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V. . . fl. .1?! w 4 I, but! .. IL}. ‘ a Iva(1\.u l.C.I»a,...u.f:/r.ar.rt. .. .7..1.-/§!II.:III f 1)}! . t)..- fir r {1: /. r’llr .. I “1..., ,(aLI)l.. -1 .7 (.1... .14613n4n! .. .. . . . 1:7: .3}; .9955 ., .tsln.lb1 ill!!!» I! . 14 {fwfl ‘7. 7!. I1 4!... . . a J I: . laillIfY/varr Illa. I 4.71 1 3.! 1 I rlv (If). I. I’lllr—In 1 r...) .Ilb;o'?.sla.vv.1~5¥.7!! ..: ..,. .«. ......r .17... t... .. .~ .uipl 2v J§§z¢...>fi§§éry§h%fifi. 9E . 1 . ..:.....u..m a 3...... fi fHFS!S w ABSTRACT A COMPARISON OF OEDIPAL AND PEER SEX THROUGH THE USE OF HYPNOTICALLY IMPLANTED PARAMNESIAS BY Aaron Karnilow Two groups of twelve hypnotized male 85 were given posthypnotic conflict involving sexual impulses directed towards either an oepipal or peer age female. The conflicts were posthypnotically activated through the use of tachis— toscopically presented conflict words and the resultant behavior scored for degree of repression, type of symptom and frequency of symptoms. No difference was found between the two groups in terms of type of symptom and degree of repression, but the oedipal group produced a significantly higher frequency of symptoms than the peer group. The finding that a curvilinear relationship exists between degree of repression and frequency of symptoms was consistant with that reported by earlier investigators. A — r—' —v A COMPARISON OF OEDIPAL AND PEER SEX THROUGH THE USE OF HYPNOTICALLY IMPLANTED PARAMNESIAS BY Aaron Karnilow A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology 1973 i Pi; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to take this opportunity to thank all of those people who made this study possible. Dr. Gil DeRath and Mr. Conners who got the equipment going. Mike Bowman and Joel Cavazos who kept my morale up. Ruben Gur, Ira Moses, David Rubin, and Don Stern who helped with the vari— ous aspects of the study. The members of my committee, in— cluding the late Dr. Bill Kell who taught me that people are more important than theories, Dr. Griffith Freed, for his understanding and contribution to my graduate education, Dr. Donald Grummon for his helpful criticisms and worth— while suggestions, and Dr. Norman Abeles who was kind enough to join my committee at the last moment. I would also like to thank my two favorite psychia- trists, Drs. Sam Black and Morris Levy, for their friendship, supervision, and encouragement to seek a professional career in psychotherapy, as well as Dr. John.Wm«fley for granting me the interview which directly led to my being admitted to the clinical program. Dr. Joseph Reyher, my mentor, has been with me through- out my graduate career. During these years he has, more than any other person, influenced not only my education, but my ii life. He has helped me to become a psychotherapist and tried his darnedest to turn me into a competent researcher. Without his efforts this dissertation would not have become a reality. Joe has always set the very finest example for my emerging identity as a clinical psychologist and I am sincerely grateful for all that he has done for me. iii To a kid who dreamt that he would someday become a psychologist. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES O O O O O O O O O 0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . Method . . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus and Experimental Setting . Subjects . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . WOrd List . . . . . . Introduction to Implantation of Paramnesia . Oedipal Paramnesia . . . . . . . Peer Sexual Paramnesia . . . Posthypnotic Suggestion for Activating Light Response (LR) . . . . . . Activation of Posthypnotic Conflict . Pump Priming Instructions . . . . Amnesia Determination . . . . . . Removal of Paramnesia . . . . . . Synopsis of Experimental Design . . Measures and Scoring Procedures . Amnesia Determination Checklist--Oedipal RESULTS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O Experimenter Bias . . . . . . . Interrater Reliability . . . . . Efficacy of Experimental Procedure . Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . Additional Analysis . . . . . . DISCUSSION 0 O O O O O O O O 0 0 REFERENCES 0 O O O O O O O O O O APPENDICES O O O O O O O O O O 0 Drive Page vi vii l...‘ ooooqqmoxoxm 21 21 22 24 33 40 51 54 Table 1. LIST OF TABLES Page Spearman Rank Order Cerrelations Between Degree of Repression (R) and Both the Symptomatic Reaction Scale (SRS) and the Proportion of Psychosomatic Symptoms . . . 32 vi. LIST OF FIGURES Original SRS (Reyher 1958) Burns SRS . . . . . Proportion of Psychosomatic Symptoms Vs. Figure 1. Post hoc R Vs. 2. Post hoc R Vs. 3. Post hoc R . 4. Modified R Vs. 5. Mean Frequency 6. Mean Frequency 7. Mean Frequency Burns SRS . . . . . of Symptoms Vs. R . . . of Symptoms Vs. Modified R of Symptoms Vs. Post hoc R vii Page 30 31 34 35 36 37 38 INTRODUCTION Luria (1932) pioneered the first important research use of hypnotically implanted paramnesias by demonstrating that an induced conflict was responsible for posthypnotic disturbances in breathing, verbal associations and hand pressure. His findings were essentially replicated by Erick— .sen, Huston, and Shakow (1934) and extended by Bobbitt (1958) who provided for the increased awareness of the paramnesia and reported a curvilinear relationship between degree of awareness and disturbance as measured by G.S.R. Eisenbud (1937) and Wolberg (1947) were the first to report manifesta- tions of clinical psychopathology resulting from suggestions to act upon a reproachable impulse. In a continuing line of research, Reyher (1958, 1961, 1967), Perkins (1965) and Sommerschield (1969) used a word recognition task to stimulate posthypnotically anxiety- producing drives and drive related impulses based on either anger or oedipal sex. These drives and drive—related im— pulses stemmed from an implanted paramnesia (a false memory of a made up story). They reported that most Ss spontan- eously inhibit (repressed) the drive and/or drive-related impulses and their findings consistently show that a l particular sequence of symptoms is generated as repression weakens. This sequence (See Symptomatic Reaction Scale, Appendix A) initially was determined by Reyher (1958), who correlated each category of symptoms with the degree of repression and then ranked them in terms of the magnitudes of their correlation coefficients. A second method for empirically determining this sequence was utilized by Reyher (1967) and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press). In these investigations the induced drive was activated posthypnoti- cally at three levels of intensity and for those 85 who progressively achieved greater awareness it was found that mean intensity was correlated significantly with the Sympto- A matic Reaction Scale. Reyher (Reyher 1958, 1967; Sommer- schield and Reyher, in press) maintains "That the degree of repression of a drive (any drive) is a crucial factor in the production of a particular symptom" (Sommerschield and Reyher, in press). These investigators theorize that as repression weakens, anxiety increases in intensity af- fecting more physiological functions until at some point the drive begins to achieve representation in S's behavior and/or symptoms. As this breakdown of repression continues, the drive or drive related impulse eventually enters S's conscious thoughts and ceases to be pathogenic. Burns (1972) used free imagery to recall a param- nesia tinged with oedipal sex. Activation of the S's sexual drive was accomplished by eyeclosure and E's querry "How are you doing?" They found that recall of the sexualized elements of the paramnesia did not occur for many of the Ss and that these Ss reported and experienced symptoms. Since this did not happen with their simulating 85, they concluded that the induction of the paramnesia actually stimulated S's own oedipus complex. Burns also presented evidence to support a curvilinear relationship between dependent variables and degree of repression. He opined that as repression breaks down and the drive or drive-re- lated impulse begins to encroach upon the awareness threse hold, it acquires increasingly greater response-producing properties, progressively activating more biological systems until that point when the drive or drive-related impulse crosses the awareness threshold and, while in process of achieving progressively more blatent representation in awareness, is subject to rational secondary process evalua- tion. As this secondary process evaluation commences the intensity of the anxiety produced by the driVe and drive- related impulses decreases. Thus the relationship between the degree of repression and a dependent variable (e.g., frequency of symptoms) should be a curvilinear one, first rising and then peaking after which all values begin de- creasing until complete representation of the drive occurs in awareness. Briefly summarized the theoretical position taken by the previously mentioned investigators in this line of research is that there is a sudden rush of drive-related affect and impulses which are temporarily too powerful for the existing inhibition against impulses of this type re- sulting in the encroachment of the impulses upon aware- ness, producing anxiety and/or symptoms until a new equi- librium between impulse and repression is reached. Karnilow (1971), Wolfe (1971) and Veenstra (1969) used a different paramnesia, which did not include a re— proachable act, and failed to produce an inhibition of the posthypnotic impulses. IAlso, their S's did not report symptoms. Larison (1972) utilizing the same paramnesia as Karnilow, Wolfe, and Veenstra, did report some mild symptoms. These may be accounted for by his use of a pump priming procedure, also used by Reyher, Perkins, and Sommerschield; specifically the posthypnotic suggestion for S to give a complete and accurate description of how he was feeling, cued by the question, "How are you doing?", and asked after S verbalized a stimulus word. This prosedure may have caused a sudden intensification of the impulses. Larison found that an amnesia for the paramnesia did not produce more symptoms than the absence of amnesia. While reviewing this line of research this author's ' attention was particularly drawn to the aforementioned studies done by Sommerschield (1969) and Burns (1972). In both of these studies a paramnesia with strong oedipal connotations was significantly correlated with the produc- tion of psychosomatic symptoms. Since his own earlier in- vestigation (Karnilow 1971) utilized the paramnesia involv- ing anger developed by Veenstra, the contribution of the experimentor to the obtained effects could be ascertained if this same E also used the oedipal paramnesia used by both Sommerschield (1969) and Burns (1972). Furthermore, if the oedipal paramnesia proves to be pathogenic for Karnilow also, is this due to its oedipal implications or to some other factor in the paramnesia? Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 The sudden activation of sexual feelings and im- pulses associated with an older, married female will produce greater repression in males than the sudden activation of sexual feelings and im- pulses associated with a female peer. Hypothesis 2 1 ' . The type of symptom produced by the sudden activa- tion of sexual feelings and impulses is related to the degree of repression. Hypothesis 3 There is a curvilinear relationship between the frequency of symptoms and the degree of repression. lSee SRS scale Appendix A. Method Apparatus and Experi- mental Setting The sessions were conducted in a sound insulated lab with a Sony tape recorder being used to record the session. The tachistoscope consisted of a Kodak Automatic Slide Projector, equipped with an automatic shutter, and a Variac, which was used to regulate the level of illumina- tion. The stimulus words were typed on transparent plastic material and mounted in standard 35mm slide frames. During the tachistoscopic presentation the Ss were reclining in a large comfortable lounging chair and instructed to look at a screen approximately four feet in front of them. Subjects Twenty-four susceptible male volunteers over the age of eighteen were selected from a group of introductory psychology students who had volunteered to be subjects in hypnosis research. They had previously participated in a group hypnosis session where the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility had been administered and were selected for this research on the basis of the following criteria: 1. Absence of outstanding psychopathology. 2. A score of ten or higher on the Harvard Scale. All 85 were told that this was research in hypnosis and perception, and that upon completion of the project they would be invited to attend a session where E would explain what this line of research was all about and answer any questions which they might have. Procedure The Ss were randomly assigned to either condition I, which contained a paramnesia of a sexual experience with an older woman, or condition II which contained the param- nesia of a sexual experience with a female peer, until twelve were present in each. Word List Ten conflict words (C-words) and five neutral words (N—words) equated in terms of frequency of usage according to the Thorndike-Lorge word count, were selected from a larger list of words used by Reyher (1958) and Perkins (1965). During the experimental session following the hypnotic implantation of the paramnesia, S was awakened and the word list was presented through the use of the "T" scope. Conflict Words Neutral Words Food 4 Money Geometric Shapes butter quarter triangle soup dollar cone cucumber penny circle rye dime angle milk nickle square ‘Introduction to Im— plantation of Paramnesia Erickson's (1944) preliminary instructions were used: "Now as you continue to rest in a deep, sleep-like state, I'm going to recall to your mind an event which occurred not too long ago. As I recount this event to you, you will recall fully and completely everything that happened. As I recall this experience, you will remember each and every detail fully. Now bear in mind that while I repeat what I know of this event, you will recall fully and completely everything just as it happened, and more than that, you will remember the emotions which you had at this time, and you will feel as you did while this occurrence was taking place. Nod your head if you understand." Oedipal Paramnesia Sommerschield's (1969) modification of Eisenbud's (1937) original was used: One evening while you were out for a leisurely walk your attention was drawn to an attractive, older woman who seemed quite upset. She was frantic and revealed that she had lost her purse and did not have money for her bus fare. Wishing to help her, you took out your wallet, but discov- ered that you only had a ten dollar bill. Still wanting to help, you offered to accompany her to the bus stop and pay her fare. She, however, insisted that you accompany her to her apartment in order that she might repay you. You agreed, although somewhat reluctantly. Once within her apartment, she suggested that you might like to look at her coin collection while she left to find some money for the bus fare. There was a dime, a penny, a dollar, a quarter, and a nickel. If you saw all of these as I mentioned them, raise your right hand. When she returned, she seemed very friendly and was reluctant to have you leave. After talk— ing with her about the collection, she offered you a drink and a snack. There was soup, rye bread and butter for sand- wiches, milk and a cucumber. If you saw all of these as I mentioned them, raise your right hand. She then turned on .the record player and invited you to dance. Gradually you became aware of some stimulating, but disquieting thoughts and feelings. She was very good looking and it seemed like such a pity to have all her beautiful softness and curves go to waste. She seemed to be silently inviting you by her physical closeness, glances and words. Her heavy breathing indicated that she was becoming extremely sexually aroused. And you too found yourself becoming extremely aroused sexu- ally. You were just starting to make love to her when it occurred to you that she was older, respectable, perhaps married and undoubtedly, very experienced. You wondered if you would be able to satisfy her, and thought of how traumatic 10 it would be if she laughed at your advances. In spite of these thoughts, you found yourself becoming increasingly excited and aroused. You wanted to make love to her right there, but the telephone rang. While you waited, you be- came so aroused and excited that you could hardly speak. Ybu made a hurried excuse for leaving, promised to call her back and left the apartment. Later you learned that the only way you could attain peace of mind was to completely push the whole experience into the back of your mind. Peer Sexual Paramnesia The oedipal paramnesia was altered to make it peer sex rather than oedipal sex: One evening while you were out for a leisurely walk your attention was drawn to an attractive young lady about your own age, who seemed quite upset. Frantically, the girl revealed that she had lost her puse and didn't have money for her bus fare. Wishing to help the girl you took out your wallet, but discovered that you only had a ten dollar bill. Still wanting to help, you offered to accompany her to the bus stOp and pay her fare. She, however, insisted that you accompany her to her apartment in order that she might repay you. You agreed, although somewhat reluctantly. Once within her apartment, she suggested that you might like to look at her coin collection while she left to find some 11 money for the bus fare. There was a dime, a penny, a dollar, a quarter, and a nickel. If you saw all of these as I mentioned them, raise your right hand. When she returned she seemed very friendly and was reluctant to have you leave. After talking with her about the collection, she offered you a drink and a snack. There was soup, rye bread and butter for sandwiches, milk and a cucumber. If you saw all of these as I mentioned them raise your right hand. She then turned on the record player and invited you to dance. Gradually you became aware of some stimulating but disquieting thoughts and feelings. She was very good look- ing and it seemed like such a pity to have all her beautiful softness and curves go to waste. She seemed to be silently inviting you by her physical closeness, glances and words. Her heavy breathing indicated that she was becoming extremely sexually aroused. And you toofound yourself becoming ex- tremely aroused sexually. You were just starting to make love to her when it occurred to you that she was undoubtedly very experienced. You wondered if you would be able to sat- isfy her and thought of how traumatic it would be if she laughed at your advances. In spite of these thoughts you found yourself becoming increasingly excited and aroused. You wanted to make love to her right there, but the tele- phone rang. While you waited, you became so aroused and ex- cited that you could hardly speak. You made a hurried 12 excuse for leaving, promised to call her back and left the apartment. Later you learned that the only way you could attain peace of mind was to completely push the whole ex- perience into the back of your mind. The word "respectable" which is included in the oedipal paramnesia was deleted from the peer paramnesia as the young lady could not logically be both respectable and very experienced.? Due to the moral and ethical considera— tions of the word respectable it is not inconceivable that this variable contributed to or was responsible for the pathogenicity of the oedipal paramnesia. Posthypnotic Suggestion for Activating Drive Sommerschield's (1969) instructions were used. Now listen carefully. The woman I told you about actually works in this laboratory. In fact, you will meet with her briefly following this experiment. After you are awakened, you will not be able to remember anything about this session. However, sexual feelings will well up inside of you whenever words associated with food or money are mentioned. You will realize that the feelings are directed towards the woman, whom you'll see shortly, and you will want to tell me how you would like to express these feelings towards her. Your sexual feelings will be uncontrollable and you will have an irresistable urge to tell me how you would like 13 to express these sexual feelings towards this woman1 when you see her. The sexual feelings will boil up inside of you and you will feel compelled to talk about expressing your uncontrollable sexual feelings. Also whenever I ask you "How are you doing?", you will give me a complete and accurate description of what you are feeling. Light Response (LR) The LR provided an objective indicator of drive or drive-related impulses which operated outside of Ss aware- ness, and therefore, was not subject to suppression. A simple handle was constructed that had a micro- switch situated on the finger rest. This device was placed on S's side and positioned in such a way that he could con- veniently grip it with his left hand. When depressed, the microswitch closed a circuit lighting a small bulb on E's side of the panel. The bulb was shielded in order to elim- inate reflections. In the awake state, S was told to hold on to the handle with his left hand in order to complete a circuit, and while in the hypnotized state, he was told: Now I want to tell you about something else that will happen after I awaken you. Whenever I say the word "ready," you will grab the handle on your left with your left hand in such a way that your thumb is placed lightly lGirl was substituted for woman in the peer condition. 14 on the switch. You will do this even though you will not be consciously aware of your thumb. Nod your head if you understand. Now, listen carefully. If anything happens that further stirs up your feelings, even though you may not be consciously aware of it, your thumb will come to life and automatically push down on the switch. You will have no conscious knowledge that your thumb is behaving in this way. Nod your head if you understand. Activation of Post- hypnotic Conflict Stimuli were presented via an ascending tachistoscopic procedure with the "T" scope originally set to an exposure level below Ss verbalized recognition threshold and ceasing upon Ss verbalized recognition of the word being shown. A signal that 8 had correctly identified the word being flashed was provided by sounding a buzzer. This method of communi- cating with S was chosen to avoid differential reinforcement of conflict and neutral words which may have occurred due to inflections in E‘s voice. A stimulus always consisted of a conflict word or a neutral word, with conflict words and neutral words presented in random order. Puma Priming Instructions The following question was asked if S failed to Speak after the presentation of a stimulus word: "How are you.doing?" 15 The pump priming instructions were included in the procedure, despite strong demand characteristics, in an at- tempt to insure a sufficient amount of psychopathology to test the hypothesis of the research. The pump priming instructions should cause a further intensification of the activated impulses. Amnesia Determination The purpose of this was to ascertain, via open ended questioning, the amount of recall 8 had for the paramnesia. A direct question (4) was not given until last, as a specific re— quest or challenge may serve as a cue for S to recall the param- nesia. Question 4 was included for its intrinsic interest and was not used in assessing the completeness of the amnesia for the paramnesia. After the tachistoscopic phase was completed, S was asked: 1. Is there anything you would like to comment on about the research? 2. Could you tell me what thoughts were going through your mind while I was presenting the words to you? 3. Is there anything on your mind that you were reluctant to tell me about? 4. Do you remember anything at all about what took place while you were hypnotized? This amnesia determination differs from the repression score R (page 17), in that R is a measure of the induced drive and sexual impulse expressed by S during the tachistoscopic presentation of cue words. The amnesia determination is a measure of S's amnesia for the paramnesia per se, and was made 16 on the basis of S's verbal responses to questions 1-3, which were asked by E immediately following the presentation of cue words. Removal of Paramnesia At the conclusion of the experiment S was hypnotized and told that the events which were recounted to him earlier really did not happen at all. The experience was not true, and the feelings were not his own. It was a completely made up story. He was then told that all suggestions which I had given him are cancelled. Synopsis of Experi— 'mental Design Group hypnosis session. (Establishing the mean visual recognition threshold for the tachistoscopically presented words. Hypnosis. Paramnesia implanted. S awakened. Tachistoscopic administration of word list. Amnesia determination. Hypnosis reinstated and treatment removed. Discussion of experiment. Measures and Scoring Procedures The frequency and type of symptoms produced by 85 during the tachistOSCOpic presentation of stimulus words 17 were classified according to Burns Symptomatic Reaction Scale (See Appendix A). A repression score (R) was calculated according to the following formula which is a modification of the earlier formulas made in order to increase the differentiation be- tween Ss for the higher degrees of repression: 4(FA) + 313A) + 2(CC) + (LR) Where R = TC , when A = bud Where A is the average degree of awareness of the induced drive and sexual impulse over the experimental sessions; FA (full awareness) awareness of both drive and 'impulse (see below) upon c—word recognition; PA (partial awareness). awareness of either the drive or sexual impulse upon c—word recognition; CC, conscious correlates of the unconscious sexuality upon c—word recognition such as feel- ing groovy, hyper or excitement; LR, light reSponse; and TC, the total number of c-words presented. Drive is scored when there is a general awareness of sexual feeling e.g., "I feel horney." Sexual impulse is scored when S specifically refers to his sexual feelings in relation to an object. as they are embedded in the aspects of the paramnesia, e.g., "Last night I was over to this woman's house. We were dancing very closely, and I wanted to make love to her." 18 In the event that S responds to a c—word in a manner which would normally be scored a conscious correlate but might reflect S's idiosyncratic way of verbalizing sexual drive, E will, after the presentation of all conflict and - neutral stimulus words, ask S "What does mean?" For example, if S were to respond to a word with, "Junior is getting excited," it would be scored a conscious correlate if he explained that Junior was the name his family called him; however, if Junior was his idiosyncratic name for his penis, then it would be scored partial awareness. S's verbal responses to the words and amnesia deter- mination were typed prior to scoring. Two raters, advanced students in psychology, were used to score the protocols. The scoring was performed blind in the sense that the raters did not know if the protocols were from Condition I or Con— dition II. Protocols of similar data from previous studies in this line of research such as Perkins (1965) and Burns (1972) were scored in a similar fashion. Perkins reported product- moment correlation coefficients of .907 and .967 between judges scores for an earlier form of the Repression and Symptomatic Reaction Scales respectively, while Burns reports the reliability of his judges scores for the symptomatic Reaction Scale, as determined by the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Method, to be .97. 10. ll. _ 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 19 Amnesia Determination Checklist-"Oedipall Out walking. .Attractive woman. She frantically revealed she lost her purse and didn't have money for her bus fare. Older woman. Took out wallet and discovered only a $10 bill. Offered to accompany her to bus stop and pay her fare. She insisted that you accompany her to her apartment. Agreed reluctantly. Looked at coin collection. "Signal when visualize coins." Offered you a drink and a snack. "Signal when you visualize butter, bread, etc." She turned on record player and invited you to dance. You were beginning to get turned on, she was very good looking and it seemed like a pity to have all her beautiful softness and curves go to waste. She seemed to be silently inviting you by her physical closeness, glances and words. Her heavy breathing indicated that she was becoming extremely sexually aroused. You, yourself, became extremely sexually aroused. You were just starting to make love to her. When it occurred to you that she was older, respectable, perhaps married and undoubtedly very experienced. Could you satisfy her? How traumatic it would be if she laughed at your advances. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 20 Became increasingly excited and aroused. Wanted to make love. Phone rang. Became more aroused. Made excuse and left, promising to call back. Only way to obtain peace of mind was to push experience into the back of your mind. 1 For the Peer Paramnesia items No. 2 and No. 19 were changed as follows: ' 2. 19. Young lady about your own age. Occurred to you that she was very experienced. RESULTS Experimenter Bias To determine whether the experimenter biased the results by differential verbal behavior the sessions were taped. The tapes were then edited to include only the experimenter's recounting of the paramnesia and posthypnotic instructions to the subjects. The oedipal and peer instruc- tions then were randomly paired so that there were twelve pairs of tapes. The judges listened to each pair and rated them either yes or no, for differences which would indicate that the experimenter had communicated his biases through his verbal behavior. Earlier research such as Wiseman and Reyher (1973) has shown that the tape recorder when used for this purpose serves as an effective control on the experimenters behavior. Both judges scored each of the twelve pairs no, giving us 100% agreement that this had not occurred. Using the binomial expansion the probability that this would occur by chance is less than 1 out of 1000 (p<.001). Interrater Reliability The verbatim transcripts of the subjects verbal re— Sponses during the tachistoscopic presentation of stimulus words then were independently scored for SRS symptoms by 21 22 the two judges. The per cent of interrater agreement for the SRS was found to be 60.77%. The greatest source of disagreement between judges was item 49, state of confusion. Of the 31 times that the judges disagreed, 21 of these times involved item 49. Since item 49 could not be reliably scored, a decision was made to exclude it from the Burns SRS used in scoring our data. The per cent of interrater agreement for the SRS with item 49 excluded was 81% which is comparable to that reported by Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) and which is quite accept- able for research purposes. The protocols were scored for awareness by a judge who had not participated in the SRS scoring and the senior judge who had. The per cent of interrater agreement for the awareness scale (modified R) was found to be 82%. The scored protocols of the senior judge were used in analyzing the data. Efficacy of Experi— mental Procedure Comparison of conflict and neutral words. To assess the pathogenic (symptom producing) properties of the experi— mental procedure the frequency of symptoms produced upon recognition of the conflict words was compared to that of the neutral words using a t test. The obtained T was found to be 3.23 which is significant at the .01 level and the 23 mean difference was in the predicted direction. were 4.67 and 2.58 for the conflict respectively. What follows are selections which this author found interesting the development of particular types The means and neutral words, from the protocols in that they illustrate of psychopathology. The reader is referred to Appendix B which contains the complete set of all 24 protocols and their Burns SRS scores. Protocol Word 1 Soup I feel antsy. Nickle Same way. All of a sudden I'm hyper, my hands are all cold sweat. ' 3 Nickle Somebody knock. at door? 4 Rye My hands are tightening up and ' my palms are getting sweaty, and it seems like they are falling asleep. 7 Dime My legs kind of feel tense. 9 Butter My body feels like its floating on air. 12 Soup I'm still, I don't know why I feel fidgety, things don't seem right. Dime My back is starting to sweat. l3 Butter My heart is beating a little faster. 15 Soup Feel a little nervous. Protocol 19 20 23 Word Nickle Soup Cucumber 24 Fine, nervous, I don't know, I just can't explain it. I can't really describe how I feel. I feel like just kind of floating in this chair. Well, my feet, they started to tingle. The following protocols illustrate both the high proportion (100%) of psychosomatic symptoms developed by a good repressor, subject seven, and the low proportion (0%) of psychosomatic symptoms developed by a poor repressor, subject nineteen. (The development of psychosomatic symptoms by both good and poor repressors will be discussed else- where in this dissertation.) 7 l9 Hypotheses Soup Dollar Penny Cucumber Soup Dollar Penny Cucumber Well, uh, a little light headed. My body feels tingly all over. I feel a little hot and clammy. Relaxing, getting a little sweaty and clammy. Really getting nervous now. Nervous again, anxiety. Still nervous. It seems that the better I read the word, the more anxious I get. Hypothesis I, that the sudden activation of repressed sexual feelings and impulses associated with an older, 25 married female will produce greater repression in males than the sudden activation of repressed sexual feelings and impulses associated with a female peer was not supported by the data. The t test comparing the mean repression score (R) of those subjects who participated in the oedipal con- dition (§'= 3.63, n = 12) with that of the subjects who participated in the peer conditions (§'= 3.75; n =JJJ ‘was not found to be significantly (t = .00, df = 21) different. Hypothesis II, that the type of symptoms produced by the sudden activation of sexual feelings and impulses . is related to the degree of repression was rejected using the Burns and Reyher SRS and a modified formula for R.1 The modified formula is R = %-when A = 7(FA) + 6(PA) + 5(CC) + 4(LR) + 2(D) + 2(E) + Am where "D" represents deriva- tives and emotions other than those which were implanted, namely anger, and verbalized by the subject during the tachistosc0pic presentation. "E" stands for elements of the paramnesia verbalized during the tachistoscopic presenta- tion, and "Am" stands for the subject's score on the amnesia 1Our original intention had been to use the formula _'1 = 4(FA) + 3(PA) + 2 (CC) R — A when A TC However, as the data was being collected, it became obvious that many (1/3) of our 88 had complete repression and would receive zero as their awareness score. In an attempt to make the R formula more discriminating, it was decided, prior to the actual scoring of the protocols, to include more informa- tion relative to awareness so that this problem would be curtailed. The new formula will be called modified R to differentiate it from R, and was used in evaluating hypothesis II. The Spearman rank order corralations computed using both R and modified R, and the SRS appear in Table l. used by Perkins (1965). 26 determination if 2 or greater e.g., if S scored 1 on_the amnesia determination his Am score in the formula would be zero; if he scored 2 it would be 2; 3 would be 3 etc. Full awareness (FA), partial awareness (PA), conscious correlates (CC) and light response (LR) were retained from the earlier formulas. Subjects were ranked according to A within each category beginning with FA, followed in descending order by PA, CC, LR, D, E and Am. This was done in order to as- sure that Ss having the greatest awareness would be ranked first. After a subject was used in a category he was re- moved from the pool. Hypothesis II was tested again and also rejected using this modification and the Burns SRS. Theoretically, it is expected that as repression decreases (awareness increases) and the ordinal value of the symptoms on the SRS should increase resulting in an in- verse relationship between degree of repression and the SRS. The Spearman rank order correlation was not signifi- cant for either the peer paramnesia (rS = .15), the oedipal paramnesia (rs = -.02) or the two groups combined (rS = .04). Proportion of psychosomatic symptoms. Substituting the proportions of psychosomatic symptoms for the SRS scores, the above analysis was repeated. The obtained correlations for the peer paramnesia (rS = .43), the oedipal paramnesia (r = .06) and the combined groups (rS = .23) were non sig- S nificant. The direction of the correlation is positive and 27 as theoretically predicted there is a direct relationship between degree of repression and the proportion of psycho— somatic symptoms. Post hoc R. 'Since the seven subjects who did not manifest symptoms did not enter into these analysis, it was decided to include them and generate a continuum of repres- sion characterized by zero scores tending to concentrate at either extreme, the left extreme representing complete re- pression and the right extreme complete awareness. As described earlier both complete repression and full aware— ness should not be associated with symptoms. To approach this ideal continuum only subjects who had elements (E) and/or who had high amnesia (Am) scores needed to be shifted to the right extreme. The fact that mostcflfthe zero symptoms scores were accounted for by E and Am suggests that these were misplaced in the weights given to them in the modified formula. Instead of coming last, they should come first. They probably indicate greater awareness than the FA and PA categories because elements of the paramnesia are being recalled, and therefore, the sexual impulses lose their pathOgenic properties. The new order of categories was E, Am, FA, PA, CC, LR and D, and the method of ranking within each category was retained. If this new ordering of Ss with zero scores has any validity, the negative correlations between this post hoc R and the 28 SRS scales, as compared to R or modified R and the SRS scales, should increase. That is, those Ss who were placed in the E and/or Am categories and who manifested symptoms should receive higher ranks because these categories now come first instead of last (have larger weights). Also, the correlation between this post hoc R and the proportion 03 psychosomatic symptoms should increase, and the corre- lation between post hoc R and the frequency of symptoms should more closely approach zero. Using this method, the obtained correlation (post hoc R and Burns SRS)though not significant for either of the two paramnesias or the two groups combined, it showed the hoped for increase in the magnitude of the negative correlation for both the combined groups and the oedipal paramnesia. The correlation for the proportion of psychosomatic symptoms was significant for the combined conditions (r8 = .45) and showed the predicted increase for both the peer and oedipal conditions (Table 1). The correlation between post hoc R and the frequency of symptoms (combined groups, rS = -.08) was close to zero. Using post hoc R and defining poor repressors as belonging to categories E, Am, FA, and PA and good repressors as be— longing to categories CC, LR, D or having zero awareness scores, it was found that 9 of our subjects were poor re- pressors and 14 were good repressors. As promising as the post hoc R appears to be, it has no bearing on the hypotheses under investigation. This investigation must be replicated with the post hoc R. 29 In order to determine if our use of the Burns SRS, which was not used by Reyher (1958), Perkins and Reyher (1971), or Sommerschield and Reyher (1973) had in some un- known way altered our findings, all of the correlational analysis involving the Burns SRS, R, modified R, and post hoc R were.repeatedsubstituting the original SRS (Reyher, 1958, see Appendix A) used by the above authors. Signifi- cant correlations were obtained for both the oedipal condi- tion (rS = —.65) and for the combined condition (rs = —.50) using post hoc R. The obtained correlation between post hoc R and the proportion of psychosomatic symptoms for the combined oedipal and peer conditions, was found to be non— significant when the proportion.m oeumfiomonommm mo soauuomonm mm.u mm.. mm.. em. mo. em.u em. mo. mm.: mmm Hmaflmnuo scams msoumsmm caumEomonommm mo coeuuomonm «0.- Ho.. «0.- .mm.. ma.u eo.u «om.n AH.- 40.- mmm Hmcemfluo mH.I ma. . ma. mm.l No.1 om. mm.l wo. wo. mMm mausm m m .m m m m m m m 003 umom Umamapoz no: umom thMHpoz . con umom pwamatoz s u z m u 2 ma u z cmaflnsoo Mano GOHUHUcoo mem, maco coapflpcoo Hmmflpmo GOHDHUCOU Hmmm tam Hmmfltmo mfioumE>m owumEOmonommm mo soauuomoum on“ can Amva mamom coapommm oaumfioumshm may apom can Amv scammmnmmm mo mmummn smmsumm macapmamuuoo umtuo xcmm smeummmmll.a mamma 33 Figure 3 graphically shows the relationship between post hoc R and the proportion of psychosomatic symptoms. This relationship unlike the above ones is direct, that is, as repression decreases the proportion of psychosomatic symptoms decreases. Figure 4 shows the essentially zero correlation re- lationship (rS = .04) between modified R and the Burns SRS. It is provided so the reader may visually compare the dif- ferences (previously discussed) rsulting from obtaining the correlation using modified R as against using post hoc r (Figure 2 vs. Figure 4). The relationship between R and the Burns SRS, as between modified R and SRS, is essentially zero (r8 = .07). Hypothesis EEK. That there is a curvilinear relation- ship between the frequency of symptoms (F) and the degree of repression (R) was consistent with the sampling distribu- tions of R (See Figure 7). Figures 5, 6, and 7 show the curves of the three formulas. As in the previous investi- gations, the sample is small and our conclusions must be drawn tentatively. Additional Analysis Frequency of symptoms. Earlier studies in this line of research (Perkins and Reyher, 1971; Sommerschield and Reyher, in press) have described the relationship between Proportion of Psychosomatic Symptoms 34 1.00- ' .90 <- — —C)= Burns and Reyher SRS ' ' o = Original SRS (Reyher, .8019 1958) O .70 re ression decreasin ———9 .60.\ p g .50. ‘\\\ .40d .30_ . .20_ .10_ ‘\\ (A \\ GD IV ' l I T l I' ma D. . LR cc PA FA Am E n=4 1 2 4 0 O 4 1 Post hoc R (ranked) a NA = Zero Awareness (complete repression) Figure 3.--Proportion of Psychosomatic Symptoms Vs. Post hoc R. Burns SRS 60 50 40 30 20 10 35 .1. J L l J_ l r U I v r r Am E D LR CC PA FA 0 l l 3 5 2 0 Modified R (ranked) Figure 4.--Modified R Vs. Burns SRS. .. p. ....u .. . . u. .. I: . ..| :...... \ .r.....\....ll at... k m. Mean Frequency of Symptoms 18 l6. 14 12 10 36 0 I 1 1 I I l I l 9-10 11-12 13—14 15-16 17-18 19—20 21-22 23—24 1 3 2 2 0 7 0 0 R (ranked from greatest awareness to greatest repression) Zero Repression Complete Repression 6——-——-— ————-———9 Figure 5.--Mean Frequency of Symptoms Vs. R. Mean Frequency of Symptoms 18- 16- 14- 12- 10- 37 I I I l T I I I I 7-8 9-10 11-12 13—14 15-16 17—18 19-20-21—22 23-24 I 6 N = 2 '2 2 3 1 l 3 2 2 O ' 5 0 Modified R (ranked from greatest awareness to greatest repression) Zero Repression 1 Complete Repression \ Figure 6.--Mean Frequency of Symptoms Vs. Modified R. \ I Mean Frequency of Symptoms 18 16 14 12 10 38 4 e———— poor repressors good repressors ————9 J O O 0 d O O t} I I I I I I I I I I l I 1-2 3—4 5-6 7-8 9—10 11-12 13-1415-16 17—18 19-2021—22 23—24 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 An:2 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=0 n=5 n=0 Post hoc R (ranked from greatest 'awareness'to greateSt‘repreSSion) Zero Repression Complete Repression l \ \ I Figure 7.—-Mean Frequency.of Symptoms vs. Post hoc R. 39 frequency of symptoms and the repression of sexual and aggressive impulses. In order to determine if there were any differences between our conditions in terms of this variable, a Mann—Whitney Test was performed comparing the frequency of symptoms for the oedipal and peer conditions. The value of U was foUnd to be 37, n1: 11 n = 12, which 2 is significant at the .05 leVel of significance. This analysis was repeated using frequency of psychosomatic symptoms, Burns SRS. The value of U was found to be 60, n1 = 11 n2 = 12, which is not significant. DISCUSSION The successful production of symptomatology in this study stands in direct contradistinction to several recent attempts (Veenstra, 1969; WOlf, 1971; and Karnilow, 1971), which did not produce symptomatology similar to that found by Reyher (1958, 1967), Perkins and Reyher (1971), Sommer- schield and Reyher (in press) or Burns (1972). The studies (Karnilow, Wolf and Veenstra) which failed to produce psychopathology all were modifications of the original successful designs and utilized a common paramnesia which was different than the paramnesia used in the successful investigations. The failure of the Veenstra (1969), Karnilow (1971) and Wolf (1971) studies to elicit psychopathology serVed to show that it was not the demand characteristics of the research design which was responsible for the produc— tion of symptoms in the previous investigations. The ques- tion remained, however, as to why a given set of procedures proved successful for one group of authors, whereas similar procedures, believed to be just as pathogenic at the time of their inception, failed to elicit psychopathology when used by other experimenters. 40 41 The findings of this study in contrast to Karnilow (1971), tend to discount the hypothesis of experimenter effects while supporting the hypothesis that the paramnesia per se is the critical variable. Previously specific ex- perimenters in this line of research had succeeded in pro- ducing psychopatholOgy whereas others had not (see above). Karnilow whose earlier research (1971) using similar experi- mental procedures but a different paramnesia, had not re— sulted in the production of psychopathology found.that when using sexual paramnesias his 85 would produce symptomatology similar to that found by Reyher, Perkins, Sommerschield and Burns (see above). The next step in the process was to separate the paramnesia into component parts so that the element(s) responsible for its pathogenicity could be ex— perimentally identified. Clinical experience gave credence to the belief that it was the oedipal element, specifically the older woman, which rendered the process pathogenic. It was hypothesized that substituting a peer age female for the older woman in the paramnesia would detoxify it and result in the production of little or no symptomatology. This was not found to be the case. This later finding, that both groups developed the same type of symptoms and had the same degree or repression, was consistant with Reyher's (1967) position that symptom choice is a function of the degree of repression. That there was a difference in frequency of '— 42 symptoms between the two groups suggests that the frequency of symptoms, unlike the type of symptom, was not solely dependent on the degree of repression of the sexual drive, but that the object, i.e., oedipal or peer, with which this drive was associated played an important part in determin- ing the frequency of Symptoms. This author would opine that when the sexual impulse was directed towards an oedipal object, other drives such as feelings of inadequacy and guilt, which can be anxiety producing and symptoms causing in their own right,were brought into play producing symptoms in addition to those produced by the repressed sexual drive, resulting in a higher frequency count of symptoms for the oedipal condition. That the oedipal condition produced a significantly (p<.05) greater amount of total symptomatology.permits us to label oedipal sex as more pathogenic than peer sex, when pathogenic is defined in terms of frequency of symptoms. However, since the peer paramnesia also resulted in the pro- duction of psychopathology it has become clear that the element(s) responsible for the pathogenicity were still present in the peer paramnesia. It is up to future research to determine which ele-4 ments or particular combination of elements of the paramnesia are critical for the production of symptomatolOgy. This author would Opine that it is the activation of the sexual drive in combination with the stimulation of feelings of 43 inadequacy. The readers attention is directed to.the last part of the paramnesia ". . . it occurred to you that she was undoubtedly very experienced. You wondered if you Would be able to satisfy her and thought of how traumatic it would be if she laughed at your advances." This author believes that if this were to be deleted from the paramnesia, little or no psychopathology would be produced. Larison (1972) in the most recently completed study in this line of research, pointed out that the pump priming instructions, "How are you doing?" used by Sommerschield (1969) and in the present study are not necessary for the production of psychopathology. The data of this research would appear to refute that because almost all of the symptomatology produced during the experimental conditions occurred after E inquired, "How are you doing?" Since as per the experimental design, 83 expected E to question them after each stimulus word, it may have been that they chose to wait for E's query rather than spontaneously expressing their feelings. In an earlier study, in which no pump priming instructions were used, Reyher (1958) found that his BS spontaneously verbalized symptomatology. This author would opine that had he utilized pump priming instructions ,as part of his experimental condition, the amount of symptomatology produced would have been significantly greater. In any event, since this study was not specifically designed to test this hypothesis, the question remains unanswered. 44 In what initially appeared to contradict the find- ings of a whole generation of studies (Reyher, 1958, 1967; Perkins and Reyher, 1971; Sommerschield and Reyher, in press, and Burns, 1972). Hypothesis II, the relationship between degree of repression both R and modified R, and the type of symptom was not found to be significant. A post hoc analysis which will have no status until it is replicated was undertaken in order to provide future researchers with a model for their formulations. Using the original SRS, employed by Reyher (1958, 1967), Perkins and Reyher (1971) and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) and the formula for R, revised to insure that 85 achieving the greatest amount of awareness (see results section) were placed at one end of the awareness continuum, while 85 achiev- ing little or no awareness were placed at the other end of the continuum, a significant correlation was obtained between the type of symptom produced by the sudden activation of sexual feelings and impulses and the degree of repression. This author feels that the post hoc formula for R is a more valid measure of the degree of repression than either R or modified R, since R, which does not contain the E or Am categories, does not include all of the information related to awareness, and modified R which does contain all of the categories fails to rank them properly, that is, in the order of greatest to least awareness (see results 45 .section). The two SRS scales differ in that the Burns SRS with its over 70 different items allows for a finer discrim- ination between symptoms than its predecessor the original SRS, which although covering the same ground contains only 13 categories. The post hoc finding that a significant relationship exists between the original SRS and the degree of repression is consistant with the findings of Reyher (1958, 1967) , Perkins and Reyher (1971) , and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press), all of whom used the original SRS in their analysis. It is reasonable to conclude from this that some of the symptom categories on the Burns SRS are misplaced. The readers attention is drawn to the recent con- ceptual development of the relationship between degree of repression and frequency of symptoms made after the incep- tion of this project, and arrived at in the Burns (1972) and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) studies. The shape of the theoretical relationship between these variables, which continues to receive empirical support, is curvilinear. Accordingly, the closer to a symmetrical curve (Figure 5, 6 and 7) that a given sample comes, the closer to zero will be the obtained correlation between degree of repression and frequency of symptoms. If an obtained sample is evenly divided between poor repressors (E and Am as well as FA and PA), and good repressors the negative correlations achieved 46 by the good repressors will be offset by the positive values achieved by the poor repressors, resulting in a correlation approaching zero. In the previous investigations a criterion for subject selection was S's ability to develop a posthypnotic amnesia, whereas, no Such criterion was used in the present investigation. This change in criterion for subject selection resulted in elements of the paramnesia (E) being verbalized during the tachistoscopic presentation. Because the earlier studies, Perkins and Reyher (1971), and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press), were limited to 55 with relatively com— plete amnesia, the existing formula for R did not contain an E category. Since the existing formula was insufficient I in that it did not include all of the information relative to awareness, it was modified to include E (see results section). Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) point out that none of the aforementioned studies produced a significant correlation between degree of repression and type of symptom for those 85 who did not progressively achieve greater aware- ness during the experimental condition. In the studies by Reyher (1958, 1967), Perkins (1965) and Sommerschield (1969), the intensity of the drive and drive related affect were posthypnotically varied to range from mild to intense and overwhelming through the use of prearranged cues. This type of posthypnotic procedure, which this author would opine was responsible for some of their 85 achieving greater awareness during the course of the experimental sessions, was not employed in this study. Burns (1972) utilized a different type of procedure involving imagery where S was instructed to lean back in a chair, close his eyes and describe anything that came into his "mind's eye," as well as describing any feelings or emotions which he became aware of. If after 1/2 hour S was not experiencing relevant reactions, e.g., blatent visual images, anxiety, symptoms or resistance derived from the paramnesia, he was instructed to get a picture of himself and the woman in her apartment. Through the use of this procedure, Burns (1972) hoped that his Ss would progressively achieve greater awareness dur- ing the course of the experimental session. Burns, like his predecessors who utilized a posthypnotic counting pro- cedure to achieve this end, found that the relationship between repression and type of symptom was significant. The date of this investigation, as well as that of Reyher (1958, 1967), Perkins (1965), and Sommerschield and Reyher (in pleas) and Burns, (1972) , showed that the degree of repression is critically related to the frequency of symptoms and thatthis relationship is curvilinear. This finding is consistent with the theoretical conclusion (Sommershield and Reyher, in press) that a completely 48 repressed drive or drive related impulse, though potentially anxiety arousing and symptom causing, only becomes so when there is a breakdown in repression. As awareness and con- flict resolution is reached, there is a reduction of anxiety, and a diminution in frequency of symptoms. A difficult problem in experimental design and scor- ing is associated with the oedipal paramnesias where a symptom such as a tingling feeling in the big toe, could be the manifestation of a psychosomatic or hysterical symptom with the latter representing a higher degree of drive representation. Further modification of the scoring system must be undertaken to eliminate the chance of error resulting from the scorers confusion as to whether a symptom such as a tingling toe is truely hysterical or simply a psychosomatic symptom masquerading as a hysterical one. Since this confusion can result in considerable distortion of the data, spurious correlations between the degree of awareness and the SRS may occur leading the investigator to reject or accept a particular hypothesis when in fact the ”true" data would cause him to do the opposite. It is up to future researchers to solve this problem, perhaps through the use of electrophysiological monitoring of the nervous system. In addition to Reyher's (1967) theory that symptom choice is a function of the degree of repression, both 49 Alexander (1950) and Wolff (1950) have formulated theories to account for the production of particular psychosomatic symptoms. Alexander's stimulus specificity theory suggests that a specific psychosomatic disorder is the result of a specific constellation of impulses and defenses. He con— cludes that each symptom is associated with a particular conflict situation, e.g., the association of peptic ulcer with the frustration of oral incorporative impulses, and that each conflict has its own physiological accompaniment. Wolff, in agreement with other proponents of the response specificity hypothesis, such as Lacey, Batemen and Van Lehn (1953), Hendrich (1953), and Wanger, Clemons, Coleman, Cullen and Engel (1961), believes that a given individual reacts to all stimuli with the same autonomic pattern of activation. Wolff (1950) Opines that an individual will react to conflict and stress in a consistant, idiosyncratic and hereditarily determined fashion. I Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) found that while their data supported Reyhers (1967) position, that symptom choice is a function of degree of repression, they could not reject either Alexander's or Wolff's positions since some of their 83 behaved according to Wolff's theory, some according to Alexander's and those remaining according to both. Sommerschield and Reyher suggest that the apparent discrepancy between the Wolff and Alexander theories can 50 be conceptually resolved using degree of drive representa- tion as the central theoretical construct. Sommerschield and Reyher point out that good repressors,because of low drive representation, manifest only psychosomatic symptoms, and therefore, support Wolff's theory. In contrast, poor repressors, because of high drive representation, develop a proportionately greater amount of emotional and psycholOgi- cal symptoms which are directly produced by and symbolically related to the drive, therefore, supporting Alexander's theory. This was also found to be the case in this experi- ment. REFERENCE S Alexander, F. Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton, 1950. Bobbitt, Ruth A. "The repression hypothesis studied in a - situation of hypnotically induced conflict." 1. Abn. Soc. Psych., 1958, 29' 204-212. Burns, B. The activation of posthypnotic conflict via free imagery: a study of rgpression and psychgpathology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1972. Eisenbud, Julie. "The psychology of headache: a case studied experimentally." Psychiatric Quart., 1937, 1;, 592-619. Erickson, Milton. "The method employed to formulate a complex story for the induction of an experimental neurosis in a hypnotic subject." J. Gen. Psych., 1944, 31, 67-84. Gordon, Jesse. "Hypnosis in research on psychotherapy," In Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, J. Gordon (ed.) N. Y.: 'MacMillan, 1967. Hendrick, I. Discussion. Thegpgychosomatic concept in psychoanalysis. Deutsch, F. (ed.) New York: Int. Univ. Press, Inc., 1953. Huston, Paul; Shakow, David; and Erickson, Milton. "A study of hypnotically induced complexes by means of the Luria Technique." J. of Gen. Psych., 1934, I1, 65-97. Karnilow, Aaron. An attempt to produce psychopathology: the posthypnotic stimulation of hypnotically induced conflict. Unpublished masters thesis, Michigan State University, 1971. 51 52 Lacey,.J., Bateman, D., and VanLehn, R. Autonomic response specificity: an experimental study. Psychosom. Med., 1953, E, 8-210 Larison, Grey R. Spontaneous repression of impulses and psychopathology. Unpublished masters thesis, Michigan State University, 1973, Luria, A. R. The nature of human conflicts. W. Horsley Gantt (trans.) N. Y.: Liveright, Inc., 1932. Perkins, Kenneth A. Repression, psychopathology and drive representation. An experimental hypnotic investi- gntion of the management of impulse inhibition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 1965. ‘ Perkins, Kenneth and Reyher, Joseph. Repression, psycho- pathology and drive rnpresentation: an experimental hypnotic investigation of impnlse inhibition. AmeriCan J. of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 1971, 13, 249-258. Reyher, Joseph. Hypnotically induced conflict in relation to subscription, rnpression, antisocial behavior, and psychosomatic reactions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1958. Reyher, Joseph. "A paradigm for determining the cliniCal relevance of hypnotically induced psychopathology." Psych. Bull., 1962, §_9_, 344-352. ’ Reyher, Joseph. "Hypnosis in research on psychopathology," in Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, J. Gordon (ed.) New York: Macmillan, 1967. Reyher, Joseph. "Posthypnotic stimulation of hypnotically induced conflict in relation to psychosomatic re- actions and psychopathology." Psychosomatic Med., 1969, 23, 384—391. Reyher, Joseph. Posthypnotic conflict and psychopathology. Unpublished paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C., 1969. 53 Sommerschield, Harold. Posthypnotic conflict, repression and s cho atholo . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University,'l969. . Sommerschield, H., and Reyher, J. Posthypnotic conflict, repression and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psycholoqu(in press), 1973. Veenstra, Glen J. The effectiveness of posthypnotically aroused anger inproducingypsychnpathology. Unpub- lished masters thesis, Michigan State University, 1969. Wiseman and Reyher, Joseph. Hypnotically induced dreams using the Rorschach Inkblots as stimuli: a test of Freuds theory of dreams. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 3, 329-336. Wolberg, L. R. Hypnotic experiments in psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatic Med., 1947, 2, 337-42. Wolfe, Alice. Critical factors in the artificial induction of conflicts: a hypnotic paradigm for repression. Unpublished masters thesis, Michigan State University, 1971. Wolff, H. S. Life stress and bodily disease: a formulation. Proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins, 1950. ' APPENDIX A Symptomatic Reaction Scale 54 APPENDIX A BURNS SYMPTOMATIC REACTION SCALE The Burns SRS is a modification of the original SRS (Reyher 1958) used in the Perkins and Reyher (1971), Reyher (1958, 1967), and Sommerschield and Reyher (in press) studies. It contains symptoms generated by both the spontaneous reactions of subjects to the activation of posthypnotic conflict and by the use of free imagery in emergent uncovering psychotherapy, as well as classical mani- festations of psychopathology that were not previously in- cluded. Using a psychoanalytic frame of reference, the source of each symptom was classified according to the known facts of neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. Theoreti- cally, as repression weakens, anxiety increases in intensity affecting more physiological functions until at some point the drive begins to achieve representation in S's behavior and/or symptoms. As repression continues to breakdown, the drive or drive related impulse eventually enters S's conscious thoughts and ceases to be symptom causing. Be- ginning with symptoms indicating an inhibition of the ascending reticular activating system a particular order of symptoms, the SRS scale, is generated. The ordinal value of these symptoms increases as repression decreases. 55 56 When a drive or drive-related impulse crosses the awareness threshold, it becomes subject to rational secondary process evaluation and the intensity of the anxiety produced by it decreases until the impulse is no longer symptom causing. A subjects score on the SRS is obtained by taking the sum of the ordinal values of his individual symptoms, and dividing by the total number of symptoms which he manifested. For example, a subject experiencing the follow- ing two symptoms: tingling and sweating would receive an SRS score of 6. BURNS SYMPTOMATIC REACTION SCALE (Revised May, 1973) If there is not a specific item to score, use mid point of category. RAS, I. Reactions produced by the presumed inhibition (I) of the ascending reticular activating system (RAS) in order of increasing activation: 1. Sleep 2. Sleepiness, yawning 3. Tiredness 4. Feeling of being "drained" ANS, S. Reactions of presumed sympathetic (S) innervation, autonomic nervous system (ANS): 5. Tingling-—for sexual paramnesia score SED (Somatic Expression of Drive) 6. Itchiness, weals 7. Sweating, clammy 8. Abdominal pain and gastric distress 9. Belching 9.5 Feeling of malaise 10. Chest pain 11. Cold sensation 57 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 58 Goose flesh, shiver Dryness of mouth Tachycardia, heart pounding Coughing Excitement—-hyper Heavy breathing SNS. Reactions of presumed somatic nervous system (SNS) innervation: 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Tics Tremors Stiffness Tightness Muscular aches and pains Tension Shaking UD. Reactions of an undifferentiated (UD) nature in which the somatic, be specified: 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. autonomic and psychological components cannot Uncomfortable Fidgety Jittery Nervous Shaky On edge Restless 59 32. Upset 33.‘ Funny, uneasy 34. Queasy, antsy, stomach empty ANS, PC. ReaCtions of presumed parasympathetic (P) inner- vation (vasodilation), cranial division (C), autonomic nervous system: 35. Sensation of warmth 36. Dizziness, light headed 37. Headache 38. Throbbing in head 39. Pain behind eyes 39.5 Watery eyes SYM. Reactions in which the repressed drive is symbolized (Sym) by the soma or sensory processes: 40. Hysterical symptoms such as blindness, deafness,. anesthesia and numbness 41. Urges indicating that a conversion of affect has occurred, such as urination being equivalent to ejacula— tion, and hunger being equivalent to sexual impulses 42. Alteration in body image such as limbs feeling detached, elongated or fatter; sensation of being heavy, squeezed AO, Sym. Symbolic acting out (A0): 43. Repressed drive acted—out in behavior without awareness e.g., running pencil through closed loop made by forefinger and thumb. 60 EA. Expression of anxiety (EA). The neurophysiological pattern of inhibition and excitation represented by re- pression is sufficiently weak to permit the experience of anxiety: 43.25 Tingling 43.75 Pleasant warm flush SED. Somatic (S) expression (E) of drive (D) 44. Troubled, up tight, worried 45. Apprehensiveness 46. Anxiety 47. Scared 48. Fearful DR. Dissociative reactions (DR) in which there is aware— ness of an unknown force influencing one's affect, thinking and/or behavior: 49. State of confusion that includes such reactions as one's thoughts being pushed and pulled but the content of thought cannot be specified; awareness of blocking out something 50. Strong urges not carried out in behavior, such as wanting to move hands around or to rub something 51. Something racing up and down DR, PO. Disturbance in physical orientation (P0) 52. Sensation of floating out of one's body expe— rience 61 DR, CE. Alteration in perception of time, place and identity which disturbs continuity of experience (CE): 53. Disorientation in direction or place 54. Depersonalization: feels like someone else or experiences a loss in personal identity 55. Amnesic and fugue states DA. Reactions denoting disturbances of affect (DA) as repressed drives approach the threshold of awareness and conscious apprehension: 56. Apathy, blase 57. Ego alien affect (feeling weird, strange, odd, unreal unnatural, crazy foreign). There must be a definite reference to a negative feeling. 58. Superego reactions (feelings of being alone, abandoned, guilty, depressed, disgusted, guilty) 58.5 Bothered, dislike 58.75 Anger NR. Neurotic reactions (NR) indicating that the threshold of awareness has been reached and psychological mechanisms are activated to prevent repressed drives from being expe— rienced and consciously apprehended as part of one's self: 59. Obsessive behavior 60. Compulsive behavior 61. Phobias 62. Some attenuation of perception: words getting harder to see 62 PR. Psychotic reactions (PR) in which blatant derivatives of repressed drives in awareness necessitate the defense of projection to prevent derivatives from being consciously apprehended as part of one's self: 63. Delusions 64. Paranoid thinking DP. Reactions in which there is profound disturbance of perception: 65. Hallucinations, positive: auditory, Visual or olfactory. For example, seeing a word when one was not presented or seeing something other than a word. 66. Hallucinations, negative: cannot see words presented ANS, PS. Reactions produced by presumed innervation of parasympathetic innervation, sacral division, as direct representation in awareness of repressed drives and their objects is imminent and the integration of somatic, autonomic and psychological processes begin to deteriorate. Indicated Ia failure of defense: 67. Explosive feelings in stomach 68. Explosive feelings in chest 69. Flatus A. Reactions in which the experience of anxiety maintain- ing repression and auxilary defenses is unattenuated caus- ing the disorganization of behavior: 70. 71. 72. 73. 63 Urinary incontinence Fecal incontinence Panic Terror ORIGINAL SRS (Reyher 1958) Symptoms characterized by the dominance of autonomic systems innervation, such as feelings of nausea, gastric distress, headache, tiredness, sleepiness, tachycardia, pressure in head, sweating, flushing, skin disturbances, organ dysfunctions, heaviness, temperature alterations, and such feelings as "queasy" and "antsy." Symptoms dominated by innervation of the somatic or musculature nervous system, such as stiffness, aches, pains, tension, tics, tremors, physical discomfort, etc. Distrubances of affect: a. Flattening: lack of feeling, apathy, etc., upon recognition of a c-word when symptoms usually attend c-word recognition. b. Superego reactions: feelings of being alone, abandoned, ashamed, depressed, disgusted, guilty worried, etc. c. Inversion: definite feeling of well-being upon the recognition of a c-word. d. Alienation: feelings that seem weird, strange, odd, unreal, unnatural, foreign, etc. Unspecified distress that cannot be Clearly categorized as either physical or emotional in nature, in S's frame of reference, and are expressed in such con- ventional terms as being upset, fidgety, jittery, nervous, on edge, restless, bothered, etc. States of emotional agitation that reflect the reaction of the ego to the threat of complete breakdown of re— pression such as feelings of anxiety, fear, apprehen- sion, terror, etc. 64 10. 11. 12. 13. 65 States of confusion, doubt, and disorientation that include statements that one's thoughts are being pushed or pulled and that the content of thought cannot be specified. Dissociative reactions: a. Somatic and ideational delusions, such as limbs feeling detached, "crazy" thoughts and intruding paranoid ideas. b. Strong compulsive urges not carried out in be- havior, such as wanting to move hands around, scratch at something, etc. Disturbance or distortion in perception of the tachis— toscopic stimulus. Derivatives of the induced conflict. (These are symbols of the induced experience and/or the repres- sive forces themselves. Memories of personal expe- riences that are congruent with, or similar to, the induced experience are frequently activated in some Ss.) Conscious correlates of one or both aspects of the conflict or immediate awareness of one aspect of the conflict. Delayed awareness of one or both aspects of the conflict. Immediate awareness of one aspect of the conflict. Immediate awareness of both aspects of the conflict. APPENDIX B PROTOCOLS OF EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS 66 APPENDIX B PROTOCOLS OF EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS The twenty-four protocols in this section are the verbatim transcripts of tape recording made during the tachistoscopic presentation of stimulus words. Protocol fourteen was not used in the analyses of the data since it is quite doubtful that this subject was in a hypnotic trance during the experimental session. Protocols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, ll, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 22 are from the oedipal condition, and protocols 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23 and 24 are from the peer condition. Notations ap— pearing after the double asterisk, (**) are E's observations. These notations were not scored, and did not enter into our analysis of the data. 67 68 Protocol Number 1 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR quarter still going quarter, H Fine. ** Move— ing around. Old SRS (Reyher, 1958) Scoring (0) Burns SRS Scoring (B) Awareness Scale Scoring (A) cone ** MoVing around. circle H hands are all cold sweat,.rea11y strange o<1><__)_ B 7, 11 A triangle ** Moving around. dollar H Nervously laughed. Fine just sitting here thinking. 'SOUP NICKLE BUTTER SQUARE soap soup nervously laughing 69 3 ow ha ha you know, H I feel antsy, All of a sudden I feel like, my feet are getting anxious though moving around. dance up a storm or something. ing. 0 (l) B 34, 59 A D, CC nickle H Same way. All my hands are all cold sweat O (1) (1) B .7, 11 A CC butter sighed H explain it. still. ** O (4) B__ 31 Am”... square H 01-43.11... B 57 A - Im‘ “a "new... I don't Just can't sit I get these feelings like I want to Started whistle- of a sudden I'm hyper, still. know ha ha just can't still just can't sit squirming in chair. I don't know, ha ha strange DIME PENNY 70 I'm glad I got a date tonight. Ha ha I don't know~ why I let a lot of emotions out in dancing. I'm going dancing should have a good time. dime H Just sitting here still. Now cold sweated hands, feel...still going like crazy. I don't know why I get that way sometimes. I guess hwenever I hear some good music I want to go out and dance. Whenever I want to hear some good music I go out to the alley e, alot mess around over there. Kick it out ha ha ha gives you peace of mind for the rest of the week. Ya know when you kick it out one nite just lot to see out. That way you can study, get down to some hard studying you know what I mean Sunday nite yha ** sucking finger. 0 (l) (l) (3) B 7, ll, 57 A CC, D penny ha ha delayed reaction H Wonder why I'm » telling you what I'm feeling, wonder why I'm so antsy ya know see a sudden hyper. I'm not tired at all when I walked in here I was just dead tired but I'm not now. Ha ha I'm quite awake. O (l) B 34 A CC 71 CUCUMBER cucumber H Relaxing know not hyper any more. 0 B A ...... MILK My hands are so cold and sweaty. They're cold I don't understand that usually I have really warm hands, not just cold, least that's what the girls tell me I got warm hands yha ha milk. H Fine just real good relaxed now can't understand my cold hands that's the only thing sigh * Scratching his belly and leg. 0 (1) (l) B 7, 11 A CC RZE rye rye H I want to tell you but I it's a peace inside it's not, it's something I feel it's not, it's a crazy feeling. Ah ah it's a piece yet it isn't like. Like I'm glad I have a date tonight, ha ha. It's that kind of a feeling I usually don't say what I'm thinking. 0 (3) B 57 ACC,D 72 ANGLE angle somehow I get those fairly quickly must be all the geometry H fine handling in there chugging along. 0 m B BLANK O 73 Protocol Number 2, QUARTER CONE CIRCLE quarter~ H oh well oh seeing the money kind of reminds me of the older woman that I am physically attracted to, somehow I just am. 0 B A FA cone H oh'm reminds me again of the same situa— tion I was in before and, oh I was afraid of the older women before, I was afraid of what she might think of me and now somehow I got to ex- press to her how I feel about the whole thing and not get embarrassed about it. I got to think of how to do it but I don't know how (voice shaky). o (5) B 48,49,58 A circle H very much aroused by the whole thing. By the woman she's just getting me more, and more I've got to get back there. TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP 74 triangle H getting more and more just physi- cally aroused to her. I'm wanting to go back more and more and forget about my feelings. What I'm really kind of feeling, and oh go ahead and just attack her and forget about it all. 0 B 62.5 A FA dollar H seeing the money reminds me of the whole situation I was in before. The more I get annoyed at how I acted because I shouldn't have let the embarrassment stop me. If she was that willing I should have taken advantage of it then. O B 58, 58.5 A PA soup H feeling about the same way now that I see soup again, and food. Just wanting to go back, just more and more all the time. Just have to get my courage. BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME 75 butter H reminds me of the sandwiches we were eating rye bread and what I was feeling at the time which was very much physically aroused. O B A PA,E nickle H the coin collection again comes in. Oh just kind of foreplay showing me all this stuff, she was just kind of doing this cause she didn't know what else to do at time. 0 B APA,E square H word square didn't mean anything to me. Just about the same as I was before thinking about the woman in her apartment. 0 B .A E dime H money again takes me back. Um. But I wish I could kind of see her ya know, at least talk to her or something. 0 B PENNY CUCUMBER MILK 76 penny H oh coming sort of, arousal is going down a bit. It doesn't seem as if I am getting anywhere. Doesn't seem as if anything is ever going to happen. Kind of lessening the whole thing. 0 B A PA cucumber H takes me back to the food again one of the biggest things that stood out in my mind. I'm just curious as to why she offered me the cucumber, its kind of an unusual thing. I'm thinking back to then and wondering why she did that. O B A E milk H she served the milk and my arousal is going up because of the cucumber and the milk. Oh just want to see her. **face flushed. O B A PA RYE ANGLE BLANK 77 rye H its getting to be a lot stronger now. Again the food she served. I enjoyed it but was getting ready to enjoy her more ** face flushed. O B A FA angle H I don't understand some of the mean— ings going on. I just keep thinking back to the food and the money that you flashed and what they remind me of. O (6) B 49 A H kinda I don't know a little confined really It's still strong in my mind what happened. 0 B 50 A 78 Protocol Number ‘ 3 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE quarter uh (sighed) H fine, I feel a little tired but I felt tired before I came here. I'm moving today, doing a lot of work in fact, I almost didn't come here today. 0 (1) B 3 A cone uh H good um. O “1.... B A circle H what oh real good. How many more of these do we have to do, I mean the word things. 0 B A triangle H Ok, I oh, I don't like these word things I feel that they're not accurate enough. By the time I tell you the word it takes you awhile to respond. I see a word actually before I get to respond to it. Don't find them accurate and it bothers me that they're not...sorry. O (3) B 58, 58.25 A D DOLLAR SOUP BUTTER 79 dollar H fine are these words related to the others that you showed me. It seems like they are related. 0 B A sighed - says H fine, I feel um a little tense. I feel like I overslept. I oversleep a lot and get up late in the morning. I feel like that now. Like your heart is sortof tense just don't feel good. I'd like to under-sleep rather than over-sleep. I feel like I've overslept. O (2) (2) B 23, 14, 9.5 A butter. H proud sort of proud that I got that one that fast. It excited me to get that one that fast, like I didn't even really see it but knew what the word was. That's why I was smiling before I knew what the word was. 0 B 62 A CC NICKLE SQUARE DIME 80 nickle. H um shoo a little anxious about the tape recorder being here. I'm wondering why your taping it cause I'm not saying anything profound or I could see as useful. I don't understand why you want a taped record of it. Somebody knock at door? ** Turning around then nervously moving in chair. 0 (5) B 45, 64, 65 A square. H Ok, no change. 0 B A Do I do anything when I push this switch? dime H um a lot more nervous than I was at the begin- ning but I'm doing Ok. Sort of getting used to it now. Sort of feel it's like home. Sort of strange when I first walked in here and saw all of this stuff like I've spent a lot more time here than I have. I like the room ** biting tongue, playing with leg. 0 (5) B 53, 28 A CC 81 PENNX penny H I just realized that that buzzer you're sounding is the exact same as on the intern com in my Dad's office. Whenever I hear that noise I feel like I've been sitting in one of the offices and he buzzes or somebody buzzes the office. That's the exact same buzzer since that buzzer is in an office that I like I realize that has something to do with why I like this room more cause I like the buzzer sound. Ha ha I don't know if what I'm saying is helpful or not but it‘s how I feel ** biting fingernails. CEEEMEER cucumber H um ok, when you ask how are you doing I sort of wish you would ask how do you feel. I'm doing the same as I was but I feel different e.g., I feel right now like oh oh that's it I'm beginning to wander. My thoughts, I keep looking around at things in the room. I think I'm getting restless a little bit cause it's such a routine that we're going through it seems like you ask the same questions after each slide I'm hard pressed to keep up what I'm doing. ** Scratching neck moving around in chair, squirming. MILK RYE 82 O (4) B 31, 60 A D milk you waited a long time there, is there any reason you waited that long? Just didn't wait for the buzzer H good except for I'm sort of getting worried about what time it is. I've got a lot to do tonight and that's sort of on my mind. What time I'll get back it's not really. 0 (5) B 64, 44, 59 A rye H good oh it's amazing how when I came in how remote I became from the outside it was raining and everything, and later I'm in here. - You went into everything so fast it was just mind bogging and oh I sort of feel anxious not to be right answers if there are right or wrong answers cause I want to say the right answers naturally and oh so...I'm a little nervous about the whole thing (then with very shakey voice) just wonder— ing what's next ** biting fingernails, playing with nose, picking ear, sweating profusely shaking shirt to cool himself. 0 (5) (4) B 28, 46, 53 A 83 ANGLE angle Ok oh, can I ask you questions now or do I have to wait till later--then I have nothing to say. H getting more relaxed I guess. 0 B A BLANK H fine there is nothing on that slide I feel like I've been tricked. I stared at the slide and nothing ever came on. I feel like I, it's like when you're a little kid people do things to you just, oh just as a joke like they'll tell you your parents are calling long distance and they are not. I feel like that cause you showed me a blank slide and expected me to pull a word out of it. So I feel like I've been jipped out - of a word. That's the extent of it. ** Scratch— ing. 0 B Protocol Number 4 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP quarter 0 A girl girl circle H O B A triangle 0 (4) B 28 A dollar H O (5). B 46 A soup H O B 84 concentrating H anxious ** I'm nervous. gripping sides of chair. relaxing feeling better. BUTTER NICKLE .. w-“ SQUARE DIME PENNY 85 butter H my eyes are focusing better ** scratching hand, clawing into chair with finger- nail. O B A nickle H better, I feel better. 0 B A quarter square square H I feel more aware now ** began humming O B A' dime H I think my hands are falling asleep, I want to do better ** fidgeting with hands 0 (1) B 40 A penny H I don't know a little better my legs are sore. O (2) B 22 A CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 86 cucumber H I feel like running, I feel like going outside and running. 0 (7) B 50 A dollar milk H tired, I was just a little tired ** jumping up and down in chair hitting lips. O (l) B 3 A rye H my hands are tightening up and my palms are getting sweaty and seems like they are falling asleep. I just don't ? ** sticking tongue in and out. o (1) (2) B 2, 58.25 A angle H my hands still feel funny especially my left hand, I'm a little tight all over. O (l) (2) B 21. 40 A H I'm getting sleepyer, can't see anything on screen I'm getting hostile towards that screen there's just light there ** eyes twitching. 2. (1) 58.75 87 88 Protocol Number 5 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR quarter H ow I'm a little nervous inside, I don't know why ** voice very shaky O (4) B 28 A dime cane cone H I'm alright O B A circle H my hearts beating, its not beating fast wow I don't know 0 (l) B 14 A triangle H oh alright O B A dollar H its like I its ha ha like some- thing weird, anticipation. I'm expecting some— thing. I'd like a word like I could divet it at something. can't really put my finger on it. I a ** sigh O (6) (3) B 49, 57 A SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE 89 dime no soup in a H like its hard to concen- trate. Like I can't concentrate on this thing. I keep thinking of other things like I would be- fore I came here earlier. See if I could pick out words faster harder and pick them out. 0 B 49, 59 A butter H I still can't concentrate. Its (?) still a dime ** contorting face 0 B 49 A nickle I think I had that before. I think I've seen these before yea I think that's what it is ** playing with moustache. O B A penny quarter square H now I can concentrate a little better 0 B DIME PENNY CUCUMBER 9O dime I know I have seen that before H pretty good now. Yea I know I've seen it before, something its hard to I can't I don't know like taking a test and all of the answers are the wrong answers he he ** squirming in chair 0 B 48.5 A prune penny heh heh H a heh heh, I can con— centrate a little better I guess ** scratch- ing 0 B A cucumber heh heh H I knew that was cucumber cause it was a long word that's why I figured it out. I couldn't identify it by a looking at it ** squirming contorting face 0 B 62 A MILK RYE ANGLE 91 Milk H just the same, I, if, a sh wow it's different I don't know why its different it's sort of weird I don't know what it is I can't tell ya can't think of a like these is a lot more pressure on the words. I think that's what it is more of a game 0 (3) B 49, 50 A True rye rye smart H heh heh ow just its hard really con't put my finger on it. Its hard to explain, its a not very strong, not a very strong feeling ye know. Is that still ye I don't know its a I don't know ** scratching, moving backwards and forwards in chair. 0 B 49 A angle was it angle H it like I didn't expect that word its like those others I've seen already 0 B 92 BLANK can't see anything. I don't see any letters back there. H I see alright O B 93 Protocol Number 6 QUARTER quarter H all right fine '——————— O . B A CONE cone H ok 0 B A CIRCLE circle H fine 0 B A TRIANGLE triangle I have a question what is this buzzer here again for? I forgot what it is for O B A DOLLAR - is a dollar H fine 0 SOUP soup H pretty good BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY 94 butter H nervous laught fine its 0 B A nickle H fine these words just remind me of the story you told me. You know that quarter the dollar and the nickle the butter and the soup just reminds me of the story 0 B A E square H fine 0 B A dime H pretty good thanks another one of the words that was in the coin collection O penny H fine CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 95 cucumber H pretty good, thanks another thing that was in the story with the rye bread and butter 0 B A E rye H fine Protocol Number QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP ' o 7 quarter 0 B A ..... H 96 alright comb cone cone H alright O B A circle 0 B A 7 triangle 0 B A dollar B A 5 H (l) H (l) soup 0 B A 36 H (1) really relaxed, a little bit sweaty H relaxed my body feels tingly all over well uh a little light headed sort of BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY 97 butter H really relaxed and I feel really good ** raised eyebrow O B nickle H having a little trouble keeping my eyes open 0 (l) B 2 A square H feel really relaxed and sleepy O (1) B 2 A dime H my legs kind of feel tense, the rest of myself kind of feel relaxe O (2) B 23 - A penny H I feel a little hot and clammy. My body is wet O (l) B 7, 35 A CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 98 cucumber H relaxing, getting a little sweaty and clammy. My legs they get tense once in a while and then get relaxed again 0 (1) (l) B 7,23 A milk H like a little slow in my reactions. More relaxed though its hard to keep my eyes open 0 (1) B 2 A rye H tired a little more. I think now and still my palms are wet my hands ** coughed O (1) B 2, 7 A angle H I feel as though I am anticipating something 0 B 16 A CC H more relaxed Protocol No. QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP 8 quarter (failed 0 B A corn corn cone 0 B A circle H ok 0 B A 99 to identify word at first) triangle H ok ** looking at micro switch 0 B A dollar H ok O soup H ok fine ** nervously looking around BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY, CUCUMBER butter 0 B A nickle O B’ A square 0 dime H A cucumber 0 B H 100. ok ok ok ok H ** shifted position in chair rubbing chin MILK RYE . ANGLE BLANK lOl milk H ok rye H ok ** rubbing lip angle, angle H ok ** scratching head U1 0 11> 102 Protocol Number "9 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR quarter H really great. I feel good. Ha ha I don't know how its just oh something in my mind it's just oh inside my heart I don't know I just feel really great cone H great m ha O B A CC circle H really good I feel like making friends with the world 0 B A CC triangle great just great my eyes are a little heavy but I feel just great O (1) B 2 A CC dollar H very nice thank you SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE 103, soup H very exhilerating I feel kind of just great really great 0 B A CC butter H my body feels like its about float- ing on air. I really feel excited really good 0 (1) B 42 A CC nickle H now my head feels really strange. Like I had this urge to be excited or just ex— perience something new. Its really great ** bitting his lips O B A, CC square H just great, just a, body just feels just like see over its exilerating extraordinary O B A CC DIME PENNY CUCUMBER RYE 104 dime H really good. I feel just oh I don't know. I just can't describe like the feelings that I have. Its ah good, really good 0 B A CC penny H like I want to oh go out on the town, live high off the hog, experience life. Just really get into myself experience ** yawn- ing 0 B A CC cucumber H wow that's oh oh wow oh oh feeling real good just excited ** scratching nose scratching head, scratching nose again O B A CC rye H my body is doing great, my mind isn't helping those but I just feel like oh really good 0 B 49 A A 105 BLANK H ok real good Protocol Number QUARTER O B A CONE O B A quarter H can cone 106 10 fine fine H fine CIRCLE O B A TRIANGLE O B A DOLLAR O SOUP circle H triangle H dollar H fine fine fine 107 BUTTER butter H fine 0 B A NICKLE nickle nickle H fine ** scratching finger O B A’ SQUARE square H ** nodded ok 0 DIME dime H fine PENNY penny H fine A CUCUMBER cucumber H fine 0 B 108 MILK milk H fine RYE rye H fine ANGLE angle H fine BLANK 'H fine, but there is nothing there that I am aware of O B 109 Protocol Number 11 QUARTER quarter H feel kind of I don't know, I feel king of funny 0 (3) B 33.5 A CONE cone H ok 0 B A CIRCLE circle H alright O B A TRIANGLE triangle H ok 0 B A DOLLAR - dollar H whew, I feel a little uneasy for a second 0 (4) B 33.5 A SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME 110 soup H I still feel a little uneasy ** twitch on right side of face O"(4)y B 33.5 A butter H still feel a little uneasy ** scratching O (4) B 33.5 A nickle H I still feel that uneasiness, I feel a little queasiness too O (4) B 33.5, 34 A . square H God I feel a little, I don't know, I feel like I don't know I can't describe it O B 49 A dime H I feel a little empty. My stomach feels empty. I have the feeling you get when someone goes away like my girlfriend left me yesterday I really feel like that o (1) B 34: 58 A D PENNY CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 111 penny H still feel uneasy like a few seconds ago still feel uneasy O (4) B 33.5 A cucumber H still feel a little empty 0 (l) B 34 A milk H I feel a little troubled ** mov- ing around 0 (5) B 44 A rye H still kind of like the same um feel like something is racing up and down in me O (1) B 51 A angle H well not too bad 0 B H I ? don't feel bad 112 Protocol Number 12 QUARTER quarter H I feel alright things are comfor- table. I am doing alright same word is up there O B A CONE game cone H getting a little uneasy O (4) B 33.5 A CIRCLE circle H about the same, can't think of any difference. ,Getting a little uncomfortable right now 0 (4) B 33.5, 25 A TRIANGLE triangle H well I'm breathing heavier now ** cleared throat O (l) B 17 A DOLLAR gold dollar H well the words are getting harder to see now ** moving around in chair 0 B 62 A 113 SOUP soup I H I'm still I don't know why I feel fidgety things don't seem right 0 (4) B 26, 49 A BUTTER butter H gotta tremendous urge to get up off this chair don't want to sit here O (7) B 50 A NICKLE nickle H I wish I would relax ** twitched left side of face 0 B A SQUARE square H is that correct? I guess I'm getting down from my excitement, I'm a little more comfortable now 0 B A CC DIME dime H my back is starting to sweat ** mov— ing in chair 0_..il) B 7 A 114 PENNY penny H well my hands and back seems like they are just perspiring too much ** rubbing hands 0 (1) B 7 A CUCUMBER succumbing cucumber H my eyes are not focusing right and they are starting to water or some- thing 0 (1) B 39.5, 40 A MILK milk H I'm very uneasy. Yes sir don't want to sit still ** coughed twitched face 0 (4) B 33.5 A BEE rye H can't say as yet, I'm still fidgity I feel left alone for some reason 0 (4) B 26, 58 A ANGLE BLANK 115 angle H things are slowing up, my fore— head has relaxed a little bit ** twitched face 0 (2) B 21 A H have a notion as if I'm seeing some beauti— ful girl walking down the street or something really, ha ha my heart is really knocking on the sternum whew H just er a little more relaxed cause 0 (1) B 14 A CC‘ Protocol Number QUARTER O CONE A CIRCLE O B A TRIANGLE O B A DOLLAR O SOUP quarter H 116 13 pretty good circle H ‘ Ok triangle H Ok dollar H Ok H Ok 117 BUTTER butter H Ok my heart is beating a little faster A O (1) B 14 A NICKLE nickle H about the same as before ** moved foot and scratched. I O B A SQUARE square H Ok 0 DIME dime H Ok A PENNY . penny H eh my heart is beating again a little faster 0 (l) B 14 A CUCUMBER cucumber H I feel a little excited O B A CC MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 118 milk H still excited O B rye H excited still A CC angle angle H I'm Ok O 3’ w 0k III 0 :11 O 119 Protocol Number 14 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR I know what the word is, do you want me to say it? quarter H I don't know what I'm sup- posed to say 0 (6) B 49 A cone H o B, x A Can't make that word out H I don't know what I'm supposed to say. What am I supposed to say. I'll tell you I don't think any of this affects me at all . . . o (6) B 49 A triangle H Ok 0 dollar H Ok fine SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY suppose 0 square O 120 suppose coin soup H alright H fine H S ame CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 121 cucumber H fine ** fine rye H H fine moving around 122 Protocol Number 15 QUARTER Think I'm too far away I don't know quarter H Pretty good O B A CONE dime girl gone gone game cone H pretty good ** scratched nose 0 B A CIRCLE circle H ok 0 B A TRIANGLE triangle H Ok 0 B A DOLLAR dollar H alright dollar SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY 123 down soup soup H feel a little nervous O (4) B 28 A butter butter H feel a little nervous, about like before O (4) B 28 A nickle H feeling a little better 0 B A square H Ok 0 B A dime H feeling a little nervous O (4) B 28 A penny H Ok I guess penny O B CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK cucumber angle 0 B 124 H feeling a little tired a1 alright a little up tight about the same H a little more on edge 0 (4) B 30 125 Protocol Number 16 QUARTER quarter H I remember money, quarter there's a girl some girl with a quarter. 0 B A E CONE cape cone H same girl gave me some food O B A E CIRCLE circle H circle sounds like curves or some— thing if that's what you mean by what I'm doing. Is that what you mean by what I'm doing? 0 B AD, CC TRIANGLE triangle H I'm doing 0 B A DOLLAR dollar H dollar, money again, money is that girl with the money. 0 B SOUP BUTTER NICKLE sQUARE 126 soup H it's it's food again and the girl ** bitting lips O B A E butter H How are you doing? I had some rye bread with the girl 0 B A E 11 nickle H nickle was in the coin collection with the girl before we went dancing, before we ate and then we went dancing. 0 B A E square H She thought I was kind of square. No, I thought I was kind of square with her cause I wondered if I could handle myself with her or not. tug: m In: t... .o—onn.“ A PA v— .-u .1. “-9.." 0.4-..-in DIME PENNY CUCUMBER MILK RYE 127 dime H dime was in that same coin collection ** scratched nose 0 penny H penny was with all the other coins. A E cucumber H cucumber was the last thing we ate before we went dancing 0 B A E smile smile girl (E said milk after maximum brightness) H milk is food we had milk with a girl O B A E rye H I'd know who this girl is with all my money and food 0 B 128 ANGLE I angle H Um I don't know angle doesn't ring no bell. O B BLANK H there's nothing being shown 129 Protocol Number 17 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP quarter H fine I'm blocking out 0 B 49 A crane cone H watching the screen 0 B A circle H thinking 0 B A triangle H relaxing O B A dollar H worried O (5) B 44 A soup H soup thinking 0 B BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY CUCUMBER 130 butter H I'm thinking about a woman 0 B A E nickle. H Curious O B A square H wondering O dime H fine penny H I fine A cucumber H fine MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 131 oil? milk H curious rye H I'm watching the woman angle H thinking H thinking 132 Protocol Number 18 QUARTER quarter H fine 0 CONE cone H fine CIRCLE circle H fine A TRIANGLE triangle H fine 0 B A DOLLAR dollar H just fine 0 B SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY 133 soup H fine 0 B A butter H fine 0 B A nickle H fine 0 B A square H Ok 0 CUCUMBER MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 134 cucumber H fine 0 milk H just fine rye H just fine angle H pretty good H fine Protocol Number 19 QUARTER 'CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR quarter 135 H aw nervous O ((4), B 28 A“' cone H something still nervous, kind of anxious or O (4) (5) B 45 A circle H still nervous, but calming down like you know H alright now doing Ok H nervous again, anxiety 0 (4) B 28 A triangle 0 B A dollar 0 (4) B 45 A V L SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME 136 soup H really getting nervous now 0 (4) B 28 A butter H still nervous, uptight like ** moved legs and crossed them 0 (4) B 44 A nickle H fine, nervous I don't know I just can't explain it. I just really feel uncomforta— ble. I don't know what it is ** cleaned throat moved feet around 0 (4) B 25 A square H relieved I don't know 0 B A dime H getting nervous again 0 (4) B 28 A 137 PENNY penny H still nervous pretty much so I don't know if I'd call it nervous, anxious feeling. Like I'm not accustomed to all the time ** coughed. Moved legs 0 (4) B 28 A CUCUMBER cucumber I dK, but it seems that the better I read the word the more anxious I get or relieved, the one or the other ** moved shoulders up and down O (5) B 44 A MILK milk H pretty much nervous or whatever ** yawned O (4) B 28 A RYE rye H I think I'm getting horney is what I'm getting ** yawned O B APA 138 ANGLE angle H alright now feels like I'm calming down a little bit O B A BLANK H I'm anxious in a way but relieved O (5) B 44 139 Protocol Number 20 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE quarter H alright, I just feel like I'm really relaxed. I just feel like I can't really picture this all of a sudden. Just seems as if it didn't come as clear as it did before 0 B 62 A cone H I feel pretty good. I feel like ah kind of anxious and a little anxiety. 0 (5) B 44 A circle H feel better, feel a little calm now 0 B A travel triangle H I feel very comfortable and very relaxed. O B 140 DOLLAR doll, dollar H very comfortable and a little, I'm kind of relaxed with yet at the same time a little tense, a little tension ** fidgeting with hands egetic O (2) B 23 A SOUP soup H feel pretty good. I'm just feeling very calm still still relaxed feel very-—to tell you a lot of things that I can't really put my finger on it yet. I can't really describe how I feel. I feel like just kind of just floating in this chair 0 (4) (l) B 49, 52 A BUTTER butter H very well, just calm still um I feel as though I'm pe-ceiving what the word is a little quicker. Seems like its coming faster 0 B NICKLE SQUARE DIME 141 pickle nickle H feel kind of a little bit tension again. Um I don't know. Just this chair, this chair just feels its just kine of all around me lifting me, really lifting me up off the ground, supporting me, just like this, just kind of making me float just kind of lifting me really I don't know ** moving finger, moving feet 0 (2) B 23, 52 A square H very calm, relaxed um kind of confused heh O (6) B 49 A dime H I almost feel like I really don't feel anything at all. That I'm just kind of sitting here, like all feeling and all tension is gone, really just now existant O B PENNY CUCUMBER MILK RYE 142 penny H oh still kind of feel a little tension again ** blowing O (2) B 23 A camera cumber cucumber H I feel kind of, um kind of excited. I feel um I don't know, some- thing is happening that I can't really describe. I feel um um how do you describe this ** biting lips O B A CC milk H I feel um tension building up. I'm starting to get all eh kind of almost, um you know kind of aroused really ** moving finger, moving hands nervously O B A PA rye H um I don't know. I kind of feel like I‘m starting to get more aroused really, and more tension is building up inside of me. Just oh—- I feel compelled to do something ** looking around fidgeting with hands blowing 143 0 (2) (7) B 23, 50 A PA nngng I think it says angel, angle H I don't know. That word really didn't do anything. Like I was kind of noticing, the other words built up tension, but this seemed like it didn't really have any effect ** moving hands blowing O B A BEEEK H oh feel very tense right now, and I feel like I'm becoming more aroused more compelled to do like I don't know. Feel like I'm getting drawn into something 0 (2) B 23 A PA 144 Protocol Number 21 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR SOUP quarter H fine 0 B A cone H fine toe kind of tingly though 0 (1) B 43.25 A circle H ok ** cleared throat O B A triangle H same as always 0 B A dollar H ok 0 B A cup soup H fine 0 B 145 BUTTER butter H numbness is gone away in toes, numbness in toes is gone away 0 (1) B 40 A NICKLE nickle H I'm ok 0 B A SQUARE square H ok ** scratched O DIME dime H fine PENNY penny H ok A CUCUMBER cucumber H I feel like I'm putting one over on you kind of ** laughed O B MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 146 smilk smile milk H ok A single angle H ok O CY 115 ok 0 147 Protocol Number 22 QUARTER quarter H I don't exactly know I can see it 0 CONE cone H ok CIRCLE circle H good A TRIANGLE triangle H good 0 B A DOLLAR dollar dollar H good SOUP soup H ok 148 BUTTER butter H ok butter 0 B" A NICKLE nickle H ok SQUARE square H nodded O DIME dime H '0 PENNY penny H ok A CUCUMBER cucumber H ok ** moving hands around digging finger nails into chair 0 B i7 MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK milk rye brow 149 H fine ** playing with hair touching e H good ** playing with moustache ok I can't see a word there 150 Protocol Number 23 QUARTER CONE CIRCLE TRIANGLE DOLLAR quarter H fine 0 B A grape corn cone acorn H pretty blase O B A girl ha ha ha ha circle H on I feel pretty good pretty good 0 B A strangle triangle H Well, I feel a little foolish sometimes you know am I supposed to be reading everything off I see immediately even like sometimes I say some pretty strange stuff 0 B A dollar H same as before O B SOUP BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE 151 group soup H‘ oh feeling pretty soupy ha ha 0 B A butter H Ah, I'm metallic I looking like I have a very strange focus looking at the thing my feet look like they're metal they look like they don't belong to me—-you know what I mean 0 B A snorkel nickle H um pretty good. It's getting its pretty funny. Ha it's a good experiment. I don't know what you are getting out of it 0 B A quarter square good good good I don't have ha ha —-sometimes the words look strange though I do admit. Like there was one part where it looked like it was saying itch, I didn't say anything so I'll say it now here ** burping O (8) B 62 A 152 DIME drill gill grease dime dime bag H very well ** fidgeting in chair 0 B A PENNY grass grawny dawny penny H ah good good O B A CUCUMBER counted cucumber ha ha heh heh that's what it V looked like man H well my feet, they are started to tingle, tingle now started dancing with all those fine chicks. Man my feet get sore most of them are kind of clumsy they step all over you ** moving feet around 0 (l) B 43.25 A CC, D MILK girl gill mill thrill—-rill swill milk how could I miss that H good good no complaints ** moving hands around 0 B RYE ANGLE BLANK 153 rye H good good I have no complaints of any type. My hands are getting a little itchy, a little restless ** moving hands 0 (4) B 6, 31 A girl angle H good good 0 B H good I don't see anything though looks like a blank 154 Protocol Number 24 QUARTER quarter H fine 0 B A CONE coin corn cone H fine O B A CIRCLE circle H good O B A TRIANGLE triangle H ok 0 DOLLAR dollar H great A CC SOUP soup H pretty good, its getting hot in here O (l) B 35 A BUTTER NICKLE SQUARE DIME PENNY CUCUMBER 155 butter H fine 0 B A nickle H great 0 B‘ A CC square H fine 0 dime H good penny H good A cucumber H fine 0 B MILK RYE ANGLE BLANK 156 milk H good ** rye H real good A CC angle H fine H fine moving leg nervously MICHIGAN STATE UNIV. LIBRARIES IIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII‘IIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHI 312 3104772581 9