‘ _ , . I ' . ~"' .I. , . , _ :0 Chris-.1 ~::::s- 5...) 70-1. “0‘12”“! FL or: $15.11 .J’L'rj-JI;O [1:5 {3159 ‘r rzi ' .. f.- L. 3 ..'1 1~_ r" . - .'-’~ '1 i . ‘ ,. 11.9. B... -'1 ..c.~.'.1.r..: f. ’.113‘11'11). on 51131... 9'1. .11.- 11 8111‘1‘~-9;ir'.1_,.':.3 an; 11.1.:- If: L18 ' A. . . ' L ' . . 1. 'J- "o ‘. + , P." -. ' ' L R ‘ :5- ,.'"‘ _ : f '_ v . I {Gib JL. . J 8i: :5 123:1» .Lo 3 -L‘J' .I.:rIV ‘1‘! ”if 3 L}-!.J...N \41} S‘(‘-‘-“ 3J4) :73. i Q 5“! J._L_L\4£\j .:lfi: ° .-.' .. 1. '1 .'. ' . -'.. . . .- - f ..E, ‘35"? "‘ 7’ ”+11. Vic-".'.tsnt ..’Iioq ”I: 1"213 sin anoyfig OJ 30.1", ‘ 19111113 A - A. ('12 162 came reopeneibility for the ale of the crap eithout the rieke or poduct morehip. ' It in difficult to deecribe all the poeeible {one of incomplete exchmge in shipping point nhrkete. A variety of these is given in the teetinew of e northwest repreeentetive: ' ‘ ' "In e none]. yeer, nest of the fruit ie eold F.o.b. pecking 1 pleat for the grome' account. Only e limited mime of fruit is purclneed orchard run or on trees. There are new indepemm pecking We, tint in, printe time which will handle e grower'e fruits in exactly the same manner ee dB the cooperating except that the houee lakes e fixed charge for its pecking, selling, storage and other eervioee instead It hing it on a cost-beeie so the oeope do. ' Theee Men, the nine u the coope, include the fruit in one or more peole end proceeds are distributed to the We eceording to the volume and quelity of the produce, litheut re’rd to the date when the illividml grower'e fruit 1e eold or the price received for it. Sane grovere ‘dll live tbir fruit packed for th- by an independent packing ermintion but will not include their fruit in a. pool and will decide «then end et whet price their packed fruit in te he eeld. Sue late of fruit ere puroheeed by independent pehntranthe groweret thetine ofherveetorduringthe etorege eeeeon, but sort of the fruit is eold for the grovuer'e ‘ . eeoetnt ee that the growers receive the not alter deducting ceete of pecking, Itoring, end eelling end, *1: the «no of antic ee'Lee, theoeetettrmflemd5 ' the” venetian: et th‘ when. mention“: Jnet one eree or the m mogul}: round-W A consideretien or the variety of centreetul end {mu-ammo mm theee wietione We the newbie «dilution outlaw _ ,But the eeeential chanc- terietice-ef the inc-plate new mug-enter. e11 mentioned: (1) the-m eel hire e eet of divieeble marketing eervieee tree the autumn red-fit 11m. till-Wit ooet in the ceee of the marketing emetive, but slave for h pro-detained price or price forum; (2) the product no loee identity et .hipping point end the grover'e eggfition he beeed on (was: mic“ and codtributione; $22 the 175Seett1e Haringe; p. 26. \ .‘Rx .q Rf A: 1‘ ! .).~. -‘. . p I F ' O. 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I {_ ..." 31"... 2.2“.uu 1...; '- 11+... ._3:: C- -:..1...L“_..) ..0 ..:. .5 ...a . .‘..» 1 V1.» -L/ . e o e a e I e '1 h 0.. ‘.. I. ‘ .‘ .f‘f f -. r. 4 ' vs r....__r :— I‘ e v (_‘. I ' , I:—.r~ (A ‘ I r,(ll {_e I ' l k . ‘ . ,‘ ‘...r . r. Y .." ' ‘ V”. ii; «.:.... AD. I L, V' .1 \) CC.,JD uni»; [._L VJK‘. J \ d “18‘ l..’u,3‘l'- I ‘ "_ L ‘ ‘0 ‘ Ifi’ J 1 L ..‘ ' I‘ I e "-1111: . '—-1. r1 .. . 1 . i. '“I‘ .,~ ... .P.‘.l.._,., " ' ' ‘l‘ .’1“. ' 'i‘ SLR—..:. n ff.--:.‘ ‘— los 44’“. ’ ..{ 8 lv‘- d 514...?) “'I I ‘.. . ..‘.\‘u.) \ j'y.'\’\) ‘ .v,..’..q- o _._. _ s _ . g. ‘ > . o y '. ' 1". . ’. I .- _e- _ _ "r- ',L ._f v ‘r .'4 {r1\ " "-’ "1“ "" " “V'” ' rr‘f" "" ""'f" 1‘.“ ,‘ 2‘ q _' .' 4 . P~. (‘1 ‘1.” . . W _ & ‘~ ‘) 1" 5.4( ..:, 8_,~. .1” \ 1 I 1. ,_j _._..._‘-'-.l.. .u J.) to o ¢.~ -.E -:., 9.- _’....4 uglJ; , -‘1 u,.J \v. .- I I ' l . . ' r ¥ I - \ "'v ' I - 'ir .a.':‘r1r\n .' ”..‘ ('J Lu". "-ff ¢.‘ "faZ."g. f. ‘ e‘.“f"l. (- .! f A (0 ('57,.1’: ...‘ro p, . ‘ . e Ell! - _’. I _ - . , . . L. ‘ . .. \ o. .- ... ‘ Maw...dw uni-'.. a-u...~s.e ot..h—.¢1mo~e~ .1”...- ..--a¢ln~-d-—-o-.-.._..- I , _ . ..‘ - n1 1 - 1 ~J: O‘.’ .'p{ e ‘r,-I-Jz \‘ . ‘~’ I 0 .fi Pev ‘6 -J' - l 163 grower m delegnte e11 mhting decisions to the chipping point rim, egein et e price, or my elect to nuke hie own nrheting decisions tln'eugh the chipper; (A) the grower new be required to m ell ehipping point mketig coete in the for: of agreed upon-pdohr-ehipper feee. before receiving oupeneetion for hie crop; end (5) the producer doee net knewthe price of the crop when it ie her-vented and introduced into the Ierhting veto. , 'rheee clareeterietioe ere evident in the tone or emcheue dee- oribedbye Southl'ene ehipperot treeh produce: "Uebventright teJJZSpercettootom-triiteem. vegetables from t ' grower. Other produce is contracted with growers on nrioue tin-acid mans-ewe. In one . . ones, we ednnce finnncee for ell ooete of fertiliser, lebor, inacticidee, nter, em other incidental ooete, and often lend rent is paid (by the producer). The profit or ‘loea . ie divided equal]: between oureelvee end our growere. In "me instances, weact eethe grower'eegent anddonot take title to the produce but will Wet, peck end eell the * grower'e crop for which on agreed fee is peid aria” net proceede ofthe aloe ere returned to the grower. 7 Thie meet-pt deeeribee the Joint new Wt whereby the . ehipperdndmreplitnnprotiteorloeeeeebmpeoldngendur- minimum. rm. 1.. Inn-id ..‘-.1». mid. W min-3e mole-eat. Except for the eeeh juroheee et ehippiu point it ie up only animal-um inwhiohthe ehipperehenethl urtet rim of the product with the prodmer. It ehmld let be come under theee Joint account errengceente: production rimming Just ee often in ueodeted with the ineanplete W W. The ...-.1. implicetioneofthe mmwm Went eeneen the see-den role given pricee in the probation 176K111” brings, p. 599. . m 'r. .'rx'” w n a '+ n; "(n >°~n L -~ ,2. 1-4 "'.'-"' r ,. «tn u Q ~ ~11 am- new ~ V.l. ‘ ‘-, I ‘ {a V \'\-I < ' ‘ ) -. .. ' ‘ \\ Wig. . .\ I § 5) 3 , o ' I 0 ~ .- .. - -. v v ' “ . 'x r... . ~.. ~. . - '-o {'4‘} _I ~ I .' ‘- t. . .:.» f.l k) 111... I. "f t V ‘0 ‘L:-' AC ‘3 .2 "C: 16 8 [VJ :3 - : ..‘ _.' r I,’ _i f -: n . rf fi’.‘ " rr’:‘ ‘ 'n l 0’ f r 1 00V! rv/v' ‘.1 fi{-‘f' l t : ry: 11,; ; I“ 1' sun {31 \ , 1 0:: ~1 ‘1 3 .3 SJ! ._Jo:.o .' O a ' _ I _ I r _ '1_ > .- I". " + '3 l_ A J_ I . ' .. I ' . m ._. . , r ~ ,, . . p. . O '- V-a‘ ' . . _ v (- . . . x p _v . P .:sJJ 21'.1 8":u13fiW anb ‘.x,:au JO 1 .-- 9”” 111 HJauo 1rv.? a}'::g1 duo~ 4 s , . .. .. .r., — c - J. .-'..1 , . .. .‘.- - ‘1 ~ 'c‘.‘ "1‘ '1311; u "3 9.1» (‘1‘) .'....8 {.3731 J. '.C‘f- 911.17.88'13"? 1.13 __w, 1.1:“; £5391 S'IC‘JEJ .r .,—-'..r -,' .- .-',‘ 4 . 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'I. -’ .1. ‘ ' fl ' ' .ssuon e~~ OJ anvxyuam 67p asiJa qu Jo a»eaoowq - v o’_ $ ‘ - ~ ‘ | . I - r ' ._fl sin \fiszv_ :"M ‘ r;115 nnLo;ss inso, a”? aJvfitcaeb inflaoxs ELLT «dam bps :nJanq eve s auanof co ufififio~~ I55 d:f.a TShOTg firs qeqqfia v- r v I \.' '..". - p L r‘ 'r‘ ' r. . .‘n .‘w n . .""' " .' .' e,._.1;u;:)...e 51);--1; .0511... 1:11,) ejthqgno ;._L “1‘3! 5 81: an] .3J-oo 311139-. 81 3S jfifcq Lflrqufie as sasJetnG fiaso siJ To: chsxfi .3us::€pnsvts « I ‘~ ._- If: P? ,‘r‘: r r p :-': .n C. ' r A x; . n. 5).: J 8:11.81ng “(“1“ 1 .a SKI-3" dawn ”J. JR" ;.:-f__ff'.; 5713 9 J‘EfiJfoe '1::1QO " :110 E-V‘rJ 91 30a ELH‘Ja 31 .tenvbctq 9 i3 djiw Js"b0"q ed? to aiait 3:}."rm "“C~v"*= Yd 8195U90"130 finimryrifi Ifn dsfiiu antsoxe eid met} bemxaas ' . .'. v‘. v r : p .' rr fuiongufli mCJ'QLIng ;d3g9LU;JSJQS in 0005 Jule ’ _ Jrr- O ... c. I! o u 0‘ .r'_“-o "_ ' [In L Infafis 9:3Jfi “'FL JLJ bniiiiua 94$ .0 en01u5011fi i SIJQLOSS sHJ '12.,r_ .. ~ .. :., .. ’. " .' ., 11': 1.113901" :. {J {'1 ,cruur; r:ev1:,_4 efo'r ‘risrnooea en} ntezmnt) drieme'nsu'w to... ' 1 .,. ”I A")? .0' 1?;*‘rf.'r_'t.‘.~.9'1 1'16];wa 161. end hernstim process, the Optimizing criterie for shipper nerlnetin'g decisions, the foruerd orientetion of shipping point fins, and tb position of the producer es residuel incane element in the fresh ‘ fruit end vegetable misting chennel. These end the evidence geined fro the heering process for than ere discussed in turn below. ‘ An inportent question releted to the role of farm prices filth the incomplete acherge errenguent in elloceting resources to the produc- tion, Inrvesting end serketing efforts then the renumeretion for these is peid the power efter their perfonnence. At the time the producer Iekes his production decisions-he hes only the Verieble historical common of prices on which to fem en expectetion. At the tine the c... principcl nerketing decisions ere code, the timing end irrtmsity of hervest cod the choice of'nrketing' agent, the producer still Ins '..]. poor estiletes of expected prices, somewhet better for those craps with steble price-quantity relations but exceedingly gross for craps whose prices ere subject to repid end wide price fluctuations during the hervest end mhstim mesons-77‘ Uith 3 complete emchenge errenge- 17711 distinction needs to he dram here hetmen fen: prices es 3 mt; guides to resource ellocetion in production end es g E91 evalua- ions of those ellocetion decisions. in qected price, the accuracy of which is effected by price stability, is en g mg guide to resource ellocetion; prices resulting fras thet resource ellocetion, .. prices, cen he know with certainty end my becane the guides a e next round of production processes. But the distinction sought is more then Just e leg, elthough the Leg itself particularly . .,_.for long-Item crops such es mate is of considereble importence. The specificity of g m prices is greeter then for g pgst prices. 'Verieble though prices may be they ere e singnler guide to resource ‘ elloceticn end historicel price-quartity reletions ere of some eid f in their prediction. But ex 9315 prices ere at the only perfcr-ence ‘criterie for the producer; perfernence m be meesured by more then 'gjust prices received end considerably more effects prices than just (prior resource sllocetion. For these reesons differences may per- f‘sist over time in eaqaected end received prices without resource - ~, - jj‘edJnmm, end the time et which the producer's price is detailed Vie importent to the role of price in production nsource Mn. 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"'..-...)Il‘mf ;.(" ' ,‘JJ’J-JJH' 3391 81"“! ’.T :r'rli-'Q . r. “ziuT 913-1275 a on a w.c~ . . . - e. .2 .2: 'L 1;\i o+en 13 as e2ciun .usc Ffubuu” crud rant? 9d 03 ECvEH noiflLLLTegu a , L F O ) E +- ) r ‘- m *3 w. t' 1’ '~ ‘ ' ‘ - OI ' " s ' r\ ~' r “ - l‘ r- ' ' ..‘ 5- L . -r-[ ' r! ." “.— —~,- ‘PE ar°iJ2 :iJ e'coeu :;Az:2n 1£12do720 ..-n n70! ed 13¢ .89511q iiwf a; e ‘ .e_e “_.' _I 4.”.- - . h ‘.. ‘.. _.‘ I“ ' fl '_ '9'! 4“ ._'.‘ I rflru 1' 84L c;J 33g .298c50u7fl ruJonH on: :0 unuofi "/2? one 03 A a - ' . _". .-'~-1—-.- ‘3 ‘ -'-'~ .'. '4“ -.'<'--' . ’ n-I ' +4.. fJ—' 2-”; ’;;.-I'-I>TI 4- L‘Bvi TI. 1. £' ‘.4 11_~-.,'.'."».11 .1} (7.3-: .6 38.5%, {7.01:3 970'? 8: wt. IT‘S . -. z. r r t ' _ n. -. ' ' ,,-,_ . . 4 .9fing.~ "0<=i 9i‘3"0-'8fl09 so a; 83in ; as Java afifiuo fine —¢nc£ 1c? . . e e ,1 a .1, 0_ :J 3_ .U'fi ~“'“~ :wrr *9 To? '243 58+r61? er pearfiq s-~e ?9 73 v .ci‘ come eat 9 I “ k'.._ .- l oase". O- 510;-- " A ~ - _. ‘-— ‘.. J V ‘4 . l .w '... s a ..0! s J ‘i I E l ' ‘ .'v Q. ' e ' _. _ (_L . _‘ ‘ ’ y .. ' . r ,"_ . , " ()')' fk;r‘()7“~ DJ 5 e.‘irrY-’ "1" ‘_'rl 'n_l a B V"L£: "’2’. "J E“j‘ ‘I‘J’:;: 2}“9 r’j’? ri“r.r(414|j F4 '..Ls‘r. :.;)‘\r s x v c . r ' r, .t'... .. ° ' c . r'f’. 5.» tr’a :0 915 8722?:Jgu fiomrncnp-aojuq {33:70 82% v.5 HCIT52,-15 -,, ,. a. J f‘ .' 4, I. _’ $ ’ + s u s -' I 2..; up fizd v no oui an“ 915 cesium ..rrv -e JgQ ~urcojn97~ 3291* n: i . ‘ W. '- 1““9; 1 . ‘ ' "" ‘ ' ~ ”'c e'v' ' ~I' ‘ i x '- “ _.‘ $ . (NH. 017_ b: Jeznessn $1 352 9n75.1c-t2q :199nfouq 91o ch exuetrzn ’ " ' ' ' .‘." -.'. ‘f e '. '- “ CI p I f‘ ." '{I'jf’g 130, nude 392553 nin:_13 cufim bicsucvianoo bng Leofooe as. -q uuub ‘ -- r . ' ~v .“'o . 0 , .y n :- f, -fi?1 55x RSHL is 71» anaerut ace J 101 .fioiisoo_-[g enuflowet Toiaq e s. ' c n 4 .- . O {-'~'_\'I..(,39'[ Jrro {j 3.: 5:99:71 fair; (4'79'1’ “a,” be Marry 9 fr __r_ cy [' , 191,0 jg “a e I . ._.. . - ’t f'. .ICstfinJie sofiuoeeu ncETombou uq ni eeiuq Jo eiu . '- 4 4- .’ - . ,' 1 21rd (7., ..mc.;1.>:1._: 03 165 sent oratorwardprieing qstnat thenizfl-nthepmdmerhssaguar- anteed price for the crop at the tins of delivery to the marketing agnt; often these also contribute to the rationalisation of the planting decisions as well. But with the incuplete We smug-out the product price is mt been for some tile after the product is intro- duced into the marketing sector, and the mketing decidons or the producer surfer accordingly.”8 By and large the Commission treated the indetermsatedness of price under incanplete exchange in teens or the exploitation of the prehe- tion sector by the shipping point fins. That is untbrttmate and often led to confusion since any producers testified they did mt object to these exchange arrangunents. The issue might better have been posed in terns of the role of price in such an indeteudnate systu and the resulting alternative mechanins substituting for the directive role of price in mint coordination and allocating Motion resources. For those producers operating with substitute directive neehni-s Itch as forward delivery contracts, there is no complaint with the tipping point market maplete each-us M. It is when a substitute for prices in the vertical coordination of production with the “ting sector is not available or desired that resource mncstion unier incon- plete exchange becomes a pnhlu. The implications for price of an incomplete exchange manganent were 178nm is not Justified by the fact that once the crop is produced harvest will continue as long as the variable harvesting costs succeed product prices. There are a number of mustnents in product supply and quality which could be made even tinugh the harvest would not be limited for lack of a selling price. Ami in any event the aban- donment decision cannot be rational unless the selling price is horn. The errors in resource allocation from lack of price knowledge are additional costs to the eomstitive costs or lack of cowsrhtive prices on which the producer might choose between nsrksting agents. D ". 4- I L n Jar ' . .N‘ V' ..N,‘ +f's' ~13: s :3ng 99:79-70:32; 97b Twatrgim 7- 3‘» 1122279 -3729: :7; 177.51. .31 s ":0 2.7.7711. \. I» 7277's 39322:.{171 9:121 OJ 75213.27]: '19 9.7:;ic7 9;: 'J 53 «37.9 97.33 '10} 991.121 1399‘? ' ' ‘ s n .' "’7‘ fiz‘ifif'z‘ffiffi' 9:5.7‘ '10 :10: 2.1.1739: 3': 9U 03 9.TJ':!.CIJ:3:79 0919 929d: memo 971'5‘ 231:!371773715‘2'98 93375219329 adsiqrmoni 9an 11.55:: .3273: ..(LW 87:. 9110191327973 ~071er a -'L 72.777707: 7 97727 219-315 9.123 9:209 “:01 memfl ion a]: 991m] 3913qu 9:13.10 arm?“ ‘2913 32:17:1‘9zi'157'r1 add has (rods-99 332127-9131:er 9:1"? c’mj: £27917!) .‘.(4 .I- .. WI .3:.(;:.n.7;i7'199775 1913119 199175012; 99in: '10 89951393231-Er119..7‘9£3.21: ed: 1992‘739‘13 comet-351:7?) 9d: spirit has 358 ~02rf72f1q 17.43 ‘10 11072953209329 9;” '10 91'er :11: 9319391739 9391:}:39912 defamx 119.1(10 bag sierwi'zoifnu 9i Jsdl‘ .avni’i Jui'oq grnfrgq‘hfa 9d: 1.73:! 103993 acid 20‘ 327:7; do 3971 bib ".59: J‘ fai'itfa T 81279 .JrJ-o'Iq 3711:3111 9921739 nozau‘moo 0: be.[ a}: bee oq 1329;! 9:139. 127:7 ‘3‘99’ 3.737-729: 9:19.932 95? .adrzomoptmi'ts 9:7,:93rfox9 929d: 9:‘[J" 1:973 mafia-.33. 9.T13::-"::;:79:h:7’.-7:7': 7'93 dam :13: 9:7qu '30 920': 99': to 9.11127: 'lo 2:71.73 evia‘ostb 92!: “:0? 17:73:77 'c‘iis‘a We a 7.. 21179799711 9v}:Tsrr393‘JI:s 371221177991 '10"! .999117929': mm: 2.7.771 mg 9:1: r2: ~ oils hm norasmib'xooo 3931:3217 a: sabrq es 1197.19 97:21:5'91'7'993: evid'se'xib egi'ujifavfu'a ATE}: 32177532919210 e'Jeoubmq 939i: jan-if_r<{f'.§ic 9:53 $3.72.: .Trrfsfqzoo or: at e'zado‘ ‘9‘95'I‘T7'roo 1nevt£9b b'rmr'ro'i 9‘1737'12. 5:19 9 rte-.17: 87': .TI .J‘rzengg-ames'ms 9529599729 9J9_(:;. zoom: 397912731 daioq 3121927? 25:71 971': 927;: n .'cJoubo'iq 10 50172771., 1009 [9913*21: 9- {57‘ at 999.237; 101 -r='.-.7:::u': “wins {19253370113 enurmsi Jeri: 1799:9917 'IO singling” 30:: 91 19T99e .Jrzst'mq 5 99.110992! 93:13-91:7329 939171 :97: Jr's-37' 177 7779335 9771949329 939D: 709:7}: ns '10 99.21:; “:03. 91:70:35.9 tirrm‘. 9;"1‘ mu-nflm *' “‘—‘ ‘ _‘-T‘ ..:: 1399:9727:er a}: qmo eria‘ 99120 3.614.: Jos'i 9713‘ ”(27’ bellia‘aug 30:1 81‘. anf'l‘c‘l bee 99.729 81899 :7: 717239977133“! 912132157! 9712'? as 3,719]: as 91771153509 LLB-n 322mm 1Q. q"; 793 219193012; m': 83.797124 amis ”.0 3975137771 8 ewe 91977”? .899i 2; 3913b 01:] Jon 1:" How daavmi 9: J (1;..(7'01'10‘ r19v9 915:?! 9:7 12.27709 :7 :7 .157: 3;. 51.1-5729 {97.3 ~msd's 9:123 cfnsve was 117': tml .99I'Iq (3'99 .9 :0 X927! 'zo'i b‘JJL’JiE ed 23.: 9.9qu t7J‘I9° 9:12! aaelnu Lanniu‘s': 92! 3 7:73.39 710.7.9 rfinb Jnaimob 9:77‘391'.‘ (7:714 9913:} JO )4: 75E not: acidsaofls sowoam 731: (name 91'}? .m-romi 91'13.:';;792p7209 ‘10 flosi '10 87300 e‘riiitTecg' «1:09 9213 OJ adaoo Lwoidiifis 915 .adrmgxz mic rsrimm n92 Jed 9900129 399 in 'xeom 9'12; 9:5.3‘ doirfw no aeohq 166 spelled out in the following testimory of a producer of vegetables in Texas: "Let me bring up another deal I had with lettuce. During tte period of time that lettuce was bringing about $2.05 which ordinarily that would give $1.05 to the grower -- they usually charge $1.00 pack-out. I thought I was getting this $1.05 which would be above my packing charges. I wound up getting about 35 or 170 cents. I know of one instance when the price of carrots already started up and they were packing them out. I might add that during this case I had sold half interest of m field to a shipper. It was diffi- cult for me to find out whether I was getting the prOper price. They said we will have to see what they are. I would ask if we were making (forward) firm sales. Well, yes we are making firm sales but we don't lmow what we can pay yet. That wasn't very clear to me. I don't know if it is to you."179 Another producer indicated: ”Frequently in a pack-out situation, a grower never lmows wht he is getting for his produce after the first day. When a grower is being charged a set price (fee) for hand- ling costs by the shipper, then he, the grower, should be entitled to the price the produce brings above thi charge, unless other arrangements have been agreed upon." Enterprise coubination and preferences often give rise to the- ehipping point incanplete exchange relation. Those producers not inde- pendently or oOOperatively integrated into the shipping point marketing functions show a preference for delegating marketing responsibility and authority to other firms. Mam accept the risks of these arrangements but acknowledge their'relation to farm price instability as is indi- cated by the following enchange: Rep. Hay: Specifically, m7. Chinn, what arruzgenent do you have with the shipper on lettuce and cabbage? Just what ' kind of definite arrangements are theref. Do you Just turn it over to the shipper entirely, or does the shipper simply handle it for ycn‘! How does that work out? I am not sure I understami. 1793MB.” WI, ’0 325a 18.3130: P0 316° " .I. f '- . r ,. (6 ' 1 ‘ :, , . 3 '1’, . P ' . . I ' " ‘ "- J 1' u 1 K. .. m- .. P ' r 7 I- ' unfr- - ) "‘ 5‘ ' 'if. i '1. 4.. ‘ -. ‘ .- A . " 1 A. ‘ 'f '7 ' '~ ‘ ( J‘ of» “' K\ ‘ J ‘7 * \ Q I ~ ... n 4" '. f. .m;.’; ‘-‘ - ‘ .<.. ' . — . . w w ... ‘ I . ' ' t P t r ' I! “ ' .- (v.4 ‘ 'L \:£.v . ' P , .. g. .k .‘ ‘ . '\ .- .‘. - _ . . ' I v ' r ' '- . I ' _ _.' ‘ \ -__ _ ‘.H + k C . \ ~ - h . . o ! ' rfi'r‘ ' ' '- mum), “my.“ . . - .‘n. ‘ -. r x r, - . 1 g g: . \l ‘__ _ ‘ _ _ . C | . a") . 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I | . < t’ »\ “ I! ‘ N ‘- “ '.., /»-‘ 8' 5.: =)(..) ...0 ‘r ‘I _ .:..» _1 .- - I. ' V ' . .‘- I .’ - . _ I. An“. I- ‘ ‘ q A 1"! ‘1’; . — _‘ v.‘ ‘ I \ ‘ . y . _ M .‘. I . ' .. "A- o_- J. .‘ ' It . ' ' U" I. " ‘ ‘ ‘i I\ ‘ ‘ ""0’\f“"!. 0 ~ 1 9 IL _ .\ .9 .'9 . .' D ' ’ ‘ t I. -. rv .. (. t‘.-. rr 1 4 - _(..-( .‘.x‘ '1" gar ‘."!‘.' A l(( “f" .4 1.9. \-.. F'" "! 1' "WW .1 . . t __ ._ c. ‘ \ ' ' \Oo- ' ’ o I. . .— A. I _ 41 ’ - U 'V .F 'f ' L 3' s L : "... hf Vo- ‘ ‘ . ' \ ‘ - r I. r. . ._. 04, .. v- .L',L‘,,‘., . I" l .. ,: Lt‘1LIO -, ‘._ “i. ‘ I . - ‘7.-. -~ (‘I .A1J (' '; '.‘- l V‘, ‘a ‘x..l.J_j ‘1’ . ,4 ,, ' " v41|‘.r' {- '. ~ . y \ go..)“ I;— £1.. . . I < I ‘ a I ~ . ~J - .‘.) r ' _I' r ' ". 3 .f «‘- . '7‘! . . ‘ ... ' .‘. o o 0 4. . ' "f...v I‘ovr .'. ’- ref. :- ‘.- . .JP‘ " . ' ._ :1 . J.,.' (I! ‘,'..\.£ ‘.qu o c - r vv 4 I u I. 3'. {- rl\ .. ‘ ..‘ ‘.. ‘ ' .. “-... .‘ -_.". ' '2' h r," ' '.L U . v-4 - . ...7 . &--_ .LJ- CJ-- ‘4.) ‘1 —-- -« -‘...- ' ' ' q 'r '1 r ' _ . - . - . ‘ 0‘ .c~ ;. “,.c ff , I. - U ‘ I; ’?‘~ '9 f ~ 7 ._v , - . . V . t 5 ' J. ... . : a ' I‘ 0" O“ L I. _ \x' ' p." I 'l J“ I’ f 'H “r" H l “.I. "‘ " I :21. . 0‘4:qu ‘- .. ~ “'4‘. o .I.. a . I ' | ‘ .— __Jv .‘.- ‘ '4 ‘ ‘ ‘)'r(‘. V .'rt‘l ' ‘ -) [1‘ ‘ I _ f- '.) .l {_ I n . Q ‘ -) - a ‘ " ’ P ' ' 1 l "I - ' I _ fl ‘ ' v1 ' .' ' . -. r' K ‘ . :N" ‘- -, ‘ I V "’)j" \ '{'\o .‘.x" I _' F, (‘1 \' 1 A y, ‘ w 1' J \n ' .' . '7.) ~ I) ' .4 A - J) \— . *0 . . - s 4 .'. 0 ._r I u‘ f t .r ' 1 - p w ‘ .vr' Q ‘ ‘ 1 /|. A ) . _ .. \ -o -.’ P O ‘ ’..(_\ . _ ’ ‘ , . - ,_ ' -- jfi,’ I[;)~' (fir. o \‘ .‘- .x' t? c a ._ _ . - a , . , , . v . ' I ' .' q ,- ,. - u- !) " ‘ _. - . t .. . I. , .- .. ; r r .. ..:, U u fr D ‘ . , . ‘ ‘ ‘ -... . $ N .'.E' ‘ g ' ‘3 ‘ ... ... I . V 4 _ u ‘. ‘k C J. (t n V I" " - " .'. '. . '.. ‘ - ' . - ’ .- b _.' ..', ~.rn. - -. . fr. . «..’. .‘ j_.. 5,“ ..‘... .‘. - ‘ .u‘. ' . .‘. .I.” ‘. . v- . - c I. -- . , _ I ' m- . ' v " -" ' ' ' ' "' .‘, .1 I" I t. .. . '. 1'! .‘1." J. 8 . a ‘j_ {I . ‘ J ..' “a -‘. P—fi—Qfi ’ 0%“ “-ms -.- ‘v «.I.— ”wwwmx-goq.' “‘..-._...." “..’ ..‘". .. ..‘-...." N. ‘.- “-.' . “.I.-“‘.- - I v z I | . ‘ :- r‘\ F "- 1;: i "9 “’ ~‘ 1 (V a! . r l' . E ‘ ' .’\~\ .x.’ “JI., . .. s, . ~..-- r " l‘ \ Fr~ . ; 0 .-.V.' ’ J. ‘ I l" ' 167 Mr. Chin: In nor Operation, there are various ways of doing it. In aw Operation, I feel I an a farmer ani I should stick to m- faming. I feel that the harvest and the ship- ping and packaging and selling is another man's busi- ness. So I do the growing and when nw crop is row I will go to a shipper. Ion go back to the shipper and say, "Look, I am going to have 15 acres of lettuce ready next week. I want you to cut it, haul it into the shed here, ckage it and sell it for me at your regular market price) of that day." That is about the agreement they make with you. There is no guaran- tee whatsoever that you are going to get back a state- ment shouting a 81.00 price or a 15 cent price, or whatever it is. It is the price that they sell it for. The fact that it is sold that particular hour . of that day makes the price. Your whet could fluct- uate from morning to the afternoon. To the extent growers show a preference for this form of enterprise canbination at shipping point, there can be no quarrel with the shipper. But it can be. noted that the same form of enterprise canbination is consistent as well with a canplete exchange arrangement; the enterprise combination itself, the fact that the producer wishes to specialize in production ani delegate his marketing decisions to sane other firm, is not a sufficient explanation for the existence of the incomplete exchange arrangement. N The period of time between harvest of the crop and the time at which the producer is appraised of his 93; post price under an incomplete exchange arrangenent varies. Some shippers can inform the producer of the price soon after taldng possession of the crop, though final settle- ment may not take place until sometime later. Because marketing costs may vary over the season, the prevailing forward market prices may be a poor indicator of final farm prices. As the follovdng dialogue points out, the producer may not know the price of his crap until after the season is canpleted: 131$an Francisco Hearings. P- 649° s g o v ' O 'P\ ‘I ' ' ' “I . l. . . " . ,‘- '1' Y .1 Q 'lf’ ‘ f. - . -. . . ,_,. :r r (.n,,_- ,_ ‘ ‘ , .- .--w‘ ‘ l .\ -'. ‘ 4 1. J ' . O k ’,,. u f \ \I a.) v ~ J (. - - n‘ - ‘ ‘ '._~ ' ' k e 4 O ‘ . .- - f r ' e1 1' e \‘ . ' ’.' e .I.) ‘ ' 1" .'. ' ... ‘ . .. f I _.‘ . fr '-‘. ‘ . I': V . v I; » - .- .4 ' .. r e— _‘ .1 ... a .— .'v- ._. ‘. . a W. O ' . 3 ' . ' . ’ ~ 7 . ' ' O ‘. '3 . ‘ ‘: ' V, w". (\ 4‘ .- 3 I- \» I 1 a") ‘ ‘1' . L .‘ '.. . ’ .. ‘--»' ... - . . . ._- -.A - J,.- u' n I D D (- ' ’ Q I I 2 ~ - . -- ' - ..~ . ( u {- l o . ‘ l a I ~ . .- \ i '1 ' g I", I r ‘1 .‘ If ..’ a .. ' . w '..‘ a 4“ *- a '. —' I a " - _.'- "‘-..- at ‘ ‘- “- l- ‘ L o "‘ 1 . — ‘ ' . .. . - - . ‘. ( ’ - - Ix '0 4 t ' ' A I . . .‘. ':.-'x a. . 1‘. a . ~' ,~ ~ u .ch. 4 .-. s 0 e . ' . - I,. I I I ‘... e .o .. ‘ -I- E I . '.“fi ’ g, ' ..‘ ’ -' . ; 5 ‘ . . e ‘) .‘ ,. .', 'J k; -..... :0 .. . . 1. - ' '- - .‘ - s ‘1 , :1. '9 . r {‘I '. F I ‘ .' o:_\ . . . .‘. . . f. ’ ‘ "9 I _ . _'I . \".\ ., _ ~ :x- . _ ... . _; . \ -’ ( , . ‘ .« n .. z -- Lu ‘ ”.li l.) . . I . ; ‘ . ~ " .‘ . “e u D 1‘ of v‘ ' ' - -' l' ‘ I ' I' ' - . . . 'v t-' \. J.' -- h -. -. ..'. . (' -o ‘ 'l ‘t “‘ is ~ -‘.. .4 6‘ - 4.. 14 x t & a. ‘ , .. t - ' . v n _ ' -- \ ' I '- r .‘r. rr‘ " * . Ff ..' ' 1 'x '(‘N I; t H '_‘-:. (..' .‘. ‘ : ..: .'U h x ,5 . .. ,. ‘ - . 4 Li D V... x. , . v, _.4 ‘\r .~, ~ ...... I.... ‘ I 1' . ' . ‘ " ~ " " "‘ ’ - ~ ' I! e. :‘ I: .,'. ,‘ .1 .a . _ .e H .(e .. s i _ .. .. . ‘ ‘ x"" - J C4.l. _,. I: u! .a ‘ ,.~’ \‘- ~/ .. ‘ ‘I V‘ ;..a LJ - 5 4L . l u o . I L , ~ » r. . ‘ , ., {o — .~ '. k . f . f I 9’ ' V 4 i L: "‘.' .‘.' ’. ,3 13.. u'. - .. - A *‘f ‘ . u '... .. -- -. . .. ~ -) d .d I ' . 4. e ’— . I. ‘ . . . .. 0 ' f~ . "l‘ w (_ r . - (s . . ~ I “ ' . _ a ‘.. : .. ,',,. ,_, ..‘, \ 1..) J .1' .~ __....v. .. . l g s I P a . .m‘ I --—- . ' . .(r ‘ rt. (z: ' .‘7- e ‘ ,. . t up ' £ _‘. - .. .‘. J .- - .'1 ' .- . a‘ . ‘ s‘a ..kl‘d '. . I’ on 0. ’ .L " l ' ', , . .' . n : . t . I f « c .‘ r -v ‘ ’5 . . p ," I? : _. e _ _ _ l l - . ~ . .' s .1, . . ‘... r u ‘ Q _o 4- ‘ — > ,I s u l - . ‘ , .3 r ’ r . - B .' . . r ’ ~~ ‘ - \ . 1s v'. ' ‘~ - V .' j ". , " h h :\ ~ . . -, -..1 J .3. ‘ ._.). ‘1 1 _ 1-_, <.I--- ‘-' ... —‘ _‘> “ ‘ . . V. ‘ . 1 . f L ‘ I 4 - . , . .s . , . u ', . r‘ ev- r 4 .. e. 1“ .‘. ,I ‘._7 t _, \-.' \ .. . .‘ .'.. - Q _, ~ .1 - .. n'J. Ad . e. . . . ’K . . ‘ . .. ,. .. " a. j‘ ‘ - 0 ~.. 0 ‘ ' 3‘ I’ ' .y'fr- - .11, -~ w ,' ‘ ~ - u} i I f‘ ' l .. " '3 . - . '4 V“ , , .- -‘ . i 1 V ‘ r. e 0. cr-.r"r," , o.--¢ . ‘ ‘.- , ,I .... r '{ . T L °1_. . L‘r;‘ .’ ‘u‘\ ‘.. i) I ‘ ' ‘-‘ L ‘1 ‘v “' ~\ -‘ ‘J‘- - t! v ~~’-A'. '.. .I“ E ‘ ..w’wC)1,- \II \J ..J “.:J Ca. . .. . f , ' . r. . .. 1 , - . . . _'- ' .- ~ . - _- - ‘ a '1‘ s. ., . ' ,, ' a. " '.. 'r \r‘ . . .- A ., 'c-".‘.‘ l“. c .~o an. .. n v . 7.: t - ..r. -. .3. ft. ., . _’. u - J -' ‘ rm ‘3“ .. . - _ .. a F .1 . -’ ~ 5 L e . u e 0 I‘ O‘ ' ' ' ‘..- - .'- -- . - -- < x, ' . ,v 7-0.‘ “ ‘ 1' a r .' . r .7 ‘ ' e I g . _.- 0,. :- p. y r .1 '"1 .- - ‘ . . ;( 1. '.J '. L 1 . II ‘ ” .' . .r.: J r J ,4 _ n z ) 4"} x I 13.] \--.. s . \u ' A ‘ ‘.. ' . ... ' ' . ep - -. F ..‘" ‘ J - ' I -' . ) ,' I. . n p‘ - . .I . . l ‘ v .. . g, . . . . _ 4 ‘_ _'. . r, . ‘ " l ‘4. -l ‘ ‘, . t.f . .L‘.‘ ‘— —" \ - J- \- , I} \ .:.l’ \- ul- _1 ...‘I--\ \4 L a ' ' . , y L ,. o 3. r 7' _ . ‘ ' i. ‘ I. I, i _ V"_A. _.‘ . J . -_4 «o \ \ . . ~./ .:J‘ .. ~ ~l- ‘ a.\‘\_ -.. __ . A; . . . .. . e ' I I_ . I, 0‘ (A 0 .9 I f I. 4 - 0‘ 2 ' ' “ :_ . I” .. " ' ' " ' ‘fi ‘ '=' ‘ " ' ' ‘ '- ‘1. "f! ‘ '$ ' " "V a. 'I‘l ‘. ‘ P', ,' '3 " ' ,V .".' ' , H -.3 9 t--: ’- c..‘(..‘..u.-~ w. 1.,» .. -... (.‘. ‘1.;,‘.‘ J. 1;, . i - . . 71., ~‘ ‘ t " ._ -. . 0 ' a‘ ' ° _ , - ' _‘ ‘ r , i "‘ q . J» "'1‘ ""‘ ’ — ‘3 ' + '0 “arm." " " L9 2‘ ”’q .:r 2" L" . “-1 " c r r '5 .'. (er ._I'- _ , -7 ‘4‘ e' ' - - \./‘ a " 4 .-' ‘4 . . . ,_ , ‘ _, ‘a . . ’.1 _‘. . . ..‘. .... .— - D ‘J x J. 6 ‘ f “___ -‘ r u' (J a p, . If?! n I-(D .\ '." .. J.. 51". x. ‘.-,..A..- - r o A ‘ ‘ 0 VL 4 l 7' ,‘ _‘- "r C) . ,L 1.. r“ 1 '... .'.,“ ‘ '_.(‘ .. .' ‘h‘q‘! ‘ 9. I- Q ’..) ‘. '..... :. N ‘ fr" M33; '\' "‘ "..v is-..) '47 v .~I -.v v-J-u avg. ,..J\.‘I. “._.. ‘1 LU ‘ .g,_,_,v-‘ v g . _ .- ' _ _ r ' . _ -' - '_ V I} ‘ - '. _ :. ,,F f‘ _ _!_ r' '_ .‘- .. l. r . y A» . rc- . 4“. I f. ‘P. eff f) f. . .’1 3§.cy ' ,‘e f ¢va '4 t "\rf‘afl 1'1 ‘- ‘rJ _ ‘.‘F -4 -~ 5' I ‘-u‘ ‘ C" ‘ " " r' I ’ . l-l- - -— A—‘~ .A..._, \51 (av. d-‘J- “J" - \ V a eA‘ - . ‘ I ' ‘” - o. L', ‘ - I" ' ' J _"i . .- , - — . ' - . -. - - — yr . I .— ,, u - '\/ 4” , ‘ ’ 0' t I . . f if, ‘N I: , '3 ._ ‘ IVA ..‘ c _.‘ .' ‘ If fi G1 '0 ‘ ‘3 ‘l n‘ . L 4 ‘ ‘ . ‘ v’ ‘ l 4 ‘4 -2 A— ‘s...) ' ’a -' w, ' ;. ..'... ‘.“11& K-‘ .:. .’-n -.‘ .e {-4 .x) a ..‘: -. ‘ a b' I. ...} ) g. o , . — . ,- , r' -. v ’ f3. , .* 'g ,. Lu -‘ Jv'| :09 "+ (1" . unr' ‘ "‘ ’t ‘. _I- ,"' "0" C‘ O (r. :~v~ .-‘. 13C - -- L Ta. f‘ {wri‘ffio A ~ '1 a . . — r..:: ..I‘-; -, ‘ “ ‘ z ‘1 ’ -’ -." ‘—- -‘o-‘u—s—‘u o4 ’ .— ~.. 1.1 s.-— ..‘p \r ‘J $ -- J"! ‘- a .0 .~.4 \l .5.- ‘ - a o e - a e ;. -‘ “ M a v ' . '7. _-T " , ".'.. .‘p r- ' ~‘ 4': r'c. [- .«rr ’7' n Irv n .r.” 11n- I’"‘» n-v C. . . ‘ . \. '4 ..’E ‘a .I (.‘e. " . a» .’.L ~-.-. . - “8 _a .. '1. -~ .) . ..‘ ‘3 I. ’. _q “.l _ ‘. . - I ‘7 ' _~ 7‘ '. 3r :l‘, ' I‘, €"fa v 0 ,.w e“: I I O_ I! . V I D l.', r (\ ' 2' .‘1 ' f3; 5]!) ‘\ r ‘ pa . ’.v a) 1: .V r..J ‘e‘, ,-v -‘ ‘ J.) \ -'~ .— ..~. 'v‘ u.«- ~ J.‘ ' J» ..'.H A.‘ .'. r' a-.J—.- , A - ». ‘2 t-' "(4. . 'L‘ ‘5‘ ‘\I .;.\.4 g \ . _, . ‘ I1 o - 1 «I ' r _ . .' ,4 f . ‘ . q r er‘ a a O r O '..". .~ ‘ e U ' ’( ‘f ‘.~ I - g“. "‘ au- . 3, —- r 71'. I. ~- '- I ,- ,—‘ 3" .-. "f . ' ‘ ‘ ’1' ‘r' E“ - \v— {bid 64- 03- ~_J-L-r~‘ ' -~.’ aubts..- .0 I-‘ .- 2'1“}. 1(Wq 8 »" r ‘. ' (.‘.,- a r ' o! '5 p?‘ ' I Y r I r ' r- ' 1 4 ' Fr . , . , _ . . ,1 ~ ... ‘ l '. a . ’.' . /‘ r-‘Ar .' .- '0 n "-4 ‘-\ ‘J‘I b -‘—-- "in, “v’ an Ca- - -‘ J e‘J-u .'.; ~’e£ — I ' '-—fi~ " ii ' 'M' J.. c J’V'lq‘.‘ .3 ' “‘ C, Co‘ a- .'x‘ \l‘ . ...‘ "I r‘..' ‘-.. pf- ... .r., (..': 01"‘:" 3 '1 '1’ .' _..a. p .'.-4.1 (4 x s . ”.nM-I“ "Mm-._.HMOH-‘M ___ h —— 1 .,'~ 0 . \ 0 e9 :‘ "v r 'r - ‘1 _ P- ~('-'v~ ~¢ «r I "“. _-_‘._ . \Y“~ . j ‘r' 7 —.:..: AI C's'8.|.~)"l/1 - net. .4 O s; 168 Mr. Marshall: Let's see if I follow you. You are selling your carrots to a shipper. You have told him that you are going to sell him your carrots. Do you agree on a price at that time? Mr. Jones: ”In some instances yes, and in some instances no. . . I believe you heard some testimomr that said we will Just do the best we can for you. If I have no other source of selling this produce, I can either take this sort of a deal or leave it. And sometimes they say (the shippers) we will do the best or figure out the best price, then I either take that one or I don't have a sale. . Mr. Marshall: How long a period or time does an average arrange- ment of this kind run approadmately? Mr. Jones: Sometimes it goes practically through the entire season. Maybe we are able to deg-5:21am what we are getting and at times we are not. While it is true that. serious resource misallocation in the production and harvesting decisions occurs so long as the producer does not know his price at the time of harvest, there are implications to price deferment beyond the harvest period as well. As noted previously mam producers are paid an average price on a pooled arrangement; price deferment over the season moves the farm price of individual trans- actions closer to this average. Moreover price deferment until the product has entirely cleared the marketing channel is important for the incidence of mrket risk among producers and the marketing sector. “— Two‘ defences of the shipping peint incomplete exchange arrange- ment are normally put forth by the shipping market sector and, often, growers. The first is that in approaching the shipping point exchange relation all production costs are sunken and harvest should continue so long as the farm price exceeds harvest cost; that is, the grower has- .. no alternative but to continue the harvest process and marketing s3 182MeAllen Hearings, p. 321.. a v- :- x~ {- l- r 'I' F. ' J._ Fr ! ‘:‘ ' ., , .. - . . -vr. — . , ( v o - l '1 r—_( 11‘ 1. _,',_:_.1‘ 2", .. ~ q:' , U .-“. .1- .‘.” ”3‘6 8 U51» ......l qu-Or‘l“ 0 “‘ l L I '- . O '- ‘L ‘ ~ r I 0' - v‘ r l r J'r I-' v - H ‘ 4 17f. .' x or f f) 'U h 0'5 "f f! pr -- J -‘ .fleu - ~w - . .14 o < ad ‘-n (" A. 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C f' .3 'H Q 4 W .4 £55 noijslcz ' ..r I}. ‘ Qt . ‘r ‘ H” - Vlui 8;299;8 earn; an L edw as yuoI 7' ‘V Q’ .L: ' — '-$ .'....- .. . 4 ' . 3~ 3». ..’-'- 47" D '3 in '-~. C.“ '1); FT th 8891.).J'TQ' JPQV'IFfi 9F!” efff‘fjjf‘rtg (j. , ugl! 9...]. 13.1“".9Ui 3 on .-‘-hw-.O-" ‘..—J.- _._- _ - ___ _— ‘. r R I!(. tar.“ -..~ .- " .-.'... 01.3.5 ~. 0": ‘E._;f_x_'-.-. 3‘4 {'94..LJ ~/-- 169 there is no need for a directive pricing mechanism. Since profit- conscious producers would never purposely extend output to this break- even point,'wrere crOp abandorment becomes rational, this corrective limit would never operate if some forward pricing system were to replace the incanplete exchange. In addition the argument neglects other short-run adjustments which the producer‘can make to farm prices if know; in advance. Finally, the argument assumes an unlikely sym- metry of the 9; m and 535 mg roles of price in the short-run and long-run decisions affecting. industry resource allocation. The second defense of these exchange arrangements is that either the producer can find a shipper who will purchase the crap for cash at or hercre harvest or that they are competitive arranganents with the caplet. exchange terms. The second is the more compelling arm-at: As for the former, it will be seen in the following section dealing with producer. financing by shippers that incomplete exchange arrange- ments often exist sinmltaneousl: in the same markets. for long periods of time mt enforced by tieing arranganents such as financing-83 Where this occurs it appears that, reflecting grower preferences and the risk incidence of incomplete exchange, fsvored relations may involve cash purchases but these are limited ard the remainder of relations are of the incomplete type. '.“m mm WW M‘ A 3:606:53 phobic-n or the incomplete exchange arrangements at shipping point as brought out 183The most canon example of this co-existence is that of the soaper- vstive and the cash-btwing supper. 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These rims arepaid for their services regardless of the selling price of the crap. Under these circunstances, when a market sector has a guar- anteed return per unit yet is responsible for a number of marketing decisions affecting the selling price of the crop, there may develop market conflicts between bwers and sellers.184 More specifically, in addition to its influence on vertical market coordination, a sales naadmising shipping point market sector has the following implications for the stability of farm prices: (1) shippers may encourage excess productive capacity through contracts and fimncing; (2) greater sup- plies may be harvested and marketed than are Justified by the farm price-harvest cost relation; (3) the responsiveness of the shipping 18"Handle the following anphasizes an industry conflict between sales arr! profit maximization, it is not intended to imply that shippers would be rational profit marimizers under more normal compensatory arrargements. There is no evidence of this. What is intended is ' tint the institution of incomplete exchange permits shippers to maximize volume or sales, with appropriate profit constraints, with no sacrifice to profit as would occur with such behavior if the shipper took title to the product from the producer. Nor are the economic motivations of producers accurately described by the sales—profit maddmization dichotomy. Thus, I wish to distinguish between degrees of economic motivation, not kinds. The economic conflict is a problem of interest and incentive; the result is an inconsistency of producer and shipping point profit maximizing out- put ani price levels. The conflict was very clearly stated by a producer of fresh vegetables: "This (incomplete exchange) is only partially successful. When a shipper is receiving a certain price per bag to handle the crop, he is inclined to try to move a large volume and not have my interests in mind." McAllen Hearings, p. 355. v s ' g — . 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(~31?- ?C'rizjtb 20.;\iss':'.‘.:" “"‘.’t~'.‘<’{~e:“-'§:s 913* rum 6 {'1‘ .3111 :4 3mm .I‘s‘-_-’f;‘.szvifem ni:~'m‘~'ooo '30 assent-12 nixr‘r,...r_'.'ssti 3’. if 3:": ‘:5."'..‘ gait}. "."C‘Fiffi 3.7.3 .‘.‘3‘39'15a‘f5u'c '30 ct..!.'-""'v:-",_' r. sf: -:*::~-" T'frzoo - ’:‘ra fizz.“ N 1: -.-‘.rr-.-:‘.c' is." ':-'-" '3 His f’i'fl’fff’iif '1': tit-he":"shit-owl I ~ 5 - A A l .:‘5 "-.TJ it”; 3 "fif'..f.'3.'.r1) "fl'IO‘u’ any; J!)-'..:';-IIOO C- 'i‘ . Isis: 9") 1‘; Lay ..‘.vfrr ‘.CIJIC p_._'_ q;g.3f,=;-->;:{j;;.3 1"?“ffith-f'f’ij") 84:57:?” {Billfiryif’i‘fi'gv [£8,123 4:0 39")”;01'1 ...‘ ... ' .’. e‘. _‘\I\ -~y. F‘f —.- l“‘ ' ‘ _‘.f'rah.‘ ’.. .'., ['.Q' 0‘. (\f‘" ...,rr Lyrr‘." t... ,_L ‘ .f .r' ‘.-.I .. \-’\J B i,’ ‘ _L - :‘e_!;"T aJ‘ ..- . J _ '.8 5 (a) _'lt .- ,1; 1 ( .j._l‘_l 8 [’,L.J.Bee H).1 V I ‘H' '- "- f O: IL ‘T. "I I'Th’f CL" 9 .'E (1" I 1 T If{ N“ _rr - .r I A- 8.4- V" ‘ ‘ .'. '-O \ ‘.K' --- . ..:-{I- 0" 8" "\. r rsv-f'.r . 3'r 3 ' v-"i‘ \‘ ' .'. '4' -— - _-- 1. ”mg- 0. t t- --.. . .. a, _.v ."r'- - '.'.- ‘. J., . '. . .. . . . r " ..'. C .’I 1"" ("um--2 at» .41.. ".’um-r rsi 8~-ii::-v':(.‘3'!"-_L vn zany! TN. hrs smuov .. .‘ - o..— .. .--. « v . s '- . . --- 171 point market sector to changes in channel prices and costs is reduced or destroyed; an! (A) there is an incentive for shippers to Oppose or undermine produceruoontrol of total supply and flow to market. Because this mrket conflict is associated with the inconsplhte exchange arranguent and must be resolved in some manner in the case of the individually or cooperatively integrated grower-shipper, it was found more often in South Tens, shore there is less cooperative and grower-shipper integration, than in California and Washington. While the lines of conflict may not be as clear in these areas with extensive grower-shipper operations and cOOperative activity, there is reason to believe the problan is prevalent throughout the country. The simultaneous relationship of incomplete exchange, market risk arsi this market conflict is best illustrated by the following dialogue: Mr. Marshall: Hr. Frost, you mention consigment marketing. Is my understanding of oonsignnent urinating correct that a grower may enter into an agree- ment with a shipper and not pass title to that crop? Mr. Frost: Yes, sir. I believe that is the wav it works. The ‘ shipper has the product but if there is a loss on the product, it comes back to the producer. Mr. Marshall: For how long a period of time would this owner- ‘ ship be in the hands of the shipper before. the title would be passed? Mr. Frost: I would guess until he has sold it to a broker-buyer en the other end. The shipper canes out ard harvests your product and he makes a settlanent later. If tut-echo been a loss incurred either in tb packing or harvesting cost, he will still get his cost back before tr. grower gets whining. If the harvesting and-packing costs are more than the return, then the grower is generally given a bill. A lot of times, the shipper will call it even but in marw cases the grower is given a bill. ‘ Mr. Marshall: ' may do you feel this type of selling is of a dis- “ advsntage to the grower? "U” ‘F‘ttfl‘ “f“ I71 ‘.‘no' "' \J1-' .11\ 5' ‘.t -.{‘ I.“ {Y -a .3 ..'(s 0\ vi [.‘v-‘J .:- \J L! .‘5 311571 J K .4 e o 910:1 hnml 8 ep D .l :5 91!! O '1’ r1 8"”: 1.1 I .8... a 9’." 332:1. “I ‘ a ... e rs ". rt) .'.: ‘J -'.. -. s 'I r. ‘*' v'V a Emir-3L l ‘— ”160'? u‘ v ' 1' N .L'ld- ‘ \ "am-r— O 1 3'3" ". :‘3 ’ ' O l . a ,- V. ‘k a , ‘.- ‘\ \t' -. $.- ,1; 91' ... in .".r l A 4" -rr r‘f" ..' '41,) \ 4.1-. P ') . r e- 5 3.9.7 £500. 0 ’a-(‘O(\ . ‘ . . rk) ‘1‘ r J T707“ 2. ..t -'- v l\ ”r. 5.71 i ' \l "'.‘r'f': --‘.- e r on . .‘1}: L( '3 ,Lo-vc \s . ‘r ‘ 17 'ul ‘\'..~‘). ‘ , \J“1;\. N‘, LI ‘1 I I o I . \_;eb "N . car? A '1‘ . u‘! r. ‘.l '.., a .‘de '38 {a v I" h ..1. . ,2 x ‘ Ii e I 9 . r‘ ! l. I -‘ fi ' ,l_ ff . r . lei" ob «- l . L r .0... 0 ‘1 ‘.n‘C-I‘I '1 r J. I [flu \ O \ f \ 3‘ {-2.1 Slum IT.“ { .. ‘-.! ' .3 It ‘- ~{ 2* z 9 V1; .J. CT 2‘ '1:- d J .V' l 9 d 8 13: Li! L‘ 0151‘: T?) J l V '13.; . 4" LL. (32') "CO ‘E' .'. LC ,. 4 Y i s. 8 {TI [1 ’3 ‘1." rff ‘4’ f. I ‘_ LVO § .’. UL) S o' "J '-s ~99 ‘ 1 .'1; 9‘15 ow" ‘1 w Ft. 7 ..LL' 1 B r I i A. '. P 8 .— 'I i.‘ w 0 "V' C r .-‘I 8-& ’f .'.s L" 'c :13" (1.87.048 wrong 8.1.? 03 9,1 I \ 172 Mr. Frost: The shipper is not taking an risk; In other words, for instance, take our tanato deal down here which is just about a (total) consigrment deal. If a shipper has two carloads of tomatoes setting on the loading plat- fom aroma his shed, if he can't get a nickle, every- body in the Valley will cut the price to four cats. If he had his money in these tomatoes rather than ‘the'1grower's investment, he is not going to out the price near as fast. ‘ - - Hr. Marshall: do you think there is a tendency on the part of the shipper to use (consignment marketing) as a means of holding prices down to other growers in the area? Mr. Frost: I don't think it is done intentionally to hold price down. I think we have enough shippers that are all comaetitive with each other. When they are hauling my produce and 11w neighbor's produce, they can £332 the price and it doesn't hurt them; it hurts me. The situation described has the appearance of a lack of price coupe- tition among shippers, but it clearly has its origin in the exchange institution. Mr. Frost's evaluation 'of the competitive check on shipper pricing policy of course refers to the similarity of treatment given producers by shippers and canpetitionoin forward shipping point markets, not to the econanically competitive result. Nor does he refer to counpetition as the word is used in the vernacular of the trade, for he clearly sees that the competitive result is-not to hisiadvantage. And this is one of the characteristics of an institutionally-based market conflict --Ilthey are not vulnerable to competitive checks con- sisting of entry and large numbers of firms. . host witnesses associated the origin of this market conflict with the exchange arrangement. For example, a vegetable producer in Texas put it this. W3..- H Hr; Raitt: Mr. Schuster. . . Is it your contention that shippers who handle craps on the grower's account do not have lssricanen Hearings, p. 245. r a v 1 o: . (5 .. . Jf- ‘. I ‘ '1 ' "I. " r * * ."I .'. f a L .(‘17' '.V ' 3"” ’5" ET'II-q . *‘35 M‘: "‘ .‘ - {‘7’ ' ‘- : '»' ‘-l J J . ..'—‘.-- as .«;.) -»~“-45.~l\) U ’- Lt ‘- ‘-‘ \ -'--eb -‘ ' . "UK A ‘ . 1 1 , e o e . e r_ r ‘ . * ’ .. _ m '. . a; . . v - - r. e- ' a -, ,rl . :.". 3.:’ . 1 - 1‘ ‘. :1 kw .3- ‘ ‘ n": '- 1" ’ ‘H "' r" '5 '7'- J- . I . .'. I.. A , _.r I ‘1 '. t e- .I .- . -' \ . III . H -.’ g- I . . \ ’._ .’~« .‘ 9". s I . . ‘ "_LL ‘ .- I: -. -‘.l .E, ..-- ..‘. 1’; :r. 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J— u .. .1... \..'.4.-a. .r.‘)9 ‘ e.~'-Q-:)ob U---as\l ‘.., {‘-hn; __ IO \. LU I'J‘iJ-‘eJOGab d,_," ‘.." .'.-{J 1.80 ‘ D" I“ ‘ ".m I .— s' ‘__ P Ilg'IOIfry- ( r, "-..:--‘.I. p .'1"? a rrI.-. ‘. e 'I .\I ‘..‘cs.’>"t...~' __.. ,-.;rff . ‘.. --. I,'\r'fi ..’.c. t (J + ._laa,. . -'.. _s/ yla1. ‘|_‘ ”1“. H . 4‘ d ‘ B ‘ I_I-l‘.-;._- J- .- .. . ‘111 .M') 4"" 1‘.“ ‘. t d 'rrb-qu-~ J.‘” I I u .. . v; emu Jj, 331w ’\ .- . ' 4 . '.L ‘.-._’.rv ~‘., , ‘ 4... ’ ”I ",',...p.' r'. ‘.ef ‘.. ' ‘..! :4, 1 ’ '. ‘. a 15.2, {n -_--«.'.-Ox-JLCu') TIM/K, v - ".i e e o Lib-..'; ‘IiC-Lc ., .; :u\f.’_.55. e'Isj ‘ r .. . ..’. J.-. . . -.- .-' ' ."u. ., ‘ . 3‘! ~' _ 1111f; “‘.’) \J ~ . , ’1‘) 2):. s 8 ' .1331: OT ~"‘(! \I no e’fCI'IQ 5;. I..s:1 (.:EI.I s . ~ . a...” ooume-‘--— fi:—‘ w _ ~._ ___ ...“ “W.“ -~ "1 .1 73’." 1—1 . I s r.. .( “ " .q ‘tj‘;—.1J--G~' - 1 173 the incentive to get the highest price for the craps which they handle? Mr. Schuster: Let me put it this way. If a car dealer here in tom would put every one of his salesmen on the basis of $50 a car for every car they could sell, practically an unlimited number, without their talking about price, would the salesmen bi gilling to forego even one sale because of price? This analogy while correct in principal is too strong. There are long-run checks such as cOOperative integration and the loss of pro- ducer accot‘mts which prevent shippers no: entirely ignoring price. ‘ But thy short-run reasons for doing so are compelling. Other witnes- ses associated the-weak seller typothesis with the incomplete exchange art-argument: ". . .if one thing could be pointed out as having caused depressed prices to farmers in this area, it would be consignment mar- keting. When a grower gives his produce to the shipper to be handled as the shipper sees fit, he has placed himself at the mercy of the shipper. There are mam shippers in this area for each commodity and it usually takes only one of them cttting the price to force the whole market down. He (the shipper) will still make his profit and the tanner just gets a little less; or has happened quite often, the farmers get a bill because re was a loss incurred after the expenses were deducted." And still'other producers failed to associate the exchange arrangement with the larket conflict and were sympathetic to the shippers' position. According to one producer: "The shippers have no quarrel with me. In fact, they are looking for products to ship. As long as they are not ship- ping, thoy are not maldng any money either. In fact, if I have em meat with shippers, it is to keep continuously shipping causing the market sometimes to drop. They work on a percentage, which they are entitled to, and if they are not ‘ ‘ shipping, if the packing plant is closed down today, they are 1“Maillot: Hearings, p. 170 1371mm, 13. 230. t1 ‘ ~J . - ... . . . v I " 0 , e '. r . vr ‘ I . P; r I . I . . 0 .~.- a a . ‘ ‘.VI—neo I ‘ '- . O ' ‘ a -. ¢ - . - -. ~ n 4 1' -' ' J' V - c '.4 ‘ O~1.1': r P ' ‘... 9'1- ci 29.3-...e-) _so 6 -.L ...m am: .£ 3:4 J1: Jt. - . w. - u .. ' l ~ - ..'! ’~ n . -\.v- ..., ~ .'. «- '“ i.'r ' - ‘r ‘ '+' 1‘ . ‘ ' , fi- ( :1 A . . _‘ L, t .‘ ' J. I . a - I {J‘ 4 ‘ - " r I I .1 ‘ '-J r‘ " i , '.. . ' 7 ..~ ‘ \ x . ‘. C 9| ‘3 ‘ . i I') ,F‘ ;.-’ s o ‘ _.,. _l , . , _) I ‘ v..' .’ L! _L .‘.J~ ~./ -‘ ... ‘ .’- 4 - '.. J "'r ,' " '... e“-',- “ '; -'~. '.- . .-'.’f '4“ “' '..-..‘- . v- oa'f'I 1‘; ‘ .,__ . Q I; 1.: I \ , .'.._ [...] _.., .L» .U i ' P ' ' ' '- (-1 t - ~ ,« ' - ' .u . In ..'- L .._ ‘ v‘ .. \ , " ‘ e ' I ~ .4- ‘ ~ I» .‘. a J ‘4 - '~' ‘ — -’ - .'.; “1 - ..J n— - ..: . \ >- - 1' a“ .- 3... - ‘ :-,1‘.. 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E: J; :1 ' +I‘Iflm'1" O “‘P C‘ C." "J -I - H". -—L‘ | - \9 ‘ I (I M "-L {is .L -~~ ‘—- —\,l e‘~-h—A “- vi tdL \f‘d \ b1 ' “ ‘ 3"f'\‘ ' we {..‘ “-':“ 'I" v- r '-.‘ ‘L: ".rfir. 0 ’0! I“ (V '3' "‘ -' . .- ~ v- r4 . vvrr :‘r-' J.../ (‘1' ..'.‘J’, \‘fl 2 . .{, _L' 0‘) G~ '!.__.. \,l 3 '.'_, \T-J’.' .‘....t s; ! (I,r.L|:‘.“L)3 ( ..r-.\.- .8 ;-~ - - , ' ‘L A ' r - -'. ‘- '- V - or v - J a! L '.. J7 - s » 1.1 I! u‘ff; ":42; . :1. .x ,0, gm ..'?»Ihelre sag; f1? «51.1-3' ‘6'45‘,-l;"_5:i\":€*q :3 J . . ., .‘.1 _ T .‘. k f 0 J— v' _ L O I v o 9 e e r :_ .. .\ . I. ~., my . _'n ,‘ ' , . \ '- - r '- .' ~~I - :; .'.- A» C ,_‘x (‘V I“. (11’ 'J‘BOIO 8.1: [.‘./1 ."_l'4 _."1 ’3'! 9 ’.\‘ *1. ,"f I"? 1", a ...... '..-‘--- *W- M v m“- -— v 1714 not going to lake aw money cither."l88 One manifestation of this marketing conflict is the frequent sell fa- centralised, grower-dominated shipping point marketing insti- tutions. These would not necessarily eliminate the inconsplcte ex- change at shipping point, but they would change the performance of the exchange. The growth of marketing cooperatives may be traced in part to the desire of producers to maintain control of crOp marketing and coordinate this nrksting with the production efforts in view of the present conflict betwen the output and pricing goals of the pro- duction ani marketing sector. Marketing associations and central sales agencies may also serve these me, as suggested by the grower in the following excerpts "There is a definite need for a marketing association and a central sales agency. The farmer needs to keep title and control of his crop until it reaches the buyer. Under the present system, a shipper wants to hauile the cmp. He receives a packing charge for his efforts but (sometimes) takes title to the canmodity std undercuts his canpetitors in order to keep a big volune going. Marketing associations can plan their plantings and avoid a lot of marketing gigts eni keep a more mifom flow of produce to the market." There is no clear evidence that such associations when they exist receive this enthusiastic support of growers not that they are this effective in avoiding marketing surplus and improving flew to market. Nevertheless the felt need for them is indicative of the perceived conflict between the output and pricing levels of the shipping point and production market sectors. There are differences of Opinion on the kind of mechanic: best suited for the purpose, but the need for alternative means of vertical coordimtion between these two market 1385“ Franciscofiearings, p. 657. 189McAllen Hearings, p. 377. +1221: f'_ . , _ _ 5 . _ _ _ 3‘ "".'i-3.'{J.:9 (IL-{(0111 ‘jjia's 9.25m 03‘ 3mm; Jon . 4’ ..'. . '. -. ' '1 :- -|-.. ' ' -‘,— ' ;'- .3 -" ' . ’F‘ inanfemi and hi d91-irns Lulueninm elm“ 10 roiisJeoLLnsm end . . 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Ck}...- Ira?" .' If $.43 I‘. ‘.9 83"}.1‘3 . ';d 0:1. 9[ I»‘ BCISJ r4 :‘ ":t ‘th (‘.., t; () ff“) r r :. 3- "7‘ - ‘u I (‘.I D. 'T'l F‘Ir. r. r (... ’t 3- 3‘ “4' ‘- F _- 1 ' 1...: -'. w --:. ..‘.) J --\- :4.) .‘..ia :, 11 3'. .... .1 1T1|v ..E f' 4 _.— FIJ ‘Ifif: 5:53 "7:; "To 31033353 n’drssfa.i.-1{.frne 8-3;le eviece'r .'.-L, ., "v ‘ . .e-e,“ r" . r... - -‘ .‘. ‘ J " at 1)-: L35? odr wolf}. Rff_:.".""".q; .'.-5:5 8 '* e .r.. fin-71H '3ri icvs {IL 9v -ei‘v- :e . ' ..,. .r .. - . P n. ..'1. as. a" Lanai mil 350.1 L-i'e'i. an" 88619.5 Jusfl'si ,. 2... '.,r -L ..‘".r , {..' I... .-.,. L '~. A. , .n "-wa sin “0 cl» ei gnioidq Jufi .sqsuo en. H$Unifld dci£1nos ‘ ‘1 ‘l—ae . , r. . ,-~.'.u .. .. L 4._r.,I-. :. . . Ff) homage i0 cement... erg-3 '32:... .87. uses .5 .'....» acids-(Lows; hrs .( 1'. ADJ L, 1515 9f) 31'} ecq'zr'q 9:!3 '10'1 beefing (feed I:s‘Ci3‘.-i;u1'1“¥'!i .0 £311.")! eds? - ....f . .'.. ‘rx J . ‘...1- ' r‘ ' ' . r A ' - _ Juurc. owJ eeg.i.nc need For: nibuooo Ianfiuev 30 guber evffgmfeils .- . . ~ ”if",- .‘TC‘1 .q a arm's: conicNSTE r5»" (‘4‘, "1“ . s " vy r. r e .- s ._, s ‘ 10.017 18:11 I'LL-3h r173-i..r:n.u'.\ I 17 5 sectors is not in question. Inaddition to how the conflict shall. be resolved, whether by a vertical eonprmise of producer and shipper econanic goals or by more tonal integrated structures, at issue here is whether the perfmance ef the incomplete exchange arranganent is competitively acceptable to producers. This problun is illustrated by the testimory of a North- west fruit industry representative: Rep. Sullivan: Hrs Stadelmm: Rep. Sullivan: “re 8mm: Rep. Sullivan: Mr. Stadelman: Rep. Sullivan: Hrs 3mm ' -' Is it correct for one to seems that fruit ship- pers are paid a fee for packing, shipping and selling the growr's produce even though that . fruit is ultimately sold at a loss to the grower? Yes; that is correct. It does not make much dif- ference whether it is done in the cooperative or by a (private) shipper. The fee charged - and I think this applies generally -- is an amourt that shows the effect of the deterioration on the (mwcking) equipment. The individual is charged with the individual amount that it coetsto runhisfruit. Itistruewepeelthings very closely when had years come along. Is it true a shipper may show a profit even when the grower shows a 10.? Tint is right. Doyoufeelthosewhodomthaveavestedintezb est in a product are generale strong sellers? Yes, I think so because the competition is very stiff and most of these people have an interest in the fruit from a growing standpoint, too. What assurance has the ordinary grower who sells to a shipper on m1". account that t1: shipper will try to get the tap dollar for his produce? .He hasn't aw definite assurance or guarantee that he will. The only thing is from a competi- tive standpoint there are mam shippers and they are all after the business ani, believe me, if your prices are not competitive, not only with other shippers, but with coOperatives, you an .Itr‘u" J}: exp 170.1. :1 Jon 2: 8201338 11L:LS Cl ‘ ' . . .. . '.. . . - . . , ., - ' .. r.., '. ' . 9 Y. “0 8:;32 OQR”MFTU "'vr iv “In "0" "* 3 san oqqnoo 455.2-29v I} I ' '- :' (I: Q 'I fit L" {“0“ If“. ff' 4' fn‘fL’r“; I‘; £55020? $-17. H4J(.ff ’,(‘.1 '19,“.‘3‘: I 8‘. C, ..jl s-I :‘(J’t' Vi, “~‘ -- ...:JO- Iva .~V\ -\ \J . . r _ ’.LLJ ..,., , '- ,, . -.- ......r. .v. .~~ ' '4", a)". .3\ ((1931);: ‘1}..9‘1 M‘- ‘. 99‘- I“. .) 0". L; ‘5, ...". ‘J'..',.-_, U ‘.. «.'...I fire {"4" ‘1‘! : ‘g_':\r'.E 9” d n\_) "L,. — . r" 5* ~4 ¢ ‘.‘i' "r “A u n--r'.r‘ ' "C\"‘("Pv '3? “q 8' “0'."(xrn \ ',_(VI'. 8 -.U ‘).‘1_‘ _~_\ 8\-' \) V \ \ Q V -: __1 .' ‘- RI 'g" t ‘.._. J.‘ (J -_ _ J ' 1 . _'.J _o .1 l - . + . o a 4 r‘. ’f?‘f.z§:.) (SE 92({1'1 L'L-: 111-9. uLLJ'IJ. L'BJW ' v - ~34. -—~-o'-- - ~. " .L . 4‘ " 3"? '7 -..-.‘.' —¢gfa “(flfii :fi;u zmdnaz of and to: w031103 u; a; :r VLJ ”3 .Qfin ‘ Q I I .4 ~ f-S EET"-’8 ¢ H Ox“ "F: 99 5 ’:sfi sis 299? . ~ ‘ ‘v .0 o.- . ' r r \ $563 g «0.5 39.9 “f” ’19 2'" “n”‘ O-J LDLLufe "~ .- r . : l . .-'. .~ L"., '. 4:. ifwxwv; azu 0? a: J.£1 L3 .I’c ,LJ., ZJJ a; u ”91 o - v ' _ _ , .I '" . V ,H L .‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ' t '. .'. —?7v>;rnhv a”;r J91 artvau. .«29 “v0 8; xfljhf :39! :r a!" “msfv .1” ! ' 51-- ~" . ' l“ .r v r . 8J:QQT“"'SOO 91$ {LC pun? 8 LL fivfw¢zh 9099*97 . . .-'; : ”,_, -,, . 2., . . «_._ 1‘2:- '.-r.".1{0 3'.) I ‘..I: 1 0' ' i" \3 I 1‘ ' £1 .1 ff ) B ixa'Jr 'IO - . . - . 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AL-w V¢no Lo; ‘ ;1. few 03 you 993 83“”71 190: a- - o< . ' ._ L P 1 L, + r ..' ,. C r. ' ’ ; ILJw JUN Ld9\¢-£TQTPOO 1;;J aid LevaquL; *9 “o 176 soon be out. or business.190 The mouth that shippce will be eanpetitive in factor markets because new are integrated into these markets has some merit and will be taken up later in this chapter. That W notwithstanding, Hr. Stadelman'e emphasis on the ccmpetitive result following regardless of the incomplete exchange arrangenent is not entirely convincing. There does not seen to be any more reason to expect shippers to sub- stitute complete exchange arrangenents far incomplete arrangenents or otherwise settle the producer price earlier than is currently the use than there is to expect tho to fail to recognize their mutual interdependence in factor markets and as a group maintain those. achnge arrangements best insulating than Iran market risk. And the peeition that sales maximization encourages more intensive shipper eupetition in factor markets than would be the case under other exchange manganents overlooks the fact that this canpetition is channeled into such areas as grower contracts and financing and does not appear to be based on the exchange relation. ‘ Whether confidence is placed in competition between shippers for sappliee to'make the shipping point marketing sector responsive to the interests of producers or whether sane eonqaromise output and pricirg levels are reached between growers and shippers through a form of integration, the problem of market conflict will still exist for a large mmber of moonmitted producers'of fresh fruits and vegetables. 19°Seattle Hearings, p. 188. The testimorw that producers may suffer a net loss on product after packing and marketing is merely an indictment of the directive role of price at harvest time. If the marketing costs and prices were known before the product was intro- duced into the market process, the product would not have been matede “ \FI!’ . _. . (I..~-.r_1:_;9{1__tau~'1' '10 .I.-{'0 9d in'"3 awn/1x12 “god's-..'”: II}: ENLILJJVIQJ ed Lib-I a'Icqq'2a1 33.": :1‘11 gamut. e 4T r .. -- s. ..., J-.-«-... .-'-L ' ,-'. -..J-.‘ . d .I I‘. ul.'..‘.'1'fi {J../I. d 124.“; {Je\.‘.Lr..-..... 5'C{.I.v'--- CUE: bi.lvfl'i:-$Ju.r1£ {"13 \TL'. '1 68"5' 9 - ‘L ' ' N + <1 ' . Aff'fl r l‘ T In 0.! re 2' .'. ' 7' + \ r f \\- ")j ' I P .‘V f f:'-';”.'1..I .'“I CI.- ..::r *1" '1“ I . -.-~I<.}._.;:.) z... «3 I11. 19.1.-- (If. {Xe-I. 90 .J..l p. r' 4 O - ri"? J "_ a 4' P'\. .‘ J‘.‘ ' 1 - p "L ."e a. ‘ ‘ I) ' $.73 N ‘I I v: ’ \ ..:!- V F"- '('_.r:.'.“ ‘ &'.-.5 kit"; 1.75. " .' \rlx": 0:) CI1\I [f0 8.1L\.:\E.)IltCTr 9 8'[1:|.a-.: L): .\JV . .uale - '- . °-‘r ~¢ n ~r "r r: 7’ "r1 ~ 4" r as '- 4‘rtr. 1M2 rt arr!" A n- H r 1")r/‘T"Dl‘f '1'“ . , .‘.‘ltJ_ .{"ID‘.‘ "4.» ..-l.‘~’e c \J v[. 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O A .E\€)_'§r_~0‘rvr£4 l4 177 With the incomplete exchange the shippers not only can divest them- selves of the risks involved in marketing these perishable crops but also insure a return presmnably adequate to cover their costs and profits. The forward market orientation of the shipping point marketing firms is closely related to the incanplete exchange and divergences in econanic goals of producers and the initial market sector. The Commission's finding that shipper marketing behavior may be more oriented to buyers, chainstore organizations, affiliates, and retail. coOperatives, than to their grower-clients is predicated upon the lack of product ownership Just as much as the larger sizes of buyers. This forward orientation of shippers may infrequently take the form of passivity to predatory or quasi-predatory bwer practices as the Com- mission felta But more importantly for purposes here it, along with the factor market incomplete exchange of shippers, makes these firms neutral to market disturbances originating further along in the chan- nel. As the focal point for a mmber of growers' marketing efforts, the shipping point firm is in an excellent position to insure marketing decisions pranoting the greatest market stability. But the incentive is lackirg and marketing disturbances are reflected through the shipper to the producer who is in less of a position to correct these distur- bmces. The passive role of the shipper in forward markets valenti- cized by one producer as follows: Rep. Purcell: Do you feel that there are plenty of shippers , - -. 6: this category available to furnish competition between each other? Mr. Chinn: I think so; yes, sir. 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(3. a-._-.s-I() F ,- o ‘ v . ~ I v I f, ' I s ‘ I O l O a 1 - ’ fi' — vl I “ P; ‘ I .-. .' . ‘ ’ ' u. ‘ '. \ . - '.‘ ‘ - . r I- :.. ..er «I f“ . , a: 9.1-....-.- w .. oJ 1.-I.I.J 31911.13 arr-~03 ‘ Q ‘- - '_ '3 . . _- , I' .I a ' _ f ( ,_ .L .-'- q .q r fitt' I4 I . .sl 0. :1 r e V p u- -\ r A r *0 1 A, , N .r( v ,e ) rvl . (_ i . or. ..') I U! u». 2...-.. _-'..._ x' -u (..:. .. 1f 5.") vii. . (1-413. '.....1' 0 e )L-A'O ..': ...0 v Y -L r‘J a I a r s _ a q- rrvf-i} r ‘. 5 (3' u v _’(f‘l ‘fcr - I ‘vr.u‘u o'f‘ we-.. -.' ' "9" r ‘ n “I l‘ B’rd‘vr l ...C, " —-\~‘ -I- ‘9" ‘ J VA ‘..1‘ .v' .‘ ‘ 1. ~‘ I r. -- a“. _‘.-o' 8 ~ ._ ’ a 3 _'.I) l “‘; ..' 'LEI’ '1 .1 4' I“ “ .I..) 'q to L ”\fi ' (‘1‘: ‘ f ' ‘ f :4? Ca v- ", ' I r " f" . ' f‘r ‘ \ (n( 'v H firc'fi '2 L60! ‘ ‘f+ F"? .‘ \va . '- I _ '0 , r a , - e . ‘ o. . a _ - -.' "" _l,‘ x, .‘1 “[2 (3st" " ’."- - ' ! I ‘ a) .3 u “. '. )2 .2 AC : J.‘ a.) ‘- .'.,1 OH V-~ " is-ob'l’ - . - ‘ - J v o 7 :-‘ '- ' r“ '1'" (190' e—‘fir r‘ rf‘" p;- ”1",” vvr‘L -~. lyrn . - - '..- v-Q +(r‘h rt“ (at, ,1 ‘ l. mJ ..' (-_f'.C’_..:_ ‘UJ. .‘ _.‘]! C. t. I.‘,’ I ...‘r L . .' - -..-IJ- .:.. . . p 1 . '3 0..; DAIL'I- . If--- 4 Lu :16...“ on. e + .v I p ‘1. f a. f. I . + + r'.‘ ‘ ‘flf " '."f '1‘. I. ’r - v‘ 1\‘ " w r ~ 3 f -"'\ ' “, 'tn‘ C' " a a. r . sap-HI . 89 .J g.“ _. ‘ -_ __c, 5;, ., -_ g3 1* or _I: ...0, ..:. I1 :1. 71.51 51. D I 3 f'! ’ v '0 r 1" ’4 + A . .‘ ! no .2 .- v .' ..' 'l ‘.. a. ‘ I '5' .; r e ( or, . c .» - o~rr p . ". NV! r‘ o \.4 .1 .I' or; .’.! ‘ 3 5).. IA. 1. 0-I_.E1 id.u\' 0- "_ _‘.I_ - _J' - . I .: L ‘,:",]‘f. \4‘ d,r .‘.; kl; 18 .A OJ b :‘u u s)“ (e f\ (1.5-1 nrf.r'e 0'1 (0 :'A‘f' .\ a; .I— - m n .I.- -- ‘-a._.L\JL1 ,— . o_ n .r ,- ~ ' n a. ‘ 2" - J., r '- r- '.. e o. ‘ ' :9 3. . O 0., ... r _r, .( "If-3’ erg-1%.”; 0.? for. . _ ,‘g .g‘ .;_-I 'J- ...L ";_,-_33 {*5 n1 gut jf':_._1 . {:10sz 333.1"; _f g 9.43 . '— ., .' 4 3 _.'°r:..( ..'. 4... . , J.-. , _ . , . .. o, ,r‘ nv:.nennx ed? of .2~£~-Ista celr~~ utzf‘”“‘ 91$ enjlomowc arola.ua: . , ‘ . - . '1 ’g'j7 ‘71-: 51%.? 1"“_"'..I'O'f.r‘fd' .‘.;:‘~.'rc‘:. F's-«1*: OWL; 3935;471:3831. «Io.;‘-\3‘.,-_.;'.:5~.. 1‘11"}: ”Hahn‘s: 81 “‘5." iii—:4?“- 9831” 3991700 03 ITI’Ift‘J‘r-goq a '1. arse-I I: at anw 'tt::9I.'bO".I‘I 0"} 0d .255114 1:332") 85W 8 13‘7""‘1‘ "‘.:.~" '5'“ III" 7971?"? ark? To EAL-f: :‘I‘.'_'"':r'.-TI Off“ - ‘.-' '1. .I.. P ‘ v4. 4 ( ~ '..,- H. '.r (we - r Vf f " I! r' e N, ’ . C . " 7' . _ H '6' - ' a .’1 ’3 I: .. ..'-s e.- 1» + .3 I I-. II o. ::..:m 12' ...0. ‘ A - -‘ . .LaI ” L .L.t. ,w 4 [-'.PL, . , - , °n. r r .’fir “» p ,Q ,v_ : 'L I 0‘: €- ' hvvr) ogvr n '5. 3:0. ”Z_r"-r e .3 \ . L Y _. [ 1-1sr...n~;e. r' -- ( O '7 ’.l p. " Inf "" f. I T of’f" :".' . N‘{ O .. ‘ ‘ . -m - L .1 _ .1- .‘~ . 178 Rep. Purcell: But they are all just offering the same low price? Mr. Chinn: They don't name the prici9 The buyers are the ones who will name the price. 1 There are two principal kinds of marketing decisions over which the dlipper is given control upon handling a cr0p for a grower: the decision to ship to a wholesale or retail market and the terms of trade under which to ahip..192 It would be equected the shipper would allocate the crOp among the markets and choose the toms of trade in a manner according with his own econanic objectives. Since retailers purchase only as needed and only for their own firm use, the wholesale consigned market, another incomplete exchange relation, is the most likely candidate to absorb those market supplies generated by the shippers' emphasis on sales volume. The following dialogue danon- strates that the consignment wholesale market is used more extensively in periods of surplus am has a destabilizing effect on the other market alternatives: Rep. Purcell: Actually, mid it be true that when anybody is selling on consigrment. . .does this not have a depressing effect on the market for cash or what- ever other kind of payment you are getting for the crap? Mr. Van De Halls: It indicates a surplus in the eyes of the growers. The grower thinks he has a commodity that has no sale so he is offering it to any- body to get what you can for him out of it. Rep. Purcell: I understand that, but the effect of it would be to lessen the hustle of the fellow on the other end to go out and buy on a competitive basis, would it not? Mr. Van De Walls: It would. This is what I call the weak seller and it has a tendency to establish the market 1918”. Francisco Hearings, p. 6A6. 19.9213» are discussed in detail in Chapter 3. ‘Y‘r 14. , — .- ....:._.-me. .:. ~ .. -~ .~. 2' ..«I 7.. - ..n Jar” :V" 92:3 :39er JUL: Jimmy; ..p: a ’ .. . \ _. ~. "a .1 ‘ ‘-. ..‘-- 83: 0 did“ :'~":, a';33;.,r;f (z'f-‘NL‘ ”amino add $1.51: first?) fitni'l‘ 3111131" .'1}! -L'<-~..9:;.'c'rq erfd’ 9.511 LU); 011w 'nfi‘“ T-Vr a: “nitr' pn?J:'-;x.‘: 57m’4 fgjjmmixq on: 915 sqsflT M13 ;~';::r_.y".r:< "'91:. (__rvf') s f'r-:;.‘Q"'r_-_:”{ rm" .f'fIVICfi 7513:} 85'. '19qu". t: s:- 2"!” “r p 703 5:: fr; 3942 ' I’1*GT 10 e_\un win 5 03 qjfla OJ noia?3:5 7*? Tilly-7:: :73 I L ;€- '-f « dI 31::"£.r'_.?;"='a OJ thin?! '15- r'u 9.22913 '.:i.-;3':J '.LO 7; 3' 9:" :-':;-'\'v’o ":2; station? e17? ”3’5 '.‘1'-’"m a“? 935901-38 a," ;._.'.':.3;f;;»g :13:fl'.'~.'.'rz'.rtefl‘:£3 e'rc-r' Ins-rm! 3": CL“; * a “--::flofix: ir:e."1.r:;j':z;!xoo arid tariff 8935132: “folio 9'13 rm ;Tr."~:;"'.'e gru’igi CL: 1.8;}; .'5 3.1.“? fan arIq’mfg ‘10 BF'HZLE’T sq mi : " out 3:31:19 i215 Jaw 4:311 a}: ‘gif'orf‘rzs -.:.Lt; CLARE :,-"'_.'f 9'! $3: 211 to“ ,V""n"+'m : [-'.-ward we}? 5 ervni 32-37 33L" 3'3". . ..’?r'yr f‘z-r'o: no Jaf'ioe ‘.. '1' lo I 0' '.’ ‘ .‘ - "' ~' ' f “i‘ ‘ v '9‘ - .r ""--'L'; 712' '10 1.6an '1‘; .4. or .'1: an...” I?) as. 9 m :"7‘??f"70:'f7 ." f r ear; 1"!" 3r ewmf; "‘0 Jr! "'e'kio we're “:‘rgavzo 953 f 1‘ _‘ . . _r; 0‘ r’ .‘.? ‘.a {r '.. ‘w‘ -'.? w t, is 9L3 10 ’ 9'15, 9 ' . I‘.’_:, e_",.'..T'.I, ’3 5 8‘13»-‘.V;.'.- 31,: 3’4. :SIL‘." SL {15..- .'lil L. | '~"<;' ..‘! d, 'r- P # r'ow ‘ a v-- ‘Sv A? M") s 21.; z z 2 ;,.,..« '1'! 0., ~32” .evemo. )fLJ I :Ijeo'ufl are“?! Tdon it t " . 4' .-.' .. ‘- r ' ' -r'n ,, .:.-r r r , I? 'Q ’ In!” 6 -I.-Cue I 3:1. . ex 8:.“ ..‘7-£-r-'.~.r u; 29.31.52: 921 .s.’ .’zT-i It‘rr' .4 '4' g. . (_‘.. {‘ . J- . . . t . - ' . _.' ... . J our. Jim. 5? a f' ,3 z’... flu. 83 Cd "‘f'f'CL'IICJ L c381 3;. .‘nI'f': ‘enH—O “—..- -.-.-——_—\1Ls.'-11ifvs .LI Arlen}: {It and 311 RufZO’J ,. '4- ..‘: .'. '- ..'1 -'..\',‘,. , '-b n ,_ '..Lf'...‘ . -. . _‘. .V [if :. .vf.‘\u “1'. {)Lu‘: .‘.Jo' .L ‘..‘7',,.‘.,.J‘u's 30 EJAJ-}.1‘.LJ Sin “131; x,",;‘.7 ’JJC‘IQ'I $1.311 8;}1‘300 I" ‘t'r‘rv 1".{.,' a, ., I P'; '-- fl 0 :- ' -r.) l1r;:-t.--i 10 'sq . \‘J armor. 21*: 1001.98 . trim-e}. -511 1.1125 rtcio‘erho'm -..-.:Te (( E ”‘3’". e vr F . . -. . - n 7,. ..a- "'.’~(‘o'1 'n l r '. | -‘\ s *v‘ Eek -J}‘— o [l'~'.u-..ao~)a -"\ 1m fem nrkets us! me, this ‘11 be'suggestivs of the trees- permoy of the indmtry exchange i'elntiom snd slso the pmbeble effects of short-tern brice fluctuetions. But the observed cost incidence and fluctuetiom-IUJ. '..t mm. the should be}: tbse. ~‘l'he evidence presented earlier suggested that increeses in ner- keting costs have exceeded the rise in the nrketing wgin since 1958. Wetting cost increases have been rising festest for the shipping point lorketing functions, ‘hbor, pscldng materials, end trsnsnortstion. Dots in Teble 11., provided by s shippc of fresh vegetables, indicetes these cost increases over the 19hl-65 period. For these crops nrketing costs emsged s 67 percent increase in the pit-‘1‘ period; on 11 preent increase over the 1;)59-65 period. iccompeming these cost incl-sues, .oceonding to one Tens shipper, hes been e. sitnetion where "He has been umble to increase our selling prices to keep pee with our isoreesed pecldng costs and therefore this Ins bed to cone out of thu~pem+rotum end the shippu's' armmwo I: _ Considering the service mture of the shipping point market and thingenflstione! We “Minuiflluthel‘u of wegreted production-defied“ structures, there is m oanpening resson for any one pertictflnr division of Isrketing costs to develop between the pmduction and shipping point mket sector. Hide veris- tion could be emected in cost incidence along the unions shipping point Iorkets end craps. l-bvever the evidence gsined from the heerings end from shipping point firms is thet producers are bearing the entire increases in _.rketing costs st least in the short run. The following exehenge with e shipper in Texas is iutmctive in this respect end 19“);me Hastings, P. 606. . I "III..- ' as 0‘ "fi . ' ..’ :7: ,o :72: I. Nun's: 33'" -..-...: 83.71.? {371.77 tin-...0. has 8354.33 0715:3103 eff-slam 9.?-'7 052,; “(ms anciu‘ ;.[~37x agrmlxva 17739:?»57132 97!: "fo garter-30; - - o - - e - I vv 0 _ ’ ‘3 ‘ rte- . . L . , 7 .L . ~- -~ :2 - - . -- ~ ‘..-u, r.’ ,3 r - v: w . u no , 71 2. ,1) . ‘ V‘ f (3 C u s ._ ne". ‘I9 5,. _'\.I, J LA. ‘s.’ - . 3 1 .~.'\J"c. ’0i8 ...0 us e s. -9 r 0_ , . j' _ . . ' . .. - 0, ~ ( 3‘ .1 ‘ ‘ ‘ f' I... ’ ‘ -'-, 1'1 r- a", \ .rfi p.- t q ‘.I. ".I .I. , 7. r- II ! , -. ' '. '. . ..: L} .I.. 3‘ 31'- ' (I... 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I._t, ,l L l ... 4 1 ‘ " ' " ' ' 1' '77:..~'* " '7' r 7'» v‘ 'x' I""Y‘ ‘[ GI IIIIIII ['1 ’ ‘.I 3 \- .‘ ‘ ’.. ‘ '..:..' "' '~, ‘ .i‘ (If I ‘ ’ .v ' , '7 f. :2 I' L g L. _~I‘ I J. ‘ ' 1, J- ' 7 ’- , h )\J 1 j. 4 . -. s _ . O . ‘ )~ 1 _ . kl 5 \a . 1 ,L I ‘ K J ( $.5- g - . L. t . .8 v L . . ,.. . . 1 ‘ a n _'- v'u e -- . :4 -, ‘ :.-~ . *- -¢ . .: \| a: 9 :v 9 .f 7r 3:) «la-...} .- . ._ '..,“ :(~ r}, 5.1.»: ...Y “1'67. . A; _'-".-. . .~-...-..*. .7.-..:: ’..”:J: O P9:.:.J‘1::n£ .. 9 . : . . .‘3 . r s a. -,- 0" - '4 '- ~ ~'{ ' r ' 't . 0‘ . ' J" \o‘fi.‘ v‘ ‘ V“ F 7...; ‘ <2.":7=-! 71,-.,.--~ .ry: r;~,.! z-- ') r317; begun-971 ‘... g I." . evs cum?) - .'. a " ‘ 0 . r : e 7 r s - -- . - f- . s 4 . .2 . ,_ 7 . . - v ~ - - l' .3» .‘ .' ’ fi' ‘ e: ‘ l r r _: -. \_‘ 4():) to l-‘.‘: L \, e o a II}: ° ’~ - " ..' ..’; 0 {‘{).I. '9 I’l _‘ I...‘. \s _‘.. {In I' 3 Li‘ I, o 9 “.13" Ix.‘ r- C ". 4‘ i) 1 Id . L . ‘. '...r. ._-.vw ,. .n 7.: - 7 £7 '1': 1.“ I‘d-)4... g}.f~'-,-.". £3 "a; .-( 3., . ,'..“71‘.:f ..(1 53,-2.1 L SLO 0d t-F:-.L“IO.'JF)8 89F3'li3'32'Jz'7I 0‘- ‘ ‘ .. ..' . ’. , 1"!" ,., . .,. - .'.. . '... . , ..' I" 1’. ," " .3”. ."f 1'" ’.' OJ (73‘?) I'M” .'I:' ..‘..t.-.,"I ‘.. '... '0 .‘.;hi ' "1331.. kfiJI e1‘ll‘n1.’ £193 j 6‘:qu 'I' .. -: . ‘,~ ..‘ _ . r. ', :: . t .' u ..' a? :7 w 1":.--~- r”: 9 2 7’»: or: " ~I')r7 f 'Potmrnwl‘ ‘1'") '\D n; r) ‘J ‘J (’1 .- 'I" L (I in): \a-~ \J u _' ‘4 .-.\, -II- "' 7 -.E 8" :1 Lo f_ ‘ I—--t o-cq [J ‘QJJL‘: I' ‘,' r I ‘ 0 v ' v .‘ a 7'7 "47:33:: 'd'IT""'-'.i-‘.3 :71! .r.-rs m;.'u9'I 'mcwmtg and '7 . -':«_ I: -'(“ 7". 2. 7- 1'r1-I‘r-w773 7" 7 4-". " r"‘("‘I77’Y rn .'7r'vr 7,: s‘ I i“ 1hr" F"“§;‘I-z .’n 2,1,3 s." :‘3 ' “ . \Pa..1.(‘)"- ,7 . - f -'. I" :-.-\I .'O .1 ..:.7— In. J‘} t '4 . a: {I10 (_'a Ali-'1: 5 Q' g . ‘t ' .'...- e " .."'5r (‘7' f": '7’ -.' A . ’1 V a , ‘7.’ \J “43 -:.:‘E‘I (In-fa £101.V:.....-.M.OO €'~.r'."l'-f.‘-‘uf‘f_" in 8::{L'I~.JPIBV s/Z'IALI 54 J :.~;jf'~:'.‘.:)0 Of! 83'. 8".33- 'IJ' ,:73':;3:7'"':_37‘JL33 "7‘7ri'if'!3'7-7'0;':)I?)1-'irmq 1.733527755135732 '30 .:ir,_!f:_~7.'-::.-.‘,- oJ 3:3...07 5971;: "::.,'-.1 7:0 .7..<~."'.:-.£_;.?:,'7:. 71:, 3.33.7727”; eao J13 '101 17.0%?- -.-7..3.'::7,V SUE-2.7197393 deems": 3:9-ion: f":.?IZ(."‘::-'I.':'I'I Fits (7...:‘27‘17 13:7 39911717 reed: .r:.9d 1;..27. ‘-3 6:50.7"157 72:1? :.j.:‘0.«'-‘a: I J’s-:77) :7}: i771! 17:17:13 sn’ if 7.70:7 no“? ,.',-~.~' ; 77.1” .'I'L Hzrtj‘szjfi ‘7'JI’L2?".:IZ‘.’0 5:- i3 '1- 71:32:38 .:77737'717 fins 8397-315": 3310:; 51379: 73.53 f:‘;': 7:13.:7r' 9'75 82:71): ‘7 :71 3.313 8?? 857:1": :«T'b‘yr 73:7:--’::tj7g7.".!{3 {777.751 his (LI-7‘; (7:5? ..';:": duct": 57!”! 17.3. fies-CI 35 a. mo F.77“:7"Is71 r11 97 {“77 7t ".5 i:'.“.’"'::j:"; .-;?., J {Li eviJmu'LJn'.‘ a}: can". :3: 71:4.rfqi; :17. s .rT-"Lw ayrzw’sya W‘OM~—:‘—=_——— ‘ * ‘—- 7'7 -—-- I ~.' - 181 1010 u. 7w, Putin. and sum Coat. of Sol-choc! South Tun F808]: Vegetables. 19L1-65. . ; -. _— A ‘..? *— _ w Seuon . - ._ 9m. (6 533's.) - ($33) "(3%" -------B§11.u‘ mtal------ 19£1~h2~ .62 .39 .63 1M5 - .86 - .M .96 1967-68 1.06 H .59 1.01i 1950-51 1'23. .66 1.20 1 1959-60 1.51 '.97" 1.L5 ' 196h-65' 1.68 ‘ 1.05 I 1.61. Firm chllfl - 1947-59 1.2 61. 63 1960-65 11 8 _ 13 191:7-65 ' 58 77 ' 3 j 62 __.— 4— AAA—— 11116113100 bmkomo foc- . '— y—v WT— W—w—xfi— ——-w— v—ri 71* Source: mum Won on Food ltd-Itching, Hanan, Tm- Hanna, Juno 1.1-1.2, 1965. origin-1 trucript, p. 585. - - fi" -' l’ - . r~ ' '7' r. I. r‘ ‘I .'J 4" r " ‘ " . ‘f/‘f T- i“, (4' a 1"!" 'fl -:.? ‘ _"I l‘.‘ PI." .p ‘1':J-._; L !‘\,‘}.U_4 IS‘IJl‘C)___‘~.J LO \d 4.74 \)\' ,‘ E.~.\3 -’L '3‘ ;-~..'.b III;.L.—~-J.Si “'UO ”.5. . S-L‘fi‘ rt,‘ .r‘.‘.~~ -' '. —: o‘, "”L, (-1. 913'.~.s_-a.rxf‘ ‘w {1‘33”} "‘-1‘ ‘fl.l"0"" o ‘- l'-"""T‘h" fi 1f‘.‘0-' 0"- Hr. ‘..”-.. 0""- Oh—~-m-~ .- M-us-~*0’*”’--M’*w“~* ”no--3 o .«‘-C. -‘A.-—o~l '- a‘ ‘ 0-4.F-~. .. O - -.-‘b~ 40$.‘tu. .d—‘ I--:“’ ..'-f- c-u-n “a 0‘. coho-.- o '0» 0‘0. -.o.-l--..—m~.—v ‘-.-...“- 7'\ n .‘- ' '. ; n ..‘ Nf. _.. 0' £I - [I ‘..,Co‘k J'.‘ .‘ ..aow-ID—C‘s-O ..'-Inc.” “-04 -.‘. _. ‘ ». Am __ -.- ’, .. , J -V W " ' r’ r. . t‘ -_v " . . H L. - "§ ‘1- ‘ ‘ ‘- ' l ‘J‘ ‘.l ‘1 )J‘:' U‘- \I \v‘ 4. ‘ , x u _ -_ ' ‘ ’ 41.1; - «pf ‘..: 5"\ :-}~ "'13 + :,\_/ (3.. ',l u\ OU.\ :‘ “cannon-w- Ono‘om-ouuwbw Oopuw-dnu-mw-e=9—. -— - ‘—- -— r " n " * rt r '. .- _. “I \ _ " . ’I u. u n.- u- a- I. ~-\‘ ...:Yg ..‘).L...1...'.-. on c- - I. - u- u (C); o C\. o 51:3 O SA-L;() E oQ. $3. $3. 3A-¢$€£ ,- - I I ..LX.‘ 1.?- \‘-‘ E o '3 'r) y I CVX” ‘41C3 CS.I 06. {$.I 13-OFEI ..’-J I \ O t] I. "‘I I If) f .1 If) h EAoI gé.£ r1: '1“ . H -0 Q , . F1 1"» Q o I 1,- I} ; I?) H egngio ogsénscweq EA #8 “A €3-T43E \- El 8 II P9~C$CI \ ”it “ “A — —‘=:k“-‘ m'o~mafi_ ‘ -‘ .. J .'. I .8531 9 579 out esrilaui - --——-_T_-—- -_ — :A-:-v-%-o _=---——=_ ...—_'. :__ H‘ *- f a , '- "T‘ ' ‘. "l; “' 1:. "r.‘ ‘x - a .‘7 :_"(‘ i .. . l "u . .- ~ *_.';:‘";‘. BEJflA ..F‘wIIhGJ: 2‘ :1 Mia... 3 gm _. 1 no f!C-.n-'..."...T.0" .zfinOId'L." gag-”Jog. n . I L 1i'3 . . ’ 0 07‘1’0' L ... ‘4 r r oV‘uk oq (UQLTCIC’CGIJ' ..‘:"41.t.:'.;_'t0 ..._‘f‘;.[ ‘:.-1.- ..L 8"!) r\ 182 um the Luce-plea «change mug-eat to this problu: Rep. Purcell: D e general situation, Hr. couch, ere you a e. _ pecker being celled on through the yoero to do are packagmg 1nd lore gettizg the product new for the retailer? As an industry, have you been able te pue these edded coete on to the per-en or organizetion to whom you are "lung? Hr. “Wh: m, 811'. Rep. Purcell: You heve to absorb that? ‘ Hr. Couch: we try not to absorb it. we try to pen 1+. beck on . tethe tenerubuthenmmcupqeterit. Rep. Purcell: There in ne‘ere else he an pun it? Ir. Mr E, “.r. Re 13 et the end e: the rope. Rep. rue-u: chin-thepreetleehthe mm, ee tun youkmfl J Mr. Couch: I think so. They (the gnome) hm: that our cost. erezuecenituhigheeuecenenflupricefie the m) econ-dim. Rep. Purcell: he e genes-n1 file, then, ye! hove tried to figure 1: h reeeeneble profit fer the service you rudel- 'r-aendthenbw cheep enougherleuhigh coughte pretect your profit, 1: et .11. possible? Hr. bench: flat in right. we try to figure our eeet flth e punt. The ectuhl coat 10 co Inch, depending on our ouppliee, whetherwecenlekeedineergurterormtl 1t 1e. end the. boy from the your «cord-1w.)- For pm-poeee here the panic. e! the” deecrzlbed by Hr. couch in nre iterating fer the Minty or Meet pricee then for tbir 1enLIt the ehlppc eel pen the» eoet We. hack to the producer, the cue direction no he vealed for abort-ten nrket distm-beneee reeulting In. three er the (our “-.rket eonfliete deecribed prev-lonely: lakef- enrpluee reeulting In. the eelee levele deeired by supper: Qua-u... muted have by ehippere, 195“. , pe ”9e 7“? :\‘ ~ " ’ -r ~‘r-'* 1" 1...-.. *-" TI ' 311:1» 1. "v o'H-.Ir1'1‘..'oz,r-r3' 91* "(LC ..‘..j,;. «”311 31-4..“ Ch u..- “V‘s“.B h \ HM...) .ou.. . . . 1... 1 u .1 ‘ ‘ O . -'. 0 . . .‘ f‘ ‘ 5"" .15 8:1 110., 5’15,1f1)ud) .‘L! .150.L.f135'1..r.a .Lr,°1'1a11.».--_3 s 3.“. :Lfsonr‘i .qu - - . 1. '. . '. -. ' x " ._ ‘..—- '. - ~.— ‘. . on 3...‘ C’ISTIV, out :1 1:11.71. J 1.1.0 112.13.11.21 3.1.1.111 1.4.1:, 1.1 “ " .k: 3 3-x: Ji'fx'if "-':-”9131‘s £3 '; 92.3.2391 "1'10“: ’ I — - ' ' .‘ ‘- I~ ‘ _.e r -. r 4‘. I 'c‘ {.'. s L 3‘ {."J' 1:1 .‘1-‘3‘; J,’ 'I (.-‘... iv; $13. é 12.3.4.3)» :J (Lu: '1(.'I. . , ' , 1' ‘ .:. e e‘1 n » J" ‘-’ ‘1 'l ‘ “ 'IP ”d, ‘ '3 "I A :‘v 'L r I 31’." 'I» 1.1 '5'. 'J 02' UU :7 (7.2 11'?) e .. ’-«u 51"..” 0‘} Gus'.) 3‘ ‘1 . r ‘ A ‘ ’- ‘V - L ' .' .. 1" :' """""" ;~-12J::l 1:»‘20 5'} I101. Oil-tr O" z-Qe—V' ¢1.L$e.JL“ ’10 to f- a: .. h (he ._o. :..3..c>a .'1! .L - m , v r c: (3.,“ J 1:103:11; oJ ever! 1101 1-90%"? mm- l.- J'. 0‘ - '5 V "‘ ~"' :9" by, 1 '0 J J '1 5", or?! ‘ I 0'"! no :1:)'Bd U E. 8:3'1 O\J ‘Tttj “ I] U L r .‘_\)'~! 5 o on VJ.\ \ A . {JIIQ’ O I . .. ." r . L“ ' ~ :- U .3; '10“. 82:15:; €J-&'<_.J.&...3 .1511“: 9.13 {1* 0.111 '19 "71.81 9110‘ OJ 93$ 3.2q gnu oi eafie 91¢‘flax a: 919m; :1 :otyq .q91 r . v ,I e ' l‘ 1 “r. ' r‘ ‘0 .eq 1 913 30 E1119 913 as 91 J1 .TLE .ofi :hndod .11 as 1. (1'1 03 (3333511: r 'Pf' I '.' (I‘m “:1 -' o " - If 7 'h BJBOO 1.10 3.31:. \..1'fsr‘.»cr.¢ :Ilsa TUq quJl I :riouof) .131 03) soi'rq 9w £211.13 111;.“ 91-: 3 .5. .:i a I 5w :8‘18 -‘5,1'.'-:1'1f..‘.*53""n (#:2111013 ask? I v ._I '1 ‘qr 'f "3’ “‘4 r'»{ A~"-. v any: 0.? bob: 3 1. you; r _, ' , , _,.f- _-‘. 4.1". . 19111.51 110V\, 99 camera 51 .J "11)- .1 1.0"...6' 4 . . .I.. -. ... 0.1 31101.9 dyin'i _-- 1-13 '10 '..-051:: .c ,J t — ‘.‘eI 3.1.281". 01:.1 .E is J13 .5211": (,_1: '1. .- -'tzcr no" -.u .3119: 5 3A 51:03.11?! 5 nt VII-I fir-3:3 £3115 a N Aq £19315? .c-r-«F' 9.?. "' v .n\ I UK; '11 0*: $993 ..J'i"‘o'::1;:; {Hr}! 3.300 ’1’?) 2:231:51 oj' v.3 Us: .JI'p‘rz 31': fixfl‘ :1*Z:.1r<>3 .'If-i ,3”.§:,Cr"1j=re {o no *r :1: .' ,1'Esru'1: 03 31": 32:11; $1,113“; 91f? J.’; 13;:13311 '19 '13:.I"."L'.Ig '10 9 -175 .3 9:75;; 1113:) 5:11 tenth-m CT-L.V;..‘-.1‘1.7_'£.'.ro;:«r:=' '1: 51.05:“ 11.13 1.711 91.11.1113}: 13115 .31; \ U . I Ed Lac. 1'13 ash *xsoubo'tq 9 "J '10 11013153 1*.le 8:39:ch 'IeO'ri or: q ’29 ‘33 .L... "ffsi': 91‘in 5.11311 :29 3910111 3:00 sear-'3 83.3. my “1.9 Mist-310513 '10: Emilie: 31; ed um noIJe aJoi-C'3'rtoo 33.91511 1110': 917-3 '10 9231.1 1:101: Iv E» 851138 911;! 111011 1.111.391 393.11.13.31113 9'"- \ul 3" I.‘_.(f(: 3"} i 3111 g: d baa-311.1313 arzoiaaeon 9.1:} 131911 BQBOITflIq 1071 +q d‘bred-‘J J\ 'Io'i 193111: 9"0111 a]: ..91103 "158 add “II ..svsI 'IL’MJ 'Io‘i (:f: 91:13 erase 51': (1991155711?! edd’ oJ "123318“ 9': EGOIIB 'wJaib 3551's: .321 3" "10‘ be ditc- 89b 5 351112.13 : Hat :buo 03 Ma *{d be'fiaeb 8.59.1191 .Bffific en‘ 0 \ \ 3" r OQSQ .q ‘oi‘srz.'& 183 end, to hermioned latent-Chill. variable price matchmaking. A1- thuh shine“): the “I. is one of en emetic pronoer'lector teal: s 1's than yard: ss-petitive Isrketing sector, st the hurt etthiotrmpmerthepdoducahnrot “creationism W m meant; the Matthieu of the prob].- :Le spxednccmoeuhichunuflytbm’mduotnlnestterdl mutating-m hire ducted tall-cut m. And es s residual the fun III-lee in mm: mu reflecting at can't-expected W in suppli- but else Minty induced by“. the ormn an! hehfleroftbrreehtmit “Whmdm‘seotor.w Thep‘rodneen' ”imam-acting chi-e11. mull- imedbyssu-prieed ”anthem «chute: Ir. Britt: h the outs e! the ”totem-gem you ere- performing st the shipping level, are you being able toreoovermottheeeeoetsttntmsreimmu. 1n inn-routing these services (grsding, tucking, eta-(:4): «domfmunt inthepriees yousrepusinga dong the line you csnnot recover s11 your costs for -d1onttheeenelth1m thstyouceregdxedtodfl Hr. “Home: In Gem'eeeteendthvere reflected beck to the grower. Hr. mitt: Ion ..'... these added com in being taken or: the . mm' ad rsther than beds; ecu-d st the other end (the ehippdng point selling Isrket)? Hr.VenDeUe11e: Thseeeresnsddcdoomuthe‘oet ' ouMefifltMth‘fiston arsesnditeoetsmetontooodl manningthestheututmtethe in .~ . . ~ Hr. mu: Shouldn't than out. be added to the product and pond on along the fluent! ultimately be pdd by the comma? brie-Dem» The-ete'ehteteoerdthumehwetedeofl-«e . wedllnvetotskeslong look st the eoonow. The vegetable grower hes arried s trunnion: burden in ebuldering his shore of the econ @ to mbtrb it will (LIN our loss unless _ . -. ., - ,. , ,. = -,._ r . .'. .:. -., 2., -u. .'.,.-’.'_‘ ‘2‘ 5:21.11: . '.- >310: EL .5535? J..—gm" 'I 'I)§:£x.[. bet :.~..«-~.r:$.w 9d 03 “4.3 nr ~ r~..\'e cw . 7r: (rv v 5"": cm U.‘ 31¢)“: :J‘ r J: '3' '|' " d" '(‘ ’3 . 5.1.)- -.. ’) 0" .)_~.'-E .4 398 1 ..0 .:..0 54.0510 3' V1.65 .Jl’t. ULJ '.- 1. I. , ' -L _I_" ' . ‘ I . I l . "3 , . ' ‘ ‘ 0‘ -l ‘_ " ‘ - g‘ ‘_ _ I .O I O ' 4" 3'3,. e..-5itr (. j .7:"r:.-'.*.~.'s.~e 5.25% 3'.” trachea"; (Ii {:0 f“; -.‘:..;.'-;£sq 6'15 LOC 35': jut," 5.5.} {:52 3me Mini". Log 0’) 10 5.)": areas “1:30." 1.33 1': a~r>;:-~.a'1 ft): “.55- z'cwj Emil. 5:63“ rant-:13 You 0.? .E‘L‘ILJJDS'I 9'11; UO'; .:.-.:LJ 3311.755 ..:.n 52:5. E. ”30 LLB . . m - -.‘ . . r. ..:..L. - m r .' I: ‘ L‘NT‘“- .0'1 91.8 22.13 1.15 3.3519 Law-:5 97.5 1324.4. :sl.gd_ em ns‘u’ .'1}: .’LU‘.\.’O"’. .3 551.3 oJ 24512.} "' .'. .‘ ._. I- l I L .\.'I . (‘~ " 'l " ‘ c" " ' p .— nr '5" p . .. . 5:”. 9. U .LAU ‘3335 an-» -’ 9.2!) cu}... J M.- r5 5;“ .-J .'Ii .11 UOY :inb... .134 v‘ _ ‘ , . e y f. . . . 'ISTECTO 9.1-3‘ 0'5 .‘m. 2.5 ‘. ‘ :1 1'52“: ..;.'.t :35 '35:“: :5 "U- ..' .:.. ,. :3". E ,, .. -,,,~, , J.\ , ‘-\ 5* , u ‘..J .I.. J1 .'.”‘q a: Eta-.15.: 3.4.1} fir-:9 -.' Q + '4 . .'_- ’ ' t" ~ .1553 to 55:3 em 03 aucm «e 4.1-; 3-7:: 51.3 ere-gut) miles 91. am .’1}. . 2. t. " , ' .' I" I ~ . _ ' r c e. . _ _ ‘... e.’: 1.5. [£03. B ()‘-.W {3L do .. {—19 ‘3 ll II-J.‘ ‘t OHAIEE'O . ° 1 A u :- - . J. . . a; N to L3 or: of no? 5 “. 6.1305 J-.. fwss 592:5 .I. '\ _L ._.; ‘ . O‘H_ r _ ..‘..‘FFIBL 9113 OJ 11.11.“sz 0.1211 3 :U r'-‘A;u+ 3:1..:_.':'79.‘0'Lq ALL-.:- 8.12 ht- . ' 4 . .‘- ' _L , J..... x P '4 ‘ ' O 1‘. ‘1 fine“. . Eng .1239qu 3...: o.) sch-s 95 Cadet) 535:”: J'flf'ffl EC. :déisz: .521 . ‘ ' J I . I Q! r" h' ’L,‘ .- ‘.. u . . ’- ... J- grg... 3.00 52.: we! tuq ed $5.5. JUL; Em. 9mm. 9 u gnois no ’ ,‘v '. . ' 9.4. ._.' '1, ' l“ ' o . me 0'. 03‘ avg. 9w Ur:_s-.-.~,...:i'zooa .o Joli a BL 9195!. 5121'.» 9 (18': ~24 . 5 . I+ ' I .’.. ~' ' - Y. .'5, H.008 9.1.; .8 >200... 301 s ansJ 03 ans-l I”; 9:! o. ..-: .. .fi .. - ' . ~ I ’ ' ‘ . . 1v ...-0.1.5.513 be— I'IbO 8.5:: innards; eE'dsufige‘r 51." O (my 5 ariJ B'Vt‘g “'.(VJ 8 {:0 \; 3:31 gm its E H H’UI 6:- deIA IL’OJ 31: dud won 13:03. a mi no ‘.‘rL’Id oJ 18h mm in do» to make 11. equitoble.196 In tune“, Hr. You Do m1. emu-eat]: did not underetond tho lilo of Mom, on. to the pout tht he did mt oeo the obvious conclude: to to drum hon hie moon. Hie fin]. otatcont 1o looo on "onion thoi «floaty thot ouch on obviouo question mold be cited. But tho noohoueo of the pnooo‘ooshe dooudhoo perfectly well mue- tntot- the noun]. obi-at poodtion or the pndocer. It in W omootod tho foot thot the plodmbou‘ the ileum or the w oorkotiq ‘oooto 1o oddeooo th-o ore mm: his outs and 18 not indicotivo or the producoro' economic patio-111th.“ ohm-o1.- Thioionotthoploootodoboto tho “tame: of tho inciduoo but it can be mtod tint plodding tho app]: motion of ”doom 1o mod doping there would be mooted Ion during or financed “$1.“ cote hdvo. producer- ond marketing fine. Perhopo more important]: tootinow who heard thot tho mdoooro do mt ot o1]. tinoo beer thooo mutating coats and tho madame of m Quotations. In poriodo or short euppnoo, it do .Itondod, Iolo of thooo ooote ore pouod on to tot-turd what: on! poor-ably com. unending to one ohippor: 'Ihevo rotu'ouoeher‘otoom-inonooedloboreoototht on in my report md our inweeeed freight eoete but, booioolly, .nobrtoropyooro more obletopeueoouroootetotho eoneumer but when we have e slight amount of overproduction to no a: longer oble to do this and all increased oooto toll hook to the grower - fredght, the cost or pecking, the coat or diotrzlhutiom, the increeood use- ot retail, the inmod coote of tho eiteo for new stores, the two percent incroeoo in doing booinooe become of oddtioml Fedora]. rmrte. 37 out put thot in oinoo thin in o Inn-portion oo-iuinnnl vii _— 4‘ 196nm Bearings, p. 309. '1978eott1o Ratings, p.100. ' ’7 C4 . r- ! 5 __ _‘ . J. . 5 ,, '. __. ‘ _A. _ _ ~".::._t.'. r, -. -5. 3:; \)~' @1100 (J. :.-.n.,-:u.-2..zv:a ' . I} I . v '.. no 9 . 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' ‘ o O. ’f § r. .....- .21 ‘(<~.11.£'12:J.J. Helm: " f . ' . ' A - .’.: .1. .c1 .m-t.:*..ee! sitar:- 185 Tht matinee tinse increased marketing costs may fall on producers am solstilo not, depending on the volune of supplies on the market, 1mm. there is more to the problem of cost incidence than the “tidty of supply. It also suggests the producers' residual income with! and vulnerability to market disturbances can be corrected through supply and flow to market control measures. 0th.- portions of the testimorw reveal the relation between the eldppiu point exchange arrangement am the growers' economic position in the industry. One producer emphasized the indeteminateness of his priee as follows: Hr. Chinn: We generally make an agreement where they (the shippers) come in and harvest it and package it and sell it for us. There is no guarantee, in nw particular case, for a price or anything. It is whatever price they sell the pnoduct for on that date. Mr. Mitchell: In other words, you have nothing to say about the price? Mr. .Chim: Absolutely not. Mr. Mitchell: He comes out and takes it over and you get what- . . ' ever is the return? Hr. Ohim: That is right. lh'dlitchelllz It is a unique arrmganent for marketing.193 is above, it is oo-nonly found that producers agree to these marketing true for a miner of reasons. For same, there is m alternative but to cease Nation. In other cases these are enforced by financing We. (Injection can be raised in regard to these situations, but inn-t eases producers enter these arrangueuts voluntarfl: and lit“ seems coercion. Fran an industry standpoint even such ”lately ape-ate can be objected to on the grounds of mutual 1”San Francisco Hearings, P“ 6390 7. .. r. ‘ ._ . . . a _ 9’s 5 I ._ l " . \ a . . . ‘ ~ A, ._, - . 5 g a D -‘ ~' f ‘1 l . ,' (“.0 7 of- . l . ‘ . . f, 1 1’" v. g (V _. L ‘~ A ‘1 -~ (4.3.) .,, .\ ..‘.rx fag. : -1}: _, ..:,"‘.. -/ oft: dd.r..t.uf.‘l.108 \- .I.. -- e J . . A ._.. 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". - x -3 -q fizz-11.3: raced 0136.43.48"; at Luann~ 186 interdependence of the entire production oector; tor the society there IQ else be an objection to thooo voluntuy We oince the price i-tobility «W thu no remit in o niodJncotion'of prodno- tin moon. The proceed-IV pooition on 'rooidnol inooIo W in the met ohonol we. m- m thou just the (holistic unset “mm. of finch thq ate o pert. Althmgh the relative oisoo of powers and on”! my influence the exietmce of the economic institution! fowl-113 tide pooition, it is the imtitutiou th-oelvee, portictflofl: Mote M, which ore ot the hoort of the utter. There wold be no objection to this intitutien, or ot loo-t looo objection, it it were mt inch-mental in the mud-fl position on the reoiduol debut in tho not- on! it it did not encourage the conflict between output on! pricing levels of the pmoduction end stripping point luket levels. But totem the mito of the institution it does hove thooo effecto, on! it io o prindpol link in the contribution of tho Iorkotiu oootor to the ten prico intobflity or _frooh fruito an vacuum-.1” Thoimidonoootoflppin‘poiut eoetoenpompmwidOthe cuppa “L 5 1115mm: protected, mill-out mung” It in o _. 155Attention hoe not been gun th- here but there ore merits to the incomplete «chemo W ot ohippim point. Thou ind-1e ito oppiucobility to o perishable pmoduct which must be moved to mrkot * ropidly, ito potential for eoeiu entry oooou formation-o, ood ito - racer-«out of quality ompetition. * 200nm ooot pricing 1. diamond in «an by JJ. m 1- m: w;- thi 29’ 5 mg mug, whim D.G.z'l‘ho W Inot.),1 , pp. 3 3-87. Pull out pricing is o pricing otrotoa horde: the rim. cote prioeo to cover the etudord oceomtin; ooote p10 o none]. retm on investment. These prices ore infldhlo to ohort-nn aha-goo in donond but Ill]. odjmt for enduring ohongeo in d-ond. 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Accor- ding to this W either the horizontal competition between shippers prevents them from systematically passing increased marketing costs forward or the market power of buyers prevents this. These positions are illustrated in the following dialogue: Mr. Raitt: If it would be in the area of increased costs or whatever it is, W can't you pass these increased charges which are costs on up the line as Opposed to taking it out of the growers' share of the total price paid for produce? What are you running into? Mr. Hayes: Competition. I can't raise my price completely above everybow else, and if aw costs go up and generally the trade is selling for a (single) price, I can't get more than the market. Mr. mitt: All of the shippers are in the same situation vdth their costs going up. Are they Just continuing to pass it on back to the farmer? Do they find it is easier to do, to squeeze the farmer, if. that is the term? Mr. Mes: It is not easier particularly. When you talk to one of these farmers, you would not think it is easier, but if you cannot -- the farmer has it and the bwer doesn't have it, and it has to be disposed of. We have to move it or leave it there (in the field), and with a perishable pgduct you are not in a place to defy your customer. 3 Again, one is left dissatisfied with the performance of the shipper in the role of marketing agent for the producer. In the last analysis it is the pmduet perishability and omership by the producer which detecmines the cost and risk incidence. In the above excerpt no role is assigned the shipper in insulating the producer from marketing cost pressures. There is the pervading assumption the marketing sector may add services to the product flow and make a number of important 303mm“: Hearings, 1). 632. (.-T’)" s.‘~ .I. - ,- : - . ,- . , - .. "o (..' ..’ Iii: 04.: O" “‘ r23. ‘3. .-:." ‘.Li '_ .:.. 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In. use“ 47.: ,_Llqu- 9.1.1 no 1:.: -..,‘583, gal. svu‘sq 2.1.! a... 93:- f. . ..- " 193mg ' .-.° r r. :- ‘ . 3 - - v .1'r'p..*'(. are...” to teams! 5 {whom hrs wof‘- (In ‘0'“: egd’ of ssaonrrsa t: ..'-ego-.. __. (‘C‘ 03“. '1 00 189 lurketing decisiom for a tee and no risk of product ownership. The result is that the production sector bears all mrket fluctugtions arising from changes in supplies as well as those originating further along in the marketing channel. -- m We; m- Previous mention was made warship- ping point financing of production Operations is at one end the sane time a source and a menifestation of farm price instability for fresh mm. and vegetable craps. It is .‘ source of this instability when the risks of production result in too little or too mm resources devoted to the production process; the former capital rationing is imposed by the financial institutiom serving producers, the latter results when shippers contribute to excess productive capacity in the attanpt to assure a steady source of supplies. In addition as will be shown in this section financing is a manifestation of price instability when it becomes a manner of enforcing incomplete exchange arrangements. The relation of shipper financing to the risks of production were illustrated by the testimorv of a shipper in South Tans: "We usual]: try to finance some desirable grower and help 11in along, especially for our early supplies. Hhen it be- : sues easy to do and the season is Just right and we have plentiful rains, too much is planted up to that time. I! we have the grower with the proper know-how and land and proper equipnent, we usually try to make some deals where we help him along with his growing and he might have additional probluns in growing and he might not be inclined to take the additional risks and we help him, and some es it pays off for both or us and sometimes it does not." This is anillustration of output-increasing financing on the part of the shipping poflntfim. The arrangement not only ties the producer to .:- the shipper, but it also increases the volume of crop at shipping 201*MclL'llen Hearings, p. 614. in» s . , r. ' l9 ’ 0. .— vrw' L-’_> Ji‘::F‘-rr:'q .'.o 3.1: (.'1 or: in: .991 :3 '10. 81 0. ti 9| +5.»: 13.1 . ~ .. | : '. ' . , 9 , . 9‘ . - 4 . znzo-|_..';;..y|;i m1; a. .I.“; 277.554! mun-'23:: [tows {.091 3.13 ab.” cl VI;- 29'! t" ,' -’ ' '. - . :.. ~‘ - T' 7‘ .- l. . 9‘ fly . n r «u k f! r o a. 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'.,., ., ,_ . 9.. . . , , z ‘ (I En! .| rm '1' .:m 9f. .:.? L. b sun: S's-£131.11 OJ 3:? x'.:!Lsc.rrz|.r 31." “‘w‘i 3-5 ‘5'“ '3‘ £1,” 5‘ TWO '10": ",.'7C,cf";"':|o'rs '0 Ln .’.-'5 . 99 I _. 9 ""v' _ I. ‘0 I 9-9; . .. -‘ 9" . . swmi 5;: 1.41.9 u . in 03% PI. {'0’391. 23 3:»... my. 0.: oo‘ V9.18!) aumoo '. ’ . .- . . -‘- . r. ' . .. . r u- I .9. J..? 6:. .J m‘ qzr 1|s~||.r;.c:.;.rr 8.: $121.2; ood ,Prthz'x IT.~'{l-*I'SJ:CT Tsz'md Ema. .rz..1|‘ ms wo|f~s:--r:':{ 'rsxsmzrv en“: :h: ‘12"60': g 9.1'3 323:! SW "—-' .. '. '.-A . .. .. . .. (3 ~ :1 5w .5 a.» (PL-cm 9| :n: 9: vs'x 03 7.:1 ‘.fiLazran 9w ‘dtjfyx'flhfcs o .1. I v {99“ 9 f 4 :99 _._. _ a" ..‘ 9 9 9 .9 ' . . 9 A 45:99 .rfflOIUL‘ 1;) D‘JS'A vi. '..1! 9'1'." 31.4.5“ .-9') Elf ”3?, :‘f_o'|:8 [Ti .',,. . ,:. ,..- -Lr..'... . .. .. ° ... ' .. r | 9,1,“! 03 .?~€.|..|..C.| t ed am -.._| 1.1-. {if Ems 9-|.rr_mr<7.; 11: e.» e.£..cr.q -, +‘ ' _9-7-7-49‘1 .'., , , t .9; ' '- 9. --r9~ v9 8.7:; .-L as _ r 0.. bus 91‘-L-.f (TIM :‘JW .4115 enn -:..rsr1cu31.::|.5 em} ’J\\ u “ H ‘ a ’ ". ..-.' -‘ . '. l“, , . " " .me 890:3 -.'. a:|.|.r|m~'rca me. an ..o fidoj '10? 1'10 " "'4‘ a cl~ . . ' 9. -'.:- -,9,’.._'.. ‘9 . .'...9. .L" I} O I «- -..-fl .0 J gr; 9 .3 no _.zfmrionm... 9|.Leq9'15_..:£-u-r_n-.. .o noiquJHL If: as a; etzf. J. . ,,..I'. . 9‘ ”99_ _ I _ In J. .9 u m um“, mi: 9st a. .10‘ who Jon uzze..-|_nr1'|.5 5MP .L'l'Ift Ur. oq trmqrtitfa 9:33 ' r'. ?".'f‘|’ '.'.."s [P "‘ F- c r' V OHJ a" P "3' '5 3' r 'L. d f ' ' LII J | |. |-, crow) .o .|.1.Lo.r -.. .2 4b... Lm. 08.L8 UL ..' ,.t9m-..fie 9|. ’Mfiuflt‘o‘A‘A A4— 195 point. mm. wean wherethie :mm is prevalent it duo not determine whether the producer Operetee at ellz’ it oeueee output in oddition to whet the pmduca tould here mama without the finendn; And no indioeted shove it ia output exceeding thet level which the power Duld rick hie own oepitel for. For this reeeon end because financing often ecoonpeniee other tiedng arena-ante, ,producere in genera. do not look fewrably on ahippr fimneing. The elternntvie ie the Pernere Hale Achinintretion, the Production Credit. human or local buses. The evidence in thet the tea-ne’er credit end enflability of credit In these other eouroee lure etiluleted ehipper financing of producere . That thia capital rntionini is directly minted to the risk of production ie indiceted by the follouing producer: "Financing inititutione ere not familiar with vegetable pro- duction end eonaeqnent]: ere leery town-d financing hid: rick operetione. Thet brings about the type of financing by ehippere where for e smelled advgnee per core the grower ghee up centrel of Wm . .. The felleing experience or e producer of fresh meteblee ie alao illustrative of the financing probl-u ‘ ‘ "Bince S'eptafier of 1960 I 13.96 ‘5eé financing fl Wattm delta through Valley Production Credit Association. Prior to that time (Iv) fimndng hed been through a local etete beak. When I hed ettupted to eecure finencing for w Fell production in the Fall of 1960, I In: infomed that the hen]: did not finance vegetable growing. It was too risky. ' I have chosen not to cccept offers or fimncing from various Ih‘lppm. These ottere or eid here Incl]: been in the ton of eeed er of edmcee on v expected income for the vegetables. To eecept theee otters or “distance would reduce my freedom en a. free agent. Fermere I hen known who have eccepted . eid en! then suffered e failure hue beeone virtunlly e alue to the ehipper until each time thet he ia eble to w the WW fi— wfi 2051mm»: aux-1m, r. 171. , . . ’ :2 —{-. - ’.. .- vi -— . . ‘,f-, .nr-- .:". :':', 3" ‘5 -. r. p. r’ ~~:‘ In - w; ; .»_-_ 2: LS .; 3.5. .- :_.‘:: M: ed a 29:12: 5-.-.(2‘ 5* ;, with». .21 (In: or: '- r' A *v- c a f' (.p * no ‘t "(or-«q Nc-r) " (f'r’ (11' ; Nv-f hi :1 - an ;' ”NA 'i‘n‘x +3." IJ‘Y , O ' 0" \’¢ ._.-Q \‘s (\*,~ ..,/‘_‘ -\ 1". I“: x,‘ \J ‘\ e'v ‘. [I -.....n..\¥\‘|' ~ly"‘ , r , v e f . r " ' > f-\ u 3‘ '- r fi- -" * l'f‘f “' "' r~ . '° ..: :‘n . -;,- .:r:,)r.u_;:w: I;_;.;.¥:u'1;\.‘!1.'..- 9%»: fun». u .20.: .; arid abufi 03: £013.... .b ml .h r :.w w rm.Hw2 ' . w. “.M . h-A .. JET-2'31. a;..J ,-~:;.,..a.;;:.l.u.s Juan? :0 31“. +2 evozs f.:!.-...;,::_:-1-1.L 35 hr». . _.nzcn 11' A ". - .'r 5.2 , ... f 2. '5 .'Ioi _Lr,.T_r.r.r>..-o no he; Eris: bihm 'Izwmg 5:13 z{:~.c...w ’ ‘v ' "- L" A- v‘v' ‘ "I -\- .'rr \' (“r3 ‘9"wr »' 5‘: rr "l.‘~" D}"'J 3 ”.‘.5 - 2'0 '31‘.VL!:;-(.2 «X’Vob (Pro. 0 é‘:.'1va‘.~’ld}'-!.'_L‘L ‘: .u .3533": ,‘1.5 -10 du.‘ I vi, -. ’IO 1 IF: . . ..r '. ‘... L ..c ,l,. .--.. ' ' :20 .; .:snmaz’i 2.001 Jon 01> wa :1..- was. 2.7x; .au12r2=..-~ {3°15 3.3:“: 7. —-,. . Ju— :. :- .’. " a . t q". - I‘ . ' r '. ”.2“ - . r! . . 'y {“0 ‘._\- j'lu 212;.“ -.Ln h 531.. O! Eff" 3:71; '1 1,;.~I 7hr: €1.‘1'~J»K" ‘ J L5 5‘ . i o -J:.Lf‘nfi '.r'l 7 :Q.'l-fa e. --. 2‘ .'W L., ' r r . LJ a ,.H Aka P -; q' k ,4; ELL 9111;57.1IV9 9&1. e C ’3; ~. 4" -113304 0.1.0 [1. OJ»! Char O "‘11 A \J J.'. Evy.» ”Glut-9.. 7'C'Iq 6-. (V r; _. - ,e 4~-- n -.- -: ~,. ~. 22. . . H . J ; Timid!) 92$sz .1 cm. or. t'ID :0 ‘i‘,«.§££'.£I_’.L‘:£ I15 3.3:.»13 ”,0 a 315-3 and 38.3 :- .' ' ,"‘ F" e‘- 0 I I .r w -.- if. 1- . ‘- ' "‘ ' ‘1 ' I w 2143.13 Jets-:1 .a'mzu-r» .24 IO .:-.' Hr. ‘19-'ij a revsL'era and esoowoe ' «R 1 1* : .4 .r a; - a,:. ;i _ EC UGIiOU ouq 10 Lfiil 94¢ 03 SM£I€T YAI391i” E; FfLLO~951 IBJEUHO '1 ' .'." O'T'I "'"eroiio’t 8-21”! '3‘. itzsjssif Cpe—\ 11‘ if? . I 2 -' 4 .. '~t?. ., trt—,. ..L L t a “at . ‘T “0'12: s;£..sa9,_,.m.r (.-:-.2 'l_‘,L.__l-~-..[-'}. 30:: em; ,nu-'_a;;3_1,dr.ar;l. {-uif-f‘fifiL" 7 ~'. ‘ ' e I‘ " ‘rw ‘ ”a ' ' ’ ' ' t b ‘ J.. m : mmrf‘. '13: L ."I,~-r.0w “23:12:21 212.3 \f,.rx-(‘51;"98f.00 m rioid I? F: 'e '1'" I‘ 4 v! v‘” I - ' - r‘ l -.', an m: '30 9: 2dr: :: J u.'.O .3 unf'fflfl Jr, .aro'r. “1960 mi. '.' v‘ a I 3' w‘ " '~~r" ' ' ~ 'atv v detach said: was '11:; any ' r. I-.—r..-: 15 um 9“,::=.1n (“.'.uw L'_...8 (i ,“ i ' 4311;21:333‘.’ '10 10:31:09 m! 52th 03-4., 8.1286121, 5:3 gov 21:29:11 12:0 '1";'~.L.r5~-o:q 5 '30 sortswi'wqrw :_.2;: ':L o [101 (LET ., r; . - ' . -. : ::::-L..'cr:q ‘.7‘.’_'_C'Jf3:."f_.. 1 52.13 '30 e‘v'_':.te'I$aI,-'Ifl :‘Iojfc":;i'I~o*.-fq ”23".". prism .12??? 1155-9: i 91* ff I (#61 '10 .m :‘:';r,:-',~.j'r.-r. .1 esp-iii" Torr-I .ITO.'I~£_:1'C~P'I;". firth! noiiyd 0'11 Vicfis‘i :f; A 933‘?! £500.]: 8 :z’_w.'0':.;':* raw '1' 1?:2’1 21‘..cr;r-i:-J:-’.'l (“is") 3.2;; $5.53 oi I391 vm 10': this faint”... s-z'r'e'gs‘a oi ’.(jmfn [-:.-.91 .1. man» {J Jr. {-3 km: 7103:}. 3.226 I (SKI '10 1.11;": ~ 'J ht no-‘inuilmq ‘.j--‘.";i'1' 00;? (m:- 31 51;}: 9' ’ ‘immnv 92:15:22? in: bi“- firm 5‘ witgv ELM“: f!:.i:"l't*::L".. 1'0 rota-5.7m wrong of Jon rzoeorio 92:31. I r103. 53-ch :11: read ‘;_’;,Cg-:'::'r 91:5! his "1.0 9'12"."30 ems!” .a'xr 7F’8 . aralzfga'rs; 9v 9:1: '10": swoon]: 1'.-::3rss~r;:2;s 17:1 no Zurrfsvfh '10 '10 Event: '30 “a; my _. 33:: ss-z’.c'1 ,‘L’rm' earngm'tirns ’30 a“; i'io 3 '2-513 Org-905 01" '4 .L 8'")- 1.2.". .JM" e 99'1'1 5 cg ‘ ‘I'w -' 9' -. ‘r Lauri: 0:5 mum 0:4»; .r.;sorn. mm r‘ o ‘ ."r, -# ' ,.- .- e .'1 _ ..' ’l V ‘53 b ‘2,I-~,.ufru"rfv. firmed 9mm! Juice; :5 we're-T‘s. nrufn‘ L T “2177: 03 01:71; 23.7: mi 35.7 0'" N,:. [VI .‘1 fizrtjrzmri as} 113;" 191 shipper back -- 1: he is able to ever m it «3113206 The bondage spoken ef by the ultmss is concerned mt so much uith the obligation te repay the loans as with the concessions the producer lakes to a stripper under financing arrangements. The loss of freedom refers to the delegation of marketing decision to the shippers under the moo-plate exchange arranguente aces-pawing this finandng.207 Internal; capital rationing of fresh fruit and vegetable pavedue's as .t feud to be united to the above tn sources. FHA loam may be the eeuree of financing for paednoen Just begi-ing operation; an ene witnoe related his experience Ilththie unresoffunb as fellows: ' 'Iftham-kaalenteafamu‘thvmm up two-thirds or 75 percent of the funds that he needs to produce a cop, depending on him to have the rest of it. They surely know at the start that he does not have the rest, an! I oantakewbeoks andsbIIyouuhea-elhave carried the biggest part of the loan on this additional money that the grower needed to complete a erop. It see-s like they just turn over enough mango tantalize him but not enough to do the uplete Job." 205mg” p. 351.. m7 See: Fgod gm Farmer to Qnsumez, National Commission on Food Har- ; keting, June. 1933, p. 50 where it is indicated, "Under some arrange- mmts, the gmwer lets the shipper handler hie crop for a fee, with the grower bearing all market risks. These arrangenents are often fostered by shipper financing of undercapitalized growers ." anMcAllen Hearings, p. 661.. Private lending institutions may stimulate excess supplies. One California fresh vegetable famer explained the expansion of his farm from 130 acres in 1951. to 610 in 1965 thusly: l'. . .in order to receive adeqaate financing, I an required by the lending institution from which I borrow operating capital, to develop a more economical unit. My lending imtitution says nw operation should still be increased in size to be- oue more efficient. As a method of developing an efficimt and economical unit, I must double crop approximate]: 50 p‘éegcent of w land each year." San Frondeco Hearings, p. {\‘4 ‘/ )i b ‘1 r . I - ' 4. 3’ __' __ ' I} F ‘ I 7 ~"‘ .llD 81 23C 1919 00 9‘43 dL 9! 1* -~ ’335 TS"L"13 7+ ‘-%. ' '2 3- 1 '1 ,.,, ,2 F .. -'v'* :~'* ~24 “ ¢ ‘ «o I uh i a 9“ €51.10 .-'.‘.\Ji‘...‘ 1.:‘3 F ! ()3 V y’lL ~ 1; ..‘J~'l. ()0 a-.- Cl ‘21”;“1 '1! \-' to {-.I 1() n ,:fi(xo 0 9;: ‘1. “0‘ v.A 5 . .. a “4+ '+9. w~ 3* r“. ‘ r ’ ';5.2.',:;‘?" f’ ‘- '.- ' '- . 't".’- -.-‘ " -,. .-- a ..‘.miiegjsth) I’m-261 f'it-..‘:.2.:&;:.¢‘v unt'li 53.31" (3.3-34.2; 011‘.) eCSIJI'ViLd 00:32:!) _ ;. .,.' '.. \‘ ‘. r v p v-‘x .mr‘ .- -_ ... ,. ..‘. . " ..‘ I '4 ' 7‘ . ..’ ’ r‘ ~'.‘. 5 . e, v -. a .~ ,. . :vj»- ... «_.'-.4. mi. 03.0 03 .-- \l m. .3.-'.-.:1’. ~..'n..-.[ u. '1; 1.638- all 10 (“Mum's edJ '7'"; 'r-V" ‘2 H" 55'1 “7 T .:7‘fll."' '['_-- :‘t L L r- ! 0 V H + 'rn' r n 13....‘..-.. .5 .1. . .....-1: it). 3v If! I- 6 9'1 0‘- J'IO {1.1.0 o .;‘f,.., . -' z." ,. r». , -.t._ ~.«..,-. __ ri ‘-.-3»: 3 Fui‘mflo v 0 " I 110.1- m 1.01: r archaiwn. W: .‘I"![ new 7 1 4' . ‘I‘ ~ ' ‘. o , '.. » '- 7 . \ , . I“)..,J[.. dis} '1HC Ill-1“ b i‘: If” ‘7 " a V-L.".I‘ .LF-f“.9 53010.29 5'1 ()1: BQOIE‘VE‘A.) 0‘1- 7 . . . ‘. L. . 1 - - 2 2. ~e OJ 0:33 :1... 1003010“; 0d .175.le 1.1.7.01 a {10_L').§';;.:0 m gaffe thin—4591775; 116 :nffgcxfi-«eb "10 {07’s on 5 0A .dnezs-c 9 $100! :ZFZOO Cir; ‘gftnfg i: m: 'er qoqo elation 333m I Jim; 1931.757103033 has .3 night‘s-:23 0 .:-:_-'0;-":'l- r7531 ".u’se‘c done bnsi Vun Io Jpsynq J 192 For the perpeeee here the credit ten: and eveilebility or credit from theee public and privete eon-cos of Were interatiu rer their effect on the “ability of production end the «elity of the producer- firet MC m relation. Uhetmr the cost in terms of the quelity or this reletion, ehippen ere not e coerce or capital ntiouing. 11' mm, they over-etimulete production through their rimming, end the organization of the nerk‘ end its iutitutione of incomplete when" enoeurege thin. Thie ie the neture of. the drouler reletioe batten market price inability end flaming in the fresh fruit end vegetable industry. Beeeuee or the fluctuation end rieke, ea well u alleged lorretumlg produce” at turn to ehippere fer timed“, and this oedema the ineolplete exchange mengnent vhieh clue rise to price output eon- tliete between shippere end producere. The inetebility deriving from: thee “note is then transferred beck to the producer through the incomplete exehenge meant. free-ably the eirele eeuld be broken by injecting elternetive eoereee er aptitel into the-eyet- or by introduciu en mtitution fer coordieeting the pricing end output pel- ot the tn eeotere. A marketing eeepeeetive might be etch en intitution. But theee tee require oomiderdale eperetiu eepdtel end ere tor the not part tinenced by podueer reoeipte. in e result thq, tee, ere effeeted by the price inetebility e: the my. Uhu e South Taureyreuntetive he eeked any fresh vegetable eeepeutivee eeeld not encoeed in theeene eree. where cotton end grain oooperetivee were eucceeeful en! petronieed by much the one cliartele, he replied that the garment rice emorte etebflidn‘ cotton and grain prices were ..' ' . . ~ '- ,_ F1 . 74—. ... - 3‘ +' ,- r g- " pt c ". . r" . I?) r ’ 111.7,;{1 07.17.33 .11.) ‘1” 1.\‘ '.[Lim :_..'.1 1’5 «Ci-.:.: ‘2: .'l’.-" "—L 'H'iQ \JI..J \ Isd C1980 ~l1¥J 'IJ 1 . . - e , ' , ... :J'. 7. .J ., fl , P ‘.. -'r,.. _ a", . “ o i'- "(Va 515‘ {J :1: ... .1 -’.‘L zit r.\l .‘1” 'I{"V'i r CI’IS '(5[ .‘.-u. .171. .I...- .1 0 £113) “LO” \‘UJ" J.‘». .'1 1 I..L\ . J.-. 'I _ v .4. ‘ " " r‘ . ' .. '.v- . ..4 ' r:. ..'..4, . .s .. J, 0%"; 14233510”? 2...: 'r) .331“: .5) :7...) m... “00.1 our: ,0 .....z.._lx..:,oa 911.) no Jo-.:-5 'r , . _ ‘ ;. . _'. ., ‘r ‘ a I", . f ‘ -' . . fit! ‘ 5 J :0 ,3“. ;:_:J [‘..1. u .03 .).!.u 'LC Jt ‘}‘J.t" n1 13;. ...-3'7 3341531953 £ {713d 3 L1 . ' r.>..2‘. .." . +‘-r’....~.-. 41%)-. J1": L" 'I’T'U 10 991.103 .6. bar: 5'15 Pine}: :8 t110.1.wk'.|-f."1 0.013 10 molar? e I e. 4 . f . 5 r. 'e_ 'i‘ _ ' 1-7- I fr? ..’-r-fi (1»{;-';Q!_5 :11 '1J_{..‘:q ,Oii;u f.C.i.u1)'JL {YE ” $31).£5—..—L\—8—'J~5 f0 ’v-- ecu-~- "‘ f5 11 ' , 7- - -~ ' ~i- \ ' .3 :- )v -. 4 e. . v > + Q! . in ' "r «II- II‘ E ’9‘ :r' 9;): £7 0;“:1 ;o .:1;o-..?x..*.x~:t.:.1. (.... u’ «.r.: n51.) ....1 nc.:~l..:.._)...(_y. ..du ins . ' .. .. ‘ x. .— .‘ V r~ (- at}-K.leJ 051.51-100.11}! eg‘ibti‘lias - 7 , I ‘ I' ~. x! ..:. q, , {r‘ 1‘..‘.)J'.“_"T x:\ -3113”?! [15 51.3%.“?! 130 v -:-C'L II:)_JJ' .. 14:1, 9.“; .‘.0 91(7qu 9. J- 81 8.1:: ° ~ ' . -. ' o I .1. I. ' , '.".. . -‘~ '. 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' «' ' s! a" F '- . v I ' a : - ' ."I ' ' "- . .- -1.<.x .9: _u,J ui‘.t"\"£,“.1 J}; (..’-111.1: '1'-:--I..~1. I'mI . £101: 133151.071; 9.13 P 10.15213: . 3.2-0 .. . . _ ..., .- . ‘- '- ' ’1' '~ ' 1 .a '1 '- c. 1 .'.A A! ..’ ' , 1T1I;sI1II:.v-,I urge ‘1 cm: 9.13 ;:.I-.1.L-c.13 :0 f :9 311$ c134. :,::.331...1I.r.1 \,£ r19 'IIFe -. l' \ . '. I - 3' " “‘\ . f - ' 'v ‘. l 1.» ‘ 1 ' '.. . ‘0‘. I 21‘7": g “ " v 7 '5‘4 ‘;F‘(~- ‘.‘ “I !:_'-'_{ LC 51' .:.5T 9 :0 OJ \5 “icy t}; l L() J.‘ .L." ("I .U L..(_YL '- €[LO-L."U..- )x‘iJ ‘ 1. -..u‘. ti 8 'J. ’ -’." 1 ' 3».'L-C 4- - 1 In!" ‘ ”73’ 5.29.11; to ‘JJ-L.~..-"JJ£15 'J’ raj; rto.';;1. '20 '1: ..w 11:3 u..~s~ar or) s at e'ztm r175 .31.“: "fi’W' ‘..-1'3?)ng ‘9 .. t V'l’ 35“?“ ’- +3 .f. ¢,1' L _'Ci (V—._ 5‘ 1 ,'\j‘ ”‘ -'-;’ pao-OIIVOD " rrrffffn 5‘} .‘j 11:... .1. 5 10 u‘ A'-.‘ ..I..L\ ""’v \ --. C II...) n.‘ .1 ”L". 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J -q 1229131591 tit-711.13%“; 19h limited in selling or disposing of his crap. . ."23-O Producer marketing rationality under financing srrenganents was also dis cmsed by the following witness: Mr. Mershell: From your estimation do you feel that shipper financing is e satisfectory source of credit? Mr. Mercum: It is not setisfectory, guerelly, from our stand- point. , . . - Mr. HersheJl: Wtw not? Would there be some pocket (£12) tht the shipper financing type of credit wuld put him (the grower) in e position of lecking bergeining power when it comes time to 0011 his fruits and vegetables? Mr. Mel-cum: Very definitely, sir. He only he one piece to go with the crop, erxi he does mt kmw Just how well they are getting do ththis operation usually until it is too late. There is evidence that the position of financier held by those shippers engaging in such activities may, when crap supplies exceed trnse desired by shippers, give these firms considereble control over the crap 'ebendoment decisions. For «ample e shipper financing e number of producers may harvest less than the complete crap in order to improve his quality or offering to bwers. The incidence of abandon- ment costs in this case is determined by the shipper. According to one witness: ' ' ". . -.sone or these people (shippers) have growing eontrecte (finencing errenganents) with quite e few grows and they will come to one place and herveet some crops end then they 1111.]. move to emther m to harvest some crops, to get some of their money beck. And they no not get back to the originel men. He will epperently sell his crops for as much as he can for the various people who ere under contracts with him. Ifthereie toonuchofeperticulercrop, eene» a”Mullen Haring” p. 311... mIbid., p. 158. ' r‘- .1 1‘ '- r" . - C1,“; (.111: c.~.1 °’. (1 r . e..' I S H .. \J ~i J.'. 1.131) ". 'L. f'f',. - _L_ '..: ‘.r'J 1-1 1’). Xinifiil :2: ' .‘ "O l0’.§iII 6 Eff-.'.sliLi‘rIiI} J- on2 a"- - '10 r13: ({0’19 8 35141.03 ‘f“fl'3 1N; 139.13 maxi-r deg 03 Ow XOBd '25 '1 .'.. econ-'3 83$ {.'1 J'SJO '1‘: 7 [.'L‘J 9'18 0.5.2" 9 '03 (.010 - e ' ' l\ '. -.L '."V ' -‘.-, e w- -:-e '7. Q r _re-i:'_" l‘ v 0,) {KC}; \.J,..1:\J (_.5 'EI’CJ” MN.)- 1. ...L—A: stt «C‘i l 01‘- O ’9 H I 9. e. -< r r- . - . y e I'- -r:.;:-'o.".e.1.: '70 ”.:--.1...qu r11: be 31.1.4.1 . .,. 1. . , '..' ' L .‘ -' I '17 .312: ’gaI-F-bgzoics'x gznxcsA'1:-;.z 1: $111,472 O o r l u ‘i ‘3 ‘_ "'I. '4 I 1.7]. O | ! r1 , g, "0 2.. L.» A l. 'f (9‘ : 12 Q o 5" I b (J) ‘3”5 :05? f, 33-5:‘11I1351;.{1.C1 "v" "ncn ”-."I '1 d I ; Jr . " ”)"K‘sv‘ '1‘. LOUVI»..GJ_‘JBQ 0.! El; .1- .HJJ\ ...g‘vl O ‘..1- . owl Lou-I f“ .v 3 ~— '2. .0 f. 3 *. .'w‘ ‘ . fi‘r'qN'f "‘ ‘ t 01-4 “'.'.. k'-JL.|_-u‘ \,~ e- »'~\A.v A o--- if e- s, n f fly! I\ l :4” I ‘.. r n _e' 'r. .3 .‘\e \JALU A‘4 --‘. o v ... .:., 5:;(3'5 ,' _Ldural‘ 00-5 "“I}U v. [-74 - - L . -1 ' r ' . --'"- e‘ u ‘ ‘- (‘f_).l '2' r - (J) L! ‘ I - ‘ ’ . r ._‘ I I , , - A , ..' '3 p ff . . ‘3 .'. 'flf'T ‘3 LJ Ulr}. ‘1 L} edltL'! .4 8 (“1. a 1!}1} .L . . ' 5- ’..,. . , ' .' .' . ,. ’.- ' ‘ 35,93, 21/“ ,a'-e«crcr_:-:a :31 Inf-lass 983.3 :22:st 33:11.1": mi 1331:; 82-9311"; 0'11; '30 15117111 .- I .. _'. 'z-t " "Y's. ' C" " “lrfj 0" T r .:.-15.. _ ; O _l o Y‘jgr-1)..\ ’1'" aid 5V ‘- '3;- r-t i‘:.‘“{f-f'.f"{.9.15).") 231 east) ELIJ at 83510:; SW" :8. 291‘: 311-1 9.11:0 f ‘ V 5110.; e "-:i'oraq SIB'FHAJ '30 91.1052. . ." 5 9J1 .13: 1.13 '.w (ad-mm 11 1'15 ;*_‘,r.-f"'>r511f;) 91mm {721:5 91131:; 0110 0.7 3:100 Hi»: -.'! 0;- >311; '11»; 13011,; oi 91'0". .[Lm 1: ‘(fii‘ Wind my; .:~.':1;d VS-q’iOfTI 1.19.13“ '.‘0 emoe . .n-.. f" ..'“..9 C75 £1..th I r r T’ l' ”‘y’ (v F": '.rJ A r?‘ [In ,I’ p ’Iee sea: “..‘—(1‘, q '3J 01.....1V * TVA -.., 9.1 -..6 u l .FF-Ji L;.’£-i_.1".'10 61L? ' II L I e v! 1 ¥ 7' . e- . '. v‘L‘. «- . e lo .10-,“ oou cu: -31 ii .:.-1.41 mica- r‘ f‘ ""‘ m x 1' Mi...) we." .11 18:".11794 rte-{Lu ‘ 1 ~ .._=1.q..:..-119 -.'-n .-- 195 of these crops never get sold, apparently."212 Tiedng arrangements:- such as provided by shipper financing of producers may become widespread for the industry after their original purpose is a longer existent simply because they represent a threat to the independent pmducer. It is not the need for finances which makes these arrangements of interest here but rather the effect they have on the rationality of the allocation of resources in production and the vulnerability ef the producer to narkst disturbance origi- nating furtha' along in marketing channels. Capital rationing is not a sufficient emlanation for the observed prevalence of shipper financing, and the cost of this financing in tons of market alter- natives is too great for this financing to be merely a reflection of the poor capital position of famers. The cost of wt entering into the financial arrangements in the fen of a threat of the loss of a nark'et outlet seems to explain nuch of tin ebsu'ved finneing. This east as illustrated by the testimony of a petroleum dealer serving principally fresh vegetable farmers: "Fer a meter of years we had one acesxmt who was in a posi- tion to finance his own operations without getting financial assistance from a shipper. In fact, he would not have to bor- row money from the bank -- he had his om money. When petrol- enn products were delevered to bill he wuld send the check back with the driver as, in his words, 'I don't like to get a bunch of statements at the end of the mnth. ' However, he told no that he was eventually forced to get some financial assistance from some shipper because he had had the experience of raising crops and plowing tho under while his neighbors were getting, at least, a portion of their crops marketed due to the fact that'seme handler 11.: a financial interest in then."213 Mullen Hearings, P. 1633 zl-31A'1cAllen Hearings, p. 667. 'K. C‘ ‘ A , _ - ' _ ‘ . . . ’ '- ""‘ 3L» "-‘:." grim: .71“) 'quz-n aqo‘m :5:me -o 7' , . .. A ~ :~ . - ‘ i _ . . ‘ . H ‘_ ‘ s“ ‘.1 "30 ~__r._:-:~,r;.r-H;_13}_ 13'3" L1H: tad; ;' 311*4‘Cf'f1li ‘..!) (‘15-..:? , {'31Jf'3..1"_.j.1'-'15 thi; - . . Y -' 1' I -"‘V -; .‘v ‘9 r ' ' I ‘ ..‘. . f‘jo 3;", “- ‘;f_-._,"f_3 fin.“ f'__ 3,7 '11_,, st- ' q?!- ‘r'...()f.*fu1 ‘08:?! 8'31th (.‘1-q . '1. , ' _ ’... .‘. .',..,_;-. 2. ... .' ... . .. any”: :3 $15" "'2” 'I 1 5 5‘" “”9 ‘ .' ‘3 Jute ‘. - .61 01: a3: €~AY‘;'~"~‘I - - -, r '.r. .'. ' L‘ _ ,1 ., .L .- L , --'. -.' - .’.. 31-41133 1.: '1”? 1i (1.x; ~01: 8.: .'-.<-r...J..o'..-' '.Jfff‘sfis‘f‘cz- {71 3.3 OJ EJ 31:35:19 in}? 'I‘ 1. ‘3': 51: i We'- “329'. ‘.fr'Jt -0 '33 15:39; f'fi'r'r-ts 539.13 ads?! 3' . -; .- . , -. ,. «- . ' . 1". _.'-Lo : ..-—ti » ~-~~! ::.o_1..:';-,.-c:'; 7r .:n- o w; -') 1.0:. .:1 r:--.1: 1o ‘-2~1’---...«1:< -- 5'1 9: id :10 e" .:..1 - . i . ..- -.: J. : '- ; - P. . Io t18'h'bC’ .:.-.21. or. on. r ( :0 r.” :o ’.j-TIIi’JS'I‘JIiIL'V e: 11.15 I I. I V. ‘ . ‘ - ... _'. ~ 0 r v 30:: 8-1; gnu-{roxur'x Lair: .811“ 1131'..."- 31;: :-‘{'1;s.':' NI. {yo-13 ---.i *' U1 31:13 r: e. s e r- . '_ ‘ I , ‘ r '5 “.‘P,, .L .’.. 'fifl tuna-13 to ans-3:197“ ?‘ ' «(a ‘0 s .3 '10- 110.... :91 -. ..9 ens-n-C-LLIR 8 rrr "' "‘r.‘.’" H '1 new: '1’ 7' ~""r' ~ ' r: 'r ~'+ r: *9 n 4- fr' °-. ‘nrvrr‘r M _‘.DJ J‘- _j .‘E ..‘ .'.o :J‘ .L‘" t—- _1.-.e. - 1.)“: a I. {-0.}.-" . O U' C. ...'~' 4~'-_8 ‘(flix Alb- -.- . ," . . ..: - _ , :-. , , 'm ... f. ' .'.. a .1» ... ‘ - ' ° 0 1:0 Reef-9'1 s ‘39.: '1». {-'. on 'f:;_:».~f! -:-- r--_.J '10.. shew. (OJ 8.: eexfupn .- , ' °. : 4!. f r .rcs '. i -o 1 0 .‘1. 1011.1 Les--033 “zooq 613 . L ..- . .‘ .- - . ., ..'.‘. ' -.‘ ' _, .1“ - 0“ _.'". 0. u r1]: 8J.-. .5 1 6-1:; If -'1-s." --_. J n _'.-C ;1T£’-C-J'.'3 Jon .0 .1203 9:11 . ° " . .. - .- l '— . a . . " . .f- 9 .J . ‘3 {fa-11. ff-(,R-’.F"'fl OJ r3.- 2'.- .2 c1 In! 0 1. 1 3' I 2 -.o rec-E “'.J ?0 Joe”. J 5 '10 Ino- .,..';-.. .' -- .. r' n, 4.. '-'.~' _..-. .,. 9n. -, ‘. ,1 ' a pun-1.1 :-.-,J 513 \fi §°u1f7.8i _-c c.3051 8£:-..- .3~~I7.L0f!:JY-z.i -r.v'-s.a-o 91d .0 . '5'1'I‘ w "r” C1 r :f' '7‘" G ‘ '{Lflrf’ " r v-‘vo’r rv ;W e ‘v 'P‘( G "I! F c. :' («Hal-P 4‘0" ... ’3 . .1.-1'.‘I.n.1. v.5 nt)‘~'- “x v, e ..: . J'- ,C‘I- Ja\_-.a1 '.1. J.,‘Iata n. J.': ' a .e ‘. _'.VTUa 4 8 . \. '.r... :- '.. 1,, b, R r, i l v f o ' '1 ”'f‘(f N Ps" -..c-q5r:ia-.10.. . ~0.-~-;, 0111- 2» 8113“,..0'19-111 s -0 r' -_ f.” _. '. .|. ... 4. , ..' . ' _ :_ .' ' v . . 9 n _ , fl .15 :.:;.-.£-:1 fiat-w: ~11 n: aro OiJF-‘Ib '0 [‘T‘ o {if 1 .'.-afff‘LC-faii 0; [-U 3‘ -' ' J' ' E‘" l he 0! ’ ‘ V :r? l' Dne #:0- 03 5w r1: «0!: I«.L.‘-'J.~'. m 1 3.3 1;. .'Isq'r- 1a .6 r-"m't ear-12:18:; 35 ‘ . ' . . -. .. . r. r ' .' .' .. ., . “Ar-(715931 H‘U- 290- $120 8.... 3-'."-21 5! -- m sic 3.3 r at? vener- so: :fztflia 91H ins-r: fi.‘:I.":1~I e»? 1'1. { o" J'Nxsvs Fm“. 919w 8.}:vj‘mq .1319 - ,, . 5' . ' - . '. I . , ' . 39.1 OJ e.-.-r.I Wm» H .. .1» a i1 r;.fr. ‘ :0, "f v'r'rx SH .137. £35»! " ' ’f -" .‘ '_- '- . ‘Q. J . l' . I ‘ ‘ . 9‘1 ,TSW'H" O. '..1..1.r.\. 91.x? f0 .r.—3 3'3 ...,c; 83:,6-179'5Ja 10.573: 1 s; . .-q ' ' I ‘ . e' - P l . ' ' . '- I 16.5-5.1.5-111-u 5' 0"- 5'! 03 H.910,“ ‘*,r.-r-'Jsrw.'13 81w. mi 31:39.! {..'-0.7 ' . ' e s':~;‘s-."°">;1-'3 1023 ’12: 111:3 211.": 51:2 unset! '19.?" '1'"! swine {JG-”*1 .3"C.E'.+ .3035 new! c'.- 'r 6;” r'— ' . ' "-f - : " f ' . —. o '- ._--.11 «..‘-1 9.4.11" {*1 {bf-1:» "rural! wr's error?) *."'-C'»‘.-£'I '10 '. ., . -..— .- _ ‘ ..'. . g. ._ . ° . .' W - . :1- » Yew? '11,? 83111:) '1-.:9.J :0 Ito-1-1517 :3. ‘Jamj 3,; (“-f‘:-,\1.‘",-a emu: ‘ .' .' -‘ . ._ J. . .a ’ '. . . A: _.' ‘. -.' "' 5. ‘.d’ .r.’ 3‘ .5"? er!- I; first-70,3 3; as"; 'I“ " "1,1 9‘ 0" ..-,me ctr-r."- 9‘)‘ 0.? .‘.. “*4 .‘.—MW-..” 196 These kinds of experiences soon luvs their effect and the fimndng assumes a different mle from that it originally had. Paradoxically, the lack of the financing, tieing arrangement then because a source of capital rationing, as was indicated by the testimony of a banker: ' "In a discussion vdth a banker recently we were discussing this vegetable financing, and he pointed out in no uncertain terms that a bank was reluctant to loan money to a man to plant a crap who didn't lmowwhere he” goingtemarket- thO cup. 0 a In sumax'y, financing is a shipping point market institution intimately related to the previously discussed economic conflict of price and output levels of producers and shippers. Excepting this contribution to the residual income claimant position of the production sector, there is the objection that the practice has the potential for mking non-integrated supplies subject to even greater price insta- bility and thereby may be self—perpetuating. Finally, the financier role is inconsistent with the service-flthout-omership orientation of A helhilppingpoint marketn Shippers control the’entrance into “the fresh fruit and vegetable marketing channel. That this may be in con- flict vdth the service orientation and financial role is indicated by the following exchange: Mr. Raitt: Let me ask you this question concerning. shippers' . financing growers. Iou cemented that one of the Federal agencies have actually contributed to this chronic condition of over-supply by keeping marginal. inefficient peOple in business. . . Aren't shippers by financing growers doing the same thing? Do you . say you have never financed a grower? How. do you know whether he is efficient? What do you know about Mr. Brand: This is business. Certainly, awthing that we do to ' stimulate ‘or bring about production -- but we have 2111mm" p. 762. \D-I »'-- .Ir.(- '9‘ ' ' I' u a ( .'.“: If t—. :2 .\*’.~ ‘1' " ‘3 '\.-‘,~) :w.u I *q ”9 '3‘ ' . fir g) ”.9”: w‘ (L '-L'I' ._.A“... f ’.w ’. ..:; \‘x’.". -5.) .‘. u ..’ - .Jtt IOL' « in: -...L’r.‘ M~ L0 (..' ' 11-; v.4)..L -.w -- .9 r , - rr..— . I re'w'rr , .... {WITH .) 'er . a. 3,999 L 1210 J; Said .102: o 'JI in: 39;“). 9 '.l .3; J .. - ' t , . . L - '. ."t -'-' Q I J ' ET'L' 2.”: 2’5 '9.’ RN. - ' 1"} -i ‘11 ’ .-:,".'-S r -53 g» ., W.» 1:12 ..'. 9‘53 JO ‘ OE]: ‘3 .J r . . V .V ‘. —L .n_c p v !. ...- l h . ..‘ l ‘I n .u r- '.9 ‘1,» "UT-19‘; gad 7': - ~11! “.r.-..' as ("I'ZJFIOLJS'I £53}.ij so 9 t - ' - " x r ." ’ v‘ "-f '- . l' " ‘ I. N " ‘u’ 1‘" "'- ‘ ' ;‘ I," ' "CK" Q .r If: lEA-,I_1v.L‘.‘ :7: ;J if; [1.1. U). () ‘ v u 47"): 3’)". ,1 ' .3 Q ",1 :,.'|..f“nl -i J.‘. ..L;\}- 1" V 8..-... 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' .0 ' r r,'. , 2!) r I, ,. _. .'. .'-'~ ' .. 1;,“ J-‘ Jaczbm: 8!. 94.31 Japan; '..: hrs: no Jr..r~** o a“ .imee SJ :3 J 331.5 f; rm. -'0 murc'iio't e is) ' J, ,, , .L I , ' . _ . H ' 8'1?"-"_-". '6 1" 9 my (v: Ira. ..::n'rr- 33:53 '0“ T'Hs 9m Jami :J‘dLsr: . ..‘~ r ' n v' - w!"- ’v .- -‘- ' -'." a f‘ n .. 0.3 L0 («03. Jr; {J ”~fo ‘ J 0:1 .L 0 . _.v'If -_" ~,r.mmJ1_Ct a. -K . :-. L -.' ' -- .' . ‘ .. . u . ath 03 Em.” -.’_.'~2r:".0 -._,,.",I£.':Jt\5 9‘! J Cit-'..": ( 5 Laden r'u“ 3“. 'v‘v " 7' - v1 ‘ -" ‘v-f .-.. r n.- ' .J'I' ..,- -- MuiJ 'z-En J, turret-:9 w"3""‘:. .,.0 10 ring. 9:12: .- amends n ‘ :- ,.. .fi _ _ 0., . r o . ,. cam-ff '-zm J'!'9'.:~. . . . ’.1<‘.{’1!_’_23,7' {I}: £.-~o‘ (5 win is f""€~r!.'c I'() ' a R. ~ -'.F’ 4" h H (‘9 ‘1 z ‘ r” 2' '.' v"‘!-u ‘ ~- ' .'. WP ' '.r, w- r: .I " t .I. t:_n1b \‘ ._ 5“. k1: -‘. t.).'l E L\ '.. {_Y"k“ J“-.. x)‘ .-‘.ni ... {.'.4 V -. '— " ,, -. ' --.- -.. -. . .-'- -- , ""_ .'.-1%,; 31,: on ‘.‘Jmtfieg s _L:>CJ-££‘_,_-. 1mm: 8..-»?! not 1, a ,' ..,.,.' 7. .. .-1 n ' a -.;_.-_ ‘ ,.' -._ .. , Q-‘I'O‘- 5 wa.‘3 2’10! 06) 01":51“ ‘ J[I\I."..C.: .1. ..e 8.; {all 'If’t{U!’:.aq Vi or! { 5 {3.11 J, ‘* ‘ I. ~ .‘ I ' r ..’. "‘I' " "‘ .'r -'v'I . ‘ ' ' 1 ' - ~’M " OJ 0: o I J «.3 'f-JIJIJ‘KpB “.5_.:.r.,.s-J {JO .d :‘d’lx‘! 9.: a..-” “(£211 . s; J + J ~ I'I' [ O' 9* P.-" , _’., r. '- ' . 0175.; SM qu'b - HOLJ'Ji-J O’Iq woes (IL-.:. '1.) 99;: ...'-.=‘:: --- ‘ - _vw‘;m. - —: II ...“, 197 ow for it, too. than o. M215 ammhmfimum rh- MWMMMmI-WIWODM 1o not o oqloto Month. of may Min-o bottom thooo oootoro. '1'th hon tho otfoot of with. tho non-1o intorooto of tumiodkrohtodoootorobot,ooor¢ood,utoooouormmr tum-gum. ooofnotobotoooothn. Wootoootrootul mutation of tho mm pom Notional-chug oootoro 1o muttmooouoo: thoooorotroqoootlyotmnodbythoo-o MormooooMmM,oh1nuott-ptotow tumotnmoomumo‘ttboomuutolormmfl Moorott-ptotoooommhtmloto. hWSitIu-r gootoi tho voriooo foo-o or ootonrioo nil-tion in m pout not-bu vol-o ronootiooo of oltonotivo loo-o of Cooling with tho mm‘mmammmwm m.- 21.1: mm of Ion-hot omoisotioo 1o ruthl- anotw horo. ' Amnmummummfiwo woltorthomofriokoofioorwaomth-oflaoo. v.0. Mthhtthop-ao‘ MmoWhtb mmwmm-auJutbmot-unm Whflohoo‘oohipfioondhnobufiouoqtodthfloh Witpoodttdt—tomMootoodoiopoofluofl umWWoflMo-lm’douobmto __ALA_-_ ##4## 215nm.“ loot-nu, o. 571... ' 9:; 4‘ T. f: 3*S.esnsxslfiib 5 at Stud? .003 .31 70? 33.119m o .‘. .' ~ o v "If 0‘ H 'l“ t “‘-_ L‘ rvr I' J. (5' ‘v I. If ‘ ' .- I" f f: P- "r "t. 0" 2.! "('g' f‘. , L “1"? . (‘x-S Inf" *("(3.‘ ,’ w.. . ' l ‘ «I ‘ -~ . v. . A . - .. . J 4-... Q... .I.. A..’ .- l.' on - ~ 0 -o ‘. I Q Q .r.... ...-h— .'v '57. “Md-"..‘ ...-*4 “.r.-o“. ..’- QVOUS Lsaauuzjb evanqipa Ins e~ssr Cfiq no :éad ainssrvnstda gnisnsnii caeiJ utenJ'd &PO'/“"U fwfij9jwnr 30 avidsfigoint oéslqroo 3 Jon 3} :o may-:9 mi 31301090 add 31%: f. ‘) to 30 3033339 HE: ovrd YSHT .810$388 ~tifa u[-L9.ceasd J; a ‘L :‘513 as ‘Jyd 3103995 b935£91 fillsoiéxsv ow: LaxJGBZJnoo has qffiavenmo .rmdi r9: v.aad ar:}I“noo ornonooo 043 :niJani :3 8103936 gnijexmsm bus nol~WQN>OTq Juroq garnc_ifla odJ to unlisfi?eihl ouaa aid md’bstsflumitc filsueflpaii 995 seed: ;noifcsa aid: at qU nefisJ ecsetcnl 03 anmsdis Toqqiia ‘rqrrr 23:?3 dbqqida as 89910! oimonooo iuztdehwsm 03 aeiicqfls se~nd J"‘o e'xq OJ bna eel! qque to orulov ofli —pye 85W 31 E toJozfiO n1 .aJaiJuo Jeflqsm GZHREI o: aéqmeddo 133nb01q drioq 3niqqida a: noijnnidmoo seiwqfisina lo cmfioi anoidnv odi b03393 add dirw gniisab to cussm avidnnwadla to anoldoeltoa 910w adeflqsu aiJT .aela'sdsgsv has BJIUT3 dae11 30 a: £311 3nlfiaflan'Lns.noié uto~q .ewed tonni Jaevni IJAJEpfi at noidsxfnsgwo defiqnm 30 eiaedicqfid x311 eéafifism Jnloq aniqqifie aid at notdsnidwno eaitqqsino at efinsda A .csvlacmadd adaoa odd eyrsdo 10 aJeoo xaix to eonabffinl odJ 193i; 15m an: n: boqolovnb eedusouan b-fsmru\t nL odJ J1.IJ boJr9t_3ua canoL .0 .W Iflt lids to 339:.9 913 bed aJQX1sr Sfiioq gaiqfliie GUJIsI sin1011153 az~at1 ori Tbs “coo: ovw ezsinfid has efiaqufia oino afieiq cotianf01q has anin Osq.fli also: 10 eeifimaoao nifigo 03 m: aiJ b9: 13199 :i eausosd OJ 1030i: eeslfiq 331K133 n-c3 ni.am hrs xltslzg 91 e1em.feua ov1oe ca raig n ., ,'. ’.. . .AuZ .q ‘e;n;1£Jd nsIIth 193 thwamzu Forthoguonlooooitop’oorothotmlo thooo who Itnotmo nu m not» My tor thooo lmlvod 1- 9h... thio no bo ottoot by tho W urbt rloko of phonon-om ohippcomtootoriogmothom-ooto. 1...“..- . until-stun not bo no. bot-noon thooo cum-1.; at. tho month- outboor-onhg intho Wm outcotthourlnot. 151......“ um homo 1. Wm thot at tho m ito Motion. PM, prom-16hr: Mop-stun of tho Moor . mothoohlpphgpoloturhotiolooooo-oo. Thou-omnto-hooot bmico to thin ton of mop-anon, but tho logo voluo WI 0! low Won-o oouplod nth tho ootobliohod solution of bun-o oi ouppu'o Iohoo thio an of mam... only W mooootnl.a7 baton to ooo-ooopoI-otivo ital-«1o: or M ito film-g ”Wommutrotodhytho MW: lupus Mmtmmtormo(m mun-to * ;horvoob,pookoliod.lthocrop)ootho“dodr- WWIRWWW‘? . Hr. can: moi-11:. no, Io'u. Mtowwor thi-flu, . rorotnolooq, m. Iopoflloot otwtino «tho ton. Ihovotriodtogrouoropooo tuolloolool. Itoolthottooollitorpoohgoi W . . lino. I fool this this mom-out 1.1: outiotootcy mt. W, 1 tool tint 1:1 mmdblo thotIduwotnpoohghg. mohIhondooo, Inn-old ”Womfitufiotlnotwtbohimo tobiotthqorodohg. :0). In: ”ammunmumnurouM? .Chin: Itioliblooid,toromo1ouoy,thootborw1omoh bottor.1hovonopookilghoioo,toronothhg.1 ~—-'hvoooporoo-oltoboooot1nonyoothoyhooo Ion-g mut- to ooll, mob you out how. rota, 264..., 9.0., u Cooo any .2 ma: attribution“. m at an m 33:237. In: 1951. Nun-mambn.m.. p. 50. It“? - s- \ ’1‘ BIL-.177 3.1.1.2.: east-1'73; JL 3733?» .13.: 9".” '10». ' .:inrmwa w NM:- MN ' ‘- - 7- L. :- 7" v. ' “-'.-O u'- ~.. ‘ ~- + .- e;.:€:.1..~ '.23 ~.Jw.'.._.«...7:.-r:-71?! 3:. .137. 3.7119757: 2.7.2.11 ae'ur. omfla hs: 5' 77. mi 57:30 J ., a q “ ‘ .‘. , '.M n: n. ‘ . .|_ ' ' ..‘ ’3' ‘v'. H 0.: . ‘r- 0 P... . . ‘_:‘) ?‘7 ff: 2”: g :1; "_:.f" 1.7;“..- it , 74, ‘.y ;~. ‘~..' diff. - -. .l 5124 xi '-; 3:..J ‘bfi" .3 {IL LJC‘VIOVHI " ‘ . -, ...V7 . 3... .. +, ... . "jury “IVS; {’.. .L.~1'~....-U<;-7;"..z,‘.7".I..'- ‘33 Uu‘..£ 143‘” 113 out! 8' £00 0322:}.- 13 L115 B'R‘OUEO'IQ 1701;11:733- ,ny 7.2727 on}: {.1172 .25 sec ‘J [-931~~+*7.J 5311.: or! Jemn notJmt'iJetb s .L '7 2.7.: a '1”; '1" 1'7 17 1'71 *r'rwnon tadJ :11 317i .91 a m’J 103 3216113 efiJ To Jqu gI£2qlanqq ax 315d bofiasvaib ROIJ- fire Jul 35? 7 o ’ ’v -' v. "2 :‘o .- cv ' 'h a- . 4 \ ueuchtq siJ lo EfilabfiguYILL E72~0qu01q ‘nwgwfici .ruLyverTq oJflt .- "7 - . ... a .3601) .'.;JP‘ f0 U\JJ‘ ”is O'ltul A .£.UI... ’07...) 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Jam-myfig'z'm 3L3: ,3n.7‘:lr1lrIJ ”:0 75:11; 7.1171 oJ Jizfi .r'ss'sm ,on .tzflsmnsr H :nnhfi) .7334 37".J rzo 9:113“ 7.711 '10 Jam “Was-rte I .39"; (gem-)isfllc 101 .1153 I as 1.5:»: m; ago-7:0 1710-137; cJ belt-1.1 ennui I .ms’i ‘(rfi '10 J'JJO at J.': 5):.31’420117‘1 '10 JJ': 1588 OJ Juid‘ I93? I VtO‘fzmfia-wzsa a a}; Jpn“7.7.71'5'::'.'..s 35:32.1 3.7.7:?J _[mo'i I .5131]: 22:: W; 8.12.4 J.': '11 31.1%; 1:157. I "ate: 1277.07} .Jzztatziaf'wa'r‘m J.‘..Errrw I 3110;:- 91.7.15! I 1104:1117: .7*-11.5“33713357' r7220 Vi?!" bib I 31:71? 6'11'7:-7;‘r_“ia 3.71.! {.:./..: J_. 11;: I ssh-1' r11: 573.70%: 1:27.511 ’.se'r 9d .j-rsjzob 9'11; 7.35::{J Jule: ob OJ ;;,rz.t;~,.=s:vinsq mm 1110?, 32.27.7227 31.!rzjtJnvo Jon 007,; ME.) vii-1' "(r-M ~77» $211.77.: 81 11:11: 191510 0.1.? («tarminii‘ls 1:71 .i7faa I 9:751 cf: JI :I‘h'l'.7.'.-‘L3 .'17 I .:gjtiz‘!‘ 9.770 '19}. ,atucfi :7 "tiara: on ovsd I .-:-.332”! 9170227.: 911.: no yrwaJniJnoo 3d oJ .E‘mee'isq m and r. c 3,15271' .evszl 33.1.7111 1107; 110175: ...- 93 OJ 373015th 77"";5:11 “u-— ‘u— _- _ _- “L‘— £722.": :2 $277-$212 ." HOIJL'di'I ‘BIG. )iefii '10 7:111:23 ea 7;? A" “0.1? 3911101163 .I\KI {53‘1" {:3 {a .:.-f“ fnrfnr '1 WV; . . . “'0 O: ‘1'; p fir“*‘r~r') 'L P““‘-‘*f"' '7‘?“ "PI - "\J'w‘ ‘ own-'3 o f) -:...-z (‘0 2. 'L’; y; ‘2. . ‘ .q ‘ ““0. IA... ‘V-Ip-w ......' 2:.” 0;” -~O .‘.! .77“ n»:;; lit—2...”: 199 you-at heveueontinuityinyourozfiimu. cen'tbeintodeyenl It nay be noted thet thie continuity, which eervee ee e barrier to producer entry into the ehipping pint whet, I. the very feeture of the lettuce ehipping point intention which «adding to Jonee per- nitted the reduction of nerlnet rick coete by integret:l.on.z'-9 If nerket riek ie e eource of the preenre for prcducere to inte- grete into ehipping point lurkete, it would be expected thet in edditip to the poeeibility of piniu the ehippin; en! pectin profite ee na- tiomd ehove producere would ett-pt to eupphnt ehippere in en effort to chop pice end output levele et nipping point. Thie ie illne- treted by the following explenetion of one grower for hie Mention H into nerhetilg: ". . .we heve ett-pted to vertically integrete our fern Operetione in recent yeere by pecung our produce und by delivery to puc- king abode in the leey the pechged produce euch ee carrots, onions, cebbege, potetoee, end peppere. In thie N we hope toeellullof theproducecntheferlendnotleeveecreegee eted. We feel tint it ie inperetive tint u11 vege- unherve teblee tint are grown not be hervented in order to recover our growim expeneee. In new ceeee on fume throughout the Volley ecree on ecree r-ein mherveeted for the luck of Inbor crewe willing to herveet theee crope. Sole fields m not be ecomnicelly feeeible for produce houeee to her- veet. Icenputnyowncreweinthe fieldendntill eaves. edditioml tone of produce. Thie edditionel tomege cen lake the difference between going in the red or braking oven." ThilwmoflymtIDM“1flwtm1llfldbfl 1‘1- 0“?” “I. ma of Mt”. u conflicting MM 1.1.1. of u. prod“ ed the ehipper. 21% Funcieee leeriue, p. 690. 2191a», w.o., g. 313., p. 258. motile- Iberian, p. 333. 1:035 .z:az'r):"‘"*r" 'It'ov {*1 ‘1‘ "fri'rfrzoa 5 eve“! $5152! um; .wL w-«nc c: 350 i155 ‘5:sz r1}: ed J'nsn 03 15-22255 :25 aov'zea {frigf‘s-r (.31 ferriormo BLIIT J.':J'U 13030“ 95‘ YES 3 5 ~--- ...... ‘J « «wI f"?'n'v .. I-mw' I: i I: + '16" atrbo" .LO 0 .L*l‘{b§_j .:. ‘KO‘ 5)! 9... 8.71;“ ‘0 ‘3 -o)1[:'\-1 a. ‘5 ;.‘ ...-K‘ .‘.L! 8 6!. 0‘ n xq‘r'ns ) 4 .r.! O , oi :zI:"ooos fioidw flOi$fiTiS$C£ Sutoq gniqqtde ooudjel 953 v k , “'4 SQL 8 i- r10 ,rn , “"‘ “301353393513 yd 83509 :«tai'I greet-i153 '10 noiiama‘t ed! b93355 -5Ini o! awoovfiocq "0L 5'555s9"q an: to 501505 a at fiaiw 392155 iI 1‘03:;I£1.»’.-5 {$3. 5530‘ f‘gdzpeafze 571 {1150.4 it .535'2551 in in" 3nlqr2jt. Ia om]: ads“ :55: 55 8C’i'101q 1351.10.55; has fizziqrriria 9:13 3:,n.?‘n-i5.3 '10 '{J‘Ifirfi aaoq add c3 “'sr‘; 'Ie ns 51. a eqrz? a Jn5fiqq3ra OJ icy-:9 972:5" ff; ow 8'1951ff'0'fq evade beret: ~eu££i at 813T .JLmI { gnkwvffla 35 aiavs :5 {Ibo bns oniuq egnndo o: noliszgednf aid to} zewowg 550 to uni? .msiqxe gnfwoflot 353 1d b93513 :tjsidefi'mq c351 anoldstsqo 5151 mun 3351:9351 v1.5och9v o: hefnre*35 SV5d ow. . ." ~95q oa‘ we'rileb Vp’ km; 901.9051; (mo 55%.. . ma v1! 3.55% 359091 n1 .ado'msa as dome 90.35273 azf .55 e"? ‘(5 L51: arid m. sharia gab-I eqod ow vsw eiiJ HI ...:'~9q .55 .5903530q .95 d‘s 3 (350150 89359105 swan]: Jar: I05 .. “:5; 5.1:} {:(L soubo'tq ed: ..0 Lia L183 03 -egsv LIB $53.3: 5v: 1512:.er 51 Ji .1553 I591 e‘sJ .bsdeev'xsmw 19v0361 oJ 15L 510 mi “535evwsd ed derm aw013 ems 35d? 391453 350:1;110'5‘23 as. .:.-35.. [.0 95.0 vxm er .fzear.5<_f. 9 35115013 150 2435i erIJ 'm'i Iasdaevzsimr HEEHS'I 85195 no 39195 {91..5V odd ablei'l 01"108 .aqa'm 5.55mi? M91115.“ oJ fnfcII’M a'ra'to «odd to -'I.F.ri OJ’ aoaucd '3':bech 550': 95535551 Viimimmme ed 305 W ej-svisa IIiJa bar. L19}: 0:11 at awe '10 mo tn 3qu {150 I .’raev 1150 93.5.7503 JLEJIOIJEhm 8 HT .9121:qu “10 em): Irwo .'rd'ibns {grtiziso'xd '10 E391 ed: rsi mic»; n9 sated 5301:9102th 5 ‘J 02.521 CIxSfl nave -...I:nI Jud bllm e]: acidszsqo {_.L'xfis‘ae‘l'rsd 95!: 0.1111 ‘girxo 50135139an 5151? aid” '10 alevel Juqdiro gn.'cJ:).i:.£’i'noo es {10135539355 30 Games ed: 5935:) .'Ien'qitria 5:13 has 'moubmq I~x . t. a: s - ”9r eCr\‘.) 'q {8.415.131 a 03:24.3{1813 “EL “8 . . . v r .859. .q ..:-1;; ._gg "03*: $5501.95 9 . . no °€€1 .q :83fl1159H nsIJAsmV~9 summumummunuuhnmmnw “My“... Itmtbuumofamhornp- umré'mpeunmumummwmumm nomadic; II it. put-m ton, tb W not. thy urinary mkkymo' mummtmmmuu in. ...-55.54 mimmménm amnion. nu Muwmmmmhtimnthmorflwl ' gem 'W» the tin-at. or mop-m. 1. um. tho as,» ummaficmfimhn ”out“, Mind-.:.” “_émymdnéto. .tmuathh-ungtmm dmwmfcm.m 2&1..me me‘dflMtfiWWybnttbmo- fine. poi-1t. tin-«Winter rim,“ tin-Manning n'5w1a15m5thnwwumpufictmm‘nnmtb op. Isl-ht. Intuit-r... up Waco-14 mt. m1. mudWDdtb,ét-¢Mfl' A New.“ tn; poutMJf Mtho ..‘- of 10.1 thin." inn uncut-42.9110. mi w no.5 a m uncertain-um. hmmmurorhuutmmtbcflymtwtm my. Ford-FIOD’MWW'MGI‘MMI utmummmmhu’mt‘iw ‘ ‘ an. multi-ontorpriu firm can want. its Joint anti u'bitnrfly. This on malt 1n the price or w on. tutu-price bolus act by tint fill (floating the but cost to that utorpriu. Coot datt in not «:11th for touting statutorily, but a partially integrated m;- N In find his most profitable cont dbation prion thn nu pro- ducts gt coat or balm: since the poking ml dipping main in gunn- tood and tho ind-pulled: producer nut cup-rt. with than and Man hunted. “ppm“. Th- thrut of mm Saturation in n m . credible outrytln-ut since-out Wmmwpcrtm into- gntod all pom” tht worm akin. for production; thy m do. in daily out.“ with producer. hula; tho inn-try and 001113; thou- wt“. dgexdd 5 hrs J35? s diod at notinrfiowq Oink nciisfipsdnt 19qqid3 «559:: '10 eo'fimc r. ’10 1905;} ’15; 1‘ch 8911.79.55 JI .8'29011I.:o'1q Jrgefmsqehul 03 (imi'mm usqo 03 d"'}{ L..:'.'. a 3(ng 9'15 .11.}. :'w $135311 gr'titsfusq BL! 10‘: 851.: 1.55;-q er'J ;Jeem no.I35-;anI Ci: ,nnoi Isiixsq adj uI .noli5lfogen r1 a..If_:.r55'I 531:5 arroigis-zaqo §;_r:.7:..';:-£"!‘ .155 30-35:»; 'e'wqqifla or” '10 3139311 81 31 .aaiiqua Innufa :vx 55 hesaoxJ rrgsd 55115755 L9¢5mge:nl-ncu and 5912: A553 E0 0550 e-iJ 53 not LiSOpcm Schism ne~o noiww no eaand 19wrifia 953 355: at noiisfigadnfi 10 359155 ed: ¢SICmuo£$$57 .515330 atom I‘xm'rg 51,1054! ‘aaojfigtrsgo no.1 30M... 11 111.0 81'! 5:011 aoifl: ”11:3 FEE; 11.33 5E3 dci.;w :5 3500 siJ .L_:'”nxo Ion ae; ixq 35 ‘5 ufowq {quua 351:5 51:51fia somehive on at 9195? 133.31 8 id «at 9: IL0'1q 11509 15¢q;fia ~cini 9&3 Jud .euosuLOIq Jnebnecefnt 55.ZJ tliusluills 910m eauboqq n53 fi:.[3891 55551 9d3 35 ‘esoftq 103351 sansnllni o: msdJ eiimusq 5013553 r A 1 a {5‘51 {.20 biog 35w no,t$r>r.:?xv~.({ __‘idg C h. :4 '1 h a H- ..i 1~1I1.;..4;:!¢) LL‘rm. .0.er 15501 9 S‘? .‘.-+- 51 diflaau himco not.5vhcimg an: ‘SflQTSXS ed: 51 .gsflz5m aaza .nojdcw?07q 30 Java 541 35 asiquua 10 gatottq a £5901 30 5:955 st 3ni;£qqna 10 noidiaoq ed! at zsoLbozq A .39? 15m 5. bu'”4fifl'V”0V 5 599:1 935: C 55: 325 eeiiqquc bedsrgeinl med» delIwo JuJan fiffld Si: 855 etfij 3i gcaf no? svfivmua quoo 1eouio1q 0K ., P _l ‘ '0 ‘ ' . no !~:~s;m'no "gachufi 9525I53cv 55511 5 8...d«9 1(1 .eIdeIS! :BHOILOG 88 icfifiafi 55973 913 met? I- -55"5131w ‘-'_ '---“WIM -..“- .Y.£ffintfifid$5 53209 3510* at: 6:5.r ails 550 ant? 98C31-9uDO-'J"JW eiTrES tsziJ yd :55 raked seffiq~5359 950 255 30 SSqu 053 51 JIU931 559 515T Jon at 5J55 350.} .Saf"u"9350 f51? 03 3503 Inssfi 91? 3513530115 mail -ql£5 bcfs”:otmi VCI££0"'q 5 Jud fi11*c-.5-.:'55 5ciiaej 103 eidslisve woLq wsm 9n3 e9siaq "Civ 550I£5 3509 elunsi?n~q 330m aid hmfi van 79¢ ~55fisua at ni;?55 nriqule has *n’W'sfi QIJ 90u4-3 wofad To Jena #5 53356 SIUI51 #55 05913 dJiw 93c~ncIo J51. xcwzbo"q Irssrx gain: add bfls beet ;”ev 5 at 501.0”7.In5 Tagging Lo $591LJ eiT .esiiqque 59:5135351 #3553: 'I.,.L-I.II'.J:L- .Bq u'hgfl'hs 9-5 579.71-?fla 350m sortie 31391::3 "zine 91.435913 0515 ens yodd ;noiJouLouq 101 erfIxa Isizer5nnm 9ft? 5 muoq' 55 botsfig 1:953 gniliea has xtJquat odd 355v» 551 a1sox)o"q Ji r! J' nJfiOD YIifib "1 .anoiisteqo In). "There are a few (caeh buyera) 1m. but very few. Hoot of thee cash ealee are being node to a ahipper tho 1e aloe taninghineelfandonlygoeaoutandbuya forcaahuhen hia on tuning operation do not oupply the needed auppliee. Thia isthe reaeonulehvegoneauaylargelyerpro- ducing for the keen market. I felt I could not stay in bueineea to Juet the materials when euebody elae (tb grommhipper 1e in a bind." The Mm integration of the ahipporinto production 1. a aound insurance policy against fluctmtiona in larhet eupply. But thia 1e merely a trading of Iarket riak between the m-ohimer all the independuxt producer aa indicated by the renown; who or no. Brand, the uorld'e largest onion ehipper: Hr. Marshall: Imeaidthataporaou, iqunderetoodyoueor- rectly,ou¢httoguardhinee11aailnot acropthathedidnothveanrkettor? Hr. Brand: Iee, air. Hr. larehall: When you plan your operations in your planting tine, you follow that practice? You don't grow more vegetables on your own (land) than you have a market for? . . .auuae then that in your out- lete that you look forward to that and you have a good grandma eeaeou and that actually it hae been eo good that you have filled your outlets with the crops that you grew in your on opera- tion. Thenyouuouldnothehwingawtotill your outlote, would you? 141-. Brand: rm. 1. right. Ir.llarehal1: Ifyouhadavu-ypooraeaaouandyoaoulygreu abouthalfuhatyouhadalarhetforaulyouuuted toflllyoureatletahecaueeyouroutletebve beenyour ateady ouatuere, theuyou would att-pt tohw vegetableaontheopenlarhot. Iouldtht berjght? Inyouroperationaeaehipperandae amofvegetablea,youhaveacertainuy that you canprotect youreelf on the market, do yuunot? Human: Ivouldbeaprottyhadbuaime-anifldidnet. W11» win... p. 191. .IIKI '10 11303-1 .:e-l ‘ffzrv Jud S'Iof (aumjzrf 1.3139) «9 E 8 6'13 medT" cafs at 059 isgzlfla 5 09 9:3 5:;1519 9"s 89153 dens 98913 ue‘w #559 101 3296 155 :90 399; :fuo '18 Elsamid yuifitel .aeiiggJa b59995 95$ Vtvfira 305 ob as W; €»q0 gnlnfinl nwo aid ogq weak 3:9;tsi ESYJ 9903 99‘5 I Viw {Hozssx 9:13 at aidT ni 351a Son eroc I 519‘ I MB 95m 133911 an 101 ggioub 9819 "'019103 595w 2I51129‘5 1ij qu393 $39; OJ easnfand ‘43" Enid 5 51 at \1sqqifa-Tawomg aiJ) Emmi-a s e}: 110131255310 1:; o 111 1912:3219 and ‘10 1101:3129? Jul: Isld'mq 9.9T ai 9153 39G .VI 59Va J:ur¢951 at anni?9” 91£1 Jan 13 5 ‘; ciloq eonsduanl ad: has tamar1?~'9wo"g 953 nanw:ed ‘aiq is 595m to pmibszd s 219199 .9E 30 8fi15561 f'u usoflot st yd vadsoi fink es 9909b09q Jambneqsbni :19qq‘43 noino Jaabmsi a'blaow edJ .hasTH -"oo uov boos 99?:nu 1 31 ‘noatsq 5 35d: hiss no! :IIsfle:3% gfltwu “x Jemiués Lihacii btsxg 0: 39590 ,Vitosw T101 Jeéusm s susd ion bib 9d Jsdd qOIO 3 .113 .eeY :hflBTfl .9} 9m. music; 11mm 1U. 81: ofJg'19 to '11'011 {(111 1:09; {3999’ :Ir'rfa’usM .'IM wet: J'nob no! $9913251q (513 50$ 91 you ‘9NIJ evad now had: (hfiri) 010 9392 no 89£"339?9V 910m «Jun 990V 51 r553 9:53 erraes. . . ?"ol J9“9 cm s evsd U01 its 3553 03 btuwxoi 5001 max 395! BJSI 893 31 ¢£J*VJ 93 3893 has noni9aa pniwoqg boo: 5 3991390 inoz bsiiil avsd Hog 33:3 bong 03 need ~599qo mwo 1902;5t wed: net 3553 39093 55$ diiw Iiii 03 Vna g'rgud ed 3cm biuaw HOV 999T .noiJ ?uog biucw .eseiJuo KUOY .éfigi1 8i 351T :bnsxfl .13 wswg "’59 nov has 508593 wooq V997 3 bsi cox 11 :Lla.ais" .13 beinsw vex has 901 Jefimsms b5! :09 isiw 315d $9093 9vsd aSsIJuo 1901 sawsved 8391;90 Tucz ILLI o: équfis fifflnw "9V 099‘ 999v0 fame 23-59 u. :50? 599d J.'-2‘13“ bif'fifi" amt-:01: .9999 9: {.2‘ no awake, em 9111'} o: 89 has fitqqi.9 5 as 90'J99999 9V0" HI ?3i:&1 ed Yaw ci5f999 e‘nz NO 189115 WV 10 9990"? 8 M3 3 I 1, ob ‘?c:mr :q 913 no Mt cog 310301q HBO NOW 38%: .Jon rib I it anxzaeniagd bsd {33199 5 d’bfiuow I :finszfi .1M OIKI of; ‘33: '1:I.t"03;1 [(QII‘COO 21151;: 202 Ir. Icahn: Idon'tnmtoinplythntywmmttnUnge rink. Ionnretnungthe ale riokthnt anybody else 1:, except to tho point that you are able to go on the market whereby you have a cushion whereby you can protect your-eel! to an extent. Inthoeaeeetlr. WitudouthhooenldoI-xnlltblendon which his eupplieoaremoolorgeiehiebuinoee. loco-1d, ee could any flipper, pen-e hie entire need- on the open market Ira independmt produom, though he ohoooee not to do eo. In the fin-1 only-1e enterpriee colbimtion ouch on tho Mun: integrnted moraine:- nut be Judged on it- perfomnee for the industry. And, tbre ore eta-polling meats; tint thin pnrtioulu' euterpriee o‘intion lobe n net contribution to the wket intability need by the production eector. Tho oeoeIIl effect of integration — e. leuening or price oupeti- tionfc non-intented ouppliee—uldnoprebedinthe hon-ins“ -me flipper tether celiidly «kitted the purpose of ehipper integration into predation no to We eupetitive preem- between ohippere in tutor white: "It used to be in the old days, you, there we lots of inle- ‘menndyouoouldgooutndbwpatcheo (or vegetebleo). It got no expemive it finally turned out it I. m to grow it ourselvee become so poopie were coqaetin; for the iniependent ecreoge.‘ Another shim ynt up a sinus: Meme of his Mutation in the rounds; dislogue: Ir. Rnitt: Wdeymafeelthot nemnotwteunre hi- “all if m bu thi. incl. ‘11.! filth which to 4.11 223%., p. 555. 22"flotilla flaring” p. 703. «(If s jgrzjtzisé 3'01: 92': {1:1 is"? 12;th of {(39711 J’rob I' :Llsria'IgI-i .734 vo. . ’vv ' "I‘ v I ' '7‘ . - " . ' u . " *I V ' - .’. '\ ‘ . .Y ‘ "p tot-"C" ' .J'I' ’h- “J..! A J ."u‘; I ‘2 17).” (.17., $5 1 \‘ IEILRIIS'j 5133 “(J 047‘; L O- r"c. ‘..?! I. r-ne' “.:.!" ‘ r ;.)(.r 6‘ ' ° of 1"”. .fi-fq a)? qug \' .'.-IA“ ..‘, L." .’V ' ‘1. \I J; I. \)f -- ‘_z ,- ’. ~.‘ '.. \. 4“ ‘-‘ v_ v ‘I . . ~. '.J I ‘l ‘ o "' 4 0‘ " J: 4. ~'. ‘ ’ “' _’. tram ~21)" .3 may. .- n: yaw”; .x-s-.:::-.-.: e ‘4 no 073 03‘ r‘.‘ ., . 13.3. tr... ‘3‘“- »... + ’q ?'; '..r- xv ”~41 tor-w ran") '15:“ q 5 y .U‘l':"l 3'1) {L-f) -U A.-*- C; ...I' -‘ " “Vs-‘4 g: 5.1)}. o. J.' :10 has-I. sci! £15 mo Lima in! 4.351;;er cl: 3: bays-Ti .731 '10 92 J; 5.1.! [II as Jive/.'.: 9’4 .z:am-':air' 5.1.? no 5'10.) .53505'555358Ib :eaI'Ls {:50 L1 bus maid 1:; 515.5 10 evicssi‘mI eI sgm'giom 23:15:70,391 5:"1‘ .ncId'uiocs'I O :8'-fflq15£f:e ‘5'! 1'1qu in "page: aft um: has §:r:.’.".-:r>';;u, 0:“: is at 155 ".'{3 3:13 me {14 35 L5 as 111 :333c 5331 .'IM -'Iovo :25 953 1:7; 5,5 :1: '16)}--"55 50.529" Q's-.5?) .6 ozf'tiI. 35:; 35.5.5 33.2355; vuiy'» 1555; 15.5 as Handle £73.51} '{.J'-.'5:5'_'~.’,1' .6 '(L':)-;'£3'a 5551:1311} 531220 JI‘ 5:415 ms 555 rim: 5 2 5'; IL'ow ,no’c? 35515.55: ..'.0 3;".‘7If'nf'tuo 5C ..:;_.:3:‘~:; some '10 'i 515d 557:3 Him: 03 satiabgfo'rsm 535': '15:»- o :3 ea: $15.15* '6' {8 I: '91:: JR Cq ‘39-- r‘, "'53 IoI.£‘Lr.i00 IsIJnoJoq :0 8.2572 93158 WH'BJteo 9'13:- 515SIT :hns'xfi .154 {‘.-—.‘- 9'13 *{5571’3‘ {iii-{5W 3:551:12 _{ 0:5 .I.-33575:) 7.33191; 9:79,. 5:9 Jud d 0 t l 9 gunned 5523 5301 oJ' 59101 85:.[38 9:13 101 has 2.5.551 “SLY-23 V3521! gnIligixyzs '10 Yes): 1.5 5'25" .503 J. Ifmoo eldiaaoq '.to 55513 Jst'f'w' :o‘d‘Isfl .'tM _ ._..— ‘_ ‘ w~__—_ _— ‘_ _.'.v— S‘. 1"} “AC-‘3 .q eyflf'mefi nefl‘wli Y ‘n ‘ t -— 1,» J. . , - Hf. .53 «q :529. $52 “wanna m moms». 52:11 L52 "'* 23h mum: 11'th ohoooooroorohofloo,ooothotvo ounod,ono thotuohodooonouoyin,ondonotht :10hdnolow1nflo conldvorkontbomoio onodond ondeJovup :onoovohodtholoootnonoy in. MI minnotouthocc-pomoomldn'tdo thot otouroupowiovodon'tdo “mm tb history moan-1c conflict“. ohipporhomnubothounodmothor ouponoo .'.-in rum. in too :5...‘ or diners-annex: Wyn. mm. 11» W Wt»: nationod ohm min pmbgbn' bo tho myth-n oooo bm thio 1o not Wont with 155.51.. «1..- totzloa of tho ohipor; At thio point too of tho whot conflioto odor dioonoodoh intent. A anon ronlt of tho dfl-o 1o thot «mummmmwmmm; tum oon ”onto 1:: both. tho Nomad or! non-inbound urbt it tho mlioo frontho httoooro “find-5th- Lnoo-pmo' oxchnp Mo and thiohy oro M to tho intopotod olpphoo {nun oonoo that totol omogo .111pr point oorto .r.’ rodncod with- out tho Wiener-cu rink; Tho oooond tmdflMtjon, tho, 1o ooh-3o Wu“. Mo and tho intonation of tho 8mm pom intonation oonflict and tho oooamie notintion con- flict oro muotrotod in tho fountain: 15:. Butt: Hr. moo, thi. oouorno tho oporotion of o tum womanhoom. IIIudorof-ullthioruht- ittho ohimioopooorondhohuhioonprodnoo to ooll, 1t bohoovoo hinto got tho highest prioo Wtorhioonpodo,1n'tthotlnght1 ”on.“ Nth”: flumtt: unnodnmotr-mnuthum - hovoouooortofonmontimoldngo conoign- “(crop-o7)oolo,1uouothonmmpo1don . o volt-o buio. on tho unito pubs! and ooldft 3 Mon WI, p. ,69o mrrw +UB 9w :;:€: $fl0 .93Efggfisfiex 30 as rfisio camnd f3. SH 11 :bns"fl .31 .f3 '5 s~c11173 .fi; 1TMNJ< 2:92 Lszfcsw Cgfid'swx: “+J-me> 9.4 err“? 91;: no 15'7”” I‘Ttrrr'1 21.: 317* 1.5-:"11.;10r1 I;1.;11.{ 1.1: ‘r 1.1.1.112.»r~ I ”.‘F'Et-I E1 I? ha": (91-! 15:11.11 I (31' x10“! bus I3“? r-co ' L . ' 1‘ v .‘ v O ’. ," ‘4' I r ‘Y " ' 9 01.: 5'";. Jim 21911-51. {~13 3" 1c. 5C. 14 L‘I'k 4. MA .{Et ‘..~ 0 ,, . v. c .~, no 1 ‘. 1 1! Q . '.- '". ‘ V, t k 4 ‘ ' . ' 01.1 ...-"Irv? 31-: 3:. * 1') we .0 xj.-.)d(;_-..i 91w Cg; in: \.>.,‘ u_.’.& ' 09.9 -J .9d;o bus i.uwo ddod m?£hr.s n TOQTIin s 30 Joniinoo 3-1HIIOOS er? .qafiagl eJJ Jani235 noiisninizsafifi 10 egcot owda LJLHBST bison eeiquve . ’ ..- ,. - (-’...- ‘.. . :-'-. ’-.; fi'. -‘ . K . ’ 1"“ 914.? 9d fia’gqu IJ. 101.11 m 1317.3 .....uuuLJnon IxOUm.--...J.'tne.1.u JrzsL.:z;oL-1!b<.:s e... -fiSiTO smuiwv 9.5J den Juac3garov Jen at 3113 eauaoed ease L.%t013 qsoxe 833;£".oo 3+£"g an 81- to owJ JJfoq ath 3A meqqiia add 10 noiigd ( 3 01 F. t? d a) U‘ .4 I: Jadd at smmaiib aid 10 divest namgwo A .Josvednt noiaau .-“3 ed: $513330 29:.53 a benwofizrm has barwo neswj 9d neitznlmttsaib and 11 J33"~1 has: 3flzgsdni—non Lfis bejsvgafifii 833 dJod n1 eJazeqo n53 ' epnsdoxs SJSJqLOflfll 913 191nm haviasex 913 *9 ml an: max} asirqnce asiiqcvs be: Bfia9~ni an: 03 V maiqmao 973 mistadj has cinemarnazws «dJiw baoutat 933 aJcoo Jaioq gnfq: ifa eyzfievs £5303 JsfiJ are: add at (. .noiésnimrioelb 10 mxot bmoosa 9d? .fiei1 Jst£ 1 30 ”Ojfr'Lses ed: duo d: to antics . #31 a J fins 81%? .noiisniziuaeib agnsdoxe at .nedd O I A -noa neifisvijom otxonons 953 L55 Juif’ras no.:;sw#fljnt Juioq gniqqlfie :f:r...';-..-1-*),’;£;'i Edd nut 1.91:?3'IJ31'JIII 8‘15 Jail"! magiEie a 30 notia 0~0 9;. cararaoa eEiJ .t9“s“ .13 :3: isfl .1” .. jM—rq gjfij b; 5J3 E I .xuwnqg 2 ed 08-15 I:£uow onw sow-fie??? we all! 83d -d has 1911-01113 8 8.}: 1313211 is 32' j '11" seE~q :«oicid enJ 393 OJ xii asvooiej &. ‘Iiae o: . ..I'.‘ v- [‘1'! o o L .'1" 0 ’ .‘1. " o 9u1.;1 Smui 3’35: .erovg uzo aLA to? niuJeeoq E‘r .Jugi £1 at J31fi :aean .1. HOE main fiJEW afiawozg woe? enriqu svlesst nag naJH :JJisfi .33 -ngiaxco a aniviovni Jflém93H3118 as 10 310a emoe evad no bisq 933 not nod: emvaaa I .9153 (Vow Jan 10) Jan m ?b£oe has beflasq adinu ed: no .eiaed emulov 3 WM ___. ~93? .q .egniwzefl n9113933.-§ m5 Ir. W flat 1. right. Ir. Butt: Inim- tht citation, thou prloo dooo not boom u inportunt oo tho ooh-o, 1o thot right? to for no you-mm mutton 1o coma-nod? Ir. ”on: to for no tho numb]. oitution‘ 1o oonconaod, tho toll-o would ho W. , Hr. Roitt: A ohippor would bo intorootod in moving a much of . tuoproduoooohooould,uou1ng1tnomt1noon- potition dth bio on produoo, tuning ho sold hi. on goodouud ho hid thio to ooll, thou ho oomoinbly would bo interootod in moving o. grout volt-o or it p booouoo‘hovolldbo gottiupuld per unit? Would it follow, thou, thot tho ohipporo would be intorootod h oooing no not: of o oo-odity plutod u pouihlo ondluningmtogotthio canodityplmtodbooouoo thyoofldhoflootitofloollttouthiobooio‘! It. woo: Itln boo-noon who Mod 1: gotting ouppnoo to'ruu it through o ohod on! lot it go but thoro 1o ooofidnmtofurmthtunmot. ;a-1co ond uhonovor you got o. littlo our that, botooou mum ohodo, I roonoo w equitym on! I don't nut to go our 13.228 It 1o unfortumto Ir. Hun brought in tho probl- of diooconouioo of ooolo inhioomuor oinoo, mthooowulthotolyphco oo-olinito on ohippor bundling of non-dntogrotod oupplloo, thoro 1o elm]: a. Mo mo of output our uhioh oouool'o W of tho interacting norm oonflloto 1o rolouut. lonotholooo, tho dialoguo is muttrutivo or thi. intonation. m-mmmmmmm- no and h‘ooh'frult a: '..-mu mm W to bo 41on is thot bun-a mart-u; an output ].ovolo .- .11 .- ltubfllty on! tho M of tho urn-tn; chomol. mum in tho oootiono dunug with food mai11m'uo’rtho5o comm-nod oith man mat. and mlmlouflou-ino, p. 627. -& L. ' 1P 1 . 77.751? 81' 3.9" :35.” - . -~ '-~ 77 ~71 1.7-. .. ’3 3'5}? 777 t s: '1 .J-‘C-r. (“m-7‘. 9.7).: .7777. r7. .7~7:.....-.-: 3.7.13 79:71:” : JJ,’ .7114 . ; s I - 4 ' . ~ .'. 4-. ' ‘ _‘. v. 8.“: a“ 5‘0 "‘ 3.3.1.“? ETL ‘77 (1;..1 3;, .1775 “Ion; '9 ' .. ‘ 1'; ..'"1..”.:77'-..1.1. . 713.7777. 5 o o_ r o__" ' 1 o_ n; .. ’ - h _. ' .\ ‘ 2:.{3‘ ‘IJSJC’LEOIIOO a1. 7.07.59.14.22 Len-113.1 M: as 717:1 815. $9707.11! .7131 ..."-1:,-,."7.7-:7.-:7:7~-i‘ 9:1" b57771?! 951107! b '10 717717277 7:5 3517-1770:: .771: 59.239779 1.717: 9! _ 37.7718 A $3-112?! .71}! 27:77:; 171E: (In: 8231*; .11}: :77?a47773.»3 M77071 9;! a7 3717471707792 1.713 772.777. 35712 {1:73 7.773.771.7355; gran-5:17.717; :17er 8277*. (1137;! 17017111117; [’9 71710:) ad .mwij' ‘7... r23:; 01 a":'.cs '7‘ .:.777; 5.1.1009. mro if: ‘10 73:55:10? 33.07.77} .3 .'{1753’12-171 17-7; 11771779719373: 5d bIUCfirl 175771;: $11.77?! 71247; 1.7.1.137: 5,773.11. 9.75. 9d biuvw ed 88:13:57! 1184:71’32tiu.‘ 7.17: 90' tun-"7.77M a'iz‘xgqf-Ta 9.71;: $9.733 grand “'IrQUO'i 3'1 79112113277307; (:3 he irrefq 75.5}...71. um 13 ‘30 17:77.77 813 $713903 :11 sanscsd 5:75.11qu 7.13 r" (17 (1.7:. a]. {.1 3.177;; 0.," 77577701: gnfxmoi has E‘aiesd ei..J no Ji I193 has 3"]: 053977712171 {7.9.703 7(9le Rail-7771.8 7.171.139? {Ii .‘.-.0 9.97:0 'rr_r_ 951' 7.777.717. snz‘srma 9d 7 _.77 .11 :897753 .7:‘-I 81' 9710.71: 317d 07; 1-7: 5:29! £77115 cua 5 "17.772.71.713 1t mm 01 s 35 evom 11in 3513 saibn,dvmnm to Jano:s nissveo a 57-779 ‘3; {J 7: 1&76‘173‘7'317Hhi13 9317.711 ins 7011102, 56130 937.}.L:.r:7.7 l ‘1.J;.s«:?a ..:."h'vxrmt 1719997397! "-"""‘.;'1 7197.70 077 of 37:57.7 J'nob I ’10 89.27;- oncogaib '10 .:tsaifom 9.72.? n}: ;:'1:j;.rro77_7". 337,335 .7in 9.13771737Iofirw at 31 8.1-7.31." I 93"08 ensiq vja.*.~;‘-J:J'IJI 7.71.7111 9:151:23 9-?..1’2‘571 $7212-13 719931772 Biff mi 91503 .6 77,5773910 at 97:94: ‘BeJ'TIQQfI-‘a 1.7535777531751701: 30 5217:3737! 7197177113 no 3171.11787291.‘11.72 aid '30 [:5_-7...? .7173'773 a'feemoo dahfw 7:37.70 111771.1er '70 99171571 ebb»! 1 UVI-'8'1-58L’-[.:i 8.1. 911.130.1'si'i) 9.1.1 “7:39.1797'1'29171-1'1 'WI‘M'WV at ei‘aiI7noo 397' 77.7.3117 .uoitos'reini em: '10 .~ -:"7 .L "'7’.‘ .. . . 9 n - .. 2. 7 ' 7 - - Ltd: 911:. ..'“..7 777 ‘7 - 1’71“.» ..‘"f '7 7: 94+ £7.73 7". 397.199 7 t."I Egg! -.'-‘ ‘ “~' "9' '7 7' - O 9 7; .'~- [..‘-D 0 ALA .I- J_. on; 7 ~ I «up -:-';v." otfl- ~r~ v“-.-' saw 39 ’1 a; ban-.9 . roe if) 61;! 03 3.71 if} not) 39'571755121 sfafsjtwfgfiv has Jim? des'fi .ZJ 5.7.7.3 "iiidsd'e as flew as slave}: .17 un0 has 31.720 171:1..153971 77.9.97 553' 1'71: L'..-".,£f‘.~ anoidsva 6.771;} n; 712,7??3071 .19 17:73:13 3:71.197775771 911.} '10 7155:: 7173:3971 his 8.1.3.2771} 737157137. df'w 17-77777 97.7.7703 sac-.I.} 7.70.777 =,7'=.?”.T7‘m+7=171 boo'l difw M 17% ..Ad .q .egr1199I nsIIA 0H“ m6 notabloo 1o’th1o onhjoot nationod in tho upon-to of tho m Co-iodon on Food Harman. Iot tho prim old «but «am» ottoodrotdlorooro‘of mmmmupmmm, Mob-rt, supp-u, and Mo. It a not only'th'o out doptoblo Wt“ nah-hi. for ohort-nh num- h‘ tho arming ooo- tor, it in .11»th oouroo a: comma pawl—- nu- 'frooh fruit ma m1. not-both; thooo-1.229 Aflor'of rmmmtummmm froohrruto'ond Who. romumnuqmuuoxm ooonnio‘nodol of 'food rotor]. pricing, it to tint thou-o on 3 not low pricing oto‘otogioo. tattoo on! roloo of to“ cloning coal-.11- utionnongaloqponioo, otoroo, moo, mm Andi: mum to wholooolo ooot, tho brool W of nan-mu toohniqooo,’ ndtho min. motion ofoonouoro to Woodar- cha’. a bowl on ho 11nd oo footoro muting mm m policy. A control Waco bottom tho rotor]. at! othor W ooo- taro of tho 11ml: produce W17 1. u. nun-product puns. mu. _Por thio,ftoo, thco oro no dnplo Mono, but it on bo mothgguwmmlgt tholoootprwuloothonn with costar dioorotiou 1n prion ow coo Mot uoh u frooh mm;- ooIl W1» than dooo tho MW Idol. Tho nhtivo contribution of ooqoioition oooto to rotoil priooo 1oofirtmottom1ooo1oroondprodnmdaow oookto mama whim-t “math-r. ionodiocmionofinhoront righto otuv Iorlnot 1m]. to oot prioo uni output Involo according to thoir on hot intorolto. It 1. coo-Id thot 1o a. «notion oport Ira tho noun-1c inplicotiouo of out: bohuior. A oil-1hr probl- ot ohm- oolrightoondohnptionoorooointho ohippiupointlorlnot dio- Mon. \hr‘ (u) 1512033193“; 9.13 '10 ccf'mqo'r 9:13 11?: b€:.'zoiu;§ir29r21 39932332 31:23 at 9919339392: .a-‘.:9.2..-':99I9<-'w 1.22:5..23999'291 OJ 939-..“; 1:31:99 '10 0'13 e'zvfiade'x £001 ‘10 9.E:'5~} -‘ 1‘ "'3 A“. c" '-1 ' ‘. -'.‘ i "0‘ ‘l :5'1'1' “ ' A .‘.;‘W ' “(J "'C’JU“'V\ V14; .1 ... I -1..‘ -1‘ HJ.“.);,\‘ Il-e \)_ .I.: - ‘4) 0‘ ‘4 L‘A -- '.O. '-)\J I\’n.L .‘\:"".A-J - iilis ‘ .\ $1 3 . .-- ' " - . .' - .I"'- L L. ‘.. " ‘ .'.. e L \e ‘ ‘ ' J L 3' ~-»".15-J ‘1;~f.f-J:, I .8 I11 81/ . :1 ‘3 ‘V\' J.--.-'...E) Bhii'ifbc‘b‘l £113 03 £‘JULIi‘NHC’3 23-2.22; . e e e e ' Ir 5 EJ'fmrzol an 1112 10.13.55.193 531231531111 03 ~., . ‘ Cup. a" ' . ' '\ .1 “-"".“' l v ' .5" a ..'-x J": “-.'3 C 1 ~.- «.':.1 139'.in 9'. 01‘! ECHHJ. h:‘:f._'v'.L 31.}. 5311.; .8 “\)>:’1..3'fl 'ICJV 3L3: ELL ‘0 .r.-_ .. _, , . .. ~22 --' ;, .5' :- .- -' .' Ly. 2.. 1. 32.1 .:.-.4113 33313 '11:- 143.313 31.5} {.:.-$1.; 14.3 no cam-f1; 31325.. 0 111 -.w 915-21? (3.” :1 L- .':)p,‘ ‘L1' '-.1- .r' rc-""f-(~' l-lf.’v‘f 'o,rsf Ire"l' ‘e “1'3 1 '4" cf~'/.-4 --"’O b('--‘ .."f" ‘ .UL‘):.'...; . v $.25 ..-...1: .L..;...hn...;.a -. 3" 1;. O» 32.1%”) {3.1 U 51‘»? 'U.L-21;.’. 5.0 Wt: 815-.) 3:. q o. e ." ’ ¢_ ..'- . e.) .L.‘ '(_. .. -_ I r1 ' .. ”‘_l ‘ ‘_ ..'. : e, L . _'. '_ '.Q. 4 " b _‘.;(2’41. .1_ 01"} '_ v'.,5, 1 u.5 L L)“;f""_L~J _. u 1 31.113 (13' {.5in l.‘._}_-. 3.1,» é‘f'u--)O .‘.-.0 5.20.. 81:0 :19. l ‘- 4- . r- . - - a .r.' 1 - r ~ w a -. r 4. . . . at arm-:inis'i £33131; sigma-1.11.11 1.1;. 1.1311111. 11... 3.3313 5‘15 113*.151' 30 815011333 7‘ '- r ..‘; 1 tv ‘ ‘1 .. In... '... ." $ 3.1: 3.1111._.'.1-.15 1.3.1.9 110 1:1:311'.e1'-50 '30 5.13.1.4: an; e... *2 (C a . VQ .")'ZC{ ' {1.111, a . " l 5 “~ 4‘ "I-l I."'e~r\rrw '.. .'~- e 9,: .3. - r ' c J.’;r "'.iiCJ {'8 '39—. '.C‘Ii' £1113 ‘{,».L\J.‘..ug..:.5-.27 [ubz‘h ' "." - :‘F‘C'O 1111479: 93-1.1.3."LOJC'5 e'f‘J ‘ ' \ 'n L I .- . v ’v'. . . - . “.’. I" . ’ ' L3 Ed 113-2311811143 6.....4 ('33:.me 5:12-21 15's 1.4.1131 '30 5.1”.) c .1131 313‘! ' I ’ "-,. "C' ‘J ‘1!“ -~ y “.'.“! pr." 1‘..- ~1 f'g'Ir (.1) ’ _Lk ‘.‘(IC‘H -)£I 1.1.: :n S T:,.‘_.t. ir‘n‘ Li‘...“,\l~.1 .8 (b ..:-i 1.x.) ‘._ ---‘:’J. . FL.” $')i.y1-._,_: 30 .':? Oij: m; ._wmm..¢'“_.~ __— _ w w“ “_- ‘ ‘ ~r "‘ " - 1 ‘ r a, .. ._..C —L ‘ "_ . r l‘ C”. _ : ' ’.r 311-£"=-' ‘1-5'1-“4’91‘1 ’7 8 113:3” an! 313.111 JU¢'_-.~Ue 03 313911.159 3133- I at etc-..:": 3 f" o ”I n. - L‘ ' . ‘. [..‘ "- y siBESLUHW L35 Liane” He‘duaa n0£35i31 and 30 'nr~.1u»w 3 {figh‘oi J13. Sitar: 11052173": has (mm-3' ‘3. . c.2531! has ecf-E‘Lr'z'l 5(5-23'11 '10-. asoi'iq “rt-'1; 11131151.; 5:57:10 5.11-3.11 '10 1'7'1'3'1 3301}: 11.1.21?) 9"".7'1 35:1.- WIT-{'8 03 65.53 .f.-='; 331-51 59:5...1-5.1115511: £3512 35151:..ij-i1'1': 943’ 1'*r:'::“r. 52355539”: J 9'31 £1) (33315?) 31.53: gain-5:53:73 11; . $51911 .Jhsrm'x 33:31.." rri 3013'}. Isnoffih-hu r'ro 31.11333 52:13'551111“! 81-11 1131...: Mil/:1: s 3.5:}: " 510.3.3c.'31593i1q .1533 5x31: .53 I ’LT€r_f"_"“Z 15137.1. esvi'm) 1103:5331 31'; .313-11.'1':1;'{3 31"3 '3. 03 1.1333 (”518.33% 5.15:5; “111-.1 ’3': 1200': to 91153155 331513013 .B'ISLifiJS'I book '10 9231331513?- 33211131713 3115-21 arm? 3.5"".1 E. O)‘ 3-1635123?! 3‘5 3233" .-5 OJ’ 8.“ ”u amt'ot'nsv 311"? \ 9 Hi: 3‘er OI] {133 €§)_'[;‘{£;. OFF“! tif's 81'le 1189’” 3:12." 'r:p1 £11 3 M5553 03 ‘a 191-1111501235sz an - 33-‘1’1311 13.3391 95.13 —- .21: soi'tq 111-'11 5 33011311 03 '10 .aaoi 13 30 ea: ..‘-1.7.7.3315": 15151335315391 .1: 3; '- 3'30er yrrini‘tq 313.3 ’10 noidsmofc'to b15310? 9&3 "10 SUI-5153:5411 3'15 _ ‘ 3 P55. :5 '3 {LE J"'39'I has 815911570161 98‘3d3 10'} 39511-235103 91*? 51?; 315.93.": Us 510 sv134i+r1ry1no 251$ 3 3302513 f10ff'l9fifl00 3'15 srztat'io 1'31 3 -§;".".::-11:‘:'.; 5.21 3310!} ~. 7.13 birr; 35103 913 31-2324 .3119: 33.5.3911 931.530'5q ad: ' {3:721 :' . 31‘; 13 3933:1513; 1131" 1 don-'55 81’“? 1112?: '53 no.I:'ez.-9'Iq71.t ”'.- 9'3 411' 91-1113321131.’ 5111:. div-1'1 9'53 511’. [1111’ 3135 .rr;~:mO 1:15 3 waif? .arv-bj'xsr-i" “53'13'1‘9'511‘513 6131.45; 0'14) .9311319 915101) 1?in3 k113i 1.3-"v-1. 33253.11 13355519. 11311 of). eq ‘—' CI ‘El .1811 (EEK 209 the pedudiee e! letteee deriu the period under coneiflerstion: ”Thepricee (otlettnee)tethe tmbutreflectprieee peid by the housewife for the produce. I offer ee ordnance, tn. ".3. In“ ”I. M“ “J: mun reOebe an“. (Celifcrnie) price to the shippers en! the advertised eelee etlettueebyembt. AttbbeMettmetoer consecutive week period, the mket price to the farmer use eSerell-tinehighefbflopercnte. Attheeedei’thie four-leek period, lurker. price us so low ee to result in e1ouet25 eestepercretetothe res-er. Duringthie fluctmtion, or decnm, the eelee price to the count-er minutiae one: twheedeferB? eeie. rheoldleve: supply and due!!! does not eppl: here. mh5,theeerhetpdeeeeenettcthersnerm $3.00 per orete. 'rhe lettuce on the eupmrket eele no two Mien-”cute. awn, thenerht eterted to 82.75 to the toner. Still, the eelee price on thet do metro heads fez-39 censcttutlerhet. “”19, the market slipped to $2.50 and still the price here in the seleepcper ofthst mdgmthe sue. OnJunolé, the market declined to the point where it as 81.15 P.c.b. to the chipper, where the fem is actual: teldng e lose on tile $1.15 ,ndthe eelee priee onthetdeyleetue heede for 39 cents." Thedistsnoeefthefmfruthereteflu'sni fledepthothcfledge or reteil preeticee smelly cells fer e dieeeuting er theee kinds «ne‘er-«end, sltbughthqerem htth'eeboveme true qerience end, in spite of its m- fer proving Quintin of the We, it is e iced can]: or the fleets of iltiple— prodect m1. price lea-Midas. Hoos studied the retail pricing of creases in selected cities em found them correlated with wholesale prices with a lag sufficient for inventory turnover, indiceting tint retail price is more closely related to origiml cost than to replacanent cost.238 For perishable (reek fruits end vegetables, of course, the 0112mm between these 237m mncisco We, p. 63h. 2381b“, 3., In. Behevicr of mating Iergine on cam mu, magnum Dec. 1952, no. 5. p. 911:. f "l(\ l ' 14*. :r (1,? 7:13:10 3:151:11 [301391191513 gnt'wb 99:13:91 10 11013911qu add 9133):” 13535;" 9*: Jun 05) (9:31;? 9.13 0.1 (1)3;1...3‘9.[":g) 39311.1 edT" . . . ‘ - ‘ " ' ,, _,._ . I.‘ r T ‘1." 1.1.5113 g 5; '_1-3. .10 L .1”: Mimi-1 2.53.. '1’). sifu-veL-Od 9d: ‘(d’ LI»; I‘ . !' .J , , .:..I- ‘. .C' 7‘ -' (“37:13.3 .'r_*..o. *. 11013.. 1331.5; '31---» .1 93.". 1'19... 1:» ~31. 19:71:: .8. U 31413 ..’-59232 I51; Ctr-1.11:9 uric Ems. a39.-sr;j.?'.ia 55127-? 0.? 33hr“ (1311113011133) "1:9" zigli '10 ”:1? 325's! 9H J.‘“. .‘.592'55r'1'9qva a ‘{d 9350391 '10 TM}. 3.9;. 15.1 9310.? 9 v5.31 39 :n': 9:“ ."Tni'x'éaq 99914 evl-Jmeanoo s-. A .L 9E: {J 'i-o 55:13 915.? .:.. mag/1') 3.3.1 ITS-.813 '19 {T4153 amid-LLB 1139*; 02.3 91". film-:3. 0.1 1:15 Th1” 013 3.21: 3. 394112121 [50.13. Sq >19 N-‘Ibo'l 8::sz -*.:-*.':'1m.{ $911193" mini 0.? 9.3.333 '19:; 9mm <1 ‘10 8301: 5 33114221193 9‘33 0;? EM ":5; refs»: 9-5.3 pullosb '10 .rxotdfsudoufi 313.1 11.10 911'? .331199 5:“; "1r“: *=.‘./.-‘.a{ 0' “J :91‘1'58 9:11 heal. ..9'1 .019 {1:51; 3011 aoob £111,949b has {Lg we 1"~.:T.r.:o'ra '19. r1113. 9d} ed 9.. e. 7.: so 5711*; 393153.951: 3d: ‘2! $1351 n0 (*1 .3 a r ‘1. ow? P49. 9.1.98 3523.34.9er 9:13 .1!) 9:11.539 sri'l .5: .3510 391:; 00$} 4 l ~‘s 4. r J. '_srtx'njtjflab ‘ 9.13313 .‘1 .141; 9. .’I .52.." 1:": If?) .adnoo 9‘5 301 ahead 3332) 3.1; '7? 1:09:15; 8353:: $5.13 .IIL'EJE. 35m11'191iJ of Cut.» 03 9.25.? .U. 1133101 a.) .r.-1433.11 31-1-13 35 33mm PE 301 a aed ow: 8.695 9031.1 9 :s—n' 9:. 53.519 aria JIIIT-Ja 11:51:95.5 0.? beqrglfia dsfl'x 15m ‘31. 914.1. :1 . 3:33 9.33 am: 3113b 9.1.1: 3131.: ‘10 191.635 8912123 .d.o ."i 31.1", am ('1; STE-sin. 3151“”; 92' I1 0.)" benflocb Jay.“ "I eda‘ no aaoi s nub-'33 \‘,z'..13:! J03 83c 3:30-‘1;a-er{3 9519.59! .'Isaqifie 91!: 03 30". ei‘gad ON 8.13:! gn '53'3 1m 99.5735; salsa 9:13 1',er 31.13 81113 .‘:” .3.“er 98 s:.“9-[v:0tr:-{ '10 (13‘qu 8M hm: 19-11.53.351 91'” 111073. 19511151 Sf” '10 931153311) 911T 1351-5731 enmfd ‘10 g:'11$.~:.’0131‘b 5 30‘: 811133 1:41.15 1913931 eeoid'umq 1133‘ 9'1 10 .3 am evoc’s 9112+ 3911 .110131103 931:. 21:15.)“ n’modfls .do'meas'z oimonooa to p( 195.510.1379 Trubrmzq *Io‘l 889.1‘I133W 83]: 10 eere vi .hrw onn'eldeqxs om: 9" fight-£1311 ‘10 3399-39 93.1 ‘10 91317:}:(5 beans a]: .’1]: ‘eqesmboqq ads“ to .ania‘rb. 5" affair cm 6'3qu eidsifirsv Joufo'zq 9.5310 bemelsa (II: asyxszo '10 31110170; 1.3.3.3591 914.3 beibuo‘a 50031 (The 1201': 39,511 a dash: ass itq slsaoiorm d+1w beJnis'moo made! have} hm 311930120 630111 9i eohq List'x .fsdJ gnidssibni .'mvomrd‘ vomevnt 301 “To _ . . 6.213313% 'Io‘I OK3.3.2200 3.519. [sushi-9'1 01 115-33 3303 133113110 00‘ height: 999'? {1591' «ad 99993933er 95.? 9331100 to .aeidso‘et-‘ev has ad’hn‘i 152911 ..‘-0‘ w— w W 1331 .q .8331315‘! oasis. .. "111‘: ...-SC; J ."JJJVI‘I 39135130 no ang‘lsM 311112.3931'11321 30 'I-OEZVSIIEF 947'" ..3 800}: 'ES .1115 .q .2 .021 .3191 .990 3......” ...-w: 2 1919-»: ‘... ...-0..- “am-_- a.- ”meg-.:.. no tuocoot oomoptow‘umuthom Inoo’flhoftho toil. moot hook t-otooo 13min MIMI-Wot Moflnimotobonmntoohouuintbmmgw tb roopo-oivonooo widow-gm, W, sum... pot-1 M239 ”unannoun- yum Win for. ‘orofa'oohmitit-oroportodthotr‘ourioooofi-nm ‘m.mmmmmuuumn.twtbm pontrm Floo- ”mmthpiooomthooo Inch mom.mmmtudmmmmmm- mat for m in mm 2.0 239m, J.n., man; of Tuntooo in zu. Ohio Rotofl Storoo", hth Annual Agricultural Hon-hating Conforonco, om» State Mmoity, u: 333,1!or. 15, 1962, pp 81-86. 20590., S., E23!!! 3.15:! m ' m- nun-m lo. 170. Sopt. 195A. Tho profit Ill-inn; output no colcuhtod by rogroooim tho nor-looting main on tho ooloo voluoo, mmmgnhtohmuomofprofit-mooprofit, not not profit. Booouoo of pricoa dooignod to uni-in profit our tho utiro fruitlinoor foroc-oothc, undotminodrouonitmfound tho output lovolo of ornaoo for largo rotoil otoroo uoro mo 7h poroout of tho profit (nun) anti-hing output, 1.0 pcoout of tho optima. output for loll rotoiloro. Anotbor, lou Mitotivo toot oftbprofit-zinisinbohoviorofrotaflpricmumohpro- duco ooncludod that tho bohovior of tho rotoilduholooolo lukoting r-a lord: no oonoiItont with abort-rm profit Ind-union; but thoro no no diocuooion of individual mp priooo or! output lmlo. Soo: Loo, 3A., Fool-om, I..E., "Profit Hod-intuit: old Morain- in tho Rotoiling of Poriohobloo", W Oct. 1955, pp. 171- 73. Ronoctiu both prioo ioit ufl tho profit M rotoil pricoo of frooh fruits and uptobloo, tho ow groo- lor- flnforproduooinohinotorooaonporoont in196ksthototo1 otoro you urgin for all food and non-food produoto no 23 poroout. Inthoocoyoorprohooooooutodforobout9.5poroout ofohoin- otoro food ooloo but contributod 13.2 pox-cont of grooo profito of th otoro: m An, Jul: 1965 ioouo, p. 17. rho uoo of you profit rothor not profit ovorototoo mount tho profit con- tribution of front produoo to otoro profit. My: '10 .3.“ 73 5 r: L ‘C;p_-;...J-w:fa 9;: :13: ‘gistl-hv 7.3;st 735m equonoo 3803 0qu hao.C( I mama? adsfirnx7aqxa oidfl n: eaoisroJ deed} to gutsitq IiaJH JV"? ‘acoi'zq s).£-::9..io;iw 91$ 12.7: 99:5: 3.7:) 0:3 ev.i:9r'9:;.jze.5'1 ed 03 aeui'xq £15391 Ik- . -:r;{.7.3" his ‘3'..?VI:3C1..:T'I-9fi-;TV .szrziunirwu'xg 3:99-33 be Cur-1V aeorrevlanoqa 91 a” .f_~(\ 5 791 nevaiet Jano~9ot1q aim: to 75939 79dJonA €x>.esotamoJ befloaq i; ‘ersni 10 393197 LiLJ97 JgflJ ker79791 ems J: 3:071 nas7? lo tedmmn fiUTuJTofia 993 xsdd 973 703 eJaou o: baJsisi tieaoio Jon 913 33i571 93114 9:093 973 9991 :q 9%: ezzuaz-ed hL-n7uceuw 990173g *siutxsm thoqq ~325U3b £15J97 oombowq 39973 9:.Jr9 9dJ 7970 JEEth not—gaol a oblvoqq to O C D I CV“ * .97 "'1‘ E'."':'r (Jr-“3 5101' "r7 17'"! 17}- 97' ’9 ‘1'9-‘feg-E'7932’1i Mari-W379 101 9!! two Ufa 3179.11 _.o'ooJ—o .jo»;;‘“va“34-fl‘vo- lu‘¢..“aM'O*“o-'C -~ o- oW an..." m. “~rhflm-o‘fl- .:.—1 mm! ()5- ' ,. .1. .. .L" Y' 2 4 _ (r a“: u firs ' 0 n r (v . r _. do; ."eeuoun LLsuan Clad ML; n: e- 0J9.* 01 30 uuioixu " ‘.C.u ‘7w07fl .S . 0 o. 9 .L ._L: 0 ..: - ’ _ . ‘. _ . V q .. J.‘.._. :" .- ‘ “1\3£819~‘ILL1J 90350;; (3.1.31.7) ‘Url'ft3’3.94.l~”- -7 ; 13.” 11.’ ' E Jr” ”I!“ 1 .L'ECL'T 1? I231”... '.. .' \ .- =.~“'J."’3(v (1'71 .33: o.‘~~-£ ° ”33' ‘ o‘-‘~€ CA ”0433. " '. - ‘l r J . ' . 1: v- ' . " '7 ' I: v‘ ’ l - fr . ‘E':. .71 r .1 . ‘ ‘ r i,“ A .FT‘ ‘rr ‘ .Q , - s .9... ""5. '3'- 9‘ f», r. - 2,; (“21,—7.- 3.19.: '33 9.9 . A ...-J .300” ......L., '..-.. a; 32-. 0;";. -...- c.‘."....4 - I- oo-‘o- 5 .. . (...-t. opt-v .. an. «'1- ..‘ 3 4...: “art-ul- ' 2’ r. v .I. «I. P 'r '- f‘.‘l‘ , o r ...r' -f ~ .~ T ,» "’4‘ ‘8 g‘ ‘\ I‘. ’.. - ‘1'“) .u T) I" '1’ ..’... i _1 . . ‘v ., .r ‘\ .' “ I” ... ) OT‘Q\ ">r&“';= L’“ I ..’ “9; .‘g/. - . ‘v .~. . .‘.-2;. 5‘. ‘r::. .. . p . . a.-. _» . 5. -.‘ a fig-.-‘: ‘1 . u.. I - ‘7.” :0 -.:-.4 ‘..-3.- ‘8... — noi; J.'-aha L'o'i 1.300-911: gm; 2:: 3: 1:97 q .... L57: two-bun shI'Io'iiiBU 315w Jrrqduo fJIISflmJflu 31"“- -.0-U; USET 32.;33451 .309 3c. \3‘5'1 .0’4 $109795 oomfivl epyxov 99153 sflJ no 3:3739 grijefimsn 9nd 39r9397391 xd f9 3109150 Jan '.ilntq aa 073 - 3:307q 30 9953999 5 as 5915: at aifiusm sdJ 97edw 913 79vo 311077 eanL =n 0+ rznyjaeh asaitq 30 eeusoefl .Ji307q 39a bauoi 35w 31 £09397 beaL 93.Lrvu ‘99dJo 9"oa 101 TO sail JIU7E ouiJne A? arma e7sw 9970 8 £33.07 9:7rt 7c? 8999970 30 alevel Juuno 913 9 J 10 Jneoxeq O; , sq JLo ~rLLLLLIJO luLixsz3 Jiioqq add to Jnooxeq J~9J 9v_i jthfnn'p 8991 1721: our. .9-9I.i LL97 Llama 70; 339390 Ismidqo ~37qfi A}? 71 10 §7L3177 £15397 to Letvazsd gniaLmfixsm JIEOTq 9d: ‘ 119-11L.9I599193w-£15397 9.3 to 9:05vs 19d add Jsdd bebulbnoo ooub 9:9dJ Jud ;noIJm Emi>:3m 33307q nH7-J7ou9 thw JnsJeianoo 85w 3' @15m :993 .eisvsi Jquuo has 9901:7q 9973 Isubzvtnnn IO nolaauoeib on as efiJ n1 afllgidfi has not 59LL3731.J :Eo7i" '.fl.J ..9337001 ..A.’a’ .991 «CK-'1: .cv'q sEQCL .300 d.’7:+’7‘.';2~.. m “[ng", ‘.‘J ,"asia‘fsr‘78119q 10 gntfisd’ai'i twj‘xzzL .3m JiLOTq 9dJ Ldis eJLULr 39519 sniuq 1Jod gnIJosllefl .8? -25m 92073 erstovs 913 .39‘9319 9v has eJiu71 fleet? 10 aeoi7q £15397 Isqu add :ALE‘I mi JIMflO'Sq SE 9.33 as LoJeando at ooubouq 101 n13 .Jn997.-_'q 53 85W aJauho7q bOOL-HCH has boo} ILs 101 nigtsm 95073 97033 -nisdo 19 Jaeazeq 8.? Jnods 101 bsdnuooss ecub01q 1591 omse odd ml 30 a'iio7q 93073 30 Jn9o79q S. {I beJudiidnoo Jud Boise boo} 97033 9907: to 9 an 9dT .Tl .q t9539': 369! YIUL ‘93}.373r8 mtg”? :91035 add ~309 Jlio7q add Jsfiw moo eeJBJa7ovo Jilotq J95 LL33 79d337 Jrio7q J: 01g 91033 oJ eoUbOTq d3973 10 aotiudimd 211 mfidumutputlmhotutdlmmwjuuotum to thi rattle of ti. fresh unit at WI. III-nth; m1 for um. main. first tutu-1v. m- .mum prim offal-t tuchMrm-utmdmmyhthwmw hit- rounm cumin-.1519 pricing 41mm for an on can) or m of ”duct... Soon-m; thq aunt. that man man It? not bonwnumunnm momtmwmnm Wampumm-wwpuumuam» {filth}... Mtbhtbomtflttflmdw'u mommntbmcmnmmpmyutu mrmtwn'tuwnwhmmmmtu nulprdutlunflmthttbmottbmmchml mwmutumm'mmmum~ fu- thun, all. tun-MW- that flat mulls-ht 'm! mamcmwmmumutonnuet Mmtwmnmmuummmmm- mauwmnmuu. rum-tumm- urn: with tho 1.191 of mm prim, th- ooooul In]: that Ibabmty; but. both up mum ru- tm pou- or an prion sonny. demmtfiuthmMuumm hmnblopmopthupflotml,tm.umgm .mtofict thp~r9m1t1ngmd1 muamputmtoum 33119179..qu W lightw- Mar-1nd by law-run production my apt“), ammmuww, “”0,th tumoIWo.‘mutthbumdummtp-t1m ‘mMWtbrfltfimfimmmanadW muturmmotmmmmtomttoacbamo . '1 v) 371 r 9797997 10 eJnsfidnc 97s 979li£J91 20 alstel 3m 75 90 hrs 3919i.q odT 77.3; I:n.‘fiii.‘{') gr..a:(..~"J{:.l'::-.-11 9 -..f."..:‘9:-‘«":‘r 537.3 J 5:71 [1? .191 9.. 3" 'io 19.512.15.191 9:” OJ J.'-0.3.3 7:157 J'DLr".'«v'.‘-ix:'-19.7 :5 .'."n'r't swims-I!) 73933 39.111 .eroese'x 997.713 9".737. 9331*}: film) {7919.5 “9.9131109 39993191 V, 33113.1: £311.33: «if-.’: .‘:-'3": N I 'to (man um «41.3 "10'?- no}. 777135.325.) finloi'iq slc‘s'r9}:-.-':9:1co sisal-£939“: aJim am 0;" 9932.371 £32."?! 3.73915! 939133191 ‘ 91'1'J ‘ Emmi-3:22 .BJCM‘m q ‘10 (2190113 .’1-3:31.921 7,951 973.3979 '3 km; 93:09 7039133. ml 3931:1910 03 9711291047297 ed 7.9 9.999 {odw J5 89 .1951?) 33-7177 1::3 1299395.: airsmom Jan: 07:; cl as: -....Jio 2:197 9.§J Jar-.'.? (£199,739 91;} at 929ng V'.ll.sr:"1.al9val 111-.23 0 0933 00" 1353;."- “WI ~5~.1-~"*‘=’.‘.7, Iii brir'it-r 9 who {tan 9:: 'J at {20:3};on 9&er ..’.J» 4' "“ .‘r '. ""' 0" . ’ L3, ~ ~' .’. ‘ I 4 ..' r -.-'z .:s b9.:9:...-»...;.> .-.33. ;L(r‘Lo by ....Yi-Dl‘IK‘f 9&3 03 Lac-“Iron .33... 0 3172521511? 11.99.7797 9.4.} 51.107335 aim-1.77; T. yni't'x‘rroow'x ow: 99.115 .9991? mm"! CL 1) .‘:-9': DJ as 4:72;: 08 9'11; 9. J 71.7; el‘s '..-jw:,>v bag 331771 deaf-i :703033 «.3‘;.1:-‘f,.":3 swat-Moira 977-‘r.i:.'_~9't:1 of 33 9.9 9'6 £111: 03 97:3. 79:!!! 13:18 dztamvom .4--.‘_- I . r .. o .0 .. . . . , '7',~- . 'O 4 ..... -. .93.-..7»..a :‘T.’ 39-32539 139.139 391...: OJ ear-19.71 l " O .\ :‘x‘J " --ST: 23...: flow {13‘}; {170.799 913 ‘ aeo‘tzq £72639“: .0 level 97J mm 11217311! .‘.;Jil 1.31.3.9 99.7117 :1“?- :0 1:91:91} 93.7 79‘: Jnevsls-x 9'15 riJod Jud mgifcx'q {as 819E." 39': '13.. ‘ Jo rLJ" .'.»: In>i31qu=1svn9 Its/2'01 'Io'i 1.93.9.0. alai‘: 7"; .5. ..': Bi: 979:3 gatntzezxzoo '10 Jim; 9.1-3' no aeanoqacn aid-3101's} 33-099.; 9...? Elev-Ml Jr'qu;:o has 9:73 It; life, J97 3.73.61 we're 913 3399223 (3.? n’aas‘! .'1-..’;797rigrr'x; z:;"t--:_--::ol xix! h.r:.-’:.....:—3J.;-b e- '9vsl J:u.>f*«..3m auobrs'xq '10 930;” dJiw 943 fax: .:«mxsaib (1943:1597 oJ Ears-bro anoiJstobl- “5113.5 has malaise!) 859ml duff-'0 brag 395:3?er sass-{J Jr:9:’3:9 odd OJ bar: .aJBSV'Ig-d ‘20 2.9513 e‘:..?..{;_~‘yra bra-s mamq {1i anoiuuéoml'i 39:3 ...T 9.91 990‘ Jaen’rgnoc Jon 9'23 aJaéo 'ch'x-z‘i 03! 33.54% 03 aooi7q £19,397 ‘10 9* 1:12.35 '3'. 933 mm} EJIIBI'IB 212 oro incurrodbvalolllorh mwpmdnmo. * hthiowtho "toil oootor in culmination with Wto unto-go who oloowhoro in the marketing chunci comm“ to m- prico instability. Shun-1:, tow oddnchmouto in output can rooourco mention cm ho mm m. produooro in rooponoo to product prioo mum having thoirorigininrotailmorchmdioing poncydnlthovu-yijn‘ .. rolponooo of oonouioro to thooo ”110109.111 both thooo prcblcu thoro io n dot‘oriorotion in tho coordinotion o: mun uni priooo non: tho nortot lovoio. For mlo, Booo not-d tho inflation .1 Mail pricing policy for tho account]. now ot ounlioo in Ilrplu periodo by changing uholooolo priooum 1nd Anon W tho inflozibility in tho nod-toting got. for frooh produoo no duo to rouil pricing polioioo, and thot thio Minty ooutribntod nig- nincmtly to pmductinn oyoloo; author, tho lock of i'olhtionohip . botuoon ”tail and turn priooo In Judged on W to tho dbility or pmduoero to uticmny pm pnodnotion to coca-pticp mm Tho nechudoo of miltiplo-pnoduot total prick; war. minimal by o. ohippor of Northuott truito: 39. Sullivan: Hr. nix-ho; mun thioloonthnt, rm]...- . .. of mt tho rotnilol- would pow tor tho m1“.- horooJJJonnohorgoowprioohomt-oto, can't ho? _ -;- . Hr. Durhoz. Cm. Bop. Sfllim: Hoiomtbndnguorottilptiooonmthohoo to poy tho producer? mm... 3., my Bohuior of Hunting Hui-gin: on oitm Fruit", ’0 913-. P- 91‘“ main, 6.3., "rh- Short-Ion Bohuior of Diitribirtivo sci-gin- on Fruito 3nd Vogotobloo", '33 m m 8:1-16,1956. $13 an?! 0311 33th HI .a'wugrif-m; 13er eta-.'gqizie ‘a'misaaia’iw {d be?" 9113': an i‘ T‘T‘R‘I'LS smc'isme ahigrooui rfd‘iw aoid‘mltcfiztoo a]: 10.13% £12393 v+3fggsjgfli going y-rqfi 0g asjyifiqquoo Iamusdo 3giiuiusfi ed: ml susdwsale use noiszoolfis 9:3'I.U08‘3"I Mus J‘uqiL-‘o r1}. WIT-“'3'" ‘35 ws'i (‘3. ”181338 BHCfJSEYSV aoitq Junbotq of eanoqaox vi BTBSUDOTQ moni beiseqxe ed gaictsv adj bnsv Mioq LflicLulbz 0m liaisx at 535110 flied: gaivsd 3311': 331915103; 9393!: [Mod 111 .asiolioq 920:” 05: 3393211221100 ‘20 aaarzoqas'x 31mg 8913 t'Iq Ins as 13.13;qu 'io noidmrif vzooo 91H m: 11013330323939!) 3 3: 13213391 '10 eaojga‘sob qua]: 91!: bakes: aoori sigma-:9 '10"; .aIevaL 393113111 6913 anicyzva mi 85‘ iiqq'ca 'io dfiemvom Lukas-330353 9d: 70': 15:) ..‘.Ic oq gmiohq arifir‘ '- bylaws neIiA bu}: L1‘§.asoi'xq sis-36-51023» 5:1,? 513.313 {d 8 >01. '1::.; o: 6er 85W saxbmq {fa '1'1 101 1123-f8‘@ grxiiefi'zan ed: at \gJLIidszI'ir'l ~gi3 b9 UC5"1+HOO KQfIJvcertrI 8; i3 33d -3 has eegctioq gmio in q [15:51 gilt-3110135131 71.0 313.3.C sdi (mm-m :asIo‘go moidwbo'zq 00‘ 11313013111 “J-‘, 9in oJ' manic, ‘39qu as be “but, an; awn-.11"; ms} has LLB +61 mean.- 1.3:! C"? V“ ”.abesr: r1013.“ '1: .':noo (>3 noiinubo'xq 11qu VELL 1:1 135': 00‘ afieoubmq ‘io Tyii’ai'Iq 11.3391 JaLrL-<7:q-e£qi3 5m '10 gonads-am 9sz \ banisiqxs 539w :aJIUZE JeswfiJioM 10 ieqqiia 3 id Basibingofi us'iu ms 9m aidJ biuow ‘afitaIH .13 :nsVIIIUG .qsfl .391333 5:13 C103 35er t-Iuow 191.53%‘1 31H Juiw 'io 3":153 '03‘ 3.353614 9:! suite; 'cus 9:15.30 (1.3:) “(J..-".531 ed 0 4 .91. .I.:Ifli‘sf'zs -‘J‘ :31qu 85:11 9:! 33m- 110 sohq Max:912?“ 3311?:an Jon at 9H :asv £11.36; .9631 oubcnq emf: mac; 0: with! sum-Iii) no atria-EM 3113931732; '10 Tob'si's C 9:1?" ..3 ‘codgiig o-i-‘I-Q Oq I'ig .32 no enh'mfi svi'mrr'hdaifi o '10 brain-ET ITI'IQJ-J’”O'l 92".?" “$1.3 .nelfir‘ “"3 O .3" .f‘ h v 7' «Rd pug-LdL 7‘ -F‘ .010“. I. (r5311 :5_; ."esI:;s.f9:;9V has eciizrz’i 2L3 . M flio'noinguhotthorotonoroonoohnhondiodng nix. In othor words, ho could put Golden and Rod ' Delicion. (ot difioront prioo.) as tho: onetim- do to cano out with the some mot-gin which i. 35, AD, or 1.5 porcont. Ho 1. writing for on (owrogo) margin. That margin, whatem it my be, and ho oonhwonizuhoooo. 2attic-oh.cantor.“' _of 35, wor AS pen-cont. Author In testified of hi. omporionco. with rotoil pricing '... to].- "'-, r y: ~ _. ‘ 10".: nginwhichuoohipwinooopopplooondiohvo on hiohgtor-itthoMJpnhum... It ioolooogoodini of what thooo poople are paying for tho oppleobooonoo it i. W ontho hog Ihonthoy mun >. the bog. We hove o throo-pound bog cold at Corpu. Chrioti twmmthotooCtBIcutodfli duh" than Ira Io... ot 69 cent. thot cool: 32 cent. «1.1m. Looming in both thooo co... retoil ooot. N. o owhn‘b t for tho product. no «pol, t1. witnoooeo ore nerd: deocrihing o for. of oceanic price diocrinin- otion ot the notoi‘l 1on1; thi. no: involvo tho mtion of urginol row. for tho vnriou. frooh fruit ond vogotohlo mpo. But thi. i. not nooooory to tho problm; it i. onfticient thot retoil price. hon oothoirpnrpooetoevoko duct-tornconn-orreoponuo. Thioi. on- non in Inlti-product fin. whore tho oilocotion or Jam colt. io ‘ Mt .1131th end there i. W inteniepondonoe in Wm. Thohmhcoionotthoorfectofthopricodioa-inintiononhw. but on uppldoro. If ouch o pricing policy dootroy. the nohtion of Moilond fonpricuondtho imprioooononoodoognidooto rem olloootion in pnodnction, thon tho dotorimtion in tho coor- Iintion of production with conmption not he indudod o. ono dinen-' aim at the germ of tho pic'o Wu”. it but _pg'to 308mm WI, 9. 231. mm: PO 111. . Fifi; 7:1.i3.:".“":z:;73'19:: '5 Pr 4: t9 T753631 93$ 35%.: $9191; a}: 9.1 :9€§'I”.£X .'If; 3" ”r5 raffy’ Izw hLLU? 9% ‘fih'fiw “mf‘o 'I .XLu ' ' . ’. . I r). '.' ‘ \ 2. 891.6" . '3 '1’ LT 3‘. k1,“, J' ’.‘i ”23";- .J.i“ 335/ a. “_.5: I3»; u": 2.5? :~'_ ;,,':.:r. :55 €ch :5” no 9 '99 cf ,1; (;:'§~.:L:.'r:;~ :5) :13. 79'; ~~r;.'-;:'.‘:-:.:'.-.' :3! 93; J.'-1911259 E16. '19 ‘CA 9" "‘1“: 595 1.63.31 " !‘-I"-T"-;.:-;;1 3‘53"? .v'v’"-'r.:-,m I' 5: 5.1.9.525 ”.3 t). (if OJ" .’\ffl‘35y¢,a a," 88 y‘j'f”. 5 ‘31: [1:53) r- ‘4‘".62199'595: Us '10 W- (18 ’10 =§ -I.9‘Zr. a: l'flifiii'tfi £71979; riffu semiotic-rt 9 and '10 iii rhino? mm warffmia. : 81:: (“LE asiqqg \TJ::‘-7—‘.:“.*I'T.’L-: [7.24.13 Eb'n sf: 5'41: a}: find 3 svsd 9w. . ." 99-.-".r; oasioqmr ."LJ‘E aid (if. o‘f‘ pig-'2' atria” no 93:-.5'13'Q 8 r; . .c for; s OBIS 815 31 may: its-L [55-12% w'y‘s' 9.4;?! no E.,-c:::'.e- e a): :‘i' 9.3 ;: 5:)9 9d aeiqqs 9.1:} I,- Ra's“ "If We .. 4‘.» ."-‘- A.. {_a. \' .'. "'f (‘L 0‘ '1! ‘_fif'r ‘ "(J a ’3 ~ C .’ ' :05“. UI.‘ J1--(l" any.» . ~..' ,.5'}"‘°".;1u’.u .6 \ .1} v0! .|.-'2; ‘ ‘.{1 '* _~ .6. '1 ' ' " . V L/ .'.-‘1' IC‘ .:‘~:1 3" go .. I ' ' 9' . ~. ', ~’- ..r . '- - '—.. " .9. DH 9V3»: 99’ 3.11.9, ‘ud'f'f‘s [Li-.9111 5,399 _L'._ 3999 on; 3.199 99‘. 1o 1‘ , ' 5"”. . rd .\‘ v._ J_. n _: _‘ 0' O ' I. ~ . q “ H90 cm '33 a“ wean. yd 539.90 9:3 $5 5901 not? m4. H O ; :1. a I b N: I.) ‘n J Mb- ":59 9'15"»! 33911330911 9:‘ '1 Tu". afh‘m 99:19:13 n’Jod n1: gui’rzr.ree.~'~ ...:~. ' ..'. -.J 3.”, _ 1‘. ".f r.I-.--’.!- '59 r_ r ' v '+ "I;.C.‘£’f.0d-v._fl 991:4 3455:9993 -‘.; 4,9; g <_1"C~‘-.'1.-:CC‘1J 15.91947 e’rs 89989.31“! 9: nti’vo‘fryv‘f 0‘ va'i‘hv c C'P" Q1'fiv 1‘9. 1"“ ‘ F’ifi" 5 {Q‘Yfir r;" 1( fr: "g’ “ «.54.; ,3.” i0 “04.» b 1 J Jun v1.1.1)». CI (‘5th C...'.\.' t'“ '....a. --.-.:.a)~~.31 3w 9.5 3\-A.U.‘D . .:’ I‘P.’ I‘. ' o ~ '.' 4‘ 9 f. ,- ' ‘ I ’o y ' " 9 " ' ' a: EL :3 3,.8 .cqo'm 919.5991; .':-115 Jun? rig-9'33 anormv 9.” '10-? 85" 9mm? (mien (w m.” n1 avatar} £15391 355R? Jziei .'c’f:“:_:.-'a 81 ii ;:-::: 240*rq era’d 05‘ V 5.88 ... a. :4,“ n n 3 "an” H‘n "vs: :9 '9": 4' ['0 2' \' - n van 3 43 “13:03 C41 8'31L .Gvflr‘o (.41 nu.’4~4.1(3~J .-.-.~3u-‘- ((W'ka 8~03 O‘j 30(}(L-'.’L'I .’.-.9}. BB ai aJcoo Juicl; 'io Rois“: 00113.3 9:13 99:13.9 amni? jorff:()‘Y(r-}$.th hi how. .nofc-mmo'zq n1 oonsbrzoqg‘r'19rfz‘ri: 39.1vaqu at 9191* Inc Vim: 133475 2Y3. F-II‘ZB M) 399779 9 1"} 30.1 at 9191 01189.1 eriT (3‘ (2 .9 89:99}?! no nnifsnb»-.°rf132.i '10 1105:3959: arid ewgo'za‘ccb ~ nfloq min Fig s time '11 .ateiiqqm no Jud 03 39.51193 29 baau 915 39.0in 172151 erlj hm; conforq min“: has ISL-3J9: A 3 .- -'IGOO 6913 [I]: £20135“in v‘soo-‘Z edd' mm gm}: Y‘mrfm'xrr r11 HOEJBOCLLIA shuns-(35': - unanib SI'TO as behuionl 9:! 3mm noi'q .n: rmoo mm rzoJJm-‘zbo'rq ‘20 notion H‘ sq .3 d9 89!. 3A .noxJfirr}M.t"oetb so in 9.1330 onr'n:'zo‘3..9q 91".; 3'30 {10:5 -~.'_ '..-‘_— A A. .I Z'S .q ‘ainxtssH 913’5 eLkfig .111 .q . .Hn’fl-‘fig 21b .2 the 1'an for thl 31le or this coordinntion and the mung fu-n who dichn'buou nu bo «mum to up, mm mom; mum-u. Atmlttblflflmtwuuottbw WuAp-Lanuoumudanm Mqu-st organ-tun a: snob-.1. an "an moo roman. tor trash mat.- mwnuw mmmmmmmmmmm cm» “price-9t tho rmem manor. Mt con-ca whoa-mm mottommm-thMdmu-uh anagram-gumb- a mmmmmmmd poem gum?“ To an tho Win m, w 1 w I cum mtmtouupt tus'plfluoplv. . .(uli). . .11". Ian tu'opmnmgtthommm, that meu‘dn hurt m,whnnoomiotththutobormilduowc moth-r92" In it. contra-Mon to m- p1s. mum, notdl multiple- produnt pricing 1- mm um: tho 13-311». m. m st 0mm! pain We. To WM'Onl-fl' dud u- m th- sttrmflm-u of tin 111"- product «fa-1m tho rotdlor Iv MUM mun punt pram, 1min; u- it”. urn-M but Munch; mud-1 product. prim all Ma. that diaturbmu, umhted tony change in tho stat. of the actor what, are nonethe- less trmanittod directly to the producer via the slapping point fimmgmgmmgméamum- wwfliflfiéfl! 355° of of Agriculture, But-can of Hunting, Aug. 1961» 24635:: F‘mncisco Haring, p. 58. ”7.949.. pp. 59-60. \‘n +.,I..‘a 9:13 bar; {mica-".:. r1300 2.32.1": '10 3'L'II:3'1 9:” '10‘1 {Jilidianoqza'x ed: ‘.ta 13.5391 513? 03 izzeimdt'm‘ds 9d cat :11 89:er .'vvua'aLb 901 q ms'i 3111331291: .3 101‘? 'Jldanl 311:0 bxq sin-103311.53 eria‘ ‘lo aviJ'ermae'sqs'I s agmi'meri FROM en‘s! '10 9110 3A 33,15; my! Essie-Irma {flange a ".3391 15 fee woejtb e'zuélmhgfi. 30 hiomd’xsqefi aiim'i fias'x'i '10'1 axiomsIs'I soi'xq .I--£5391 bus elsaeionw ito 11013531115330 JaeIfieq Jon bib n9 fio as Itq 115331 beéssitnl 5H E$S.asld339gev has a'rerzrranoo J'Io’t 8'1' aujsu‘sx s: . ~96 IsveI and: at” 35 aeohq at 89*? o mismanms iistOEa'i igeziu‘ 'IO eejgs‘is 9013c; eeezid’ 03 $3391 Jon bib 19d 1'29 bsiorrtos esoi'zq area-:01 sortie esofxq ten-:01 J‘s eeLJimmrp xswe‘i pfitfisi I ”.’:-a 7 I533? ‘Lebis eviu’sfineaexqw arid aid: 0T agagdflmrp teqooq um”; an '11:. . .(bfis). . .xg.~"s'z';r:~ao.[ix‘q 811w dqeoos 03 @1391 3011 £11.33 m5 fwd 11va 390351. pntxyvr, 3:313 ‘ I379 9i Its-3 9'1 9 {J 35 vriqoaoL'mq 317;: '10 yaw sno L-efionooa'x 9d 03 as"! 35.1: Joil'ln 00 5 avg! aw 3119:3970er YAS‘J'IedJOKa ~9.I(f.td'.[:rm £13351: ‘3rzoiési'mv eoi'zq arm} 00‘ noiiudi'xa‘rxoo ail III is 31791;;92115'113 933392.79 eo‘elqmoni SiiJ' dim beifls a: yzloi'tq Joubo'zq If: ease'xmj: 'IO b11533}: tarmanoo sonsul'mi 0T .edefi'mm o‘nioq gnquhia :‘Lzrf b3 " mu 161131-3391 add tru'vsuo Joubcriq e'nnfl 9d: ‘10 aaaaavio‘os'we‘s Jud .bsyzixiann 113231er 31038 add garisel ‘39:)in Jonbovxq widely: ‘eeorxzsci'ma‘ei'b easd'l‘ .exm-sxsevom has asaivxq a‘mn'm'rq Imbivibni mioneuflnl dads) an on 9'15 . 391mm 103051 mi: ‘10 9J3; a 9:13 n2: 9"? "ILuIIO Kym od’ 13935191171! Jame; yr'wvrtii. 5:33 5b! 'Ieoubo'zq 5er od mljomfb heiificmns'm aeeI r-fl .':}- ,fi '\ ‘-;l ,,'r:' L. L) ' ' ..a -"rf’ .er ’l‘ 1‘ A +I O '-f- Iv!" + J’ I]: N. ...: 1 :1 . .; .1 x) 3. ' at" q' "3- .4 ‘) \r 1"- '§ ‘4 .'J k . J ‘.. 30 “:0 v ‘8.) ‘.J 'sL {.3 .‘IJ OK Yfl‘u! EL". ‘ .‘.-«w Inc- ... . ...-.- ...-rum as “A“ . i 1 3...... .'.-g “a n-oooca ~. A“. -0.“ _.’- ._.u. w ‘ _. ‘ L -..- ' ' ' g f _. . -, f1 4 . K 4 ~ M_/ ot- -/ c I‘IV‘J \f'! r . v' a; - n. r0113“ .\ t. . \ra -1 rt» . r ~~~~~~ ' qu_ A. E'A..5 C: [:34 0 sq“, 4 s Q ' ~. " ‘a' I .'- n' a. 0 O-0 h- wfi-cc m- .- .I.-anal.“ '0 ~ a— ..‘ umv‘. ._..r .- .‘:; a..- a- noon-.... 9- boo-vp-«uhop «In- a“ u vow-av. . . I rv [ ' J /\ t‘. I ~' * - r r‘ i r‘ ”"41 J ~ .'-.—-I r 0" .—~»- r.‘ o \ ‘ A"... fq‘ 30 e"1~5\3 U ‘§-[ a -u\ ‘ x! * {0.8 V5 -‘.-h", .. i le. 5' -‘- «5 [‘~.: ¥ a- ‘4 . (j J. . l b ' .’., #1: .'..) ‘t‘ I“. ‘4‘ ...," .- Np...- n.“- a»: “I mug-l" .- ...-... a"... ...; . -.. p" w,. -- ..‘. .... . , “_'. ...-’... “‘..”ouflo “LO-“J .:..ng .;;:;Je>i':s.vi '10 1:391:18 .owciuwi IA '10 mars/wryau ‘gxrzolj’lsu 0 ° \ ‘ .93 .q .afyu'zwd 038:3 rm'r'vl 115ch .0343 .qq ..Fr .'1va 215 W W. “than in cloth»- ”Mien batman Mail pricing diuretic. Ifl; t1. nun“; point. lax-ht institutions. Just 30 woman mo Mcfiqnjq um. tho shim at a care. of. applic- tor his yum, the “law nturo of tho M81113): lurk-t function and u- .ubmummty or road ’p-oduot. 113 Win mu tho mum- mWoonwmpz-odut. rob. manna-o «nun bun-m. ind nptgblu which tun-«banana momma h1- cultcu'l, but tummpmtunl offal-Emu g -..JO'--."-Z‘: .:.: «area 97: 2.qu ‘..-W. J r3 'v (595393 .‘: "~sz 8 .L‘I ..IL I. . ,r_ 4.,“ , ' . .‘. ' .S'u DIN C)u ;.":;.\VCTJU RI!" L)Ujf,.‘},30:13 9’0” 104.3 ..::"9 \] '19-'7338 53"" .1. J. 't a". " I ' ‘. .-' v I; ’i ' r I I. ‘ . f :- ‘5 ' ‘ -:5.:,,+3"r 9...: H .J .7*:f>£’.-.-..£: «RH-.--: J1. u-‘ .m'ormd 313.". .939": ‘01:»: r n. 0- g" . "0" 0‘ ‘ 3'9 4' r . \" ' ' I 29.1.; 9-1-599.30.; 3:. .../:9 v.5 mm If .':-I -.rgroq "Ié‘c.’ Jaw 5 E. noto‘ {if-.79? as H.395 mm 553.13." 3.1”?) 39399.5 ”2933 .9531”: “1031 .9:"~1.r--ov affirm) .:1' ":93 hf woo "2;:‘54.’ 3:5 :2 .':-19') *3 '10} 8..“1'05' 05:} 3'5 Jin'r". no ‘jfinai 9! s .3? '5' 'zsq 33:15:) {I nears '10 IL. 39‘: “timid: n. .7393. :r: Jar: oJ 87.31;: 5.39 'I van: 10 Jun 9d: _._ A _ EM: .q ‘3‘ 1' "use“! eIJ;,£9 [.2335 j ‘T I 217 prion ”diction in tho hon). who of our fruitm'zso Author twpcthodo or com botanica- nlatu‘ to cons-or rooponooo to £1. WM "patio of one». noun pricoo outing in tho digit in... m nun-u hollow, oro tho loot. ottroctivo to com, “tho pricbu39outotdllhmoottmt1nthncno0138n m3? auto. mmusnuorounpumgpumnmt in discontinuation of torn dun! meticu. According to cm witnooo thooo pmholcgion prico lovclo cot-o, ". . .WOW (fiMfllpriOoo) vflchoroumny lager thou gunmen. Ho do not. want thot rotofl pricoc ohould follow 1.0.1). pricoo up or down ot duct]: tho no rotco, but uo m1: tint psychological pricing dcoc not pro- vido on odd-1y nthod of in: or housing prim ct - tho rotor]. or tho r.o.b.lwo1. MW Ionian-tho om o: thooo Moon of com-o1- ooh-Vic:- nor mmbc$horotoflovtopucouopndootoocom1utcldobm mud: 1cm hu'o. Tho important quotionhoroio tho ottoct of.“ rich; 9&1“,th M on not. or tho mayo! "talc”, for mun norm «ordination and tho tom prioo unbu- 1ty or frooh “to Ind WI”. Th1: other. M1113 “Ito- billing in thot M cannot Arron nun prim in their but Womnomdfichmcocrdmotctd npplioc fith dud. In ”no roopoct, on unnooo ropuod on fancy: whoa otod 25°Sutt1o Hearing, p.31. It 1o intmatim to calporo tho mood short-run prico inchoticdty of dour! of Manors ouggoobod by thooo halo of argunouts; with tho prom-ed ohm-mm prico annuity ‘..“ 4“ M13111; rotdl variable prico ”611118111133 Tho httor mm pricing Itrotog comes that chart-mm prico roductionl of . no product: I111 podnco fomrobh ulc- roaulto; mrthor, rota]. .‘. urioblo przl co nor on by tho Hook-cad qoom mots thot tort-run prico ohoticity to: bo grootor than thot 1n ‘ the 1mm - Wt}. TWO. po 225o VF? 3.--... (.‘:; ‘ . o r r o " .8 Jam? THU '30 9.7.3.1333; “4.0."! 9:713 r31: amntfuuf‘efr 893.? is; 1333:...3337333937-3 'zz‘-3'3:.32';:r€c~'.3 o: a 1 .3: 3107:" {931' '13-131341339 '10 3139730773- { 3191301111 Jir'b 9§f 31 nGLLwe euflfifi IjsJoi .3 99:”7 to aJcoqas Isaijoiodoxgq add 03 933fixamoo oJ ovEJthfis 3393 efid 9:3 .Oveiiad axeiisdaw 799 .9923 ~22; 910m 99' Liirw aereo CE '10 901313; 9:3” has dju-37 aasyozg 7gisi~~3f.b.3. 933 at aQIJLLigim 999d? .eJnso YE ncvs 33329113331 arm (3.3" 333‘23_"‘-3i0r;:3.i .afichorrU’I i.:-1.5:~.9I) Eris? '10 estJbfiu'anoocib at .93359 afsvni 99: q Isaf3oiodsxaq seadJ v3..nwy 993 .{3i h: C 293127 [35391 mi) 8985 9339b "0 asasswani. . ." V----. -- (293.3323; IKE-‘13'133.5'5~'?::J'£8 Jon of39=13f.t391?.i'.’rau‘ £1.3sz 181-1151 93.713 9;. 'J \1L1‘379 J3 m 033 '10 C333 893. 1:33 ..3‘7'.o. I woi-.€:f1 bfltozia ~03~ Jo“ scab 3Li: 3"7 Ja.iiai--7""; 3 atJ Jiu‘ga 9w Jyd ‘BSJBT J5 soiwq urzzhtweub to KW”. s923ni '10 Lodfem {Itehwo n3 ebtv 1’ .. ,. . L‘°“ .Ievoi .o.o.u edJ 20 Istsx 9dJ ion toivsdofi fiehfianoo Ho agaadioqfifi sasdJ 10 Yastzsos efiJ tsdJlsfi Jaawi ii OJ 3r‘5"oo“b aJnL“03q 8‘1 ssiwq OJ 19£i5J91 sflJ 30 Jflgtt ed: 399::9 ufiJ ai 9791 nor?aofip insiqumi ed? .939d 3881 J5 at aJeschnl '10 33:31.33: 9313' 10 8:37.83 no 13935.! 18:139sz .3810 ..qu vici‘zq done 10 7f (a saint; {$17,357} 9.11? £31723 {zof\.'*5ni:_'o'moo J3: ‘.I'Is‘n IsoiJTev 101.81911‘5391 .0 ”:1 ‘ l _ ' ..-f 7,...,., ' , .-.' J -v \ '0‘ - (r “bx/7.)?) 8-5 “.1. .‘,,7_-_r'¢3_1}‘f{f£ 3' J19 A7'3 €_ .881..5.39&93r 133.0 8v.LL 1.1 r1139 '11 .10 Yuc .GKJ a: asaitq Lififet 339?“.5 Jor.'ub a atenubo q Jail n1 grisiild thw aeiigqxa IsJoJ sisnii"ooo LLuo:.dolnw usnrsm a at has a -~919Jnt L0>'r3 asww amolioi as LQEICST a8 aenjkw ans QJasqae'x eidJ nI .bnsmsb “mm"-u-‘A - ‘ _: .... b9397 s le 9357.309 OJ 0:," 55511117. eu’ 991.1" 5' 3! 9.6:} LfsiLT 29".": {‘91 e'mbsef 3201 oi Democracy! is 3.33:”: 311115110 '15-Lisa 9-10 '.to Lins'i'iis surf-mm: 9:53 Leis-£23391 we} a {23.}..21-r5 {31.339117 taro; 931T .'.Trzs'r: cs} etsv'wd L55 ‘10? at 39011:; seed: Lemon sum: 0:“ s:'>.-'~;L-:"a.?ia<-rz Teauraxco nit 3'79 391 VJ”. 39155 'Isme 9.201 9.1 ;'. a' .13 mi teti'zym 9:33 mot? 25159-29 9'55 aoif'j'vra BE: 993:6 nefiw eIsveI song 1 35 a]: 9' 331m (‘07:) 9:22? 9 (.'1 -.i-"itlr 35%;? a}: noiLTO 3: do 1511‘! A #1913151“: 9'3 210'} eithrxri‘la 333 Lzuésfa “Lehge- 230... 9:53 10'! {1 his; n o: 1:,[rrvtfg “ 'J- fi‘ 2;... .-e...‘ :3! LC}; 368':0r__'a3‘1 13:35:33 129339749 mo'z'i eevi'mb 5913055; .71.: r-LLTT 3515er {.12th add '10 195115.191 on': 113:5: b'rooos 11:11 931:3?on .- .1952 .q $351135 5H 9L? +59 594(9' . ________“ 22) JutunwcropoianouppJJdonot modulo-smut“- untutrotdl, namcmmmamppuubomlouludors. Agdn, tho "toil pricing otntoy 1o Wont of tho actor .rkot; tho N1. of urticol norm coordimtion is that it 10 on]: by chauootlut priooondoutputlmloutrotdlmthouapootoda' dads-0d, by would" ond produom of froch fruit- und veg-tabla. Tho motobflidng influonou of rotuil 1:11.01“ polioiu on tho dorivodd-ufi for fruhproduoo 1| chomiuflgu-TO 9. A contort nrfinponcyio named for ouo or «position. “DD 10th. mm damnation, andddiotho 00de 0.1: full-vol. At outwohuthmbtrn rotdlundtanpriooominw. I: b mount: tho optim- rat. or ammo-footh- mm m ocu- dun-1i; «um prom-13g mop-1mg pelican, than tho rm- Minoan“. membdllmt trdggclom "toil filo», honoo grout» Wino. Pnoduou' ottqto to door tho-riot oraddittml mlinbylmngfmpnou‘dnnotbo neonatal. Instad of ham tho ddd'd' dund Motion, fan-rs no. tho db function who“ in...“ in ouppllu rob“ for. prion but dam. “foot “I... maps-icon“ Initial, m mutant- in "tail prioing on! norm (tr-toy all for gator .1“ of produoo, boforo tho mtity bought by rotuiloro wood. a. Figaro 9 also indicates tho “foot of ”changed. pricing ooh.» on tho don-1nd dun-ma tar man produce. Lot 92 mutant a nun primothounioforlfl automr3nroto11pr1ooo£2pomdofor 29 canto. ItrotdloromundJlingtopfloothoproduot stutte- vouing prion, thi.- Itrutog ronlto in a diocoutinuouo dual function :1: Ch'mmrotdluoohirtfrbthoflrlttotholovorprioolmL "5 V) --.$.F.£--.'J are? "LE aaof 9r]: 7:305 ob V, qflua V7391 1:}. arms V1511! as dauL .323; 2.3!. £19.31 arose-z." 39.3:Irgqva 1111:1011 {1.1: eqmo 5110:: oh 0?. .3539“: 35 3:196: $71571 say-IL? 'io drze-?=F;e>c:5:'»r.i at 3139351313 5113:0110. £15351 odd .1113ng 11:5 ngzo a}: 3.7: 3513 23. noidsriibicoo 3321mm 1591:3131; ‘10 mid-91:1 oria‘ :0 1:93:20 .339 930” 9'5 1133.101 0‘5 aims}: JquFFo L95 9013111 35113 695.353 .FT.9.IL'5L:3;_9=I 121:5 3.31.1161 fies-1'1 '10 3'19"; 15130" (F 13125 3'19 £56910? {db 91.113013 evict 11:) 591311011 ' UFGIOL'I'ITI F5391 in asaneummi 3331130153er 9111‘ ..' Limfgtc'xao A .1? 911:1.ch .FLJ': {mode at 9021013593 *1": '10'1 base-r513 bsvhau Liszt-'9': 9:53 3;: F31 .r.o.’:3.'F.a;.F.T--F-~r19 '10 6359 '10}. 139175835 81': toiioq 11:22:55 1" . , r . J.’". .Jis'rol 1:157: 35 b55390 §IiLiJilOf739’I'IOO 9F13 at bb L115 .noiJsuLfl has-crab l ‘1). List-.rssa'z' 1:}: even: aeoim m5} f4 5 1216391 9.1'3 rm um“ and cinqa‘uo moo 103993 1:53:31 3 ’3 ‘101 293.ij re '10 935': 1775:5qu ad: ameamqsu mo 6. 7115': 9.13 59:13 ‘29 129410.; 3.1.3.1.; {115 an ' aiFrxsafonom betiaob Erik-191513 l'1‘ 1‘1‘ wami 15:393qu Jan IL’m 1:10 Exte’theeoxs ashtrjmra arr-5'1 .:.:in asmood imam!) 150-; to 03 a ($5335 '15-31.302" .ftoid'qffi 51:03 1935913 eonsd .eeohq £15391 ed Jon .Uirrr 3913qu 95513:: myoE F.3d 8911qu Lurmisibbs '10 3941.511: odd 5'13.=‘r;5'i .‘aotu‘nm’i ixngwb ’b’i:5:h 9113 5112351 ‘10 bsoa‘anl .mgeecoua 39951:; 51'15'1 9.95m emf/Fr”... r13: aeasa'x rm 979.111 11053911131 nib ed: 935’} ednarzL‘TraLI3Faa emodw .1? 03 115"; 3321.21 339qu .1115? .asLsa $39115 Jon ob Jud ‘10 83.3.5 1935913 10': LE5) $935133 91in9..fo..11919:;1 has 3,1210qu list-3'1 a}: .mo abeeaxo 8191115391 <5. mfguod ‘ggfiinmp 9d: ouo'ied .oonbo'xq 3535-193 gatofrrq Isoi‘gobximgnq '.‘10 399139 91": aersifuzj: 05:5 9 95:33:71 Ila—1:7 5’1 5 L;. F159 91:91 {I 39d .935“qu £13911 Fm}. 15:51:19.1: bsviueb ed: no abm'oq Q '10 00}.qu £3211.st a 8*? has 33119:) 9.: 1c} ebqu S: 30 9331:; H’ '50 .113.— r (‘h -F.‘e.'i'n.3; 35 ca. 190 Fq 9.. J 99L Eq 03 gnihiwm 6'18 816.172.6391 ‘11 .eo‘rreo we). autism”: tomb 35015152103311; 5 at 833F391 flag-351:3 .':.1' 39951:; “-1350 <1 ..[9‘191 eoi'xq 'Iaon off 03 327.13 9113 m1 film's 319515391 9191!»; '10 33 221 vowuoa uwm mwcauoxumz .nuupuuwmwb van magnum _._-mum pom vans—on Baum 05 no 3.3.38 953.5 33am «0 303mm .m 35w: SS 1 . 7am muwcuw 1mm4a god vnmawa Bum; wan no mouuhhom ma~u~um Humumm wo muuwwwm .m wucmwm .mwhamuumw< wuwum o N mwuwgunu x u 5 vfikucL uJQ 222 Initiated to the ten level, thin reenlte in e madden ten price drep ee ewpnee exceed Or until e ram price is ruched Justifyingretdl price P3. ‘ - _ .thfly, the retail control over dieplu we inthe find-arm for freeh fruit. and vegetables my be deetehmsing to ten prieee. Ae pert of the mketinglix the reteiler cenedJutt thediqlgy 91cc given to food depart-out: and individual products within the We. This, too, he: u ite purpoee to evoke tunable cw rem. w end hrge the display epeee given free]: h'uiteend reseteblee ct retefl. mien direct]: pith the eiee, of the crop mi product Wty. art ititueinthe interest orthereteimfitedoee,mwr. could be altered'independent]: of the tutu-”mint. for mu, one witneee canpieimd: ”Another tendency on the put of mm retailere ie to reetrict or greatly reduce display space ml promotion when the price . of apples or pears reaches certain levels. Retailers W believe that current prices do not repreeent good Vela” to their customs, but reduced displgv space and lace pruo- ' tionmeenreduced duller volupeend further elmrthe “1. of the cmdity.“ ‘ W‘ We do you get thet "inforhationf fir. nerhe: The experience of our eeienen in uniting reteil ° , etorea end our eelee praction men an they 9 m. When the stice goes up to a certain point, they (the retailer 2 ,m‘pmljutrmethedie- n We e e ‘ — We must he teken in inferring the motivee 'or reteilce when dinghy space ie adjusted; ‘In the ehortdrhn their totaleening .epece 15 fixed, end they mati'ellecete it touthe theueenie of products and hi the food retailer. If they are to feature eeeeenel freeh produce fine; '7 there will be e hetm'el Mn and centrecfion of 9.1M 2a with ZSSSecttle Wu, p. 225; " h S‘S‘g '\ _{J 3:52.91 rr.’ 2". 9.1: 01 b3 +3-3:55'z: ..‘. «afib 9011q was? nnbhna 5 mi eJLuasq 3 :. . . 1....JL.L_-.:. L 3 1. ,. - _.- r:.' .' _ ~' r ,_,. 1-323.591 ;:;...2°'..._-_..c.-.-_L wads 3:: a; 9311-“; $12.3. 3 34.3.1! '1.) -.999xe 33:33.31: 85 .cq 99-L'£:3 \ A " ' ' * v :- ' L 0‘ I' ‘5' e ‘R ..': ' 'i r \“l." J.3;~1'.---3.-.: J 3121.". 0w (:3. 9mm; “J.. ..3 ’Ib'fb .[C'iinw I335, 9: 9:13 .3. Law I". ,1 T) 99 . v . 3 . .....‘. L:" ' ' ' . . - .. L J.‘ is .393123 2351 OJ 333333115Jcon ed an aaiusfv 97 b- -5 aiwufii L331: . _ {riJeistz {3'30 fuzq 8A \‘~ é: 93.25073 1.3-ij6.30 our 53.:_ 0, [1.22:3 19:133.}?! 3.:- "f sum r P ' . r e ..: 3‘ _ . v '.. L'. , ‘ .. fl. . . LP... . ...,,,,_..¢. , Q. i ,‘L . II. “.‘n luff“; first ' {7 U 9. .3 v I...’ i v _’.t” a j 0 {1'0 '0. L(.I .14.). {L’L .'v'r..’:c»‘ i-£ flag a N. L t’bl‘T‘A‘Jl .‘ ’J )1. boo J. 0‘) a 81V *3 ~ " ~»—.\ I e I' .- -‘~ P.(-. at; ‘.rn r " r ' +" . -' ' .‘ . {a .aafi . 9: "SIJauOJ J33g1 r“ Snuxe OJ vdoqfixq a-L as 851 .oou .a.u. P . O J ' ‘4'" ‘~ ~ I 5_ J“ '- ' 'v' P .‘ {'1 I‘ I' f" '3 :‘ (r u" s --~ e Ifgdux J5 33£J333;91 ”v3 CwLUTl n39:3 n9v35 933~e ‘330eib 933 e-.5£ tab Q ' 5 — J *in .vtifg *33923 Vagina? has ((029 add '10 exit: a??? d. 112.7 mint-nib 33:15“ "1 93333 V3quzIb ‘08 oh 0: fiSIZsJST 9&3 30 Jcaqeéni ed: at 38w :1 3i PI. .' ... 3,. ,.',' + .! .. .. ..' a , .‘., z ‘r '. __ ,. L!‘ , ., . 9H0 ‘U-L-T£f;..4.‘-‘c) '10.} .VGJ’Z'qu “:OjOb‘l 92.: .10 ‘b3.~1-937129q‘¢.~lli ba’Id~.'.L5 9d b13393 . Jof13331 OJ 3; afisfisJet "rx;.3u vaq 9%: no 29393393 19r{u+on;" I 3 nor {w moi Jar ma; Mr»; 93.353 W;:3I.r:3-_'r_b 91.21.3891 213301”; '20 :3Js? .aioac- misituo a $3.531 a. 39q 10 8W3C‘os 30 OJ aamflsv $003 33389339: now Oh aufiiiq JHSTTUO 333} 9v;ifad moaotq 389; :73 92333 T“Lra:0 bacuhcz Jvd ‘aiamjtano 1:53? '10 9.24.3; 53d} Viola 753-3361 .334. 33:31.!in ail" b l'.:>czri“-s"r {wan COL: "fr '- F'Of WOO 9r ('9 ‘ ‘-.- .'.;QH . -‘..,—! -;- II... ‘- ‘-n;' ' . '\ 3J1i331.u3£ c3”- .eg no; ob 9153M :ngmtizziu 5&5391 931;“33v fit HO“"CT23 “x0 30 soneiwv~xs eiT : ..‘“fY" ".6 0’5; fc‘lej 8.5 {IQ-'3‘! ffl‘dufl‘wf 39.15;; 'II’O b'ffi 831033 47“) "35‘7": ‘Jrfioq KLS‘T: 11'": 8 O)" or?! EFM 931 ":3 933‘ r352. “854” 9‘” 905“” die“: if— 1‘24 9'4 31:2...» agate-133mm I; i' ‘3." e e .‘.510: msfqeib nsdw aweliaiet 30 anviJom 9.3 gnfvtefini at nsfisi ed vamtezs9 ‘fiexit ei cosqa gniL '88 I»: oo Tlufif u'"—'"’va 9 {3 HI .b9J3IIh5 a; 93538 edJ xd f:anc o a 83 cuhowq 10 afiasanoiJ efiJ oJ J: 935.01i3 JaLm'gsiJ.3.s ‘ajait an .)o.q daezl Isnoecsa etrisefi 03 815 vadi 11 .:siieiot R003 '4‘..-’ A O. r.. .- '1- a -‘ .. . flu. ‘2‘! 9;-333'8 ’x‘.',._‘;,.’—3...b M fiU’ts‘Cg’quIOD fang ["_f:ff_‘rf‘f_;:rv'ir9 Ig’jfif‘pn s erf 17.1.:- gal-«"3 223 thorolnootfllooroptobould. mum-”unmoun- 1o'rolotodtoooloo,rodncmqooomhiooroodngpr1oooohoold «some. tho what prioo. But it 1. not w.- rogulor ooooonol odduot- mtotmmcomnmathopmhmgmutupmu- oI-uhonitiotothorotdlc'ood‘ntogotooltordiqluohon thrombonmmontchmohthroctornrhot. Moio Wathrotoflor'oprofltimoodudththomroopmo pmmnmwmmcmnrmm oath. mummooofiootoprodut m-oflmu Wodpmdmunnoothdrp-iooo. For-thou“ mwumwmuwmm'mmmuo mmmnwmgmmpmctmatum otourlotofitho romltmwootaonpriooo. m. A gonorol pmbiom of vorticol what coordigtion‘ond Pfon prioo mm, in tho frooh fruit ond vogotoblo industry jargon fro- tho hoorixgo of tho Notionol Comiooion on Food Horkoting and rolttod oddonoo. It is boood on tho intonation of tho ontiro ur- boting chomol, ito inotitutiono for occomodoting tho production and nrkotim riot “W o poriohoblo product not chonging torn opprodobly in tho norkoting procooo, tho lot-loot conflicto in riok incidohco ond pricing and output lovolo orioing out of tho norkoting pooooo for ouch o product, ond tho toiluro or coorddmting Iochonino. oopom prlooo, to rooolvo thooo “Into. Tho ooonmic problno of tho rooulting ton prlco instability woro doocribod oo tho oooto of cup obondonnont on! tho oooto or rooourco Matian in tho produc- tion ond Wing procooo ubro prioo no oithu' mt known duo to tho - ' '- 9 ' - . ‘ -' ' ~ . ~ ‘2 2' " .r 4 F- ‘ ‘ fl i "f" '73 {29"1' "If ‘ ’3 PA}; Li'43:f.-,: I. J-'}: {2'3" "8 .‘.-.1 1....“ (1.130“: ‘83-~ud 00 59228. 31 8.; L ‘ _- .- '.-.d_" ..‘-v.‘ I . '- _‘.- - 0" _‘- 'r ’ o ’-.‘ -“ -5232- "'2‘ 3 '7 2' 2'32 220:! 81. ...: 3012 .2231. .0 ~922'..32n eds? 921.212.23.23 ' .‘ ) ‘ . ‘ 2- . - . - 2" 2 - 2 ~ .1 “J \l I n-J ‘ t a) U ' a - o- :;:.::;..|- 9'56: . as rz-soa 8.". 92-2522: 9925:; 1*;5f'o.-=:) 10 39.22:: D 9 -. a- . . .. : -‘. I . . '-_’ ."O. ‘ . r I. ‘ .‘ . 2 g .‘ ‘ PM“ 'r:.'.2 122-2).) 023' 0 2. 87 :3. .:..221 91.7 03‘ 85: J.. {1925.21 892.219 3. a - {H I , _.‘ ' L. n ' r . .:. a —. M o . ' . f’ 22.2- 9.....5 ..fr.22-'-..~r. '11 1 '1 9; 3 52.. 9:52-519 339'.'L'...'203 or! {1091 22:1 919.-J .. - .9 _. .... . .‘. . .- "r'- . .-hp,‘ .:.qr.‘ 'N 2‘". “‘6 J3? I "3'9 (“1" r» 1922-999 .2; Jinn-29:) 9.... {'..-2 2 2:-- tbf‘hu r. .2 --'T”! e 235-.-..:.2-—-a'I 952 '10 68.126; ...-.5: .. n s - .2. 2 _ . I ' ‘ "I: 2 2‘ I. 1 {_.r ' ‘- s A, -.' .2912 .adaoo 102.52,. It. 51.93.20 orI Isa .13.. r3 133.21.1553 :1}: $3515.43 922.3 C: . o I 90 ~2."_.':-:':c;'.'a: 122323, 3951597553 'fmrt'ut'm 239')". is 89: 7",..1' V” Ezra-3-2!) It}: 95-1539.) .893 '1’: 1.13122? 83.113922: 85810:)1-‘320'Iq has e'mlgaejam 1.133.253 9£2UJ2;;3:‘ 0'1: 9:53- 922' 1.3219 9531-: Y F: 31b :11 9:51.51!) edJ A -' ' =- ' c ’ r~v '.‘ I" . .'. ' ‘ '4 . ' '2‘ 92.3 8.2. 9:122:27 299.552.2fq 9. J '10. ;r.o:.Iqrn.2c.floo r11 '19: mm. 101 391100.21 .aar)?'1":' no 3:9”?5 :niifliae'x exist £2323 dai'm; s ’10 A \J . f. .-I,...::- 0 .~ :2. ~". ,_ - ‘ 4.29 r l ‘ .-‘ '\ r») cry-"1 5276 11029.22- 2-’2C0.) .2. .2. 3: E. "22.: .5 :9er A .1“ ,‘,.""‘"‘:L- ,r 4-..f..' ...r .. .:.-..-. . -:.-.er BLJ'I.‘“3 3719.54.94: 6275..) 3.‘ ‘J2’ ..‘-£1.53 ~2qu 15. 14%;: Edd PI Y‘x-J..-;‘.Iau:.-- if 63 hq C, I. 9 \u (13 0‘1- '1 “.25 2'1: L... E! Q 9‘ b—J 15:23 '35:.22.‘9:2-"t5..f 52:307. no m2.-":3€:L‘:-':'0«'i -[gififi'j2213'1 9r «1.32.1 9375:3239 9213' '10 11931.31.22-3952-13: 9.2.9212) Ewen: 3.: 31 .99r2'efzh2'9 .‘:-32 fffs'x E2312? 212.25.195.73 027'; 04.7 11“ .':-973 "so. :::.':T2L.122.. mar-T T'::3.~".'.‘2,"..’) .12.: :--.:E- ‘."3 9L 52:52:22,121? 5 ET‘T-E‘:',1'I!."'T"“?'?~"£ Liam 3139:4153! 2391' 115: a.f9.'t.....::99 39:92.45: 29:1." (3.599011; 32':EI?;~:~!':.-1'19. . .'.t 1;£2151?9" .373 222 her fizz": 92'2’ 29 3:0 3".2‘?7”1-7::':.-, a.f."-)'2r-;--:- $2,123.79 .5755 5.2113189 £39.23 S'WI‘T'dt-ITIZI ,3 ':.2 25r"-)9m '32:?31iu-Li'212009 '10 9-'r.:.I.-‘t.-'s'}. 9.3.? £1123 ... :wnomq 3 9192:. ’50'1 2.2399010; ..‘; . .' - -\;~ 3- 1“ + .‘ r‘ I 5 \’ 4' r I ’ ' -9 .. 2.2... 22:; o -. 0:10:39 9.41 .2,.:.2- 55.9- 529.... 91:65:91 03 “52.91123 1:..[23299 3.9 '3‘ v37 .3 ho 9 J ’30 971599 9...? as be .2 '19991) 9'9..." 1: 'r_.5::'-2: - Etc; 22:51 2.5.1.2"..2'391 ezfd’ ‘10 r I _ 3, _3, F ‘ , _H :. . ', _' . . .., ’. J ..:,2,,2.2_2~.21:2 91.? n'r rm. .2. 0-5;...1- 22 93295222927. ‘10 afam 9% ins Jn9:::2;o;.-.~.s 3 was 92:31 03 sub m.'02'1;2’ 3‘51 amine 89.1! 93391:; 919151 8?: 231012; 1-51.91.91.51 hrs new 225 wanna-1 m m. um the mtrmtun or the peanut wotbwmw-wmmWog-towtmimtdy it'- firoctin ml. in tho aloufion roman. ‘ m- tho attire ham: at tho nah mm. and ngetabh urban; chi-OI four oceanic conflict- botnon t1! mum: Wed urinal: lmhcaboidcntmd. htmmpdfimutmhthn shim mug-um 1m ‘p‘oductm am and tho an» m profit-mnnuonomma. mortuummmmn-k Min-rhb instituting 13h m ”.mm contrac- £m1mamwmp1numtm thomnifI-thwm‘m W‘- mmomunmmaummmtommo: non-magma mm- «and th. cua-dc mum ..:-am am- twphfl-hnlndthmghthnlootthifiodu-um 'mnszu Mmdtummtnrbttoim- MofmanW-dutm.m1rthcAm1n thumb alumni. mmumammmrmmmdtbm pdnt m‘finhmmmmtuwaortumnth urban; menu; “Inma- ortho Woman-mt nth ”tho prduuuwn‘u nous m1tyum.”,uhmm kin-anti" woto‘mwdmummum ‘3 uppnor,'tho an.» arm‘orthu nhippr favors hm”, and pro- m- boar tho out. of toward o-pctitun of chime. This utt-pt onthpgrboftholhippiupdnhnrhttowlrodmunin anrbtsandbwoinmppbnrbhiadomthorm prices. Th. fourth urbt conflict comm tho independqnco of Mull '.'.' :. . : - a.‘, 9-\- q . .. r95'o', . ‘i1\1_.'.0 1.1;)... - 5.23311“) - fl). 1," :L\ _.’a.’ tl'U'J..)£-".'.Va 8115-11293 J..-s! «10645225.: Jill I' I ' 0 VI". ' , _f'r'b' . ' 1"...J I,“ "-L L . '5’ ' 3.,.;5.TL2;‘-JI,{1.‘.L {3'2“} ,1 ‘1';ng 0.: LE, t)__...~-,~ 4323.} 08 ’..-LN '10 11.549 2:3. ,3. “1.4.3.1399“ .is' C\ :11. . 34L. ".‘ . 2.2. “..' .L’ .839'230'3'2'1 90.2... .12 0425:. 9:! I 1’3? sic"! Wad-'23 “.r- e ~ g ‘.. “v ‘ r- _ .. v ' .2 ’ ; t. I- . J P9 3.29:2 12,2. 9 .2: i2. .3 .2. '-.. '7. 9‘17 92-: '30 PL: :21}. 8'1}: I23 SJ 'Io'“ ‘ ‘ . ' ..v ., . "a ‘., r -- Qv ‘- V- , .- '32 ‘- 7 u ' .. 9..“ ‘L 3"- 3.-- -. - '-- y ‘1 r - ,-e,-J;,_2-u2z {.:.M; 23 :33 2.? 9 1 ea 27-4.3209 95.295.29.29 'LJO; 99 min (9' ‘4’ 9? ('V up," 4‘1" I '3’” h :‘ v ""2 "i '- llfi..-’L’ff' ‘1' ‘. 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'0 '_v f > _ -’ fl 3:3 999.: q o; :rriz5Lic5 39: 9.: 3922171219:- 27:02:52,939; 911‘ $192.99 571.5 ' 0 3.499713 3 217.4209 no.'2::’r:'.v.':.:?‘om 9:77:09099 9:25? 9.8-9? 9931’. 31:29 1:92:37; shin; n2: I9Hbfi991 as zanuhqu 9d: 30 9509 9H3 M“uo dd ISVQI mas 39 3939*; ~.rra::.'*. of 39:51:53 3.9.2702; 3323917713 $293 ”3.0 9'31??? 9'13 bra Jr: "r319 enzocr-I * D . ~r~ :- O .L ’1' .0 ’ 0“ 'r. 'r , '2 :‘l r. ." {IL 19-055 19::3‘112". 12:11.3.2231- 2.0 a: ., :5 " Mai 59.2.1119: ..: I 8:30-99: rrr :31 5,; i"! ..Esrma‘h 3972.5 "am 9": :_;IL‘~-7;27;.i:33 9953' '10 no.i-fi:3Jr;s->J:'m £21,310”: 92*.{3‘ an‘xsonoo 39-7.”21100 12.22223th arid: :11: '190.':i'-cr2.--{ 953:! 'io 22. “ET-.935 97-2: 9:39:39 vrm: n1: 9'13 9:23:25: enrzi‘it mioq ‘.. .- .o ' ~ I A yr '- - .~' .- ' o '. ddw waifilfiwy trim $3,:J-B'DX3 9 91.2: r239}. 9:13: '10 99.2.2999 3:2: 0:237 2::9.Ja::‘...:uz km; 3:17:32?ng Jug-30:; 33:39:: 77.59 mi: 2;.” 12:2 "22:22 a{-9; 97:9 9.8 I-..9w as 'Ismzr‘ou'q 915:} 3;:182112 oJ bean-mo avayd s 77.: 13:21 '30 vergrgjds 9:213 03 33:39:: 9:135:91 9d: ~09): bits {97:92:32.9 9:32:33 '19::53353 9:13 '20 32103.19 £91,232 952': (2:93: 71:9. .6 ' ---'~ 2.": .~--,.. 7.: m . .. - -- H. 2 \T'ZN‘ U JUS a.) _ l L‘ .8 .'..‘w’~ (”€9,143 .L's) HCIJ J .r. \o $ ATKJQ 1’1“") {.1 ()1 ‘10 ad‘a 00 Gig} '..L.';r§‘j 8':,‘;-;f)1,"3 !:-'£ 3“I;2:.21.'f,-0'1q J:;:2'9='-‘7‘1:'~:2 ’I 03 3:)‘i'i4'f.l 3:131: oq $2,537-"?8 ezid’ '10 :2"qu 9:51 :10 nag-'1 03‘ 317235;-Lil'bie9b e}: 339:2{1911‘61137'73 n}: a'zsysd firm aim-1:19:79 b'132.~:':c'i 11:53:21 10 9191933519.”: .2111}: 9:11 9:119 9:109 39:13-27:09 Ji.‘.":t73_:1r{::""uo'i ed“? .3995er 1 225 Maine as! output hull fra- tho “to of factor uric-ta. The bahvicorpx'imcndoutpthnlotbutdlhofcmddw. to tb mmtymdlml of prion at preceding mketlovola. Int, Whmnmtingmmtwimiuflnlpfluammm mmtwmthMMsdotmmtbdlam-L Inaohotthonmnnicutbouanqhsdaonth-Md Mia]. WWW orthourhtloula. Thopriafinbmwgt :gnhnlhthomtmtotuchopentimmfltb mmurkdlmhdomdhd. mwmwmy fwdthWdMMthahmm~mo Mtothomputimofminmdmun. lqrdoutt W ntignl‘rbting (1081310118)!!th of Wu. rho bmtbm‘muummwum.m dmmutmmgmtmhrmhmntou-W time. Thu lulu-t price 1411 add. b0 mummy, ma: m1 1*. orn‘tonidomudjmoinmmm. . mmmmutmoma.mauuor n main:- ot mutation. of tho ..:-hung “a. it. Matthias, amt,mumm, datum-ate. Manchu 1n: mutating]. «cutout, tho burn;- math-lo. m m or. quan- “tin Whip but“ the urban loot-t for but nut- and W1. nnd fun print mutability. 4(‘9 I”... ..’”: .T -,, . —}- '1 '3 +,. .'.. ...! ~- . 11 . 3 '- 4 4- F : -. .‘:. 3‘: ~ A A 003 {f}.- '.L. «'21 'M‘... .L flan-'3. inn? fi.C"1.L 81:”) {"J. ~-:I/ru;:o A "15 glut. .! {1 *Nr- ,os ' 4; .L q "I "-.‘ ,,,.‘ r '.‘90 , ‘.. ‘» .‘ ‘3 Law” . 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L x a v :~ .‘ I ‘.. -! 33.33315 .3: 3010.3 427430-33 :I Gui J--5..q 3.1. 0;- 513:) 7931303" 3‘ .1. 3 13H 1." It) '5. PM) .‘., 0} ’3 91" '.v . " fic‘“’n.-4 '1' 4' ".119 9.10 ’.j‘ [. If .': o". '.v‘ j 4.' “a... .. ‘15.).xu 8.3.4- '~ JC: 1 1: “1 La \- s ‘.inu-L.%..\J 1“. ,4 ‘~.~)a 69!. o -.'-.(I -.. ‘.1 ~.Q - r - ..., '5. ' gum -..U r - 2._. .I. ..r . a, .r'n - ... . E. r, .2 L3! 103‘: 3‘,;o..f35.-“-tw¢,c 3 I -.::a .E-V.::~.r 35¢ 1:" 33.1.5: 3;; '13. ' - -a "" '. . ' .- ~ a ". . 0 "A4 "I: ‘ a a '< 'n- I ' ““435? 3711-“ 9m? ”.5 3 -.-.~‘35’~.\-‘dl.’L.-5;3 3314.033": 91‘}, o’ 0W :3 '- - -.-+ -~ .. '»' :~~ .-'- ‘~- -:. ~,« « .. ‘3- '- ’-... .r ‘3'." 9‘/.Lv";:~,_‘_'_ Y “'8 8;: “1213513.: {0 (3.1410 {.‘. ufiuiadd'lq 501.4), .L‘r 82"” .LL 4d b . o o 0. . 2:13:33r3133rm 35*). J22” u-C o l... I Q .2 (I a 3, , ,. . LALNIa Eng ‘331’,.;.'3.J ' '.. . ‘.. an, - .— .'! , a" ... ., ml .‘W ' - TJ' " V’vf ' ' ..‘.P 8 *0 93K‘":st‘ 32:5 3531343134311 - ' .‘ 03:: 3.3 - ‘3 .I....OI. ’31.»? 'e. “J1‘VI\J.I‘ " " r ’ C‘. "l h ' L "‘ ‘. r. ‘ -‘ v ' a ' H ..0 4 wharf: 3335’: 1.3.1 '3' mac ,_t;-..-2o.-'x..~:1 e'f‘f r23»; ziwf q~' ;a_tzci..'s.f3'x saunas-3‘ O ‘ O I ' 7 D' I ~ . L . .- or .‘\..Vi-~a-\ab-.-‘c£1.' 0033.9? if}? U138 86315-541? " mph" 6e mum OPRELA‘I'IOIBHIPS MTHEW SECTORAND THE PARK PRICE STABILITY OF FRESH FRUITS AND mm :13; my 2: Mg. empter s dealt uth'the'eoomd urged.- utdon ad teende 1n the man fruit and vegetable industry routed to tie etebmw of prohcer prices. Thie chepter presents the results or woe-pt. to nehe oped-gum those characteristics of the I’m-w. doctor contributing to um mummy. A time series, cross- coe-odity 'spproech is used for testing the market actor-price etebmty propultions. The principal statistical technique employed is mfltiple regression analysis. The mejor limitetion of the results is that ennnel, mum rice em'mhting dete we need. As noted pre- viously, ennuel price mhtione ere en Henge of e masher of eeesonel en! eree vefletione end as "oi-ages ere probabli less urieble then ' bricee by ereee end eeeeons. Moreover, regions). trends 1:: the fresh fruit end ”mm. munching sector' would be more desirable for the Moses of thie study than the rational date unplnyed. But deta. unnum- me:- use d: the utter, and ”gum trends potash]: do not my greet]: rm the mtionel trends. In damnation 'o: the m1- ].o'wing 1e that efter ieaving the flipping point market the crepe eclected for We are all eubjected to sham markets en! whet tmfiSo ' ‘ The central premise of the cross-comedity epproech, es with av 256Th1e eeemption eeeme velid for the crape eclected, but there no ens crepe for which it would be untrue. For ample, deciduous ' mite are largely sold through the wholesale auction mrkets an! ‘ could be expected to receive different treetmenb in the mum sector then crape euch ee lettuce which follow the market 0 .uunhflgwel. 226 .._ - . ’ -. 4 .-.-.. t'V" v. e e f r— 1(1‘ 0' o. ‘ '_fi .' . rg’I‘V' . v er .._\-- fi -. 'l ’- y-' 5 fi': I ('r 'n 'IVV "“ e "’ ..‘ 4 . .~ . ‘ . _ ‘ ‘ .. . . -. . it I '5‘. . 7’. .~ ., l.\" .V. A- (ae- .‘.. L .‘.... 0 LL-. ..‘.L s.- 0* 'K'ee-J. Anibal -_r -Ve- A .._-lav _'. ...L‘A '.4, . .._ . ..‘ ' .. r... ‘- , r . ’.. , "f ‘ --' .. ,_,. ... ‘ , . ‘.. ' [—7 .. ., ,. i‘ . . ; | _t t H -. r.. , . I ‘ , ’ ~_ . W _ . . __ . ‘-4 _~_~.. . - ' .. v-e- 0 e - J J - e..l-'~ ‘4 -.. 5 $--‘ . . . - .. A L- I. .5 - 3 ' L ' ‘ r .. J. . r. -_ 3 c - .- _v . '1 ‘.fl --v..~ rh h ‘ g'\(~’r~,I-,rg ( , (o . "I‘ f _u}, A '(7- [-'.‘C’ ‘ .:. -.~ .-- r....~,_ v n .. '.. ‘.--J .‘l ‘ -e.J J_.-..- . .'. .‘.“_"’ ‘0‘! ;‘- -L ‘Ie- ‘.I ‘ It- 9' ) ‘ CI. ‘ ’ s‘«J‘ .-. 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I: c- 3':—.:: 0:73 (.':-.3 $5533 {:72-"55‘ "10 83:20:12." 0?. ‘.‘,=':~’T-;-;'..:C'Z:I simian“ J'Zuio.7';__0’1 has .'.-1 rfgtf. 963 10 w; '1ch a. r ’ _r-.:.*:'_=..'-.: --'L';)"- 91:: '10 rsotfrfz‘SIIQSB r5. .r::“.::;‘:'td I.azo.§x:'3r1 95;} 31"."; '.;:W* ‘31st for! J. u ..r . . '.- - a . .c . -. r m. ' 3- - 1. r I N 1 . ‘ ’e .\ I 9 a...” . . .4" + - Q ~ ‘ 82702.3 :21; \w’Juy"! Juvq‘ :;r;.:-c..3:_..z 57M gnaw-o- ozed-.3 :3 ...I 313-“;- 4.’ ‘... _- "~ a . ’ o "'.' F e .‘ .’.. 'L I z . -'-r ..‘ “' ‘ '~ ‘ ‘ . r a -f ..0st J.'“. S dvx- I'M- ‘2' '- «re--.‘ -0 On . «"wq‘cLIcJIB ..'- '. .6 0 .5 E La‘i-{m.5 "Ii-’1 1,535.79; 5'37. .32!" . \ .’e a 1’ ‘:- 3‘. 4"; ’ I' ' a, :I' D . -'m ”3.3 «.I.-pr! 3'; {HT-..'YD'T-MTS T’s-J ;r):.¢.:or:-‘3ao'ro 9. t .3 9.24". w l'.~".‘r.ao 5;, - t .e--' - l I—mvv—v - “ TV =‘-“u fl; 2" w m- ..'—cm ...—_- -~ , '1’ 4' -( ' Le- 1’4: '3‘ r .’ ' + ' Y"\'4-‘(‘ tbs :‘IEJ'Y-J w‘f'w 15"J"I“-a an; '[o 31.3 '1: M: 5': a- "rate .rm.:...:rz 8-28 8 ~ ‘ '. e - t ' ,,..,- e '.. 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Tho m rankings or tho 'oropo with roop‘oct to thooo choroutortotioo muitutod for tho melt b-omity son-yum. lump for this approach mum-hip. butt-ah {an prioo Mobility all the urinating Doctor taro tun“! indiroctly through the rolhtbnompo or crop mam-tho muting tho p130 M11117 of mu: one! tho om urban; «eta-.1 1.". objoctivoo m “nth-mob: (1) w ortho mun contri- bution of supply W1“ to fun prion intabmty; all (2) minthnormchmntbmbbhgmmnout dot-1y ranted to 1m prion wmty. . hwmfinMflWu-nmmhblol5giomdththdr_ "lath. rain“: in t “bar of “aborting. W to bo rohtod to prio- otobmty'ond tho rooetion at tho. «ago to tho m nor-3 Min doctor. This chain. of crops who both an flit-pt to - W in tho 0*.qu tho Indol- fro-h fruit: and um, within tho Mutation: Wbyhekofdshfor out mondsnattqpt to mm;wqdd1ngoddomottbohmmionw mot tho. crops-mo through Wtolytho market om. truth. 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U 033 '10 "“L.. ; J".'I [9,- 051.1 9:; A". .Arfil,'( r. pD~:"'ar..'.‘.',.tt 'i't.-‘ NAf :J F 3 {)r ,' J.‘ I' ”a“ ‘..L. n' -‘.or-( I '....UJJ u.;-:.11'.-..U. .‘.J)...C/ ' -.~. ._‘3- ‘ (IS a“... 10 9 Ll3is .1‘0 -UQEJIJuub Chief’s ..UJLLK’E. .—' ' ..-!t-p. «.v-v " w . ‘1" 1". r 19*?» W £~.. 6:: 91:2. “10.1993 ._.:zxjalmn 9E3 has \jf-‘ EEanz eol'rq W". ..'t l o u '- 0 L 93: 1 ofid 3u2399_:s 23-: 0:"s-0“;;fo q013 2'0 e"‘EadoE'>h91 sdi d-nn1.i¢ asxijaa;€a On? .103593 ;:i:ei§3fi gfifzrfaflo 9“: hfls agate 30 Vgillasdu ~iu'r.nn svifsfi ‘1 9‘130 inurvtLaacm (I) :dosotqqs 3:”: {d b9v1oa 9&5 «(1111.2 90bit; M5333 OJ 3?: its. its 3931.347 .0 Q Yq: a ‘10 11013! mi is? a}: eagzzede risiiw -o mat mini-.... ,..- t1. t.‘ r”; :2, (D 053}; Sta-item! eobq mun of be? 5.1291 “filo-”U ..{Jiw jirzcis :1 94-333? {TL new :a 9'15 ganja '10'1 neeoflo aqrrto 9.11“ t r ‘r \," ' 'Y r ‘ L. E .rf I q ' ..'-v t -\ Li, . 3962;“. e: 00‘ {0.333.923} acmau u M513 Ea E :9;'._-_u'r s It; 8.,1";_I..'.II.'3'I 9v133..e'1 “ '~ 'l.‘-‘~ 'nv‘lt :“ l' r- I. ‘.. .- I.. ' v- . r. :O 9. arm ugh-51¢ A) at... 0.» arms 9.1 L0 rc . 2.591 9:23 m3 Vitsbccfne earn-v 03 s.‘ -— - '5 od’ Jtrxsdtfs {:5 :{303' a {5332 '15-71' ego-‘13 '10 mimic 331T (103993 guide)! nirEfilw ‘asjci’so‘agsv 11:73 8:11:11 n’ae'fl wig"! 9"” 1b "33 913 m‘: 9&1:le érp:.s.*u.*g; {is has; 10"15) 9.403 10'}: 332-5?) JO 2:35 9f. \[d harm a {011.33 £112.]: eu'J’ .--9.faj:£ eoiiahséos'xstio 04.3 o 933: 1 abs-r a smibrvo'rq 8-1010 eeoo'io o: aliozvrmt'o 39397.3": #125: 9:15? 259‘th Izco'w'vs rEj r' NI“? ev 0:! 895013 083” ‘10 LEA ‘5'! {537713- 5'1, .. '3 9:3 11.2; has ,Itv'uxw'm‘I Jet-Eu. m1 3:11:04; gnimjdg 93': r3011 .[.-.8 ['18: '39-’3’ ‘3 812 (EL 93115“ .ziefiwn JIIiOq 3FJqu£3 “Fry’s 3 ~51.- 9mg)! . n ..E. . . . P5... gonad-£3.23 guofilfilaas 3 my? eukarnflfimfaw 32 i5 .9. :3 ASE "snag .. ., 37.5.. 3 33% .3»: 93.! go 1:... 8.. 5,23 £5»! a... .:.: 35...? . . , d _. . V .83. 333.93 gain :25 .3?- !» €33 _.5 33‘ 332.8“ 3&4 .8?- !» : 8...!!!- 39.8 3.3%.» such .5 go :3. «8 33a 38% .3?- ss 3 358.28 .3 as: :38: 3:». an ‘ ‘ . . u 7 , .33. .8E8m 3} 3.3.3.3 .5355 .8 {as} as a 3.34 "It .288 .3 no In! 1.3 H33 3 3.885 8H N. avg—do hm o 4 S o .n a 3 .. H no a an H 8." 0 3.3 m ,_ o p n no. N. 3 H 8." m 338 .. an n e a m an o R J .335 n a. m N. a m an n me n ‘ .884 n R a m 8 J an a 3 a .833 u 3 u N no a an H can a .H .8.an «mm a - A a? as: u i8 u a! u in. Qfimfifla “saga." 4: ..E 5 a3 :3 a A. «h. V .3332 o o o o 7% £5 2% f3 ‘ he g; E _ . .. ‘. . , .‘ ‘ 53min. 8.98 2.96 .23.?» 3: a2 figs go saggy—£0 23.3.3. in 3% 1...»on .3 3.3. 898 3398 guano chauqomod nah «a 3.0.3 #0 ouhuahgqogo manage»: gt 33930.3 voqoohom .mh Chara ofiunum no» i“: 3‘92 3&1 a . E21 .51 251 f s .... 2%. 1:3 ' ‘3 Kr.uv§..§ mgvxgx w... x n ..:, H m 8 h an h 8h h 92.3% M 4m w. m mw b hm 4 wh n nooqmnug. I E m 4 m. m pm n 3 m «Run.» I § m w 8 m an w 4m 9 gunman m w 4 N mm 4 MH h 00.... m 23.30 H .5 t h mm m. R H 8.. a 455 b Ah w u U m. mm h 8.... 4 ungabo )u..Iu.r #0 . . . 1 . .a ouanhnw.» we 3845.4. .w.c nun Enhance ..zhuhnoh...ww 33:” .398 30, «..0 0:94 5.5.». bio.» 4h Eggs.» .hflfipa .wogwm manquonom 52:96.3 Exam ...... 8523.31 an 3w wag we no.8 qow «3.2.6 3330.3 gang 92 a." abdogo .3 988a 3””?on Janka. .3.me $930.5 zoom“ 5qu .80?» 9.3 Pvuqowhhmc can 9.63 mahocvoqa cheat gamma cm.» a.” noumnwumb: 250.8 .393 .mHnow a...“ 32m «88m. .muwnofl we mamwm on: 0,» 0.8.33 uwaéolmti .mhrm... .rSKOmHuL man 5.9,.qu unofiéda budge..." m maanwnowmuoo Awmmmmaahdoa 3513.4 ...0 humhbawnm Smuofihuw bm .o...m.8qm on <.q.fi.hq.oo...mmu 5.1.33 9.3140 Ahwfimyo wanna “on 0.... 9mm .39.”qu uoa moon quq..m -1... .71.: 3.: .I.. .-.. 3 ..:. . .. z .. a ..- . .. ., Furl..- . flank...» y... "at... can“... .5 m? mun...“ ..m..p.w.........u.....n ...0. .nJ ......m .233. "8603 I. . u . . .u 1 ... n- , . .. 7.. it. . ‘... x. I . 1,. ... n s . a h; . . .- T. .a; 7:4». Lb: .r... f. L 1.7.2.0.. .21. 000... obanoak ponyckéhqw: wo 9:03,...”ng unoc. 229 muwutho mtionl chmgoointho-uhtiog mm- frooh auto uld "gotobloo. 8o, Mount roman. botuoon thooo muttroudomthopuu nobilityorcopoouboottmato tho product thu in Toblo 15 or othor hotel-o not lid“. to W by tb for: thuo of the mo, lottuco 1o the loot inortontmpntod, motothohortw. Thooropoorooloo rabd'bytho por'oont or totol app]: oold intho mob-riot. Tho mmtion of tho crop botvoon tho {rook m W uric-t 1o mtuoymiotolroqub-ontootthotwowkotondio‘o ’ohort-rm production dooidon by mid: tho t-or‘nu “foot tho 1on1 on otobmty of priooo‘. mt bocouoo of tho loll, lobar ond cunt-1 oobotitutiono botoooo tho tn lath-to, long-m tho-coo in tho uncoo- tion of crop. botwoon thooo too ..:-Mo In: unoct producti- ottupto to oocu'o non otobh, Wool on! cop Minna". :1» run; at tho crop. by oomontrotzlal of Motion in tho oingloloothportont ototo ioioodmodoocm ottho 1mgth of tho mum procooo retards-1n: o notional urkot, tho minors- bmty of tho orcp to an uoothor sad dioooooo, mil tho probably oohodvohooo ot‘ produooro. By t'hio loom lottnoo ood color: ronk highoot of tho crept“ Odom lotto-t. Tho high dogroo or pmduoor orgoniutioh 1n lottuco and £91.17 production hi all lam; u Toblo 15 m tho intogrotion' of production and ohippinc point humus ' 1- will dmlopod for thooo cropo aloe. A oinihr chot'octoriotic in Toblo 15 1o tho porcout of tho crap producod in tho Itotoo of Florido, roan, ood Gfiifornio. Thio, too, 1o o rough war-tion of tho Meal hum: of tho muting procooo oinoo thooo ototoo on 3.11 . hated d oonoidoroblo distance Iran tho hrgo Bolton: lorkoto. But (390 ‘ 4‘s. 01 n3 ave gzjjsicgn 9&3 Hi augnsdo Innoijgn 9d: of heaoqxs 9d bigow ogefij neanca: euoidqio: Jgeiotiib ‘08 .eaidsfisxov has BJLUTE daeii of Le»ufiiif3 SJ fins 810:0 ZO'YiiIiiada 9911q 9dJ’Eva.ahn91J 39£1£m .53 xii Jon exodus? wefléo 10 EI eidsT at asiiaifieiostsdo douboxq ed: Jenn 953 ai 9353391 ‘eqofio adj 10 enisv mzst add yd b9zva39m 2A Gui; 5:3 aqoto off .Jfisdioqyi Jessi ad: 3301150 ‘bejakl qOTD dnsquqvi 91f? .J‘afmsl‘l ;'§:-:~:-)':.’1 9&3 {11 blue fiqu!!3 1.3303 '10 3119?qu 9:13 Yd befirzs'r at Jaynsu beeesoozq bns daetl ed: neswfied q01o aid 30 noidsooiis 5 30a 8i has afieflxnn owJ edJ To einemsniupet Isdsimsv {d beilmil 'vsI 953 339235 25m xewwsl ed: dolflw 2d aoiaioeb noiioxboxq fiflT-JTOfiZ igiiqso has 10521 .hrsl ed: 10 eavsoed Jufi .aeoiwq To inLidsJa has ~590Ef5 edJ mi aegnsdo aux-{moi ‘aJeflxsm ow: ed: neswisd enoiiudliedua ajqwesqs tesyioqq Josiiaq 25m aJShtsm owJ sasdd'nesvded eQOfio 10 ncfiJ .anoiignidmoo qowo fins.aeei1qqejn9 eIdaJa 910m 91noea od 9&3 ni noiJouhruq to noifsfisnsocoo {d 81019 613 to guiflnst odT 3‘ dfigxai 9&3 En etuassm s as bohuiont at 93538 insifloqwi 330m elgnia ugfianiuv 943 ‘Jefitsa Ignoiiga 3 gaioivxae 101 ceasefiq gni efi1nm adJ 51gbdo1q 5&3 has ‘asaseaib has tedissw sets 03 0019 ed: 30 fiillld finsm twaieo firs soqusi owflesem aifli gfl .exsouboqq 10 easnsviaedoc tooubnuq 10 eetgeb dgid $6? .Jeswol anoino bus aqoxo 913 to iaedgld sing es :mwonfi llew at fiOiJSUhOTq xtslso has eonJJaI n1 noiisxinsgxo Lnifoifizm 3nfioq gniqqifia bus noidouboxq 10 noitswgejni adj erode BI a: eiéaitetwstsflo tsfiiaia A .0813 erTO 989d: 10% beqolsveb IIsw at .sbfixolq to asfisfia 94¢ ni hsoubOTq game 613 to Jnoowaq edi at EI BI”5? add 30 noidsmfix01qqs figuoz s oi .ood .aldT .aiaiolilso has ‘asxsT £15 015 893552 eeeflj eonfia cassetq gmidaflfism ed: to difinbl Isaiaqu :ua .edsfixsm nstaafi egusl ed: mow? son Jaib eldstebianoo s betsooi 230 the nature ie intended primarily to indicate the extent of product interretionel competition; there ere eeeeonel ”579110! of the crepe 05-113 iron theee etetee which on not competitive, but by end lerge there ie interregional coupetition for theee crepe produced in then three eroee in quentity.257 Table 15 eleo provideo e periehebility renking of tho crepe Itudied. In cabinetion with tho lust}: of the mrketing channel, it night be mooted that crap periohability would be related to price tawny?” In pert the nnhnge given in the teble are conned by the different «am in which the crepe ere marketed and in pert . becoueo one crepe can be stored for short periode of time at little out. Lettuce and tanetoee ere given the highest ordinl reting for thie cherecterietic, onione'end _cnrrote the loweet. Finally, Table 15 given the relative importance or the integretion of production end the painting eector for the vegetable crepe etudied. There ere e umber of intergting «gain» in Table 15. 2571'hore io no 3 254.211 reeeon to believe thet inter-region} oo-potition But the by iteelr contributee to farm price instability of crepe. oeeeonel overlapping of hornete from oroee producing the one crop meets this might be so. To the extent cOOperetion between cmting emo develop”. however, thie need not be true. For on outple or interregional c00peretion designed to pranote epetiel price stability cult, JJO' for California end Floride fresh citrue crepe, on: c Proce , (Washington, D.C.: The Brookinge Ruining the price vu'inbility or C titi Inotituteg 1961, pp. 305-7. eclected Celifornie fresh vegetables, Carter and Dean euggeetod e ”relationship between theee subject to interregionel competition and high price variability: Carter, H.O., Dean, GAL, "Income, Price and Yield Variability for Principol California Crepe end Cropping Systems", W: 30:182. Oct. 1960. 2586310 reported that eeeeonel changee in farm prices tended to be less for the less perisheblo fresh produce giants Gale, H6133, Segagm Vggtiog in 133.11! Food Price; £13 cg pgggglg, . . out of Agriculture, Hiecelleneooe Publicetion No. 81.0, June 1961, Do We Theg A; .1 e '_ ',_' - '.--'.. " I .'o . abazn lo J~9 x5 In? eJfifiIwfij Cu Kliusmitx DthéJRL 8i airspem 973 ' ~,. L ‘ ' ‘ . ‘. t 'v'-(9 4n 8 J 4.3 10 LJL‘ 3 Irrwzawfi 975 etch“ ;r0ih :”q 03 Inn3_xe do :i ' ' -’ ' -' ‘r . '- +« a" 4"“{'t 91’ F 6-9: '3 1-C"."f *5. £700 ‘-’ '. -e'; L J‘ 1“; ‘ ‘ \j '8. {9 ‘rv-'- J JCO-b“3 \4 'n V «q {LJ-L ’. 8 ‘3‘ a JJe“ lo 7 -.‘ é— '71::9_'f\}‘ f5?“ 5‘9cuo.'_r...\'ft‘r fi‘w‘f'fi ~911on '19} ntpi‘,‘,iJ'€:q-E:OO IHTOILLS‘I'I'Sozfil 81 81311.? -4 4 8507s 997d: ..0 E... ~ .\,u.EJ’I"“'f o ”.._ e , e .‘. I ' '.. Y \ a 073 9&3 to ynzxxg7 vc;I;aaI51:sq 5 aeL1307q O¢E5 El 91;”? . . - ,~ ' '1 " . r . FJ ' L4 7" ' k ' -' a: ,lsyc; o anccev7gg 3&3 lo chfifil and nurw HQLJ.QIJPOO HI .rBIbUJa o n I . . '- ., .~ ' .’o'ro.' "a " 595-2;er 0;; 2:75-727 ed hJJ't/v. \gwiirrlcz 72m c073 J3 3 p93. [x e 91 3;; ..:u 1 t u , (130 P. p" '0 2. 4 -vs ..1 .‘.. 1 r:+ A M ‘-'.\-" '4. r .4 4 vi b33359 e75 QIT£3 eh“ mi 69V£g aphiirg7 9mg ¢7hc fll .'~lii.£~a e O JVFq mi beg hedux7hn 075 2:070 553 naifiw mi anuasee Jme7ehlib ed: ~0L797 Suede 701 b97063 ed the ar373 eras sausosj e or 0 ‘ . _ "_ ..‘-L T *1 ‘ fin: jfiijT 1:31L7I Jasfigri 923 neth 7B eeodsnoJ was svhuaal .c-co " ' " '3‘ : A rare . c ... . e ‘ 4‘ ‘ ’ ",f "-' l s:c3" ,jfisuin .Ja 3.i0 of 973 aJoIIbo ups BHOLUO ‘JluEITOuOETbhO 8L1: his neigoybo7q lo noifzzpofini odd to eon£370qsi ev135197 odd asvig -.'.r.‘ ..r: .v ' _'.‘-..' r .11; ..‘-91! ;3 231070 {9495: 53 30v 912.. 701 'IoJoeg g_,r.1..?9,~.75m emf er .. e. e ._ e ' '- . I et‘ .rI gift? hf annainy~ co “m: Pe~efinc 30 7edmw7 5 e75 5-791T on". e ‘m ‘4-MWW~ANJI“__--; - L— - - - —~ "1 I ‘V t F “e- r ( F - . " rev P I" :- ’ H -- Fr. ( .agcywwoo Innoc;ezflefrx van: nueIled o: noege7 t FF 3 g on at e7efl \~g oflj an? .ewo7o 10 Vilffid-u'rr or-i7q 77g? 03 genuci7fnoo 31983: d t . Y ’ o ‘.f ‘ v e 0 f :4 . g- , A ' :— - ., . 0023 9“md siJ wrijxqo,n 25$;5 )7I aw ‘Inou lo auiwvgfuexo Ibmoasee 2911‘s!) .'9:-'.-'.:ss<*.' {01° mt'rr‘cn mafia 3H oi‘ .05; ed ifijj'fll 8,313 swangue efwysyv us 70% .977J 97 can been aidu .'u"ewod aqcIsvsn 85975 ~ ’ F. U :: oral?" I335. 2‘2 9%.. {"17" o; Emu-f .Fash moi :‘27erjooo L310" 07"‘»Tnf a.l.L ghtaifi :eia .37“7o aHTfio Lae"1 £~F7oIi has £L1701i153 701 "ffihkL7d at? :.3.U ‘r fimflfias?) gflfflfifij algyfifi g eagW””FF9iWT‘ .- _,I_,. u.-.--.- “I. -.-- I.-.n.« lo 3Ji£ifnizsv a i a 9 J NJF'MfiAfl ..T~‘QL .QF .{7€£ (euyfiivani a rw?;evfiva nuefi #33 70 go? anim’gssvov dee71 5. 7C .EI53 befififilbe e e. .. _ _. f o _ O .. . .«L V(J*.cu"mvs is ~Osf“1183J£ 0: 335:733 scord nested qilanoxdsla7 . n. A {_~_‘_ F r" V 1" p . ..., ..', , 6- f." l 3,54,?“ cLJ. (’x'fl . H ‘ oyi .Yl ‘(fj 1.1% ‘ .0 .|{ "'AB‘-F T5,) l‘f-L __{r_ J’s-o r ~5V 9- - 7'7 {..‘-iii ' ,, the aco73 sju79 a I _.‘ 0_ I f' .. r e '0‘ _ 1" : r : r:;3\' _ ,£.g;)15q.F3~ 7% 701 xxiFr ..... “£I73/ ‘Iehl on — (‘.I‘, \(‘ ‘ .' , , r .'1 w- ".I .C‘:I .JOW ‘;.I:C( (F 'C~1£w ”a wfavo ‘ ,. o-w- - ouch-..‘ no- ‘ " cl; I I .‘:IK- .- 4 nova?“ pp“? ,0 ,,, .r.! . 4 1..., 5713 J. 9‘ ,.r9. SJ I;q u m {L 39..L o I:W0?5ee e311 be».0q97 eLeC-" "r" I. '10 E- rIr' e r" N 9 f ' I '7 on: 4' C r ’ w on ‘0' "' + "F t'*°‘ qv-v“ -0'5vf 90H‘< 7 ' $1 ' C' L)?” east out 70; 3891 I ‘V 1 ', O , y - 0 o F” .‘1.) (T'- . I,“ ‘: ”—'. 2’4””:(1 f-'- ‘3‘, f" ‘ ." ”'i I f f “in _f' '"I'c; J {if rrn r' ‘ n run" r are“- new I? h ‘( r v' -1. - o .0 “‘..”... .I.... .. c». u 9“doon A - .Hl-H ---~"oe ;;:. IO... -‘-Q-U o~ .-'-I ..:H' ‘We ¢‘~e-d 0 ”‘4'! - ..,.I-v'-‘_ -l_«_ ..‘ '~-'-‘ . ~- '- .- - . . \o‘.‘ .. - ‘2'?” 4 O 'w-‘tl Xe'da.“ .JD.F-—L - I 18:7(14151) ......Laxl OJ- 'L ‘er;;',‘_}__‘fe_"‘139 .‘. ..'.O J.’-It'f-i‘j'i.“ '“rgQ .:.-(1: .’1 pi «OI ___—A 231 most important 3crop chosen for studv, lettuce, ranks high in all the other crap tharacteristics as well. That crop is sold entirely in the fresh forn,'is 'the crap most geographically concentrated of those studied, is'extremely perishable, and is second only to celery in the extent er integration of production with the marketing sector. Among other things this makes the crop higxly vulnerable to weather and disease, aim to a. highly organized .{o concentrated shipping point market, and‘liable to considerable market risk represented by the physical length or the marketing channel. , A comparison of tanato market price stability with that of lettuce is indicative of the stabilizing effect 0:! the processing market, because tanatoes rank high in all the crap characteristics that lettuce does except the pucent of the crap sold in the fresh form. Similarly a comparison of celery farm prices with those of lettuce is indicative of the importance of crop perishability for price stability. , Most onions, like lettuce, are sold in fresh form, but this crap ranks lowest of the vegetables for the other characteristics studied in Table 15:. Consequently, the relative price stability of lettuce an! onions is an indication of the importance of the crop character- isties except the fresh-processed market allocation. 0! the vegetable craps is Table 15, carrots and onions consistently rank low in the selected characteristics. '. The fruits chosen for. stock, apples and peaches, are characterised by production periods of considerably greater length than the vege- tables. But these fruits {or the most part psss through the same marketing systaa as the vegetable craps and as Table 15 shows are not 3 t ' ' V r ' 'r ' r ' ‘ ->‘ "\ H " "- -~ 8" «v! to “‘09 "I'm“ 19L». .'. ..r urn +r' 9 j'YIfifYI 43- +: '4' r ~1\4 .:....L 3-5.r "‘ .‘. L:- I‘;; .'. t :4 - "- f ‘1 {-'.A. ‘ “'6‘ a" 5' (I ou's’A fl 1&1]. IN) (1’ 5'“ U“b' “ ‘\_“““' UV “a" P f 3 F - ' - ' -*- ‘ - ' r ..‘" . r. :‘c' E: +I‘ U Lt) .r‘. L {Lo'rr' UILU I718 .‘. C 1 l.“ \a ' . J- o-LfivfiJ 85 sad—[32.4. - «815110 atria 131A‘jc r t u I. . _ . 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E‘I: ‘{) v.1). -V {EUJ.a'.r 'uvt'..r..1'.-".~l'.fs\-8 SOUL” 9;}4".45"1 0‘ '.k). w a . K3801 131::- J03 -‘. V ' ‘ ' ' -“ ;- L~.- ‘ .- 3&r959.rr;999609q 913 To 399-f9 nnqu'L .5 c 9 J :0 9ILIsolrrL e.t ‘ _L LI:1 “J 959 89035353 eaugnsi 6"1' .I -- f : ..‘ 1. ' ,' '.. V 'I arfimiJsj'wmm-wdmnuorfit‘MVIIS. ., -. w- .I.. r; I -I -. «I 1+ szgf,um_ .910? ”999; 9 J I'EL i199 9090 93w -0 Jn9999q 9“. 3 q9: )9 eeob r: ‘ :4 I- l.‘ O - n u p 1"3‘ r J" .0 " . '.- 9:. ungpaw aI SQLJuvI Io 99999 19:9 BJG'I" I.95? v*9=9o 10 U08£T£QEug 5 ...-~r - .': ...wr; + n .hd;-higs.a stintq 9o! LJ:L;d;.ai9sq qozo to eun3990qL£ add Io , ., '..rn. .L , r ,, r ,. ,Jx , ‘ . . ....w .I '.I' . . 7. r;39 u-.J 9!“ v9”. 999.. AL Fina 995 .999IJ9I 99;; ‘BQJi!IQ 3995 . I . . . . ‘ ' . 939999 99d$o end 901 as dsavvev 9d: 30 JESMOI ann59 ‘ 935399! to Viiiid 'a e919q 9Vi39199 9: Vléneupeanoi .E! eidsT ml ~9949999§9 #093 9 J '30 99fl"‘"99Pi 993 30 uoiJssibni as at anoino has eidaf9rav 9A: 30 .noiibm ls Jaflfinm £293 99909r~d3991 add iqcoxe nofdwl 913 II vs“ i959 q9on9'~:;noo anoino has 3J09959 .:I aldsi ni aqo9o ..oi Jei9svos95“o b9339!2‘a h9919e$oa9nio 995 ‘aafioseo has asiqis ‘ghuta 901 393039 eJiu9i 9d? ~9;9V 9iJ ngii d9999£ 9995999 mifszefiznoo 10 9:9: xsq noidonbozq 9d 9159 9K3 dLuwidJ aagq é9xq 390m 9€J 9o? aJIU93 99993 Jufl .eelisd r - C1 .3 T. ._rrO‘?‘ '.‘a -. . ‘- '... r . ; ~ on 995 encue pi 9;-~I as 1L5 89090 oldsuefiov an- as manage *fliu3n"£fl .r.. i v. C 4;, H. .3 .‘. a, ImInurI .ooapn'm.nrduwonnx. 3 can .pwu . fl _ w .a . a a. «season . f. . :1 4H. C... 7. I e I... J: ., 9L L...r w ... n. . .... m; o. m n 1 h... a - r. .4. h}. In! 1 Y... J.‘: 1.. unl‘ . «olmvaa A 232 afibb m.oa OwOOH; 42 «I ...2. .3: o.§ .p.mbA 92, .33 3.2 3.3. «.mnH mound oaooa 33 4.2. _ o.§ n.00H «.8 ...: «.3 can x ; 59 ,... «$3 _, , OonH. H.45 Holamwd omu@noa 3:: 3o v.9: mm flood. "Ed ...I . ch ... ¢154®H _J _ . L ..: a. II LI 1 T _,. IF ... f: by lmxm ... a .. fl... _ . .33. 3'} {“21 t r I t ‘ [“l‘ 11A ‘1 J {I ‘1 I'll 1.11 O 1.1. ll . ‘ L v . .. qmuQancsw. M» scan-Q kw Joooaqlaam Ln manage Ll lltl V I L L[ '.r a}. a I. . w. r. P. .u my 3. ...: :3 .vWInvmh pawhamuowm< can auhuqm amoqm vouoahcm we HaoaH oowqm emu-m OHQDM. |11 monouoa aohgab 0009.308 anonnuo 85ml ghee cowaom . \ k ‘ "_u\ I\- \ o.@n CI 1 _I mu )uIH 0.6.H m.4hh 0.4m mplnpmh .. . . K). h.- 5. ‘o u! I u 1 (A .I kw...” ml. ”My .0, 003...? m o... «uh Def. 3 a. n COOPfl H otnw m“ . IO. 1 xx.“ x \. . ‘.. 1 x: I .I./xxm OO.(:.H/. O.((‘nr O.P\L \H O../. r. In fig girl COOL-H Dim/0.1%“: [mil 1. ..‘ ‘ t ‘ l A. o flora ...th +wo .'..H 0..” v,Uo+..;\ou «501W M Ho.» «Wat'xwwn‘vh . f. 3 7 ~ .I .1) I 0.4; mono $.00H moarh ©.fla d.mf Aomm H meH .... a N l 3 1 ._r VO/wl “0.1m... m0...lo_1 COL/h OOWCH NOAHHH 40m0 fiWJI-wwrh III .I.“ .:hwnn o w;u m ”Dunno;sr htOMWmuuznw outnumohaup mo camiucmfi m .m.c :wvmw .w max..n;)wx.p “Quezom ‘ r . pit-1!)! it '1’.; 233 significantly different in crop characteristics. The allocation of tin apple crop between the fresh and processed markets is not unlike tin market disposition of the peach crap, and their degree of perish- ability relative to the vegetable crops is quite similar. The extent of production integration for these fruits is mt knovni. Relative to the vegetable craps the two fruits selected rank low in the percent of crop produced in the three qtgtes of Florida, California and Texas. Although interregional competition may not be gs intense for these fruits as for the vegetables, their distance from the major state to the Eastern market is appreciable. It can also be‘ noted that most fruits would rank higher in the share of output produced in the three major states than is the case for apples and peaches. m E} Em m. ‘ Table 16 illustrates the trends in far: prices . > . of the seven craps selected fer study over the post-war period. The farm prices of all the steps increased from their late-1950 levels to the l962-6l. average.259 Heaamed fran the 1953-55 base, the fam pricee of carrots, lettuee,‘ apples and peaches declined throughout the 1950s. 0n]: the price of tasatoes consistently trended' upward over 1 u M the 1950-61. period. . . Figure 10 illustrates the annual price misbilitp of these crops. For clarity, two vertical axes are used in t5 figure, but vertical distances are equal on them Stability is natured as the ...-.‘1 per- centage change in fan prices fro: the average of adjacent prices. This 2591-111. was the general trend in fan prices of .11 fresh mat. and The price index of fresh produce increased 20 points ”@t‘b1CCe over the 1958-61. period, according to figures published by the Iational Cc-iaaion on Food Marketing: Technical Study no. In, June 1966, P0 310 .'..-. (3.3.x 9. :, ; r- '- .rf.‘ '7 z 1;. j ,r :- _ 003'! " , r , ,1', .‘.”, in '30 n0.'.~:::o.a.1..; an; .29 “12:: :,.-.. we (:9 :9 r“; 311m...- .13.) n.3,”. a...“ ._._.. ‘- C p r 'I f ‘ ' ... ' v, . ' A ." ~-‘ " " s r " €.-;_._-,E, s": 22.. :g..;or.-r. Jig—.1201; in; '..."1 9.} 9:5 .99 an 1.: suggs 9.3 v, , P. I ~ . _- I L n ' ' . 4. , I g ~fci'73'.’ H scam)! 'I' ‘ 3 .’:in ‘33") .911"; 9 m nouraovrem J's: Law“! 9 u - C _; ; .4 . -9'7‘ ‘.. ‘. 5'... ,'- .. ' . ~ -' ° 4 r - 4' ' .‘.». anon-X9 91:1 .m;fa.=.=.-a :3-..:;-.:.: 3.1 8'7:va 9.4.95.9;va 9...? 03’ 931.563". 15:11“, :93. ,. ,..r .3 ' 4:...“ ..: fl :— .. ,.t. ‘ ..'..l.‘ . . Q, 03 SVLofiEJd .nnCHJ can a: 3 4221 999;: no: no:33u_euax LvLsLULth $0 I e l '.. a . ‘v .35: ‘.Ezis sinuo ILsi‘ ..:-3:23:91". '10 Etc-Asia 9921;! 9U rzi‘ beanicrtq qua ..4 _. '. -r .. ._. _'—,:. , ..l t -_. '.~.~. - '- ..’. 5W“ 10: 93.5%.: as; 9‘; “9;: '..;J. noisilfc-crrc 9 1mm 9'1': 93:1}: f;:_JfOC'v;.x\ .1. ’- .1 N . A" (.I.-'J ,w u ' qr.- - i'ru :‘i‘- 3.": -=' 6L ’.r u‘ C’ '{j’ a? " J.'." 'I" 0‘) 9",?“Jua LCLA’)U£ \J'l ..'Cl... \\‘ £1'aQ.1l-.‘ 'I.L J.'U ‘..-3.1.1.L,Uv: ‘ I 9.- .It' . an 804”}..4 (D (.J 1.2 t a or :9 <+ T2 ‘7‘ ”f l.) ..‘. Q lv'\ .13 L, T, J 2 ' 4 O 8 (1; c2 ‘f r2 (0 {9 (+- :2 p... .4 ’1‘ "‘ L... ‘4 3 a H U‘ P m C l- _,. I! 5.9 r). :.\(.r q F!” e p ' 7‘s ‘.-. “ r m r..' 3+ ’- ‘- . 'J ‘\ 3 ‘ -" "0‘ -.r .'_.~.)! g~.’._; Li; \ tut) we.) :f! ..’) 01s? a. {.'. s.) 9; ix 8-,. lii‘ll eJ'J 15W 8 J _.JuI - ' . o ,. 'L . ' V ( -. .‘. ...] .1. ., , .r P ‘ ‘X r INF-“I ; r. r '3 e. s_ .- ..‘ ESOL'IQ Irr'...¢")J. rL.£ ‘:._:l.5)“\t S“.\) a") 471' .'.-4‘... _‘ 5 I' . I 94‘]._).L .29Hll. ‘ “ I:'~A 17-. e :(TA'V- “4... “M .— ..'.- .OGO me- o'-.. e... _r ('1‘ c»... .fsct-fc'I—Jq "5- 20:; 9.1;: '15-Io '.gf'...r--'c‘a '19'1 Mitosis-,3 ac-n'zo Hives 9;-3' :0 Ole {and 01113-95 I 'Iie-m'J .rrrxfl 39229919."; aryn'zo 9E3 LB 10 88?..I’"q 112ml '10 .. ‘03. V; ; ~31 P-;’. .4 _.‘ .r.. C,“ .. ..’ {3" (\\h I; 1.7;... 9‘10 ,5 Sfij K'\"C_-. \‘I ngu C;(".-..:. ffiru'ar f...1 ev :S'I‘WB Ax“ «Ski 9 10 duo xo'L-U i‘ozriioeb aerbmq brig 9917:2755 ,eouc‘dal ,edou'rso “to amino '1'1'3‘3’0 trimarqz: bof‘ne'za‘ {1511963231mm) 390.2..uoi‘3 neoi'zrr 943 1— "."'“. .eCCT" .boiucx Al-OQCI 9X3 o3“?! 9991” ‘0 ‘C i [LUBE-18V 9037!?! Lwrrns evict 399.9759: Hr, CL 9'rr7.7r'i Instr-19v 31M ,9'urggt'l (arid til: beau 9'15 39:15 I-:~9J'; 0" rev owJ p;:i:':g£o 'Ic‘I -'-.':w mes 9.43 as be'uragorx an". 13.51: 553%: .rnzij no fry-9 9'13 a-oorisfeib :3-th .aeoétn 39999.3} 3 lo 9 6'15an 91h :39 1'1 399.213 n'zc'? m: Sf‘JiSffO 955:3st [en ar- u r, :. e . - £52 .M, gongr zu29'1'1 LLB '10 39 .' 'rq £17181 n1 I.».r:9'rJ Isucner 9'“ an! aL'i. 0 36min: 0:; E:s:ase':9r:i eoxri'O'I/y ricer": to KS‘E'RJC sci'm 93'1‘ .z'-£—:.E:'f'...'..:i9.1-91' Let-.9533}? arid" '{rti behailzigirg 99931551 03' yrficixurrorls [Laird .‘.wa-liilt 9J7? 17v .':;“7’2‘1 snub “A .on 13-11-371 159%! {991':L’;fi-'£-‘5':':“E':n‘. .‘..oo‘i no nof‘atfzy LOC- 234 .333 wean-«v- uo «wan—9.5 onu Baum 03.5 c.— 3530 unaucoouon Ana—Eu 05 no 983306 3 huzzuum Juana. .muuuouuuum anusuaauauu< Join—om mcauuomum aquuunuudum Juan—Hanan: we acauuanon .mé "355m «03 N00.— oom.— wnaa 0mg #23 «mm.— onaH naa h [P . n n L b L P . p . p n p u g b ON.- L .30.“th \/ 3.- J < / , \\III 1 o . - an‘ \ r . ca .\ Imonomon. on n I. 1‘ ON. ON... / I 31- .. . I o « r .. u 2. (I- ma 39H\/ \ ON a I \ bmamu\ T on. < 095:“. awaunu owdufluuua ~35; owuucmouum H352 433-33 ow on way» .oa gunman .3330»; van Sgum :3...» 90333. no 33E Eda 5 3233:; an Wo1.MwH3.1U.MHfl Hwy-..."...J‘Jnv Muu'NHaWUMKn ....«V.:_r.n..»_.y w_.w..:a.U m: ...... > . a . .chwn 83$ . , a. / . r 1. II . , .. I..T .. ’ .... l .... .r h . .l 1..\« macaw,“ l 1’ I. I I -I.-".'h/ Till/x, , J .. Ill - a 0 I 1 a! :_ v ‘ . c x 5 .I .Q I. . rn.. v-1a ,p.. .‘.» .wr_ Lr,; Lu,- 3.," at.» .. .. 1 . . . ‘ . . .I. .u 1 c .‘ 1 1 .. . A . .a y . ... V . .. 1 .. . 1 .|. 1 , I-\ .l 1 1 ¢I ,\. , 1. .. V . 1‘ .:.. c . o s. . . ..-.h... . . ... ‘...1.... .. .....u......- «.....uk..n..\1.JY ”na-m1n.. ... . .._“... .LMHI a.) 1.4....mur1tC .:.C .‘:...Lf. I II ‘00 0 I ..' I'l. - . ct “ !I 0. I . . c Q .I1 u i I A .. ‘ x . I. .4 ..: ....fi». 1 : f v 1L.;~f1.-...yn .J» .m n. 1. n _._ ram .. U." ..‘ .....n.( .1. . .13» 235 assure has the preperty that neither annual price increases nor decrees“ on emceed 100 percent. The measure does have the efi'ect of reducing the amplitude of price fluctuations but is satisfactory fa cmtiee purposes as it is used in Figure 10. Onions and lettuce were characterized by the greatest price instability over tr. 19h6-64 period, tanatoee and apples the least. More importantly, no clear trend in the stability of crap prices merges from an exemimtion of Figure 10. Price variations for onions and celery declined sanewhat over the period, but for the most pm price uriability did not change and only rarely exceeded 20 percent plus or minus the average of adjacent prices. Another observation of Figure 10 is that the year to year price variations of the crepe are not closely related. The geographic dispersion of production areas of the crepe is partly responsible for this. The lack of agreement between movements in prices along the craps is of central importance to this study. The vegetables and fruits selected for stuck are subject to roughly the same matter and biolog- ical conditions, and, if these are responsible for the price fluct- uations, closer agreement in price directions of the various crops would be expected. Apple and peach production is concentrated in only a few states; lettuce, carrot, onion, celery, and tomato produc- tion in relatively concentrated in Florida and California. For these reasons the craps should be subject to hanogeneous production conditions. That the price moments are mt more similar in direction is only suggestive that their origin may not be entirely due to the production grace” and output variations. is noted, the assuption of the study is that the crepe are all subjected to approximately the same 0x .|—l ~fi' es; 7 EN -..--23 3 . 1uoueq 001 hesaxe Mxe1euq add and euresem nso aeeeexoeb fic”ou“ai "a “i J'J anm_,5;c '- C". ' ‘.t1\‘N. ."p .- - ‘ h. " ' P 'v L ‘ '. . " r.‘ ’0'; I v ’ '1‘ .;;-':’:';..o ’E’~.'-..;-J;) 9...: CU 9"}. +3 79‘: bench 1.» at 92.»; org/3434...; .- "_' .. . ‘ --..r",r, -.:. .' . ,- .r ~ ”'1 (J.’,h'; «.1, 3, c 413.0 Adz-pct} {using 111: {11:04.33M'f'f19 km: 93 o 9.2.- :zr,::-j.J:...;“."f {10:33:fig-.153 gem-awe! f‘a he re rm]: '30 +9;:?o"q s 97:: D0315"? . . 1 r r (. o_ 31- c ‘l ,r _ f I. I .. w ' 0:31]: [’.L)_L...'W."Iv(7".zi' :f'fi'm'l .0 .':u.. -';> ..uf 9'71100 O .C‘ M. ’31 “5:092, 9AM!+ 03-1.3 EffD-i'ibq ITS \ .r. - n , f. +...-.- . f q $4-45- " "r"7"'0" r19 17'?" f'!’ 3 943 "o 953$"; 680"!" . ° )4\ ....) .1) x o v .‘.; J.'. D— Oa-VQ.--W._O S :‘.-...:’ "VIA; b;"fi..~'0 A- .. U ..U .3'7. — ’. . .r -.b ..‘ .r .‘ I L ' . -\' ' 'P‘ " ' ‘ " J... .=.‘,;.:.';;-3~f 991. I“: H. ..gl. (‘3') .~.O (LL 81’10-..~J."’ 'J'JS'I 8.L'O'1U.I:I.JXII :5.) {th.13 JUS 8.1T I‘ ~‘ h f . \- rfi.§ ~‘ " .-,.--;...-\z£.mz.ra 913 Loam-r3 ($1 9145'? ILL {1:755:35 *1 a an as .arro.:.’rsi'L,-sv 9911:; mm} ‘10 . . “._.- 1': r '_ “V '.. ‘ ”0‘ ‘ 'I" 31: 4.1; r rm; 13.1.6.2 sum 1141130 rioiJsiooea s {zigzag 9L . :,. , - r .... -| .’. , .h L 4 . 'r. . 1.... 913..-..r: ..0 r;«l..~.;'z.ra.~u.;.e..' ..: Isuzu '1 w- . so”; .413:qu :9 7., 33;. 9:9 m... .0521 9.43.71 ‘ . . :. 4. .n . . 2er ..7. JM‘ ”'3 .—~;r,,-[ l ., . C! 99.6.9: 9.4.. '10: 85.991} ~'.*.L.x_;.::..re f)I9.-.*{ L: r u : ."‘ 1" ‘ ~\ r' '- ' - 'uT "' . . . - ~- 3‘ ‘ " on 'rr ..'.r .. 9.3 "4.9043,:93 1.... .{1(>.tc_~,.-cr)oecs 8.113 '10 m 315 gum/-291: 5 '4 .. ., ,. ' . :- -_ . I _ -. ' v ,. '.. - '. .- . - on 9-4, r23: .:. 03-11 01.3 999.13 'IO‘HJ be --.3-:'19ru: 89¢”01-33'M 0 .0 ‘fi-iiicfni'm‘a " '—-'l (‘1 ,’ " ","(. :‘r'_.e |'-n_- --’ D \ . '- . 1" ' ' 4. .. ' _ gunman: -e a, 9'. .. (7 9:1. .anfwi‘; 10 {duxdsmsv 93!: 51:. 6W5 :{o -. ..P ' . .._..-1, J. . 9r:.,.-. ._.;“x; inr'm'.‘ I--E J '.1 J \~l:4,.0-i._-'.1» .41., to. -.' ' ‘ . “~ \ - i ’.:|- ~ ' L‘t‘.’:.&-.£390 $9U3¢$E LA!» 8_.L‘n41.::0 ‘ .0 ..: ’.- V a‘ ‘ . " ' f. a .- L e a e- r“ I - _ ‘r I '.. r r . f i. e e 9:, 'r . ~ . 0 ".:.; (.:.; r t if m. 9... Casio on e c I 9'10 i3 05 .. o"; 11145 '. l. " ,0 I . ‘ fl ' V I' "f P .’ " I -.' 1‘ I’ ‘ * I . ,'() f H I C: . - O lC’k: . J, r r'. . \. 4 ..L. - 3134-” I fJ.\J LV' 8 I: '. {fr 890v O + .Jf‘S 83 L" 'm ; ’- f" . J- r4 ' t" r; - 0‘ ~v~- Q + “ "~ A ~’ 3" ’ r ' ‘-' 5‘“ f ”-.'. .: T 1 .13 8).“; J. 3'. '-. ._.«C'-.. 10 'IS {.’1 £3 "LC" 5-.B.J B‘J‘fb'L-‘ZIVB 8 If ‘-:.L..;.‘~J.B I :7 ( \J C Q 6 3 J r_ !- O in L5 U" G) ’ +- b .‘ \D :3 ’ _1 d) 39 1&- I-l' C {r l 2 (3 f ”0, v P b? ‘3‘ s: 1: G G) t.) *Y I 3 ‘3 U) @- .Ia‘ “inn! ‘6357.‘3f"’£5)q I. .‘B noi‘d’cnpmq ogrwriz') 7O Widaspjiga ej: Syd avjag'fo ram”; {"101 'I::--':.‘."IL8 00‘ eV'iJ‘sfi‘c'x ffol."zsr{ ’:9-:~.1m‘-"; 9va Fr. 8110 Jifnoo I 61351" at 139.3”: 800" 3 901.1 '10 in K- (P m I": if - 3. (n b7 D U- m .6 L. la. 0 f d *1 _____—4‘ 21.1 the eaqaected relations; for the former both price and yield variability declined, and there was no post-war change in either measure of vari-- ability for the latter. with the exception of these craps, changes in yield variability were not sufficient to explain changes inf fern price stability of the crepe listed in Table 17. Table 17 'does not indicate what changes occurred in the post-war period which weakened the relation of fan price stability and yields. The possibility of a change in the demand elasticity at tam level for these crops 1... not investigated. The table does suggest these changes affected the yield-price stability differently for the various craps. Hints” the clunge it he not had an unequivocal effect on the farm price stability of individual fresh vegetable craps; in Table 17 fam price varia- bility declined for four crepe, increased for one, and did not change for three in tin post-ear period - for the most part despite opposite chmes or the lack of a change in yield variability. , Table 18 presents estimates of a number of measures of farm market stability in the post-war years for the crepe in question. is in the ‘ previous table the measure of variability is adjusted by the long-term mean of the observations so that the measures are cunparable by craps 'deqite different units of measuranent. E Relative to the other craps all neastn'es of variability were highest for onions over the 1946-61. period. In contrast all measures "we relatively stable for fresh tomatoes over the period. ; Ganparing tho 191.6-51. and 1955-61. periods, only the farm price variations of tomatoes increased, and this was prompted by increased variability of acreageiand yields for this crap. This trend toward less stable prion for man tasatoes nu not accmpanied by increased output r- vn 4.48.). -.:-r; - :r I... L. 3.. H .I -~ me .+.-~.~ . ~-'-+ r -‘.-~«-. .'4 y -.-.I,-:\4\‘:) .':...) “ 1.'.1.9_! .1 bars :?~"". fry I; J.’-.‘1 I '.'.;J.’.It\‘~’ L 91". ..0 - ‘Ci.‘-d-—‘- 3-:DI I‘b'—IQJ"¢‘-.e £.'.\J J -. 1 ,- a '1 v ’.M' ”J 1'. . - re ' a v If ”'4 'I ‘ \ "' “n: I "1252 -0 $1323.“ rpuaze E: 971518 "5v~ act. on anw 9;”mw hWS ‘FOHiI.JU .. . . .. 4 f , - J J “ AC!- 8" 9' “*fi‘; .’ 0 ~. A. .' '0‘. r: .'s\ f‘ . 7"2.‘..-&»r’.° ‘€.':'~'.L-D Sigiu '10 POL (..‘. (711...;9J-JJ 82$: '10?- QUJ--L.L .‘.: ' ,- .. * 4 '-- i- a, + .- . 1H: 1- .. are. r W"? mm 331 r o a IINLE o. uneioIuna so: 319! Yiiu-d;115v Ulh'fi tnrgaritTC side? .Vf eififlTriifrmcif arozosyfiifio ViniPfiyk eorwr U _ lo gfjjfficaow VJ" .5?IQ*§ ban V‘iif7;?a seize 135% to fifiijshflT 513 car {6071 838 J 18? ‘fi‘HI r23” w: '*»1"*ad e bvv'wb 813 VI 832510 5 and Eisfiwuifis new"; In 829.3 (fat-L123 33m: 83 2.3 SIIT ..:-.933; firecwpf + r' 931 "815:5-“ .39013 220115? Cid 161 2:159193131 fiilifidzga eoi1n~bfzffi .' ’ H ‘ 4' ... .“' . ‘ v 0" ‘z 4 F. - ‘.u" '31; (N33 SJLQQ mfint 9.u no *9°:'18 £250VLUL9HL as be; «on as» .1 9:55 o I- .' . '.. ¢ t-u Hr . r «4 9. fl' .\5. HI ;e~o.3 eIss 8 8V “1&3"? In.miL.Isni LO ' - ‘ .P . 'V e n f ' '-. - A . O ‘ . '-- ." .‘ 8 have can 513 Dnb ,uflo 701 h6839T9fiI {63010 1303 10? be? L193! ViiIId ' ‘ \o ejfanfio sitqaab 313g deem 813 101 - Loi~8q 15w ~Jrofl aid.ni 88:13 10? .fidiiif _5‘113v b 91? ml 8;n5.0 s 30 £231 81: 10 a fix, J?i"5f ‘"1c ?; 891 3391'30 101:9H s 10 as 5mmlas a'nea8"~ r: sits} 918 at an .fioxdaafip a; 87013 efiJ 101 BTSSfi 1sw-Jaoq efiJ Li Jcrffnnk . _ .14., .: . + L. ' -‘:; :.-'-.- , _ - - ,: , ,. 510J~Uno£ 940 (a banantbs a: xuiiiuhrzav 10 sinusom 9.3 sI~5J BMOf-.C' :c 57019 {d sfdfitsqmoo 913 eexvasem adj $511 03 anoifgv1.3ro s‘+ to ngIm “'7 ‘7 "‘ e -- n l l L' v'u’ aha?!) .~J'."*~‘)-”‘:$'Ur88311 '10 3313!! 31193.3”, __ eisw'yflilidsixsv to aezuagamzlis anode 18130 add 03 svlfgIafi (- :. .' 1' ' ' r ‘ ‘ VJJI°JPW [is UBSYJHOO n1 f0£"8q AI~~,QI end uevo anorno 10: Jaedwvi Is-‘ I' -‘ . .‘- ce , n 1’ + o I- , ‘ a - ..' .s f' . ..‘ Lifzxcsoe m0 ':13~ cud 19VO 83093303 .651; 101 siesta {isvzficLux etc: .. . - ' O r. .'s . -- - - v F "5 q‘ "‘ ‘ ' 10 anoqf5113w 9:114 mini sJJ gfimo t W10 ”ow A u I‘”I bub Av-~¢?I ail ml 0 *1 C _ he I . “I *3- tn E10 H Ln <: {1'- ': I g l :x _.5 ‘3. .2 ,4 2. . . ' . V H c, 0 I u Ls qufiq sew 5113 5.5 necse1oar 29.355 c I I I r f . o . ‘ b . 91 .1; I3 85:93. 5252.03 ELIE-"£3 8.0.": .rrnfi'r‘, 9 ,"Id' «(31 p‘- [a L'CC‘ 93,0 ‘..-pr, ; CV, . ' _’.." .‘-F-’ .:. v - .v e O JUQU o Lbufibfflua {d belnsquooos Jon 23w 89035501 use”? 101 ROOLTW «A ...-E... .8fi8 3.3.8 33...... .5932... oo .._—.8398 .3. Jam-Ha a .818 _ In... 3.5".” .8323 ...—ca... .188. .38 .1 .8 .33.». :3 no ..:-room 3.3.... .8 .3363... .8. .658; .3363 .aoaagono hi: Ira 6.58.6 on. .33»... on"... 6:. 6.7.“ .Ioagno in ...". 1.3.... 1... flag. ouoouow “3oz . Idol 83 no .9359...” o .. 6......“ ...—75.3.5. 3 “All! so nae-7.6 6.71.... .5. .. 68.88 . . . o o fl JflH 3. sq m a s. . s. n... i . a... __ .s. a s. p..." s. . ...m a. a i o... _ a... 0.. a. a on ...... a... n... «A .3 o .3 ...... E n." «a ..m o... ..n n... n.~ o.“ N.» «do... .... «.m a.“ dm 0.“ H... ...m .3 a." 1m 3 8.5 E. a... a... ~.n m n 8.8 ...: “.3. .3 a... . m 8 SH __....“ ...Hm _ o... a... n... ...SH SH «.R m 3. b o H mm o... ...... .n ..m H m N. 3. 92 ed 3 . .3 H... _ 0.8a a... d. .8 0.. ....n . 3.3.... 85.8 N. «3 «.3 13 _ .8 .._.N a... $83." . ; né. ... «.3 ...n .3 ,_ .3 8.33 . . . “.3 «.3 79 o... .6 .1. .3133 , bids 3d 8... a.“ ...m .8 8... ...-RS . _. Em ... dfi ...... a...“ n... 88.5.” .. _ . $3 . . Z. d. ..m .8... E 4 38.5 . . ago .... .'--I"- gouHNEO‘OHa‘HE -'--..I-I.I'llol no»: a... 33 no.3 7.37m .8» 333.3», .75 E... ....o 3.53.: 838.8»: 5 .38... .3 .3... ..0-04 I: 935: a; v0.39?“ .3» AuEE‘d he! 55 no loan-box 333.83..» a» Duncan. .3 ohm-._. ‘ ..':th mocha!» flange and lab.— Paom hogan—USA canon: 360K n30 E E {PUP ..-..-nununoun Hanovbfiooaothaw ..-nnsuauausnn n.4,: 4.4 .70 m.m w; 43 Etch ago non-N 004 Ht: Mo? Hom NDW FNIWVQH mLHh mob m.~ 41m ~.m m1? bwlmmmh N 0E W OOH mug 0..—w N on b. N FZFQH ARCHOQ m.w4 a .4 ”.mh 4 . m 91» haw vmlwvoh 4.mmh m.0.n hbh a.m wk w...» lemeh W048 How H04 mom 00” WOW VQIWVQH OOCQQOrH 4-NOH OOOH Cop m.” hom hob bmlmbmh h.mw 0.4 9%“ m.m Fm h.m lemmmh $.00." arm... ”.mm O.~ 0.4 4.@ tY.yvmh 02350 S 0.9% 4.4% «(hm Cow ohm. m.m bulky/uh NM. Cohw Oahrh NCMWH tot 4..—V @om FWINNGH H043 bum «wt? NOW Hom Ooh le/J/MJH 9.9“.” bow wk H.m H.m o.m .rylmmmh 0.0.? 00m MUM. NOW WOW mom P‘V'anpm’nm “0”“: mm 099$ ”of. 4.4 New m-m @om FNIWVQH DOHQWQOMG< comm wiw not m.w mfm bah vwlmmmh a. E o.m E yaw E $123 839; a .:. 4.9“ r. 4% E knew“; ES 3“.» mam 5.x hb >3 Pwlmmoh .. : , .4 En NE. 2. n/Ipwoh «.30 mMM - u a, , q A CI .233 a”? we can 6.8.35. a mu vammoqofim «3233?». 33.3 H.338 yo :onthduv 5.5953 2%.» am ”$300+ 30.3 345.8.“ mum 39,3»?me 9.?? win hump.“ 3.403938% Aawdhaa 08m 30th gm nonunuvoaa ammoaflr "ouox b ‘3. no $9.13 :9. +0 228er Summing «on aqunwwfifi maom mwwnhonw nownuccoqm .mnonqmjumao Egan .mm..£w..~..+....m 933....” 2.55 woqq....,....o Qua mama” +n.£.d wobumfinam main. .maowoaw ownénuom «wane sill «If...» .5 .hkfina .nob‘éwm wzagoacm Hmownmwummm .wéuhuowfiuw .wo anuAmnfip .m.c .8», Tim}; Facuhqowuw.» ”8.80m 21.3 variations even though acreage and yield variations increased. Another emparison of interest in Table 18 is the trend toward aore stable fresh apple prices despite that toward less stable amual production. For every crap in 1m. 18 the post-ear trend in fern price ‘- greater stability with the emoeption of fresh t-atoes - followed tin trend in acreage stability. It was indicated previously the relative importance of the two canponents of output variability, yield and price changes, provides. an inlication of the contribution of unexpected changes in output and changes resulting from producer acreage decisions or the irtegration of shippers into fresh fruit and vegetable produc- tion. Table 18 indicates a stronger relation between acreage and farm price stability than between yield and price variations. For example, far- price variations of celery and lettuce declined in the post-ear period, along with acreage variability, in spite of increased yield ‘ variability. According to Table 15 these two crepe rank high in the geographic concentration of production and shipping point integr‘iea of marketing and production. The concentration of production, increasing the vulnerability of the crops to sinilar cli-tes, diseases, all! freeses, is one mlanation for the increased yield variations of the crepe. But the stabilizing influence of shipping point integration and physical proximity of producers and shippers was apparently suffi- cient to offset this source of variation and foster more stable fam prices. A ranking of the crops in Table 18 by the various neamres of fan mket stability is given in Table 19. The crop rankings by farm price and output variability are of particular interest to the mpoth- esis of supply-induced farm price variability. Use of first differences \\LL.,\ . . n . _g o‘ _ fi 9 n 2., 1 -. r .2. r.- ,' — ' 4- ° '_72, x .i. .:.-29 ,5‘3:..'.«’.‘ '5 .‘. C-.1:'.2_:. ..:..u .'.Ls-I Liv-1. ‘5 131:5 93,2 STE-‘38 1-53013 USVS 8.23.". Si'IBV , - ' ._. ,_ . '~- ' ‘ . ' .' ’: r s r f g .1 o L A $ 9 r .‘ L’--s. é a 0'. L c J” S'O‘J ’..: _'.) C’.,: r‘ J_!. EJJ. _.Lal. I . \, 8919911.: '30 I“ C: 11.57”")? -'. r ..9- . 1..., , h 9', - .3- ~ . v - ;: IT was} Ll 2&;au CgL‘uJO 93$ GI Sinai Ki quD fifluts 101 ‘7." .‘ - t or '1 0 er- -13'3} IO {ICLC'Q'i’VDZS 9f)?! [‘13 .[W VII‘LI’d—mja 791’343'1’3 f“ . '.. ‘, . '-'- f" ..’ '-- ~ I '.,. '-’ ° 41 .--' ’ ‘. ' J- ... ..~ a.‘ '~ fir‘ ,3 1,511 ”1:27)", f... ‘i.:.¢-’.iv‘\~)-‘l- .'f_'.‘,"1" 1);) ;. {'£ FEET"! u .1..u-r. D.GS.‘" b‘dgfl'fgs 1‘1 L._'..‘J'1 : .‘--_‘.- .'.r'9.:_' a... , ._ I + Q r..h« ° .5. ’_l ‘J; ilhf_:_. _J_ ‘: ‘1ltdt-l,4__£.( .'5.: I‘ .fir 31' (fr ht»: ‘3 .t O a d r91 MOQHCO m" J 81.:3 ..0 e‘sr‘b .‘(vh'fll‘YLE l ~e} e y ‘ : {Y’SL'IJNOC B’s-a" '.fO fiCijL-O -':: I‘LC ITS 85007012" L?9"r"51 {0 90: :. ..-...-. ' 4':';i J.‘)" $1.: J_C’ .\\I~ . . . -. .v . ::r, “..-, 1., L, °. “MP: 0., Owaqg-u. 95; _-~_=.t_1’.o-:.~.5 '.-.-:.'.)-'.-J>C‘":'7 .MCVIL LIFT-Loud? ZfD'I 8‘3;11‘IL)1I3 {A I; stiff-Miro Ill 38:11.93 E H ‘ b—é ‘ .a .5 ‘ - -" ‘- v I .—¢ 0‘- ! ~Q ' O r l O. u . I { “oi-fibuzfi-SJ’ 1:,-1.3 3.41:1 Lash om; azoqrmfia 'io manna-3L; 91.3 '10 . .-.. . . - r z: .. .( x V .' 1 r:.,~ ..'. r'g. hrs v‘goflog 9999 AU nmiouluu usyboqea 5 eevboifimi {I e;ubT .flOiu ”£131" eo-C'Iq has blob; meow-19d and: xii-Cite...- 931”.“er P1 ...-“7 staff a}: Ego-mi nab emrJJS-E f-r's males to enoic'fai'mv 9'3-th mm? o '- s ‘ ‘v ' r. e‘ ' D‘ 3'. a .L._ "' " ‘. ._. r'fi. V‘ r . JLCLM bfiaaexohl .0 Salve LL Qu”4l¢'blr‘¢ 9259” ‘35 fluid “9048 501791 93* u: figfin inst 3N0”9 C».J GaeiJ {I eidgT o: gnibqosoA .gijiihgiqgv | I u. .' a 1 -.e L" . 90 r" )os noideHOQq lo moldsudnsonoo oiflw3¢3003 ' I! norm-o 9.7T .no-L'Jozrbo'xq ins grit: 02:”.1'1 40 ‘ r '1' . e f. :' f- ‘3' - '.., ..., w r .- a-iorzrn ,8-‘3‘v3~‘,.‘-1-I-3 'Ib..-..‘".:.a oe- 8".(01...) 5 1- * +£36.37 Sffilfv ed 1‘ friisx-o'rorzi ”:0 am: L’Ll’l'J-ETT file-.':”; biomass-tort: 8er 10'}. moi-isrisiqxe eno e-c ,eaaeo'x; Em; .' l .7.“ " ‘- ' .' " .' r e 'I r 2"! Q "~ e F, f. . . . ‘. _.' ‘ '4 ,6 . -‘ I. . .1; ..‘ J~ I . ultidf“ ‘1 N ..L .3 .LO 9311"» . “.:-.”- BMJZSILL'JBJB Brio {hid .8-"1’0'10 6L. ."‘-"-‘ , it". ‘ ‘ " ‘Nr' ‘ . e I ' - --‘.' .'- x , , p‘t-J’ ' . r m. 3 1’L4’i-.3'l,r.- :- 8:31. ens-m.- a ,m, d'Ii”. Maw 10 i. .....n {o'm Leary-grit: 1...-(3 - " ‘ .e' .. '. "V .l‘ .‘— :' - e ‘ " .".‘r-a ’e '. " 1“ ‘ . O I ‘ ‘ " ‘ g2 91’ 13, 9mm. mot-m... my; (._«.:---.,.-_s..r.-;,v '30 source. arid 333130 03 3355,17!) '39 1.9"..‘73‘39’3 aroff‘tsv 351‘; v.5 f-‘I eLfr-T n}: saw-rt) 67H 30 gniirrz'x A .,,- -. . ,. - .n‘fe. a} PI? In ‘ . v r 9' ‘ . ~ . '- ..- L.g; K5 a» isusi J -9 efl. .xi eJ-t.aT nL LQVié L vJLi-h Boa demzsm n? -¢%1 J L‘--... r .l_ _-'; 'i . _ J_- ‘_ I e . --_{..(“ff'\{'fl . 0.; 985190111. 11.51. USLUTD‘V 10 925 LVN-crrsv duqé'n IDIIE. sit-{'15: O I C . '. T. 1"! ‘e‘ ‘P‘ ' r v, . Jr! W . - .- ' 857-1fo I“ . .._LQ J.’/1...}. IO Edd ”C35. 1.4.421." a" SSI If? “1.15:3: f’b‘QUEJILt-‘fICT'YUE '10 81.39 Ii l 2“; Table 1.9. Ranking. 6: Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetable. by We of Fun Market Stability, 19h6-64. Variability Coefficient; Fm Pam Crap _ Yield Acreage Unlurveeted g Price Value Output Output , -------------ra.nk------------- Lettuce ' 3 3 ' 6 5 t. 5 'i'cmatoee 7 A 5 2 5 1 Apple: 5 - 2 - .- 3 - fetches 6 - - - - - Qniona 1 1 1 1 1 h Celery 2 2 I. 3 3 2 Comte lo 5 3 h 2 . 3 — T Iberined u the (tenderd deviation of mu]. first difference: expressed an e percentage of the mean ‘..-_.‘.“ __.—_A.‘ __4 ‘..-2 _._-_._- ; ._._ _4 A ‘..—— _.' ‘7 Source: Teble 18. .._.,_ .vt ._ r -r.: 4..-, ' .L'.. -r- r" ; .1 r ‘5 o .- .-..r I r ' m 0.)“ _' ;,{.C.I ; LU 8;}; 3'} ‘U, z.’ ‘3'" 3 5.5.1". . .._.‘J I. u -’.:v:'9.;.5JC. 10 CJ....-,.FI3L- .0 94.-.?” \ \ A 0_ '- v o-s ‘ —"-',_t ,- 0 T‘ .‘.".‘ \“" " v "A - 404‘ L‘ U -‘--’ «9:1 r: ‘5.1 40 N. "C'- -- u '9 ~D‘AM'wm-flm- _ .0 I- —— ‘ ...- .‘.-4". ..‘—u. . -*«H.--..o=*—ar.—vd-m*u. mflrq—w-u! ."‘ 7.;«1‘F'. .+ W ' ..1— .- :...'...t ‘..-Hr" chub—36‘ -o=.m-¢-~.r.- ”Adam-as ..uu J‘J—‘h~-~ 4~.«qén*uun~n v+;—;.,;~r~ ‘. , x _ ' -, . . - . . I_ _ f a .._»..r-‘g -e.-- ._..“- Awnm— --M 4.. "A —"‘ .r' 193;: 3;: : 1.5"," L .7010 p.151 mun . .-. ". I. . J-. I‘ 1' ° . J; -' ...:v? ..'-a atria?! 90.51? ..§*'~- -“‘Jr-Jr-tsan. a" “-..-Mo-‘i—o ‘A v — v u N .- .. u .- -n - - a. a. u- - “1:26: 1- III - - - u a. - - - - - - :1 ' '1 A 4 x g g E C 93m y sI " ‘1 ‘ "‘ $- ,. "fl 1. ‘, L‘. ’2 A Y 830.) 1:,-'10 L - * u q - r r ' l' ., eta‘. ‘ Yo- » , w - - - i. - ( ELMO BL? . o ,1 -_ I I I I afimrfi r“ E A S 1‘ -x i S V19 (<3 9 f“ '1 '1 -- >- {k E K A 8101154 "wu' ..‘.“ W ‘..—4 fl — -. . I. r‘ .. '- ‘ ’.. f,‘ .‘ r~ $.\ " .‘fl- r~ - I} . - - 3 .. ' " . " ' . ’1 I ‘.2' dl», .VLHU‘ ”:31“; -Lhuifff‘. -.0 Ii'x*.'-v£‘.r.'.£%-= }."IE.5'I‘S-?a 9m} 85 te.‘:f?f.\. 'I’ "D - .' ‘ 5‘- 1‘9””: 51:3 :0 9 guts") .1967 5 as .... .r-mo.—o—~.--.~w. ..0.= aga— — ._ L. w 4 2&5 in compiting the urintion coefficients in Table 18 elimimtee the different danand eluticities of 1:11 me no considerntions“ in can- paring the varidfility menu-es in Table 19. The run]: correhtion between crop output snd farm price nriability is not high. The reh- tive]: high output ind price“ variability for onions snd etsble output md prices for fresh tomatoes ere evidence in support or the hypothesis of mpply related price instability365 But the eontrary 1. indicated by celery and lettuce, two. crops heving relatively high makings. in price misbility nnd low takings in output auntie". For epplu to well, the relatively high degree of output mistions did not trans- hte into extrane price variations. ' Other relationships merge from Table 19. , For the most put there 1! o dose agreement between the crap rankings by output, yield and * ocreege uriatione. ~‘f‘omatoes are n exception to thie, bowing reh- tively high yield variations which do not Mt. into high output and price misbiJity, pram-bl: beceuee of changes in crap Mon- nent. In Chapter I. it as indicated.” abamloment in guercl no a. motion to market prices rather than en active force on the price gaining process; however, this genernliution does not appear to hold fa' tantoes. It would appear valid for onions, a. crop hurling relatively low mistions in mhnrvested production despite high variations in output A!!! in: prices. Finally, on inverse relationship of crop per- iel'nbiiity and scrugeend output puristions is apparent from Table 19. Lettuce and tustoes, the two most M10 craps mounting the 365nm. 15 indicetes the output and price mutuality 6: onions m ‘ be related to the geogrsphic dispersion of production and the low ‘ J degree of production-marketing integration. , .'." > ..‘ 9‘ :_ J . :- 0 4. ‘ 322$: 33.11.112.152 «:1 3122-2. 12.. 5.1.3.313 Z303 nc-'E- 512521 9i.) 3.3.. 1.12:5: 03 n1 . .- . . l\' .P’ .4 ‘ , I P L‘..“ . I 6%.‘2 ..:-2233 n». 5nr1.T.—;-;3-...z.;:.03 3;. 8.1317.) 32.3 ‘20 5221313133519 1»: 52:23!) 353131.13 _ .r. f r ‘ O- . ‘ ' .- 0 .- O’J' e y e - :3'1'953 21-3“; 3-? .21 3.2.21: 22. 32.23.322.331 23112.2. 22,25,12321 32132 1...-.E'v 41 30% a1 "11513~165v 3:11q mu:?.11$33~1vo q013 neswied 3.2.23.2-3 ...... 1:25 3123.39 ’23). 2.j‘.‘1.£1:.'.21~‘;5‘1 331.17 £22225 311223210 11:11 ‘2‘-313:1. 5.33:2'351232 3753‘ ”go 3"".‘5221‘2‘1358 12.7: 3::-.'23L1\23 9'15 8503131031 .'{53'2'1 101 8331-23; has £8?5031.1 'i ‘.3. 5;)O 9i? mi {53.yc-1121. ax: 9311 Tq 1933191 VICqflE 30 32 51211151 527013 0220‘ .332214231 11225 2:23:33 21-?! 53 22225 '23:. 315011512522 .‘J‘.«:2m.?2ro 1:1 3311231251 on 122:5 2151116511521 32.11:; «3:21.23 3322 bib 8150.3:- ‘221'1511 621023520 '10 33'11- :b d; 2111 xiv-11.1431 3d} LEW as .32201351'1521 33112; 3129223373 01221 33.51 213 101 .CI 51652 new} sgfions aq1d3n0115191 XOdJO b-5313; ‘.+_:.=~:;.:E;ro 'gd 83:51-11:31 qO'IS 3. d‘ 12332~'.3~‘3d 3229:3313; 93013 5 81 ”xii?! "2.221225: .3123, 0;! :23.f:;.‘:~;3:;;--3 2213 9'15 2330351“? .81”OI.CI.B..C‘I£V 3'19'133 32:23:50 .'.; 1:1 33.21 3.1.1222 5'21 30.22 of2 3:31.122 312013 .312 21:1 £213.21 11;. ii 21.232113 --.2r:-»:"2:'r..;.:’5 c2323 :21 83312533 '13 33225333 21;, F 411122234 (1:111d51'1'5v 331'Iq 1:125 8521 1.3222223: :21 3213212051225 5 qO'Eo I311..- “2.11 85w #1 411.313 111 .d‘rsem 331:1 5.22:3 no 3310?: 3211.335 .225 1251:“ 213.1151 83311:; o‘er-1mm 03‘ 120133531 2. 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Honour, the ottanptuu “M1" for ito moot-inn or cup Won-tin inch night ho uncut“ oath thio Wmty, ouo of man oro roprooutstivo of tho ..:-mm; Int- for frooh fruito ond mohbloo. Puro mm]: and duo-d chorodboadstioo do not clot whoa thoro 1| Ildooprood intogrr- tion of tho pocket-ion old Iorkdm oootoro, who: thou-o oro institu- tion in tho mot Plano Inch contributo to tho Mobiliw of ton pricoo or mam producor ott-pto to otobmoo pricoo. thou thoro on Win; offer“ mohtod to tho ototo or factor Iorkoho. ond who. ethol- Iorkot hhoroaborhtieo comm!“ to o {on who inch 1- oo mtoblooo to mmmatorooomoo unnatura- prico minty. . lantho tho mm ”or mob oaporioono mo Iodo thou-o loco capo with; tho combat-dual Whoa.- of M‘ otohmty on! «how ogwopo for itohthorguo oougootionot ohrooflotghtho nhflonMp of yidd ond ton prloo «mam-.:. For .11 mpo, ' ' ." ‘ 'V"N "Nr“’7 O‘ ‘ '9 ’ ‘ " -.r 4 ‘IV -.,r:ro ‘10 35-1991: 1 o' w.;,[<,n,r_;.!;,f;.-°x V to 14.3.. 313w 53;: gut. 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L. ‘5 my: 93'3'05 air :3 Jon '10 'xemerfe! .9311“...th b15335 9J3 1.11:}; 8113135":er noidouffo"1 om}: {20:33:— 33:7}; 'mcrrzlria Yd tilt-('1: {1-17 amiaimh 33397.35 he‘sfcct ed: Id 'IO a'rsqqtrfa {d 3193:;qu c1:3 31113115115 ”10 osngsj'mmrzfic 5x133? ...Eo'x 9:13 31:5 .'Laela ion at e'xeoubo'xq Jnebrreqsfni ‘10 9912221 3311 eiaagkomgd add Momma 301': each molt-aim 9333105 636d: J.'rr-ydm n}: eagzrrdo {333391391111 3.0 slime“: ed: ‘guscionhq 913 enoiishar ml 390101 'mr .30 353' J‘ a}: smubl‘vo 951T .anoidsfi'mv blah; ‘(d 19311135631 as .‘ziilfldsdari sable: m3 :miomsui‘ml on 59.9513 03 11013.11:st ‘F—aooo'n: normoo 330m ad'l‘ V*'J..: Jili‘fig. 9337.3. £759.21. L79 '34‘7‘1Ffiz-g £15.79; I£"JIJ_CUOIT~ s has 10309: .1921qu add newa‘ezd 1101303193th as 30 nob in br'2...fiwb £15391 has urn-3'1 ‘10 cririunofrjgia't 9:23 emeonoo zflfldsd'e eohq edT .f‘ngms‘ab raw/3:19?) 5 as aud'sfa a'qemo'i edJ 30 mph nJ: asidiolo‘enle [{33‘5-‘1 9d: ‘10 dose 3.6 esoi'iq has 33309 ‘10 anidalanoo .nlg'nsm an! 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[Immoity pnu)§n2m_m:old% m” t 19 3: 5th . .phuiooo tho orfoot of tho oiso of tho muting nrgin on m- grico ohoticity uni Minty. WI 1o 31m in flat follow totho {on orthonrgin. Ana-o cuploto mmmu oonoidor tho contribution of both tho ciao on! form of tho lorzin to fun d-nd ohoticity. 'rho Jutifiootion for abstracting In: tho offoct of tho oioo of tin nor-gin horo roots on tho oooulption thot thoro is grootor diocrotion in tho docioiono uni-rounding oorgin In tho: margin 1on1. In oddition tho intordopon‘lolco of crop lot-gin lmlo whoa nrioblo prico Iron-lions io prostiood 3t tln rot-nil 1on1 nhooitdi ttooboorvoiniopondontchngoointblovolof crop urgino. 1311:, tho divorgonco in rm 4“ duti- citioo w oontributo to tho ciao of tho urging Konnoth Ogron ho mocha! tho dirforonco botvoon fu- nd rotoil prioo olutioitioo of (land io ooo ouplmtion for not on]: tho grootor prico vario- bility ot fmlovolbtt doo tho «dining fun euro ottho ooo- ouor'o food don‘t: "Horkoting Cooto, For. Pricoo uni tho anr'o Slot-0". mmwm mm. 0.1““ of th. WC... 1957, po 252o 267$»: Footo Ru). 129;. St% ? I! gm m'u.s. 53%! Agricfiuro, turd m in; Sou-do» ‘94th Wk lo. 1156.113. 1.958. p. 21» on; linoor d-ond function oro Word in tho proout out. Thooo oonotrnotod ouch thot Mo urgi- tono will rooult in o more olnoticd-ullnt thonnlovolthonotrotofllovol. Amman. unm- prico norclnniioiu could produoo thooo mail form, though tbro io - roooonwhthionuotbo tb ronlt of this pricing “‘9; 931$ 1.7”039‘1 05‘1“ ‘-"-"‘.£:J':;,".'L:x e;iJ 3.0 moi ”:12: 0:118 guidlugo'x miJ 1:qu 633119.;er +23 2 ioiJar... '12 English eaiJ .‘.o J.'..MLI 'Isqcru aziJ asr..:..-*50Jub coi Jami £51.92 1) 01-.J 0;:0.iJ 32.5 50; 2011335510 9.1.2 1:002:3205 ooaeg'zsvib edd’ has ,Isvsl rims} 005i air-IT Y2 ~‘.r1"."".m 0.2'J '20 mo“: E2515 95.23 063 '10 no.1:J0md n at claveI _Jf-A '-JC 5213'}. 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Thodatoronooootfioio‘o, awopmuwmummm.fiw 9521.. hot n- tboo ropoodoo uptu- um: m1. ammo Wood-14¢”,thoromtoorouww1ooooromfiMoob thou-don that}: fallow-1. mtho momhmtyhum mtnmumbytumu «manta-manu- bmtynrhooo-idonhlytru.éororm1ooto.fltorpouhoo. hmuomottmmoonodhmworonw within. wimmuumtotunuuumwwm ‘Oftl‘m rmtooo,thom¢orootorioodhytho-onoot-Io1 wumwmmu-mmlmmmmu- lotto” in who ohotidtm up lov MOO Mill!!- uf_ ooino 1o ooo-po-iod by rohthoh Iago ton prioo mu... ”But tho ‘ zésfhopoorronltommduoinporttothouoofomflog «do: own“): whoa mm option oro and for. Tho lotto:- olnold ho uood who: tho dopom “richly prioo, 1o knot. , to arm tho «Winn of tho crap. Prico ottocto con-uptic- through tho motitutiu ottoet at! tho offoct of pioo on bruit, huoo ”caption, who. emanation 1o oc-pntod non; tho (ii-Cp- pooronco nothod. Shuflott tootod tho uppueobmty of dosh «1.- tion toctmiqnoo for duo-d ootintic- or o unhol- of crap: on! our gootod oilnltuoouo oqmtiono for lottuco ohd onimo, thy tun crapo toa- uhioh tho duo on mooptohlo in Tohlo Z). n. m. 15...; ... ...,.._ J .H.‘ ! ’9' ‘_vc .‘ Q f’--'—*—'—'~~E 3:42.: $93 ..:. 9,.3 '12-. fluid ‘.nei’. 33in ms'i has 1.25:3: 2115’: '30 35:51:33,359 ‘58 ch'I r119 371.15 1;; {"03 "1:373 .39 31:55? 111 113913 9133 81:8 3"! 9 {1' .S'L'I'm‘ 9:13 :13: b:~L.-':‘~;o':q salsa. 3'25 aaiJioijazisn :11) 15y 9.3: ears: I'L'LILL ..':a avid profit-£31255“? w“.- 32.314219 Jon e'zuw 2310335333209 933 '_"-.0 3:00 3;:- -" 7:") '11»; '15: 33119351213339 110 3331191 33:: aid ‘10 9.3.08 '10 eIwaI l l' g \\ - o 93;? 33.“ vino '10: been saw sigh Ismmh 393.340.: 93.33;) em: 30:35:23: L r 33.1w '10“: 89-3.!)Us'389i31. him $02713 «AIM 9.01: e-‘IJ 'Io'I. salidigjcdimfl evict/r 15:33:35 b’dv’L‘T‘D 11:357.!) 3:5 ael‘iiriémzis 33 hr; 33-151 to 3935...: 339 at: ‘a~:?'1;eiojzt‘:soo 91-10:: 101 angle 3.4? .3359.) 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"toenail-1c Roi—gawk“ Engemgnfiummm In. 1316, not. 1961., p. in. .339 55:13“! "2”95 r13: Jameson 512:. :.=.9"r oJ Lezfoorpce 9d b11502»: mi; 1951 9:9 {'1‘ ‘..-'4...- 9dJ a}: JsriJ 32.991214 1: :5 J91 Ins nrw‘i (11 29.2.1.5 .2'3 (1:12.. $221251: (£337.: 333135'5'111 r:f:315;1 91331331939” .nig'mm s dare 1:271 .ani'g nojccfgi'zs" 9325's? nmz'i 5 [11 13-951 229': memo 10111.. 11122196! to me! 91:1"? an (511:9..v':~.9-2.:.;_9.-'~.r.r (11:3 ...9 ' ’10; 15.13591 '10 J55: J 3:.Lb9992r 9 551913531909 11:23:“: 91.1.»: .‘.-3:2: < :2 £935? 20 r2 8301160 hr cs 99;:JJe1 10': 39110:: 35:31:11: b92211 aiz'J ‘rfffxo 99555.1 9:£J 1.0“}. 35:95:91171903 nciJsjc'rsv eohq 1.2.5391 hm .1122: as 99.2J-i;."_i..'.‘.:;:-2.E’1 9125915? 11.93551 has 1:11:31 917539935100 oJm. b93..1&{t5.’-'J f4-‘1 K fs-rrs 03.: ~ J.'“: 12119:- 9. .0 a,_2.?;*::J"3:fl 9d oJ hegbmt 919w wig-.1331 91mg 9ngqu (.392er airEJ 'zo'i 133315:6.132.911 995322; ms! -:!J {@31de h .3 .9515 315511 1:93.11 2:91? earn 1.1.35 9': or. 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La 8301'1q (Md 9:” a1 meiosi‘lsv 9T1 3'5211‘31.'.'31'3;A;0 Jrzau :J'zsxs’l dJ tw Jrrsrzee'rgs 131 9'13 aJBIas'x sasrfT 1941.31!ng 9'15. 911?; .92. 229.1J‘9J’22m 15:93‘9'12-“115’1 Jaom JsdJ 3n}: ode eelbL'Ja 8'1;"'..‘J.~"?.‘23 :hrr’ ~13; -Uc, 95L’103H’3 53.5332;sz 'xon 3939.51190'199 5:75.215;de 8391 9'35 991:3.iz2513r35 '9 9353; 111-12‘: . ;1Jn-:J:'poanoO 029‘ .owJ 9 .J usewJed owitsb 9:93 $365 93: 95:11.1: 0813 533.591: "J ma .asiJLoiJasi'e 115.191 115 91.. 3501:5250 .919".Jo mfiJ 3124.211 15:33:91 9::{J oJ 193010 9:25 99:33:01.?2519 magi 35:5' .':W 935:: firms 391J1:1_t::'ix91“1 SOI‘Iq Yd dJod bs'mesem as aodaasq has .aiwsi 15'1st has ms'i £5 rtoid'si'zsv eoi'xq Iglpe Juoda caved eJnsiofi'ieoa .‘Jns 99:23:91 .anomo .290J2fiOJ .991395 ‘10 eelJffldbcs—afl eoltq 9:IJ Jzfl 311035.91 9.1T .1553‘91 J3 um'J ms} J5 'reJas-rm {Ids'zeblanoo 9'15 119190 “11...- 53119195]: £115. 23.1225". arm Jnexe’fiih £11 911 eeone'xe‘iJflJ (1010 eaedJ 10“}. .'IoJase gnkJeJl'mm 9:” at 9913915133 crimeyfozn 959521120011: ‘10 eexrsood 19ve£ Jm‘coq gnlmma er J JP. 9.?Tr'5-"ravnt Vji‘ 99'191 a]: II,'F“.'I.;m pntJah'u-m .dmfl-rrjg‘z 5.91.3 ‘e.+519m9._-;qmg3 . ‘ :3: ‘SZUJLQOIJf‘vaa 1O .Jrr9i2jrxfli‘rea .:.}.U Drummervfi 92»;qu ”_.5, '51qu ‘.1: q ":zfgii‘”) .Cél .q ..‘/321:1 .vol’.’ .rBIEI .0” 111' 3911.11 1301mm.“ .9951, 1'91. 1.9.159ng gLurJ“: if! 256 to changee in prices. A: rated in Chpter. 5_ there ie eome .eddm cf the. Investing, packing and selling chargeevdxh the nine of the crop. But on balance the form or the shipping point margin can be emected to add rigidities to the fresh trait and vegetable marketing margin. A modified incoglete exchange arrangement in used in the terminal wholesale markets whereby the firm attracts a fixed percentage 01 the eelling .price for marketing crnrges.271 This has the effect of hating the margin at variable one, but as noted previous]: the impor- tance efthie mrket is declining with the increase in dinct lurketing true _ehipping point to retailers. One explanatien tor the equal fem ead retail price flexibilitiee of peaches and carrote ie the geographic dispersion of production of theee crepe end the reenlting centimed nee of the ubleeale temiml markets {or met 01‘ their eelee. | The combined effecte of margin tone at the ehipping point nerket and wholeeale terminal market are otteetting; the runner of. mg tien for ._.rketing servicee in the tamer..liubmdncee e. ridigity into the margin, that in the letter, _intreducee e percutehe relation. Brekere Operete on both fixed and percentage urging, the former being eon-Wat lore prevalent. .Theee eperating netlnde not en]: influence price elaeticity‘ at the ten level, but tutu-e chengee in the garnet emanation Inch as direct marketing and en increeeed role of the ehipping point broker will change that elasticity and price stability. élrhe margin font at retail level ie 6! particular interest. 271mm, 6.11., ”The smart-Ten Behavior of Dietribntive Mergin- on Fruit: and Vegetable“, 2! m W, 8:2,1956. 5 9:31:13 alt etc-m}? E 161311.213 vi bea’ua mi. .eooi'xq 0;: as o v v r_,',. ,1?" ..:. .‘ '..! .. '4 .J‘ '1- 1:: '10 (3"E8 5113 min: 83.115110 111114-33 b.1113 ,Aff,--._-3£q ‘Vgnzuca‘rtm‘. 9.“ ..o k - . .:.., 2.x (..’-',,._, . r‘ , r 4‘ r- g _ e. 13:: 12.242513 31110;} 3.11.37} 3 91H 10 1.101 91.3“ 93:13,...“d no ~17... .q: o ' J ~ '- J - - f 1 l ' ’3 s ' J o q .'I . I. f “ \ J' c ', lift; 9 "3»... J r1513: av 111:3 J.. 4"" “a 3'1; v.11 OJ 2'2) Lh'rQi. fur. 03 nthw-fl'ha sq ‘swz". s aJst-tdfrs xvii}. sm’o‘ xc’memza .1323st 3h::-:9<1. :11; -C‘fi‘i’flSJ ‘0 -' clr r .“(I: -‘-\ ‘ *0" ""L " ' ‘ . yr!" ..'—L q .3 3...? 2.11.1 (3-1-11.1 ' .29 1.1.1.213 ;. Loan): '10: esxq ;.r11..1.v.«3 92.1 1.0 ‘ '.- , L - p ' rt'r- '19 \Q :‘I‘ "(~er '-‘."" -IC‘ ::*j; 814* \~‘,a;ro.LJ-: I"; bSuOfZ as 31m ‘erio 9.5 11,1- .r 5 31:1,1-m-d)‘; .._1 .'1 -I. ,..,1,.. .._” -. ,. .:.-r.r.. , 33-1.1.3..3»: «KW-1'15) r1? 931791.311; 9.31 dJ'In. £ILJJLFJ.O‘<11J 31 .9133; 1:] m i 1- b M £4- «.3 O (9 :2 if. L; ...:131 £35.99 313 '11“; rzoiJsrasiq.";9 911'.) .82913339'1 oa‘ Jrrioq 1:11.717 Cjfli’ie m '2‘: oirfcyyijgoog 9...; a; a..1‘r.v",t.-;.9 ms 391.3390; '10 39.631211; "3:31.”; 0011:; 1.1%:an has (0 an beau 161103 7121. Linear: er J {hm-.'. cqo'zo ea 211'J '10 aoiJamt-mq '10 no a‘I‘E‘TBiI: .29 .:a dis->110“ '10 Jam! '10? 33 ML’ 1.5:: 1:11 '51er eiagsio‘fiw 9113 Jenny: Jnfuq UNo (gr/:13 9%.; J5 3:17:03: 115331811! '.‘10 339.9 I"! :19 bonfires 9311‘ -na11:'9 1'11. '13 191113311 931$ 3:11.153: ‘13 3110 9:13 JS‘J'ISJI Lsnfxrzsi 6.45.,3f1’31514 i233 0.37:": *{J.It;.a:1_~m 2 asoufumini 10:31-01 ezia‘ m’: 29mm 32 gnio‘sfi'xatn '10'1 noi'd .1':<>i..':;f.9'z s;'.3.1'~~:eoq:uq s aewao'IJrLt .19333I 91—13 n}: .331” gig" "I 91:! F". 3;,11.-i“:~d 19:12:03 erii .aniyxxmt 91.1. its war: but. boxjf'l 1 p-A‘ " 1 8. :7 O (D "—4- ’..? H ’D . 3 O E“. C Q :23 '- so: 19m": :1 1.1-510 Jon 33.0.3313 :31 @3137 40 5.33.411“ 393113111 asiJ at 237., 1.3110 9'11 3.1!: Jud .[uxrsi M151 9113 33 Wis {Janie eohq 9U '10 3120': Iiaer'mni m; firms 317.5..3‘971'1251 32:31:?) as time 1101:3112me r1710 v'r-ru «r- - ..' . . . .b-?.:.-_t...~1.+3 0.1.331 bus {SILJJaACs J1;.1'1 921111.31 9 VI '11 mfimc’ Jr: rv 13 1'! 1 ’ .9 5‘ Eu .1. ..'.‘taofrsui'rri 15331331517 0 a." Is*-*9J'. [IF-.33 3": J‘s .nrso'! nfzam... 9.2"“ ..‘F _-‘.._ .’." o 1". l’ r. ‘ we no 1.11.211,» evaz, firms-.10 '10 'IOJ'rrs {st m-mT-J'chfj eff" "51.1) .lts_r..li1;-Lr‘* I" ." ‘.) O P 1 ;r u a l' ’l' .:.-', ..., ’ ._ ’ u r- -‘ «513's Q-w’i'rxi...“ J.'...Z 311.3“. ."dsiasiegsv has em r11 257 Mumthnmmma-uwnrwpu— mwmuuh-fimm» tho-emigra- dnummudummeomuthpum was roan {um- van-mun, couple: an aunt- was an» «on.» mnmgmwucnmmmhtwnm Winn-notion. Mlnfldappurtobothomofumh m'ummmagtmmuwm mtmmWratumoaMo-ugmm W‘fl‘wwfitam mfiumummm Wmumflu'orld-fizldlém,-mtuwtho mummnulomhmn.mmhhutuem ”swam-um. “Mumfiumuhmmdnwumm' mum-rm!” wtuMmutwtumm-u- muammumm mwuwu~m~ www.mc-mwxmdnwm mm. mm. meuvwwmamm- m«mm.cummm-m-meomor tho fro-h fruit and W Isl-Mix mmm nary-pl. «ti-ted tuwzummmanmuormsommwm mmmmunm manta-mumm- Wummtbwyumtwwaummm ___Y—— va+ ”$15: .2. 2.2.. waafigfi Sega-... “9% 2:22? 3 mm, me. 31ng in: m, Michigan State Unizorsity, Wot A cult Romain, A! 821., April, 19$, 9.6 " .1- 1'— ‘I\‘V‘\-[ ‘.EC’I'Eit ‘+s:\8 31.3 " '; . (f‘ ‘\ .1! «“297 .pre '10 359059;:in 99bit! Li's-19': iii. ill-99': Lib-d (23:3an 935223299197 mgi .. .‘.-3:11 9 2: 5992:) ..q 9:39:23 ,a..;.9..5uo.u 9' big 112.251 [(313 912113211351: egsdrzeo L9. 5 \J 53.3-25.1 .2992“: dim 92. 59~99b odr 3592.551 1511923 amicads 99.059 Gals ear-.5199?) ain't-‘31; mgr; 25.21 airing" 5 (2.22.: befqnoo .ax: o.?:<}5IC'Isv soimq ”599': #1915: at 07195in {29.21521 30': 83:03:) '10 oi 51133951:st 9‘25 .229th 113.155 .:3 rwrm '10“: ea .53 Si 1‘ 99' Off 152w r5 b.0194 efm'T JIGIJ'OIID'IQ nit eonsbnscsb 99933 £539: 09‘ no; Tdei’ttnoo 1.29523 3L2 eldsT {ii 390351193 has waist) 99:22 21-3": #2551 9.2-03 is 1:99:22. '91 9220‘ 103 99359119253103 esLsa has 5"}:‘10'10 972d“ 3929 mm: I532. r 995cm 21253-931 ..£;-;.‘r.'99rga «0 m; '10 {>929on 9'15 asohq syffr r2: '.1: 20': 821019 .arii32gm b5.“;:'i-J’::-1;~>a '10 b92111 svsd o: be gbut 3901:) 9:39:13 2:25:23 889 9.. 129sz 9-2 .9525; MM 91311.12 :93n5:{o mfg-1m euuioeds 52:13-15:11 935 99 9:191 10' barium 557013 59.92.7992 75-1102; n23 bet-..s'iajni snow 9d 03 b2... rr-o medic 9'25 819353931 ..-~;, _.5* L .:.-.299 91') is; d' a}: amobivs 9'23 JLfi 393. an? '2... 5'21 eusfnsc'ieq mad: ~7er 229:9! 2393991929 9d biuow alt-11‘ .am'Io'i died ‘10 591351225503 3 at 1113 9'25 89.239251.?a;1r1::.£;'xq '10 9:35-51 ebb-.4 3 ins beflns-fisb—soi'xq 9'25 “:13 Dimer-392111: 'io Bani-3.51910 9.1153 .‘::xfw add 32 LtEmIOHI .115391 35 beflcolqns '19 dz: 9922;9- O‘s 5:933 301 airm'ooos level 11539: add $991355: 2225310 1.5391 R9 Huff-39 airmusu C35 «2.2331512: 3223-3575121 eI-Js-J‘szgw has duty-1'1 125921 92!: 53519595 52299191 03 33055 “20 be: alarms £223.35. 11321.29.“ '23:: boot L530: eri ‘ . f.“ f I... at?" .’r f ‘C”"‘ .I'T‘ km ’1 A: '3 9.2} new.-. .-----..- .9-59 - 5.. +2 4253.521 9.;521‘299‘19q 32:99:90; 02 has '3 r.) 92.39.52.311}::..-iL+I.:.'59'I a rmmqmo 0va 92!: '10 3.322.215.9139 9223‘ 5:225 111315111 £15391 " I” "fif‘lfl .E-a .q .SECI (19907-3 evi‘aasz 01‘! 3110123151) ‘.rfvrfr'a 9:64;? 33:92:“) ~22: . Lar- oi . - -'1 .'.-:11 ...3-3113 :2 .I.-25:153. 22.23 35-: 2. “ 1:215:29? :18 03 E“ ...,i .q “MC-I 9.29;. .‘3 .02: 9.3.2; 8. 52.2.1; 1'99; $5299.55). 12092 no noiaeiun 975-3 F£.°_.i‘1')£44 .'3"'*.._.""‘ gf:.r.39j-'f::-‘I '10 £73333" )_ 9.71 £32 ..0. G .eIrrmv'xls'l’Wg ‘EDiC'QHOSLi J..:ITJJJLUOi'ng. 10“ $2292 9 Isqefl “adieuevrnU .c) .0 _._—....5A 5A— 5 ___4 258 apathetthcrotdluuinioofthcwcm fmudtbtthc wwwutbmrrutmnmmougnum- M an W than the nib-aim want-.275 We reported m- that retail chi-store «paintin- tMMtufi-rmotzstOBB pecan nth. amp for M frat. ull We; he attributed crop vermin. truth.- unruma target 13rd: to the W'- ccr crop'l role in the mu was nap a: strategy as . remit of load. mummm Other India But doubt on this universal main fora. be: marked than 1. mu- m thut .1: but for man citrus mat. mmmmuphyrmmcnupmyum sans-rink m rind :bochto urging!" But. Lee founi tint fresh produce pricing at man in mum; m not condttent with either the con- ” W or the com shame main whoa-.278 Bowman-atom ronoxmmmgnrmmmrm the. m Thurdntomioemutionottho W“? m. 1- the when. m, the distribution cm through 2755.: sup-uni, 0.3. may: m. - mg m (A... Ion: Ion Stet. United. y as 1955, pp. 253-1»; ’ ”Minster, A.C., 31:2 Stmcture 9; muggy Producg 235mm 0.5. of Ayiculture, mic Research Service, A . Econ. Rpt. No. 1.5, April 1961., p. 89. 2773003, s., "The Behavior of Marketing Margins on Citrus Fruit", gm- Lr Form Eggnmicg, 3hz913, Dec. 1952. Considerable evidence is no reported contradicting the genecmlization. The percentage mar- gin all! large store association is also consietent with the previously mentioned relation between percentage margins and special—ins or retail within price urchufliaing. 2791». v.5, m 1.45m: :22: ..:—.361 cm _.5?” m 92 W in 2% 2222 - an. 2251. Pmaylum sm- cameo. ‘eu No. 87, Sept. 1952. 3.15.} Cheri? £233 21-2107; 3 13315-9333; 91.1 '10 a}: 11.233314 $3331 3113 ‘10 rxoii'mq 3 -~3.-‘~.:cc ai 11.3">-':.;s':1 9313333311 .2115 3:11:13. 113311 37!: '10 3119110353323 3355133213: 3‘33311911-3'12wo 3.111103 d5 9.1.1 11.313 311331031111 31ml 33.111 3320195331151: .3310 91033211513 1.115.131 dad: v-:111£11.1'Z3. 1333101791 1932361131113?! 10‘: 5' 512171; 911': 110 M33153 7 {E o.“ 032 '10 31*;3'13111 3133'st 333 we “.’:m J 31.5” 130-11 arza‘lj..+5.3:'1.3v co 3 bOJrrdl'Iio‘s 3d 331.313.1336! has 331211-11 112911 3L 1;: 0131 aha-3'13 '10 a'msmt'marsb 91!: 00‘ 11.211311: 333.153 Lug-mam“: 3331) {9.?-.‘:”. .210.‘::.:‘.’c33r;:r.oo Lmoi 'io 3".D‘133'I .6 88 153335133 has 331311]: 3111333413111 a'e‘toc‘a . 1133:” 373': 33051. .1310? 11:23:31 133191111111 31:11: no Jduof.) Jags asthma 191130 affix-1": 13.1.": ‘.er deaf? 7.01 33531: 0‘5 31y“ 93113111319 evio‘sdned at 613113 313311.11 33.15.3313 31' 211w 3111.32:- .1 331531103qu b33513 {3:31.153 31313.5.‘9'1 33151 33111101: 113913 325113 12111103. 33.1 31:8 "'3.QO 93.013235 1:92.21 ear: ~1103 31L)" "sills :id‘i‘w‘ Jna-faianoo Jan 3511 31363.11qu 11:: £3,391 3.3 31110.1 7 ‘4 r-. no ~='.11323:IJ~37.;1I 1113113191 advioads 3113331100 3110‘ '10 9315;313:3191} 3115.13 9.1m“; 33 3319.3 1113,2531 31113133313111 3:13 '13 1:101 3d: 03’ 33 1101311131100 01"! ‘CTCJS?JIT.Q’T:LOO 93:)” '10 1: - Jerz'r'l 5 81. 171:0? 11.33.11! 815'? £93333 989153 ."'«ro'tr‘ "3 19-v.~. ‘3 11031173313971: 31+ 313 fian- Mi” #15511 91:! 11?: e‘psmj 323'; .93 out: ..:... o ‘41.“ I ‘.-9um1mr. rdr-wo-v-u-r—v. .:-—_.' _.ww _ ._. _ ._- ,_ ,— - A .2853} 2...... 333...: - 1.31.2332 3.15:3 21:157—311.? . .a .0 3119117913 mgr—.133 ...-cg: ..:rq ‘11'15 (313311 V3.13? zqmrmU 93-33 51-101 :son p n r- v - - -. .- v- 9 r -- , h . . _u v¢~1..:$‘ 3;.'f_ffw¢o.r :- 91 ,fiflfi} :1 (V. ..> '1 ,3 9n".- +nrrv1: :3 it": ‘ .3 .A ‘19 fquOnF-‘l: V) ; Il.o... -w-'o‘.o«-:~jv--c’=.9‘¢§9 -u -‘9-;..'-*~"* .03 9. .'mo-‘Z .3128 .3; 99133 153.5..- :9ng “.'1 3323121103.: .3 1111111911311 10 31131913251130 .98 ‘T‘kei H'IFTA "’\A .0” .u'rq -:_".."".‘:; "win-f1 3111310 no 3111 '1. M 31212321131 ‘30 103231131198 31"?" ..8 .eooHT“g 81'; 3 :nebrve 9.113313111131200 .3931 .33(1 .Ei?:.lt .fpjf‘ggggii 5393;; 32 $.35 ~15“! 313311331311 91?!“ .110._.1v::i113"9n31g ed: :1“. id'oibs'm‘rscm 13320337 03113 xian'oj .1133" 3:3 1!;‘1': 1:.1 31.913.3szon 0312.3 31': 110111500835 910.18 9113.12 has 1113 '10 chLJJJ'e b112, 5.147131 3311331133133 1133339311 noiJgie '1 benoi‘..:m (311133211313 313911 30:17 31: '12'E'Tsv 1.43391 2;-c:'.":.?-:3:.: ‘W 13.1...“1 LL“: 3’12: 2.2-”: 313121 Limit?! "A W .9318??? 61.7?!» ..«)§ 33.3. 5 151-4311}? 331111131 .ngg .1331; - §;_;_’;£1;";-__ .9711 7&3 4‘1 111. £541? ..‘.1,‘ .‘ ., .. “XXI .'JC‘IUC‘ t‘l“ .07. 3""?_"va‘1 ’«swaV'i 259 which tho product we, tho wag-am or up mm and m.- ofling arm functions, on! tho pricing ltd-stag of. null. Ind thot 1. on. mpm of tho m _- to'miuto havtho new ermi- wmn' a! bolnvior 01’ tho mm actor influoncoo m: pried m- mnty. mum eoootho inflmhinddroctthronghthodorim am oho‘tio‘ity at form 1m1. m then an inflation. thot m- oulo mpo tho for: orthonorginio ouchthot oqufl. percentogo chug” about .t tho'toi'n and recoil 1am. w. thoro on no." map. for such this to but u. a»; ‘tou- thooo, up ..:-hung ooctor m In bid to N a, Mob]: Wontionl, m of fan who many. Bytho ”tom, of eonroo, tho-urban; “eternal-t o otobi- 11m innuomo on for: prim. monoupdeBolodointhioronrd.Thoro1oorop¢rhod mun-moon; mm; a: dun-d tom-d cum wan: m- boob Mo oo tho lurk-ting ooooon pronoun. Puma- (and tho and for trooh opploo boo. looo olutic oo tho mutating ooooon mmmdmnoromionoorthoondofthooouonzn flodidwl: opoeuhfto, Mr, ootho room‘for thin ell-ago 1n ohoticity, tho «llama! ruchmbooodontho toiluroot mnutoupmn «ruin mm prioo Mo. Similarly, (ho-on roportod o “01m! ohtbioity or d“ for mosh California pooro filth tho manual-mm m2” 1'1...»th unmou- am with tho notion tint. tho ids-on! ohotzldty of o product: 2792;“, 1.0., J15, ”Ln Audition. at W Lpplo Price non- unto". 5212211221: 52225121 _m. 17: 7. Jan. 1965. 280m, 3.3. , Light mm. mm Egg ulfit 2”“; mm W of Mafia-o, Buroou of. Win, lion-hating W m. 21, 1966’ p. 160 ,1) wank»: W "@5339: 9.4:," to 1:91 hag-faint 9d: ‘eavam 39.91)th 9:13 risiiw 33.13 2.5.”: ..:}..3391 0‘15 mama": 3:143 in: 9.4? hrs ‘anoliarw'i 39:41.51“ gnilsa 15:3:"1-9 39:41-34 9.1239" wori simifzzi of: -- «5.59: is en's" 30 Juice; View :43 31 «9'13 921' w H" '19-:31....L"-. '1' "993 5’9}: 192:: 91. 3 ‘io 1011(5de has notiss buvfrrng 9:53 14339143 39916911 85: sometifml 9.40" 9959 alcrfd‘ III «.'.-"Mid '10-"; 1":"3‘ 9.23011 .9 fibril: 9'15 9219.33 birA ..I9v9.£ 5:313} 0‘5 Wis I: safe bus .943 staging-'9 99.53393209 £9,299 3922: doua 91: {2:395:31 9d: 10 mot 9:43 99919 9:99 '12.“: 3.7099 mm 9'15 9:94 11:51 .aies‘ml 13-9991 bus nrx's'l 9.4;." 39 $312391 99' '09! 'zotrssa gru 33-....1. 943 399.9143 902". :9239 9:43 ion 81 chic? dairy ir‘<’~z.j:-’;‘:_': :3th arm} '10 93‘2508 ._. "9501199 trim! fldswvxq .3 ed 03 his -:«=_:L:“:3 5 $919333 w. N": "193993 3343924131: 9113‘ .sa'u'oo '30 “103103 99959 arid 358 .assl'z.._ grant no 99!:9 11-91: gnisil ..3'1‘92-9'. L 95: 979.311" 3,133.91 95:” n]: 9139111 9d W 9mm: 91091 9:10 131 1531:)sz 3.319415: '19. 39".}. 70“.}:on 41:99:94) ‘10 3n-ii‘iiria Immense-913:1: 9:53" £19991 macs"; 39929933157 5103993 afid‘azam 9:43 99 stub-0°12: dean was...) ac 3:411:953331 94;" as sifafiie 899I esmosd 99499;; 14991? to} baa-.94) o Lr*9 9:” 7.9%: stir-2.9m 91mm fins 13993993010 <4 ‘2 ‘7‘ L . r0 ."J (r) :2 ) (J 1.. .9 (u (1‘ .3. C:- L a 9;” cfiio. "39 3:..9 :11". 97913-349 air?! '19“: 1109.39! aria" no ‘13???"in ‘935319999 r; i. In. :9 03: 89.1137er '10 9-'m-'£.L':~;'19r )3 no baasd 33w rioi‘nw 19 9911939: 9 9 459319.731 tux-Bed) 117:;th 3 oBJfiQZIGVOSQ 993:3: Imoaseasmfizi nisd’zeo 9.4.)" .4er 3199:: 8.7!".[5 1:". L30 {4391'} 101 bx 1.9791) '10 35 JIaLJ‘asle gn.trJ.199b .\ ‘.. o [f f [_ -nor:n.t L993 81104139119930 99.9.3 "’3 ...oa ea wick—321:0“ 9.43 '10 99 :1.)be 3934039! a '30 viie'fiiads 19.4.49!) 9:13 data} noidiom 9:43 [‘34 h: 3119.94.81 — fi' 'w—v 9 P w- o -— 4 “fl ~9‘-!o-4 99:11 eJmA 131703.999 STJ'ILL '10 919'; AHA mm" “TL ‘.O. H carcass??? 5- .?:‘.{I .1151. ‘.zYI "hm“? 52.3.4.3qu Is".r".."r9:'rnfx :"adrt9m ' - ’4 Q'- s!“ -”U-‘J ...“...ua n"; CRT +"l‘r +-'fr':' Nah"! _ Frvoort ‘ ..- an '24 9. :‘rwar «~ttA "!_,\.rl.'n _ (“-'.-g, :5; UJS ."‘ -:. -o 3 v “.‘.-" to? - - :IO-JVO;:I-L g“ -l-- -::‘owr*l‘l It: A": ‘.-. 'I-d 1;" "0:; ;;”H 9:! ;’ ‘ ‘3’, E (“SW '8 ' $1.51.) J :.A‘.1_)ki‘ :Jlui’el:lmli '.Lo Ufiorthi ‘54 @114 9.1-LID; 1:11‘ '4-0 Lr;8 'd\'@ ”9] erI' goal. 3‘ oar oQ’ ‘OUCI ‘13 .0.“ ”mi; g 260 We with the amber of eubflitutee 1n conemption. M 18 e regularity to the moon]. W101: of man fruit us! vegetable am .0 tint mun-m; products actually was enfleble mr the endottheurbtimeeuonforwene crofi. It is assertedhere the deelim in elasticity for crops m be the result of e substitution efepceentegenrxinforenndebeohtemginet retell: t notiutien fer thie substitution 1. that W bocau 1... region- dvetoretdlmhbleprice-erchmdidm at the end ore-cum ., ll the erep apply 1. 111-affluent for lpecmim which favors the ”WW1“... In w W and MI 1| 3% m m- 1’1” ”min- den of the first section of this ctnpter m that pure tent: or t!» cuppa; aha dmnd-induced mrbt mum; hiatus.» were 41th ee Mel-rowed were the two nectar. thrauh the mm «sensation of the fresh fruit and vegetable inmatry. The conclusion or the eeoend section in that fem dalmd elasticity was responsible (a crop variation- 1n market price stability but that tip Mame or the mar- mmg sector 611 um. dalticity m mum. m. section pneente +49 ”Quits of an. .sw to rehte trellis in the mket org-1mm en! behevior of the fresh produce Ina-lusting sector to the mmty of fan prices. " ' .'.l'he preceding cbptem assert I. number of hypotheses regarding the panama coxitfibutm of market crgufization and behnvlor to tan pne- mmty- some of the We" on Operation]. using currently enflstle an; ether- Imet nit for the collection of necessary date 'for teetinéf The @1951“ in Table 22 were deflected from a. lumber “ .9 2.: 9:2..1.229...-r;';.rarsz'.-9 mi. 39 .‘vc‘f: fa £23 ‘19 'redrmn 9.2‘0‘ {Jiw 399997991 9.E.2'25J9;597 £23.99 .’rfcs'm'.‘ {£391- '1.) :23: “21.9.9229 12.999299 922.? o: 191%.". .3391 9223‘ 2.39;: CI {9.13.973 97:39.99" 3.2222399. givirbmq 93933639993 3.34.3 0e 2.3.913 99.91 befrieggzra at 31 .:.-999 990 {22.3 101 (109.5% g4‘1i39i'1591 9.4.3! ‘10 13:29 2:91‘2'111 .‘:;ziir-z s '10 5.92291 9:13 99’ mm 9991': 90?. {Jioijasla r23; 92111999 92:: 92': 3.3.9392 J‘s 2735:2522: 9592.".9335 bad": 5 '20": 121531221! 93533299199; 3 '19 ' --..:..1'.':->.9'£ 3:29.: 9.40396 9";I.2.I.;'.'z;z':0') 3321.7 81' HI‘IC’U‘JIJ'BO'UE 8i: 3 '10} nolfisviJom 2:03.999 5 ”19 29:29 9.1-...? .‘.-3 ynfiaibmdmam 99.929 919911.137 £19391 9.? 9221's. 1221.9: aflii-BIOSWB '29'3; 32591291339 .29. .. at {£92199 (33019 92% £299 A I." .m'i'o‘I r8575!!! 9359399919.; -;;.£-..-2:‘99 9.?? 53'1““ $1,513.14; 32;; 23;; 21.7.1.1? .Lfl ELJJ‘E. 9:. 1'5! 12.: .. 9251.? '30 8:22: 9:.qu 3.9.43 9212' 193-1599 9 39.3 ‘19 220225993 32121 9:. J '10 129393 9;;291’3219 9'19» asaeyrldmnfl ninja“ .‘arrr. 3931.921 beouini-bam 913 has 11.1.32: 5952393535310 39‘1"” ezia‘ {2291913 9109999 aw: 9d: 919w baisle'rxaint on 9'5:r '10 no}... “£92199 9: T 531.93.939.11 sirs’sdegav bins fluff}. {1991‘}. 96.3 '10 0'0"?!) '19’: 95213322101991 9.9.2 véioic'aizio £92,229 .- mars} 3.393 992 903.3993 brrooea \ wmm cf.‘ ito 999922.5'jni 9.2.5 3.222% it'd 152311123933 99i'1q 394......2'21‘ enoiial'nsv 932199921 9913998 81.2"“ ..rt.2-.i"z.lx;;':i'.a as»: \‘gd’ioiziasia 3232.9 :10 10.1999 39:.‘921 129i.-'e£vx.-".n.x3'ro 39:11.92: 9:.‘3 :1.‘ 9.?-next 9323.591 09‘ 9925133 as '10 e "H.291 95‘: .:533 9.1.} 03' 19.3999 3.59959115er 9' .2..: E2011 [399119. {J '10 'mivin-O'J has .8933:ch arm}. ‘10 gm‘: 21.579 9': 9.999139er ’io 19.2.1.” 5 3993.399 619392.;{0 gflLi2999'xg 92?? 3:92:31 03‘ toil-'2 9fd him “0132-3111:;‘20 392-1232;: '10 noidudirzdnoo 93:39:91 9.13 {1.}:22'3199 5:23:92; Largoizcimom 92:2 esIceri'i'zrr-g'f 9.9!: '19 9929a \f.‘£i‘d3f 2 993cm U 5.22.22 23.91.99.992: 39 nnié-yefim 997.? 191 Jim: 3.2m 219139 gsvzb 918.9":5175 '19'fri'711 .9 9101?. £29 399L929 919w 2.3. 91.29? {I}? 8312755.??‘13‘! 9rfT .gnffieea‘ 101 _ __.4 Table 22. Selected Variablee 261 Repreeenting Trende in the Market Orgen- isetion mid Conduct of tin Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Indnetry. ’ Verieble Trend Nunber of fruit end vegetable Nunber of shipping point eupply lune]. ”We: eelee ;,m. ‘6! ”tune/umber of W ‘ 'IW' aloe m e! icket' ’erd'ere end We in effect 81:1.” in; point broker-haul- er Coquette/ether ee'e-blei- eelee ' mcnm. hmdlere/other m or mini-nit More Ember of; ehippere mulling eel;v ene exp - « T m Vertically integreted point hendlere - ‘ Mea- ef nah pnea'eee nee-cheat meleeelere my. hut. lube:- ot reteil brawl: living effioee Lee-blem- reten/wtnleeele eelee ‘ wins Extent of integrttion or production and marketing. Skipping point market lace]. nmp- Integretian of production end ner- lueting; threete of loee of mint flex-independent eldpperendpmducer Wefpmdeoereeutmlmbep netendflowtonerket Proportion of ehipping point eelee . broken Why was of pneeeecr'integretion into ebip- ping peint by the couperetive effort GeogrepMc concentrttinn of ehipping 'peint Mag fine m o: hurt-am cupping point integretioe - Shipping point crop qecielieetim Extent of integretion of the m1.- eele with the ehipping point Ierhet no» of tunnel him fir-e Extent of intea-etion of the retdlere into ehipping pointe‘ Proportion of eldppim point eelee direct to retailers end bypeeeing the mleeele whet ‘ .9- 0:» -rr 3 0 393‘.st adi KI: 'hrs'IT 251.: 33193 921192? 99"? "'13” b9309L9E .93“. 91:21.3? .‘Cef fa: rI- '35: Sirrf.“ l}~.‘)/ I’fs JF"(’:I I!“ ma I21 Cj'iJ’ 70, +13; [I- n1)"_.fsr:" {1"‘I‘333‘t 123‘29'27’.‘ aids-2 3"15‘2 fl ' '2’ 1:1“- I v" 'n 1:3 _‘.. :é'b'nu-ol-évfig ‘3 J5 3:222:97. “‘9- ..‘ (I «..'re J.‘:Jtoq EI'-'J: ”.‘.. 1“\ 1. .. .‘. . ..N. . .fl .1 H1. 1v WLA Ia . . . A11.212 I”. "ma... 4.1. 1 )r...’ 1+ 2 . ‘21 . 1... my. .2/ .11. . a h. A. 1W C4 ..‘“..- 411$.1s‘um ...I. L." 00.01 I..... J! .U I I." t .I. .'I‘D‘ I.‘ C 1.. "t.. .I.! .I.. I 1|... ’.- .0. a 0 \ I I o O I} ‘1 t- 0 ‘ .II '0' .-- ‘I.." ’1‘ ‘..-l I .‘1 1 . It‘s 1. n! u? \4 ‘I .. 1. .I. ‘.. 1 1 1 A (\- 1 \ .. 11....1 | .1 v 1 ‘ 1 nu . l I I“ 11 .I. .- ‘. .I. .1) r. 1W“. -.HJ..._ Cm?.... ...L .r....L. ~.f ofv. C. ...» I1L. 11111 0+, 0 11 ...1. .._..r L ._thul-...r11.f....n...\.1.. 3 ...HL. (01.211.11.21 .r..‘.\.O » FLU prw.2t.-.nu20.1.r&!wut.,2 .1 ... .lvfiol —2I \) . 1..! 9 ..v \ .U 2 u :ll .0 v.\ n a ..1 01.1 . ..4 . o 1. .2 02 .Fman m 11,, . .3. :- x . new (.1. . .wok4nwz o¢h;m2maooc acanmu 2222+Loam.> 1 ‘.i ".“':- ‘J‘;u.. (‘1. I.. " ‘...I‘ I .i."%‘.b "‘ \H. o a o I Q. .memh. .202»: ha mqnnaw tum 2mm“ 267 productisbvsmtmbs for bass sts'bmty of tbsss craps, but this can to on]: o tentative rupothoaio for an mooted roam.m ‘ Tho-econ! futuro‘of Table 23 is that there is wither o con- sistsncy of tbs sighs sis tbs‘ masbsndsst vat-muss significant for tbs Mom craps, mr is there : sinihrity of significant minbloa for SW of tho craps. Exceptions to thin are the danoatio production not ‘r'sgrssdss ooofficiontu for which tbs signs srs s11 begativs, mn- oating “If m1]. oropo or. ouociatod 111th loco stable for: prion, sud tbs mioblo rsprsssnting tbs number's: fruit sud vs‘gstsb1s was per uldblor. The latter is declining ml, according to tho sign: of tho rogrouion coefficients, anointed with incl-coda; riot Itabflity st m- 1sv‘s1 for obtains an! isthussfi‘S ' ~' rsbls 23 initiated tbst tbs sssoststiobs botmn tbs muting ssctor sud tbs’ rsm' price bs‘vs bssb both stabilising u'l! asstsbmsabg. i'ho on. execution to this is «1017 for which tho signs of tho regrou- Iion Vooofficiom's mum‘s o doitobililing unociotion Man for! price. maths sigbinssut urbting vsnsblss. AI Tabla 15 shows 't‘Ms crop ranks“ mod 1:: tbs googrtphic substitution or production in an.“ ststo, first in t’bs ‘sbsrs' is: output prsabssd in tbs ststss or nioridh,‘ Carol-1114,0111 Ton“: and first in the dog-ob of Negation of nrodmtion ml Wing. In that respect. it in o crop highly undtivo to cm” in tho nrlut orguzlution. ' In gobsrs1 'rsb1s 23 indiootoo tbs trends in tbs nus-lasting ssetor 28h1t’ csn bs botsd tbst auntie production In ds1stsd from tbs squs- tion for unto” on tho but itontion; the unable no dolotd m tho oqmt ion for carrots on the second iteration. 2851a indication of tbis trend is given in: new, Technical Report No. L’ m 1966, p. 52. vs 559 eLiJ Jud ‘evoxo 999iJ :0 :JL ‘fsJa 99L19 10% 950; 35; "av noLJoyhozq “:3.JL5391 b9399979uu as 101 aLaor'Joqu vaJansJ 5 $150 9d -uoo 5 uvdJLam 8L 919 J J5JJ 9L E3 9I45T 30 9153591 550993 9i? 9%: to} trsoLlLr**a a: T:~"5v J59£59w93nL 943 no engLa add to gonoiaLe 103 :39f1r"‘1 J559L1-Lr J9 J9 VJL15-[th 5 959a: eL 105 ‘99019 559L15v Jun 5533955999 OLJaarob ofiJ 915 aLMJ oJ anoLJ~9oxfl .89019 edJ 30 255 ~LLnL ‘9VL35395 ££5 915 augfe eiJ daLfiw 903 eJnsLoL‘ieoo 5015291391 ‘aeoivw 5151 sidsJa 9991 iJLw b9J5L9ca95 995 39013 I£5na 3513 gnLJso 85151 95L5\9* 9v has 35513 :0 tsun"n 9flJ qr'Lnnpnzwex SIUBITEV 953 hrs Lo BHLLa 9dJ OJ 3nLh50995 thug gnLrLio9b aL 19$:5I edT .19Idmsaes 19o vol £LL5J9 soLin :nLa sstonl dJLzz L9 5130: 95.3359L9L13909 noL9891391 an €03 .9ouJ5 91 bus aaoLno to} Level m.51 “HEJQ‘TnN 95 'J 599,99d enoL’sjooaas 99: 353+ 9935olan ES eidsT .3nLaLILd5Jaeb bus QHLSLLLJLJB dJod need 9755 99L1q m151 add bug 103993 -557;91 edJ to angie sdJ doLfiw 101 {19599 aL aLdJ oJ noLJnsoxe 950 95? 5353 neawied’noLJsLooaes ganL £Ld5 295 5 eroLbnt eJn9LoLP 909 ncLa awofie EL sldsT an .591d5L25v 351J9f155 JH5OLEL53L9 edd'tra e9oL17 noLJonbnqn 10 noljszéflaoroo 1 deszgoegg 953 51 Lnooee afln51 no :9 aLdJ 30 asfeJa edd'nL beaubowq JUdJuo 30 91599 oiJ‘nL 391L1 ‘93538 9ro nt noLdsw;9JnL 10 991399 efiJ 5L J91L1 has 95x9T has .5L51031I53 ‘5bixoi? in Ld oo"o 5 3L JL 833995 91 95.953 HI .:nLJeflusm has noLJoub01n lo .HOLJ5RL55310 J95? 5 913 at 9995559 03 9VLJL9593 10J399 9.L3%415m 9J3 nL 395913 913 aeiuofhnt ES aids? Isfi9n93 nI 953 watt b939£9b 95w noLJouboxw oLJcemob J55: b9con 9d 559 JIJQS club 55w 91-5iz5v 9J3;5019519JL Jesl 913.50 e9oJ5203 101 noLJ .noLngsJL bnooea eiJ no 3J0115o to} ncLisups eiJ 5011 .o% Jqonnfl IsoLudooT ‘HECM :nL neng eL hne13 eLdJ 30 noLJsoLan nABig .SE .a .,LQI enuL ‘A “.._—5.55.— .. 268 have been aeeociated with increaeed fag; price etebility for onione, tuatcee. and lettuce; market trende have been aeeociated with increased fern price variations of celery and carrots. But the name marketing variables are not significant in thie reepect for all crepe. The name of ehipping point integration of the production and marketing function ‘e aeeccinted with incrcaecd price Itability of onions and tuetcee and greater price variation ef carrote and celery. It he previcual: indicnted thie tread would’heve a dual effect on fnrn price stability: it forces a reconciliation of pricing and output levels between the m point and production eectore end at the_e_ane tine threatens the market etebility of non-integrated suppliee. However, crop characteriqtice diecueeed previouely in the chapter are inmffi- . cient for whining wtv the destabilizing effect in duinant fer celery em earrete while the stabilizing effect daintee for onicne and tone.- toee. _‘ v _ .That a declining ratio of freeh fruit and vegetable fans to umber of ehippere enhandlere use eeecciated with _price etebilieetion for m and lettuce was mated. There in, hunter, no indication in Table 15 wlv this trend ie significantly related to theee two crepe and not the othere. Thie trend not on]; reducee the local. new peei- tion of tin dapper in aeeubly white but is also iniicative of fewer eenere in ehipping point eelling white. In all liklihood the in- portnnce of the weak eeller effect decline with thie ratio. - "0539': the. stated ohjective; Vof etate nrd federal marketing ordere and agreeneute ie the‘enccuragement of market activitiee I'llCh he productioncontrol and regulation of flow to market in the interest .' K \F -h ' "r. ' ‘.~ . 4r- r -- 44- . - n .54-":h 3 :95: "' 1-.4. no. .:.;va.--~'LCJb 1 3L3 -1 ba~l a " V" ‘J .51.. ;<9L\vv-L #35 ‘EJOV-J-L . L ‘, 3‘ ‘ ’9’. f ‘.f 'b' '1.» . 2 . "’1’", 031-9 r10- 9"? ”-:.- L1 J.,. ~4-~\4 \J of L'I‘ .‘. Lt) J {1.) J \“v) AK) Qt.\..‘_dfi--*_) ‘0‘ JJ ‘_..J‘ .. . rm , a -.. . - 2'1 L 4 '9=.-. .-. r r -'..'r 54.1-- oL'“ 1"43 4.44.: '-.(H. \«N J’ (‘J 'J'L C _‘." .v ['.. x al.191'-5..9-i'Q—'~3 L (3-1 9 LE» BJL.‘ NLL". I ' r - .‘ ' t -' A”, " L — e- ‘9 .‘ 'LA: :‘ .. A. ’- ‘ '-' I 1 b'f" “,5 ’ ~ in ,. 1. If. -\ or. .’:vr 9..J ,_o f? -- 5': Jail. 94.4.9. 7.5595993 - L 359.. n e l‘ ‘ O. .- e. e L (N 0,..5 ". n "‘ .- (' .4 D. u; $; 9 -‘ _L f" 9 n ', .v.j', .'q inf-5' 1.1:-»Y ':‘.: it) " ‘1’ .3' .1... ‘... DV3 8*. -'- L’.? I L-"L. 3.3“) 4' w" .L teddy ":1 3'3-1‘ficaa‘) 88%., um «LU s .1)” .. ',' ‘ P, ‘ _ .Jy._ ..:- . .- 5+ ,. — 9" r .'.Lr. v. 5:37.; JL . .-"-:9L9:> hm; ace; ~59 '10 3:14,. 3. .me 99 1'13 195591;} bus 396951.133 e ' _- e— i'\ ' I '_ P' ' ' ’ ., .- . g. 995:7 5.751 no 359.“. 9 £555 5 9*.5ri L..5--c-'.r.-' b.19'1J and 5935.91". 51 13.115. ems/9m e e. e _g 0 r I_ I a _ O r 1 P .1! m3 :mrurm 3:0 fiC'LuLS.'I.,-J.fDiYCO.-)'I 5 89910.. JL :‘..JLJ.L 5:9 ' - -‘a - .—. 4 I. u . ‘L 'e I II " ‘ . :"i PI '.- ' . 9 'LJ 955.: 9.4.} J5 £15 329.993 50.5.9.9,93919 555 5150:: .-_,3::.'cqv~ 5:3 959 [m 9,,395 -~ -~. '7 r ";‘ r3 fc4.~r»~-.,~-‘ (' era“ u"'r-'l:c-j’ q":oca-~. an'" r~-a‘i cur'J ‘rAU‘I Java .5155. 9L(Tr". "Cu-_, 1‘ \..~l1.l.~f.\)ii . 0 ; .-_--L'L'ut 8 . ‘_ .,-. ...;y] u. .5) 8“”- BJ “L . ' ' ‘c " f .P V ' r. f' .‘ ' -. ,- ‘\ .I"\. ' r 2' . . +r. .' . "'u‘ - ' ‘j'n «L‘.: 35:1. 915 '19..+~v559 9.3 In ~LJ.¢;--.AO.1-VL='5‘T 1.99.5.9an 59.599199959553 («no .1 ”La-"729 '10'}. ;“:;551.;_.;-’--:>.“.\ 8L 399339 'I*;.':.:IL .5‘3579". £53 13%; '.r"r".<"f~c-:9 '15-“1 thsLo ~34“? [1:5 91107119 10'}. e;3\."‘~;.r';'}15:-o..'“) 39935.19 Ernie::-t__.:'.;;.;"a 9:"IJ 9:555: 3301159 £225 '1: :2":er OJ arms? 9.1.9539 9r L55 J.’:m't 559411 3:0 03:35: gm’tru‘ios’ab 5 J .52“ and]. rx~:_‘:.'r..f5;.-L_CL.'E5Ja efiL'Lr: (13.11»: L'9J5L90555 am: 99.523551 '10 a'x‘9é:w.'r."¥a lo 31;: noL"5:..’:"-5L Cif ("C‘v'S-‘fO‘f ,aL 9991:? ..‘:9J99'fits 53v: CNN: 1 L :5 9.0.2.0 3:115 ammo msJ 5:99:53! OJ 12955.1'9'1 1;.[9‘559L7j'yggftn L bne'IJ' aszJ YEW RI 91:25” "‘ “ ‘ "' . 'L r " "~ ' V r ‘ ab! '0' . r' ~.'_.;;f)rr ‘QIf-GP'OI‘ZL'U 159d 9.1.. 599.9592 *thO 39.; £.“-“9'1: 8L1 1‘11" rr .'1' ”4.9-! , w t r 4 :- .., ' - "" “I'LL 9‘10 bOO.;-£..--i.C 4.9.5 {'..}. .r‘ut/IA'IJQFI ”.CLIiga u”...0’1"_-fx.L (TIME NJ: EJIUL..Lt’3 C. O I a ?‘—l' J L e e qr. I” . ' ‘f I.. -L . .or. .r.-.': 5.5L." 593,-! F:9f’f._1.39b 399L.9 294.1299 915:5! 9.3 3.0 9955x1957 "If fiat-{7:37; .f.c:.':::»‘.-‘f-~."‘1 has 9..»‘5Ja ‘30 8971309CUO 191‘35 9 9r J ‘10 950 \ ”We 39’4-5‘ivit395 392-3332: '19 3599951310959 951 a]: aJfie~ze ~95 brig gagging \v ..‘ on $9993 ,7: 3.3,; n”. ¢.~-.r..~.~« oJ moi: '10 ITOLJ£3IUT91 L55 Imfrtm ”01733-115017 as 269 of rm price stability?86 These marketirg instrments have been less penancnt for the fresh vegetable crops to which they have‘been applied than is the case for fresh fruits?” Nevertheless, according to Table 23 the increased number of market orders and agreements in effect for all fresh produce craps has been associated with price stability for onions, tomatoes and lettuce. These crops have been regulated under a msnber of state and federal market orders an! agree- heats in the states of 71011“, Texas, and Califorrfia in the post-war @na. ‘ Florida produces sane 52 percent of the celery supplies, and t1: Em and state marketing-din regulating this crop in terms of producer entry and total quantities marketed are among the nest strin- gent of market instrtsnents.“8 Base quantitites and market allotments for Florida celery are negotiable and transferable under these instru- nerrts, and the control they provide ever total supply and flow to mar- ket is midue for fresh vegetable creps.‘ for this reason, it is dif- ficult to interpret the destabilizing association of celery fern brices an! the nunber of orders and agreements in effect. 3mm point brokers it was noted ..:-11.1- me be expected to mt a stabilising force u' fan Iarlost prices to the extent they facilitate the mtching of buyers and sellers in shipping point markets and a destabilizing effect though their fined charges per unit for Iarkerting services. ‘ Table 23 indicates the trend toward a declining 287929... 33a? ’ ' no 23815111,, pp. 392-328. nzej 015i m;:).LIVL“; :AiJuitsf <59f? “““ yilifij5ja sglwg m"5‘ “0 599i 9V5i 391: firifw J 29929 9i?539;9v £5933 953 99': $5995319q 359 53i799992 ,aeeitilfiov9fl Tiq.931573 599"? "9? 99-3 nit 33 9‘93 “etfvwg L'.": ,5 .9 5:55 93.5119 3.9.4191 30 99911.5? 9::;:T°z:;.;..’: 9:"de C3 9135'? 03 :- s ‘0 F L ' ‘ .— . _ ' '9 1 q, 9;-qu .1-:T' .'.:T .:-“ "2- 59' 'f 55* 5%?» 9957017 .9999: r 5 “If “9 9 . . -' .. . - ."‘l . ..- ' f' .'.. . J- , {-2- Lusj 9“5a arr ' 9599. .5353595 9&5 esnghou ‘8107’0 101 v jfgr'gjg "‘ ' I ~ - :' ~ 14' e ‘ '-. ’. ' + i I -‘: . b I l". . meg-9.5 .1sz 515919 ..’-9.9.59.2 Lyn-59‘}. his 9 5123 ‘10 29-min s 'I$Lf"-.!J 5933:5191 939.9390? 9‘13 11': 5.':_‘:'t0'.‘tf.i.r;7) has ,9 ".T‘ST .mdnof'i ’10 9935719 91'} a} sham , . O - .'f I 91:1! f'fid ,E’.’3£.E’T”L’8 xi“:9.[99 9.9.} ‘19 3:199:99 9.3 9:109 899 p019 51.}. 101i 4 , o, . ., .. 0. r4. , LA... ,. - ’.-:- 4 . .‘. ... '39 3:99.93 {11. ("'.f‘TC: , _;,rr--.J.--,_EJV9': gqggmgmi 9,1. :5»: 9 533 13115 I529 3° ‘1 41.31-15.12 9921993- :'n'o.T.9 975 t~."9;9;' " 9‘1 99:33:75.? 15303 has {1359 79955019 . r .'.. ' J.'. '.J. - 85S; ' : ‘ 4. .' a, ‘ C-.Tf".';‘;.'r'<‘.,£-._3 99"1‘3’3111 hills ESQLJLuDSITP 8853’? ‘ .BJIltlf'lU'IuRffI. USM'IBI‘I LO ~TI‘193 ' 9'. . "N ~4e ' ? Qt e re“ f.‘ fr? ... My 0139.53 991.; 5 91.52.: "-:r r ‘ £215 9C .12.. 'r *9; 91: 9'15 \LILSIGO sLTL'IoI. *10'1 . .'7 - -- 0 Hr r J ' r ”:5. oJ 11:91.; 1.195 tying-a 1.9;qu 'IOVO 95.111090 \953 10969109 953 has ,3 3.9.9:: ..‘ ..- ’ '9‘ f'..'. . r ‘2. I .’:-:9“; 995'.) 1.31 .a'ro.9 91.: 9999/ T59 1"}. 10'}. 995mm 91: 39% 11?le 229199 '19 matador-:98 :‘=,.r:'is.i.[3.55.-‘a9f; 9%.: 9th; 9351: 93 3-55m ‘3: .'1" 4 '5 fans 8151590 '10 '19 .'"rxn 593‘ (:98 89.1. or .‘:-climmn 9d I‘ll-row 991.1359 beim am: 0‘1. 91957011.! 311199 gnjnwidi‘. ‘ $5955.29 9513 03 999119 39251551 ms’i no 9910': 35411315119533 3 M933 5» i~‘-'°:53.T' 31:33:09 Emir-«115:9 n}: 819111799 his 999353 '10 gnisiru‘fgx 9:9 9353‘} {3:953 99'? 3:11;! 190' 85313113 b9xll tied: .rT. " ’1 .'T '.- r . ' t + \l + -' 2' ‘ f'p~.” - ’- . ’ .'.-TrTfui’ab .8 "Z- ‘.JJ 1:11;“:- 9: '3‘ eat-5911.9; ES. 91-...” .599LV'L98 N'LJex'u‘m e - ‘ ‘ r e- . -v-v'\“1c' .r.-g ,q (111:1 9:11:79 ‘43 .0“ 319nm! .LsoLnriosT T‘I' .T\'-.T "3 270 ratio of brobr to other shipping point sales has been associated nth pricestability for aliens and lettuce, price instability for carrots end toutoes. The confrontation of producer and shipping point output efl pricing eonflicts in the fresh fruit and vegetable marketing coop— mtive was mentioned earlier as a factor in farm price stability of these crops. The variable representing the importance of cooperatives in shipping point habits no significant for only celery and lettuce; homer ”Operatives are active in the other ugeteble crepe studied. The shre of shipping pom sales by «Operatives was associated with price stability for lettuce and price imtabdlity for celery. As Table 15 share. these crops five mob in “on, including the importance of the fresh harlot, geographic concentration of production, and degree of integrating of the production and shipping point marketing functions. This meet. that the effect of cooperative establiehnent and growth on reducer price stability is more complex than can be studied here. Finally Table 23 shows that the effect of direct shipping point sales to retailers and the bypassing of the wholesale terminal markets Ins significantly associated with only the farm price stability of celery ad onions, and the association was stabilizing for the latter and destabilizing for the former. The role of the branch buying office, the shipping point broker, the wholesale terminal market and the integration of the retailing and wholesaling marketing functions are all reflected in this variable and probably account for the lack of consistent results. In mry the attempt to relate specific trends in the market organisation of the fresh fruit and vegetable industry with price stability at the fam level was not entirely satisfactory. There is (_J‘. C‘ t... 1 f ' p ‘ - . .‘rr' «‘ r {9.5.}. T15.) rtT.-. . .... aux: J .109 1:91 90151.: 92“.?) 03 emfo'm' '30 0.7: . ‘..t‘ ' !.' '.‘ 're V‘s-T .‘ 'e ' '17: P ’ c .. .‘r» a . . :3 'zf‘.‘r-:T‘ viii) '1‘ . “ ~C|l J'-‘o; ~*.i)"(_:': (A 91).!. 5”, ‘t::_) ‘1‘) \4 {1.1. )ers 8‘.U.:s.o 1{.'Jo NLLt!“‘5ULe 8? 1m: .1 J. . -1. ‘-.. ..,'.., _' " i.” , . ‘1... , "‘ 4» . dl.""T-z'.‘f.‘= 01-; ’7 Junk-*1 J.-.8 .'...S '19..J.".. 3'1?! 0 [TO .:.ETT’I‘" J'IlIf-‘O SIIL .aSOufif'ZCrT I175 .‘ i .. .I. A./\ '0' a v. a.. ‘L I . . r. ... 1. I: . v .i F :a‘._ 296......) .-0 0-0.3.1101251: 911.1 39431.19- 1.6:: 9.2.5:?” 991‘: .89010 959% ' I t ’ s a \e":" V 'I "~‘- .'an\ .‘ "r e~ :'v n 'V e . ' {90w 5ij L15 1-.-1.810 3.010 50'}: J...,..l'1..1. T9 5.1.! a..-‘T9:..w JmoT-r 311100.193 1‘11. ({ng1: fin-1343.22 < 935 as 31.1 9071.13“:~~ooo yd 89I£8 J‘nior‘r grands-1'9. '10 9131's en’T ... - '.- .- .14 -°-"!-,.' .4... ' '-..- r» . . -4- r .9 .4‘- ”105...; 7.11. VeillUb-JQIII 90L .0 ms 001.399.. '10- 11v- J .' (‘J I v~ _ ,.. 5T0.T:~:.f';<.<9'£e “J--.-TUI--- 5303:1300 [1.2 Linux! ever! 8:"0'10 988;.3’ (9950:1531 9195‘? 51.4, 0.1. I‘M: {130$ 91:90va 71.0 {min C'Lmeormo shirrn'qoeg {3911-511 rise-1'1 91H 0 ' “ "‘ -\' ."""'.r."re ' .f‘ . :' 2" '6 . *' 3" 19.5.4111». ‘.iTITJ;-‘.....;).fl Jnrurr ffl....'.”7.1.1:3 has 110539-101 arid '10 (10:35:...9301 '10 51-59 ...... :1?- '-C 8 8.4.1L1- \.-'\.) r} r o $00.5 ". J. (b 3 ¢+ '4» ’4‘ : {Kt-:03; fits -'.‘?1‘(i;T.':'s'a_TTL’I'sQas 9.107. 5:119" M0 9. 9" mo {21:11 ern. .00 9:017: ai 13.111.55.13 90 I‘m 192011097 [10 isles “2:137:19..sz J05T':-T"b 3.0 3:19:30 5:.3 6.0113 8.:-Lorie S: 910's?" \‘JIL'snI‘I a"€“1w:v.. Jig-1337:1593 9.I.239..i-0!.=..r 91's“ "10 :‘1".-IfE:8_3r‘fV-"IZI 3910‘ ‘0'; a'IOIIgJ‘e'I od’ aelza '30 ‘_re' i'I (55k: smite: .‘:-(1‘91 9:33 {.':-*0 .533): be 0.1910099 .15 VJIJnso. 53-311313 em 1933:1312 arid 'IC'i -..-23:30:39 am: (TOI‘TBIOCTEBS 9.. 3r has {snob—:0 has ‘g‘xeiso :Jr‘..?:‘;1-:c-’ 21':_;~.rx.¢.'Irff .:.-rid '30 9170": 9151‘ .'mmo'i 91H '10'}. gra'minTin-"v.1.-. has £1.45 .':;1 1.1:.-1.-.-;03 slxaa-sia'fw eri-J‘ (:9:-{avid date-n- 3:71;: 9:13 {99 351510 afrafiriorxr‘} gnicfefifisni Uni}. 559170 it“ his “0". Unit?! arid 3.0 11016457329391 6.3 3:351 sd’d’ 'IO'}. {Im'OOOs \j‘iT-‘rfO'I-7 IT'S SI CE'Is' a?!” n1 b90054? 19'! I11: 9'18 .8~+.I.£'aa': 3:39 GIZIEOO '30 393515111 0! 3 r1]: a‘rt‘o'rd 0-”:1‘ 9.8935101 0* JG‘I‘“ITB 9.4.3“ ‘2: 3":‘T"ra {II 99hr! :sz.: ‘.‘J‘ZJ'P. 0,51 9131's 93917 has 3}:le flae'fl 99H '10 noidna‘.'fl‘_:_c;.~"ro *3 819191 03503953313923 flail-fine Jon 23w leveI has} 9:” 35 1:; 3': WEE ‘e 271 the suggestion thst the marketing trends make 0 net contribution to tb coefficient of multiple determination when regressed on the 1'er price stability, and there are inflections that sane of the marketing trends may be more imIaortsnt to the Wtion or variatiohs in ram iarices than variations in domestic production. ' But these are only indications for which there are exceptional craps. For the most part the signs on the net regression coefficients in Table 23 could be indicted“. ' But owing perhsps to the m limiter)!” effects on 11.1. 1511-11» 'ut'abmty fireman 11y 1m- nnabiea, there in Wiens to this. It 1: hot surprising thattrends in what emulation 11nd tehsviar do not exert 1m unequivocal effect on‘ price Itsbflity, ”1111911112111; foi- sane 'crofia end 11.111111111121113 for others. . It 1:, how- ever, unfortunate that differences in the chuacteristics of craps mined here idstifficieut for explaining this. I rvn _'.. La - 1 LJ- . '3 L, n , . — -.'.,..' , :nr ' t -L J» .. . of a.¢~-.\-.:.x:.._':.,.n3 78;! s 999,. 394.9%? 32.; 9111..."! 9131219 cobasggna $1.3 ... " ._r; ' ‘ -.. __ -~. k '3 ,. ' "1" ' " ' 3:11-:4 f ‘fi' U1; :3 .."iLJ'Jl ...;;:.»I' 1"”: up: {-:.} #1911327 3 I")- C -rUf 'lf ..0 3.16131: 41.1909 ‘..:‘j .'~ '. ' . . '1 “ . . ‘—.. '4 s L -43. 1 :293912gfl u u .) 9;C” \U.j a'n 9,.-,9£ 91; 9‘9r uflfi ‘31Lli9333 93-1w "’ ..‘ '0 ' . 1' ' P. . ‘ i 1‘ : ."r N. 9'- ' . g .- . .0 ‘..-‘J 9 9'1.) “9 > ‘u- a 1 . "1 L9 CW. (1 y? 0.4 ~41. ”199 11.3. ““0 {‘3 5:31;?! ILSdJ 893- "I"! J“? ‘9 "L , ’ ’-' ' 4,, . ‘ ...... ‘ «_‘t '_ G " d1.’ 99?. '13 .d.OXO EQfiOL.T)JAU 91‘ $13”: HfiLJw «ct BUOIR iCJ; 9i {:‘Vq§ a? ur{57 n: ansfg i 4300 n()_ra 691791 f9“ adj no angfe adj no 3399318 ancsns3juuia gnéme add 03 enanen E“ two Jug .be' 315310 pm}: 3195921 9'13 9*“ PW" its? 943 1rd be +£99.9th “z ilicfzd a 9:)th .31 ‘51.»? ‘.l"*"‘ A 47' 379.3 waif-22 71-11-311 3931,3111 nfc 2:!rr29'13 3.5:” ;;_n.7'ci'xr1";1redrm a}: w. .eido‘ o: T3i£:3~18 5"31" U0 +30?“ IuJOvLNPHfU as 3W9X‘ 30m ob xclvsmed “35“” r353 JI 1375959 "IO"? 7...-1'3 'rcfsfazm has 89079 emoa '10'3: grit-2H1 Leia adrcvm '10 30-?‘i111c'1‘sjms'mrfo 91h“ n: es'mna [93113. 3.33.? ea‘srwj'zo‘fmy (rave .Piria‘ girmzisicrzce 10'}. Juan's .E'i'fImIII 9'19»: 9;:jr_:15r 111:9 L 01mm 7. mar, mammals nu: ma: mums n. mmm .2 thin may put forth in cup“:- 1 m to mm tht chat... tourttt and Infilttfittiont of Inn priot instability in tht mu: m tad vnpttbh induttry,‘ptrticu1tr1y .- that rout. tt' ‘ tht tttrdinttin; rolt tnd pater-tact of th unfit-tin; ttctor. It as thanthtt th {tr-prim mt: rtrtnttt produtt 1t W1: attun- thn for «hr rm WI, tad thtt tht Win at thit nuttionuttttrttttminxntmitntrthrmth‘ Mitt tnd W1” thn tthr food product» In addition tvidtntt jut mttnbtd illicntiu th Inn print withflity of front: fruitt gnawiooawmmtn chutdinthpttt-nrptriod, dttpitt ttthnittl nnll «tn-it WI rtdutix tht mini-ion or man Ill ttrttp. Th trtnd in prioo mmty for t mbtr of mm with truitt a noun» h- but nind, 4.“. dttpitt t gum-t1 «cut. 1. output Minty. , Ftrnpriet urinbilitym tttntobtntnitttt intwtr or in» Chit: tun; thto trt th ptrtitbtnct of contidtrtblt crop W. gum-‘1' tnpitnl mum, prodnctr ttt-ptt to inttitu- mans. w “111m new... and crop dinrtifltnihn. Mitt, up 41m tons of mm «mum m onttrpritt o.- bi-tion found in indnttry thippinz point. ntrkttt atrt unintd‘nt ' thth to Inn-pm” mutability on tht ptrt of product” and 'mbtm tint. Pm me. mitbmty m Innifut in production I nnd whiting «ttt to 11:11. Tht principnl nnniftthntion of fun pritt intbnbmty, tht Influx-t of priett tt Wetting ntchli-n 272 n '| 'ISJf'Q-IC' 1r,- —~. “r“ - 1. '.‘ v‘-1 1*.- n‘ T -1- r-v:v {-77~ “T '11" *rq: ‘1? 1, :—- - ~71) 1.5'11 uvul 'u-‘J. 1\)i.ui(.xq £16.15 £411 ’LQLWLL'U‘.‘ "J ‘ {J “11’; “1&4 Lu 8 OJ 919w i 19Jn553 rgi 53101 duq {Evie aid: 30 asviioetdo edT ' sit ni YfiIa(F ant 99111 m1 9,1 10 anoth‘a'9 iiufim has 9901903 .Jnstxs ed: 0: SJLIET 93991 es mi I"oi3151 ..-UUuhr' eidsfsfisv bus Jifiti dESTT 85w #1 .103993 gniiefliun aid 10 99939101191 bus 9101 gntjnnib1ooo adj Kidsisaicqs er aiaubozq eeodi 101 gtfiiifisifisv 93111 m151 9d: dsfiJ'nwoda eidd Eo nogttoqcuo 933 35d! has t839M101? mdsl 191+o 101 Had: 19¢29~3 fieswi 191 5151:9191 910m at 919359 gfii“'.:U30061 t 30 Jon nojdsixav enneije noiiibbs 91 .23393091 boot merido 95d: es'ds*eg .sv Eng 331511 331911 dflfifii 10 xiiiid~115v 9011a mas} ed: gnifinoilai tefineasfiq 95w ‘boiqeq tsquEOq 9&3 n1 bagnsflo Jon 85d £519n93 ml aeIdsieysv bna 30 nothizsv ariign199991 adna~toisveb otrtnooe has Isnrm a: sjlcasb 10 tsdbwn s 191 zétf idsfae 91119 mi bn91J siT .9399195 has ablsfz 93in29b His 8 bexim need 85d asidsis 33v has 931911 deed? Isubrvlbul .ziilidsixsv Janine at eniiaob 1919993 3 30 xedmnn a n1 deetinsm ad 03 use: 99w {Jiildsifisv OOITG N153 9019 91d£19bianoo Io eoneiaiazeq 9d: 915 999d: guess ieiflO .azsw ~uJiJant o: eéqmsdds qeouhotq ‘3ninoiisx 1331953 £5fl19JXD .Jnemnohnsdh .nnt159tiiadavtb 9019 has .amelnsdoam gurglildsta Jsfltam 03115901: -moo eaqufiedns bus notissinsgxo Jefizsm 10 amwoi enmevib ad: ‘1993193 as realmsxa 919w edaxxgm 1910a galncida tuieubnl mt bane} noidsnld has axeouboqq 10 3159 add no {dilidsienl 99111 ant 03 ednemfexrtbs noitouhoqq n1 Jaetlnsm 95w {Jilidslfizv sotiq'nfisfi .emmjl aniiefizsm mxst 10 nothJeeilnsm Lsntonltq edT .Ilsw as 33903 gniiefitsm ban amzinsdoem gniisolnummoo as 999111 10 emails} add ‘ziilidadtnl 9911a SYS _ —¥ 273 in the nrket end the remlting miemocetion of reeourcee in produc- tion, could mt be observed emiricelJ: but wee Judged e deniticent indnetry problan. ’ The frequent integration of the production em nerketing eectore in the induetry and the influence or the net-looting eector'e etrueture en! conduct on the pricee tron-nitte'd to producere and guiding resource allocation in the production and harvesting proceee make it difficult to segregate the contributions of output variations end changee in the lierket organization and behavior in the marketing sector to ten price inetebility. But only moderate eupport could be gethered for the emphbindnced twpotheeie of market instability. “hm output end price Verietdone were examined for e outer or crepe, the former me not , found to be e good indication of the ietter. This to telnen ee on in- ddcetion of eupport for the dmuid-ininced lupotheeie of lerket e‘tebi'lity. " A mmber or mpothom releting to the interection or the freeh {mite end vegetable production and marketing eectore and the 1911- cetione for the etebility of fun pricee were developed from the tee- timorw of witneeeee at the National 0mm on Food hhrloeting heeringe. The principel finding me the exietence I): dieeemt eooi'dineting .. intitutione end preet'icee preeenting the probl- of whet coordin- etion of the nrioue market levele. One of the “3.5 conflicts ‘ . examined me that hot“ the output end pricing levele of producere en! their marketing egente in ehipping point merbte. Thie conflict III found to be inetitutionflly beeed on, firet, e mime tern of exchange obtaining between producere end eMppere, end, eecond, on I“ {'73 -om' mg m': 95.9190.an '10 noiamm .»I3I‘II gfiifi II 1:91 and has Jet-'19“ 91"? III in; of} -'"'-=I- s b:I_,f.>II..", cm: 3de ‘.1-Z.f.rs:>5:';tj:-.,I.'9 f.e.)°f'i98(f0 9:! Jun £5,303 ‘naiJ .mei' CEO'Iq mJaII.f;._-'; '2 :.'I_‘:.?.VI."-‘:I;€-'I 31:33 10.2" 3919' can; 9:11? '10 rr-3I°:\.‘.9'T;;03n:.'c thsm; 91.1 95?? 9'I.:IJ:)II:.<.‘2 $196993 39991111 sic‘ '10 9.31991? .’.! 9: £115 mdaubnl 9: J 1:1 93151099": 3.15.1“:353 I119 aterILm"; oJ {afici'fmtnrrn'zxf easing en'J no JOUBI‘IOO hrs Jim-17.71.79"; J.'r. $979.1 aeeoazq {1:1 I“ "'Isfi bras noi'erbrqu 9:” n1 noIJgooLIs of.“ III 89:5,:‘91'9 brie mtcthj: Isv Jum‘ 'o '30 2:10: 39937135103 9:13 9393913193 OJ soft-10' I155; oJ '19. 9.0.: :1,I‘I.€39‘r;t.::zo “{fo n7: “Io'w sr-Isd bras no 07:: Beingg'xo Jsx'zsn 91M 'IJI. ffi’fit‘Jr'fJ’Izg 90 baron Jfioqry'a eJmeboI ”(,_Ux'o JIIS .ygjiiidnianl 991*;r;.?193 quJ‘ 10 no.8? .‘~;J_i:.£-€ds.+3r:i J92~31rm ‘10 93:9 sszorfi beam nb-LEQ’JTIB Jam 82.1 199903 9.15;} .aqo'm "Io 19m“: s 10} bop IIII are 919»: arzoi: 15va -r;-€ {LS 9.9 IzsrisJ 89.1 aid? .'I-JJJsi 9I{J ‘10 no .'rJIgoii‘nI boog .3 ed 03 12.9902 .1.r.I‘i_F_I:c.'a-7"3 J9 "I .11 '10 a :99: {Joqfit .UJOII'ffzi-I 1199.9 sIIJ‘ 10'} 31019; In ‘10 mom‘s: vaJ Iii-:91} an"? '10 rzoiéos'IeJni 9:!J oJ 5111;391:691 eeeeri Joqu' '10 19mm A «hint eziJ I: 25 a'IoJosa gaiJe‘Ii'Imr bus noiJoIIbcrIq sirfsjepsv has eJLU'I'i ~39: oriJ mcfi heqoiovob 919w 390F711; r9293" 01, Jill "Isis aria” 103 910.5653 .agfii'mozf {fiiufiru‘H r001 no 110;:9331‘1103 15.10113?! 9;” 999:: 9:13:11! ‘10 YflOI'LZ'J F3 29?. crztf’zooo Jusrv mafia '10 9:1{193'3 [:99 9rfJ‘ am I gritf‘nfi Isq-0r:l1q 9:! he 4119:9219 3537193 I0 1191qu en'J 3rd ITSRO'ICI eeaIJoe'Iq Ens BHOIJIIJIJ 30:"-100 10:39! 91'” '10 9:10 .aIaveI 39341th! 9.90119! 9fo '10 noide "9'9qu ‘0 9191/91 EIIIOFICI bus J'IIQJ‘IIO 9d: man-:Jed 3,312: 8.0 .1 begins} ('0') . '.fh .9 M9 {1.5m Jmtoq :arr.€c:‘1.1h:'3 1115 93.9939 gniJmI’mn 13911: has 30131-101 eIrpImI s tJ‘va'Ii'i .no reexr’xfl' 4101:9913- II“: ed 00‘ Land}. 991: no 3110399 was ‘B'Ifiq’fi'fa has e'Isoubo'Iq (1.991396 gainiBJdo 939990329 27k thi Mill. intonation of supp." it. Nation and thu mal- mdtmmumuwwtwprm. m. W-m‘muumuhymoumpm¢mmd ugmtbnaormanwm-ummm‘mmot mmmmyufltbmdmamu “IWBI‘Wi' “Wmuuifl‘bdh-thmm‘dtb-rfl mutbmflwoh-L “Catfish-mic “mmmmnmuwmm' usmxwmummmwm Wtdtu-m,.umwmumumw‘-= Wmm‘mumwumnwmum' m-umum-ummwmamm wilt; «mu wuwm tutu. figurflutflUM' ”mum-mwuuw Imtmm,m ‘1‘“ tot-ma u‘tmrmmuwmmmum~ than qu‘“m.u'-rbt yum; -'~ 5“ ‘fb'uthW'mWn-gimutb‘mcu “hummus-mmuwthy-sr mummmtmnmmmmmu bwmmuwamw.m nth mw,mw-nm,tum¢umm mumwswtomnmm,mtb MMIW Ira tho m, the producer either ”quin- mumwcmmtuwmumnmmm- £1. at m 1..-Mn. with tho womb mint «mun “IL-twmu tho industry, thahttor docs-vim -nednism add hrs toiJarboqfi odni afieanila To noiigzgetnt £31315" add a if .aveoubOtn Jnafiuensbui 101 dnsgs Sexism as noiiiaoq 119d: 10 can: i... etamnifia To 315d edJ no adwmeJJs 1d beeusa 9d 93 beghut esw Joiifinoo 30 399139 don sdJ svsd Ins anoitsudouil 9311“ 10 flat? adj biovs o: efiiJui deem} to ieorbomn 9&3 doiJw oi utilifiséant satin ed: amiasetonl .beJoeLdue at eeldsdefiev has jafiism aid 10 dojoealfigstzodJ naswtsd haunt 85W Jotlfimoo tedionA a'msligiau add 10 sausowa .lsnnfiio ed: 10 tsbnismet ad: has Iannsda bus Isnnsdo ed: mi excavanoo OJ miimixoxn has galactic Janboxc-Iilum gniaibngdozom has gnioitn 3nizfisv oJ eanowaet usr'cnoa to divas: s as 'nnduo has gnfuktq 113:91 bodaeggLB 35w :1 .19Ii5331 odd to 5913033 103951 at gainisjdo 930d: 03 bedslswnu 3150 Jeom ed: 101 618 aIeveI gnfuvida is aisvei Jquuo has 3nioixn n1 doiIEnco 9d: diiw eA .eJefltsm eleveI Junéuo bus eoiwq ed: Jgdd Jusbioos 1d ed glue biuow a: .Jnloq 19d: .Yiisciwv3 910M .Jnsmeeugs ml ed bluow 3191193 has atetud to Isdio gaoms doifiw 31503 inajuo has 3nioifin seed: at Jaliinoo 3 ed bluow .aeoitq Jeflzsm o: gnixilidsiasb ed thoo egnidi ataoubovq ed: 03 nevig esw "Jasmislo emoont Isubiesx" eIJIJ edT don tdilidufianiuv 119d: edgngiaeb o: asIdbdeyev bns ciiu11 desxt 10 o: eels Jud anotdsiisv Junduo at anidznistxo anotisiqsv aatwn oi'yfiho djiz .aJsiilnoo sexism bovqeedb 689d3 to 3390339 gaiwilldSJesb 9d: 101 zéilidsnso Jasel add .Jouboqn n1 instasvnI bexli Jasgtgi ed: H: has ‘eaoltq n1 aegnsdo od ainemdautbs aoxuoaad'nnedbdvoda 3niAsm aawtupet 1sd3le taouboqq ed: ‘15muanoo ed: maxi eonsiaib Jaedizut -svoIIa 9d: mi xoioaa gnltsfitsm add maxi 90n33¢i688 10 {filldzfa aoi1n noitsxhnsgzo dsflmsm Jneeeia add ddfw .notdouh01n n1 asatuoaoq to not: issvws Jon asob 193351 odd ,xudaubnj ed: 10 equdooua Isnoldudldaal has " .'.i flS 1M. : yumumuyrmwpemmmfim tmmwutummtbwwud shuntmwmmmmmu For hmitnemthwmmmW" “WtM‘hmhmldfl-gtm price amutieu. thfl‘iflfln'muhmxe-thwtebe bemm'efidmm. butt-bile. ”Wmmummmumm acm'n‘mwm,mhumwy,mm~ muamqmm*wumumm mfim‘mt” mmnutu*-,It.~d13he “mmMpemmeQ-Wm t"5'Wtbt.¢Wmmntirela-W,Wv ‘ munmuuwmvy‘wdwtunmu madman-newmuhnmtumu- nth-amuMW-ummmmy. Minding pricing ell! output 30:1- throu‘hmt the channel are e “Jar probl- ta» the Wum_mm mu» autum- tie-e1 been or theee eonfliete, rooted hthe net-«mm ”bun institution,” unread to be e contribution of the ner- kettng meter to thie arch]... The tenure to mm thie contribu- tion a... 10. the mat of the probl- definition then the quality hit The study indicated tht the riek of marketing perieheble h‘uh fruits and vegeteblee accounts for the wide mutione in whet organisgtion and pertMce. It is eleo clear the cost incidence of .grdmod v .73“ .;-...:‘3 93.3357 was} mended errhbrz 0.335131 m’iiinszfp oJ dcnmda‘s 11A "‘3 rx3?:.i'.:.6:7'.7‘::"'to Jayimn 92.7.} rt]: 3.5171933 734:5 eel-$5.}9gav {259'th stoeI-ee '10 37732 .aiirrz-za': £732.13: 533717.701" 77.152.75.13. 91:75:92,97I has 3.23mi deaf: ed: J.'-7.5330451 510:1 9392-: 83.1. “it” ..sv 3‘9 {'15: I 921': 13977:?)er esw it 33019 922103 '- :‘ ou.\3ruJLJ)u 1 swim mar-3"}. :,11:Iz.i.8-[f929 cf: 89 313130;]: (1.7: anoiSsI'mV as.” 571' ad 17 32755 2&1:st 39:235."; 9.7.193 359%. mass 3011 9397.: Burial-105:: 59': ed: 1.39311} 9:157 '10 6.715% WWWIIngx-z 3397730 [2:15 93.72797 mm'l oo‘ gittxilbiséreab 5937.24 7773.57. 30 110133593 97.71:! eons-1:11:11 oi bevsiisc' 831381'3'9305'283b «0'1: 27:03 Oiiifm’ij‘OCvf; patiidsfiaherx as dozra (103388 303.7573 85.3 n}: 65:35:13 03' ~9Jni 3.7:,‘zfszi'm-t-q cixl' .‘./rm ‘10 Java: 9 9.7.1 hm; .noid‘mrf-o'm 10 noids'ztneaa 9:! nine r153 J: .aJ‘f. 789'! (:1 eeono'xs'i'llh 92977:} berrislrocs .aoié‘z‘rg, .9391 779.315.711.353? nsriJ 3:9.“an 930.3: ms arvt. {ano;;._;{e'1 9d: hammer. vI. ‘L:;."I5‘7f;.i'a:700 ‘13:.{7T7'L3’13U88 35133153319 30:1 935 eeviireffio ow: 9:11 rigged 'io mafia?! sci .1 yfifiimesb '10. aw vd $751.73 901$ 17.7: be“. 21:17:75,03on 25w atom ~13: $31.33 57773 :yrid‘s'mrrea mi and: Jammie 33535771 5 It}. mafcd'sni'b'woo £553th .'«jd'iiidsxfarti 9313?? 5:151 03 23313313373351.3773branch has gimme: '10 1103:3373 101,513 5 WEB .[cqgr' 5:13 a: 'J drron’; .':o' ..{J 81' 573: 7 37mins m5 grini'zrr gnfcioxflnoi) -;.7..‘2.."ax;l 9:23 375.". Jamil-17333731 '..;Iarroive'm :01: "3J3: 7'- m}: aid 10': 13151370171 gin}35.770512Docs-2&3}?! add 121' bscroo't ,83311’3103 97739713 '10 3335d Lac-311’ -"1'.i~2.7'lI 91H “:0 noiJudianoo 5 ed 03‘ banal e'xw ‘zmoimfijani ‘9,” 135011557 -I::'J.: $.30 3 an?! 33:223.": mp 03 9.173519 :1? .nzeldcrm at!) 0.1 303333 .r.-..:"zlvfapi 3.“;-37' .777; up aid {mf‘IJ noie‘mi :eb I'§)J.7.;O"fr‘r 97.7310 3772753. odd seal 8:33:33 1103 .'ELI ri5£i5vs 535.5 ” J, v ,. r r -:- . . -.' - 7. . . k ' . darn‘i 51.7.7.3...3t35m 3r11'sé-rc..1 ‘30 225:": emf--7 5.7.} be L‘5r_?_‘“‘:{j; ”,1.ng 91y: ‘3‘.»1'm-u at enoifisfihv eixiw arid 'm‘i 3351110335 eatcmrkejfiv fang eo‘furfl ...? L: 9911933351 3809 9773 15.13 cam 51: JI .9311551'10'1'193 13:13 nolexhtswo 276 thiei'iekiooot mmbymmtu demo). "autumn. of the intitutio'nl denture or the mint, thie eeet telle M on the produce”, the. eoetoe in the hoot level-01o pooition to note thoooooooorredjeetouteteemeenprieoenlneteetlout in tea neat-run. want» magmartbmmtu eootn‘ ie'thie eoepoot appeal- oelloo for. “" mwebl-orthorloehn-eituduptebleiodutryiemti- M an e'publ- o! oooedinetieo between e odor er'iotor- more» Neutrino. let'nlyeeothonoehai-elocfllc M‘tue tutor eoeeointtoo w theee in Me or Inlet ottoetero ecu-.21: modtiuoo'm The“ outlining emu um Win ineleoe ensue We, tone of ietecretioo, demoutmutm, endtho enterprieo adie- otioneor aim “tum-nae. Theo-mo ”onto both tomthootfieim‘dthomwuprouoemtohpodotb undone wooed-tot eooolrooo in Matteo.“ For thooo moons, ”mmubthtb'ml-e outlined iothie Mr. W l'i-utho etadpoiit or who m the study m three objective» ‘.(1) to define o pony probl- o: the intu- oetion of the Wm an min-7th. eoaton - tero im- “£11.ng (2) to mm thopoilte «1»on nttoprouuud mine eltenotivo policy oooeuroe; end (3) to mieo the poliq mmcuente of the letiml Guieeion on Food Ila-both; rout-.1” to the Mlfll of ten price: “Ability; ’ Herket ‘atgbtnty ie eat at ”man. pone: and; The my 0.- f :51 Jar-235:?) 97H :51: 1.55 *{d mflaxpe b91543 Jon 3.}: 7421'! 5.713 \; Jig-7;; 4.7.1:: 95.11.". 37.-.03 3.7.7.3” Jai'mm 9.6.: '10 9333011138 ImoiJuJi-ieui 9.13 '30 sign: 03 («$133077 916731325? 38591 9ng mi 103099 9113 919000010 9.13 [:0 Q rzi iamf +75 33500 13:15 893.730 0.}. asggmdo 03‘ am .:zc’auibs \fnsaasoen edd’ 3,0.E.fsa‘:»i3.57zz 9J3 '10 910’: 3,:(135Mib'2009 arid at ad'nemevo'Im‘aI .m-J'Iode add .mot bsliso 359905 3399291 aid: at 103093 xiiizm 5i Wg'rjaubrzi 9.5653939! 12:15 33503". {$3913. 9.7M '10 meln'o'rq sdT -'Io.i'r:.°c '10 19117.70 5 {19975390 noidsnlinooo lo Inside-m s has Imoianemib 3337235.}: arabrtmirmm 91.? 9'15 ”F30 30M .emfl bras 319:9! 392115111 M335 _. w 9";:::Ju:.~:{;"9 39.7-15.7: 1.0 amour-.959 9‘15 919%“ Jud noid‘snib'zooo ‘10 318.83 am: 101 30 9:59:919 yniJoiifinoo sasdT .noiianibtooo 03 0013150000 01 gntflqou ‘noid‘g'gsgmi '.to enrol ‘BJDBIKSEIIB'I'LB 93:15.7:{32c9 9bu£9ni 00135321153310 Jsfimm -;-(i.'.:‘;.-.r‘;3 92130293119 Oz‘IJ’ has ‘ee-wa‘ou'fia 3900 has 31113110 '10 eanebneqebm‘. dd'od 937519110 eisifmoo eaaziT .eflr‘zfi 3,71L‘93hsu 3111077 gflimkde '10 9110135 95.73 siermtfi. 03‘ 1:55 8830011" anidegl'xsm add '10 1309101139 9r!!! 931109! 03 3003593 eaedd 301 .noiioubouq ni 293130991 30 aoldsaoLLB 309131119 1 aigiJ ni benflmo artsIdom 9:73 00" bejoe'xib 9d od’ chasm 3.1011073 oil-inc . ‘cb 1:57 a ‘2.- 2332133 913 191.5007 03:1qu ‘10 JILEOmeaia 9!” 111017! .gflr.;tf 3101101 wreak 9:73 '10 1091qu ‘coiloq 5 smile!) 00‘ (I) :eavldaetc'o es'm'J bad figfiL-irisu‘e 901371 anal -- 9303399 gnlés-A'xmn has 1102330130171 ed: to 1103:3705 L115 melqu ed: ni 933539th wallow “10 93:13:00 9:“ 3:13:3ng 0: (S) tailor: 9d: 991:9:an oo‘ (8) has :89'115883111 {allow evIJm'xefls animus avia‘sfm 5311:9me boo‘l no noieeimot) 150013511 9:” '10 einemonuono'm .xzdiLtdsJe 90hr: ms‘i lo meldo'mr ad: 0.? 35:9.t'15v 93'! .L503 {allow enougfcdzmrw :23 3011 a]: {Jilidscfe 3931'1534 2'77 «pneumatic» mflupath «mu-o pupa-«byw- Mjht In. pri«.,ltnbfl.1ty, W u it .1.th tip mun of WI 1: productim a! WW“, 1- only-on. p.110: referent MJMB policy in a. cup-ciao ot_unn1 pug.‘ This. “truth” ”mar: at W“ tar tuba-«.1 mam, _1l t up: 1:,-11mm to u; tmtion or public policy band 911 tho results 0! ti} “W. Th! 11.. Mm Immty and rigidity is ‘ Inch thgt tb pt ”Winn or. tubing!“ policy to “aluminum m-u- Md-rb-nivd: m 1- !! “13m.“ Inch 130.110 to 0.- potition in #1;- industry «min. than: out «put be gut-tot thi «Minty-o: gen policy to; W tutu-c. Mk huh. _ for ml... hp grant thp m' mph: 111-dud 1t fluctuating M m «am-ad a nam- an”? . 1' : J.. m of tar-pm.- Mil-1t: 1!- ‘ P014” M11! “1?“- mt:- tht “m. in tho on but! nun” stability“ noon u ,Wlo tu- tho nth-ll «muo- at room“ in tho madman Cd» Wing of. truth fruit: :11 W1“; tin "@131“ email-$10: demgmmipthgnbumoot “gunman-nu. M, L'., ”Doc. thi Con-«nor Haunt tr. Prat” Mbflib‘” 1'2 mu £29m 91 mm Aug. 19“.. pp- 602-11» Hugh'- mfmaomthomkwmotnwmm dcsnd cum; the slap. 1am: that. the gain to consular: when ‘pnou a. bola gum. alwu mood- tho Lou in GW'I nur- pluu via-n prion 0:. than 15h. 1W0, Home, tho m loan in outpla- with flwmution. It. ha been pointed out tho pin in nnmro' surplu- fro- prico nuctmtiona would not exist 1! print are stabilized gt n Ian night“! by noun-puma at each p110. 1nd: Staph-rd. 6.8-. mm 2.12: mm (nu. 1a.: 16:; Shut. Unimsity Pro”), 5th ed. p. 191. n. G. Johnson ha ”plied to flush that stabilising prices gt the arithmetic man, whilo "chem mm' aurplus, would be a. nut haunt to misty maloctiu an out: of otnbilintion since tho gain in prodneorn' man. would more thnn ottut th. 1m in coma' surplus: $33 fl %7% (Chime, 111.: Uninni’oy or 911': 1:! 5910.119: 91:5. 'fiuo‘z: 9133 111011311 $3191.19 argoldsollrrml {0110.1 10 Haida—0111219 9an 03 9.?: 0‘: as $119+1aw7..i czflildaia 90:15: 1:31.31 33.11:? 305‘: 3113:9291 3:01;-qu 9.r:0 ”(L10 at amid-98151.1 has muck-011.5011? :11 9991110991 30 am"? .91903 Lew-wee '10 stab-101121109 a 91 1301100 ohm-1099 92919113: 9 at .‘:1991>..._1-:-z'r.:i Lssij‘gwa 10": 9311110010175 has 1199990911 .1101: 70.9139 55 91;. 90 9113' no teasd "01.501 05qu to noiésmo‘i an 03 110132. _rmLI 100591 V J..-2:33 done 9}: VJ Lb}: 2-11 inns 211116539 newied sail: 6:"T .Xzbuda edd ‘ 911531911 Izs‘wiluoi'igs 03 \joiIOq mixiiidsd'n ‘10 noio‘vdi'za‘noa 3911 aid —5i00 OJ toiloq done ‘10 1101;196:13509 980‘ at 1011 :banim939b ed 30011190 983‘ 30 91.09 9d Joana: 91-10 3:131:11 mist-199 1139311111: 911: 11.1: [10131356 $311914 flolmffae'z'i .919‘iiew 191man00 101 {032.1301 done '10 1311031199!) 3111351130.}.C'1 '11: £900.09: 91 animus '9191111191100 901.? b9Ug'm 99d .9Iamsxe 10‘1 .C’C v v 0 ' ' C“"‘.a99m 11m: :3 b9sflidso‘a 919 99911:! ~1‘i3101 91': 1503 1591.3»: 5 as YdiL’cdsJ'a 001167 1111.31 ‘10 memggbut old as 11999 91 tiuldsda svidsle'z bnsd 9110 99’: n0 .‘:):ua‘a 9d: 5101‘! games 11013005019 983 11?: 9901110991 10 00135311192110 Imoia‘s'x 9;“ 10‘1 dds-1199b not 211111009 93.‘ 191111991 9d: 3991 1539391! hm 93:11-11 d991‘l ‘10 3111391113111 has 03 Jan 91 9:30:10 eidsta ‘10 90119909 9:13 at 120130819111 13119 110139112010 10 "<;';’J’...[:' 1133301 901218 111011 31’39598 .9mr9not) 943 9900" "V. “I .1{;: 1:9:va S e 1 1m .U-i- 02 m1 .MQI ..mx .2'1'112‘2‘3. 2.9. .I.-.‘::"f‘lL. 1.13:2". .'1". 9111.! 9:17:10 {8 b13=rrwob s to noldnruraas 1115:»! 911.1 91310 99111;: 91 30010 1191:»: a'xsmjmrtoo 0.? 11.6.9}; 9:13 3911:! 9911133111 90013 9.3 :9v1110 bade-9b ~1:'a 9'191-1191100 111: 990.12 91!: einsaoxa ramis 93919113 woied 919 99913:: r:-': 9901 391! 9:13 ‘901198 ,£>_'!,13'I€!V8 91f: evods 919 2991111 1191!»! Buick nit 11.11:}? 9.13 300 heJrzioq used 351*! 0‘1 .noilssl‘ltrfsia ridfw 9111301113 9:90:11 3.3: $9 .'r"9 Jon throw 91101319139113 9011a 5101'} as! 0111-: '919111191100 9.2.1.10 11039 35 noid‘nmrenoo V?! be t": tow H.199!!! s is has Ildsda 919w :gwol $912111) ‘9’“ 91‘00.~.‘.1: £31: ”2255.22 “8.0 ,h19n'rro1‘18 :IeveI 9m noemfob .1” .(1 ...-CI .1; .r.-9 d. F} .(99 9'81 vii—3'; v1.11? 33333 gm: “113.95! eiJomiftzrs 983' 35 9901117 21118113941339 $11.3 d: 115% o: bstirrvx Misc 01 di’lsmed 3911 9d bLtrow nit-rm v . ,. n. V '91921110019 111 min“ 91!; 901119 fl01~+£i§t-4.r:c 1982:":3223 “119.5131 “.1!” .. - was 3.1 30913911 :axricr'z..9 '91921191109 mt 8001 983 335310 ,1ng: 910m bl’ym-r sungvg'r ‘10 *{J‘ie'xevlnil :.I_£I .0390119) Leggy-mm” .13": 6-11.“: hmwo“! .Q.<§fi;':§‘m;f 129911 0199;: O 278 to W ‘U tho M Mimi“). Itruetm of tho 131136617. mum‘s-o ‘Iilpncit «lb-nth. ham-1a 1mm» “aha-unicorn: obtain-on. at!» «kahuna. 13 moonlit! 3dm*«nwmwumnmmmorumm M1303. h a. and "31-minu- {humility M11 mind to“ 9 alpha W Mint-"W “rim ant-ht: 10".]... nr 13 this threat. Lu mm: 50'“ m- 1- . cape-1n- “any fish a an as u:- a. ti. pants on omen-t 3110633133 it romeo- 11: won «anon-at a Minty amt-1mm «oak-u -n- Wu mum-a m and pant. tilt“.- n’thtrthn ”It“ tb dild- Ibuldbo W .rotuwqumm-umummm «b1. .1 m momma um m u'tusw not mid-manna. itmwtumotmmu 29:91." 91-99-9399” *9: 1- .... m a: w ..: Mixrtthor thi 3M. relic: roe-mutual. Win than... 8: £13; duo-.1 W on road naming. bin M Ma M £11. ‘im‘bamty‘m tho ark-tin uctor nun]; ham producer, W03 or, aumuuh, that the sumac-It of ..:-mm Gupta-ibiua and 9th” W institutions will provide pro- 1 «can trio tools‘ for 403.1111; ottoctivoly with tho larger an! m‘ . .'.. ,.,-' ' .~..P. .'. fr .. —, ..’ '. 2' ~‘ » ‘F-“':::;f'2:.: odi ’10 91221-3313 1.1.2203m._..-ar.1. «23:22.23: $1123 'zsmw 393393129 ad -'.: °,r _. ..'. . . ..'- .-: .._ I». . -'» '.." ... J .. .. ... 221-.I. v2 r2; .1. 9" .322 2..-..- 9-21 0L. aLL-zcz, 1-2.1-323 82:58 9'15 919.13 'zcv.3;o..32,21 . 2. . . ' 4% .,-. - ' ' ' . '-~ "A" - ' - 1.33.12 new a; .3 .5331 292113 9:11 2-x) .3229232-3232335 m. '10 912132222309 as done: ‘ h ." 2 .:.-2.3. ..: '.'..‘... ' .:.: .t ..«gq 1:123:11' 3 "10 2*.r2,..:9_!-..'—,£?I 232.3 mi 1.3322235! at {\ILILL I 3:917: ‘10 99129.3 Ian “.23 Iaixmria '.‘J‘iiidixzsfl 3.1%: 9:325- 2:121:12»: 92:3 011 .rrG'IO 91.1253: 83.213 33 22.131 .8123'2012 Jzu'mstt aim i213”! 9531 riaI-erad 9922019179203 1 a BMW-'00 5 |- v-‘i (‘ 7'1‘ t I 4 “ w; iii: a: a U aim2'. .r. :20 3 83: to"; b:.!()({ ad 31173173: mm .9050 9213 8901110331: 220 not-‘3 30” .~ 3223331123 {28 2331;221:322 arid 92.53 92223 has as: In 32-319923 nrged~110q :_gniqqizia 1.5 5.011.000 '10 01:00.]: arid gflansio {0 mid .3135: 55:75 brag: 515.5510 ;‘mim 3:353 500115 010m 11.: 1.31351 7mm 1101017151 ~O".2(T "1.1.5.11 embrwbmr 01 515311: {a 'Io'i :1" roi'i'ifcb 510m ed biuow 11 50 10.153500 5115155505 {:15 011.1:17033 10:! b.3109: \gl’dso'o'm 11: 1:11 .arxoialv .noiéuioae'x Sneva'rcr. . ." 01 53005:. '7 83: as 3:513:55! ‘Lseomq 7335:1831}: Jon A 1;?3-157135 #2013. a'zsfloa '10 air-omtwrd '10 1130 add no wise '10'1 eldms'ma 5011 5115'! 3 ~: :jazia 50110 eds"‘5ii-<.n:: doth»: '10'1 tittmmoo s '10? 2:901:10 2518351051) 83:! 3'. 571.31 Illa-r 36:":50 0d: 5:111:50}: 13101 9.13 [:0 1053.35 0:: diam-xiv 35;. ca 5515 £91570 .rz..o~":5w '13: 3.0 1101;135:501 srid’ 10 10505351110038 0:” m — _ . , . . , my; ":13 .552 ‘gqggrgg 5:1 75:77:34 :: r"? b-6111; b5::0.th‘:em at 3:51.5"0 0:53 ¢ A L . .. -.- u, -’.. m in.“ -‘.‘E‘. .Id .q agenciesg9h These presulsbly would leave the existing structure or the mm point whet intact but would provide a catral selling policy fox-the marketing ectivity of ell shippers. The agency pro- nasal is based on both the elasticity of demand for fresh fruits and vegetables, the weak seller thesis of shipping point sales, and tin pro-iee that ehipper selling effort ie not alum in the beet interest of the grower-clients. This preposal, too, does not truly'solve the brutal“ of. nrhst conflict and coordinatim but rather imposes a grower-solution. Another preposal us the granting of scope]: power to producers tlralgh institutions toned "area ee-odity agencies". 'rheee producer- eoutroued agencies were desigmd to reduce the coats of price varia- tions for perietnhle erope origintim in both supply and dunno. i antral ulesagencywouldi-eoseaprioe nooronthe crobbyapeeing to pox-chose all or the erop at that price. it higher prioee the pro- ducer would sell his own crap but would remit one-fifth of the value or the eele to the area ea-odity agency; this value wuld be pooled with the proceeds of other promo." end eredited to the producer's account. The agenqy would accept the remaining crOp at the minimum price and attempt to sell this portion of the crop immediately but not below the floor price. At the end of the season each producer would be paid his credited mute less aw agency losses resulting from supplies not sold at the minimum price. 29%heee apparertly reeanble in form and purpose the agricultural marketing boards recommended by the Nationillmulniesion on Food ticketing: Food mm 32 m an- a 1:- no. It has been suggested that stabilization of the teams of trade may be a urinary goal of the fruit and vegetable bargaining association, rumba-gar. P.G~. Hoes. 3» 9222:2112 W in W ture, (University of California, Division of Agricultural Sci. 19 5, n. 29. (u) A .’- /;Q '10 9.13:1? me3 gene iii: 95-23 evsoI Elm-.'. ‘LIL'Ifi-Tif.8‘1rr 939d? ”5.28% 9-3: 3728 5raiII. ea ..LB'I does 5 oi .':-”om bI row dud (rosin: 39:21am into: mint-ride ed: «3'31 ‘.fjflt‘te‘ffis edT .2191"? '3 LLB to {3171305 giéeflu‘sm ed: 101 2:21qu Lug 8+IFY'I'1 Hasfi 10': M3. ob 30 v [1351's 9:13 1130:! no teas-d of. 1213201 or: J..-'3 .r.-512:3 3:13:00 ;u'tJ:qwilIa lo 3135.1: 191193 2.5399: ed: ,aeidaa‘e, gov 32.1039:er Creed 9.13 11;: 31-35315 Jon 33: 310339 gmillea 'ISQ‘CVL’J'I 3.3:” 981119 m 9th 9:11:08 11:01.“! (Ion 5:901) ‘00.? ‘Isaorro'm aim"? .ad’noiIo-itrh '13 odd to s fitzcofflii ‘IaiJs'I Jud no}: iamiinooo bus tsiflrloo 39:11.31: 10 meldouq e1‘IOL.IUI08-'I€r.-'O’Ig 3': 27:) '51 'mr'r 03 199407 \‘IOr'row FT l0 ‘nllrm'lJ 8.43 85W [58060141 10.130." A «vita-om! in 3331):; 1‘ ."asfiz: .z- o 5 \za‘Lzo moo £535" heme: arse- J .:chsarii dggiouia‘ -3119; eoI-m '10 ethos adj 9931.91 03; ...»sarr‘giz, ab 9'1er aaiom 3:3 Lefio'w‘noo \ J A .bnaxeb bus gimme [I 0d 11.2: gaihanigc’xo arro'zo eldgiel'zerr 101 moi: wiser-.5 2:1 C'O'IO 591$ no icon 901'}?! .e 980ch bl'uow moneys Boise Iazdmo 3:: eziJ aoobm 19%ij 3A .90 Eur: J’an'a‘ J‘s noz'o arid 10 Ha oasrioum 03 97113: 9913 10 dJlIzi-ano J.‘: :33 blitow dz. z! (YO'IO mo eLi ea bILrow 1903b brie-Cg ed bLLIow euLw aid" genesis udjzbomroo some ed: 03‘ 9.053 9ij 'Jo e'toozxflcrm 9 {3 od bec‘Jbo'Io b1.” 5 a'rooubom usddo 'io 819930“er 9....- dd'l 1.1....133221 9:13 33 «0'10 EJJILIZAIILB‘I 9...? duos as biuow {5392.5 edT ..‘nuooos Jud ‘{I9.1'5.?_:30.r.mi qouo 99:1} '10 rxoiduoq aid-J IIoa od‘ drynedts 131.3 9011.1 'Iooufo'iq dose 11032. a 5.4.3 ‘10 has 9:13 Jr's. .eol'm uoofl ed: oned Jon 37:11."? 4.5’89'1 39-: gel $311933 was 838]: a-J‘xwoms bodibo'lo aid bier: ed erJow .eoi'm nil-LE1: '..‘11 9.1.; 38 bloa 30:1 aai‘finwue mu}. "hing ..'..z':::.xJL-‘:o.'c':j-15 orid‘ SBO'T'IJNT has and}. a}: aid»: 39': \jIJne 15""5 9352'! “'~ too '1 no noJ 3:5 hzron Isnoijs'yi orig! yd bebnerrnboe'l etrzsod unJJ-sci'rsu 31-01; «1 .-i':2. .52 ..::‘srsf-Q 3: 2:57:53 31:13:13 :ariiisfiw'i ed '6 :7: 9111.13 '10 ems: 9.4.. “:0 noi Isaiflr..ga'a +3413 booze-(Ira “99:5 eed ..:ois‘siooaes gain}. 3'.le 61’ {we 9v bag 311111 ed: '10 I303 Tianjin s .5::.':.‘.-'. 52:15 it: z.~.".«:?'.':.':2‘1 $-92“- .-8 .aoo‘i ..:2. q .19rredttliefl of: 0" .\«KL (.1334 .LdJJu JJJIO L’u‘“ A .10 K‘IOLEiW'rIC ‘smwolji53 '10 ‘CVIBTSVL'IH) 283 . Without direct regflation of producer planting and harvesting, theee area commodity agencies would not reduce price fluctuation originating in supplies. However, the cost of these fluctuations would be spread more evenly among producers than is presently the case. Moreover, the concentration of the supplies not sold by growers at the minim: price into‘a single selling authority, an authority with the power of collective abandonment and with the goal of stabilizing prices rather than recovering variable production and harvesting costs, puld -ecnceiv_ably reduce price fluctuations . This assumes a signifi— eant portions! the ram price variability has its origin in the marketing sector. . Brier mention can be made of more conventional market institutions in“ the fresh fruit and, vegetable industry and their implications for policy decisions. Although one of the stated objectives of the market orderva'nd‘ agreement program is the enhancement of farm price stability, the mechanics of these. instruments and the locus of control must be judged naive within the Tramemrk of this stw. Without provision for coordinating market flcvsyb'etween the two sectors, these instruments provide ploducers and shippers the means to Jointly determine product quality, pines,,_ grades, marketings and even prices. But no recognition is given conflicts in price and output levels between these two, seemed cooperating sectors. The tools have been applied met exten- eivelyto nilkend “.‘1“- and vegetables; for the latter products they have netfiwith angled success and have not proven acceptable for a worms; fresh. _trmts and vegetables. That this may be traced to thpiriailure to reconcile marketing conflicts in the shipping point Iarkets and their independence from the retail market level where . P;.\ F0 ‘ v v. .-.1.Ar '_ ., '4‘ . . ..: 1‘1‘ L321“ '11:: J..--.."; 10011103.; '30 non plugs-I 3991;.» 310:1 , P! .‘:) s 1 , ”s 1:. “unit 111100370 53:1} 01 Jon 11!,er 2:? J31: era v3.31; 21:00 seats, 93513 J.'Ilra-s anoi‘ésn'itzrii’f‘. 333w -o 35:00 9713 (solrcwo-I .aoJIq-jua at gniimigho .0330 aria" \g.IJr:r«r-:;-x.:q a}: 11:22! 3100;; 10%; 3110113 351:." eve 330.11 11.591018 ed 0111 J13 e'zz-zvrmg. v}! bios don MEI-Mia add '10 1101:3121! #1001100 31 '1: .'Iovoerrofi 9.51.1 113.;st '.{J'I‘Io'lduc ms .‘.;Ji'iodd'us ggrdziisa s -3111?“ a 03111 eohq nwminfcm 1*”‘3CIJZV‘1 T3 '1 L90}; 9113’ (idly! ’ns Jrrenmobrzsos {with silos '10 101-: or; @3509 ;-1:_ 1.1 M r" 5.1 [“4115 noidmflicrzq slrfnhsv grihsvoos'x r1513 Teddi-:1 ssohq r ‘5 “1. 2 '1‘»‘a::5 21.1: .anoiJ'aJ .:.I": sohq soviet vidrv‘sonoo Elam {3' U": 0) (h K P: K " 4 9:33 11.}: 01:31:10 an ass! ‘gJiIi Kati-31901.1(; 1131.31 add 30 rroihoq J‘nso .uoiooa gniierlfim a: (3..~.1i23;f'.£ TMN'IM‘ .:snoifim-vzror) 910111 3.0 93.25111 ed n30 {1013119111 flehfi *10'1 anoissoiiqri '1.1‘~'=.‘id has. mdszrmri sidrjstgsv has J.'cm'i r1391} e13 r11: 3.12mi: 031$ '10 asvfe'rrwstsio heg'reJa 9'5: 30 9.180 d;,:.'or1'dI1'1 .nnoiai‘oeb valid} {53:51:15.}.3 :3913f1q mm? '10 3::91‘10011511r1s 51-113 81 mmgouq 3113111991535 1115 19100 3.1 33:11:: 10131100 lo 310ch oria‘ 1:115 ednomvwani 533.13 ‘10 8011753109111 914.3 "103 noisivcriq J.'.ro.1e7“fr.' ugh-11.13 air-Rf 'io Mammal 9:11? 17:13.1}: evil-m beg-but 83131133331721:SBGTL‘I matches at.) 9:1: neeszd error} 392173.11 gniianiirmm Joirjouq 917131793101) ‘an‘nict oa‘ snaom edJ noggina has aueoubo'rq ohbxmq 1101....‘11 005'! on 30?. .1293th move has 83111192135111 890513 ,eesia ,‘(J’ILRi'p .04.: seed: noswo‘sd anveI Juqduo has 9:)qu mt edoiflnoo nevi}; 81 .93 ,9 J? 0111 1.911qu need ewsd BIOOJ’ edT .a'zoa‘osa 3n Edsueqooo bsmrass aa‘oubo'zq 'IoJ‘d‘aI orio‘ 10': geeIcisdegsv has ediml has )LEJm 03‘ vIsvts 5 '10'1- ols‘hd‘qeoos r19vmq 3011 svsd 13:25 aézeoafle hemp 5313.; Jam oval 1544.3 03 IEOE'IJ ed mm 81:13 Jeff .2.s Irisielsv bra 33:11:11 1123311 '10 uscfmun 3.1ch grsiquxia en’J mi 80‘0me (milieu-151:1 313130110091 00‘ 91111le dis-21': mo w .Iovflf “NM 1.1 £12.15 'Jc'l 9510‘ 111ml sonameqainj-z .1an 8393.559] 281. m chumsl price ad «bunt decision- m It“ dour". W “W. The dilm 0! th- firming ”apex-thi” u a m hatitntion an an inn-imam: for the product influences the offoct thou inf-1- firbiona 'can have on 15.301109 10101: ond “Ability. Thu! 31‘. "Mom tint thi more intogmtion of Hui-loot levels is insufficiont for chum-din- gting’mnctlons an! hooking éonflioto. - Thin m pupal- for tho formation 61- federation of 131W gums an nth-til; capr- .tiu‘. into «ntnliud n1» menu. rune, too, m t.» tho problem of reconciling pricing and outqu 30:10 a! tho antral lurk“ hula. 'In addition, their 1mm to Wt. tho mm mm 1m unmmu am .. ‘ 'A. (1130118on 1n the study, the Wing mod m- mua coor- dinition of his mid what 1010].: ml the 1»: or institution- a am this need an «emu ..:-m countd- m an: an m u about. eonbnc‘bml and My: 1’0th 0! tb W all inn-mm; ‘ucton‘. M thin in stimulated a, tilt. and for ”Med doomubfi' 1: am by the not thdb tho Widen uldu prom humid ta“. slapping 'pom urn-$.13 u.- wm tum 1on1. or ‘Momtus has nomw W manu- 1. up fresh "fruit aid vegetable pmduotion War; 011 up: and puts-1 m.- ‘gntion 1a donabmnng for the Mop-nu m.- On an .uthc, ‘thu 'te'mu 6f thoinbémtionlo at mm town plan. to: tune mica-iii. Magma. or production use! .mppm pom urn-ta cal-- fiat be W'm‘dmfiwunm nau- of m commu- in a. mum. .m- 1..-um um par-us, math-1m, M 1t. 1- .012me an Mai 11: M m producer rm: I ’1‘ “ .:.: ..‘.L ' . ‘. 0:11:33 "05:53:“; 3001030" sing": 0":5. arm RJ. .03 ier'J': :0 bus esi'm' Iixiflik.5 mug: -~‘o J noi21:'+i.*aif afralirtfnz 5 as 0V.i§:7£5’.9.‘;’009 -r:J':d'0:!"~'-"t: 5:13 ‘0 mflms 0.4T I‘» It 0005301.‘_E'3Jti '1003': 0'03 0: J ”10': cineméawni :15 £155 0‘ = r~ -- : 2."... ' ° ‘,> r .:.,” -.-‘-;.':i‘_>':000 '10. «7010.00.30; 3.". sins... -:. I £5; :3 ...9 0 ’1 0 ho b) :4 “.1 (D :3" l... “2 [:4 (D a 9 (...: f 4. I": q. 953 .1331me 31». 0'03 gnu-:91" .ajo.‘:£‘}000 305710801 ixrs 0001301101 anie‘s #190000 330?.I13‘mi'13m bus ammdxia J00 0J3 00:3": Iii: .003 .saed'l‘ .azeiumz‘gs 301.08 basilis'xduso odnk asvia‘s 30091.03! I..-310708 :23 ‘10 afsog 37.-Wino has :g,::J'.0-'c'm grrl {100.0091 30 0.050011 30:91:23: Iisis": Sufi 33510-00031: 0:? 9:05.10? 1:39:13 ‘IiO..»-L:E.I Lbbs III .elsvel .9100001J3 xioflé uefisaw {.Ihw IsvsI "-3000 1130:1101 1071 {300:1 :rrxiaratorrf 07H ..:IJJLa 0fo mi bscexoaLb as. 03‘ 3520;531:2320: '10 :évsi 0:1: 3005 85.0301 Jasl'vzx Latsvea ads! '.to 0013:5011) flab: L01: aJoif.“100 .s’r 341:er afisboruirooos bflB £30011 aid: erV'IJa oufiouq add 10 00:30“ adni qinataawo bus Lquosanoo aviansdxs 50:32:91 101 beer: edd’ wad 09:50:01.3: at e.i:.»-IJ JsJ'IT .e'xofroea 3013032321 833000031 0:900:00 1301331303“: aid Jam 0‘05} 010‘ yd nevig at noidmib'moo 3000010 9:13 1313:1001: 83:00.3 JI $0.119»: $11.20»: (.0 "14.0.3 9: {J ....0 ts ties-“:3: 0:10 Hi: 1371:; 00013.11: 5301:0097. b909, fiicogt 9"51 1:011an39001. ’10 aisvel ~03ru'; 13.2.37:er band 9:10 ed: rn’) (103003 no: 3011:3000 aids +010v has 3.10:3 .tsdJo 003 00 .Ionsa ststganiunoa 9d: 101 galailidsdasb at 001:515 saarfcf '10"! .8001'10 1313:3703 0:010:13: Jon ob noids tics->311}: 9&3 '10 ems: sf: -r.50 8+5; an inter: gnincgia bus noiionbo "If: 10 noid'szrgsa‘nl 313 2003091 noid'.m.7:b'wm IsaiJ'Iev 3.0 Hagen: '{Tojos'IeNBa ‘(IS'LIJHS n5 begbut ed Jon eacsoad .aeelsflanon ‘Jelat. Lib .1 no Juditant edT .quauth add n1 flak: t000307n soubet each 31 seagosd bfi893n135539n16nuiga at 31 28 5 m to those entering into such arrangements. A simila- filler lest so be Hie fer the intitution of shipper finsncing of producers; s- bsl-ee it neithu' :1an the allocation of resources in produc- tion nor reduces the whet risk to which producers ere subject. Policy decisions surround the marketing institutions which hsfe evolved in respense to nrket risk, instability and conflict. These We th inlets excl-usage srrungaseut, direct marketing, end retell mung policies. To the extent these are nsnifeststions or the w instability, slterstion will not correct thst iutsbility. But sens‘discusel esch is slso s potential source of farm price uri- siiltty. 'I'he results of tb stub do not provide unequivocal policy direction ter theee and other market trends and institutions. But it is strongly suggested that the psrfonsnce of mu markets in tons e! prise stability would be different if rstsil pricing and melan- lisiq 'strstegy were less independent of the minder of the marketing M's-II 11th mrheting sector as obliged to take title and seems the risk of the product from the producer. f' ‘18 was“ the retsil level, the forward orientation of the suiting m en! independence from fsctor markets, presents s W policy question. It seas clear this independence of behsvior eel mess Isrhet i-tsbility sn'l costs on preceding market levels. Aside fr- sue emu-insetsl legislation concerning the legality of m below eest, there is little precedent for insisting that prices st one “list level lust follow costs. Such s preceded could only be based en the sessequsnt nissllocstion of resources, sn economic problan Uh m sawing es a. basis for legal action. 1.. IAJ ‘2’) -nsz usfimja A .a.n""q "3’15 done oéni gfiiueins saodd 101 dquerne :aTGCL‘OTW 30 3050:3111 uswoida 10 noiduJiJant aid 101 sham ed fins dncm -0u&0:¢ a: avoquoaou 10 0013500113 653 BBVOTNEi raiding 31 90ns£5d no .isstdfia eds auchEOtn daidw oi Acid defitsm ad! 3900031 10a not: eisd Joid'u ”~0riu**f nL "Hi +9A15m odd bnuoruua anoxeroeb YQIIO” sagd? .Jgiiluoo bus gdfiiiéséaai ,Aaiu dexmsm 03 eenoqaeu ml bevIov Can .«fi?*°“"‘m 309"£D .U~»”3‘u~u"n 0.r fixe 9+0£~mocnx ed: 0 b.010ni 01: 30 anoiigiasiimnm 075 wanj Jun @063 GT .eeioiiow gnioiun £15301 4.: I 31-: “1131.06: 3500‘ Java-1100 Jon Him (201381013; ‘23.: Lidsa‘enl camera ujugv 90:04 nun? $0 007003 Isidfledoq 5 0015 at done boasvoaib new as xsiIon isauvinponu abrvouq Jon oh 100:: odd to ediuaeu adT .Ydiiids .2noidndideni bus 000913 Joinsm 15130 has 083d: 103 3001309110 0 n03 mi 8&3) 13H magi 30 ounnnnolqeq add Jhfid bsdeeggua {1300133 at JI ~nsiousm has an: 110 Iisiswn dnsueilib 5d bluow xdiildste salts to gniiajiu‘m of? lo 10 5HLSM81 add 10 Jmohnowshnt aaoi 970w {3935138 anteib bag BIJIJ sfisd 03 beaiiio 25w uodosa Enidoiusm add 11 has Ienngfio .10000010 add $011 Joubouq 903 10 A211 odd smuenv adj 30 noifisdneito busWIol odd ,Isvsi £15301 add in moidbxn edT 5 aiaoaoun ,adsflunm 103031 maul evnsbnSqebni has #10319 gnidefiuam toivsdad To somobnecohni aid: uneic emcee JI .noidesup YOIIOG diuhltllb .eievei JsAunm gnibeoemq no edaoo has {Jiltdsdani Jsflum oeoqnl can to usifi wi 0d+ rainueonoo noiiniaiéci Istnomiqodxs emoa 0011 ebiaA 9.50110! J5!“ 3 .miieieni 'Io'l 3019?:339'13 91305:}: 31': 919d: ‘3303 onsd gfifuse 0d mino tiuoo duobsoetn a doua .03a00 woiiol Jaum IovoI Jeflusm one 35 moldouw oixmfloae no .eeouvocou lo 00135001100 in Jaerpeenoo 0:13 no beesd .noidos ingei 101 aiasd s as grin WYI 10053 don 286 un‘mxmw in» gun-n1 Mortal-1:07 Alta-tum hm but. w for tb W1. 01" :10. mun, tnmrmuuum: pound—night“ ”hath. rinks or price Mum.‘ tint. W to'nduu up «It: u this* rm. P0116" dim-d 0t flu" m objootin' omen]; a”. tho ‘ mmutmw mottho Minty. Tho utter policy gnu-nun unit. this diff” full 0! mm «mm 0‘ Itmtun an mm- tho 1mm of out: or nah-t nun-gum mtbmmmthnh. Amummug. named hymn. now, Wild-0.1“ at a w 02 than two month... It would» Will-3‘1:- man: was 1! rauplr emu-riotin- is largely MM]; and “00131131510 m tb pun-i mt. «pm-cu- with. Com]: flat out. of thin tut-hint um I» M batman tho whiting and protu- ttonm; luv mama-aim. to siphon tarmac-plot. * “as. W. mild.“ m for thin mu» .A.~ponq= at chm-1 coupontian would 0.100 rowan!» tb insuf- ficient! 0! 1’1.“ In tb W or m ito-thun- 30* «new as in motion. ”ammonia-aw Woman. Waggon; th- um um 1on- or light ““1. w tn} b. m. M M13610. inld In W by th- unk-ting actor 1! tbs coat- ot market inst;- b11131 *0 Mn; M by ti“ Doctor. mmmhcpoucymldmtu Wuhan: ”Mom: roman rim n‘ a attribution cm and up potatm «roman ronlta 'o: om. interdependence mum coordination. It would 30091110 the and for coordinating institutions and Milidng \ . my“-.. _._.. 1:37;.201: '10 an! r25 Isms“; 01-11“ £."“? .‘:‘133’3 1733.323"? 22 gig: g £3.53? :RIJmeCeWL 93hr ":0 71305011? 91: '3 301 bseeuoeib need evsn' aevJ'tc'er’Ies‘Is 3:123}?! 33 5331333: 04! bangiaso fovai ow :eaIdsiagev has athrzt deaf: 3'01 8139‘ "Lo guano erfsr eoxhet 0.1 bangicaab 38d: has enoldsxrdwfl 93113 '13 331:; aazs \ L4 1*.er d 9v1339t3'o 4131.12} 9113 :13 be 139111) \oiIo‘I .318?! ’4) (T ’Iei‘si 9d? .".;.JLI.'C-"sjer:.'c 3&3 'io 9311103 3111531031111 ed: at 103333 {Irma r10-.1,1::‘.r"'."n 4.193I'1Lsm '10 3933': mze'ze‘l'lib dark? 341-3204 9"1351118318 11:31:1ch 34H: 131:4?31J'I'1 332-3151110373303 'lo 9:) >r19L'ctnI: 9413 1931415 £1.80 5153315113 his ‘fio'rJr-‘Tsxcoo 1231511313 10 voiIm A .3191. o... 39.415121 anoi'mv 9113 5:10:15 0.173333%: '10 93 'Um'xrmoo s 1041;33:81103 quow ‘ijud‘a ein’d Yd {333393332 girth '1 :* L70 ‘6 LIidsJarzi 9110‘ 33113 has; r2303 3'1 3d LIL-“ow JI .aeviJLL'I'IeJIE eI-s :1, 1511411311111 113:; 92-111312316111317 1;.[31 ..«sI at 83.: J3 P93351513 1.31:2:qu at 8.11303 eds" 1",: ereupsn, r. 0:) .8 391523113 'moui'o'm ‘10 9:11.13 311983101 9113 13:11:11 «313171.11 hm; erJm’mn 91.3 17.3va 3331 bemia ed bILrow fluids: an}: aid: cLo SSSImsu‘Jant 0113‘ 633-1219“: 00‘ 31.1101 I5noi.fuci.'td'anjc WSH .8103393 acid .SdOrr'L'er aid: 10‘: \"Lsaaeoan ed 1315wa 331191313; 1.15131: smsriox.) -'1JJ'8.IEI 9113‘ 33?..1150391 OBLB bIJ ow 110in ”96:00:: £99.11... 3‘10 2311011 A 41.0111 that” 0511}: 3931110331 "10 noiu‘oe'xib ed: 10': esoi'Ir-r to {311313 3361 Entrofimlt “13.4.3359 a 4:13": Immio‘m _tJenI .noIJoubo'm at 8681! Jnsl 3.11116 '.to 3.44310“: 131130 {£3534 men-{J gfxiasI'va‘I 'IO 37:01:11.1. 1:: :3th 1m 1 2933:1111 nor-m .hILrou 81101311313331: eea'i'l‘ .xjmaaeoen ed amid hILrow {101455 3.7; 11193203 o‘sx’mnrn ~533£1i 3334mm '10 efaoo 3.13 ‘15: 'IOJ098 51,1133?qu ed: 2d bergmoon's 9d $103333 " 3.11:} "cf 133151113 3111 ed 313w 15+L‘ILd '33 eonsbnsnefrzemi 9:44: SSmOSST b.3309: 'csiIoc arid ,UA ervodA I..»:meon 5:” 17.15 Iamxsno rzoiJudi'xuaJEb 3 mi am'fl’: bedsIe': $11.53th 31' “-10.5331;ch 1303 ”modify: 33:13.. 1131:1333 am}: am: '10 a: 1.1331 gaisifldsteeb 0a.. E‘r’imiuifih has enoio‘mfijanf: EHJL-Jmib‘tooa '10‘1 been 91!: asimjoos'x bLuow 287 loom-o “or thooo circa-tun”, thot "Equilibriu mu intu- dopouloot m . domain. on «mu... of «mm audit: to m indoponiont bohovior m- doctobilioing tho norht.295 Ami, ". . .thero oro o umber of ohnouto in tho Itructuro ond argon- ilotion of this induotry tending to roduoo tho dogroo of coordimtion along tboo mien. lmlo of tho minutiae oyotn. . .'.296 Tho dimensions of tho collod for iutitutinno oro om oooih put forth tho fondlsod 130 working institutions. Tho: not how dthin th- tho notability for onrorcing Optima chomol output "I1 pricing lovolo in tho foco of conflicto along tho lorkot lovolo. Tho not 'orovido «no noon. by which the cruniution of rooonrooo in production on bo rotianlisod ond coordinotod with tho noodo of tho Iorkoting ooctor ond cont-on. Tho: will hood to pox-it o nrioty or onto:- prioo «dilutions within tho channel; orthordoo mud” intogrction of tho norbting ond production mnctiono will mult. m, tho hooded inititutiono mutt con-in or o oauprc-ioo botuoon chomdl troo- da ond rooponoibility. A Prooont inotitutiooo loot four of thooo critorio; probably no will ovor loot th- ..n. Iot tho: provido tho giidopoo'to tourd tho i-titutionol dominant for dooling with tho prohlno dioomod in thio ltw. Tho noodod iutitutiom 11.11 hour bo forthcoling on long 295mm}: A. ran—m M Wt am (Can- bridgo, flood: Hal-"rd Uninroity 1962, p. 37. 296Jniaon, J.A. m m Docidmg Fruit 3%;1: St‘ cturo 93% m Faction, Californis Agri turd fimm Stgtion, Giannini Foundation Roooorch Report, lo. 275, April 196‘, p. 1250 ‘- -'L.CI...;I:,.E '.i.:z:w.-:3 iffii’ll.f£.[.fi!f}_'; uinJ ‘szaomraznyo‘xia scarf: fiat-{w autistic 9m 111113310“; Jusiaf’i'wa '10 1101515371? ‘.‘IO [13 am 3:351. . .am'fit‘l imam-main E‘33,3I:.I-u,y.g err: 3112:3113” data ob mt" 'Ioivszi d 33953319an insvs'm o: ~£f£jv:o Fins s'wa‘su'ria add at ed’rvemeis '10 'IS-L‘IS'EL’H s 5:3 639:! . . ." .brIA moi:(Egr’ii‘ra'c-oo '.to $3'I:_‘.,€'b SIR} saris"; OJ" (fibre? ‘L'Iiaubrdt air.” ":0 nolfgzi “ I“. (J ‘1' '5’) .". . .I;t9:?'a'«;a :l'ti'nwfi: 13.1.": edit '10 a fEavei anoi'mv eaaid Enema my, "(5.13 10 5131': 9'13 81‘ toiiudiémz 'IC'I b51133 an" to anoienezzii- ed"? niIid'in-I 01:12! (farm \;0:i’l‘ .afl (J-':szritJartj". grmi'zow om: bamifw'f'o’l [33.123 di'ro'l ;.r.r5.l:o.'rx'Irr bars. izrrrmo lemma nwntis‘nro gfiio'mins 'ro‘l \jfiiiic' .:.-(3!) 6.1.1 5971* dawn! «gs-i? ...-aE-avei 32519.51 eIH gums-:5 aiotflaoo 'io 993‘! 9!” n1 elevsl M3. {.51}:th nf: asonmew ‘10 no 33.31113 gym ed: Iicizlw \fd ansem 99:23 sitcom :yfijfiis 1.13:". out ‘10 EE‘DSI‘I 914.3 :iwa befafib'zooo has beailsmiist ed £183 «zodiac '30 mfsi'mv 3 J’irvrretr 03 been {LEW \jad’i‘ .a'mmrenoo bns 103098 II’C'iJS'IZ_'-_E)Cfi£ er; ammo 93532113530 :Lomzsrio arid (1431:th arroidmddmoo 931% .'1 .J’ Ham [SEW er: oiJ’ omr’i 17.01331;ka has ganecJ'zsm 9H 10 ~sc'.:.': L—mm sIlo r-asnurgfsd eo.L101.~::oo 3 '10 383 range Jaum arxozurvo‘rvani b5} van .‘gcfifi‘i'lartorrea': has :mb 9510:: 135131016; :sl'xsii'm see-ti: 'io ws'i 399m error? 33:31:01: 3119891"! 9:53 imswoi exfaowijzrrg QIIJ ebb-0'11 Y’s-3d: 39'! .1333 21913 399m 'Isve Lifhw {5.1- 3319:3311 use A) 3;. .uIdo'mr 9:13 IiJi‘w delififlh 'xo‘I Jnamofe 29/ om‘IoIJudI’JanL '~ E 03 11113053131 9:! 'zsvem. £13.. -' artofifrui'rf ant [9:19.311 31"? minute aid: A . "_ “-.mao-n-o .:ovi-lno ”hi I- it“ "Co~a.-'I-‘b~ ‘:¢ flour 1-. .r. I.“ ‘n-mwuo «gr-I) 9"":;'t"5‘""::'-I I~:; wan.— w» ~11 -~~;~+~I~*" :1 '1” ..A .22un (\‘, 7‘ r—'<‘L -"‘ r ‘ \ '\- "1 oIC. oq ‘..-JQJ. {395 'ggffl't“ " '-'- 5’11;ng :.889.1 ‘5‘)” \ “ u - o _. I( uxfl'fig'flr‘xivj jrrlan a", rrt. -rs(_-4{ {IE-1,79": czwnh'z Pr 6‘.""‘,“ A T nno:Hf‘ (:3‘ “—.‘?- -;F*¢‘L‘*-V unfi— —-o .'.-:1- u d a m-..‘ «a ¢.<~C‘- ipoa-su- noowu 3. ,‘ ..'. ._.; ‘ . . J “ _VL4._ J ._ o . m; ‘ “"' »l_ v ,’ ; ,..."’ . t .‘. ,-.-" -L . .L' ILL-“UL -wLu.’ -. n sin i0.--;.~;12 ._L'f' ” t- ; L'.-gig no .13, :2 man :3 an L1? I 'r . "' "‘ j’ a“ -' "”‘ D L‘. ...n..o.-I-- ' «._. ..~. . .. -.’. N N ° ' -' “fig .051 .3'ICX’9J1 d 'I£9€;9I'I ..-.LUQOIIJNL III” NIL...) “13535;“ a j- . .< ELI. Ami {firth 288 u agricultunl latitutioml donlafinent taken place in the context of what power positions instead of channel interdependence 3nd coopration. (‘0' rvr ;.~ 1 f r; 'nvr. 4 . ' r: \I‘~H. .-‘¥ ..;‘ r ’1' "-.‘ ’le-L ‘.NJ {N v (7“. ya I .131 daewvofsveb feroiinijjnnl Ismgfincizgs e5 2 r: w 'Inafln to b39323? enoiiieoq zswon teiugm }o L. - J- . .23 wSVSWCOO A m 3mm Reich, O.P., Vert £12m, University of Kinnesots, Department—er“ ApicultII-el cs Report lo. 520. Rev. 1961. BreinVer, H. F., 1 (1 Freedom m _hg Eccm ti g Ae,£1oultur Ih'banagUniversity of Illinois Presses, Jags. ."Hnrkete, Market Structure, end the Institutional Organi- nation of Agriculture", lectures delivered at Texas MM College, College Station, Tone, March 11-13. 1963. _______. "01: Price Determination magnate Price Theory", mm 2:. £92 m 39: 676-94. Aug 1957. . 'The Three Economies of Agriculture" m g; M 42212:. M: 679-99. Ave- 1962- Cusp, w.n., "The arms-tion or Agriculture in Relation to the Problan of Price S‘tsbilisstion", m g; M m, 32: 282-311», 16101-67, JI’ M A“. 19am (nu-k, J.M.,CQg_t;t1o 3“ W533. a, (Usshingtorn n.c. The mum Institute), pp. 301-77, 19 Clodiu, 3.1... "Developing Ruin; Policies in Decentralised Asa-my mm.» mm. a: m Ml.- mum-50. n... 1958. 'Isrket Structure, loenomio Power sni Agricultm-sl Policy: Aged for Fmrd Reduction Central", My; 91 En m- m 1.2: LIB-25. Ht! 1960- Cochrsne, VJ” "Chsndu Structure of the American Economy: Its upliestiems for the Paton-nee of Agricultural Marketa", M 21 In My Ll: 1.0143. W 1959. Collins, 1.11., "Chewing Role of Price in Agricultural Msrketing ", m 9.1: ha m Aida-31+. Aug. 1959. Pm. t m m, popers usefiled by the Ian Stete thi- mgtfienter for Agricultm'sl and Econanic Develepnent (Amos; Iona. Stste University Press), 1961;. Fom'slohr, L.E., Lee, W.A., "Canpetition and Kinked Functions in the urinating of Perishables", Sam-om _m m, 22: 367-72, Jan. 1956. Fox, I.A., "Psotore Affecting Form Income, Farm Prices and Food 00W tion 2m; _aesr_. Jul: 1951. pp. 65-86. ‘... , ._-..u...._.r... ’1"TY"" ,- 1..—.E.,,\ E .L.1"..'4’." .-’..I..'.'L»_-.'.L.. ULV4“ 'L -.'-«L 81951213.} (no-1: r: ?' ‘7'""1""““+1‘1 h... .99? 52M} ..‘I O ,. .3253.” ‘5..’,(1aemzi’.?": 30 \3 __ .4391 V'IOWCL. d.)J_I('f{ 5L5 Lo lJf~‘_L)'OJ_ Ta.“ .10 JESKKE’LSC’EU ..'. rig-1 .vovi .05 NH- r“! 1" r Lfetl Jo-vp- rd; a r fi'vl- NED: @ij Fry: mrjc...qq:r&,.,;i._}.{}ir1 ‘ .1. H .'xswV-‘flueifl .‘-. “-1 .‘.”...-'.-. ."‘..-14 ‘7‘. n e:_r'~ O;- O.“ ...-we. nun-~0- ..‘-... e.“ . .: _.2'!\"L ‘ {SCO‘i' 1 811.01 '..-H! .I.... 10 \2- ‘ .L'c 'ifiV J H'L ;£: '5 1'1“) S'IE'-+‘:"’).- "“2” A I..-d "mm o e r y 7" f I . 11:37.0 I? .11 0.56.11 1‘.-£35112: €11 ..1' 171.5 ,9'1113'011'13. 523-" 524 ,8 1911191" . r" r I. . .'. .5. ' s‘ ' ' ~ r I . . J" ‘ ,cxelicd .- 31:55.11 .1; 2:519an :11: 8‘3'1113131 ,"9r1.:21191t'1311 'io 1101.155 .’- ‘.‘i' .Ei-LC (£01532 ,ar-xaT ,rzoi .1535; 95591101) 8"7'131212‘1‘ 3921-13 5'“.1 1". bra; 1102313512." ..':939'3 95.1151 r70" . .- :‘:(_ gr , 1_L‘._’ ‘,.\ O n n. 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BREEDIOO'IQ 5351:2112. 3. ml: canrioi rnifvxrfs suit-7019195." ,..I.H ,auihoIO " 31:11.1 '—"".'.‘f*'C'. 3'. r.'.":'I Lo I_,_::'.:"1L ,"adeflmM utv‘ J\ ‘-e'~o'-o -‘. '«*-~-Ie In. .LN- ...... 1:21:32" 15.1.1131."1070151.“. has 1511-501 9701030213 .9"'11.’-ro:1'1.‘1£2 39325151" . -' C": .‘ 'i ?'1.::*‘:.‘q'.1 "'../)1 :10!) 5:01.?3111'0'1‘1 1.175115qu 103 1.58qu14. A .087”: XII»: .KS'ELA. SA EQL'iQ 8.721. :“;Tono:121 5502190. 913.? 30 em $011133 PRESEEB‘KW “WM 1991517303 £51.23" $2392.15" 113.11.12.13 "5'." 'io 9511...:17'10“: '1..- ‘I 911.1 10?. 350.115.911.751 .{'3C’.[ _.5?'; ,Ej-ICh‘aLA ,a°?r".'.<"r-:n':1 grrs‘i v ," 9:2,". .‘.eyE' 22.551 Is'r'é Erroi'rs-t‘. r15: eni'fl '10 920.11 arri'firsrfCi" “12.71 an :CLI C‘ \— ) 1 ’ ..' : v .ESEJ- O i'fJJ'i ‘5}: .’50 A: r (t 31;, (\T/‘O: 5"{31 LO I~m1.'.'O'J “nu—__. - '7 '1 I f) -' ‘- " ""r A van-A4».- (? ‘ “..‘. n ..’—T ..:..1 I 9.1 {-.. O .I.)... 3113'" Ld 113.1137.Q.Ebg 8'19.qu 1 ,,.. ‘5: H 351:31 845} Hi ?'I‘.v'7'.'71..’1 . ~ ‘ ud- A D. p. M q -.’ “’17- m _l.-.‘~~ ..‘ gnu. inor'rroieved 0.115.!01'100; has Ismci'LUci'r _.j, 5 '10"; 19.1: 9.) 2.1251917 .AEJQ‘I. ,(aae'fi 1.1251911151193530“ 81101 811022191111? hazingifi bits 11023221962103" "AM ‘99.]: "ELJ .'1 1211-; .1107! .3‘?~'1BS:SS J_.;jj‘g'f‘.’ ”.L' £.“; ,"eeidmfaits? '10 g;,rz.f.da2-I'1.:.~'I .BEQI .1153 ...-{wane 595'] 1:13 eeoi'ri rma'I t5.10 31;: 1121531 31123091111 2:10.195? '..AJ @1071 -<:'3~'Q.“1 .'1-'1 .71 (’1 WU ..‘“.‘Laf‘. " 7 22.1“" ......1 J.-.'72*.CI"‘£Z:’L ."noij 290 3%13 Repoflor 11b Etionel Camiuieno‘nl’oed J ke:966,1h on. 11.0.: (0.3. Gov-mat Printing Office), une . Boos, 3., ”the Behavior of Hunting Engine at Citm Bruit“, J 2!. 23:9. mg. 31.:912-15, Dec. 1952. 1mm. M. m m m m1: Mn fig. m m MR3? carom. woman-.1 19 611:7 Shtion, mannini oundntion Beau-ch Report No. 275, April “Coordimtion and Vertical Ex'pmion in Marketing Chapm- tins", M J 2.3 My, 112:555-66, Aug. 1960. John-on 9.0. ”$72 rug. L 5mm: 32:. (claim; University of Chicago fires , 1 Jones 11.0. "A Gene Study of Rick Distribution" m g: M m- @3393“; m 1951. - ’ fling, ,lf. "Beta-mimtion of Rehtive Rinks Involved in W Track "m 21 Hi! My 211329543. M18- 19112. Lee, v.1. , ma», 1.3., "Profit W31“ ad Ila-gins in the ruling or Pciehnhlee", m 91 m, 233171-73, Oct. 955. ##3##. Alon Lho m 2: EJ191231: m m IL3- W or Tyiculture, Economic Reecurch Service, Agricultural We Report 30. 55, April 1961» ' ' . Margins, Prices 5nd Co-pet in in the Fruit 5nd Vege- idflclndut Industry", 5th Animal Agriculture]. hating Conference, Ohio sate University, Colin, Ohio, 3333. In. 15, 1962, pp. 73-”. McCorkle, 0.0., Jr., "Iconic Interd ndence of Marketing and Producing {inamilzlericmlainltuefl ammwems- ‘7, w 19 e ' ‘ ' ‘ ' Iehren, 6.11., "Marketing Coordimtim 5nd Emu" e We", in 221.191.: 1’0 W w: .131 m- to m m ms 411: Joint Economic Conittee, 85th Congress, let union, Nov. 22, 1957, pp. 102-50. mums, G. , "The Mom of Capetition at. Various Stages of Production end Distribution", ml, 11:509-3), 1958. Miami, R.L. Jone L.A. 1&0 MW ionin Agigfiture, 0.8. Departmeht of 131.31.111.59, Economic Research Service, Agricultural Ecomic Repcrt. No. 19, Feb. 1963. 523 ' "‘ "h‘ , :. -.- N-‘ -T Q *2 -«-s ' :' r; . VI béfit no ct: a? :1: 33:35453 e.f 1o cfiun-Ja :212275“ El ZQLjSE mqtfi LOO” .’ .12“: -- 1""! '- ". '-' (\ (”.”’3"; :_J': i. :1 .:-L. -': Q” J II'LE "JJ 9110*") . no 00 Q‘ ‘Q" .‘1-L“t 1"” ‘14-‘51" *5 ‘ .noQI enuL r«-~ro' "315"“ auzfifi no entgtsfi Latfisiwi to «afvsfiaa 94?" ..8 .3003 .8391 .996 ‘Zr-1IQ2+E ‘a~r~*"';fi 5331 fig n—e .- n 4...»... 3'1““? o-mvfi-‘TeJ'd-f; '."'".: <"V'i‘."-".‘=:’2",I '2'-""(r-'{ v77""""':' _2. "n’ “(’er A L gr508-_..SL - .'.-7,: Q 4 . o ‘ . ‘Lr (. ‘. . . 5,1,... ,1... ’. . ~ ‘ .... ..:a'n ‘..." IIJ.‘ I o C 0 ..-O~‘ an; a o - an - 4 J .5 1-1 - ._.~-. '~-.. .“‘d‘hpr’vvnw‘gg '5‘. .‘.. ‘ o a r ‘ n '. . . L \ , . _ . . v ' .- - - - 94" at: ~ 1 any vrq (..’ l'.) ,.9 ..'r,f .:.. 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