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P. 7.3. 1‘13. 5!! ..A.\ 5790 ‘dfi. ‘M‘ 3.31.95 .»}~LL(‘I.I.~.E.21;3§\\IA.\3.7 Si...) .0 Irv ‘55 t 123‘.).v\z~A..t\byb\-\...nt.i..3.£ 333-. {‘xttnlf s. L. glsst.sta§\s.3~.t.\\m . 33.3.! 9.. 3.33.435... (fin .Lttvt-..‘)3vi.a. .339“. . .19) . (ti...l..~5b.\ Scigbi l1! ai‘ ‘ § 4 zflifiak.hn..3.b.§z. i. P!) g... 1...... THESIS This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE RED PINE AND JACK PINE RESOURCE IN MICHIGAN presented by Dennis M. Haggerty has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for MS Forestry degree in Mém (/ Major professor Date May 19 1983 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII RETURNING MATERIALS: )VIESI_J Place in book drop to LIBRARIES remove this checkout from _g=g=!’--n your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. THE RED PINE AND JACK PINE RESOURCE IN MICHIGAN BY Dennis M. Haggerty A Thesis Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Forestry 1983 /37»22 97 ABSTRACT THE RED PINE AND JACK PINE RESOURCE IN MICHIGAN by Dennis M. Haggerty Forests in the state of Michigan support a large red pine resource. There are more than 700 million cubic feet of red pine in the state, with a net annual growth of about 45 million cubic feet. Sawtimber volume approaches 1.9 billion board feet, with a net annual growth of 117 million board feet. Removals of red pine fall far short of net growth. The state is able to withstand an immediate, one-shot allowable cut of 178 million cubic feet or 375 million board feet of red pine timber. The availability of red pine in Michigan is tremendous, and consideration should be given to more fully utilizing this resource. Jack pine also merits a detailed study of potential use. There are 628 million cubic feet of jack pine, with a net annual growth of 26 million cubic feet. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S I would like to express many thanks to Dr. John E. Gunter of Michigan State University for his guidance in the completion of this report. His aid in all phases of the project, especially editing, was instrumental in its comple- tion. All of his efforts are deeply appreciated. The USDA-Forest Service, particularly Mark Hansen of the Northcentral Forest EXperiment Station, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, especially Robin Bertsch of the Forest Management Division, are also deserving of thanks for their c00peration and assistance in providing data necessary for this study. A final word of thanks is expressed to my wife, Judy, whose patience and support were constant. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES. viii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS OF STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15 Red Pine. 15 Area. . . . . . . 15 Growing Stock Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Growing Stock Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Sawtimber Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Sawtimber Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Jack Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Area. . . . . . . . 35 Growing Stock Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Growing Stock Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Sawtimber Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Sawtimber Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Timber Removals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Timber Surplus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Allowable Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . 67 LITERATURE CITED 7O APPENDICES 71 Appendix A: Red Pine Resource Data by County . 72 Appendix B: Jack Pine Resource Data by County. 115 Appendix C: Pine Pulpwood Production ines Michigan, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . 157 Appendix D: Pine Pulpwood Production in Michigan, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . 159 “NW Table 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. LIST OF TABLES Volume of red pine in Michigan, Region, 1980.. . . . . . . Volume of jack pine in Michigan, and Region, 1980. Immediate allowable cut of red pine and growing stock in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, according to the basal area method and region . . . . Area of red pine forest type in Michigan, 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of red pine forest type by ownership class and region. Area of red pine forest type by stand age class and region. . . . . . Red pine growing stock volume 1980. . . . . . . . . . Red pine growing stock volume class and region. . . . . . . Red pine growing stock volume class and region. . . . Net annual growth of red pine in Michigan . . . . . . . Net annual growth of red pine by diameter class and region. Net annual growth of red pine by ownership class and region iniMichigan, byidiameter byiownership. 1:...ng étéci growing stock growing stock Red pine sawtimber volume in Michigan, 1980. Red pine sawtimber volume by diameter class and region. . . . . Red pine sawtimber volume by ownership class and region. . . . . Net annual growth of red pine in Michigan . . . . . . Net annual growth of red pine by diameter class and region. Net annual growth of red pine by ownership class and region Area of jack pine forest type 1980.. . . . . . . Area of jack pine forest type ownership class and region. Area of jack pine forest type stand age class and region. sawtimber sawtimber sawtimber in Michigan, by by Jack pine growing stock volume in Michigan, 1980.. . . . . . . . Jack pine growing stock volume by diameter class and region Page 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 26 27 28 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 39 40 Table 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40a. 40b. 41a. 41b. 42a. vi LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Jack pine growing stock volume by ownership class and region. . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock in Michigan . . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock by diameter class and region. . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock by ownership class and region . . . . . Jack pine sawtimber volume in Michigan, 1980. Jack pine sawtimber volume by diameter class and region . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack pine sawtimber volume by ownership class and region. . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber in Michigan . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber by diameter class and region . . . . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber by ownership class and region. . . . . . Production of pine pulpwood in Michigan, 1980 Sawlog production of red pine in Michigan, 1980 Sawlog production of jack pine in Michigan, 1980. Approximate surplus of red pine and jack pine growing stock in Michigan, 1980. Surplus of red pine sawtimber in Michigan, 1980.. . . . . . . . . . . Surplus of jack pine sawtimber in Michigan, 1980.. . . . . Annual allowable cut of red pine by Von Mantel' s formula. . . . . . . . Annual allowable cut of jack pine by Von Mantel' s formula. . . . Annual allowable cut of red pine by the Michigan DNR method . . . . . Annual allowable cut of jack pine by the Michigan DNR method . . Immediate allowable cut of red pine by the basal area method . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of red pine forest type by ownership class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of red pine forest type by stand age class and county. . . . . . . Red pine growing stock volume by diameter class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 41 42 44 46 45 48 49 50 51 52 54 56 56 58 59 61 63 63 64 64 66 73 76 79 Table A-4 vii LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Red pine growing stock volume by ownership class and county. . Net annual growth of red pine growing stock by diameter class and county. Net annual growth of red pine growing stock by ownership class and county . Red pine sawtimber volume by diameter class and county. Red pine sawtimber volume by ownership class and county. . Net annual growth of red pine sawtimber by diameter class and county . . . . . . . Net annual growth of red pine sawtimber by ownership class and county. . . . . . . . Area of jack pine forest type by ownership class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of jack pine forest type by stand age class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack pine growing stock volume by diameter class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack pine growing stock volume by ownership class and county. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock by diameter class and county. . . . . . . Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock by ownership class and county Jack pine sawtimber volume by diameter class and county. . . . Jack pine sawtimber volume by ownership class and county. Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber by diameter class and county Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber by ownership class and county. . . Sampling errors for estimates smaller than the unit totals of volume, net growth, removals, and area of commercial forest land, Michigan, 1980.. . . Pine pulpwood production in Michigan, 1980. o Page 85 88 94 97 103 106 113 116 119 122 128 131 137 140 146 149 155 158 160 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Geographical regions within Michigan. . . . . 2 1 INTRODUCTION In 1966 a study of the potential for a pine pole industry in Michigan was completed (Behr, et a1., 1966). One of the conclusions reached in that study was that the supply of red pine would be increasing to the year 2000. It was also suggested that red pine plantations could provide a major source of utility poles throughout the 1980's. A review of the 1980 Renewable Resources Evaluation conducted by the USDA-Forest Service shows that the conclusions reached in the pine pole study are accurate (1980). Most of the pine resource is located in the Eastern Upper Peninsula and Northern Lower Peninsula, with significant amounts in the Western Upper Peninsula and Southern Lower Peninsula(Figure 1). A total of 80.9 million cubic feet of pole-size red pine (5.0-8.9 d.b.h.) occurs in the Upper Peninsula. In the Lower Peninsula the total approximates 284.0 million cubic feet. Larger diameter classes account for an additional 348.9 million cubic feet of red pine, much of which is classified as sawtimber and measured as board-foot volume. The total volume of red pine in Michigan is presented in Table 1. war/~50”- I M (”OM/ll Western Upper Peninsula Northern Lower Peninsula Southern Lower Peninsula AL soroomr'r Eastem Upper Peninsula lUCI MACK/N46 . 075160 CRAWF'D 05 ( 004 ALCONA WEIFORD MICCAII'I“ POSCOM. 066A“ IV lOSCO LAKE OSCIOLA (LAP! r011 DOWN HERA 7’60 MICOSTA d- 'M-OIII-CALM 'fi ISABILLA p — -1 6IATI07 M IDLA ND AklNAC _ JAG/MW r‘lPlU? ION/A (l lNIO/l JHM WA 6.5”“?! 37(LAIR MRI?! [A70]! INGHAM I. lV/NGJ’H IMtAAiA CALHOUN JA(1J’0N WASHTINAW HA "I! SIJOJIPN ORA Nffl Iii/(£5011! Figure l. (INAWE! MON00£ Geographical regions within Michigan 3 Table 1. Volume of Red Pine in Michigan, 1980 Region Growing;§tock Sawtimber M cubic feet M board feet Eastern Upper Peninsula 130,860.3 447,746.2 Western Upper Peninsula 73,688.0 279,873.5 Northern Lower Peninsula 452,495.3 1,053,735.9 Southern Lower Peninsula 48,798.2 109,782.9 Total 713,841.8 1,890,782.9 The cubic foot measurements constitute the growing stock volume, which has been defined as "net volume in cubic feet of growing stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and over, from a one-foot stump to a minimum 4.0 inch top diameter outside bark of the central stem or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs (USDA, 1975)." The board foot measurements represent sawtimer volume, which is the "net volume of the sawlog portion of live sawtimber in board feet, International 1/4-inch Rule, from stump to a minimum 7.0 inches top diameter outside bark for softwoods (USDA, 1975)." Jack pine, a species commonly associated with red pine, is also abundant in the state (Table 2). Table 2. Volume ofgjack pine in Michigan, 1980 Region Growing Stock Sawtimber M cubic feet M board feet Eastern Upper Peninsula 174,266.4 309,368.2 Western Upper Peninsula 104,739.1 276,692.3 Northern Lower Peninsula 335,918.3 684,827.5 Southern Lower Peninsula 13,277.7 29,598.7 Total 628,201.5 1,300,486.7 4 Although the total volume of jack pine is less than that of red pine, it is apparent that there is sufficient volume to consider the availability and use of both species. The objective of this study is to assess the potential of the red pine and jack pine resources for additional utilization by forest industry. Standing volume, growth, and removal information will be presented. Attention will also be given to the location of the resource, its size in terms of tree diameter, and who owns it. Factors that merit further study will also be discussed. 5 METHODS OF STUDY The basic data used in this report, that concerning area, standing volume, and growth of red pine and jack pine growing stock and sawtimber, was taken from the 1980 Renewable Resources Evaluation conducted by the USDA-Forest Service. Initially, a preliminary report was received and reviewed. The preliminary data has been retained for use in the appendices, which contain breakdowns by county. The final report, with region totals, was received in time for use in the results section of this paper. There may be some minor discrepancies between the results section and the appendices due to revisions and rounding errors, but any discrepancies that do exist should have no effect on the interpretation of the results. Information received through other publications of the USDA-Forest Service and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR), as well as that obtained through personal communications, is also included. The data taken from the 1980 Renewable Resources Eval— uation was summarized by county and by multi-c0unty units, or regions. The region totals are presented and discussed in the body of the text and information by county appears as appendices. The four regions of Michigan are the Eastern Upper Peninsula, Western Upper Peninsula, Northern Lower Peninsula, and SOuthern Lower Peninsula (Figure 1) Serial In order to begin an analysis of the data it was necessary to review the Renewable Resources Evaluation reports to become familiar with the tables which bad data broken down by individual Species. From this group of tables a determination was made as to which tables contained data relevant to the study. It was decided that the report should contain resource information on area, standing volume, growth, and removals, with consideration also given to allowable cut determinations. Each of these subjects was addressed, with appropriate tables generated, for both red pine and jack pine. The information is also divided into growing stock and sawtimber classes. The 1980 Renewable Resources Evaluation contains data pertaining to area, standing volume, and growth. Area tables were prepared by forest type rather than by individual species. The red pine forest type contains a plurality of red pine species and the jack pine forest type contains a plurality of jack pine Species. After reviewing all of the area tables, it was decided that those which show the distribution of forest type by ownership class and stand age class were relevant to this study. Ownership patterns might be used to estimate availability of the resource, while stand age distribution might be useful in estimating future timber volume. The region totals were 7 assembled into three separate tables (total area, area by ownership class, and area by stand age class), each of which is discussed in the results section. The discussion centers on the distribution patterns of the forest type by area. The next subject of interest is standing volume. After reviewing all of the tables of the 1980 Renewable Resources Evaluation that concern standing volume of the red pine and jack pine species, it was decided that the relevant tables were those which show distribution according to diameter class and ownership class. Diameter information might be useful in deciding what type(s) of products can be made from the timber, while ownership information might be used in estimating resource availability. The region totals were assembled into three separate tables (total standing volume, standing volume by diameter class, and standing volume by ownership class), each of which is discussed in the results section. The discussion centers on the distribution patterns of standing volume in each region and throughout the state. The process of review and assembly of growing stock growth and sawtimber growth was the same as that for standing volume. Timber removal was another important topic of interest. Since the 1980 Renewable Resources Evaluation did not include data on removal of red and jack pine timber, other 8 publications of the USDA-Forest Service were used. This timber removal data was not documented as completely as data on area, standing volume, and growth. Pine pulpwood production, measured in standard cords, has been estimated by the USDA-Forest Service for each county in Michigan (Blyth and Smith, 1981). While the data groups white pine together with red pine and jack pine, very little white pine is used for pulpwood purposes. The pulpwood production was converted from cords to cubic feet, assuming 79 cubic feet equals one cord, and summarized by region and for the state as a whole. Data on ownership distribution of pine pulpwood production was not available and is not included. Sawlog production data was not available for each county, but has been assembled on a regional and statewide basis. Data has been collected for both red pine and jack pine sawlog production, measured in board feet according to the International 1/4" Rule. Assuming that 5.71 board feet equals one cubic foot, sawlog production was converted into cubic feet. Both cubic foot and board foot production figures were tabulated. Data on ownership distribution of sawlog production was not available. 1' The recovery factor of 5.71 is an estimate for timber in Michigan. The actual recovery factor may change, depending upon the efficiency of sawmilling operations. 9 A red and jack pine timber surplus for 1980 was calcu- lated from information on growth and removals. The timber surplus is defined as net growth less removals. An approximate surplus was calculated for red and jack pine growing stock for each region and for the state as a whole. Because the two species were combined for production data, they were also combined for calculation of the timber surplus. The 1980 sawtimber surplus was calculated for both red pine and jack pine, since net growth and removal information was available for each species. The sawtimber surplus, equal to net growth less removals, was estimated for each region and totaled to arrive at a statewide estimate. An allowable cut for the red pine and jack pine resource has not been calculated by the USDA-Forest Service or the Michigan DNR, but several methods have been used by the author to estimate it. Each method provides a different measure of the allowable cut, indicating that any formula used must be well understood and carefully applied in order to be practical for a particular forest. The usefulness of allowable cut calculations across ownerships may be questioned, but are included herein for those who desire such calculations in planning for timber harvests. Three different methods were used to calculate allowable cut: Von Mantel's formula, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) approach, and a method suggested by John E. Gunter which is based on residual basal area of the 10 forest. Von Mantel's formula (Davis, 1966) holds that the annual yield (Ya) equals two times the growing stock (Ga) divided by the number of years in the rotation (R): Ya = 2(Ga) R For the purposes of this study, rotation age is assumed to be 60 years for red pine and 50 years for jack pine. A sample calculation using Von Mantel's formula shows that the annual allowable cut of red pine growing stock in the Eastern Upper Peninsula equals 4.6 million cubic feet per year: Ya=2(Ga)=2(138,860.3 Mcf)= R 60 years 4628.7 Mcf/yr. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has proposed a different method for calculating an annual allowable cut.2 The yield for a particular species is the sum of the yield for the forest types containing that species multiplied by the percentage of that species in each forest type. In this study, only red pine and jack pine forest types were considered in calculating allowable cut for red pine and jack pine species. Since the two 2 Personal communication with Robin Bertsch. 11 species occur in other forest types, the results are somewhat conservative. The calculation assumes that the oldest trees are harvested first. The DNR approach provides for an annual allowable cut expressed in acres per year, which is then converted to cubic feet per year in the last step of the calculation. The following sample calculation shows the steps used in the determination of an annual allowable cut, according to the DNR method, for the growing stock in the red pine forest type in the Eastern Upper Peninsula: Red pine forest type - rotation, R = 60 years. 1. Annual allowable cut (Ac/yr) = Forest type acreage rotation = 139,850 acres 60 years 2331 Ac/yr of red pine type 2. Red pine species in red pine forest type - Volume RP species =97,847.7 Mcf RP species =.723 Volume RP type l35,499.3 Mcf RP type Annual alowable cut of red pine species in red pine type (Ac/yr) - (.723) (2331 AC/yr RP species) = 1685 Ac/yr RP species 3. Jack pine species in red pine forest type - Volume JP species =19.089.8 Mcf JP species = _141 Volume RP type 135,499.3 Mcf JP species Annual allowable cut of jack pine species in red pine type (Ac/yr) - (.141) (2331 Ac/yr RP type) = 329 Ac/yr JP species 12 4. Assume harvest is from oldest age classes 2331 Ac/yr RP type = .676 3450 Ac @ 101-120 year age class, RP type Cut 67.6 percent of the 101-120 year age class to achieve annual allowable cut. 5. Conversion of area allowable cut to volume allowable cut - (.676) (8274.5 Mcf @ 101-120 year age class, RP type) = 5593.6 Mcf/yr RP type. 6. Annual allowable cut of red pine species in red pine type (Mcf/yr) - (.723) (5593.6 Mcf/yr RP type) = 4044.2 Mcf/yr RP species. Annual allowable cut of jack pine species in red pine type (Mcf/yr) - (.141) (5593.6 Mcf/yr RP type) = 788.7 Mcf/yr JP species. The third method for determination of allowable cut results in a volume which may be cut immediately on a one-time basis. The basal area method, as suggested by John E. Gunter, holds that the immediate, one-time (not annual) cut consists of timber which may be removed from an overstocked forest until a desired stocking level is reached.3 For the purposes of this study the desired stocking level is assumed to be 90 square feet of basal area per acre. This 3 Personal communication. 13 method would be particularly useful for plantations in which basal area may be regulated fairly easily. A sample calculation (Table 3) reveals the details of the basal area method in determining an immediate allowable cut. Any allowable cut calculation must be applied carefully in order to be useful as a guide to timber harvesting. Von Mantel's formula results in an allowable cut for a particular species across all forest types, although the practicality of harvesting a particular species across all forest types can be questioned. The Michigan DNR formula is applicable to any species in any particular forest type. The results in this paper are somewhat conservative because only the red pine and jack pine forest types are used in calculating annual allowable cut for the red pine and jack pine species. The basal area method assumes that management techniques call for thinning to a desired residual stocking, which is appropriate for red pine but not for jack pine. 14 N.Hmm.wm com. u owfi\om H.¢¢qw om u wouwmop om I stuom owH ~.www.ofi +owH mmq. u moa\mn H.o¢wo mm H monsoon cm I stuom mod N.mmo.mH mNHIomH mmm. n mm~\m¢ ¢.mw¢o me n wouwmop om I stuom mmm m.mw¢.ma aafiIomfi «ma. u o~H\om n.mmmo om u penance 0a I Hmnuom OHM H.on.nm oHHIooH mmo. u m¢\m s.mee assumes om I Hmsuum ms m.~ms.w smIos uoow ownso z unmouom uoom canoe z ou0o\.um .vm use oHanOHH¢ uno madao> mmeo mono ouwwpoEEH oBSHo> Human AC on A3 u T: A3 A3 A: voguoa noun Human ecu cu wmfivuooom «masmamaom Home: :uoummm onu aw xoouw wawzouw some new we use oHanOHHm oumwpoBEH .m oHan 15 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RED PINE The red pine forest type occupies approximately 642,000 acres of land area in Michigan (Table 4). Sixty-four percent of this acreage is in the Northern Lower Peninsula, while the Eastern Upper Peninsula contains twenty-two percent of the total. The Western Upper Peninsula and the Southern Lower Peninsula account for nine and five percent of the land area in this forest type, respectively. Table 4. Area of red pine forest type in Michigan, 1980 Region Area Acres Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 139,000 21.8 Western Upper Peninsula 57,600 9.0 Northern Lower Peninsula 413,300 64.3 Southern Lower Peninsula 31,500 4.9 Total 642,300 100.0 Nearly one-half of the red pine acreage is owned by the United States government and administered by the USDA-Forest Service. The state of Michigan owns 25 percent of the land supporting this resource, forest industry accounts for less than one percent, and other corporations own about four percent of the red pine acreage. Private owners account for 20 percent of the total. In every region except the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest area of red pine forest type is on National Forests. State ownership exceeds federal ownership in the Southern Lower Peninsula, and exceeds 16 private landholdings in each region except the Northern Lower Peninsula. Private individuals in all but the Western Upper Peninsula account for more red pine forest than miscellaneous corporations and, throughout the state, miscellaneous corporations own more than forest industry. Red pine ownership patterns are presented in Table 5. The area distribution of red pine forests by age class is skewed toward the younger ages (Table 6). Seventy percent of the stands are 40 years of age or less, while the majority (55 percent) are 30 years old or younger. Nearly one-half of the total acreage is in the 11-30 year age group, and two-thirds of the total is in the 11-40 year age group. Over 175,000 acres of the red pine forest type are in the 21-30 year age class, making this the largest of the 10-year classes. In the Eastern Upper Peninsula and the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest area of red pine is in the 41-50 year age class. In the Western Upper Peninsula the greatest area is in the 11-20 year age class. The Northern Lower Peninsula, with the 21-30 year age class being the largest, followed by the 11-20 and 31-40 year age classes, reflects the area distribution by age class for the state. Appendix A includes tables which show area of red pine forest type for each county, with breakdowns by ownership class and stand age class. 17 o.ooH ooe.~so oom.am oom.mse oo0.sm oom.oma Hence w.a ooo.aa ooe.s oo~.~ II oom.m passe e.om coo.amn oo~.m ooq.moH oes.e oes.w masseu>usaH m.s oom.a~ oom.N ooH.sa ooo.m oom.a mumuoauoo msooamfiaoomwz a.o oom.s II ooa.a can.n ooa.H suumseaH uwouom H.mN ooo.aea oom.oH ooe.eoH oom.s oo~.em spasm c.5s ooo.eom cos.m coo.msa oos.em oom.os “mason Hmaowuwz unwouom mouo< mouo< mouo< mouoa mouoa kuOH wHSmGwfimm NHDwfifidmm wHDmdwdwm wHDmGwdmm wmmHU “@304 uoBoq Home: Home: mwsmuoaso fihmfiusom fiuwfiuhoz flumume dumummm cowwou paw mmoHo mwnmuoazo mp omNu umouow mafia pun mo wou< .n oases 18 o.ooH oos.~ss oom.Hm oes.mHe coo.sm oom.mm~ swoon w.~ cos.sa II oo~.w oom.e ooe.m +HoH m.n ooe.m II ooe.s oo¢.m ooo.~ ooHIHm s.~ ooH.sH II oo¢.m oom.m oom.e omIHm s.~ ooe.sa II oom.w com.a ooe.s omIas N.m ooe.o~ II oes.as cos.m ooo.m csIHe H.m ooa.ma II ooH.s oes.a ooH.NH ooIHm m.mH ooo.sm oom.aa ooh.me II oow.a~ omIHs s.m~ oom.~on oom.m oo~.wm oom.o~ ooo.- osIHm 0.5N ooa.ssa ooh.e oo~.wm~ ooH.w ooH.eN OMIHN m.o~ ooe.ama oom.o ooo.mw oom.en oom.m~ ONIHH o.e ooH.~e ooo.~ ooe.mm II oom.~ oHIH ufimohwm meU< mwhoafl m®H0< mwhuafl m0HU4 mhwww HmuOH oasmcwcom mHDmawcom madmawaom madmawaom womao nosed posed woman woman ow¢ cuonusom GHoSuuoz auoumoz cumumom .cowwou paw mmmao WWW wanna hp omhu awoken some pun mo mou< .e magma 19 The red pine forest type consists of a plurality of red pine Species. Other forest types, including the jack pine type, also contain the red pine species. The following sections reflect data which has been collected for the red pine species across all forest types. GrowinggStock Volume Red pine growing stock volume in Michigan exceeds 700 million cubic feet (Table 7). Sixty-three percent of this volume is in the Northern Lower Peninsula. The Eastern Upper Peninsula contains nearly 20 percent, the Western Upper Peninsula accounts for 10 percent of the total, and the remaining seven percent occurs in the Southern Lower Peninsula. Table 7. Red Pinepgrowing stock volume in Michigan, 1980. GrowinggStock Volume Region M cubic feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 138,860.3 19.5 Western Upper Peninsula 73,688.0 10.3 Northern Lower Peninsula 452,495.3 63.4 Southern Lower Peninsula 48,798.2 6.8 Total 713,841.8 100.0 The distribution of red pine growing stock volume by diameter class is presented in Table 8. In general, volume decreases as the diameter increases, with the greatest volume in the lowest diameter class and the least volume in the highest diameter class. The two lowest diameter classes, 20 o.oo~ w.aqw.mHs N.wms.wq N.qme.ume o.mwo.ms m.oom.wmn Haney o.o o.mme.¢ II H.mso.u H.wwN.H m.Hso.H +o.m~ m.H o.moa.m II q.woe.o w.ems w.smm.a m.NNIo.HN o.~ 0.0Ho.mn II w.swe.m H.mse.m s.mam.m s.omIo.sH e.e o.ooo.mm s.ma m.~om.om N.mmm.e o.emm.~ s.wHIo.sH o.s m.mHm.om w.ea 5.0mw.mw a.mwn.s m.oH~.sH m.ean.mH a.o o.mom.se s.mms.a o.msm.¢~ s.swo.an A.Hao.NH s.qHIo.mH s.oH H.swm.oa m.sms.m m.eom.~a o.aam.m m.so¢.wa S.NHIo.HH o.ma o.osa.soH w.sms.NH w.sms.eo w.mmn.s ~.nmo.ma s.oHIo.m s.mN «.mmm.mwa e.wmw.sn m.s-.saa o.smw.NH m.msm.mm s.on.s «.mm s.nnm.amn m.ons.aa ~.~ms.wMa m.¢me.oS n.4sm.HN s.eIo.m quoh—wm uwwm UHQDO Z um UHQDU z .uw Uwfifio Z .uw UMQDU Z .uw Uflfldo Z mOSUGH HNUOH MHDQCMGwm NHDmGwfiwm mfiflmfimfiwm NHSw—uwflwm wmmHD Mozoq Shoguoom umBoq anonunoz puma: Snowmoz Home: Spoummm .kumwamwa dofiwou use mmmfio Houoamww kn oEDHo> xUOuw wcfisoum mafia pom .w magma 21 5.0-6.9 inches and 7.0-8.9 inches, contain just over 50 percent of the total growing stock volume, with each class having in excess of 180 million cubic feet of red pine. Two-thirds of the volume is in the 5.0-10.9 inch diameter range. In every region except the Northern Lower Peninsula, and for the entire state, the volume in the 7.0-8.9 inch class exceeds that in the 5.0-6.9 inch class. The greatest prOportion of red pine growing stock volume occurs on National Forest lands, which support 300 million cubic feet, or 42 percent of the total. The State of Michigan owns 27 percent of this resource, forest industry owns two percent, other corporations have five percent, and private landowners account for 20 percent of the state's red pine growing stock volume. In each region except the Southern Lower Peninsula, the federal government owns the largest volume. State ownership exceeds private ownership in each region except the Western Upper Peninsula. The amount of privately owned red pine is greater than the volume owned by miscellaneous corporations, which exceeds that owned by forest industry. The red pine growing stock volume and its ownership pattern is presented in Table 9. Tables which Show the red pine growing stock volume for each county are found in Appendix A. These tables reveal the distribution of this resource by diameter and ownership classes. 22 o.oo~ w.asw.maa N.wms.ws m.mse.~ma o.wwe.ms m.osw.me Hence m.~ s.smo.sn S.woo.en s.oos.a II «.msmss guano m.o~ m.em~.men H.mmo.mn o.mmm.soH s.ss~.ma m.smm.ns meaea>aecH e.m m.¢m~.wm m.ssm.e N.wsw.om s.ems.s S.Nom.m mumuoauoo mDOQGmHHwUmHS ~.N o.ans.ma II w.mmn.s e.sem.s N.ss¢.m snumseaH umouom e.s~ o.mam.smn m.esm.ea e.osm.wma w.oeq.NS m.o~m.mm mumnm o.Ne H.ssm.mm~ o.aao.a N.mam.swn ~.mso.sN “.mss.ss season Hoaowumz unmouwm .SM :0 z .Sm .so 2 .um .90 2 .SM .20 z .um .50 z awn—OH. MHDmfiwflmm mHDwGMflmm wHDmQHGwm mHDmGwdmm mmmHU Hoaou uoBoq mean: some: aflnmuoaao fihwfiuflom fihmfiuuoz cumumGB Gumumwm .aoflwou can mango magmuoaao kn oESHo> xUOuw wowsouwoawmpom .m mHAMH 23 GrowingAStock Growth Net annual growth of red pine growing stock in Michigan approaches 45 million cubic feet per year (Table 10). More than 70 percent of the growth occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula. Fourteen percent of the red pine growing stock growth occurs in the Eastern Upper Peninsula and approxi- mately seven percent is found in both the Western Upper Peninsula and Southern Lower Peninsula. Table 10. Net annual growth of red pine growing stock in Michigan Growing stock growth Rggion M cubic feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 6,437.1 14.4 Western Upper Peninsula 3,030.0 6.8 Northern Lower Peninsula 32,208.8 71.8 Southern Lower Peninsula 3,180.7 7.1 Total 44,856.6 100.0 The distribution of growing stock growth is similar to that of growing stock standing volume. The greatest amount of growth occurs in the lower diameter classes, including ingrowth. Twenty-seven percent of the growth is in the 5.0-6.9 inch diameter class, followed by the 7.0-8.9 inch class and then ingrowth, each of which has nearly 25 percent of the total. AS was true with growing stock standing volume, growth decreases as diameter increases. In both regions of the Upper Peninsula and in the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest growth occurs in the 7.0-8.9 inch diameter class. The Northern Lower Peninsula has its largest volume of growth in the 5.0-6.9 inch class, followed 24 o.ooH e.emw.ea s.omawm m.mo~.~m o.omo.m H.sma.e Sauce H.o e.sm II «.ma S.HH s.m +o.m~ N.o H.we II N.sq s.m o.ea S.NNIo.HN e.o n.5wa II m.mm s.oe H.34 s.oNIo.mH m.o s.owm ~.o S.SHN o.mm S.on m.wHIc.as a.a H.mes s.o s.mem o.sNH s.ms~ m.ean.mH S.N e.eam.a e.om w.w0s m.sm~ s.sam S.SHIo.mH m.s e.ms~.m a.smm s.mmw.a n.3em m.sms s.~HIo.HS S.NH e.sms.m H.Ssm «.mum.m s.mwm m.oms S.oHIo.s ~.s~ w.m¢m.oH m.wmm m.emm.s N.ses m.mws.n m.on.s N.s~ ~.ssa.ma H.0sm m.HHS.m m.mso o.¢om.H m.eIo.m H.m~ H.msm.oa N.s¢s «.moe.w S.S~m H.3sw susouwan uflmohmm .um .50 Z um .50 Z .uw .DU 2 .um .50 Z .um .So 2 WOSUGH WHDmd—Hfiwm wHDwfiwflmm wHDwGMn—wm mHDmd—Mdmm mmeO nosed uo3oq woman woman Houoamwn anonupom auonuuoz cuoumoz snoummm .aowwou can wmmfio nouoamwp No xUOUm wdw3ouw mafia pop mo nuzouw Henson umz .HH oHan 25 by ingrowth and then the 7.0-8.9 inch class. Table 11 shows the distribution of red pine growing stock by diameter class and region. Since the greatest proportion of red pine growing stock volume is on National Forest lands, it is expected that the growth of this resource is greatest here also. Indeed, more than 18 million cubic feet of growth, over 40 percent of the state total, occurs on National Forests. The State of Michigan owns land supporting 25 percent of the growing stock growth, forest industry about one percent, other corporations own nearly six percent, and private individuals account for 24 percent of the total (Table 12). In each region except the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest growth is on National Forest land. Growth on state-owned land exceeds that on private lands in the Eastern Upper Peninsula and Southern Lower Peninsula; the reverse holds for the Western Upper Peninsula and Northern Lower Peninsula. Growing stock growth of red pine for each county is shown in tables found in Appendix A. These tables include a breakdown of the growth by diameter class and ownership class. Sawtimber Volume Sawtimber volume is another measurement that must be considered when studying the utilization potential of a timber resource. Nearly 1.9 billion board feet of red pine sawtimber was present in Michigan in 1980. Fifty-six percent of the total, more than one billion board feet, 26 o.ooH S.emw.ea s.oma.m w.mo~.~m o.omo.m H.sma.e Haney o.N s.esm w.msm H.5ma II n.ssn Magoo N.¢N “.mem.oa w.~so.a m.nms.m S.Hem s.SHs mamaen>aecn e.m w.mam.m e.mmm s.oew.a S.HSH H.moa mumnoanoo m50050HH00mMZ m.n «.msm II H.5SN «.mom S.~s suumseaH uwMHOh m.m~ e.e~e.aa m.omo.a N.wms.s «.mme ~.sos.a muwum n.5q ~.eoe.wa a.~s w.mHH.mH m.s~e.a s.ses.m nausea Hwflowumz ”~500me .uw .50 Z .uw .50 2 .uM .50 2 .um .50 Z .um .50 Z Qwfimhmfispo Hmuoy wasmcwcom madmawaom wannawaom masmawcom mwwao uoBoq uoBoq Home: Human mflnmuoaso 5H0£u5om fiumfiuhoz 5H00w03 5H0uwwm .a0WWou can wmmHoImwnwuoaso ho xQOum wchouw onwm pop mo nuaoww Henson uoz .NH manna 27 was in the Northern Lower Peninsula. The Eastern Upper Peninsula supported 24 percent, the Western Upper Peninsula had 15 percent of the total, and the remaining six percent was in the Southern Lower Peninsula. The region totals are displayed in Table 13. Table 13. Red pine sawtimber volume in Michigan, 1980 Sawtimer volume Region M board feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 447,746.2 23.7 Western Upper Peninsula 279,873.5 14.8 Northern Lower Peninsula 1,053,735.9 55.7 Southern Lower Peninsula 109,427.3 5.8 Total 1,890,782.9 100.0 As was true with growing stock volume and growth, the greatest amount of sawtimber volume occurs in the lower diameter classes. Nearly 30 percent of the total standing volume is in the 9.0-10.9 inch class, which is the lowest diameter classification for sawtimber. The two lowest diameter classes contain over 50 percent of the total, and 80 percent of the red pine sawtimber is in the lower half 0 the diameter range, 9.0-16.9 inches. The Western Upper Peninsula has a fairly even distribution over the lower hal of the diameter range, while the sawtimber volume in the other regions is concentrated in the 9.0-12.9 inch diameter group. The Eastern Upper Peninsula also has a significant prOportion in the 15.0-16.9 inch class. Table 14 shows the diameter class distribution of red pine sawtimber volume. f f 28 o.ooH S.Nwa.osm.a m.s~¢.soH s.mms.mmo.a m.msw.msw N.eas.sea Hence m.H o.Nsm.sN II o.moo.s a.osa.s m.o~m.e +o.m~ S.N m.mew.we II N.mmo.mm c.5oo.o m.waa.s S.NNIo.HN q.m «.mmH.NoH II s.wee.am o.mse.mm ~.wHN.wH m.o~Io.sH s.s m.ss~.ewa H.sw m.wsN.NHS c.5ow.sw m.oan.ea m.wHIo.aH w.sa w.wsm.ow~ N.em s.osq.ema s.emm.am N.mme.es m.eHIo.mH S.ea o.mme.msm w.~ew.s N.Snm.nsn n.5mm.oe o.msm.me m.ean.mH ~.~N w.mse.sfis m.m¢w.cm N.oaw.mmm S.eoo.wm m.mms.ooH m.~HIo.SH s.s~ ~.mea.mmm s.a¢m.¢s s.smH.amm s.mms.ae s.ews.mos s.oHIo.m “saunas .Sw .en 2 .Su .en 2 .SS .en 2 .SE .en 2 .SH .en 2 mmnoaH kuOH NH5w5M50m wH5m5Hd—0m WH5md—w50m 0H5m5w50m wwwHU Hosea Hoaoq Home: Human Houoamwa assausom duozuuoz cuoumoz cumummm powwou mam mmmHo Houoawwp an mSDHo> Honawuzmm mafia pom .¢H oHamH 29 The state of Michigan owns the greatest proportion of the red pine sawtimber, with 37 percent of the total. National Forests support 30 percent of the standing volume, forest industry owns almost four percent, other corporations own six percent, and individuals account for 20 percent of the resource. Each region has a different pattern of ownership. The greatest volume of red pine sawtimber in the Eastern Upper Peninsula is on National Forest land, followed by state and then private ownerships. The Western Upper Peninsula has a fairly even distribution over the five ownership classes. In the Northern Lower Peninsula the greatest volume is on state property, followed by that on National Forest and private lands. In the Southern Lower Peninsula state ownership is greater than private and federal ownership, but all three are exceeded by the volume in the "other" classification which, in this region, consists of county and municipal sawtimber. The ownership pattern for each region and for the state as a whole is presented in Table 15. Red pine sawtimber volume is presented by county in Appendix A, with breakdowns by diameter class and ownership class. 30 o.ooH m.~m~.omm.~ m.m~¢.moH m.mm~.mmo.fi m.mmm.mmm ~.oqn.n¢¢ amuOH o.m ¢.nwm.sm w.~ow.m¢ ¢.¢mw.~ II N.Hmm.m uonuo m.om m.~mo.mwm w.oww.- w.mwm.HmN m.-m.oo o.woo.om manpSpw>wch 5.0 m.mmm.m- w.mmm.w o.wm~.~¢ m.ow~.om N.mofi.oa ououoauou msoocwHHoomwz e.m s.som.se II S.mom.qa s.ssa.se ¢.SNS.S snumsecn amouom n.0m m.mmo.mmo H.0mm.mm H.mom.nm¢ o.~o¢.mm m.¢mo.nofi oumum m.om m.owo.mnm w.ooo.~ m.om¢.~om w.~ow.mo w.m~¢.mmfi umouom Hmoomumz unwouom .uw .pn z .um .pn z .um .wn 2 .uM .pn z .um .pn z Hmuoa SHSmcwdom madmawaom nanosecom madmafiaom mmmao uoaoa umBoa Home: nouns awnmuosso chorusom auonuuoz assume: auoumwm .sofiwou pom mmmHo awnmuoaso ho oEDHo> wonawuawm mafia pom .mH oHQwH 31 Sawtimber Growth Net annual growth of red pine sawtimber exceeds 115 million board feet annually. More than 60 percent of the growth occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula. Twenty percent of the red pine sawtimber growth occurs in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, ten percent in the Western Upper Peninsula, and nearly seven percent in the Southern Lower Peninsula (Table 16). Table 16. Net annual growth of red pine sawtimber in Michigan Region Sawtimberggpowth M board feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 23,612.9 20.1 Western Upper Peninsula 12,329.3 10.5 Northern Lower Peninsula 73,439.4 62.7 Southern Lower Peninsula 7,823.6 6.7 Total 117,205.0 100.0 Red pine sawtimber growth is even more concentrated in the smaller diameter classes than is standing volume of red pine sawtimber. Nearly one-half of the growth is classified as ingrowth and 70 percent of the total occurs in the two lowest diameter classes, ingrowth and 9.0-10.9 inches (Table 17). In general, as diameter increases the volume of red pine growth decreases. The largest portion of red pine sawtimber growth is on National Forests, which have 40 percent of the total. The state of Michigan owns land supporting 31 percent of the growth, forest industry controls one percent, other 32 o.ooH o.mo~.saa S.mmw.s «.mms.ms m.s~m.- m.NHe.mN Hence N.o m.ama II s.em w.sw H.me +o.mm m.o N.eam II s.~ma w.we s.sm S.NNIo.HN w.o n.5ws II s.mqm A.awm 4.0mm s.o~Io.sS 5.5 ~.mws.a m.o ~.mms H.4mm o.mme s.wHIo.sS s.m e.ws~.a o.e s.emw.H s.aas S.HNA.~ S.SHIo.mH m.e m.oae.s o.wma s.enm.s H.Hme.a m.oes.n s.sHIo.mS n.05 N.owm.sH N.mmw.n o.ows.na s.wes.a S.st.m s.~SIo.HH o.m~ S.NSA.AN m.mma.~ w.~om.sa ~.awo.m m.sam.s s.oHIo.m m.es w.omm.sm m.smo.m S.mss.em s.mN~.e m.mwe.oH SusoumcH ucmunmm .um .en 2 .uu .en 2 .um .en 2 .um .en 2 .SM .es 2 mmnoan mH5m5M50m 5H5w5w50m 0H5m5w50m mH5m5w50m mmWHU nozoq Hosoq woman “can: nouoamwm 5H0£u50m Gumfiuuoz 5H0um03 5H0uwwm SOMMQH flaw wmmHU Hmumawfiv an Honawuswm pawn won mo nusomw Henson uoz .na oHan 33 corporations own nearly six percent, and private ownerships account for 18 percent of the total (Table 18). Most of the growth in the Southern Lower Peninsula is evenly distributed across the state, individual, and "other" classifications. Each of the other regions has its greatest volume of red pine sawtimber growth on National Forests, followed by that on state lands and private ownerships. The net annual growth of red pine sawtimber is presented by county in Appendix A, with breakdowns by diameter class and ownership class. 34 o.ooH o.mo~.sna S.m~w.s s.sme.ms m.m~m.NH m.mae.mm Sauce m.m 0.05m.m e.wsm.N w.om~ II «.mms Magoo m.mn S.omm.am m.mmm.m H.54w.m5 o.sse.a o.e~s.a masseu>ueaH m.m o.wmw.e s.sem m.omm.e e.HHm.H H.SNS mnmuoauoo msoocmHHoomwz o.H S.ONH.H II A.SNN H.SHA w.HNN suumsecH umouom S.Hm s.mmm.om 5.0Nm.m m.emw.- ~.mme.~ s.eno.s mnmnm N.oe m.mma.ae e.wom H.mmo.mm m.ees.m m.ew~.aa ummnom Hmcowumz Samoumm .Sm .en 2 .Sm .es 2 .SM .en 2 .um .en 2 .uw .en 2 kuoa mapmawaom manwcwdom nanmawoom mapmownom mwnHo uosoq Hosea some: Home: mwsmuocso 5H0£u5om fihwfiuhoz 5H0uw03 Ghmummm .aowwou pan wmnao mflsmuoaao mp uonEHuBmm mafia new we nuaouw Henson uoz .mH manna 35 JACK PINE 2:52 The jack pine forest type is defined as forest in which jack pine comprises a plurality of the stocking. In Michigan, the jack pine forest type accounts for 832,900 acres of land. Regional and statewide totals are shown in Table 19. Table 19. Area of jack pine forest type in Michigan, 1980. Area Region Acres Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 229,100 27.5 Western Upper Peninsula 88,300 10.6 Northern Lower Peninsula 502,900 60.4 Southern Lower Peninsula 12,600 1.5 Total 832,900 100.0 The State of Michigan owns 43 percent, or 360,400 acres, of the state's jack pine forests. Nearly one-third of the resource is located on National Forests, about 1.5 percent belongs to forest industry, three percent to other corporations, and private individuals account for 17 percent of the total. This ranking holds true for each region except the Southern Lower Peninsula, in which the area of privately owned jack pine exceeds that administered by the USDA-Forest Service. Also in the Southern Lower Peninsula, the "other" classification, which includes miscellaneous federal, county, and municipal land, contains the greatest area of jack pine forest type. Table 20 Shows the ownership distribution of jack pine forest type area for each region and for the state as a whole. 36 o.ooH ocm.~mw ooo.- cowamom oom.mm ooH.mNN Hmuos S.m ooH.S~ oom.s oo~.e com.“ oo5.s nmsno m.s~ ooo.eaa ooN.e oo~.oHH oom.e~ oos.ma masseu>ueaH H.m cos.m~ II oom.en oo~.e oom.~ oumnoanoo w5005¢aa00mw2 S.H ooo.~H II II cos.“ oom.a suuaseaH umouom m.ms oos.oem oom.m oos.m~N ooq.mN oom.eoa spasm w.am oom.sem com ocm.msn oom.mm o05.ms Samson Hwaowumz ucmoumm w0H0< m0H04 m0H0< mmu0< mwhoaoa HNUOH. wa5mfiwdwm mH5m5Im50m wfi5mfiw50m NH5w5wd—0m .0me0 uoBoq uoBoq some: woman aficmuooso 5Hw£u50w 5H0£UHOZ 5H0um03 Gkummm .a0fiwou can mmmao mwnmuoa3o an omhu umouom scam xowh mo mou< .oN manna 37 o.ooH oom.mmw oos.NH oom.~om oom.wm ooH.mNN Hence 0.0 oom.e II oom.s II II +HoH m.o ooe.s II ooh.~ co“.n II ooHIHm w.H oo~.sn II oom.s can.a ooH.m OSInm e.m ocm.me II ooa.em ooH.m cow.“ owIHs m.m ooH.ee ooN.e oo~.mN oo~.s ooo.sa osIHS e.sH ooH.meH II oo~.sm ooe.m~ oom.ss oeIHm s.ms ooeaaea oom.m ooe.ms oow.5~ oos.me omIae o.sa ooo.~e5 ooH ooa.mm ooe.m5 ooH.mm oeIHm m.w oo~.o~ ooH oom.sm ooe.s ooh.aa SMIHN w.aa cos.sm II com.mw oom.e oos.~ ONIHH m.m oom.Nm oom.e oom.e¢ oo~.5 ooo.om oHIH ufimohmm m0h0< m0h0< m0H0¢ w0H0< m0H0< mhwmw HNuOH wH5w5M50m mH5m5m50m wa5m5w50m mH5m5w50m mmmHO umBoq umBoq woman woman ow< cumnusom aumnuuoz cumumoz auoumnm .COfiwmh flaw wmmHU own venom an mama umouom mafia zoom mo mou< .HN oHan 38 Eighty-six percent of the jack pine stands in Michigan are 60 years old or less (Table 21). The greatest portion of this forest type is in the 51-60 year age class, which contains nearly 20 percent of the resource. The 41-50 year age class contains 19 percent and the 31-40 year age class has 17 percent of the total. The 31-60 year age group accounts for over 466,000 acres, or 56 percent, of the jack pine forest type in Michigan. The distribution of jack pine forest in each county appears in Appendix B, with a breakdown by ownership class and stand age class. The jack pine forest type consists of a plurality of jack pine Species. Other forest types, including the red pine type, also contain the jack pine Species. The following sections reflect data which has been collected for the jack pine species across all forest types. Growigg Stock Volume The growing stock volume of the jack pine species in Michigan approaches 630 million cubic feet, over one-half of which is in the Northern Lower Peninsula. Over 25 percent of this resource is in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, nearly 17 percent is in the Western Upper Peninsula and two percent is in the Southern Lower Peninsula. The region and state totals of jack pine growing stock volume are presented in Table 22. 39 Table 22. Jack pine growingfistock volume in Michigan, 1980. GrowinggStock Volume 32510“ M cubic feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 174,266.4 27.7 Western Upper Peninsula 104,739.1 16.7 Northern Lower Peninsula 336,918.2 53.5 Southern Lower Peninsula 13,277.7 2.1 Total 628,201.4 100.0 Nearly 85 percent of the jack pine growing stock volume is in the 5.0-10.9 inch diameter range (Table 23). The 7.0-8.9 inch class, with 34 percent of the total, contains the greatest portion, followed by the 5.0-6.9 and the 9.0-10.9 inch classes, each of which contains about 25 percent of the resource. In every region except the Southern Lower Peninsula the 7.0-8.9 inch class has the greatest amount of jack pine growing stock. In the Southern Lower Peninsula the 5.0-6.9 inch class has the largest volume, followed by the 9.0-10.9 inch class, then the 7.0-8.9 inch class. The Western Upper Peninsula is the only region in which the volume in the 9.0-10.9 inch class exceeds that in the 5.0-6.9 inch class. In general, volume decreases as diameter increases beyond 7.0 inches. Nearly 75 percent of Michigan's jack pine growing stock volume occurs on National Forests and state-owned lands, with each having about 37 percent of the total. In both regions of the Upper Peninsula the volume on the National Forest exceeds that on state lands. The Opposite is true for both regions of the Lower Peninsula and for the state as a whole. Private ownership accounts for the greatest amount of jack pine growing stock in the Southern Lower Peninsula, but is 40 0.005 ¢.50N.0N0 n.n~N.M5 N.w5m.mmm 5.0mn.qo5 n.0om.¢m5 5ou0H 0.0 II II II II II +0.m~ II 0.505 II II w.m05 II 0.NNI0.5N 5.0 0.¢0m II 0.m05 0.005 0.mm 0.0NI0.05 5.0 0.wm5.¢ II 5.mN~ o.mwm m.n¢w.m 0.05I0.~5 m.5 0.0Nm.m II 0.mw5.m 0.0mm.¢ 5.mmw.5 0.05I0.m5 N.¢ m.mmo.0m «.mao w.Nom.55 «.mwo.w n.m00.0 0.¢5I0.M5 0.0 0.005.00 ¢.m00.5 N.~50.0N 5.m5m.m5 m.55m.M5 0 N5I0.55 5.¢N n.055.5m5 0.0mm.m 0.0mm.mw 5.N00.mm m.wmm.wm 0.05I0.0 N.¢m 5.0mm.¢5~ 5.wom.m 5.m0m.055 0.550.0m 5.00m.¢o 0.on.m o.nN m.OM5.505 5.o¢¢.¢ m.0~m.00 n.00m.m5 w.¢mo.0q 0.0I0.m opossum .uw .so 2 uoow 05550 2 uoow o5nso z poem o5nno z uoow 05550 E monocH 5wu0H m5sma5aom N5=mo5com m55mC5dom m55mc5aom mmM5o uoSOA uoBoq some: women HouoEM5a ouoSupom Shoguuoz pneumoz auouwmm .conou pom mmm5o Houofimmp kn oEs5o> xUOum wc530uw oc5m xomh .MN o5QMH 41 o.o05 «.5cm.mmo s.ss~.ma «.m5m.mmm 5.sms.ao5 e.eo~.anH Hence m.~ o.e~n.45 c.555 m.mse.N «.mm5.s o.~Ns.a guano ~.m5 o.¢am.¢55 s.omm.s m.sw~.mw m.~mm.e5 m.omm.w m5a=e5>5ec5 5.m m.5sm.m5 m.mme N.mse.s c.4sH.a w.es¢.~ oumuoauoo msoocw55oom5z o.~ n.55e.N5 II «.mom.5 m.mmm.w e.e5s.~ spamseaH umouom m.am s.smm.mm~ s.eNs.q m.o¢5.smH w.sme.ew m.5mw.me spasm s.om N.5¢s.5m~ s.msm m.wNN.moa 0,050.54 w.-5.sw Samson oaowumz unmoumm .um .20 z .um .so 2 .um .20 z .um .so 2 .um .ao z HmuOH. 0H5wfiwfiwm wH5w5w50m 0H5m5fi50m 0H5m5M50m mmeU uo305 uo305 woman woman m5smuoc30 auonusom cuofiuuoz auouwoz auoumum .:05on can mmm5o m5cmuou3o hfi o855o> xSOum wa530uw oa5m xomh .SN mHSms —__—'-—7—__ 42 the third largest portion for the other regions and for the state (18 percent of the total). The ownership pattern of jack pine growing stock volume in each region is Shown in Table 24. Appendix B contains tables which reveal the distribution of jack pine growing stock volume by diameter class and ownership class for each county. Growing Stock Growth The net annual growth of jack pine growing stock in Michigan exceeds 26 million cubic feet per year, over one-half of which occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula (Table 25). The Eastern Upper Peninsula contains 28 percent of the total, 15 percent occurs in the Western Upper PeninSula, and the remaining two percent is in the Southern Lower Peninsula. Table 25. Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock in Michigan Growing Stock Growth ________,_____.___________ Region M cubic feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 7,526.8 28.2 Western Upper Peninsula 3,999.3 15.0 Northern Lower Peninsula 14,587.8 54.6 outhern Lower Peninsula 5,86.2 2.2 26,700.1 100.0 S Total 43 The lower diameter classes contain the majority of the jack pine growing stock growth. Seventy-eight percent of the growth is in the ingrowth, 5.0-6.9 inch, and 7.0-8.9 inch classes. Both regions of the Upper Peninsula have increasing amounts of growth through the 7.0-8.9 inch class, followed by decreasing amounts as diameter increases. In the Northern Lower Peninsula the greatest volume of growth is classified as ingrowth, while in the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest growth occurs in the 5.0-6.9 inch diameter class. Statewide, the 7.0-8.9 inch class contains the greatest volume of jack pine growth, followed by the ingrowth and 5.0-6.9 inch classes. The state total reveals a net loss at diameters of 17.0 inches and larger. Net annual growth of jack pine growing stock and its distribution by diameter class is presented in Table 26. Figures in parentheses represent a net loss, indicating that mortality exceeds growth. The State of Michigan owns land supporting over 10 million cubic feet, or 40 percent, of the jack pine growing stock growth in the state. Another 31 percent of this growth occurs on National Forests, two percent is on lands owned by forest industry, three percent is on other corporation lands, and 22 percent is owned by private individuals. In both regions of the Upper Peninsula the greatest volume of jack pine growth is on National Forests, followed by state and then private ownerships. In both regions of the Lower 44 o.oo5 5.oo5.em «.0wm n.5mm.e5 m.ssm.m m.e~m.5 Hence 0.0 II II II II II +0.m~ 5~.0v 55.000 II II 55.0mv II 0.NNI0.5N 55.00 5N.mw5v II Am.mmv 50.000 Am.0¢v 0.0NI0.05 AIV 50.00 II A~.0Nv m.0 m.55 0.05I0.55 0.0 «.005 II 0.0m m.50 m.¢~ 0.05I0.m5 5.N m.0mm 5.55 0.5mm m.mm5 0.055 0.05I0.m5 5.0 5.500.5 0.0q 0.m0~ 5.05q 0.00m 0.N5I0.55 5.05 w.00¢.¢ m.m05 0.Nmm.m 0.55m 0.505.5 0.05I0.m 5.5m 5.5mm.5 0.055 5.N00.m 0.500.5 0.005.N 0.0I0.5 5.0N 0.5N¢.0 «.005 m.M5m.m 0.N00 N.000.N 0.010.m 0.0m 0.000.0 0.5m5 0.m0¢.¢ 0.0m0 0.0N0.5 auaouwSH unmouom .um .po 2 .um .50 z .um .50 z .uw .po 2 .um .36 z monUaH 5muOH m5=mc5com m5pwa5aom m5nma5com m5=ma5oom wouo8w5n umBoq uo305 puma: Home: auocusom ouonuuoz auoumoz auoummm .:05me 0 mmm5o nouoam5p an xooum wa53ouw oa5a 50mm 50 nuBOHwI5msacm uoz .0N o5an 45 Peninsula the National Forest growth is exceeded by the growth on both state and private lands, with the greatest portion found on state lands. Table 27 shows the distribution of jack pine growing stock growth according to ownership class. A county by county breakdown of net annual growth of jack pine growing stock is included in Appendix B, with tables revealing the distribution patterns according to diameter class and ownership class. Sawtimber Volume Another volume measurement of interest in the study of the jack pine resource is sawtimber volume. There are 13 billion board feet of jack pine sawtimber in Michigan, over half of which occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula (Table 28). The Eastern Upper Peninsula supports 24 percent of this resource, 21 percent is found in the Western Upper Peninsula, and two percent of the total is in the Southern Lower Peninsula. Table 28. Jack_pine sawtimber volume in Michigan, 1980. Sawtimber Volume Region M board feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 309,368.2 23.8 Western Upper Peninsula 276,692.3 21.3 Northern Lower Peninsula 684,827.7 52.7 Southern Lower Peninsula 29,598.7 2.2 Total 1,300,486.9 100.0 % o.o05 5.oo5.SN N.emm w.5mm.s5 m.sms.m w.e~n.5 5mnoa m.~ S.wNo o.om n.45 o.o5m 5.sm5 “mane m.5N os.me5.m m.mow w.Noa.e c.5mm c.0am m5m=e5>5ea5 s.~ 5.mwe m.e5 s.eem 5.5NN 5.ws mumnoauoo 05005505500wa N.N S.e5m II 5.5m w.~em 5.e55 snowseaH umwuom «.04 o.m55.o5 5.5mm o.¢s~.s w.eas «.m5m.m mumum o.5m 5.5w~.w 5.a5 m.a5m.m 5.mmm.m e.mmm.m nausea 5maowumz “saunas .um .50 z .um .90 2 .nm .50 z .80 .so 2 .uu .so 2 HmuOH. 0H505550m 0H5mfiw50m 0H5mflw50m 0H505550m mwMHO uo305 uo305 woman woman m5£muoa30 asexupom auonuuoz :uouwoz :Hoummm a05wou w mmw5o m5nmuoa30 >5 500um wa53ouw oa5m 50mm 50 nuBouw 5m5cao uoz .5N o5an 47 Sixty percent of the jack pine sawtimber, nearly 775 million board feet, occurs in the 9.0-10.9 inch diameter class. Ninety-five percent of the resource is in the three lowest diameter classes, from 9.0-14.9 inches. Generally, volume decreases as diameter increases. This pattern is evident in Table 29, which shows the distribution of jack pine sawtimber volume by diameter class. The ownership pattern of jack pine sawtimber is similar to that of jack pine growing stock (Table 30). Thirty-nine percent of the sawtimber volume is located on state-owned lands, 32 percent of the resource is part of the National Forest system, two percent belongs to the forest industry, five percent to other corporations, and 20 percent belongs to private landowners. This ranking holds for each region except the Southern Lower Peninsula, in which the privately- owned sawtimber volume is the greatest, followed by that on state lands and National Forests. County totals of jack pine sawtimber volume, with distri- butions by diameter class and ownership class, are found in Appendix B. Sawtimber Growth The net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber in Michigan exceeds 100 million board feet (Table 31). As was true with the standing volume of jack pine, nearly 55 percent of the 48 0.005 0.000.00m.5 5.000.05 5.550.000 0.500.055 5.000.000 50005 0.0 II II II II II +0.05 II 5.550 II II 5.550 II 0.55I0.5~ 5.0 5.550.5 II 5.505 5.050 0.000 0.0NI0.05 0.5 0.550.0N II 0.00m.m 5.050.m 5.005.05 0.05I0.55 0.0 0.500.00 II 0.000.05 0.005.05 5.00m.0 0.05I0.05 5.05 0.000.005 0.50m.0 0.000.00 0.005.50 5.000.05 0.05I0.m5 5.0m 5.050.050 5.000.0 5.000.505 0.005.05 0.000.00 0.55I0.55 0.00 0.550.055 0.000.55 5.500.000 0.055.055 0.000.005 0.05I0 0000005 .00 .00 z .00 .00 z .00 .00 z .00 .00 z .00 .00 z 000005 5muOH M5sma5aom w5=ma5amm 055wc5com m5pmcwsom 00050 uo305 uo305 Momma Moan: nouoam5n 5H0£u5om fiumfiuhoz thumGB Guwummm .Gowwwh USN wwWHO Houon50 an oas5o> nona503mm oa5m xowh .0N o5an 49 0.005 0.000.000.5 5.000.00 5.500.000 0.000.050 0.000.000 50000 0.0 0.000.00 II 0.000 0.000.05 5.000.55 00000 0.00 0.005.000 0.000.50 0.500.005 5.005.50 0.000.05 050005>5005 0.0 0.000.00 II 0.000.00 0.055.05 0.000.5 000000000 050050HH00002 5.0 0.000.50 II 5,000.0 0.000.05 0.000.0 50000005 umouom 0.00 0.000.500 0.000 0.055.050 5.005.00 0.500.005 00000 5.50 0.005.550 5.005 5.000.000 5.050.05 5.550.005 000000 5m=05umz 0000005 .00 .00 .2 .00 .00 z .00 .00 z .00 .00 z .00 .00 z 5muOH M5Dwawamm M5=mc5aom m5smawamm w5=ms5aom wmw5o 50305 00305 Momma noun: m5nwuoc30 550£U50m 5.55055qu75 5H00003 dhmummm a05wou 0cm wmm5o m5£muoazo 0n oas5o> Hona5usmm oswm xowh .0m o5an 50 growth occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula. Twenty-two percent of the total is in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, 21 percent is in the Western Upper Peninsula, and three percent is in the Southern Lower Peninsula. Table 31. Net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber in Michigan Sawtimber Growth Region M board feet Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 23,253.2 22.3 Western Upper Peninsula 21,954.1 21.0 Northern Lower Peninsula 56,093.0 53.8 Southern Lower Peninsula 3,034.2 2.9 Total 104,334.5 100.0 Growth of jack pine sawtimber is more concentrated in the lower diameter classes than is sawtimber volume. Over 70 percent of the growth is classified as ingrowth, and more than 90 percent occurs in the ingrowth and 9.0-10.9 inch diameter classes. In each region growth decreases as diameter increases. There is a net loss at diameters of 17.0 inches and greater. The diameter class distribution of net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber for each region is presented in Table 32. Nearly one-half of the annual jack pine sawtimber growth occurs on state-owned land. Another 28 percent is on National Forests, two percent on lands belonging to forest industry, four percent on other corporate lands, and 17 percent belongs to private owners (Table 33). In every 51 0.005 0.000.005 0.000.0 0.000 00 5.000.50 0.000.00 50000 0.0 II II II II II +0.00 50.00 50.5000 II II 50.5000 II 0.00I0.50 50.00 00.0000 II 50.0000 50.0000 50.0000 0.00I0.05 II 50.000 II 50.5050 0.0 0.00 0.05I0.55 0.0 5.005 II 0.055 0.050 0.005 0.05I0.05 0.0 5.005.0 0.50 0.500.5 0.000.5 0.000 0.05I0.05 0.0 0.000.0 0.050 5.055.5 5.055.0 0.000.5 0.05I0.55 5.50 0.000.00 0.500 0.000.05 5.000.0 0.000.0 0.05I0.0 0.55 0.000.05 0.505.0 0.050.50 0.500.05 0.000.05 00000005 0000000 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 z 000005 awn—OH. mHSmGwflwm NHSwfiwd—mm wfifiwfiwfiwm wHDmfiwn—mm mmeU 00304 00304 0000: 0000: 0000800m Chwr—uflom fiumfiuhoz GhmumwS fihmumwm .000w00 000 00050 00008000 hfi 000800300 0000 xomWwo nu3o0w,amsacm 002 .Nm 0Hnma 52 0.005 0.000.005 0.000.0 0.000.00 5.000.50 0.000.00 50000 5.0 5.005.0 II 0.00 0.000 0.500.5 00000 0.55 5.505.05 0.000.0 0.000.05 5.000.0 0.000 050005>0005 0.0 5.055.0 II 0.000 0.000.0 0.055 000000000 0000005500052 0.5 0 500.5 II 5.005 0.000 5.000 00000005 um000h 0.50 0.000.00 0.05 5.505.50 0.000.0 0.000.05 00000 0.50 0.000.00 0.00 0.050.05 0.500.5 5.050.0 000000 Hmfiowumz 0000000 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 z .00 .00 0 .00 .00 0 .00 .00 z NHDwn—wfiwm waflmfiwfimm mHDmfiwd—wm madmflwcmm mmMHO 00305 00305 0000: 00mm: 050000030 Gumfiufiom dhmnuhoz fihwuwm3 Ghmuwmm .005w00 0 00050 95:000030 %0 000850300 0050 000H150 nu3oww 500000 002 .mm 05008 53 region except the Southern Lower Peninsula the greatest growth is on state lands, followed by that on National Forests. In the Southern Lower Peninsula the annual jack pine sawtimber growth on state and National Forest lands is exceeded by that on private ownerships. Appendix B contains tables which show net annual growth of jack pine sawtimber for each county, with its distribution by diameter class and ownership class. 54 TIMBER REMOVALS Available data concerning timber removals is less detailed than that for volume and growth. Pulpwood production data has been gathered for the pine group, which includes white pine with red and jack pine. A breakdown of pulpwood production by the individual pine Species has not been made, nor is this production classified by ownership. The available data is useful in illustrating the timber surplus in Michigan by comparing it with information on growth and/or allowable cut. Table 34 shows the 1980 production of pine pulpwood, measured in standard cords and thousand cubic feet. It is assumed that one standard cord is equal to 79 cubic feet (Bertsch, 1982). Appendix C shows pine pulpwood production for each county. Table 34. Production of pine pulpwood in Michigan, 1980. Pulpwood Production Region Standard Cords M cu. ft. Percent Eastern Upper Peninsula 70,000 553.0 26.2 Western Upper Peninsula 53,100 4,194.9 19.8 Northern Lower Peninsula 123,900 9,788.1 46.3 Southern Lower Peninsula 20,600 1,627.4 7.7 Total 267,600 21,140.4 100.0 55 Forty-six percent of the pine pulpwood produced in Michigan in 1980 originated in the Northern Lower Peninsula although this region contained nearly 60 percent of the total growing stock standing volume and 65 percent of the growing stock growth. The Eastern Upper Peninsula accounted for 26 percent of the pine pulpwood production, 22 percent was removed from forests in the Western Upper Peninsula, and the remaining eight percent was from the Southern Lower Peninsula. The 1980 pine pulpwood production represents 30 percent of the red and jack pine growing stock growth in the state in that year. Sawlog production in Michigan in 1980 has been calculated for the individual pine species for each region. At the time of this writing, however, a breakdown of the 1980 sawlog production by county had not been made by the USDA-Forest Service or the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Red pine sawlog production, measured in both board feet and cubic feet, is presented in Table 35. The 1980 production of jack pine sawtimber appears in Table 36. It is assumed that 5.71 board feet equals one cubic foot (Bertsch, 1982). For both red pine and jack pine, more than one—half of the sawlog production occurred in the Northern Lower Peninsula, approximately 30 percent was in the Western Upper Peninsula, less than 20 percent was in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, and 4 This recovery factor is an estimate for all timber in Michigan. The actual recovery factor may be higher, depending upon the efficiency of the sawmilling operation. 56 o.oo~ 0.550 aom.m Hmuoa 0.0 o.o o madmawcom Hmaoq aumnuaom m.¢m m.omm w-.~ wasmawcom uoaoq aumnuuoz w.mN m.wwH mno.fi «Humawaom momma aumuwoz m.m~ «.mHH one «Hawawamm poem: cumummm ufimouwm ummm oHMbo z uoom pumon z coWWMM QOMuosvoum onamm owmfi .amwflnowz aw mafia xUMW mo cowuosmoua weasmm .om mHan o.oo~ H.mooH ww~.m Hmuoa 0.0 0.0 o manuawaom uoaoq caucusom o.~m o.~mm m¢n.¢ wasmcwamm uoBoq cnmnuuoz m.mm «.mfim ooa.~ maswcflamm woman aumumm3 H.0H m.me mm¢.H mfismcwamm “can: auoummm unmouom uoom ownso z uomm wumon z aowwmm cowuonvoum woa3mm owma .amwweuaz aw mafia won mo GOMuosvoum onsmm .mm waan 56a there was no sawlog production of either Species recorded in the Southern Lower Peninsula. Red pine sawlog production in 1980 equalled eight percent of red pine sawtimber growth and four percent of red pine growing stock growth. Jack pine sawlog production in 1980 was equal to four percent of jack pine sawtimber growth and three percent of jack pine growing stock growth. 57 TIMBER SURPLUS Removals of both red pine and jack pine are small in comparison to the growth of each species. This situation results in a rather large surplus of red pine and jack pine timber in Michigan. By definition, net growth minus removals equals timber surplus. Pine pulpwood and sawlog production in Michigan was 23 million cubic feet in 1980. Net growth of red pine and jack pine growing stock exceeded 71 million cubic feet. The surplus of red and jack pine pulpwood, then, approximates 48 million cubic feet, nearly 75 percent of which occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula (Table 37). Seventeen percent of this surplus exists in the Northern Lower Peninsula, with four percent each in the Western Upper and Southern Lower Peninsulas. The surplus of red pine sawtimber exceeds 100 million board feet (Table 38). In 1980, Michigan forests grew 117 million board feet of red pine sawtimber while 9 million board feet of red pine sawlogs were producedc. Nearly two-thirds of the red pine sawtimber surplus occurs in the Northern Lower Peninsula, 20 percent is in the Eastern Upper Peninsula, nine percent is in the Western Upper Peninsula, and the remaining seven percent is found in the Southern Lower Peninsula. The jack pine sawtimber surplus also exceeds 100 million cubic feet (Table 39). Net growth of jack pine 58 o.mma.w¢ H.sms.mm 5.0mm.an Hmuoa m.mmH.N q.s~o.fi a.oe~.m mflsmaacmm “use; aumnusom c.0ow.mm 0.0mm.oH c.om~.o¢ wasmawamm umBoq anmnuuoz m.©-.~ c.Nom.¢ m.m~o.n madmaflcom Momma :uoumos m.omo.m H.mom.m m.mcm.m~ magmawamm umam: :uwummm uoom ownso z uowm ownso z umow ownso z aowwom moamusm oumafixoumm¢ u mHm>oEom Suaouu umz owmfi .cmwwnowz aw xooum wcwzouw mafia somfl was mafia won mo moamusm mumamxoumm< .nm canoe 59 “Ho.mofi wwa.a o.mou.safi Hmuoy «Nw.n II c.mmm.n maamdwdmm umBoq unusuaom qmomwo m¢n.¢ ¢.om¢.mn masmawdmm umBoq auonuuoz mom.¢ oom.~ m.mmm.NH mflamnwcom woman auoumoz om~.mm mn¢.~ m.-o.m~ «Hamawcom “can: :uoumwm umom vumon z uwmm wumon 2 umom wumon z aofiwom anamusm u mHm>oEom I £u3ouu uoz .ow¢H .cmdeowz ca Monawuzmm mafia won mo maamusm .wm oHAmH 60 sawtimber in 1980 was 104 million board feet while nearly four million board feet of jack pine sawlogs were produced. More than one-half of the surplus is in the Northern Lower Peninsula, each region of the Upper Peninsula contains over 20 percent, and the Southern Lower Peninsula contains three percent of the jack pine sawtimber surplus. 61 mo¢.oo~ mow.m m.¢mm.¢oH HNuOH «mo.m II N.¢mo.m masmcwcom umBoq cumzuaom mam.mm wHH.N o.mmo.om «Hamawamm umsoq cumsuuoz mmw.om mh0.~ H.¢mm.HN mHDmGwamm Roam: cumumm3 mum.NN one N.mmN.MN webmnwamm HwamD cnmummm umom vumon z umom canon z umom unmon z GowWWM msHmuam u mHm>oSmm I suzouw uoz ome .amwwsuwz aw nonawusmm mama xomm mo mafimwsm .mm oHan 62 ALLOWABLE CUT Sample calculations for annual allowable cuts have been presented in the Methods of Study section. Each method of determining the allowable cut results in a different total, indicating that such calculations should be used carefully and cautiously in the planning of future harvests. Each formula presented here, and any other allowable cut formulas, should reflect the characteristics of the forest and the objectives of the owner(s) in order to achieve a reasonable estimate. Von Mantel's formula is the simplest of the allowable cut formulas employed. It holds that the annual yield (Ya) is equal to twice the growing stock volume (Ga) divided by the number of years in the rotation (R): 2(Ga) R Ya = The annual allowable cuts of both red pine and jack 13ine growing stock and sawtimber, according to Von Mantel's Iformula, are presented by region in Table 40. The method proposed by the Michigan Department of IQatural Resources (DNR) is more complex than Von Mantel's formula. The annual allowable cut for a particular Species, according to the DNR method, is the sum of the yields for each forest type in which the Species occurs multiplied by tflle percentage of the particular species in that forest S.aao.Nm H.mNH.mN Hmuoe ¢.me.H ~.Hmm mHSmGHaom umzog anonusom H.mmm.mm m.om¢.m~ wHSmchmm umBoq anonuuoz n.m©O.H~ ©.mwa.¢ mHDmeamm Human cumumw3 ~.¢~m.N~ n.Ona.o magmaflcmm some: cumuwmm .umom vumon z umom ofinso z comeM nonaqumm xUOuw wcwsouw ado oHanOHHm Hosaa< 63 .mHDSHOM m.Hmudwz ¢o> an mafia xomfltmo uso manm3oHHm Hosad¢ .mlo¢ maan H.oNo.mo m.¢mm.m~ kuoe o.m¢o.m 0.0N0.H madmawamm umaoq aponusom m.¢-.mm N.mmo.mH masmawaom umBoA auosuuoz H.¢Nm.a m.om¢.m masmcwcom Momma duoumoz a.¢~m.¢fi m.wmo.¢ masmawcom woman cumumwm ummm pumon z ummm cacao z cowwom nonawu3mm xoouMIwaw3ouu uso oHnmSOHHm Hmsaa< .mHsauom m.Hmuawz ao> kn mafia wow mo uso manwzoaam stac< .maumno Hm II Hm II II II II cannon III II II II II II II mum III II II II II II II omcou< III II II II II II II Ewpua< NN II NN II II II II mawm~< omH II mu II II II «ma mcooa4 wasmawaom posed aumnuuoz cum II Rd Om NH mm mom HmuoH moH II II II II II mod dowmaouao os II mm as II NS II muumsaumz NH II II NH II II II Bwaowaom no II II II II q Ho douH ems II II SH NH II kw couswsom om II II II II II om oanmmou mq II ma II II mm II cowoflxowo oq II II II II ma mm wwmumm madmdwaom Moan: cumumoz mam.a mm kw ma as Nam woo Hmuoa 8mm ma mm II II cm 00H uwmuuaoonom «A dfi II II II II II mmcwaoawz an II II ma II mm mm omaflxomz add II «a II II mmfi II oosq New II ma II II II «SN wuaon «mm II II II II mm «mm mamaaano mam II II II as An was umws< mHSmawaom ummmd cumuwmm HMuOH umfiuo mamsvw>wvaH oumuomuoo muumswcH oumum powwow Nuasoo .omwz ummuom HmSOMumz uma3o Amouom canvassv munsoo cam mmeo awnmquSo kn mama ummu0m mafia vow mo «09¢ .HI< NHszmm< 74 mm~.d NH d¢O.H Hmfi Na ooo.~ omN.H HmuOH dmm II and mm II mNH mod wuowxwz dm II II II II dm II coaaoowom an II «N ma II on II mHmH wsvmmum mam II mod SN II Nm II owwwuo mum II NH mN II cu How «woumo III II II II II II II mHowomo Hd II NH II II ON d BwEwwo de II 0N dN II II moH mammoo dew II on mN II II wwa om>m3mz NNH II mm ow II mm II NAoamuoEucoz 0d II ON II II ON II mmxsmmmwz III II II II II II II vanavwz dd II mm II II II o muwoomz No II II II II II no Gemmz mow NH dN II II wfi de mmumflcwz ON l| ON II II II II DNSNwad Nmm II dm II II on wdw oxmq mfim II NoH NN II mwa II mxmwxamm 0d II 0d II II II II maawnme Nos II MN I. II II mam oomoH «ma II MNH II NH mm II mmuw>muH guano III II II II II II III :Mspmflo Cd II II II II Dd Ill quEm Hmfi II II II II aofi Nw whomsmuo dHH II mm II II mm III mumao HMH II He II II ON III :mwhoawno Hmuoe HoSuo wamsvfl>HvEH wumuomuoo huumnvaH mumum ummHOh mucsoo .omflz uwwnom Hmaowumz umaBO mosafiuaoo Ammuom wwuvcsnv .mucsoo mam wmmHo mfinwumcso kn mm%u uwouow mafia vow we wwu< .HI< xHszmm< 75 qmd.o SSH cam.a mam we oao.a Hoo.m sauce cwwwnowz mam co mm mm II moH dm HMDOH III II II II II II II cwunm cm> mm II mm mm II II II mbuuo III II II II II II II wnmaxmo mm 00 II II II II Nm QOMQXmfiz mm II II II II dm m Eamouaoz mm II II II II mm II coumw=w>wq ow II II II II om II Hmoawq III II II II II II II uaom 0H II II II II 0H II ooumEmHmM III II II II II II II coonawo III II II II II II II %uumm ms II we II II II II sawmfiad «Hamcwcmm uoaoq muonusom HMDOH umnuo mamsuw>fiuaH wumuomuoo xuumsvsH oumum ummuom zucsoo .omwz amouom Hmaowumz posse vosawudoo Awmnom wouvassv . .hucsoo can mmmfio mfinmuoaao kn mama umwuom mafia mow mo mmu< .HId NHszmm< 76 SS II II II II II II II II SH II NN Smasm HSH II II II S SS S S SS NS NS SH Suomawuo dHH NN II II II II II SN NN SN NH II 8«Ho HSH II NH II II II II II NS SS NN II SSSSoSmSo NN II II II II II II HH HH II II II xNo>SHumSo HS II II II II II II II II HS II II mSucmS II II II II II II II II II II II II hum II II III ll II II .II I... II III II III Umfiwhafl II II II II II II II II II II II II Emuuc< NN NN II II II II II II II II II II SSSSHS SSH II II II II SN S SN SH SH SS HH ScooH< «Hawawamm umaoq anonuuoz SNS SS SS NS SH SS NH II SSH HS SSH II Hmuoa SoH II II II II SH II II SS NN SS II cowwaouao om II NH mm mH II NH II NH II II II ouumsvumz NH ll NH II II II IIII II II II. II .II Dmdmm3mM SS II II II II S II II SH SH SN II SSSH oNH SS II II II SH II II SN SH NS II aouawsom SS II II II II II II II SH SH SS II SHSSSSS NS SH II II II II II II II NH SH II aoSchoNS SS SH II II II HH II II H II NH II SSSSSS «Hawamcmm momma auoummz SSSH SS SH SS SN SS HNH SSN oNN HSN NSN SH Hmuoe SNN SH II S NN II HS SS SS SS SS SH SSSpoHooSoS S: II II II II II II II II S: II II mwGwEOGwE NSH II II H H II S SS SS SN SN II omaonmz SSH SH SH SH SN SS HS II II II SH II mung NSN II II S S II HH NS SN SS SS II SSHSS SNS II II SH SH II SN SS HS NS NS II SSSSSNSS SHN II II S S II NH SS NS SN SN II HSS2 «Hamawaom Noam: snoumwm Hmuou +HOH OOHIHm omIHw owlan onlac ooIHm omIHd OdIHm OMIHN ONIHH OHIO NAassoc Amuwohv de wamum cmnafluaoo Ammuom kumcsnv Samson paw mmmHo mwm wamuw up mmhu umouom oaflm won mo woud .NId anzmmm< 77 NSHS NS SS SS SS NHH HS NSS NSS NSSH SSS SSS Hmuoa SSS II II SN II II II HS NS SSN SS NS Suomxmz dN II SN II dN II II MN II II II II canoowom NN II II NN II II SH SH II SH II IISHSH SSSSSHS SHN II II II HN II II II SN SN SS HS oSmSSS SNS II II II S II S SS NS NN NSH SS SSoSSS II II II II II II II II II II II II «Hooowo HS NH II II II II II II II II SN H swamwo SSH II II II II II II H SH HS SS NS Sawmuo SSN II II II II II II NS SS NS SS NH oSNSamz NNH II II II mN II II NN II SN II II hoamuoaucoz SS II II II II II II SN II II SN II SmxamSSNz II II II II II II II II II II II II SSSHSNz SS II II II II II II II N N SS H Sumoowz NS II II II II II II II SN SS HS SH comm: SSN II II II II II II S SN SS NS SS mmumNcmz SN II II II II II II II II SN II II smawHooq NSS II II II II SS II S SS HNH SS SH mxmq SHS NN II NN II II II SN SS HSH SN SS SSSSNHSS SS II II II II SN II II II II II SN SHHSSSSH NSS II II II S II SN NNH SS SN NS SN oumoN SSH II II NN II II II II II SSH NH II SSNS>SSS UfimHU II II II II II II II II II II II II fivawHO Hmuou +HSH SSHIHS SSIHS SSIHN SNIHS SSIHS SSIHS SSIHS SSIHN SNIHH SHIS Suasoo Awummmv ww< vamum Umflfifiufloo Awmhow UOHUQDSV wmeo owm vcmum Sn mmhu umouow mafia pun mo wou< NI< xwpcwdmd 78 SNSS SNH SS HNH SNH SSN SSH SNS SNSH HNNH SHSH HNS HSSoN amSNSoNz SHS II II II II II II SHH SS NS SS SH HSSSS II II II II II II II II II II II II cmunm am> NS II II II II II II SS SN II II II Samuuo II II II II II II II II II II II II vamaxmo SS II II II II II II SS SS S SH S cowoxmsz NS II II II II II II II II SS H H sHmouaoz SS II II II II II II SS II II II II coumwaN>Nq SN II II II II II II II II SN II II umoqu II II II II II II II II II II II II uamM SH II II II II II II SH II II II II ooumamHmM II II II II II II II II II II II II anonamo II II II II II II II II II II II II huumm SS II II II II II II II II II SS II SSSSHHS mazmcwamm Mosoq :Hmnusom Hmuoe +HSH SSHIHS SSIHS SSIHN SNIHS SSIHS SSIHS SSIHS SSIHN SNIHH SHIS Sucsoo Amummhq uw¢.vamum Soscwucoo Amouow Smuvasmv .mmmao owm unaum ha mmmu umwuom mawa Sm“ mo mmud .NI< Nanmmm< 79 Awmnoafiv umumamwa N.Nmfi II II m.mom N.SOHH w.omm umaam m.SwNH S.SSS S.SNmm S.SSmd S.SSnd H.SNSN Suomamuo S.mdm II H.SNm S.SSd N.SHmN S.Nnmd ouwau S.SSSH o.dHNH H.d¢Nm m.HNNm S.SHMN m.wmom awwzooono II S.SN S.SMHH S.SHSH N.mdm S.HNw xwo>maum£o II II II II m.mMNN S.NmNS ofiucmm II II II II II II ham w.HNH d.NmH II II II II omcwud II II II II II S.SHm nfiuucd m.0dHH m.NNHH N.mmm II N.SMS S.SSH mammad H.meH d.owNH m.NNdH o.dm0N S.Nwmm S.MSOd mcooad «Hamawaom uosoq cuwcuuoz N.SSH.m N.Smo.HH o.d~m.m w.mmN.N o.~¢w.NH m.dmd.o~ HwSOH m.amm N.SoN m.odS S.SSOH S.SHHM w.NNSN aowmcoudo d.OSwm S.SSNm S.SONd N.Sme d.NdMN S.NmNH wuuoavuwz II m.Nm II S.HHH m.de w.dN smammamx N.NmN m.mwdH m.HOd w.Hmm H.SNSN S.SHNH couH w.0de m.dSON S.SSSH d.OONH w.do0N H.NmmH neunwsom N.SSS S.SSS S.SSS N.SNS S SSSN N.NSSN UNSmSoS H.0mS N.Smm N.SMS d.SMN d.de N.dSS somcwxomn S.HSw N.SHN d.me w.Hom d.doH N.dS wwwumm madmcwcmm Swan: auoumoz m.SHN.NH S.SNO.NH m.NSd.wH N.SSS.mH m.mno.mm N.dmm.HN HSSOB S.Smmm N.dmmN N.mwmm w.SNmm S.SNSS d.mNmm umwuoaoonom N.SNH S.SSN m.dHH S.SHm H.0w m.Mdd omawsoaoz S.Hm¢ S.SomH d.NHNN S.Somd m.ommd S.SNdN owawxomz S.SSHd N.SSwN N.SHSM S.SNmN S.SSmN S.NNwH mung m.meN N.Nde m.HNdm N.ONom o.~www m.Nwmm muaon m.mmmm S.SSSH N.Smom S.SHmm N.mon o.omwd «Somawno H.SNSN N.SNSH S.SHHN S.SSNH S.SNSS N.SSSS HSS2 madmawcmm nomad auwumwm S.SHIo.mH ¢.dHIo.mH m.NHIo.HH S.SHIo.m S.SIo.N S.SIc.m NSuasoo Aumom ownao Scmwsonuv mmeo umuoswwp Sn oB=Ho> MUOum mamBouw mama mom mI< NHazmmm< 80 S.SNS.H II II II II Susam S.SSS.SN H.NNS S.SSS S.SSS S.SNSH SNoSsSuS N.SHS.SH II N.SSH H.SSN S.NHS 8«HS S.SNN.NH S.SHH S.SSN S.NSS S.SSHH SSSSSSSSS N.SSN.S II II II II xNo>SHNSSS S.HSS.S II II II II mNuamS II II II II II ham S.SSS II II S.SNH S.SSH omamuS S.SSS II II II S.HSH aNuSaS S.SSS.S II S.SSS S.SSS S.SNS SSSSHS N.NSS.NH S.SS H.SSSH H.SSSH H.SSSH muooHS madmnwamm umBoq :uwnuhoz S.SSS.SN H.SSNH S.SSS H.SNS.S N.SSS.S HSuoS N.SNS.S II II S.SNS S.SSN Sowmaouao H.SSN.SN N.SSS S.SSS S.SSNN S.SHSN SuumsSumz o . M Tu II II. II II :wfimmNpmM S.SNS.S S.NSN S.SHS S.NSHH S.SHS SSSN S.HSS.HH II II S.SSS S.SSS Sounwaom S.SSS.N N.SSH II N.NHH S.NS SNSmSoS S.SSH.S II S.SSN N.SSS S.SSS somaNNoNS S.SSS.S S.HNS II S.HSN N.SSH SSSSSS madmawaom ummmd :umuwwa S.SSS.SSH S.HSS.H S.NSS.H N.SHS.S S.SSS.N Hmuoa S.SSS.SN S.HHS S.NSN S.SSS S.SSSN SSSSSHooSoS N.SNS.H II N.NSH N.SNH S.SNN SmaNaoamz S.SHS.NH S.SH H.SSH N.SSH N.HSH omaNxomz S.SSS.SN II S.SSH S.SSS S.SSSH Sosa N.SSS.NN S.SSN S.SSH H.NHS S.NSHH SSHSS S.SSS.NN H.SSS H.SSS H.NNN S.SSS SSSSSNSS S.NHS.SH H.SN N.SSH N.SNS N.NNN HSSH... madmafiamm momma auoumwm HSSoN +S.SN S.NNIS.HN S.SNIS.SH S.SHIS.NH Nassau Ammfioawv Houmammn Smsamuaoo Auoom canso Sammsonuv mmmHo Houmamwm SS masHo> xUOSS wawaouw mafia pom MI< Nanmmm< 81 N.SmwSMN m.MSandN m.SSm.Nd w.NmN.SS m.SNN.NHH N.Nmfi.wmfi Hauoe N.HmS d.HmN N.SNSNM m.HMN.oH S.SoH.ON o.mmo.HN Shemxwz H.dem N.woom N.domm m.mmNd N.mHNN ¢.deH coEEoowom m.Nme S.deH N.m0d~ d.ommH d.NoSH N.NwSH SHSH msvwmum d.mNMN d.m¢m m.OSSH H.oom d.OSSN S.Nowd owmmuo S.SmHN w.mNom N.Odam S.Smmd S.NSHS H.Nmmn mvoomo II II II II II II maooowo o.mNoH w.dmm N.de S.HSN o.SN S.HNm BmEowo N.HN N.wo o.Snm w.mHHH m.HSaN m.wSON mcwwoo m.mmN d.mNd S.waH S.Ndmm w.SHdHH w.NHNmH omhm3mz N.NNm d.oom m.mmwN S.SNSH o.mwMN N.dwmm NAocwuoauaoz II N.HSH S.HdH S.wdd S.SSNN N.NNMN omxsmmmaz m.Nwm II d.NmN S.SNm N.de m.NoH SEmHSNZ S.NSN H.SSH m.mm d.omS H.mmm w.omw wumoomz m.HN o.MNm w.wa o.NSSH N.Nmmm S.NNdm Cowmz N.Sm m.Smd S.SNSH N.SmNm d.mwdS o.ONow wmumfiamz II II II II S.SOMH N.mmw smcmawwq S.NSS H.0de N.Sme m.ddnS m.wadH H.SdeH mxmq d.mSNH o.mHmH S.wmmN N.NmSN w.Hde d.¢omw mxmmxamx II II II d.NmH o.dmN II waawnmmH d.NwNN w.dNH S.ded m.mmdS H.monH 0.0mmm oomOH m.amfi m.mNm~ m.mde a.mmw~ S.SOdH w.deoH mwum>muH Samuo N.Hmm N.wNoH 0.0mm II w.de o.mw GNBSMHU m.SHIo.mH m.dHIo.m~ S.NHIO.HH m.oHIo.¢ ¢.on.N S.Slo.m INucsoo Amonocflv uwumamflo Sosafiuaoo Aumwm omnso Sawmnonuv mmmHo umqumSS kn mEDHo> x00um wnSSONw chm Swm mld xHszmm< 82 N.dmd.de H.mNo.N d.m0S.S S.SNS.¢ S.Nom.oN anuoa S.NNH.NS II II S.HNS S.Sdm Spamxoz S.SSH.HN II S.Sad d.SHm ¢.moma soaaoomom N.SNS.~H S.SSN S.Nom S.SSS S.SSSH SHSH osvmoum S.SSH.SH II II S.NSN S.NSSN oSoSuo S.NSN.~m d.mmS S.NHd N.Sdm S.SNSH avoomo II II II II II «Hooomo o.amm.N S.NS H.m N.NH N.SN BSHH—Sumo S.NNS.S II II II S.SH «cacao m.~mm.mm II II d.aSm S.dS owmw3oz S.NSS.dH S.SSN H.mHS S.Smd N.Soca honouoausoz S.SmN.S II II S.SSM o.SOd moxsmmwmz N.Smm.N II II S.NSN S.SmH vnwavwz S.SSH.S II II N.SSH S.SSS Sumoomz S. SNS. S II II II H . HN 8%: m.GMd.a~ II II II N.Sd woummcwz S.SSH.N II II II II swawaooq S.Ndw.~d II II m.mmd H.NHS oqu S.SSN.mN II II S.NSS m.wmw~ wxmwxamu m.Nwm II II II II «Haonme o.¢nm.¢m H.NH S.SSS S.mHoS N.SooH ooSOH S.Ndw.NH S.Smm S.NNH N.NSH S.Smm omuo>wuH Sauna S.NSN.N II II II S.SSH aSBSwHU kuoa +o.MN S.NNIS.HN S.SNIS.SH S.SHIS.NH mucsoo fiGfia—MUQOU AWGSOGHV kuwaflwn— vosawuaoo Auowm amaze Sawmaonuv mmmHo umuoawwc ma manao> xuouw wamsouw oafim cum MI< anzmmm< 83 S.SHS.SS S.SSS.SS H.NSS.SN S.SNH.NSH S.SSS.SSH N.HNSH.SH HmuoN g S.SH N.SSS.H S.SSN.S S.SSS.NH S.SSN.NH S.SHS.HH Hmuoe II II III II II N. MNN GmHDm Gm> II S.SSS S.SNN N.SSS S.NHSH H.SSSN Samuuo II II II S.SNN S.SSN II SSSHSSS S.SH S.HSS N.NSSN S.SNSS S.SHSS N.SSSH aoSSxSSz S.S S.H S.SNS H.NSSH S.SSSH S.SHHH aHmoSaoz II II S.SNS S.SSHH H.NSNH S.SSNH soSSSaN>NS II II II II S.SSS S.SNSH NSSSSN II II S.SSH II II II Samm II S.SNS S.SSS N.SSS H.NSS S.SSS ooNSaSHSN II II II N.SNN S.SSS II anoSHSS II II S.SSN S.NHHH S.SSSH N.HNS SNSSS II II II H.SSS S.SNSN S.SHNN SSSSHHS wafimfiwfimm HOBOA Ghmfiuflom S.SHIS.SH S.SHIS.SH S.NHIS.HH S.SHIS.S S.SIS.N S.SIS.S Sussoo Amonocwv umumawwn Smacwucoo Sumom ownao Sawmsonuv mmmHo Hmumawwv Sn madHo> xoOuw wawaouw mafia Sum MI< NHszmm< 84 N.odw.mHN o.mmdd o.mSHm d.mHSmH o.cSomm Hmuoa N.SSN.wd II II II N.SH kuoH S.SNN II II II II Conan aw> m.mmo.S II II II II wamuuo S.SHS II II II II SSSHSSS S.HdN.NH II II II d.dH sowoxmoz N.mmo.d II II III m.H Eamouaoz S.SSN.S II II II II SSSSSSN>NS N.ddd.N II II II II Hmmawq S.SSH II II II II unoM o.NmH.m II II II II oonwameM N.NdH.H II II II II csonamu H . Nmm S M II II. II. III hhhmm S.NSN.S II II II II aSSSHHS madmawawm um3oq duoSusom kuOH +o.MN S.NNIS.HN m.0NIo.mH S.SHIS.NH Nunsoo AmMSUGMv kuwgwfl Soscwuaoo Aumom oSnso SGMSDOSuv wmmHo umqumNc kn SESHo> xooum waw3ouw mafia pom MI< xHszmm< 85 N.SSN.S II H.SSS.N II II S.SSS.H II xNo>SHSmSS S.HSS.S II N.SSS.S II II N.SSH II SNNSSS II II II II II II II hum S.SSS II S.SNS II II N.HSS II omamuS S.SSS II II S.NNS II S.SS II aNuuaS S.SSS.S II S.SSS.S H.NSS II S.NSS II SSSSHS N.NSS.NH II S.SSS.S S.SSS.H II II N.NNN.SH 28?. mstaSaom umzoq Guwsuuoz S.SSS.SN II S.SSN.SH S.SSS.S S.SSN.S S.SSSINH N.SNS.SN HSuoN N.SNS.S II S.SSH S.SSN II II N.SNS.S :oSSaoSaS H.SSN.SN II S.SSS.SH H.SSN.S N.SHS.S S.SSS.N S.NN SuuoSSumz S.SNS II II S.SSS S.SN II II :SaisSS S.SNS.S II S.SNS S.SSN S.HNS.H S.SSS S.SNS SSSN S.HSS.HH II S.NNH N.SSS.N S.NNS.H II S.SSH.S Sounwsom S.SSS.N II N.SSS II S.HNS II S.SSS.S SNSSSSS S.SSH.S II S.SSN.H H.SSN II S.SHH.S II aoSSNonS S.SSS.S II II II S.SSN N.NSS.H S.NSS.H SSSNSS mHDmawcwm human auwuwoz S.SSS.SSH N.SSS.H S.SSSSHH S.NSS.S N.NSS.N S.SNS.SS N.SSS.SN HSSoS S.SSS.SN N.SSS.H S.SSN.S H.NSS S.NSS S.SHS.S S.HSS.SH SSmuoHooSoS N.SNS.H S.SNS S.SSS S.SHS S.SSH N.NSS II SmaNsoamz S.SHS.NH II II S.HSH.N II S.SHS.S S.SSS.S umaNxomz S.SSS.SN II H.SSS.H II II N.SSS.SH II Sosa N.SSS.NN S.NS S.SSS.S II S.NSS N.SSH S.NSS.SN SSHSS S.SSS.NN II S.SNN II N.SSS N.SNS.S N.SHS.SN SSSSSNSS S.NHS.SH II II II N.SSS H.SSS.H H.HSS.SH HSS3. «Howawamm ummmb anoumwm HSSOH umsuo .SN>Nv:H wumuomuoo SpamswcH mumum ummnom mucsoo .omSz uwmuom Hmaomumz HoaBo Auoom oSASU Sawmsonuv huasoo Sam mmmao QSSSHSGBO Sn manao> xoOum waw3ouw mafia pom .dI< xHszmm< 86 S.SSS.NSS S.SSS. S.SSS.NSH N.SNS.SN S.SSHS S.SSS.SNH N.SHS.SSH kuoa S.NNH.NS II , H.HSS.HH S.SSN.N II S.NSS.SH S.NSN.NS Suomxms S.SSH.HN II S.SSS.N S.SHN.N II H.SNS.SH II aoaaoomom N.SNS.HH II S.NSS.S S.SHN.H S.SNN.H S.SSS.S II SHSH msvmuum S.SSH.SH II S.SNS.S N.NHS.S II S.HSS.SH II oSoSuS S.NHN.HS II S.SSS.N H.SHS.H II S.SSS.S H.SSN.NH «sauna II II II II II II II «Homomo S.SSS.N H.NNH S.SSN II II S.NNS.H N.SNS swamwo S.NNS.S II II S.SSS.H II II S.SSN.S «cacao S.NSS.SS II S.HSH.S S.NSS.N II II S.SSS.SN owNuaoz S.NNS.SH S.SSH S.SSS.S S.SSS.H II N.SSS.S II Soaouoauaoz S.SnN.S I N.Naw.N II II N.SMd.m II mmxvmwmwz N.SSS.N II N.SSS.N II II II II SSSHSNz S.SSH.S II S.SSS.N II II II S.SSS Samoa»: S.SNS.S II N.SSS II II II S.SSS.S gown: S.SSS.SH S.NSS S.NSS.S II II S.NSS.N S.NSS.NH oouaNamz S.SSH.N II S.SSH.N II II II II swamHmoq S.NSS.HS II N.SSS.S S.NNH II N.SSS.S S.SSH.SS SSSN S.SSN.SN II H.SSS.S S.SSN.H II N.NSS.NH II SSSSSHSN S.NSS II S.NSS II II II II SHHSSSSN S.SNS.SS II H.NNS.N S.NSS S.NSS.H NS.NHNH N.SSS.SS ooSoN S.NSS.NH II N.SSH.S II S.NNH.H S.HSS.N II SSNS>SSN vague S.HHN.N S.SSH.H N.SSS.H II II II II aNaSSHS S.SNS.H II N.NSH II II H.SSN.H II Swaam S.SSS.SN II S.NSS.N II II S.SSH.SH S.SNS.S Spousmuo N.SHS.SH II H.SSS.H II II S.NHN.S II SHSHS S.SNN.NH II S.SHN.S II S.SSN S.SHN.NH II SSSSSSSSS Hauoe umnuo .wm>ww=H oumuomuoo muumawaH mumum amouom huaaoo .omwz umwuom Hmaowumz Hoaao Umscwuaoo Aummm amaze SawmaosuV huasou paw.mmm~o Amnmuonao ha oabHo> xUOum mamaouw mama pom .dI< _NHszmm< 87 S.Ndw.wHN N.dmm.NH m.dmN.de m.dmN.wm S.HNS.SH o.wHN.NmH H.SSm.mNN kuoa amwSSomz N.Swn.md S.Soo.dH H.Smo.mH m.NNm.d II m.SSm.SH S.HHSH HmuoH S.SNN II S.SNN II II II II cousm cm> m.mmo.S II o.Noo.d S.Nmo.N II II II msmuuo m.SHm II m.SHm II II II II vawaxmo m.~dN.NH S.wo0.dH o.ch.N II II II m.mNm aowostz N.mmm.d II II II II d.mo¢.d N.Nw Bamuuaoz S.SSN.S II II II II S.SSN.S II SOSSSSN>HS N.ddd.N II II II II N.ddd.N II umommq S.SSH II S.SSH II II II II uamx S.NmH.m II II H.NNN.H II w.dmm.H II oonBmeM N.NSH.H II N.NSH.H II II II II anoSHmo H.NSS.S II II II II H.NSS.S II SSSSS S.NSN.S II H.SSS.S S.NSS II II II HHSSSHHS SHSSSSamm uoaoq anonusom Hmuoa Moguo .SS>SSaH mumummuoo huuwsvaH mumum umouom huasoo .ommz uwwuom Hmaowumz umazo Sosawuaoo Aumom ofinso SamSSOSuV huasoo Sam mmmao awnmumnzo kn manao> xUOum waSSOSw mafia com .dl< NHszmm< 88 II II S.SN S.SSH H.SS N.SS “Seam S.SN S.SNH H.SSN S.SSN N.SNH S.SSH SuoSsSuS II S.SH S.NS S.SSN S.SHS S.SSN SSSHS N.SS N.SSH S.SSH S.HSH S.SSN S.SSH SSSSSSSSS S.N S.SS H.SS S.SS S.SS S.SSH xNo>mHSSSS II II II S.NSH S.NSS H.HSS SNNSSS II II II II II II ham w.d II II II II II omcou< II II II II S.SN II aNuSSS N.SN S.NH II S.SS S.SH II SSSSHS S.SS N.SS S.HSH S.NSH S.SSN S.SSN ScooHS mHSmfiwflwm H0304 dhwfiuuoz S.SSN N.HSS S.SSS N.NSN S.SNS S.HNS Hmuoe N.NH S.HS S.NS N.SSH S.SSH S.NS aoSmaouao S.SHH S.SNH N.SSH S.SSH H.SN S.SSH muuoaaumz S.N II S.S S.HH S.S II smammamx H.SN S.SH S.NS N.NSH S.SHH S.SN SSSN N.HS S.SS N.SS S.SNH S.SSH S.SS Sounmsom S.S S.NN S.SS S.SSH S.SSH S.SH SNSSSSS S.S N.SS S.NH S.SS S.SS II comaNonS N.HN S.SN S.HH S.N S.HH S.SN SSSNSS maamcmcmm Hummo aumuwmz S.NHS S.NSN S.SSS S.SSNH S.SSSH H.HNS HSSoN S.NN H.SSH N.SNH H.SSN S.SHN S.SS SSSSuHooSoS S.S N.S S.NH S.S S.SS S.SS SmaNaoamz S.NS S.SHH S.SSN S.NSN H.NSH S.SS omaNxoSz H.HN S.NNH S.SSH H.SSH N.SNH N.NS Sosa S.HS S.SSH S.SSH S.SNS S.SHS S.SHH SSHSS S.SS S.SNH S.SSH S.HNS S.HSS S.SSN SSSSSNSS S.SN S.HS S.HS S.SSN S.NSH S.NSN SSSHS SHSSGScwm Swan: auoummm S.SHIS.SH S.NHIS.HH S.SHIS.S S.SIS.N S.SIS.S Susomme INSSSSS Awwnoamv HouoBmSQ Auoom USQSo Sawmsonuv mmmao Hmuwawww Sn MUOum wawsouw mafia Sum mo nuaouw Nassau uoz mI< anzmmm< 89 S.dMN II II II II N.H uoaam S.SHS.H S.N N.S S.S S.SH S.SN SuoSsSuo S.Nwm II S.H m.m S.S S.S oumHo S.NSS.H N.S S.S S.S H.SH S.SN SSSNSSSSS H.dmm II II II II II mmo>maum£o m.Sm¢ II II II II II mwuaom II II II II II II ham S.SH II II S.H S.H N.N omcmud d.om II II II w.H II awuuad w.NHH II w.d N.N S.d m.mH mamma< m.mma S.S o.m H.mH o.oH S.SH maooH< maswcwcom uwzog cumnuuoz o.omo.m S.HH S.S N.SS S.SS S.dNH Hmuoa S.SSS II II S.S N.S S.S commaouao S.Nom S.m w.m S.SN S.Nm N.Sm muuosvumz H.dN II II II II II SMSSSBSM S.dSm S.N m.m o.HH m.m S.SH couH S.NSS II II N.S S.S S.SN counwsom S.SNS S.H II S.H S.S S.S SNSSSSS S.SSH II S.N S.N S.N S.SH nomnwxomn S.NHH N.d II S.N S.H S.HH mmwuwm madmamamm Momma auoummz H.de.S N.S S.dH H.Hd S.SSH N.maN Saucy S.dmo.H m.N S.H S.S N.mm S.Sm uwwuoaoonom N.mmH II S.N S.S S.d d.H omamaocmz d.de N.S H.H m.N H.N S.SH omawxom: d.wSN II S.S N.S d.mN S.SS mung S.SSN.H H.N d.H S.N m.SH N.HS muawn S.SNS.H N.S S.S S.S H.SH N.SS SSSSSNSS S.SNS N.S N.H S.S S.SH N.SS SSSHS masmawamm momma cumummm Hmuoa +o.MN S.NNIS.HN m.ONIo.mH m.mHIo.NH S.SHIS.SH Nuasoo Awosamuaoov Ammfiuflw v HGUMENMQ Smacmuaoo Auoow amaze Samwsonfiv mmmHo pmumawww Sn xooum wawsouw mafia SSH stacm mo nuBOMw uoz mI< NHszmmd 90 w.woN S.SSwNH d.mNm.m w.Smm.N S.NHS.m d.m0d.w HmuOH N.Sm H.mmH N.Hmm w.mmN.H H.mdd.H H.NHH.H Suomxmz N.Sd m.mw N.mSH S.Sda d.Nm II danoowom N.Sm S.SN m.mw S.NoH H.Sofi o.SNN mHmH mavwoum m.SN m.¢S o.Nm m.HNN m.de H.me owmwuo m.om H.NSH N.MdN m.onm S.SHS m.mad «woowo II II II II II II maomomo m.- S.NN N.dH N.N S.NN N.HOH Bmammo N.S H.Sm N.NS m.mHN w.mmH m.Hw mamooo S.NN m.wo~ N.mNm S.woN d.maw w.m¢m owhmswz N.Hm d.dNH d.mHH m.me S.mnm w.NNm mocmuoauaoz S.S N.N S.dN S.mmH d.OS~ d.dm mmxamwmmz II H.SH S.Sm N.om d.NH II vcmavwz m.m S.H S.mN S.Sm S.SN d.m wumoooz m.d~ S.SS N.mo S.SNN d.NNN m.oHH a0mwz d.oN H.mS S.NmH w.NNd N.dmm d.wmm mmumwamz II II II N.doH N.mN w.SN Dmcmamoq H.Nd m.So~ w.SNm o.N~m m.md¢ H.mmd mxmq N.Nm N.mNH ~.mm~ S.mmN o.dwm m.wSH.H wxwmxawm II II m.w m.NH II II «Hamnme H.Nm o.HSH m.mom d.mmS N.omm 0.0mm oom0H S.Sm S.Sd d.ow m.dw S.HNS S.HNM mwum>muH Scwuu o.wm S.SH II H.NN N.S II awavwaw m.dHIo.mH S.NHIS.HH m.oHIo.¢ m.on.N S.Slo.m nuBouwaH NAunsoo AmmnoaSv noumamwn Smsawuaoo Auowm ownso SammsosHv mucsoo Sam mmmao noumawww Sn xoOum wawsouw mawm Sou Havana mo guaonw umz mISNS 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umwhom Hwflomumz Hoa3o Smsawucoo Aummw Symon Sawmsonuv Suasoo Sam mmmHo awnwuonso so oasao> umnamuamw ocwa Smm wI< mezmmm< 106 II N.S II II S.SN S.SSS Smaam S.HS S.SSH S.SSH S.NSN N.SSH.H S.SSN.N SuoSsSNS S.NN H.NS II N.SSH S.SSN II m:SHS S.SS S.HSH S.SNS S.NSS S.SHS.H S.SSH.N SSSNSSSSS II II S.SH S HSN S.SSS H.NNS xNo>oHuSSS II II II II II II mwufimm II II II II II II ham S.S H.HH S.SN II II II SSSSSS S.S II II II II II aNuSaS S.HN S.SN N.SSH S.SN II II SSSSHS H.SS N.HS N.SNN S.SSS S.SSS S.SSS ScouHS wfifimdmflwm H9504 Ghmfiuuoz H.SSS S.NHN H.HSS.H S.SSS.N N.SSS.S N.SNN.S Hmuoa S.SH S.SS H.SS S.NNH N.HNS N.SSS sowmcouso S.SSH S.SHS S.SSS S.HSS S.HSN N.SSS SuumSSumz II II S.NH II II m.mOS :wcoosom S.SN S.SS S.SSH S.SSH S.NNS S.SSS aouH N.SS H.SNH N.SSN N.NSN N.HSS S.SSN counwaom S.S S.SS H.NS S.NSH S.SSS H.SSS SNSmSoS S.NS N.SS S.SS N.SSH N.SS II SSSSNSSHS S.S N.SS S.HNH S.SSH S.SN H.SN SSSNSS SHSSSSaom Swan: auwumoz S.SSS S.HNN.H S.SSN.H S.HSS.S S.SSS.S S.SSS.SH kuoN N.SSH S.SSS S.HSS S.NSN S.SHS S.SSS.H SSSSoHooSoS S.SN S.N S.SS S.NN S.SS II mSaHaoSSz S.NH N.NS S.NHN S.SSS S.SSH.H N.HSH.S oSmeomz S.SSH S.HSS S.NSS S.SNS S.SSS S.HSH.H SSSN N.SS S.SSN S.SSN S.SNN S.SSS N.SSS.H SSHSS S.HS H.SSS N.SNN S.NSS S.HSN S.NSS.H SsSSSHSS S.SS H.SSN S.SSH S.SSS N.NSS S.SNS SSSHS waawamcmm Momma cumummm S.SHIS.NH S.SHIS.SH S.SHIS.SH S.NHIS.HH S.SHIS.S SuzeuwaH Nassau Amwzoawv noumawwn Summm Sumon Sawmsonuv Sucsoo Sam mmeo Hmuoawww an umnawuzmm mafia SSH mo nusouw Hmscam uoz aI< NHszmm¢ 107 S.SNN II II II umafim S.NSSd S.S S.HH S.NH Suomzwuo N.NNd II S.S a.mm ouwHo S.Nmnd o.N S.SH N.SH cwwaonono o.deH II II II xSo>oHumno II II II II omnaom II II II II hmm N.SS II II N.N omamHS S.S II II II SaguaS S.Nmm II S.SH S.S maode d.mNmS S.H d.dm H.SS maooHd mHsmawdmm umaoq cuonuuoz m.aNmNH S.SS S.SS N.Nwm Hmuoa N.SSSH II II S.SN cowmaouao S.NNHS N.SN H.SN H.NSH muuosuumz m.HNS II II II smcmmzmm S.HmNH m.HN S.dN S.NN aouH S.HoHN II II N.SS counwsom S.mSNH S.N II H.S ownmwow m.mwd II S.NH S.Nd comawxowa H.mdd S.Hm II S.SH mwmuwm «Hamawcom ummm: nuoumoz m.NHSmN H.SS N.dm d.omN Sauce d.Sde H.NH S.NH m.dm ammuoHoonom S.HHN II S.NH N.S omawaoaoz o.SHmm m.H S.N N.dH omamxowz N.mNdm II S.S S.Sm mung w.mHHd d.mH S.S S.Sd wuHmm S.SSmm m.mN H.dm H.NS m3oaawno S.HmdN H.S m.m m.dm ume< SHSSGSSSm Momma :umummm Hmuoa +o.mN m.NNIo.HN S.SNIo.mH muasoo Ammnoawv uwuoEwSQ .huasoo Sam mmmHo umumawwv Smsafiuaoo Aummw Symon Sammsonuv ma umnBSqum mafia Sou mo :uBouw Nassau umz ml< Nanmmm¢ 108 N.SSS S.SSS.H S.SHN.S S.SSN.HH N.NSS.NH S.SNN.SS Hmuoa S.SN N.SS N.SNN S.SSN.H S.SSS.N N.SSS.S Suonoz S.SN S.HSH S.SSN N.SSS S.SHS.H S.SHS.H Soaaoomom S.SS S.SS S.SSN N.NSS S.NNS S.SNS.H mHSH SSSSSSS S.SS S.NSH H.SSH S.HSS S.NNS II oSSSSS S.SS N.SSN S.SNS S.SNS.H N.SSS.H S NSS.S SSSSSS II II II II II II wHomUmO S.S S.SS N.SS S.SSH S.SS S.S smamwo S.S N.S N.HS H.SSN N.SNN S.SSH.H oammoo H.S S.SS H.SSH S.SSS S.SSN.H N.SNN.S owNmamz S.SS H.SS N.SSH N.SSN S.NNS S.SHS.H Nuaouoauaoz S.NH II H.NS S.SS S.NSH II SmxsmmmNz S.SH S.NS II S.SSH S.SSN II SSSHSNz S.HS S.SH S.SH S.HH S.SSH S.HSH Sumac»: S.H N.S N.SS S.SSS S.SNS H.SSS.H comma N.H H.SH S.SNH S.NSS S.NSS S.SNS.H SSSSHSSz II II II II II II DwaHMOA S.SS H.SS S.SSN N.SSS S.HHS.H H.NNS.S SSSN S.NSH H.SSH S.SHS N.SNN S.SNS H.NSH.N SSSSSHSM II II II II S.HS II SHHSSSSH N.SS S.SSN H.SNN S.NNS.H S.SSS.H N.NSS.N ooSoH S.SS N.SH N.NHN S.SSN S.NNS S.SNS SmuS>SuS SSSNS S.S N.SS S.NNN N.SSH II II aNsSSHS S.SHIS.NH S.SHIS.SH S.SHIS.SH S.NHIS.HH S.SHIS.S SSSSNSSH INSSSSS Amwnocwv umumamwn Auoom Symon SammsonHv mucsoo Saw mmmHo uwumawfiw an umnESSBSS dawn Smu mo nuaouw stccw umz NI< NHszmmd 109 Ammnocwv nmumawwn S.SSS.SN S.SS N.NSH S.SSS Hmuoe N.HHS.S II II S.S Suomxmz S.SHS.S II S.SH N.HH coasouwom S.NSS.N S.S S.NH S.S mHSH SSSSSNS S.SSH.H II II H.SS owmmuo S.SHS.N H.HH S.S S.N «Soomo II II II II mHOQUwO S.SSS N.S II S.S amammo S.SSS.H II II II osmmoo S.SSS.S II II N.SN SSSSSSZ S.SSH.S S.S S.HN N.SN Noamuoauaoz H.SNN II II N.NH SmxsmmmNz S.NNS II II S.HH SSSHSNz H.Smm II II H.N mumoomz S.SHS.H II II II nommz H.de.m II II II mmuwwamz II II II II smawaoma S.NSS.N II II S.S mxma S.NSS.S II II S.HN SSSSSHSN S.HS II II II SHHSSSSH N.HSS.S N.S N.S S.SS ooSoH S.NNN.H N.S S.N S.S SSSS>SNN SSSNS S.SNS II II II aHsSmHo Hmuoe +S.SN S.NNIS.HN S.SNIS.SH Nuance Smscwuaoo Auoom Symon Sawwsosuv Sussoo Sam mmmao Houwawwv Sn nonamu3mm dawn Sou mo nu3ouw Hmsacm uoz mI< anzmmmd 110 H.SSS.H S.SNN.S S.SHS.N N.SSS.SH S.NHN.NN S.SSS.SS Hmuoa nmwwnowz S.S S.S S.SSH N.SSS.H S.SSN.N S.SSS.S HSuoN II II II II II II amusm am> II II S.SS S.SSN S.NHN S.SSS «Basso II II II II S.SHH II SSSHSSS N.S S.S S.SN S.SNN S.SSH.H S.SSS.H cowmxmsz H.S II S.S S.SSH S.HSH N.HSH aHSoSaoz II II II S.NNS S.SSS N.NHS SOSSSSH>NS II II II II II II ummamq II II II S.SSH II II Samm II II S.SHH S.NNH S.NSN S.SS oowmaSHSM II II II II II II anonHmo II II II H.SSH S.SNH N.SNN NSNSS II II II II S.SSN II aS.SSHHS. wHSmfiwfimm H0304 Guwfiufiom S.SHIS.NH S SHIS SH S.SHIS.SH S.NHIS.HH 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II S.S II II II ESNSSS S.NSS II N.SHN S.SS II N.SS II SSSSHS S.SNSH II S.SNN S.S II II S.SSH.H ScooH< WHDmSMGwm H6304 S.SNSH—Roz S.SNS.NH II S.NNS.H S.HHS.H H.SHN N.SSS.N S.SSS.H Hmuoe N.SSS.H II S.NH S.HN II II S.SHS.H commaouao S.NNH.S II N.SSH.H S.SSS S.SNS S.SSN.N N.S SuuoaSNmz S.HNS II II S.HNS II II II SSSSSSSS S.HSN.H II S.SS S.SS S.SSH N.SS S.HSS aouH S.HSH.N II S.SN S.SSN S.NSH II S.SNS.H sounwsom S.SSN.H II S.SH II II II S.SSN.H SNSSSOS S.SSS II S.SSH S.SS II S.SSN II :oSaNonS H.SSS II II II S.HS N.NSH S.SSH SSSSSS mstawaom Noam: cumumm3 S.NHS.SN N.SSS S.SNN.H H.SNS S.HNN S.SHS.S S.SSN.HH Hmuoa S.SSH.S N.SSS S.SSS S.SSH N.NS N.SSN S.SHS.H SSSuoHooSoS S.HHN II S.SS S.SS N.NH S.SHH II mSaSaoaoz S.SHS.S II II S.SNN II S.SSS.S N.NSN omaonwz N.SNS.S II S.SS II II S.SSS.S II Sosa S.SHH.S II S.SSS.H II S.SS N.SH S.SSS.S SSHSS S.SSS.S II S.SSH II II H.SSS S.NHS.S SSSSSNSS S.HSS.N II II II N.SS S.SNH S.NSN.N NSSHS mHomawaom ummma auoummm kuoH umnuo mHmSSS>SScH wumuomuoo IINuumavaH mumum ammuom IINuasoo .omwz ammuom Hmaowuwz posse Aummm Symon Sammsonuv huazoo paw mmmHu awfiwumnBo >3 HonaHuBmw dawn SSH mo nuaouw stccm umz OHI< NHszmmd 113 S.SSS.SN S.SSN H.NSS.SH S.SSS.S N.SNN S.SSS.NN H.SSS.SN kuoa N.HHS.S II S.SSS.N II II H.HSS S.SHS.S Suonmz S.SHS.S II S.NSS.H S.SN II S.SSS.N II coasoomom S.NSS.N II S.SNN N.SSS.H N.SS S.SSS II SHSH SSSSSNS S.SSH.H II S.NN S.SSN II S.SNS II oSmSuS S.SHS.N II S.HNN.S S.SSS II S.SNS.H N.NNS.H «Soomo II II II II II II II waowumo S.SSS S.SN S.SS II II S.SSN S.SH amawmo S.SSS.H II II N.SSN II II S.NSS mammoo S.SSS.S II II S.NSS.H II II S.HSS.S oSSmamz S.SSH.S II H.SSN.H N.HS II S.SNS.H II Noamuoauaoz H.SNN II II II II H.SNN II SSSSSSSHS S.NNS II S.NNS II II II II SSSHSNz H.SSS II S.SSH II II II S.SSH «smog»: N.SHS.H II N.HS II II II S.SSN.H comm: H.SNS.S S.SS S.SNS.H II II S.SS S.SSH.N SSSSNSSz II II II II II II II smawHwoq S.NSS.N II S.SSH II II H.SNS S.HHS.S «SSH S.NSS.S II S.NNS S.SNS II S.SSS.N II «SSSNHSS S.HS II S.HS II II II II 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II II II II II II II DNGGOBOVH N.NSS.N II S.NSS II S.SNN N.SSS.H S.SSN.S nouH S.SHN.NH II II H.SNS H.SSN II N.NNS.SH counwsom S.SNS.S S.SN II II S.SSN II N.NSS.S SHSSSSS S.SSS.H II S.SSS II II S.SHH.H II SSSSNSSHS S.SNS.S II II II N.NSS.N S.NNH S.SSS.S SSSNSS wH:wchmm “mam: auoummz S.SSN.SNH N.NSS.S S.SSS.S II S.SHN.N S.HSS.SS H.NNH.NH HSSoN S.SSS.SN H.SSS.N S.SSH.HH SSSNoHooSoS S.SHS.H S.SHN S.SSS II II S.SSS II oSaHaoamz S.NSN.SH II II S.SSS.N II S.HSS.S S.SSN.S omaonmz S.SNS.SN II S.SSS.H II N.SSN.H S.SSS.SN II SosH S.SSS.SN II S.SSS.S II S.SN S.NSS N.NHS.HN SSHSS S.SSS.NS S.SNS S.SS II S.SSN.H N.HNS.SN S.NSH.SS SsmSSHSS N.NSN.SH II II II H.HSH S.SNS.N S.SSS.N SSSHS stmcHaom ummmb cuoummm HmuOH umnuo mesvH>HwaH mumuomuoo muumavcH wuwum umwuom hucsou . 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H mu II II II II N . o nounwsom H.mom II II II II m.o afinmwow m.-~ II II II II II sowawxumo ¢.noH II II II II H.o wmmumm «Hamawcwm “mam: cumuwwz w.o~m.n II II Am.qu m.HH m.¢~ Hmuoa H.m~H.H II II Am.mqv m.~ m.m ummuoaoonom w.mNN II II II II II mmawaoamz w.NNm II II II N.N m.~ umawxowz ~.mmm.H II II II II II mung m.m¢m II II II H.m m.a «yawn w.qu.N II II II ~.m ~.m mamaawso «.muq II II II w.o m.~ powH< madmawawm umam: auwummm Hmuoa +o.m~ $.NNIO.HN m.oNIo.¢H ¢.wHIO.m~ m.oHIo.m~ ~Auasoo Ammnocwv umumawwo wmscfluaoo Aumww ownso vcwmsonuv %uc=oo w mmmHo umumSwwv ha xUOuw wawaouw mafia xumm mo nusouw Hmscsm umz mlm xHszmm< 133 ©.Hm~ w.mo~ w.~mm.m H.Nmo.m m.m~m.m m.aoq.q Hmuoa q.o m.HH “.mm o.¢m~ H.moH n.mh whomxoz o.m m.mm o.m- ¢.o¢~ N.NoH N.Hoq coaaoowom H.o o.- H.Nq «.mm N.mom m.mmo mHmH onuwmum H.m o.m~ o.qw N.fi- N.ONH w.~m owomuo w.o~ AN.mNV m.¢wm ~.on o.nmq o.mHm mucomo N.N m.“ II II m.m II wHomomo N.¢ N.¢~ ~.o~fi ¢.¢Hm m.¢¢~ $.mom swamwo ¢.o 0.0 m.~ o.o~ ~.mH H.am mammoo N.H H.HN ¢.am 0.5“ c.5ofi o.¢- owmmsmz ¢.mH m.- H.mmfi m.¢¢~ “.mmfi o.~mfi moamuoauaoz m.qH II N.NN o.e~ ~.n~ II mmxsmmmwz II II II II «.0 II uamficwz II m.N o.o N.H N.H H.N muwoomz m.o o.m o.mm o.oo N.mm ¢.Ha comm: “.0 m.n H.HH o.- m.om o.ow mwumfiamz III II II. II II II Dmfimemd N.H m.mm w.~o~ w.~e~ H.0wm o.¢w~ mxmq o.m~ w.¢m .HN H.NHN N.NNH «.mq mxmmxfimx II II II II II II mHHmnme N.NH A¢.Hmv ”.05H o.~¢~ ¢.HN~ H.mmm oumoH H.m n.qfi w.o~ o.- w.~w w.om mmpw>mua vague N.N m.m~ ~.m~ o.o~ m.oH II casumfiw ¢.¢HIo.mH m.NHIo.HH m.oHIo.m ¢.mIo.N m.oIo.m ausouwcH Nuance Ammnocwv uwumawwm vmsawuaoo Aumom ownno vawwsonuv muasoo w mmmau uwuwewwu >3 Macaw wawaouw mafia scam mo nusouw Hmsaaw uwz mIm NHszmm< 134 n.5mm.¢fi II II Am.mwv Am.omv o.m~ Hmuoa q. H 3 II II II II II 2863 m.m~o.~ II II II A¢.¢v m.m coaaoomom m.omo.~ II II II II II mHmH wawwmum o.mm¢ II II II II o.q owmmuo n.5mw.fi II II II II N.N wvoumo m.a~ II II II II II «Homomo m.m~o.fi II II II II ¢.N awamwo m.ow II II II II II mcwwoc o . H mm II II II II II owhmavwz «.mmw II II II II N.N muamuoauaoz H.Nw II II II II o.q mmxsmmmwz «.0 II II II II II vamawmz o.a II. II II II II mumoooz m.m¢N II. II II II II comm: N.Nom II II II II II mwuwwamz II II II II II II swcwammq m.~a¢ II II II II II mqu w.wom II II II Am.ov H.m mxwwamM II II II II II II wHHwnmmH 0.0Na II II II II H.o oomOH m.mmm II II II II II mmum>wus wcmuu m.mm II II II II II cwsvmao Hauoe +mN ¢.NNIO.HN m.omIo.m~ ¢.wHIo.n~ m.oHIo.mH INucnoo Amwnocmp kumamwn vmsawuaoo Aummw ownso wammsonuv hucsoo w mmmHo uwumewwv ha xUOum wcw3ouw mafia xomw mo nuaouw Huncam umz mIm NHmzmmm< 135 n.0mm H.Hmo.H N.HH o.oq o.m o.m H.o H.Nm II N.o w.ooq.¢ H .Hmm.m m.NoH mw.o- m.o~ m.NH w.~m o.o~ H.o m.HN II «.0m a.n~¢.o m.owm.o «.mofi m.HmH m.m~ ¢.HH o.o~ o.¢ ¢.m m.o N.mHH m.mm~ kuoa amwwnowz kuoe amusm cm> «swuuo vanaxmo dowwxmnz Bamouaoz acumwcw>wq umwqu ucmx oouwawawx asonawo muumm ammw-< mfiamswamm uo3oq cumnusom m.¢HIo.mH m.NHIo.HH m.oHIo.¢ m.wlo.m m.cIo.m nuzoumaH Ammnuawv uwumewwo chsoo UQDfiMUd—OU AUGGM OMDQO UGQmfiOSUV muasoo a mango kumawwv an Macaw wamzouw mafia 30mm mo nusouw szanw uwz mIm Nunzmmm< 136 H.oofi.om II “H.0mv AN.meV Ao.wv N.qu Hmuoa amwMSUMz N.omm II II II II II kuoa II II II II II II cwusm am> II II wauuo o.wo II II II II II vcmaxwo II II II II II II cowmxmsz m.owa II II II II II flamenco: o.w~ II II II II II acumwcw>wq m.m II II II II II umwmmq II II II uamM II oontmHmM II II II II II II asosamo II II II huuwm «.mom II II II II II sawmfifl< MHDmCHGQQ H®3OA thfiufiom HmuOH +m~ m.NNIo.HN m.omlo.mH m.wHIo.NH m.o~lo.mH munsoo Amwnocwv umumawwn vmsafiuaoo Auwmw ownso wammnonuv hucsoo cam wwwHo umumamwv mp Jacuw wawsouw mafia xowm mo £u3ouw uwz mlm xHazmmm< 137 II II II II II II II umaam m.o¢o.m II o.ofin q.o~ II m.mNo“H o.wm~ whomzwpo o.¢nm II .oqu H.mmH II o.oo¢ II muwao o.mHm II A¢.wmv II II «.mhm II awwxonmno Am.mv II II II II Am.mv II xwo>oaum£o II II II II II II II mwucwm II II II II II II II ham m.wm II m.wo II II m.m~ II uwamu< II II II II II II II awuuc< m.¢m II m.om II II m.m II wawa~< N.NNm II o.mm H.0N II II m.Hn~ maooa< maamaflamm umsoq cumnuuoz m.ama.m o.o~m o.Hmm H.mNN w.Nom m.o¢m “.mmm.fi Hmuoe d.Nmm II II II II II «.mmm comma0uao m.mwm.~ o.¢om o.~w¢ m.mo~ ¢.ooH o.mom m.o muuwswumz II II II II II II II swcmmsmx II II m.m~ II «.wfi ¢.om ~.owH couH N.Hmn II II m.m~ m.oHH II H.Noc counwsom H.mom $.m II II w.¢fi II q.~mm ownmwou m.mHH II ¢.mN II II H.¢m II aomcwxofla m.no~ II II II m.mm 5.0 m.n¢~ wwwuwm manmcwamm uwmmd auoummz w.o~m.~ H.¢mH o.o¢m H.wm fi.¢mfi «.mHN.m ¢.wmm.m kuow H.m~H.~ H.¢HH N.Nm II II w.¢m¢ o.¢m¢ umwuoaoonom w.mNN m.o~ H.Hmfi II II w.m~ II mwawabamz w.-m II II H.wm II «.OHN m.¢HN omnwxumz “.mmm.fi II c.05H II a.m¢ H.m~H.H II mung m.a¢m II o.mm II ~.¢ o.¢~ H.me muamn w.¢~w~ ~.m~ m.m II H.mHH m.mcm.H w.NNm.H mamaaflno ¢.mfi¢ II II II m.~ m.me~ «.mmm umwfi< waswawamm ummm: cumummm HmuOH umnuo .ww>wvaH mumuomuoo NuumsvaH mumum ummuom muasou .umflz ummuom Hm:0mumz umcso Auwmm ownso wammsonuv mucsoo w mmwao magnumcao ma xUOum waflsouw mafia xowm mo £u3ouw stacw uwz elm xHszmm< 138 0.500.«H 0.«N 0.N0«« 0.««m 5.50 o.«¢~.0 m.«~m.m Hmuoy «.Hm« II 0.0«0 II II H.NHH 0.550 0uomxmz 0.0N0.0 II 0.5 II II 0.-o.~ II soaaoomom 0.000.0 II 5.000 II II 0.000 II mfimH mavmoum o.00« II «.00 II II 0.000 II owomuo 0.«H0.H II 0.5N0 5.0« II N.NN« 0.000 000000 0.00 II 0.00 II II II II «Homomo 0.0Bo.fi II ~.m«« II II 0.NN0 0.0 smamwo 0.00 II ~.0 II II II 0.00 000000 o.-0 II «.NHN 5.00 II II 0.00N omamsmz «.muw 0.«m «.0o« II II N.«0m II 0oamuoau=oz H.Nm II II 0.0 II 0.55 II mmxammmfiz «.0 II «.0 II II II II 000000: 0.0 II 0.~ II II II «.0 0000002 5.0«N II “.00 II “.00 II N.0mH comm: N.N0N “.00 «.00 «.00 II II 5.050 00000002 II II II II II II II SNfiMHGQH 0.000 II 0.000 ~.m II o.N00 H.Hm« 0&0; 0.000 II II 0.«0 II m.««« II mxmmxfimx II II II II II II II ma H0 am mH 0.0mm II N.N00 «.00 II 0.00 m.««0 oomoH 0.0mm II N.0N II II 0.000 II wmpo>mua 0:000 0.05 II II II II 0.0“ II =030mfio HNUOH. Hmfiuo . vH>HwGH mumuomhoo hhuwdvfiH mumum umwuom Nufifiou .omwz uwmuom Hmaowumz umcso Auwmm ownso wamwnoauv Ichsou vam mmeo mwnwum:30 mp xooum wcwaouw mafia xomm stacm mo nuzouw Hwaccw umz elm Nanmmm< 139 H.00m.om o.m~o m.mqm.m H.mwo o.q~m o.wmm.ofi H.qu.w kuoe awwwsomz N.owm o.om m.mom m.oH II m.HNm N.dH HmuOH II II II II II II II amusm cw> o.wo 0.0m m.NN m.o~ II II II d05.50:0 II II II II II II II wcwaxwo 0.000 II 0.000 II II II 0.00 cowmxmsz o.wN II II II II m.o~ H.H Bamouaoz II II II II II II II soumwaw>wq m.m II II II II n.m II ummmmq II II II II II II II quM II II II II II II II ooameHmM II II II II II II II anonamo II II II II II II II huuwm «.000 II N.«H II II N.Hmm II :000000 mammawamm uwBoq aumnusom Hmuoe umnuo .vw>wvaH mumuomuoo huumsvaH mumum ammuom mucnoo .umflz ummuom Hm:0wumz umcso Aummw amaze wamwsonuv Muasoo vdm mmwao awnmumcso mp xUOum wawaouw mafia xomw Havana mo suaouw Hwaucm umz elm xHazmmm< 140 II II II II II II 000000.00 II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.««0.0N «.«N~.00 00000000 II II II 0.000.« 0.00«.0 0.000.00 00000 0.000 0.000 0.000 II 0.000.0 0.000.00 000000000 II II II II «.000 0.000.0 000>000000 II II II II II II mwncmm II II II II II II 000 II II II II 0.0«0.0 0.000.0 000000 II II II II II II Ewnhuflafl II II II 0.000 «.000 0.000.0 000000 II II 0.00 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.00 000000 N.Hamfiwflmm HwBOA fiHwSUHOZ 0.«00 0.000.0 0.000.«N 0.000.0« 0.000.00 0.000.000 00000 II II 0.000 II ~.000.« 0.00«.00 000000000 0.000 0.00«.N 0.0«0.0N 0.«00.00 0.000.0« 0.«00.00 000000000 II II II II II II smdwwspmM II 0.000 0.000.0 0.0«~.0 0.000.0 0.-«.0 0000 II II 0.««0 0.000 0.000.00 0.«00.0~ 00000000 II II 0.000 II 0.000.0 0.000.0 0000000 II II II 0.«00.0 0.00«.0 0.000 000000000 II II 0.0« II 0.00«.N 0.000.0 000000 maamawamm pummb :000003 0.00« 0.««0.«0 0.000.0 0.0«0.0N 0.0«0.00 0.«00.000 00000 0.00« 0.000.0 «.000.0 0.00«.0 0.000.0 0.0««.00 00000000000 II II II II II N . wN¢ wwflwEOfimZ II 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.00«.~ 0.00.0 0.000.00 00000000 II II II 0.000.0 0.0«.«0 0.000.00 0000 II 0.000.0 0.«00.0 ~.000.« 0.000.0 0.000.«N 00000 II 0.000.0 0.000.0 «.000.00 0.000.«0 0.000.00 00000000 II 0.0«0 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.00«.« 0.000.0 00000 manaawawm ummma cuwummm 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.«0I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.0 000000 Amwnoawv uwumawwn Aummm vuwon vammsonuv zucsou wcm mmmHo umumamww hp maneo> uwnawusmm mafia #005 ulm xHszmm< 141 II II II umafim m.oow.oo~ II II whomswuo m.omm.nu II II 00000 m.omo.om II II sawhonmnu o.mn~.m II II xwo>maumno II II II mwucwm II II II ham 0.000.0 II II 000000 II II II awuuc< «.««0.« II II 000000 0.0o«.0« II II 000000 00:0awcmm 00304 00050002 0.000.000 II 0.000 00000 0.m0m.ofi II II commaouco 0.000.000 II 0.000 0000:0002 II II II swamewM m.moq.¢0 II II douH 0.000.00 II II 00000000 0.000.00 II II 0000000 «.00«.m II II 000000000 0.0«0.0 II II 000000 wasmdmamm 00mm: cuwummS N.wcm.mom II II kuOH m.mm0.mm II II ummuoaoonom n.m~¢ II II mwawaoamz 0.0«0.00 II II 00000002 o.om«.0« II II 0000 0.00«.~« II II 00000 0.0mm.NO0 II II 03000000 0.000.00 II II 00000 mazmawcmm qumD aumummm HmuOH +o.m~ a.~NIo.0~ awasoo Ammnoawv nmumammm Amedfiuaoo mummm unmon wamwsonuv >ucsoo cam 00000 “0008000 ma wEDHo> uwnEwuamm mafia 3005 “In anzmmm¢ 142 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.000 0.000.000 00000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 0000000 II 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.00 0.000.00 000000000 II II II 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.0 0000 0000000 II II 0.000.0 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.00 000000 II II 0.000.0 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 000000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 II 0000000 II II 0.000 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.00 300000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 000000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 0000300 II II 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.00 0.000.00 00000000000 II II 0.000.0 0.000.0 II 0.000.0 000000002 II II II II II II 0000000 II II II 0.00 0.000 0.000 0000000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 00000 II II II 0.00m 0.000.0 0.000.0 00000000 II II II II II II DwfiMmed II II II 0.000 0.000.00 0.000.00 0000 II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.00 00000000 II II II II II II 00000000 II II 0.00 0.000.0 0.000.0 0.000.00 00000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.00 00000000 00000 II II II 0.000 0.000.0 0.000.0 0000000 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.00 0.00I0.m 000000 00000000 00000000 000000000 00000 00000 0000:0500 000000 000 00000 00000000 up 0800o> 000800300 0000 0000 film xHszmm< 143 N.NNw.¢wo II II HmuOH o.om<.- II II whomxma o.m~¢.w¢ II II aoaaoomom m.cHH.©H II II mHmH mavwmum w.omm.~N II II owmmuo N.Nmm.mofi II II mvoomo o.mc¢.m II II «Homomo m.oom.mm II II Swamwo w.a-am II II mammoo ¢.NNH.NH II II owhwzmz m.moo.Hm II II moawnoauaoz w.m¢m.¢ II II mmxswmmmz II I- I- wamfiwwz w.o-.~ II II wumoomz w.oow.w II II comm: H.Nmn.¢ II II mmuwmamz II II II :mcmammu «.mfim.fim II II mqu H.wua vcwuo m.NNo.n II II GMSvau Hmuoe +o.m~ m.-Io.HN muasoo AwNSUfiMv .kumawfln vmsawuaoo Aumww vumon vcmmsonuv xucsou wcw mmmao umumawmw hp masao> uwnawuamm mafia xomh ulm NHszmm< 144 m.-®.~ o.nfio.om o.~mo.om m.mmo.wmfi m.o~m.¢dm m.Hmm.m “.mmm.m m.¢mm.~ m.mo~.~ m.moo.~ o.oqm.o ~.o ¢.¢m II m.m¢m w.NHm.¢- kuoa amwfiaowz m.mmo.nfi HmuOH II amusm sm> wqfi.m wamuuo II vawaxmo mm¢.¢a aowmxmnz N.mm anoucoz II acumwaw>mq II umwmma II uan II ooanmHmM II anonamo II muumm II cwwmaa< mHumawcmm HmBoq aumnusom a Ln 0 m.ONIo.¢H ¢.mHIo.NH $.oalo.ma m.¢HIo.mH m.NHIo.HH ¢.oHIo.a muasoo Amonoawv “mumamwn %u:=oo cam mmmao wmsamuaoo Aumww vumon vammsonuv “mumamww an maafio> umnawuzwm mafia xowh mIm anzmmm< 145 m.©w¢.oom.fi ~.m¢m.m~ o.m-o «.mmq.mm m.ow II H.Nmm kuoa amwflnofiz kuoa amusm am> wsmuuo wawfixwo cowmxmnz Sawouaoz caumwaw>mq ummmmq ucmm oonmameM asonamo >uumm cmwmaa< madmawamm umsoq auwSusom HmuOH +o.m~ m.NNIo.HN Amwfiofiwv Hmuwamfifi wwasou vmscwucoo Aummm vuwon vcmmnonuv zucsoo wcm mmmao umuwamwv kn mabao> umnawuswm wamzouw mama xUMH film mezmmm< 146 II II II II II II II umEEm m.oom.oo~ II ~.o~m.fim o.mo~.q II ~.mwm.~q o.ow¢.m~ unemsmuo m.omm.- II ~.omm.¢ H.oum.~ II o.m-.mfi II mumfiu ~.one.o~ II H.0Hm.~ II II o.¢mm.m~ II summonmso o.mm~.m II II II II o.mmN.N II mmo>maumno II . II II II II II II mwunmm II . II II II II II II hwm m.m~m.m II o.o¢~.m II II o.mnm.m II omaou< II . II II II II II II Emuua< q.¢¢m.q II 4.44m.¢ II II II II maoafi< o.co¢.~¢ II o.o~¢.o N.Now.m II II o.q~fi.~m maoofi< w Hflmflwfimm H¢3OA fihmfiuhoz m.~¢o.mn~ w.¢mo.mfi H.mo~.~m «.mHH.mH m.q¢m.wfi H.o¢~.om n.4HN.- Hmuoe ¢.m~m.efi II II II II II d.mnm.o~ commaouao 4.4mmo.mfi w.¢mo.¢H n.Hoo.Nm m.mm~.o~ $.o¢¢.NH m.c~w.ow m.Ho muumscumz II II II II. II II II. flwflmmkmx m.no¢.¢fi II m.~om.q II II ¢.~wm.o w.HHm.w couH m.mmm.~m II II w.mfim.m II II h.mfim.mm acunwsom ~.mmo.oH II II II II m.mfiq.m m.m~H.~ owpmwou «.m~¢.m II II II II II «.m~¢.m comafixowm h.o¢o.m II II II m.mmm II m.mmo.~ mmmumm maamcwcmm ummma :umummz ~.mem.¢om “.qu.HH m.o~m.cH m.~m¢.n m.omo.q o.fi¢o.omfi H.55om.mfi Hmuoa m.mmfi.mm “.mmm.~ m.¢H~.m II II “.mwo.¢~ N.Hmm.¢fi uwmuoaooaom ~.wm¢ II II II II “.muq II mmawaoamz ~.w¢m.mm II II m.~ma.fi II ~.mfio.fifi ~.ooo.¢fi omafixomz o.om¢.wq II H.mam II o.oam.fi m.¢o¢“m¢ II mung m.mH¢.N¢ II m.HH~.o II II m.o~¢.fi N.om~.¢m «game o.mmm.~ofi o.o~n.m m.wa¢ II «.00H.m ~.~N~.oq w.Hm~.mm mamaaflno o.-¢.- II II II II o.m¢o.m o.~m~.fifi ummfi< mHSmcwnmm puma: auwummm Hmuoe umnuo .wfi>wwaH mumuomuoo muuwsvaH muwum ummuom huasoo .omwz umwuom de0muwz umazo Auwom canon vcwmsoauv hugsoo tam mmmHo mmnmumcao kn manao> umnsquamm mafia xomh wIm anzmmm¢ 147 N.NHw.¢wo w.m¢m o.~¢w.mcfi q.ow~.om m.mwm.¢ c.¢-.qnfi H.0mo.mcm kuoa o.om¢.- II H.~m~.n II II N.aoo.~ «.mafi.m whomxoz o.m~¢.m¢ II II II II o.m~q.mq II aoaaoomom m.oHH.oH II o.NH~.¢ II II a.~mw.- II meH Isommum m.o¢m.- II ¢.¢mq.m II II «.nmfi.mfi II owomuo N.NmM»aoH II N.Hmm.w o.mmn.¢ II ¢.HwH.Hm w.mwm.¢o «woowo o.mo¢.~ II o.mo¢.m II II II II maomomo h.oo~.~m II o.HN¢.HN II II m.mofi.¢ w.n~o.fi smaowo w.a~H.m II II II II II w.¢-.m 280o «.NNH.~H II o.m~o.~ $.moq.u II II m.omc.~ owxmamz m.moo.~m w.¢¢m ¢.wH¢.mm II II ¢.~qo.ma II hummuoauaoz w.m¢m.a II II “.me.H II o.om~.m II wmxswmmwz II II II II II II II wamfiwfiz m.ofifi.fi II N.ooo II II II o.oH~ mumoomz m.ooa.m II H.No¢ II “.mwm.¢ II o.mm~.¢ scam: H.Nmn.¢ II II II II II H.Nmn.¢ ovumwamz II II II II II II II swamammq N.¢~¢.Hm II m.o¢o.¢~ m.o~w.fi II m.o~o.o ¢.Hm¢.a mxmq H.¢m~.om II II m.ooo.m~ II w.mmfi.mfi II mxmmxawm II II II II II II II mHHmnmmH w.-~.am II o.mm~.m II II m.~mm.~ m.©-.m¢ ouon m.¢ow.mfi II m.Noo.H II II o.~o~.o~ II mmuw>muH wcmuw m.NNo.n II II II II m.~mo.n II awsvwao Hmuoa umnuo .v«>wwaH mumuomuoo quwsvsH muwum ummuom mucaoo .omwz ammuom Hmcomumz umnso Awmsawucoo Aummm vumon vawmsonuv hucsoo vcw mmmao anmumnao hp wasao> umnawuzmm mafia gown wIm anzmmm¢ 148 m.@wq.oom.fi m.qmw.om m.mwfi.m©~ q.wmm.mo w.owmaum o.mmm.fiom o.won.fifiq Hmuoe amwflnofiz m.wmm.mm II m.wmwnm III II m.m¢m m.o¢m HmuOH II II II II amusm aw> o.nua.o II o.-~o II II II II wamuuo II II II II II II II unwaxwo mm¢.- II ¢.om~HN II II II m.¢o~ cowmxmaz II II II II II m.ow Eamouaoz II soumwaw>wq uwmamq II uamm II II II II II II II ooumawamx II II II II II II II anonawo II II II II II II II huumm II II II II II II II :mwwHH< mfiswcwcmm umsoq :umnuaom wvcH mumuomuoo huuwsvaH manum ammuom mwwsoo .omwz umwuom Hmcowumz pmaao vmaawucoo Aummm wumon wammsonuv xuasoo tam mmwao magmuwaao an madao> umnaausmm mafia xoww wIm NHszmm< 149 II II II II II II uwgm A~.m~v o.- ~.mmH o.me ¢.~m¢.fi ¢.mom.o anomsmuo II II N.Nw m.m~H o.¢mm N.HHN.~ muwHo Ao.mv ~.m II o.~m~ m.me m.oa~.~ ammuonmno II II II o.o~ m.~H II mflo>mfiumno II II II II II II mwucwm II II II II II II mam II II II N.NH m.oo~ H.mfin omamu< II II II II II II Sagua< II II m.m o.wH ~.mm II mamafi< II ~.o m.ww Am.fimmv m.hmo o.N~w.N maoofi< masmnwamm umBoq auwnuuoz m.m m.ofim o.o¢o.~ H.m~H.N ~.wmm.m w.~mm.¢fi Hmuoa II N.H II «.4NH o.¢~m m.w~c.fi aowmaouco w.q «.mmq ~.mmm o.¢NM.H m.o¢¢.~ w.mm~.w muuwsvumz II II II II II II amcmm3mM Am.~v ¢.mH o.mm m.eom a.¢- o.mfio :oHH II H.H m.m $.Ham n.5mm $.oom.m counwaom II o.m II o.- q.H¢H m.-p oapmwou II II m.w~ o.mm n.mm II cowawxowa II m.o II «.40 w.HqH «.mfic.fi wwmuwm masmcwcmm ummma cumummz m.oo o.mm~ ~.moo «.mqw.H o.mmo.m o.¢~mImH kuoe o.w o.¢~ H.mmH ¢.mw~ o.moH.H q.mmw.m umwuoaoonom II II II II .V . m H II mmfiwgfiwz m.qH ~.mfi m.Hm m.¢¢~ m.no¢ c.~mm.~ omawxomz II II N.¢q $.omm o.eoo.~ ~.oao.¢ mung m.oH «.mm o.w~ «.mqfi 5.0oo “.mmm wUHma 4.5H m.¢~ “.mqm m.oeo m.omm.fi m.mm¢.¢ mamaafino N.¢ «.mfi o.mm m.o- $.4HN H.mnm ume< adamamawm ummm: cumumwm m.wHIo.~fi m.oHIo.mH m.¢HIo.mH a.NHIo.HH ¢.oHIo.¢ nusouwaH Nuance Ammnoawv Hmumawmn Auomm wumon vcmmdonuv mucsoo wcm wwwao “mumawflv hp umnEwuBmm wfiwm xomm mo nukoum staaw umz mlm NHszmm¢ 150 II II II II umaam m.m¢¢.w II II II whomsmuo w.HNo.m II II II muwao m.m¢m.~ II II Aq.mwmv amm%onmso a.NN II II II xwo>maum£o II II II II mmuamm II II II II mum m.nm¢ II II II owcwu< II II II II awuua< H.0HH II II II mamafi¢ N.HN~.m II II II maooH< maawawawm umsoq aumnuuoz H.¢mm.fim II Am.mmmv Aw.wmmv Hmuoa o.mN~.N II II II commaOuao ¢.Hfim.NH II Am.N¢~V Aw.mamv muuosvumz II II II II ammomSwM o.¢¢H.H II II II aouH w.mo¢.m II II II counwsom n.0mo.fi II II II afinmwoo c.5w II II II cowawxown m.m-.~ II II II mwmpmm maamnmcmm ummmb cuwummS «.mm~.mm II II Am.Nm~v Hmuoe m.~¢~.m II II Aw.Nm~v uwmuoaoosom ¢.mH II II II mmawsocmz w.¢mo.~ II II II omawxomz o.¢mm.m II II II mung o.-m.~ II II II wuamm a.~¢¢.m II II II mamamwno 0.0mo II II II umw~< madmcwawm ummma auwummm Hmuoa +0.m~ m.NNIo.HN m.omIo.aH muasoo Amwnoawv umumawwn vmsawuaoo Aummm vuwon ucwwsonuv mucsoo waw mmeo umuwamww an umnawuamm mafia scam mo nuaouw Hmaccm uoz mIm xHQmem< 151 A¢.Nofiv «.mHH q.-o.fi H.NNN.H m.mo¢.~H 0.4HN.Hq Hmuoy II II m.~ w.wo m.nmN q.~¢m.H chomxmz Ao.NNv H.mN o.oN N.qu N.qo~ m.¢mm.~ aoaaoowom II II H.wN m.w- m.¢w~ H.005 «HmH mavmmpm II H.NH ~.¢H m.HoH w.HHm o.-m owmmuo II m.o~ 0.4mm AH.-¢V o.w¢w.fi o.mom.o mwoomo II II m.m m.~¢ II II «Homomo II o.m m.mH ¢.o¢H m.om¢ ¢.wmfi.m smammo II II $.H m.mm ~.mm “.mm mamooo II II «.0 «.mHH o.mom N.wmm ow»m3mz II H.HH m.m~ m.woq ~.on m.o~¢.m monouoauaoz II 4.0H $.0n II 0.0mfi II moxsmwmfiz II II II II II II uamfiwflz II II ~.o H.mfi ¢.~ o.m mumoomz II II w.~ w.mm N.Nmfi w.m- comm: II II w.m «.04 m.om m.HmH mmumwamz II II II II II II Dwfiwawmd II II a.w o.¢Hm w.¢5m q.HNH.H mxmq Ao.mV o.HH w.wm n.0mfi m.oo¢ m.¢omfifi mxmmxamm II II II II II II NHHw£WmH II m.o m.¢o Aq.mm¢v o.mom m.~o~.m oomoH II II o.o~ a.ow m.NH¢ m.H~q.H mmum>mue wamuo II II N.mH N.mm H.mqfi II afiscmfio m.wHIo.NH 9.0HIo.mH m.¢HIo.mH m.~HIo.HH m.oHIo.m nusoume muaaoo Ammfiofiwv kumamwn Umscwuaoo Aummm vumon vcmmsonuv muasoo cam mmmHo uwumawflc kn umnawuzmm mafia xomm mo nuaouw Hazaaw uwz mlm xHszmm4 152 o.mmo.om II II A¢.wwmv kuoa o.ooa.a II II II unemxmz N.mma.¢ II II II coaBoomom ¢.HON.H II II II mHmH wsvmmum N.Nm~.fi II II II owmmuo m.¢mN.w III II II mvoumo ¢.Nm II II II maowomo «.moufim II II II smammo o.o- II II II mammoo o . 000 II. II II owhmbZ m.omn.¢ II II II hummuoauaoz O . dNN II II II QMXDN mm ME II II II II vamewz 0.5N II II II mumoowz N.mN¢ II II II scam: o.mm~ II II II wmumwawz II II II II :mcmaqu H.amo.~ II II II mxwa H.mmo.m II II II mxmwxamm II II II II wHHmnmmH N.How.m II II II oowOH m.m¢o.~ II II II mmuw>mpfi wamuu o.w¢~ II II II awsvmflo Hmuoa +o.m~ a.NNIo.HN m.o~Io.mH »ua:oo AmmnoamV umumawwo vmsawucoo Aummm vumon uammsonuv huasoo wcm mmmHu umuwawwv kn umnamuamm mafia xuwm mo suBouw staaw umz mIm xH92mmm< 153 Ao.mqv H.mou H.mN~.N o.~oo.o N.¢~o.NN o.¢ao.qu Hmuoe cmwwpofiz II II ¢.nm o.NHN o.~om m.mmH.N kuOH II II II II II II amnsm am> II II «.mm a.ma m.~¢ m.mwm mamuuo II II II II II II wamfixmo II II ¢.Nm N.NNH m.¢Nm o.qHN.H sowmxmsz II II H.o q.H w.o II Eamouaoz II II II II II II scumwaw>wg II II II o.w~ II II waqu II II II II II II uamM II II II II II II oonwameM II II II II II II anonfiwo II II II II II II huumm II II II II II II ammeH< madmawamm uwBoq aumnusom m.mHIo.mH m.oHIo.mH m.¢HIc.mH a.NHIo.HH m.oHIo.m £u3ouwcH huasoo Amwnocwv umuwamwn vmsawucoo Aummm unmon wammsonuv xucsoo cam wmmao uwuwamwv ma umnawusmw mafia xomm mo susouw stcaw uwz mIm anzmmm< 154 m.¢mm.¢oH N.dmo.m 463; «.93; m.~ Am.~mmv 3.33 Hmuos amwwnowz kuoa amusm cm> m3muuo vawaxmo cowwstz Bawoucoz neuwwaw>mq ummamq uamM oouwawHwM anonamo zuuwm cwwwHH< mHSmawcmm umsoq aumnusom Hmuoa +O.mN ¢.NNIQ.HN m.ONIo.a~ Ammnucwv uwumawwn mucsoo vodcwucoo Aumwm wumon vcwmaosuv huasoo cam mwmao umuwawww ma uwnaauzmm mafia xoww mo £u3ouw deccm umz mlm NHszmm< 155 II II II II II II II umaam m.ma¢.w II H.mm¢.~ w.~Nfi II m.-o.¢ o.~ow.fi cuomamuo w.HNo.m II m.¢m~.fi ~.mo II m.wnH.H II mumfio m.m¢m.~ II Am.owmv II II q.omm.m II smw%onono m.- II II II II a.NN II xwo>mauw£o II II II II II II II mwuamm II II II II II II II ham n.5mm II N.NNH II II 0.4Hw II omamu< II II II II II II II 84.” Macaw H.0HH II H.o~H II II II II maIQH< N.HN~.m II m.-fi H.mo II II o.mw¢.~ maoUH< «Hamawcom umsoq aumnuuoz fi.qm¢.fiw N.Nwm 5.4mo.m m.m-.~ «.mm¢ ~.¢oq.w o.Heo.~ Hmuoa o.m-.m II II II II II o.m-.m commaouao ¢.Hfio.mfl N.Nmm ~.o~m.H o.HH~.H m.¢om H.0mfi.w o.H muumsuumz n.omo.~ II II II II II N.Omo.fi smamwsom o.qqfi.~ II q.¢HH II II m.me o.¢¢w couH w.mcq.m II II o.NHm II II w.mmm.~ counwaom II II II II II II II ownmwow 0.5» II II II II 0.5m II comaflxuwn a.m-.~ II II II m.mm¢ II N.Nqs mwwumm mHSmawawm ummm: aumumws «.mmu.mu «.Hmm.H 4.0mm m.ofim H.¢mm m.oqa.mfi ~.mnm.m Hmuoa ¢.~¢~.m «.mmo.H fi.mfiq II II N.wa.~ H.mwm “mmuofioonom «.mH II II II III «.mH II mommaoamz w.qmo.N II II m.ofiu II w.~¢¢.fi m.NHm omawxomz c.4mm.m II m.~¢ II w.m¢ o.m¢q.m II mosq o.H-.H II w.HoH II II N.HN H.wm¢.fi «game m.~¢¢.~ o.¢fi¢ o.moH II m.mHm m.w~¢.m H.mom.~ «swammno c.9mc II II II II ~.o~fi 0.0m4 umwfi< mammcwamm ummm: cumummm Hmuoy umsuo wawsvw>wvaH mumuomuoo NuumsvcH wumuw ammuom wwasoo .omfiz ummuom Hmaofiumz umnao hucsoo vcm wmscmuaoo Aumwm wuwon vcmmsonuv mmmHo awnmumcao an uwnawu3wm mafia wwu mo Suaouw stcaw umz oHIm xH92mmm< 156 o.mmo.cm m.N q.qmq.- o.~qm ~.mm~ N.n-.~N m.o~¢.mfi Hayes m.ocm.H II w.wmm II II m.moc m.~m~ wuowxmz N.mmH.¢ II II II II «.mmfi.¢ II :oaaoowom ¢.HON.H II m.aoH II II m.~¢o.~ II mHmH wsvmwum m.~m~.~ II m.mm II II ¢.¢mH.H II owmmuo m.¢m~.w II N.NHw «.44H II 4.50m.m m.¢na.¢ mucomo «.Nm II «.Nm II II II II wHomomo «.mou.m II m.¢mm.~ II II m.NHm H.mo swamwo o.onH II II II II II o.o- mcwwoo 0.000 II w.¢w m.-~ II III m.wo¢ owamamz m.omn.¢ m.NN w.mfio.m II II m.omm.H II hoamuoauaoz o.¢- II II ¢.¢N II o.am~ II mmxammmwz II II II II II II II vawavwz o.N~ II w.mH II II II m.m~ mumoomz «.mmq II m.om II m.wma II N.emm sown: o.mmN II II II II II o.mmm mmumwawz II II II II II II II smamammq H.mmo.N II w.~o¢ m.q¢ II «.mwm H.wwm oxmq H.mfio.m II II m.mm~ II m.mfi¢.~ II mxmmxfimx II II II II II II II waamnme N.How.m II o.HmH II II m.wHH N.Hmm.m oomOH m.m¢m.~ II H.¢q II II H.Homgfi II mmum>mue wcmuw o.w¢~ II II II II o.w¢~ II awswmao Hmuoa umnuo .vw>wvaH mumuomwoo MuumsvcH mumum ummuom mucsoo .omwz uwmuom Hm60fiumz amaze vmscwucoo Aummm wumon unamsonuv mucsoU a mmwao mfinwumczo mp umnaHuBmm mafia xomm we £u3ouw Hmsccw umz calm anzmmm4 157 m.¢mm.¢o~ H.0mH.N N.Hmfi.wfi N.¢mo.m ¢.mmo.H q.o¢¢.~ o.wH II N.owm.N II q.muo.fi II w.NHm“H n.05mm o.~a©.~ ~.mm¢.a¢ q.m¢o.mm Hmuoe ammwaofiz kuoa cwusm am> msmuuo wamaxmo cowmstz Eamouaoz deumwaw>wq ummqu ucmm oonwameM anonawo uuumm cmmeH< mammawawm umsoq aumnusom HmuOH amnuo .cfl>flwaH mumuomuoo .omwz qumsvcH ummnom mumum umwuom Hmcowumz mucsoo muasoo w mmeo anmumcso kn vwsafluaoo Auwmm wumon vammsonuv Hmnfi§Mm mafia 30mm. mo nuBOHw Hagan umz Calm NHn—zmmmaw APPENDIX C Sampling Errors for Estimates Smaller Than Region Totals 159 .mHsu nonHI¢\H choHumaumuaH N .Hm>mH %uHHHnmnoua ucooumm we mnu u¢ H H.¢N ¢.N N.¢N H. m m. m.¢ o.H OOH m.o¢ N.HH 0.0m q. ON ¢. H H.NH a.m Om m.mwm o.©¢ 0.0mm m. Hm N. m ¢.wc m.mH mN m.moo N.mN H.moo N. NNH H. m w.coH H.¢N ON m.NNo.H N.omH m.NNo.H m.oNN q. ¢H w.me o.m¢ mH N.NH¢.~ o.mm~ o.NH¢.N N.mom 4. NM N.NN4 m.cm OH o.Hmo.m H.NNH.H m.omo.m H.Nmo.N m. mN H m.woN.H «.Nwm m w.mNo.mH m.Hmm.H o.wNo.mH o.me.m w. NON m.moo.N «.moo q ¢.wow.oN N.mmN.m N.oow.oN o.mmo.m o.com w.mdm.¢ m.©No.H m H.mHm.oo «.mNm.N o.¢Hm.oo m.HmN.NH «.HHw o.wNo.oH o.HN¢.N N N.©NN.H¢N m.Hom.mN ¢.omN.H¢N o.NNm.om o.m¢N.m o.NHN.N¢ o.owo.a H I Iuwmm vumon :oHHHHzNI I I Iummm UHADU aOHHHHZI I mmmmm. uamopmm vammdozH mHm>oamm nu3ouu mucuam>cH mHm>oamm nusouw uncuam>cH «mum ummuom uouum uwnEHuamm Jacum wswsouo Hmaoumafioo waHHmEmm ommfi .ammdsoflz .vamH umwuow HmHoumaaoU mo mmum cam .mHm>oEwu .suBOHw umc .mabHo> mo mHmuOu ufiab onu amnu uwHHmEm mmumaHumm you Hmuouum waHHmamm .HIU xwvcmmm< APPENDIX D Pine Pulpwood Production in Michigan, 1980 161 APPENDIX D-l Pine pulpwood production in Michigan, 1980 Production Region and county Standard cords Mcf Eastern Upper Peninsula Alger 9,400 742.6 Chippewa 11,300 892.7 Delta 12,300 971.7 Luce 12,800 1,011.2 Mackinac 4,000 316.0 Menominee 5,100 402.9 Schoolcraft 15,100 1,192.9 Total 70,000 5,530.0 Western Upper Peninsula Baraga 2,900 229.1 Dickinson 1,200 94.8 Gogebic 2,400 189.6 Houghton 4,400 347.6 Iron 9,400 742.6 Keweenau -- -- Marquette 31,700 2,504.3 Ontonagon 1,100 86.9 Total 53,100 4,194.9 Northern Lower Peninsula Alcona 2,800 221.2 Alpena 2,100 165.9 Antrim 100 7 9 Arenac -- -- Benzie -- -- Charlevoix -- -- Cheboygan 3,800 300.2 Clare -- -- Crawford 10,200 805.8 Emmet 1,200 94.8 Gladwin -- ~- Grand Traverse 1,600 126.4 Iosco 8,200 647.8 Isabella 700 55.3 Kalkaska 3,500 276.5 162 APPENDIX D-l Pine pulpwood production in Michigan, 1980 (Continued) Production Region and County Standard cords Mcf Northern Lower Peninsula (Continued) Lake 18,200 1,437.8 Leelanau 300 23.7 Manistee 800 63.2 Mason 2,100 165.9 Mecosta 1,100 86.9 Midland -- -- Missaukee 500 39.5 Montmorency 6,900 545.1 Newaygo 8,300 655.7 Oceana 4,600 363.4 Ogenau 800 63.2 Osceola 3,400 268.6 Oscoda 8,900 703.1 Otsego 12,400 979.6 Preesque Isle 2,000 158.0 Roscommon 5,500 434.5 Wexford 13,900 1,098.1 Total 123,900 9,788.1 Southern Lower Peninsula Allegan 500 39.5 Barry 300 23.7 Berrien 200 15.8 Cass 100 7.9 Ingham 500 39.5 Kalamazoo 100 7.9 Kent 400 31.6 Montcalm 1,600 126.4 Muskegon 4,800 379.2 Ottawa 11,300 892.7 Van Buren 400 31.6 Washtenaw 400 31.6 Total 20,600 1,627.4 Michigan Total 267,600 21,140.4 l cord = 79 cubic feet IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII