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thesis entitled

USE OF A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM AS A TOOL
FOR ACADEMIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT IN THE
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY DIETETIC
PROGRAM

presented by
Stella Hall Cash

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for
Institution

Master of Science degreein Administration

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Date August 21, 1980

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USE OF A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR
ACADEMIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT IN THE
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

DIETETIC PROGRAM

B)’

Stella Hall Cash

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition

1980

ABSTRACT
USE OF A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR
ACADEMIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT IN THE

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DIETETIC PROGRAM

By
Stella Hall Cash

The purpose of this feasibility study was to design and test a
computer-assisted student academic records management system for use
with the TRS-80 Microcomputer (Model 1, Level II) with processing capa-
bilities for data storage; single and multiple item recall, tabulation,
and summarization; item analysis within and among discrete categories,
and itemized and summarized print-outs (videoscreen and hard copy).

Twenty-four selected information elements associated with each
of fifty academic record files of students enrolled in the Michigan
State University dietetic major were used to establish the information
data bank. A single software program was written to include the afore-
mentioned processing capabilities which represent the routine, repeti-
tive academic data demands departmental personnel are presently required
to perform manually.

Although limited in scope, the study findings clearly indicate
that this relatively simple microcomputer-assisted system for academic
records management is feasible and can provide a cost-effective, labor-

saving, efficient means of handling such records rapidly and accurately.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research would not have been possible without the help,
encouragement, and support of many people to whom I extend my gratitude
and appreciation.

. The members of my Guidance Committee:
Dr. Grace Miller, Professor, Department of Food Science
and Human Nutrition, Major Professor, for her exceptional
assistance, support, and direction during this stage of

my life.

Burness Wenberg, Associate Professor, Department of Food
Science and Human Nutrition.

Dr. Jenny Bond, Associate Professor, Department of Food
Science and Human Nutrition.

Jean McFadden, Associate Professor, Department of Food
Science and Human Nutrition.

0 Mark McLellan, graduate assistant, Department of Food Science
and Human Nutrition, for his expert efforts in designing the
software program for this research.

0 Dr. Jerry Cash, Associate Professor, Department of Food
Science and Human Nutrition, for allowing me access to
his TRS-80, Model I Microcomputer System.

0 Most of all, I wish to thank my husband Jerry and daughters
Shannon and Stephanie for their support, endurance, and love.

ii

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .
COMPUTER NOMENCLATURE
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION .
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .
III. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION . . . . . . . . . .
Sample Selection .
Step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step 3 .

TRS- 80, Model I, Microcomputer Program Development .

Student Record Data Elements and Official
Sources . .
Additional Essential Documents .
Data Bank Development . . .
Microcomputer Processing Program .
Evaluation of Microcomputer Assistance
in Academic Records Management .

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .
Seven Processing Capabilities

Individual Student Record Retrieval
New Student Record . . . . . . . . .

Selective Recall Capabilities . .
MSU Graduation and ADA Plan IV Requirements
Selective Search . . . . . . .

Data Bank Security and Shutdown System .
Microcomputer System Equipment: Initial and
Recurring Costs . . . . . . . . . .
Overall Test Results

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

iii

 

Page

vi

27

27
27
28
30
30

30
33
34
37

40
42

42
43
44
46
48
50
52

53
55

57

Appendix Page

A.l MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY REPORT OF STANDINGS . . . . . 62
A.2 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY CREDIT EVALUATION . . . . . . 63
A.3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION

FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
A.4 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY TRANSCRIPT . . . . . . . . . . 65
A.S MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE INDEPENDENT

STUDY EXAMINATION REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
A.6 COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY APPROVED ACADEMIC

PROGRAM ADJUSTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
A.7 COORDINATED STUDY PLAN ADMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 68
B.1 DIETETIC CURRICULUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
B.2 MSU—ADA MASTER CHECKSHEET PLAN IV--CONVENTIONAL

STUDY PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.3 MSU-ADA MASTER CHECKSHEET PLAN IV--COORDINATED

STUDY PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C.1 STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA TABULATION FORM . . . . . . 74
C.2 STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA ADJUSTMENT FORM . . . . . . 75

OFFICIAL MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AUTHORIZATION
FOR ACCESS TO STUDENT DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

iv

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Test Sample Composition: Retention of Percent of
Total Population by Class Level .

Academic Student Record Data Bank Elements and
Official Information Sources (x= original source;
d==duplicate copy) . . . . .

Data Bank Codification System .

Selective Recall Capabilities and Combinations

Page

29

32

36

38

BASIC

Binary Processor

Bit

Canned Software

Central Processing
Unit (CPU)

Chip

Data

Data Bank

Data Processing

Disk Drive

Expansion Interface

Hard Copy

COMPUTER NOMENCLATURE

A high—level, general purpose computer language,
which is an acronym for "Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code."

A computer program that puts another program
into a form acceptable to the computer using
a binary system (only two symbols or digit
values--O and 1).

Abbreviation for "binary digit"; smallest amount
of memory in the computer capable of representing
values 0 and 1.

A program for general purpose use rather than
designed for a specific task.

That unit of a computer system which fetches,
decodes, and executes programmed instructions

and maintains the status of results as the program
is executed.

Integrated circuit (often a Silicon chip).

Numeric and alphanumeric information encoded
in a suitable binary code.

Information stored in the computer memory which
is operated on during the execution of an
instruction.

The converting (as by a computer) of crude
information into usable or storable form.

A storage device which utilizes magnetic medium
in the form of a floppy disk or hard disk.

An extension of the computer in which one finds
additional memory, input/output parts, i.e., for
the printer, disk drives, etc.

A print-out copy (in connection with a computer)
that is readable without a special screen device.

vi

Hardware

Higher-level Language

Input

Integral Circuits

"K"

Large Scale Inte-

gration (LSI)

Line Printer

Magnetic Disk

Magnetic Tape

Mainframe

Memory

Microcomputer

Microprocessor

Microprogramming

Output

The electronic, mechanical, and magnetic elements
from which the computer is fabricated.

Makes it possible to communicate with a computer
using English language words and mathematical
symbols without the need of detailed knowledge
of the computer's internal architecture.

To transfer data from outside the computer (from
a disk file, keyboard, etc.) into RAM (Random
Access Memory).

A tiny complex of electronic components and their
connections that is produced in or on a small
slice of material, as silicon.

A unit of computer storage capacity.

A computer unit that totalizes large quantities
or numbers in a manner comparable to mathematical
integrating of differential equations.

A high-speed printing device that prints each
line as a unit rather than character by character.

Provides large storage capacity for binary data
(more expensive than tape but is faster).

Most popular medium for storage of large
quantities of binary data.

The computer itself and its cabinet as dis-
tinguished from peripheral devices connected
with it.

Any electronic storage medium for binary data.
An entire system with microprocessor, memory,
and input/output controllers whose CPU is a

microprocessor.

Single LSI circuit which performs the functions
of a CPU.

The use of routines stored in memory rather than
specialized circuits to control a device.

To transfer data from inside the computer's

memory to some external area, i.e., a disk file
or line printer.

vii

Password

Program

Program Menu

Programmer

RAM

ROM

Software

Subroutine

Transistor

A security clearance code sub-routine consisting
of up to eight alphanumeric characters included
in the program. A file requiring a password
cannot be accessed without use of this specific
code.

Any sequence of instructions that direct the
computer to perform a specific task.

A directory from which a processing capability
can be selected.

One who develops the sequence of instructions in
some form that can be easily deposited in the
computer memory.

"Random Access Memory"--semiconductor memory
which can be addressed directly and either read
from or written to.

"Read Only Memory"--semiconductor device designed
for having data read from it.

Refers to the binary patterns stored somewhere in
the computer system memory which represents
instructions that control the operation of

the computer.

Sequence of instructions which performs a specific
function and is available for general use by
other programs.

An electronic device that transfers an electrical
signal across a resistor.

viii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The steady growth in undergraduate enrollment for the dietetic
major experienced during the last ten years by the Department of Food
Science and Human Nutrition (hereby referred to as FSHN Department)
from 75 students in 1969 to 274 students in 1978, has greatly increased
the academic record handling problems associated with the departmental
responsibilities of (a) maintaining accurate up-to-date student academic
progress records, (b) determining individual student status regarding
course enrollment eligibility, and (c) projecting and handling student
enrollment needs for courses which vary in relation to academic term
availability, class hour scheduling and/or class-size restrictions.
Parallel with this growth in student numbers is the concomitant increase
in the volume of academic record data requiring manual processing by
departmental staff. The need to modernize and/or modify the current
cumbersome departmental system of academic records management for
students enrolled in the dietetic major is readily apparent.

Development of a computer-assisted student records management
system designed for orderly compilation, storage, and processing of such
data appears to be one promising alternative. Conceivably, such a system
could decrease the man-hours currently expended to cope with the time-

consuming, repetitive manual processes and problems of academic record

handling for dietetic majors encountered at the departmental level;
improve the organization, completeness and accuracy of the stored data;
and, on demand, provide ready-access to the array of informational
elements for each student available from such a data bank.

During the past decade the concept of operational accountability
and its importance, whether in government, industry, or education, has
become more mandatory than ever before. According to Denovellis and
Lewis (11) and Johnson and Grafsky (20), accountability, especially in
the area of education, has a wide range of connotations reflecting
different attitudes toward its effect. For the purpose of this study,
the concept of educational accountability is reporting the congruence
between agreed upon student and institutional goals and their realiza-
tion. This concept of accountability is associated with such variable
parameters as measurable objectives, competency in basic skills, com-
prehensive management, stringent planning and allocation of resources,
and a system of cost effectiveness.

Revolutionary changes in operating practices in industry,
government, and education have led to a number of technological advances
designed to replace routine work by humans, which may be slow and
inaccurate when compared with machines. This technology has advanced
through time from Pascal's digital machine, which could repeat mechani-
cally the multiplying of one number by another, to devices such as
computers, which can store information for future retrieval and

processing.

Large scale data multiprocessing systems have been used in
industry, government, and education systems for some time in an effort
to balance the Operational demands of growth, but these systems are very
expensive, need large areas for storage, and require programming by pro-
fessional computer scientists. However, Hargreaves (l8) and McGlynn
(28) have indicated that recent advances in the field of large scale
integration semiconductor process technology have made significant
reductions in the cost and size of digital logic circuits possible.
During the 1970's computer system building blocks have progressed from
discrete components such as single transistors to complex functional
integrated circuits containing many logic gates on a single semicon-
ductor "Chip." The first proposal for a "computer-on-a-chip" came
from this concept, which has materialized into what is now known as
a microprocessor. The microprocessor utilizes chips that are capable
of performing the essential functions of a computer central processing
unit (CPU) which is the part of an electronic computer system that
controls the interpretation and execution of processing instruments.

A microcomputer is an entire system with microprocessor, memory, and
input-output controllers, whose CPU is a microprocessor.

Because of more recent developments concerning microcomputer
capabilities with attendant moderate costs (1979 systems cost of
$6,000 or less), it was believed that a computer-assisted program
could be developed which would allow for accuracy and efficiency in
academic record assembly, monitoring, and analysis while serving as

a cost-effective labor—saving management tool.

The purposes of this exploratory investigation were:

1.

To identify the relevant academic record elements (and

their sources) essential for development of a comprehensive

departmental student informational data base to assist in

the management of academic records for dietetic majors in

the Department of FSHN, College of Human Ecology, Michigan

State University.

To design and test a computer-assisted student academic

records system model for use with the Tandy Corporation

TRS 80, Model I, Microcomputer System with processing

capabilities for:

a. accumulative information storage;

b. single and multiple item recall, tabulation, and
summarization;

c. item analysis within and among discrete categories; and

d. itemized and summarized print-outs.

To assess the relative merits of and the initial and

continuing costs associated with changing from the present

manual system of handling student academic record data to

a computer-assisted system of academic records management.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The past twenty years have been called the "Information Age,"
and for good reason. More information has been generated in the past
ten years alone than in the entire history of mankind, mainly because
of the advent of the computer (49). Computers and their business
applications have been evolving ever since World War II, when the
United States Army needed great computational capacity for the cal-
culation of ballistic tables. Consequently, in 1943, the Ordinance
Division of the War Department contracted with the University of
Pennsylvania to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC) (50). The ENIAC, completed in 1946, was an enormous piece of
equipment which had 30 separate units (plus power supply and cooling
equipment) with 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capac-
itors, and 6,000 switches. It weighed over 30 tons, required a large
environmentally controlled area for operation, and could perform
approximately seven instructions per second. Its major weakness,
other than size and cost, was a lack of stored programming capability.
As much as a fu11 day was required to reprogram the computer before
a new program could be analyzed (33).

Although the main line of early computer development originated

with ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University also

played a substantial role. Construction of the Harvard Mark I
(Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) started in 1939 by Harvard
University and IBM (International Business Machines) was completed in
1944. The Mark I was an electromechanical device 51 feet long and 8
feet high with 760,000 parts--including 500 miles of wire, 60 registers,
a control multiplying and dividing unit, more than 1,500 ten position
switches, and several thousand electromechanical counter wheels (13).
During the 1940's, IBM concentrated on electromechanical calculators
because it did not believe that a commercial market existed for
computers (16).

Construction of EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer), 1946 to 1950, under another United States Army/Government
contract incorporated the concept of the internally stored program,
which was the final element necessary for the future development of
the modern computer (50).

Numerous references in the literature indicate that most large
businesses acquired their first computers in the period from 1953 to
1958 (6, 14, 58). These machines employed vacuum tubes and magnetic
records, usually in the form of magnetic drums and tapes, and had
limited capabilities. Few of the businesses acquiring these computers
had clear cost-based justification. Acquisition was based on hope and
the attitude of the time that to be progressive a company had to have a
computer. Perhaps the only advantage of having one of these first com-
puters was the psychological effect such a purchase had on competitors

(S8). Disadvantages, such as exorbitant costs, limited operational

capabilities, and personnel technology, plus the physical demands for
space and controlled environment, plagued the computer industry during
its infancy (35).

The advent of transistors (1958 to 1966) marked a turning point
in computer design, and as transistors quickly replaced vacuum tubes,
computers became smaller, faster in operation, and slightly less expen-
sive. IBM became the leader in the commercial computer industry pri-
marily due to its constant emphasis on service and support (44). During
this period, systems software (trade jargon for programs used to run the
computer system) came into major use (45). The middle of the 1960's
marked the point where software and hardware (computer machinery)
development and application costs became equal (44). Wise (57)
reported that IBM spent upward to half a billion dollars on software
development for the 360 series. The computers of this era were highly
practical, oriented to tasks that were well understood, and were
designed to support the concept of time-sharing. Mauze (26) stated
that Massachusetts Institute of Technology, through its Project MAC,
was actually the first to prove the feasibility of time-sharing in
1963.

Time-sharing is a method of allowing many users to share access
to a large computer. A number of users are assigned to a block of time
on a central processing unit, and prepared instructions enable the
device to take data and process it as time on the computer becomes
available. Time-sharing is offered in two rather broad forms:

interactive and remote batch processing. In each case the user

has access to the remote large computer, through a resident, using a
terminal. In the interactive system, the user addresses the computer
directly and communicates with it by entering data and receiving an
almost instantaneous reply. Remote batch processing systems enable
the users to enter data that have been accumulated in batches, have
the data processed on the remote computer, and receive the results
later. The actual processing time may be the same as that required
in the interactive system, but the elapsed time from start to finish
will usually be longer, which can cut costs, because the computer is
used only at the times when it is in least demand for priority tasks.
The period 1966 to 1974, as described by Withington (58), saw
a dramatic drop in computer costs due to the development of large-scale
integrated circuits, which are capable of holding hundreds to thousands
of basic electronic elements. Equally important to this period was the
development of new types of remote terminals, allowing geographically
dispersed users to communicate with centrally located computers. Smith
(43) reported that when the IBM 360 series was marketed in the mid-
1960's, it was felt that the system to end all systems had been
developed and the factors supporting centralization became dominant.
Three primary factors that tended to move the organization to central-
ized computer systems were money, management, and standardization. As
applied to the organization's computer costs, executives felt that use
of a large centrally located computer, accessible to all departments,
would cut hardware and software expenditures. Use of the central com-

puter would be in lieu of positioning smaller computers (not then called

minicomputers), at each departmental level. With the centralized
management approach, needs could be assessed and with a centralized
staff of specialists, user needs could be met. The argument for
improved standardization of computer systems was never verified,
except for the proliferation of thousands of records.

As reported in Industry Week, 1976 (3), there was growth and

 

confusion in the computer industry in the early 1970's due to advances
in technology and conflicting terminology. During this era, the term
"minicomputer" became prevalent. Originally, minicomputers were really
small-scale general-purpose computers (5). However, with annual cost
reductions of 70 to 80 percent by the early 1970's, through the use of
integrated circuit technology and the fact that large general-purpose
computers were not suited for many smaller applications, a new trend
in the computer industry was born (17). Albrech §t_al, (2) defined a
minicomputer as a small, stored-program, digital computer that can be
programmed in an assembly or higher language and has the following
attributes:
l. Sells for less than $50,000 for a minimum stand-alone
configuration comprised of a central processing unit,
memory, input—output equipment, and system software.
2. Contains a memory of at least 4,000 eight-bit words.
3. Performs normal computer functions (inputs, transfers,
stores, processes, and outputs data) under stored-program
control.
4. Is usable in a broad range of applications.
Gardner (15) commented that small computers are getting bigger, at

least in terms of computing power and versatility, and many people

have trouble identifying what is and what is not a minicomputer.

10

His broad definition of a minicomputer is that they range from very
small, inexpensive personal machines costing as little as $1,000 to
full-blown interactive data processing systems that sell for $60,000
or more. Some minicomputers are "interactive" in that they can com-
municate or "talk" to one another, compared with some that are "stand-
alone," self-contained, non-communicating units.

Selsky (39) also observed that minicomputers have been defined
in different ways. He states that they have been described as binary
processors with 16-bit word lengths and also as machines whose main—
frames sell for less than $20,000, or some say, between $20,000 and
$100,000. In any instance, minicomputers cost less than large computers
and have equal or greater capabilities. For example, the Sperry Univac
V76 minicomputer selling for $8,400 can store from 16,000 to 1,024,000
bits of information in comparison to the Univac II which had a core
memory of 10,000, 12-bit words and sold for $115 million.

With the increased growth of minicomputers, computer network
systems developed. A computer network system, as defined by Kelly and
Ball (23) is a means of resource sharing by all computer users in an
organization. The architecture of the network system may be point to
point (a direct connection between two devices), the loop or ring (a
group of terminals connected in a ring-like structure where each ter-
minal can communicate only with the two adjacent terminals) and the
hierarchical network (assistance is required from more powerful

elements, such as minicomputers to feed into a larger, host computer).

11

Another change in computer operations brought about by
minicomputers was the replacement of the large centralized computer
in some distributed data processing (DDP) applications. Selsky (39)
reported that Datapoint's Attached Resource Computer System (ARC)
allocates processing among multiple minicomputers, each performing
specific portions of a total program, with each connected to the other.
No large computer is involved. The minicomputers in any DDP configura-
tion may be located in many geographically dispersed divisions of a
company. Each division uses the minicomputer to do local processing
and to communicate with other minicomputers and/or a large computer
located at the company's headquarters (a network system). As a means
to increase reliability in the total computer operation, some data
processing units have developed a concept which involves the pairing
of minicomputers to assure continuous service.

Smith's (43) findings indicated that in a great number of cases
organizations could have utilized a time-sharing service or central
computer facility but chose not to. The contributing factor toward
this concept of decentralization has been the decreased cost of the
minicomputer. Findings further indicated that the move to decentralize
data processing by using minicomputers has increased line managers
accountability for their own data processing, has reduced paperwork
and other manual routine work, reducing errors and freeing staff
members to spend more time on customer services (46).

In the early to mid-1970's, the confusing term microprocessor

became common. The first part of the word as defined by Sippl (42),

12

"micro" simply indicates the tiny physical size of the components
involved. Large-scale integration (LSI) produced tiny silicon—based
"chips" of components (transistors, diodes, etc.). The term "processor"
indicates that section of a computing system that is dedicated to per-
forming the basic system control for executing the operations and
processing the data as specified by the user's program. Traditionally,
this has been referred to as the central processing unit or CPU function.
Microprocessors are often as small as one-fourth inch square and contain
on a single integrated circuit "chip" all the elements of a central
processor, including the processing (arithmetic) and control logic,

the instructions for decoding, and main or operating memory. Micro-
processors have become the CPU of minicomputers and also for the micro-
computer, which emerged in the mid-1970's as a "hobby" or "personal"
computer.

Microcomputers as defined by Sippl (42) are indeed "real"
computers, with the prefix micro relating to size and fabrication
technique only, not to performance and versatility. A microcomputer
is an entire data processing system consisting of five basic components
(10, 12, 51):

1. Central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is the main component

 

of a computer system and is quite often referred to as the
"brain" of the system because it controls all the operations
of the computer. The CPU of a microcomputer is contained in
a large-scale integrator (LSI) chip and is the microprocessor

of the system.

13

Memory. This is an electronic storage medium used to hold the
programs which instruct the CPU and to store data. There are
several types of memory devices but two that are very common

in the types of systems being discussed are the RAM and ROM
memory. RAM refers to random access memory or, more accurately,
"monolithic random access memory." This type of memory is con-
tained in an integrated-circuit chip and may be accessed at will
so that this memory can be used to write and execute programs.
The biggest limitation of this memory is that it is volatile

and when power is removed from the chip, all memory in the chip
is lost. This means that programs written through the RAM
memory must be stored elsewhere if they are to be used again.
The common types of storage are magnetic tapes or one of several
types of magnetic disks. ROM refers to read only memory, and is
similar to RAM memory except that it is permanently programmed
and cannot be written into. ROM memory is not volatile, so when
power is removed from the chip, the program contained thereon

is not lost and may be recalled as many times as desired. ROM
chips are used in systems being discussed to program the CPU

to accept a suitable programming language.

Input/Output devices (I/O devices). These are devices which

 

give the CPU contact with the "outside world." Many forms of
information can be entered into the CPU for treatment but there
can be no significance for the computer or the individual

entering data, unless it can be turned into an understandable

14

form. The purposes of I/O devices are to translate the

CPU operations into signals usable by the computer and then
interpret the results of the computer deliberations to the
human requesting its services. I/O devices include keyboards,
teletypewriters, video displays, paper tape readers, magnetic
tapes, magnetic disks, paper tape punches, and dot matrix
printers.

4. Input/Output interfaces. These are the complex wiring systems

 

which give the actual hard-wired control of the I/O devices
listed previously.

5. Program. Regardless of the complexity of the computer hardware,
the system cannot operate without pr0per instructions in the
form of a program which is referred to as software. A number
of basic software programs, on magnetic tapes or disks, have
been deve10ped and may be purchased from several sources.
However, the tremendous growth in the use of small computers
has far outdistanced the ability of programmers to supply
"canned" software for many applications, so it is usually
necessary to develop programs for specialized projects. In
either instance, the program can be reused many times if it

is saved on the magnetic tapes or disks.

Although the small computers may have the capability of being
programmed in any one of several languages (BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,
FOCAL, SNOBOL, PILOT, etc.), the most popular language among computer

users today is the BASIC language (7, 24, 25). This Beginners

15

All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was deve10ped at
Dartmouth College and was originally designed as a simple language
which could be learned in a few hours by beginning programmers, whose
professional backgrounds were not necessarily oriented toward computers.
Improvements of the original BASIC language have made it more complex
and somewhat harder to learn, but these changes have made the language
a more powerful computer tool, which is still not beyond the capabil-
ities of most individuals to learn on a self-taught basis (24, 25, 51).
According to Kaplan (22), the "hobby" computer market as it

exists today was born in January 1975, when Popular Electronics pub-

 

lished a cover story on MITS Inc's hobby computer, the Altair 8800.
Yasaki (59) suggested that what started as a hobbyist movement has
quickly grown into a serious business. Rosefsky (34) has noted that
perhaps the most important advance in the computer field is that the
electronics industry has set its sights on the small business person
as a buyer of its products. According to Newman (30), the personal
computer is finding its way more and more into the business/institu-
tional environment, and its presence requires a new way of looking

at the administration of information processing. Personal computers
are now being networked. For example, Nestar Systems, a new high-
technology firm from Palo Alto, California is marketing a system they
call Cluster-One which can interconnect up to 30 personal computers,
such as the TRS-80, the Apple II, or Commodore Pet. The concept allows
sharing of expensive resources such as large capacity disk storage and
high quality printing, but does not decrease the advantages of the

powerful but cheap computer units.

16

The technology, in both hardware and software, has developed to
the point where even hardened cynics in the data processing area have
had to admit that personal computers are here to stay. Newman (31)
suggested that many managers are by-passing data processing departments
and purchasing their own "personal-size" computers, and calling them
desk-top calculators to avoid conflict with data processing departments.
There are two reasons why this is happening. First, high performance
systems that can duplicate the power of extremely expensive mainframe
computers are now available through "personal computer" stores at a
fraction of the cost (usually under $10,000). These highly reliable
and versatile devices can fit practically anywhere and operate under
rugged environmental conditions. They are available in 4-, 8-, 12-,
l6-bit word lengths and can interface with most other computers or
peripheral equipment. Secondly, corporate DP departments have tended
to create and contribute to a "computer priesthood mystique" that fre-
quently has alienated DP types of personnel from the rest of the corpo-
ration. Now managers can by-pass the DP department and computerize
their operations at the same time. Other authors in the field (8,

41, 48, 54) concur with Newman that basic personality and organiza-
tional differences between computer specialists and users often
resulted in conflict between the two groups and eventually in
computer system failure.

The development of "micro" technology has had a great
influence on the "big" computer market. Selsky (40) and Pettis (32)

emphasized that big computers are in no danger of being made obsolete

17

by the "micros," but the computer market is changing. One result is
that prices of the big computers, typified by the IBM/370, 3031, 3032,
and 3033, which range in cost from $500,000 to several million dollars
have decreased. Another change is that the big computers are entering
the age of interchangeable parts. In the past, once a computer user
chose a particular manufacturer's equipment, the company was committed
to dealing solely with that supplier, since each manufacturer's hardware
and software was unique. No interface was possible with another manu-
facturer's system without undertaking a costly and time-consuming
software conversion process.

In the late 1970's, terminology is still conflicting and
confusing. Systems may be called minicomputers, microcomputers,
personal or hobby computers, small business computers, or desk-top
computers. As indicated by several authors (15, 41, 47), today's
differences among computers are sometimes due more to historical and
marketing factors than to technical factors.

According to Cerullo (6), the seven most frequently automated

business in-house computer applications during the 1950's and 1960's

were:
1. Payroll;
2. General Bookkeeping;
3. Accounts Receivable;
4. Accounts Payable;
5. Customer Order Processing and Billing;
6. Sales Analysis and Control; and
7. Inventory Control.

All of these applications, with the exception of inventory control, were

routine in nature, designed to provide companies with direct measurable

18

savings in clerical, general, and administrative expenses, as well
as to provide an increase in speed and accuracy in processing large
amounts of repetitive data. Cerullo also indicated that four major
problems hindered the development of more sophisticated, higher-
payoff applications during these two decades.

1. Recruiting qualified computer specialists;

2. Integrating the computer with the rest of the company;

3. Planning what applications to automate; [and]

4. Management acceptance of the computer.
However, during the 1970's these four problems became less of a
hinderance and more technical computer applications were available.

Forest (14) pointed out that in 1958 General Electric's
Appliance Division developed the first successful computer application
for industrial payrolls which was programmed on a Univac I. It was
another year before the Bank of America designed and developed ERMA,
the first automated check processing system.

Withington (58) commented that by the end of the 1960's, a
full range of computer applications had evolved. Universal credit
card use, airline reservation systems, and stock market quote systems
demanded rapid access to file data. Consequently, implementation of
on—line inquiring systems using primitive versions of communication
controllers and random-access file storage devices came into existence.
Computers enhanced the abilities of businesses to vary product styles

and product lines, as in the auto industry, banking, and insurance,

and to monitor and control operations more closely, as in merchandising.

19

This early computer period (1950's to 1960's) had a heavy
impact on clerical jobs. Some classes of clerical personnel (check-
sorting clerks, billing clerks) were reduced to a remnant or eliminated
entirely. The time required to implement the new computer application
usually allowed personnel reductions to occur by attrition, and the new
application often created as many jobs in keypunching and machine opera-
tions as it destroyed in other areas. The usual end result was not
fewer clerical employees, but a new pattern of clerical work.

Computer application in the 1970's accelerated primarily due
to the development of large scale integrated circuitry which made
minicomputers, microcomputers, microprogramming, and teleprocessing
possible (53).

The literature contains numerous references concerning the
impact of the computer on the banking industry as a means of records
management during the 1970's (4, 9, 15, 36, 52). Gardner (15) advocated
the use of IBM 3608 point-of—sale terminals in 2,800 retail outlets
handling First Chicago Bank's Visa credit cards. These terminals led
to a significant increase in transaction volume in stores that pre—
viously used conventional methods for handling credit card transactions.
Management at the First Chicago Bank feels that the use of these termi-
nals is a fast and economical way of processing credit cards which is
appealing to both the merchant and the customer.

City Savings Bank of Meriden, Connecticut turned to the mini-
computer as an alternative to complete reliance on service bureaus for

their data processing needs. This change was due to the decreased cost

20

of the minicomputer, lack of service bureau programs to meet specific

needs, and the desire to have more control over data processing opera-
tions. The bank developed its own computerized record-keeping program
using BASIC computer language, and the program provided the base for a
comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date management information system

(36).

Gardner (15) described the use of Datapoint 6600 small computers
in the Chase Manhattan Bank's money transfer system. Small computers
are being used in a banking system that normally performs more than
20,000 transactions and moves more than $40 billion a day. These
computers operate as a means of record-keeping at a low cost and
powerful efficiency.

Watson et_§l, (52) advocated the use of the computer for routine
record-keeping processes to free managerial time and to increase acces-
sibility to data which would allow for better decision-making. For
instance, bank officers daily have to decide the final disposition of
checks written against insufficient funds; credit managers must decide
for each applicant who will or will not be issued credit cards and
personnel managers must screen individuals seeking employment. Data
must be readily available to make such decisions.

Personnel record-keeping has expanded through the use of the
computer in the 1970's in many areas. Shick et_§l: (38) outlined the
computer-assisted personnel data system developed for the University
of Missouri-Columbia Medical Center Department of Dietetics and Nutri-
tion. The manual system for maintaining personnel records and preparing

personnel and labor cost reports was studied to gain familiarity with

21

policies and procedures and to access the efficiency of the present

system.

From this survey, it was decided that a computer program

using a minicomputer would be designed with eight objectives in mind:

1.

Develop a data base to accommodate procedural
differences related to the bi-weekly and non-
academic or academic appointment status of
employees.

Develop a security system.

Define transactions to create, update, and maintain
the data base.

Compute accrued vacation, sick leave, and holiday
time and automatically calculate balances for
full-time employees.

Include an audit trial.

Maintain historical employment records.

Retrieve on-line information contained in the
Master Personnel and Attendance Files.

Prepare non-repetitive reports with minimum
programming effort.

Seven transactions were defined to create, delete, and change

records in the files. After all of the programs were tested for

accuracy, the data base for the personnel data system was implemented

as a module of the computer-assisted management information system for

the Department of Dietetics and Nutrition. The findings of Moe et_al.

(29) further indicated that the computer—assisted personnel data system

developed at the University of Missouri-Columbia Medical Center saved

time, was cost effective and in addition, yielded data which hitherto

have not been available.

22

Wilcox et_al. (55) pointed out that in 1964, dietitians at the
University of Missouri-Columbia Medical Center began developing computer
applications for hospital foodservice. By 1970, in addition to the
personnel data system, four computer subsystems had been implemented:

1. Food Cost Accounting sub-system identifying weekly,

monthly, and yearly food costs for each cost center

in the department.

2. Patient Nutrient Intake sub-system permitting clinical
dietitians to calculate a patient's daily nutrient

intake.

3. Production Control sub-system adjusting recipes and
consolidated stores requisitions.

4. Inventory Control sub-system maintaining a perpetual
inventory, generating recommended quantities to pur-

chase, and providing summary reports of purchases.

These computer applications, as a means of record management, have
proven to be successful at the institution cited.

Scherba and Smith (37) confirmed the fact that the small
computer can be a useful tool when working with personnel records and
problems. The mechanics of an absentee control program are often cum-
bersome and involve lengthy and tedious clerical operations, with
accompanying errors, especially in programs covering large numbers
of employees. A computer program was developed for an unidentified
company to accurately and efficiently record absentee information,
from which a method was established for identifying problem absentees.

Short (41) noted five major reasons why personnel operations
should not be included in large, complex information systems.

1. The need to redesign the personnel information system.

2. The possibility of loss of confidentiality.

23

3. The reduced accessibility of computerized information.
4. The need to restructure the personnel data base.
5. The psychological problems that noncomputer personnel

have with computerized operations.

The computer, both large and now small, has established its
place in Colleges and Universities throughout this country. Earlier
computer applications in these institutions usually supported only the
administrative services of the college or university including business
affairs such as general ledger, accounts payable, financial aid, fees,
and obligations. Student affairs information, including admissions,
registrations, records, and transcripts were also handled by the
computer (19).

However, with the computer technology that has developed during
the 1970's, other areas in education have expanded the use of the com-
puter. Wilhelm (56) reported data which suggested that computer-based
career guidance systems were not only affordable but also innovative.
Counselors used the power of the computer to help store, analyze, and
summarize educational, occupational, and personal infbrmation to assist
students in the career development process.

Aitken and Conrad (1) suggested that academic advising and
record management could be improved through computerization. The
University of Denver developed the computerized Academic Progress
Report (APR), a quarterly print-out organized by degree requirements
and listing the courses each student has taken, his grades, and the

hours still to be completed. In the summer* of 1975, 40 faculty

24

advisors from 12 departments were each given departmental files on 10
junior and senior majors in their field and were asked to list all of
the degree requirements that each student still had to meet. Of the
40 advisors, 33 responded, and the lists were scored by noting the
number of errors and omissions in each. In the fall of 1975, the
procedure was repeated using the same faculty advisors, but the
respondents were divided into four groups with 10 students' files
each. The members of Group A, the control group, received 10 ordinary
files. Group B received with the files a statement taken from the
college bulletin listing course options and degree requirements.
Group C received only the Academic Progress Record. Group D was
given both the Academic Progress Record and the statement of require—
ments. Faculty members from nine departments, representing 61 percent
of the sample, responded, and scoring was repeated on the same basis.

T-test comparisons revealed that errors and omissions for
Groups A and B did not differ from the earlier sample, while errors
and omissions for Groups C and D were reduced by more than 80 percent.
Aitken and Conrad (1) concluded that the Academic Progress Record and
not the statement of requirements led to the reduction. These results
suggest that a computerized system can be useful in providing informa-
tion for academic advising.

Juola et_al, (21) developed a computer-assisted program for
academic advising for students on academic probation. The computer
program was used to help identify students who were in need of specific

individual contact because of questionable enrollment practices. Their

25

findings suggested that improvement in academic standing could be
secured by judicious procedures in course selection and enrollment.

Whatever means is used to improve academic advising, it must
be an accountable system. Denovellis and Lewis (11) define account-
ability as the degree to which a system succeeds in utilizing the
resources provided to accomplish the objectives sought. Academic
departments that have experienced increased enrollments and in which
excellence in academic advising is stressed, have found the manual
clerical types of duties that must be performed to maintain accurate
student academic record sets costly, time consuming, and inefficient
because of the time required by academic advisors in keeping files
updated or in retrieving data by reviewing individual student records.

According to several authors (27, 41, 47), the use of small
computers for record-keeping management systems appears to be a logical
method for fast record retrieval, efficient use of time and human
resources, and cost effectiveness. Seven advantages for using small
computers cited by Short (41) include:

1. The physical hardware of the computer and all vital
information can be maintained in the user's office.

2. The microcomputer, which is highly reliable and
requires little maintenance, can operate within
the normal temperature and humidity range of the
average office.

3. Most systems would require only minor changes in
the information gathering format which is presently
being used because the program could be written around
that format.

4. A user does not have to be a trained computer pro-
grammer in order to operate a specific software program.

26

The system could be developed to use the existing
data base, ensure confidentiality, and provide quick
access to the information.

By locating and operating the microcomputer in the

users office, the psychological problems associated
with computerization should be greatly reduced for

the user.

A complete electronic data processing system, which
could handle 300-500 student record sets, would cost
less than $6,000 and the same computer could be used
for many software programs.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

Sample Selection

 

The systematic selection of 50 sets of student academic records
for dietetic majors to test the proposed student records handling model
designed for use with the TRS-80, Model I, Microcomputer System required

three sequential processing steps.

Step 1

Identification and stratification by class level of the total
number of academic record sets available for declared dietetic majors
at the end of Winter Term 1979. The criterion for eligibility for the
pool of student academic record sets from which a test sample of 50 was
drawn required that the student had been continuously enrolled as a
dietetic major throughout Winter Term 1979.

Because of official university computer-processing errors,
omissions and/or interval processing time lags as well as changes
which occurred during Winter Term 1979 due to student transfers in
or out of the dietetic major and student withdrawals or dismissals
from the university, two university sources of student enrollment
record information were reviewed to identify and reconcile inconsis-
tencies, validate student enrollment status, and determine record set

eligibility for pool membership:

27

28

a. The MSU official computer print-out report entitled ”Student
Name Card List, Major List R4401" processed by the Office of
the Registrar, January 12, 1979.

b. Individual academic record files for dietetic majors maintained

by assigned departmental academic advisors.

From these two informational sources, a list of 274 students,
identified by name, university student number, and class level, was
compiled for the dietetic majors who satisfied the pool eligibility
criterion for this study. Class level percentages of the list were

calculated (see Table 1).

Step 2

Calculation of the number of sets of academic record data
needed from each class level in the pool in order to retain approx-
imately the same percentage relationships among class levels for a
test sample of 50 as was true for the pool of eligible students.

As shown in Table 1, the class level percentages for the pool
of eligible student record sets were 9.1, 14.6, 26.3, and 50.0 for
class levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. To retain approximately
the same percentage relationships among class levels for a test sample
of 50, calculations for 9.1%, 14.6%, 26.3%, and 50.0% of 50 were made
to determine the specific number of sets of record data needed from
each class level. Actual calculations were rounded to the nearest
whole number resulting in comparable percentages of total composition
of the test sample by class level of 5 (10%), 7 (14%), 13 (26%), and

25 (50%) for freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, respectively.

29

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30

Step 3

Selection of the 50 sets of student record data to be used for
testing the proposed microcomputer assisted academic records management
model developed for this study.

The procedure for selecting the 50 student academic record sets
to be used as a test sample (5, 7, 13, and 25 for the freshman, sopho-
more, junior, and senior levels, respectively) from the pool of 274
eligible record sets established in Step 1 (25, 40, 72, and 137 for
the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels, respectively)
involved two sub-processes within each class level.

a. Alphabetically ordering the student surnames and numbering

them in ascending order (l—n).

b. Beginning with number 1 and at intervals of 5 thereafter
systematically selecting the number needed from the class

level for the test sample.

TRS-80, Model I, Microcomputer
Program Development

 

 

Student Record Data Elements and
Official Sources

 

 

Thirty (approximately 10%) of the active student academic
record files maintained by departmental academic advisors of students
enrolled in the dietetic major were used to compile a list of the types
of academic record elements present in the current files. The partic-
ular files examined during this preliminary review effort were repre-
sentative of all undergraduate class levels as well as typical and

atypical methods for progressive fulfillment of the academic

31

requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Dietetics. Each of
the student record files designated for this preliminary review was
carefully examined by the researcher to identify:

a. the different kinds of student record elements which should
be included in the formation of a comprehensive academic
record data bank for all dietetic majors, and

b. the official sources (university, college, department) from
which the elements identified in (a) are readily obtainable
at useful established intervals for timely addition to a
departmentally centralized academic record bank for students

enrolled in the dietetic major.

As a result of this preliminary review, 24 types of informa-
tional elements (6 for student identification and 18 related to academic
program concerns) were identified as essential for such a data base and
were obtainable from 9 different official student record sources within
the university student academic records accounting system. The 24 types
of informational elements designated for inclusion in the academic
record bank needed for this study and their available source(s),
original and duplicate, are detailed in Table 2. Examples of the
seven university, college, and department forms used to produce an
itemized, accumulative academic progress record for each student are

shown in Appendix A, items A—l through A-7, pages 62 through 68.

32

Table 2. Academic Student Record Data Bank Elements and Official Information Sources
(at a original source; d - duplicate copy)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Official Information Sources
Food Science
College and Human
of Human Nutrition
Michigan State University Ecology Department
U
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Information Elements i2 9'2 9 2 9 o 9.52 E“; E 2 9'2 2 2
Student Identification Elements:
Name x x x x x d d
MSU student number x x x x x d d
Sex x x x x x d d
Permanent address x x x x x d d
Dietetic major--program option d x
Dietetic major--study plan d x
Academic Elements:
MSU class level x x x x x d
Acad. adviser identification x d d
Acad. counseling dates
(dietetic major) x
Credits earned prior to I '79 x d d
MSU credits earned W '79 x d d
Credits earned-~total end I '79 x d d
Total credit/courses trans. in x d d
Trans. college/university name x d d
MSU--GPA prior to W '79 x d d
MSU--GPA winter term '79 x d d
MSU--GPA end of W '79 x d d
MSU required courses completed x x d d
MSU required courses--repeated x d d
MSU required courses--waived x d d
MSU required courses--cr. by‘exam x d d
CHE required courses--uaived x d d
Major required courses--waived x d
Major required courses--
(approved substitution) x d

 

 

 

 

aCHE s College of Human Ecology.

33

Additional Essential Documents

 

In addition to the types of information elements pertaining to
individual student record sets, three other comprehensive documents were
needed to design a program for the TRS-80, Model I, Microcomputer System
capable of providing selected information recall in itemized and summary
form for an individual student, for particular sub-groupings of students
and for all students enrolled in the dietetic major. Copies of these
documents are included in Appendix B, items B-l through B-3, pages 69
to 73.

Dietetic Curriculum. This document is the official list of

 

courses required for completion of the dietetic major at Michigan State
University (approved by Academic Council, April 1972, revised June
1978). The list is subdivided into four sections denoting the minimum

courses needed to satisfy (a) the General Education requirements, (b)

 

the required Human Ecology Core courses, (c) the Dietetic Base courses

 

required of all dietetic majors, and (d) the specific courses required

for each of the four Professional Options. General Dietetics is the

 

only professional option offered under two different study plans, the
Conventional Study Plan and the Coordinated Study Plan (Appendix B,
item 1, page 69).

MSU—ADA1 Master Checksheet Plan IV--Conventional Study Plan.
This document lists the basic requirements of the MSU dietetic curric-
ulum which must be completed under the Conventional Study Plan to

fulfill the minimum academic requirements for ADA membership and/or

 

1Michigan State University-American Dietetic Association.

34

registration eligibility for a dietetic professional. The courses
listed include the basic courses required for all majors in the
Conventional Study Plan and the additional required courses for
each area of specialization (option) (Appendix B, item 2, page 72).

MSU-ADA Master Checksheet Plan IV--Coordinated Study Plan.

 

The MSU Coordinated Study Plan is in compliance with the ADA Plan IV
minimum academic requirements specialization (option), General. The
MSU—ADA Master Checksheet Plan IV includes both the basic course
requirements and those courses required to meet the specialization.
The courses designated on this ADA-approved Plan IV Master Checksheet
satisfy both the minimum academic requirements and the clinical
experience requirements for eligibility for membership and/or
professional registration in the American Dietetic Association

(Appendix B, item 3, page 73).

Data Bank Development

 

Acquisition and assembly of student record data. To ensure

 

safety of the 50 student academic record sets selected for study,
copies of all existing academic record information contained in each
file were made and the official files returned to their primary depart-
mental storage areas as soon as possible. Next, a Student Academic
Record Data Tabulation Form was developed for the orderly summarization
of the available data for each student (Appendix C, item 1, page 74).

All of the essential available data for each student was manually

35

recorded on this form prior to being entered into the microcomputer
for storage.

Data bank codification system. The item entry form of infor-

 

mational elements in personal and academic categories were identified
by construction of the codification system shown in Table 3.

Updating memory deposits. After the existing academic record

 

information from the 50 selected student record sets Ian; deposited
in the data bank, three systematic procedures for periodically updating
the memory deposit of individual student record information were devised.

1. Addition of new records: Academic advisors receiving new

 

student records will complete a Student Academic Record Data
Adjustment Form and forward it to department personnel assigned
the responsibility for entering data into the dietetic student
record data bank (Appendix C, item 2, page 75).

2. Deletion of an existing record: Academic advisors requested

 

to return a student academic record to the Assistant Dean's
Office, will complete a Student Academic Record Data Adjustment
Form before returning the file and will give the Adjustment
Form to the department personnel responsible for entering data
into the data bank.

3. Alteration of existing record: In order to ensure that student

 

academic records are continuously updated to reflect changes in
academic progress, all documents, Appendix A, items 1 through 7,
supporting alterations in student academic records should be

forwarded to department personnel assigned the responsibility

36

 

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Show spasm EouH peoEon HmeoHquhomcH omxh
:oHumEnomcH

 

 

Eoumxm :oHpmonHmou Hemm mama

.m oHnae

37

for entering data into the data bank. After data have been
entered into the data bank, documents supporting the alteration
of student academic records would be returned to the appropriate

faculty.

Microcomputer Processing Program

 

Processing capabilities. A program menu consisting of seven

 

processing capabilities was developed for use in this study. The
estimated number of student academic record sets that can be handled
with this program is 300. Brief descriptions of these processing
capabilities are as follows:

1. Individual student record retrieval: A search of the data

 

bank may be made by entering either the student's name (last,
first, initial) or the individual's assigned student number.

2. New student record: A memory file may be established for

 

an individual upon officially declaring a dietetic major
preference.

3. Selective recall capabilities: A print-out of the information

 

in the data bank for the seven following categories may be
recalled singularly or in specific combinations of categories
as shown in Table 4. The heading of each print-out, regardless
of the category or categories selected, includes the name of
the University, the Department, the academic major, and the
date of the print-out.

a. All students alphanumeric;

b. All students by class level;
c. All students by academic advisor;

38

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n

.meoHueeHnEoo HHm :H woquocH pen .quHHanmo meHmmoooum m uozm

 

 

x - - x x x x x meme monHooam
a houmm Homcsoo
- x - x x - x x no>HumHsesov
coHumHuum
omeuo>m ovmuo
- - - x x - x x aboumchnoouv
:mHm xm3um
- - - - x - x x oonHoo sawmcmuh
- - x x - x x x HomH>vm oHEowmo<
- - - x x - x x Ho>oH mmmHu
- - x x x x x - oHnoescman<
3mm :oHumHnuw How 35380 omoH How .8332 Ho>oH when—=52 vane—scene: moHuHHHnmmmu
noum< owmsoz< :mHa xespm pommcmuh oHEmemo< mmmHu pcovmum
Hmmcsou awake

 

mcoHumcHnEou

 

 

mcoHumcHnEou mcm moHuHHHnmmmu HHmoom m>HuooHom

.e ”Heap

39

d. Transfer students from a College/University other
than MSU

e. Students enrolled in the General Dietetics Coordinated
Study Plan;

f. All students by grade average striation (GPA); and

g. All students not counseled by academic advisor after
a specific date.

ADA Plan IV and MSU graduation requirements: A search may be

 

made for an individual student regarding course completions
and/or deficiencies, for both ADA Plan IV and MSU graduation
requirements. This search may be made by student name or number.

Selective search for courses: An alphabetical search, by class

 

level, for students not having successfully completed required
courses can be made with a maximum of four courses included in
each search.

Data bank security: A computer sub-routine has been included

 

in the program to limit access to the data bank. Two security
measures are incorporated into the access design of the program
to protect the confidentiality of the data. Authorized use of
the student record data bank is controlled by two passwords.
Personnel having authorized access to the "Primary" password
are allowed to review data, but cannot make data bank altera-
tions. The "Master" password is available only to persons
authorized to alter student records.

Shutdown system: This process shuts down the system and

 

terminates all operations, thus protecting data in the data
bank. Continued accessibility to data in the data bank can
be made only after re-entry of the specified passwords by

authorized personnel.

4o

Pretesting. Academic record information from 30 dietetic
student academic record sets not selected for the test sample were
used in the preliminary testing of the processing functions of the
program. Both correct and incorrect record information were included
to assure that the program could detect errors. Technical modifications
in the processing program were made as needed until all processing
operations were judged reliable.

Model testing, After data were manually recorded on the Student

 

Academic Record Data Tabulation Forms, Appendix C, item 1, page 74, for
the 50 students selected for this study, the forms were randomly divided
into three approximately equal groups for data entry into the data bank.
This division of the forms into three groups allowed multiple periods

of time for total data entry into the data bank for processing and also
multiple testing of processing capabilities.

Evaluation of Microcomputer Assistance
in Academic Records Management

 

 

All programmed processing functions applied were evaluated for
speed and accuracy of information retrieval and for usefulness of
itemized and summarized print-out formats. Assessment of the fea-
sibility and/or practicality of replacing the present manual system
of student academic record management with a microcomputer-assisted
system involved comparative consideration of the six basic factors
listed below:

1. initial investment in microcomputer equipment, essential

accessories and installation costs;

41

suitable equipment and space for the data bank storage

and security;

information storage capacity of the microcomputer system
used in this study;

processing function limitations of the microcomputer system
used in this study;

estimated recurring costs for materials and for equipment
maintenance; and

labor time and labor costs associated with the continuance
of an accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive student academic

record data bank for dietetic majors.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A systematic procedure was established to randomly select 50
student academic record sets from a pool of 274 eligible dietetic
majors to serve as a test sample for this study. To maintain approx-
imately equal enrollment percentage relationships among the four class
levels (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior), calculations were made
to determine the specific number of academic record sets drawn from
each class level (5, 7, l3, and 25, respectively). The 50 selected
academic record sets of the test sample were then randomly divided into
three approximately equal sub-groups for data entry into the data bank.
All available data related to the 24 informational elements listed in
Table 2, page 32, were uniformly coded as detailed in Table 3, page 36,

and were entered into the microcomputer for storage.

Seven Processing Capabilities

 

During each step in the development of the computer program
needed for this study, every function and processing capability was
tested immediately after it was programmed, using data related to the
24 informational elements identified in Table 2, from 30 dietetic stu-
dent academic record sets not included in the test sample. Problems
encountered during this initial pretesting stage, such as programming

errors, commands, logic, and ordering of the data, or the deletion and

42

43

addition of data were corrected and then the processing capability was
retested. Using this technique, the program was continuously tested
and modified so that when the program model was finally tested the

various functions would operate accurately.

Individual Student Record Retrieval

 

At present, any additions or alterations in the accumulative
record data related to the 24 informational elements listed in Table 2
must be compiled and manually processed for each student by his/her
academic advisor. Because there is no centralized departmental pro-
cedure established for the continuous and immediate updating of student
academic records, each academic advisor, upon receipt of official docu-
mentation, adds such papers to the appropriate student's academic file
folder. Then, when time permits, the academic progress record of each
advisee is manually updated by the advisor. As a consequence, student
academic records may, at any given time, be incomplete and/or out—of-
date.

The computerized student record storage and data retrieval
system designed for this investigation offers a centralized, systematic
departmental procedure for progressively adding to or altering student
records associated with the 24 informational elements studied. In
addition, approved alternatives for the fulfillment of specific major
requirements are indicated if certain required courses have been waived,
substituted, or accepted in transfer as general credit, i.e., math
transfer credit substituted for the MTH 108 or 111 requirement. When

official notification supporting one or more alterations in a student's

44

academic record is received by an academic advisor, such changes can
be made immediately through the programming procedure provided for
updating a student's academic progress record on deposit in the data
bank. In less than one minute an individual student's academic
progress record can be retrieved, listing both personal identification
and all departmental academic record data currently on deposit in the
data bank.

After testing the data retrieval capability of the program for
each of the 50 student academic record sets stored in the data bank and
comparing the retrieved data on the computer print-outs with the data
manually recorded on the Student Academic Record Data Tabulation Form
(Appendix C, item 1, page 74) for each student, the results showed that
the program as designed was capable of accurate individual student
academic record data retrieval without program modifications.

However, it was necessary to modify the videoscreen output to
prevent rapid scrolling of the data and allow review of the data at a
self-paced rate. This change in the program, which was included where
needed for the other processing functions, was made possible by ordering
the data into logical groups for review and altering the program

commands.

New Student Record

 

At the beginning of each academic term, the department receives
a copy of the official MSU computer print-out entitled, "Student Name
Card List, Major List R4401" stating the student's name and number, sex,

college and major curriculum, class level, residence, last school

4S

attended, and entrance record data using university assigned number
codes, for each student enrolled in a specific major, such as the
dietetic major. However, the R4401 Major List soon becomes outdated
during the academic term due to changes in major enrollment status for
many students. Currently there is no established departmental procedure
for progressively updating this list during the academic term. New
student academic record sets are sent directly to assigned academic
advisors from the Assistant Dean's office of the college without
notification to the departmental office.

With the microcomputer-assisted processing capability to
add data from new student academic record sets to the data bank, it
is possible to have an accurate, up-to-date listing of all students
enrolled in the dietetic major and a record of their academic progress
available at any given time during the academic term. Ready access to
these data for all dietetic majors provides a means for more accurately
identifying, scheduling, and/or contacting particular students or
groups of students regarding academic needs and related academic
matters.

The method used to add academic record data for a ngg_student
to the existing data bank is the same as the two-step process used to
establish the data bank initially.

Since total number of credits completed, MSU cumulative grade
point average, and student status regarding each of the required courses
of the dietetic major are the primary concerns for the completion of

MSU graduation requirements and ADA membership requirements, records

46

of elective courses and grades for individual courses were not deposited
in the data bank. For a new student entering the dietetic major at the
junior class level, approximately three minutes are required to manually
transfer all of the necessary data from the new student's academic
record file to the Student Academic Record Data Tabulation Form (Step 1).
In less than two minutes all of the data manually recorded on the Stu-
dent Academic Record Data Tabulation Form can be deposited into the
departmental data bank to add this new student record information to
the existing bank (Step 2).

The processing capability for adding new student academic
records to the data bank was tested during four stages of data entry
(once after entering the student academic record data for each of the
three sub-groups of students and once after all data for the 50 student
academic record sets had been deposited), and a comparison of data
listed on the computer print-outs was made with the 50 individual
Student Academic Record Data Tabulation Forms initially prepared for
depositing student record data into the data bank. Results of this
item-by-item manual comparison showed that the data from all 50 student
academic record sets had been accurately deposited in the data bank,
confirming the functional ability of this program to add new student
academic record information to the existing data bank as the need

arises.

Selective Recall Capabilities

 

During the academic year, many questions arise related to the

student data items or item combinations outlined in Table 4, page 38.

47

Currently, to address and respond to questions regarding specific data
located in individual student record files, each record set must be
manually reviewed, the required information extracted, tabulated, and
then summarized. This tedious manual system has three basic
deficiencies:

1. Requests for summarized information concerning some or all
of the dietetic enrollees often have response deadlines which
preclude careful review of individual student file data.
Estimated responses frequently prove to be incomplete and/or
inaccurate.

2. The amount of faculty advisor time involved in repetitive
manual review of student record files to extract, tabulate,
and summarize specific data relative to dietetic majors is
costly. Because of the numbers of records involved and the
tediousness of the activity, the resulting summarizations
are often incomplete and/or inaccurate.

3. The lack of a centralized systematic departmental procedure
for immediate and continuous updating of student academic
records often generates inaccurate and/or obsolete summari-

zations.

Use of the microcomputer-assisted management system designed
for this study allows ready access to and rapid review of all student
data bank entries related to the information categories detailed in
Table 4. These data items may be recalled and printed-out singularly

or in the combinations specified in tabular and summarized form.

48

Each of the seven selective recall categories listed in Table 4
was tested a minimum of four times using the informational items from
the 50 student academic record sets on deposit in the data bank. The
data on each of the computer print-outs were compared for accuracy
against the data recorded on the manually prepared Student Academic
Record Data Tabulation Forms. No differences were found to exist
between the data from the two sources, indicating that the computer
processing capability for selective recall was functioning accurately
as designed for this study.

MSU Graduation and ADA Plan IV
Requirements

 

 

During the final term of his/her senior year, the academic
progress of each dietetic major must be checked to verify the completion
status of all MSU graduation requirements as specified_in Appendix B,
item 1, page 69. Presently this is another manual process that requires
departmental review of the array of academic papers in each student's
departmental academic folder. The time needed to complete this process
ranges from 10 to 15 minutes per student folder.

While verification of successful completion of ADA Plan IV
minimum academic requirements is not mandatory for MSU graduation, this
verification is essential for proof of eligibility standing for member-
ship and/or registration in the American Dietetic Association. Usually
at the beginning of their senior year, dietetic majors enrolled in the
Conventional Study Plan individually submit official documentation in

support of their completion or projected completion of the ADA Plan IV

49

academic requirements as approved for MSU for departmental review
(Appendix B, item 2, page 72). In contrast, students enrolled in the
Coordinated Study Plan submit official documentation in support of
their successful completion of the ADA Plan IV academic and clinical
experience requirements as approved for MSU upon completion of their
senior year (Appendix B, item 3, page 73). These validations, which
are, in part, similar to that for MSU graduation requirements, must
also be done manually and require 20 to 25 minutes per student folder.

Using the computer program designed for this study, in less
than three minutes a single records search may be made and a print-out
obtained for an individual student's academic progress regarding required
course completions and/or deficiencies, and the manner in which each
completed course requirement has been satisfied, i.e., completed at
MSU, waived, transferred, or substituted (with substituted courses
identified), for verification of both MSU graduation and ADA Plan IV
requirements. Irrespective of study plan (Conventional or Coordinated),
course requirements for MSU graduation for dietetic majors exceed and
include all of the academic requirements for ADA Plan IV. Furthermore,
at any desired time, a single search of the information on deposit in
the data bank will provide all of the data needed to quickly and
accurately monitor a student's academic progress in relation to his/her
completion of both the ADA Plan IV requirements and the MSU graduation
requirements for a Bachelor of Science Degree in Dietetics.

To test the processing capability of this part of the software

program to verify the completion or deficiency status of courses to

SO

meet MSU graduation and ADA Plan IV requirements, a computer print-out
of the course completion status for each of the 50 student academic
record sets deposited in the data bank, was compared with the course
data listed on each student's manually prepared Student Academic Record
Data Tabulation Form. In every instance, the data on the computer
print-outs corresponded with the data on the Student Academic Record
Data Tabulation Forms, assuring this functional capability of the

software program.

Selective Search

 

The dietetic major has grown during the past 10 years from
an enrollment of 75 students in 1969 to 274 in 1978, and this has
greatly increased the following administrative problems for the FSHN
Department:

1. Projecting enrollment needs for required courses with limited
enrollment capacity; i.e., HNF 300 (Experimental Foods),

HNF 320 (Food Service Systems), FSC 310 or 440 (Food

Microbiology).

2. Scheduling departmental courses with respect to number of
sections needed per term offered, the times of offering for
a given term and the sizes and types of classrooms needed.

3. Determining priority needs of students for redlining (a uni-
versity process controlling class enrollees), i.e., senior
class level, Coordinated Study Plan, prerequisite needs, etc.

4. Identifying students needing required courses where known

course conflicts exist, i.e., graduating seniors requiring

51

two or more conflicting required courses in a given term

or students who must complete prerequisites for required

courses.
Presently, data collection for handling the above problems, involves
manual review of individual student academic record sets, which is
inefficient and very time consuming. In addition, it is often diffi-
cult or even impossible to accurately collect the necessary data within
the time constraints which may be imposed. For example, pre-enrollment
class lists sent from the Registrar's Office may be received by the
department with as little as four hours allowed for department
adjustments and return of the lists to the Registrar's Office.
Under such circumstances, the present manual system of review is
totally inadequate.

The software program designed for this study will simultaneously
search for information regarding student course enrollment needs for a
maximum of four courses for any one of the four class levels. Based
on this test sample of 50 students, approximately six minutes are
required for the search of one course at any one class level. Addi-
tional time is required for multiple course searches or for single
searches involving an increased number of student academic record
sets deposited in the data bank. The microcomputer-assisted program
is not only much faster and more accurate than the manual system but
also frees faculty time for other work while student record data
retrieval is in progress.

The processing capability to selectively search for course

information included in the design of this program was tested

52

systematically, progressing through each class level with increasing
numbers of courses, i.e., searching for one, two, three, and then four
courses for each class level (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior).
This technique was repeated five times, including different groups

of courses for each testing. Comparative results showed that the
microcomputer-assisted program as designed could accurately and
simultaneously search for up to a maximum of four courses at any

of the four class levels.

Data Bank Security and Shutdown
System

 

In order to protect and ensure the confidentiality of all
student academic data stored in the data bank, a security clearance
code in the form of passwords was inserted as a sub-routine program-
ming function. The "Primary" password is available to personnel who
are authorized to review, but not alter, student academic data. A
second password, "Master," allows complete access to the data bank
for persons authorized to change and/or update student academic record
data on deposit. If data processing is in progress, and it becomes
necessary to leave the microcomputer console, the operator can change
from the "Master" password back to the "Primary" password, leaving the
data on deposit accessible but not able to be altered. Re-entry of the
"Master" password will once again allow necessary alterations of student
academic record data. Also, if the operator desires to leave the data
bank neither accessible nor ready for alterations, but does not want to
shut the system down, an invalid security clearance codeword other than

the "Master" or "Primary" passwords can be entered. Reactivation of the

53

program is then possible only by re-entry of the "Primary" password.
Upon complete shut down of the microcomputer system, access to the
data bank is only possible by entry of the appropriate passwords of
the security clearance code.

The security of the student academic record data stored in the
data bank was repeatedly tested during the verification of the other
processing capabilities. In all cases, access to the student academic
record data bank was possible only when the "Primary" password was
entered and alteration of these data only when the "Master" password
was entered.

Four sub-routines,inserted into the software program to provide
selected data print-outs on demand, were tested and proven rapid and
accurate in the production of hard copies concerning four basic areas
associated with the management of student academic record data at the
departmental level.

1. Individual student record retrieval;

2. Selective data recall;

3. MSU graduation and ADA Plan IV requirements; and

4. Selective searches concerning needs for particular courses.

Microcomputer System Equipment: Initial
and Recurring Costs

 

In 1979 the acquisition of the equipment essential for this
investigation (microcomputer and three types of accessories) required

a total investment of approximately $4,000 as detailed below.

54

l TRS-80 Microcomputer, Model I, Level II,

16 K $ 850
1 Expansion Interface, 32 K Unit 600
2 Disk Drives 1,000
l TRS-80 Lineprinter I 1,500

Total Cost $4,000

Because of the ease of assembling these basic system components, no
additional costs for on-site assembly services were involved. With
the exception of major repair services and replacement parts not
covered under the warranty, recurring operational costs are limited
to the expendable print-out materials and electricity.

In addition to the space presently needed for the maintenance
and storage of student academic record sets, a sturdy work area
equivalent to that required for two standard office typewriters
is adequate for storage and use of this microcomputer system. However,
because the system components are relatively small and easily portable,
it is essential that the work area and associated storage areas provided
can be locked to prevent unauthorized access to the equipment and the
data bank.

Pro-rated over a five-year period, the initial equipment
investment of $4,000 represents a use investment for this computerized
system of $67 per month, with minimal additional expenditure for
electricity and expendable materials. Based on the current routine
demands of manually maintaining approximately 275 departmental student
academic record files, scheduling departmental courses, monitoring
student course needs and conflicts, redlining department class enroll-

ment lists and verifying MSU graduation and ADA Plan IV requirements,

55

it is estimated that one full-time faculty member spends an average of
eight, eight-hour days per month performing these essential departmental
tasks. Assuming a modest yearly salary of $15,000 for the faculty
member assigned this area of responsibility, the labor cost to
accomplish these tasks approximates $65 per day or $520 per month.

This alone is 7.76 times the five-year monthly pro-rated initial

cost of the equipment essential for machine processing. It is apparent
from these data that the initial cost of the equipment needed to change
from the current manual system to the microcomputer-assisted system
designed for this study to manage the departmental student academic
records for dietetic majors could be recovered in one academic year

by merely reducing the cost of faculty time needed to accomplish the

tasks enumerated above.

Overall Test Results

 

As an automated system for use in dietetic student academic
records management, the model designed for this investigation appears
promising. The test results indicate that, as currently conceived,
this microcomputer system does operate accurately, consistently, and
speedily in performing the heretofore tedious manual tasks of centrally
assembling and updating student academic information. Moreover, the
electronic system provides the basic selected processing capabilities
for information storage, retrieval, tabulation, and summarization needed
to meet current routine departmental records management responsibilities

for enrollees in the dietetic major.

56

Nevertheless, three arbitrary decisions concerning (a) the
number of informational elements selected for the data bank (twenty-
four), (b) the size of the test sample (academic record files of only
50 students), and (c) the use of a single software program for instruc-
tions for seven processessing capabilities may have nearly exhausted
the storage capacity of the memory component of this system. Further
testing is needed to determine the maximum number of student academic
record sets which this particular model can handle using 24 selected

informational elements with this single software program.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The primary purpose of this exploratory investigation was to
design and test a computer-assisted student academic records management
system for use with the TRS-80 Microcomputer (Model I, Level II, 16 K)
with processing capabilities for (a) data storage; (b) single and
multiple item recall, tabulation, and summarization; (c) item analysis
within and among discrete categories; and (d) itemized and summarized
print-outs.

Twenty-four types of informational elements (six for student
identification and eighteen related to academic program concerns)
readily available from the university student academic records
accounting system were used to establish a departmental student
records data bank for 50 systematically selected sets of student
academic records for declared dietetic majors. This test sample of
50 approximated 18 percent of the 274 students who had been continu-
ously enrolled as dietetic majors throughout Winter Term 1979 and
retained approximately the same percentage relationships among class
levels (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior) as the parent
population.

A single software program (processing instructions) was

designed to include seven distinct processing capabilities:

57

58

(a) individual student record storage and retrieval; (b) the addition
of new student records; (c) selective data recall; (d) student status
regarding MSU graduation and ADA Plan IV requirements; (e) selective
searches for the determination of student course needs; (f) measures
for data bank security; and (g) complete shutdown of the system. For
the most part, these selected processing capabilities represent the
routine data processing demands which departmental personnel are
required to satisfy manually each academic term.

As devised and tested for the 24 specified information elements
associated with each of the 50 academic record files selected for study,
the single software program developed for the TRS-80 Microcomputer,
.Model 1, Level II System does adequately provide memory storage for
both informational items and processing instructions for all of the
capabilities enumerated above. It is recognized, however, that if the
number of information elements and/or the number of student record
files to be processed were increased (above 24 and/or 50, respectively),
it is very likely that the storage capacity of the memory component of
this particular system would soon become operationally restrictive.

Although somewhat limited in sc0pe, findings from this
exploratory study clearly indicate that a microcomputer-assisted
system for dietetic student academic record management is feasible
at the department level of accountability. Despite the initial
investment for equipment and the attendant operational costs, imple-
mentation of a relatively simple automated system could provide a

cost-effective, labor-saving departmental means to assemble and

59

centrally maintain accurate, current, and readily accessible student
academic record information. Furthermore, it is likely such a system
could greatly improve the efficiency of student academic progress
evaluation to provide support for the departmental administrative
responsibilities of individualized student academic advisement and
record validation, current and projected needs assessments associated
with course offerings, and development of an accurate internal account-
ability system for handling an array of recurring related academic
matters at the department level.

The results of this initial investigation do not indicate with
certainty, however, that the TRS-80, Model 1, Level II Microcomputer
System used in this study would adequately service the departmental
academic records management needs for the 274 students currently
enrolled as dietetic majors. Several fundamental questions remain
which are in need of further study.

1. What is the most serviceable ratio of data bank entries

to program processing entries in relation to the maximum

storage capacity of the memory component of the TRS-80

Microcomputer, Model I, Level II System?

2. Would it be feasible to subdivide the single software

program for the seven processing capabilities into a series

of smaller programs, so that each processing capability becomes

a separate program for disk storage, in order to increase the

memory storage space available for the deposit of student

academic record information?

60

Would it be more logical to divide the total number of student
record sets to be managed alphabetically by surname (i.e., A-D,
E-H, I-L, M-P, Q-T, U-Z) to establish a series of separate data
banks for handling the 24 informational data elements with a
single software program of processing instructions?

Are there other essential processing capabilities which could
be added to the software program to improve and/or expand the
usefulness of this microcomputer-assisted system of academic
records management at the department level?

Would the TRS-8O Microcomputer, Model 11 System (with greater
access capabilities) provide a better and more efficient system
of academic records management in relation to departmental needs
than is possible with the TRS-80 Microcomputer, Model 1, Level

II System?

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY REPORT OF STANDINGS--Internal
report, issued at the end of each academic term a
student is enrolled in the University.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY CREDIT EVALUATION--Evaluated
by the MSU Admission's Office upon receipt of an
official transfer transcript.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION FORM--
Initiated by a course instructor, a department
chairperson, or a college Dean to request a change
in an officially recorded course grade or a change
in course enrollment status.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY TRANSCRIPT--An itemized listing
of all courses undertaken by the student at MSU,
detailed according to academic term, course credit
value, course grade earned, and points earned.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE INDEPENDENT
STUDY EXAMINATION REPORT--Issued by University College
to validate credit by examination for courses accept-
able toward fulfillment of the University undergraduate
general education requirements for graduation.

COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY APPROVED ACADEMIC PROGRAM
ADJUSTMENT-~Initiated by a departmental academic advisor
or the Office of the Assistant Dean and approved by
the Assistant Dean who validates permissible substi-
tutes or waivers for required courses in the dietetic
major.

COORDINATED STUDY PLAN ADMISSIONS--Form letter to students
admitted to the Coordinated Study Plan of the
General Dietetic Option and the ordered list of
alternates resulting from the computer-assisted
randomized selection process for eligible applicants.

61

 

 

 

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H .< xHozmmm/H

63

APPENDIX A.2

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY CREDIT EVALUATION
This Is the MSU equivalent ot courses tor which you have been granted credit in transter. Your degree granting college will
determine what Is acceptable tor your major.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name - Student Number
Address ‘ College
Meier
Entered
Credit irom
Credits accepted in transfer Evaluated by Date .. __ 250 Administration Building
—— I
Course 3-..-.- Total Course Generai- Total
Credit Credit Credit Credit Credit Credit
ADV advertising HUM human-ties
AFA acctget-nanca IDC interdiscip
JR" journal-em
‘ST astronomy HGT management
ANP anthropoiogy l
ANT anatomy "MM Hint. mechl meters:-
ASC dualsph sci L
ATI. eththoughtllang '4 M
BOA hustler!- mm arheting 6 trump
mathematics
BOT botany I\
e s w .c. \I Eus music
CE" chemistry I l 3 natural science
I PHL me...»-
C J cum-usnce PHS physIcal science
COM communication PHY physics

 

 

CPS m bet

 

PLS political science

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EC economics PSI. physiology
‘6“ murdering REL religion
ENG men-n

80C sociology
ch ternlchitd sc- 8 8 social science
GEO meet-y 811' statistics
GL5 geology STA studio art
H A Wotan

THE ttteetn
"ED hum men I design
HNF hum narrate-ids ‘ ZOL rooIogy

 

 

 

NPR merrier-yuan:

 

General credit
HST history TOTALS mils EVALUATION)
TOTALS (ALL EVALUATIONS 70 DATE)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5 General Education requirements completed by MACRAO Agreement 0 No credit applicable to General Education requirements.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The crests) checked below designate your remaining General Education requirementts). m m
It there is not a check In any box. the requirementts) has been completed.
3 American Thought a Language [3 Social Science
C] Natural Science I] One course in Social Science or a course in anth. prin econ. econ
D A Natural Science course or a lab course in physical science is. 0r human geog. polit sci. prin or soc. psych or prin soc.

astron. chem. geoi. phys. or earth sci or biological science. is. 'Courses used 10 substitute

micro. bio sci. bot. 9m. DHYSIOI 0! tool. I: Humanities
'CWW “50¢“? SIDSWU'G C] One course in Humanities or a course in art or music history or
'Coums accepted as substitutes are indicated- appreciation. hist0ry. literature. philosophy. or religion.

'Courses used to substitute

 

64

APPENDIX A. 3

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION FORM

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

O'NCI 0' TN! IIGCTIAO ‘
tauntseuhthhnnNVbGuuM'8vu—nea!

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION FORM Combat: access. on sen-euro s! cm and Auden-e Mme.

 

RAVI - LAST ’IIST BIDOLC INITIAL .TUOINT NWIID CL.” ‘TUOINT‘ COBLIG‘

 

 

 

 

LOCAL AUDI.” II' AVAILQOL'I

 

 

U mum-Etna" op MMI CW". N°- 5.330“ "0- Credits 79"" Y0" Charge IQate Student Removed Delicieng

 

income" "0'" 7°
on oerenaeo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Only Instructor's Signature Is Required To Report Completion oI ldncompiete or DFdeterred.

Imtrucror's Signature Date

 

 

Alter signing, send all copies to Office at the Registrar
D I!" NSION
er
INCOMPLETE

GRADE
[j m...

 

Cl

 

Send All Cori-es to OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR Recourse DAT!

 

We“
sesame .H
mos-u .
More We . he
mas-rs 00e- fave
”W M

65

APPENDIX A.4

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY TRANSCRIPT

“Ne.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Inab-
use-
i...-
M h M . '
:3" I I Ollie. III the Registrar to» lees-mg. and-i... slate.
w ca- Ofliciel Record

M “be- L'e-n' ecu-air sci-Ions. Anne-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

r‘\
X
. I
4!
Cu"! .0” be 99-7-- [M

sac-mo- HGIM GIANIIO

 

”"3
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Ion-en (oxide jet-Id I lee-rm l laden-nee.
- - 7’

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frj¥8_7 I 3 i
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Ive-une- o-eoe-o-v- (~0-
G-edee-euusedmeteumhe tee-m e11- u-w .m .—— a...
:3; a......-.. “.1 n...- "Lg-2'... o... r.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66

APPENDIX A. 5

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

INDEPENDENT STUDY EXAMINATION REPORT

 

 

eruotnriotnvir-cmon IO- MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

,, 0755”! UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 3 (year In
INDEPENDENT STUDY exaquarIow aeroar col Iege)
— teen nan cutie-cums aoI-Isea
fl N. I
O755Il|

has taken a University College Independent Study Examination with the following results:

 

COURSE COURSE TEST
TITLI NUHSER 320R!

RESULTS

 

\IS HS 077

 

 

 

Has satisfied course requirement

 

VOID VOID VOID

 

 

ORIGINAL-STUDENT GREEN -ACAOEMIC ADVISER

(57

APPENDIX A.6

COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY APPROVED ACADEMIC
PROGRAM ADJUSTMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CflEIForIIAI5-74
REQUEST FOR PROGRAM AQQQSTHENT Revised 6177
Name Student I Date
Major Class Honors College Yes no
Please make the following adjustment(s)’in the program requirements for the aSove student.
Substitute Courses Reason
Course(s) Required
Taken
‘ waiver or Reason
Other Adjustments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Student___
Academic Adviser

Academic Affairs Office
Comments:

 

 

cc: Academic Affairs Office
Adviser
en-v Student (returned to Adviser)

 

68

APPENDIX A.7

COORDINATED STUDY PLAN ADMISSIONS

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
MARINES! 0! I000 SCIISCI AND HWY NUTtlTle m mg; 0 m1 . m
"UNA-V mm! BUILDISG

Date

Proposal for l978: Letter of Tentative Appointment

Thank you for your interest In the MSU General Dietetics Coordinated
Study Plan. Your application has been reviewed by the Admissions
Committee and it is our pleasure to inform you that you have been
selected for a Tentative Appointment for Fall. l978. Final appointment
will be made after successful completion of the following requirements:

(Specific Classes)

(Maintenance of a 2.75 GPA)

(90 Credits)

(Return Departmental copy of Committee form-(color?)

Please indicate your acce tance or re'ection of this tentative
appointment by completing and signing the enclosed Comitment Poms. _O_r_i_e_
copy of this signed form is for the Department and must be returned to
the Coordinator for the Dietetics Curriculum no later than 5:00 p.m. on
June 6, l978. The other copy is for your files. Failure to return the.
Departmental form by the designated time will automatically cancel your-
tentative appointment.

We look forward to having you as a member of the General Dietetics
Coordinated Study Plan.

Sincerely,

Burness G. Henberg, R.D. Gilbert A. Laveille, Ph.D.
Associate Professor 8 Coordinator Professor and Chairman
Undergraduate Dietetic Curriculum

Enclosure: Commitment Form (2i

APPENDIX B

DIETETIC CURRICULUM

MSU-ADA MASTER CHECKSHEET PLAN IV--
CONVENTIONAL STUDY PLAN

MSU-ADA MASTER CHECKSHEET PLAN IV--
COORDINATED STUDY PLAN

APPENDIX B.1 DIETETIC CURRICULUM

DIETETICS* APPROVED ACADEMIC
Department of Food Science and COUNCIL

Human Nutrition April 4, 1972
College of Human Ecology Revised Major by
Michigan State University CHE-UGM 6-76, 6/78
summer ' CREDITS.
General Education (University) 45
Human Ecology Core 9
Dietetic Base *64-76
Professional Option 26-56
Electives 6-48
Total Credits for Graduation 180

GENERAL EDUCATION(University)

 

AIL - Choice of Track 9
SSa - Choice of Track 12
HUM - Choice of Track 12
*NS - Requirements met with Chemistry courses in Dietetic Base 12

aThe ADA Economics requirement may be met by SS 202

HUMAN ECOLOGY CORE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HEC 201 Family in its Near Environment 3
HEC 301 Management and Decision Making in the Family 3
HEC 401 Hm. Ecological Approaches to Contemporary Issues 3
DIETETIC BASE
CEM 130 Introductory Chemistry I 4
CEM 131 Introductory Chemistry II 3
CEM 161 Introductory Chemistry Laboratory 1
or
CEM 141 Organic Chemistry 4
CEM 161 Introductory Chemistry Laboratory 1
CEM 132 Introductory Chemistry: Carbon Compounds 3
or
CEM 241 Organic Chemistry 4
CEM 242 Organic Chemistry 4
CEM 243 Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1
CEM 244 Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1
FE 340 Instr. in Hm. Ecology for Non-Formal Setting 3
HNF 100 Elementary Food Preparation 4
HNF 221 Food and the Consumer 3
HNF 222 Laboratory for Food Management 2
HNF 300 Experimental Foods 4
HNF 320 Food Service Systems 5
HNF 461 Energy Nutrients & Proteins for Hm. Nutrition 4
HNF 462 Vitamins and Minerals for Human Nutrition 3
HNF 463 Nutrition and Human Development 3

69

70

DIETETIC BASE Continued

 

MGT 310
or
PSY 255
PSY 170
MPH 200
or
FSC 440
MTH 108
or
MTH 111
BCH 200

Fundamentals of Personnel Administration

Organizational and Personnel Psychology
Introductory Psychology: General
Elementary Microbiology

Food Microbiology
College Algebra and Trigonometry I

College Algebra with Trigonometry
Introduction to Biochemistry

One course in Sociology or Anthropology

PROFESSIONAL OPTIONS (Select one of the following options)

 

a. General Dietetics
Conventional Study Plan

 

HNF 102
HNF 406
or
HNF 407
HNF 454
or
HNF 465
HNF 470
ANT 316
PSL 240
PSL 241
or
PSL 431
PSL 432

 

 

 

 

 

Nutrition for Man
Cultural Aspects of Food

Interactions of Culture and Nutrition
Readings in Foods

Readings in Nutrition
Clinical Nutrition
General Anatomy
Introductory Physiology
Introductory Physiology

Human Physiology
Human Physiology

Coordinated Study Plan

 

Courses in conventional study plan, plus the following:
HNF 301, 302, 303 Dynamics in Dietetics I, II, and III

HNF 480

0‘

. Clinical

HNF 102
HNF 406
or
HNF 407
HNF 465
HNF 470
ANT 316
PSL 240
PSL 241
or
PSL 431
PSL 432
HNF 473

 

 

 

 

Practice of Dietetics

Dietetics Option

Nutrition for Man
Cultural Aspects of Food

Interactions of Culture and Nutrition
Readings in Nutrition

Clinical Nutrition

General Anatomy

Introductory Physiology

Introductory Physiology

Human Physiology
Human Physiology
Clinical Chemistry in Dietetics

Credits

4

bU'IU'l bl-‘UO

bbUl-bw bulb) 00w

L‘b

b-l-‘Ul-l-‘ww WU

«l-‘J-‘b

71

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0. Community Dietetics Option Credits
HNF 102 Nutrition for Man 3
HNF 406 Cultural Aspects of Food 3

or
HNF 407 Interactions of Culture and Nutrition 3
HNF 409 Presentations in Foods and Nutrition 4
HNF 465 Readings in Nutrition 3
HNF 470 Clinical Nutrition 4
HNF 475 Community Nutrition 3
HNF 475P Community Nutrition Fieldwork 1
ANT 316 General Anatomy 5
PSL 240 Introductory Physiology 4
PSL 241 Introductory Physiology 4

or
PSL 431 Human Physiology 4
PSL 432 Human Physiology 4

d. Food service Management Option

HNF 101 Food and Society 3
or
HNF 102 Nutrition for Man 3
HNF 406 Cultural Aspects of Food 3
HNF 454 Readings in Foods 3
PSL 240 Introductory Physiology 4
PSL 241 Introductory Physiology 4
or
ANT 316 General Anatomy 5
PSL 431 Human Physiology 4
PSL 432 Human Physiology 4
CPS 110 Introduction to Computer Programming 3
or
STT 201 Statistical Methods 4
AFA 201 Principles of Accounting 5
EC 305 Industrial Relations and Trade Unionism 5

or
NOT 415 Managerial Approaches to Collective Bargaining 4

APPENDIX 8.2

MSU-ADA MASTER CHECKLIST PLAN IV
CONVENTIONAL STUDY PLAN

THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION MASTER CHECKSHEET
430 North Michigan Avenue Approved Plan IV - Education Dept.
Chicago, Illinois 60611 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Conventional Study Plan
BASIC REQUIREMENTS AND COURSES TO FULFILL REQUIREMENTS

Chem.inorganic CEM 130,131,161 or 141 & 161 Food HNF 100,300
Chem. organic CEM 132 or 241,242,243,244 Nutr. HNF 461,462,463

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbiology FSC 440 or MPH 200 Mgmt theory & prin. HEC 301,
Human Physio. PSL 241,241 or 431 and 432 ‘ MGT 310 or PSY 255

Soc. or Psych. PSY 170 Writing ATL 1-1, 1-2,71-3
Econ. EC 200 o;_201 or 88 202 *Math. MTH 108 or 111

 

 

Learn.theory FE 340

 

 

AREA OF SPECIALIZATION IN DIETETICS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GENERAL
Biochem. BCH 200 Nutr. in Disease HNF 470
Anthro.orSoc. One course in ANP or SOC #Data processing
Fd.serv.sys.mgmt. HNF 320 OR
#Data evaluation HNF 454 or 465

OR
MANAGEMENT
Labor econ. or rel. MET 415 or EC 305 Finan.mgmt. AFA 201 or 330
Fd.serv.sys.mgmt. HNF 320 Data process. CPS 110 or
Prin.of bus.org. MGT 310 or PSY 255 .511 291 and LINE 554

OR
Data evaluation

OR
CLINICAL
Biochem. BCH 200 Nutrition HNF 465
Biochem. analy. HNF 473 Nutr.in Disease HNF 470
#Anat.adv.physio., OR genetics ANT 316 Data evaluation HNF 465
Anthro. or Soc. One course in ANP or SOC

OR
COMMUNITY
Biochem. BCH 200 Nutr. & Comm. Hlth HNF 475,
Anthro. & Soc. One course in ANP or SOC HNF 475?

**Psych. PSY 170 Fd.serv.sys.mgmt.' HNF 320

Nutr. in Disease HNF 470 Data evaluation HNF 465

 

 

 

 

*
May be acquired prior to college entrance
Recommended, not required

**
If not completed in Basic Requirements

72

APPENDIX 8.3

MSU-ADA MASTER CHECKSHEET PLAN IV
COORDINATED STUDY PLAN

THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION MASTER CHECKSHEET
430 North Michigan Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60611 Approved Plan IV - Education Dept.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Coordinated Study Plan

BASIC REQUIREMENTS AND COURSES TO FULFILL REQUIREMENTS

Chem. inorgan. CEM 130,131,161 or 141 & 161 Food HNF 340,314 or 100, 300
Chem. organic CEM 132 or 241,242,243,244 Nutr. HNF 461,462,463

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbiology MPH 200 or FSC 440 Mgmt.theory & prin. HEC 301
Human Physio. PSL 240, 241, or 431,432 MET 310 or PSY 255

Soc. or Psych. SSZ-l, 2-3, PSY 160 or 170 Writing ATL 1-1, 1-2, 1—3
Econ. SS 202 or EC 200 or EC 201 *Math MTH 108 or 111

 

 

Learn. theory HNF 301,302,303

 

 

AREA OF SPECIALIZATION IN DIETETICS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GENERAL
Biochem. BCH 200 Nutr. in Disease HNF 470
Anthro. or Soc. ANP or SOC $4 gr.) #Data processing CPS 110
Fd.serv.sys.mgmt. HNF 320, HNF 480,
HNF 480 0“
#Data evaluation HNF 454 or 465

£Et
MANAGEMENT
Labor econ. or rel. Financial mgmt.
Fd.serv.sys.mgmt. Data processing
Prin. of bus. organ. OR

Data evaluation

OR
CLINICAL
Biochem. Nutrition
Biochem. analy. Nutr. in Disease
#Anat.,adv. physio, OR genetics Data evaluation
Anthro. or Soc.

OR
COMMUNITY
Biochem. Nutr. & Comm. Hlth.
Anthro. & Soc.

**Psych. . Fd.serv.sys.mgmt.

Nutr. in Disease Data evaluation

 

 

 

 

*
May be acquired prior to college entrance
Recommended, not required

**
If not completed in Basic Requirements

73

APPENDIX C

I. STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA TABULATION FORM

2. STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA ADJUSTMENT FORM

APPENDIX C.1
STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA TABULATION FORM
Michigan State University
College of Human Ecology

STUDENT RECORD DATA TABULATION FORM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name SOC/ANP HNF
No/St. HEC 201 HNF
City, State HEC 301 HNF
Zip Code HEC 401 HNF
Sex CEM 130 HNF
Option CEM 131 HNF
Class Level CEM 132 HNF
Student No. CEM 141 HNF
Advisor CEM 161 HNF
Study Plan (Coord) CEM 241 MGT
Transfer College CEM 242 MGT
Cr. Prior to This Term CEM 243 PSY
Cr. Incl. This Term CEM 244 PSY
Cr. Transferred FE 340 ' MPH
Cr. Repeated HNF 100 FSC
GPA Prior to This Term HNF 101 FSC
GPA Incl. This Term HNF 102 MTH
GPA This Term HNF 221 MTH
Update HNF 222 BCH
1 ATL HNF 300 PSL
2 ATL HNF 301 PSL
3 ATL HNF 302 PSL
1 SS HNF 303 PSL
2 SS HNF 320 ANT
3 SS HNF 406 CPS
l HUM HNF 407 STT
2 HUM HNF 454 AFA
3 HUM HNF 461 EC

 

 

74

Dept. of FSHN
Dietetic Major

 

462

 

463

 

46S

 

470

 

473

 

475

 

475P

 

480

 

480

 

310

 

415

 

170

 

255

 

200

 

310

 

440

 

108

 

111

 

200

 

240

 

241

 

431

 

432

 

316

 

110

 

201

 

330

 

305

 

APPENDIX C.2

STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA ADJUSTMENT FORM

Michigan State University Dept. of FSHN
College of Human Ecology Dietetic Major

 

STUDENT ACADEMIC RECORD DATA ADJUSTMENT FORM

Student Name

 

 

 

Last First Initial
Student Number Student Academic Advisor
Add New Record Delete Record

 

 

Other Alterations:
1.

2.

10.

75

OFFICIAL MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AUTHORIZATION

FOR ACCESS TO STUDENT DATA

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 

OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH EAST LANSING ' MICHIGAN ' We
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

April 20, 1979

MEMORANDUM 3
/1.
TO: Stella Cash 3': 82
FROM: Paul L. Dressel, Chairman, Committee on Release of

Confidential Information

From your letter it is clear that all of the individuals with whose
records you will be working are a part of your official responsi-
bility as a faculty member. There is, therefore, no problem at
all with regard to the records themselves. The second part of
your letter indicates use of computerization. The University
Committee on Release of Confidential Information has developed a
number of statements about computerization, mainly dealing with
the matter of access of unauthorized individuals to information.
Formerly, this was not regarded as much of a problem because stu-
dent or faculty records were kept locked in files and accessible
only to authorized persons. The only condition that you need be
concerned about to be in conformity with University policy is that
there be sufficient security procedures and that those responsible
for the records can provide assurance that no unauthorized access
is possible.

P.L.D.

76

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 

L‘\l\'ERSITI COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH INVOLVING EAST LANSING ' MICHIGAN ' 68824
HL'\IA\ SL'BJLCTS ll CRIHSl

238 AD\II\ISTRATIO\ BLILDI\G
HI-) Mum

April 20, l979

Ms. Stella Cash

Education Specialist

Department of Food Science
and Human Nutrition

Human Ecology Building

Dear Ms. Cash:

In reply to your letter of April l8 regarding the proposed study of
”A Computer-based Model for Student Academic Records Management,” I do not
believe the planned project involves the use of human subjects. Consequently,
you do not need to obtain approval of the Committee. Because it does
involve the use of student records you should bring the project to the
attention of the Office of Institutional Research.

Thank you for giving us the Opportunity to review your prOposed
research and best wishes for a successful outcome.

Sincerely,

ngig ‘

Henry E. Bredeck
Chainman, UCRIHS

HEB/jms

77

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 

COLLEGE OF HUMAN ECOLOGY - OFFICE OF THE DEAN EAST LANSING ' MICHIGAN 0 48824
HUMAN ECOLOGY BUILDING

July 18, I979

T0: Whom It May Concern //fl
/’ . ' ' ' '
FROM: Dr. Norma Bobbitt. Assistant Dean 4%;{4’44/ Lift/.442?

RE: Access to Student Records

\\

Stella Cash has been delegated the authority to have access to student records

of the dietetics majors for purposes of accessing information to use as a part
of dissertation activities. It is understood that the utilization of information
from these records will not invade the privacy of these students.

78

BIBLIOGRAPHY

10.

11.

12.

13.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aitken, C. E., and Conrad, C. F. Improving academic advising
through computerization. College and University Journal,
§§;115 (Ju) 1977.

 

Albrech, B., Finkel, L., and Brown, J. R. Basic for Home
Computers. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1978.

 

Ashton, G. T., and Zander, E. Growth and confusion in mini-
computer markets. Industry Week, 190:80 (J1) 1976.

 

Banking. Bank's new on-line system uses fast finger talk
terminals, 62;23 (Nov) 1977.

Bowers, C. Predicting future computer developments. Modern
Data, 6:62 (May) 1973.

Cerullo, M. J. Maximizing computer utilization in business.
Baylor Business Studies, 115:23 (Feb-Apr) 1978.

 

Cole, H., Eads, W., and Near, C. Desk-top computer or mini-
computer? Which is better for you? Instruments and
Control Systems, §Z§65 (Ju) 1979.

 

 

Coleman, H. Past and future developments: The evolving mini.
Data Processing, 17:212 (Jl-Aug) 1975.

 

Cornes, R. G. Trends in commercial computing. Accountant,
177:136 (Aug) 1977.

 

Davis, G. B. Introduction to Computers. New York: McGraw-Hill
1977.

 

Denovellis, R. L., and Lewis, A. J. Schools Become Accountable.
Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development, 1974.

 

Dwyer, T. A., and Critchfield, M. Basic and the Personal Computer.
Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1978.

 

Fields, C. About Computers. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop
Publishers, Inc., 1973.

 

79

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

80

Forest, R. B. We've come a long way baby. Infosystems, 29:116
(Oct) 1978.

 

Gardner, W. D. Big boom in minicomputers. Duns Review, 112:70
(J1) 1978.

 

Goldstine, H. The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973.

 

Gruenberger, D. Are small, free standing computers here to stay?
Datamation, 13;67 (Apr) 1966.

 

Hargreaves, J. Computers and the Changing World. London:
Hutchinson of London, 1967.

 

Infosystems. Taxpayers and students benefit from rigorous
evaluation. g§(2):20 (Sept) 1978.

 

Johnson, M. P., and Grafsky, A. J. Accountability. Chicago,
111.: American Technical Society, 1973.

 

Juola, A. E., Winburner, J. W., and Whitmore, A. Computer
assisted advising. Personnel and Guidance Journal,
42:146 (Oct) 1968.

 

Kaplan, A. R. Home computers versus hobby computers. Datamation,
23:72 (J1) 1977.

 

Kelly, M., and Ball, L. D. Systems architecture: The basics.
Administrative Management, §Zc30 (Nov) 1979.

 

Lien, D. A. Level II Basic Reference Manual. Fort Worth, Texas:
Radio Shack, A Division of Tandy Corporation, 1978.

 

Lien, D. A. User's Manual for Level I: Microcomputer Systems.
Fort Worth, Texas: Radio Shack, A Division of Tandy
Corporation, 1978.

 

Mauze, J. Time-sharing: Or how to get the most out of computers
at the least cost. Perspective, 3:31 (Spr/Su) 1976.

 

Mayer, S. J. EDP personnel systems: What areas are being
automated? Personnel, 4§;29 (Jl/Aug) 1971.

McGlynn, R. D. Microprocessors: Technology, Architecture, and
Application. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976.

 

Moe, G. R., Hoover, L. W., and Moore, A. N. A computer-assisted
personnel data system for a hospital department of dietetics.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 743454 (Apr)
1979.

 

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

81

Neuman, P. Personal computers--they mean business. Administrative

 

Management, 49(7):28 (J1) 1979.

 

Neuman, P. 'Personal' computers undercut the control of DP
Departments. Administrative Management, 32(5):71 (May)
1978.

 

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