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SOCIAL PIEASJS Oi“ EDUCJLJIOJ I]; HIKIA

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A Thmsis Suwn1ttmd L0 L%m braAQdue racuLLg

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Department of Sociology

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and analyze certain social lPlHCJfln”LipS or, in other woris ,
to discover relatioxm miips and sequences.

lTnet would be considered the essertinls of u society
Ale tlo wlich Leep tLe group alive, its existence, certifi-
11:11:10}?! and progress . 1930171 edge. :Jbvj‘L e;\:p-"~::i:ance, for Twat! moo,

are fundamental f-.C +01 3 to soy (“roup's life. '3.th tie life
De; Lod_ 0. one eenernzior is very h‘ie? co p~red Lite tLQL

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i t s s {C c e s s or . Hanan s 00 ie ’03! ('11 e ,or s f r o m ariirrml so 0 ie t v
because human beings are able to trim s t knowledge and
Sklll ifiwmn tfie Elfll ts to tle 3mnnu3 while zmr‘ Luel-s C:uum3t.
The rative me ou‘tal ability of primitive and civilized p
riiffers lurt little. {Hie cbied7(ii?forerxua between tlmmn is
cultural. Civili Lied societies have developed much more
effective HmtrOlS of transmitting the achieveweots of each
enerutian b0 tie oae twat iollows. In other words, the

more advanced seeieties have developed educational facil-

ities {uylzqethods vfirwit are ;uufi» sqearior to t

m gr 0 _ _ -~. 1.. ,_ . I o ,_v
iOlflwlUH retween SOClGL’ owl

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Professor Cleop, iv his Introduction to qucation”

"It (education) we? be defined as societ3r's chief instru-

C.)

ment for pussinv on iron one Oeneration to 3100 er tLos

aspects of knowledge nod skill unic} the times Value most

-

hifhlv. Education oouoroheois more ttufi twe SEvOCl THU l

.3 old

11‘

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- - -/- “-9 . Mr- H -" ,. l
stively recent invention of ;4n. (1) Smelleh
other hand, ir

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18 one o the Jeans 02 unid socill fliciancy. I.

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to pret re individuals to contr'
along *1ij or all 01‘," or lines.
”For sooiolo;icsl purposes, adequate dePinition can be
derivei inductively. It is for example
”be school is only one source of edncrtion. ElUCition is
effectei tlrough the home, the church, and the stem ”(V)
K'ng, witlyslckxfiyn? View, finds tludziflwe relation betueen.

w L‘ w

society are education is a reel r complicated wetter std

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of education are s anng-81oe1 his so licortcnt tv-, bflej

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fail to see th: forest for the trees."(4) Education is

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esseuoisl ior tn: GALSJOUC€ snc oro(rcss 01 society. ectu

 

l. “lnoo, F. L.: Chase, H. 5.; Lerriman, C. - introduc-
.L I _ -
tion to EdUCBBiFH, Chap. 1, pp. 1-2.

-- ~ 3 - - ° . 1— ° - ~ <1 ' 0“?
Swedien, Ucvid - EdHCflthLfll noolicatious of coololoc,

. Jk ‘ ..
‘ —
Cusp. Ii, p. 21
1.0;. n
.7). Iljikj’ 1.). (14.
4. K g - Education for Social Lffic1ency,

go tnrri in.1nrnd regynrlless (fl‘ age iTflV35‘?l ‘eeflmnws 07 tie
, 1.1, 1- o . J- .- .- .s- -- . 9 . 9.1- -.. L , _ n
SPOUps. education, in lbs rocnest SQLSC, is neLther UOHDH
to conventional messnreweat 10r to visible stnnierd.
Dwether one treat.~ it as tue chief social instrument Lor
trunszittin" knowledge, a twirr~ to shfpe tie standard of
social actLVLtv, 3 cans for social efficiency or a many-
sided relation to social phenomen-, education undoubtedly
is a very inflortant factor, it not the backbone, of a
society. Chis is en uncenisole fact.

There are four significant were in whicr the relation
of edncetion b0 socie v "av be indicated. First, educetion
affects the life of society as a whole; the higher it
attains, the more prog essive the society will be. teconi,
education is the only means of keefin; societ" freq icclin-
ing in knowledje, SXill er“ irveqtiveress The lives of

,
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‘ .1’12 Iii-Jr. (I

certain r

the individual ne1hers Oi societv are short
th1wmigh tfine efliurttion (n. the \YNUiS inf the
continui y of a seciotv 's maintained and its
assnred. Third, eduthion is not lixiied to
A child lecrrs as 1nch (sometines more)

as he beams in the school. The school as a
tution is an artificial "set no" to secure
but in no sense can it represent all efircetio
relsLion httw=en educatior and society is di:
The Clinkx of Qr“r+”n nilitary power COincide
_develOpnent of Greek culture. The Golden Ace

_t is only

{fl at {die

(tevcloinert

6

S111 ts ,
And fourth,

and mutual.

1,3 -3
in”; 111’] 8
ions

aooears after the unification of the Empire w

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tine *PGCiJHl infliunices {uni contrdgn1ti3ns iEKi11nanv'r» 13?

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~e besj means to study tgc lorder 1s triong

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m,Lon cu IWBCLUITMLLl cuwnw: wad
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,‘ geocrulwflfl cue

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Clnunuzzer Oi iidseirucation.d..L-s J .av»L sic ct 1*«3tor of

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(300181171 . ‘L‘:e 01:,1‘33 I.(J:1_'_L.J 1011131,!“le L.'(j 1113“)“ l,‘) U‘b‘uo’ (Li‘(L
the mutual dependence of the ore upon tLe other is clee1l"
seen here, esoecirllv in the cultural asnects which hove

been so slowly accumulated that one is almost unawane of

Ho
Cr

8 originality. Chi1e ese culture, for ins ance is the

product of tr’s inwmrwctiz1or ecioiwo n1 relation of

a.

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society and educational processes and facilitie

O
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easv t fire social conditions
education in snv ncrticular neriod. Thus

the politic cal strugs fll of the numerous seLi-“udenewi nt

states in the Chou Dynasty (3.0. 1181-949) produced a t3pe
of cowoet’tivc education which was marked ss tLe

 

o. i ode - junie1e; les of Educwtion, r. 60.

KI

"Intellectual Current” period. fiitm the uni_1cntion of 1

is)
J

Dvnastv (4.0. 806-190 L.D.) eouc”tioo trans crreo mutual

I I -r-~ ’ I 3 3 ' O .. .‘ _ . J
attack to unifo:a disc0381oo aha Alt

1-

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was a pesceful ans pyosperous rule so its cultural ssoects

was a militarist {\riol, the eforc twe educstiou during
that time use neitb‘w lit P:rv nor p'ilOAOpVICMl - utvt
tte gmeoplxe carmxi for*wis iflie Qthlfl. Itlil.ct, all igvtellxm3—
tusl develOpmonts are noye or less tie harvest of - soci“l

crop. Ever pron; orimitiv» societies tVere is Tonal a
r 4- . 1 a '1 3 it? a ’7‘ I3 1 c‘ ‘ . ‘- l” ' I“ 1' . ("fi ' ‘ ' fl. ‘ ‘ V
certain 1Luc .jpe Ol DQUCAblOfl wnx Lris eumc «ion OOvme-
- ‘1 'L ' s '. v ' ‘ ‘1 ' ‘. . '- ‘ a -. ‘
scones b0 b;9if BXLbblw; sociel coya

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lne relation betweew society nrd educstioo is so C01-

plicutei tiat g;eet attention is reefied before one can find
its true natur . Society depeuis upon educwtiou for pro-
gress, and, in tutu, edu,stion Supewas upon societfi for

its onppont in its functioviHQ. Skis can be illustrsted t7
tee mltO? and tfo gasoline. its actor Puss E: the expl sive

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Ihe thisd ruler was “wen Si ( ‘HF ) (3.0. 5397-95?5).
.As a cepeldxaibaeder':lul wn;rdxuoljineelf, he lwnl lel the
yvetyp].e tc: ;Ciwg‘ t zquaizasi; 1fi13filw113311e fi:‘ilge.l qrvl e:{ineru3rad tide
leorumialer liltC) Slfll+lr‘g (5W ‘thé efwet s1wd_ .0 t.we 1qordfw Ewgoww3
of Yangtze liver in tre south. his enecees?ul were Cdflfiwd
L»e greet Ligrsrion of the Glinese race iuuo tfie rorth-
vuesi;elw1 Lffil‘t of‘ EH?9.V3”WL Cf1i 13. lie i;ere it»)? slxlllw?rfil {IP?UDVl“0
wheeled vehicles nul iwgnfitie deedlee (for figrtirg in Logfiy
djfro) . ZIiS ‘Jiiée 1rr¢e*fl;eiuifile ‘xrtz on rue Nfquj Sill: Vfinie“
l:;*¥,',(,-r on 1w::c:a:.1~'3 9m i‘ipOrtcam", inflmxtj” in Ch’na'v :_‘_‘-:vle.
In«an;;'fi‘s: no sr2006n‘e01w3 aifiknl F1_fOY/JZBW'EHPtlIflul $131
ecumeleihrl vflm't 14'e ‘PO1'u7r lwtd rwwc WCHTP

:- . e -- - - - , ---Jo

Socie‘v at this tilO HHS rather s;9bly organized
,fi.‘ ,‘1 .. __-_ '1 .I- 0- - 7. .LJ, 0.1.1
LuOUbU not compiece in a reel SGLSG. rever:ueless, Vlufl

I-‘°

the increase of populet

living, lb} denands as well as regnlnciOIS were needed.
Politica ly, eke democratic form of government had already
changed into aristocracy. Du_ifi; .he "Five lulers” period,
(3.0. 2852-2200), the Throne was succeeded b? cNosen men.
Virtue, Cfipficity, and popularitT were the steudnrl for
h003lr~. One would be called b? ule exparor to have tfie
"Clair” if we weje frequunilv praised rith songs. Cortrery
to the presenc lonfiirf, people wt 5“in tine cons Jered tTiQ
seat not ac a Crown, wrt 93 re oril1vrlly ”fnofélnng joh”,
Some were ever: :‘fr‘:id to he cullex’ . 01'“: e 1.7116311 9 selwolr‘m
b}? tlwz rmute I.su.l§i ('3}2db ), l'fld.liGO‘l "0 Vii Vflweiflier*7:0

warted to take over the

«id‘eV‘ t? 3 131o:n?or*'" cleryth

L)-

-12-

went to a stream rifint as“? and wasted his esrs eprnestly.
. 2:.~ ,.
when questioned h? r s Friend, he reolied, “v were are so
dirty, because I leerd the neis of the Errone". The open-
T ° *‘~ .. - E¢~.. °.. --. ,J .L‘ . .1... ...‘ u. A
irur o IlsiEL.vau1stw (nggii) lfldd"0leIBU.luL% {1”LcmDCIWxCV geld
L.) t ’/ ‘1 .
Graiuellhriflwe'barns ”Divine Tfigivt" referrdrr"ix)‘flie enreror's
' 1 “- - ' .. -V ,. -9... _ _ __._
Dower and ”Son of yeaven” oi nlfiin; his 0%.: c-‘e ixto
DI“1CTIJ38. All time erui ()7 ifliif: r1filitw‘ rrnist, {fie tTTP nit
emperor was diseosed of by force, thus causidg tte first

revolution in Chinese history.

-1 --\ -- . - w 1‘ D s-‘x «. ~ ,-‘ ‘
.bCOIKXJlCHJJfi , tlm3.LurauAg; ,l:AM3'becr1

ruijori‘3rzis the Jwasul:
brou at good as wel_ as evil consequences

of ugricultursl expansion.

me tlwe inixisrfl:
This

, good because

tie; helped to ot‘bilize the nation end bso becnuse of

the increase in the problem of unemployment. Cultivated

land was just sufficient for the ex’stieg fsrsers. Explor-

ation of new territory was either lifiited by natural forces

or by fear of attacks by beasts sud ewemy tribes. Inevit-

thy, new generations found themselves in idleness. But

long idleness will turn human beings back to animals

unless sone effective means are tuxen to preVe t it.
Intellectuully, there were onl” A few irstitutions in

.‘

the country. The? tsugnt

were established prim rilv for t?e

majority Reneined ignorant. Little moral
by the puolic. ind efte: all, social 0rd
established.

aristocratic class.

(I

_ 1
n) Q,:1( ).

m"
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i.‘ ’7‘4

it? was observed
er was not well

P,
A
— .3
v

These three factors broug‘mt 2;: necesssr‘v or mugs. s we
.mve often seen, : soei 41" in e critictul perior‘x. usually
procuccs sorts'tlli- f; Pnirnml. 50 t' re Chou Djs'nestjr Haiti)
L.C. 1122-219) snpescs 9“ ‘ :lorions p‘liol oi ’wxqc s:;eS
and ni 1 civilization. Chou ()3? IL) 0 5117:; of“ "non
xvss iii“ Idscst Jiwnler :yzonjgifl e twefor vnés. :2 ctufilsr,
inventor, and stutrsmsn, we oCLened such enorsous contritn-
tions to Clirgs: history thet onlf Confucius later on can
comp.re wiit hid. Iencius 1ws given him a m:1 content.

"Chen-Chis askex pencius: 'fihet Kind 2 person Chou Kung
is?’ Lenoius rzolied, 'Fe is a sage o? tte qrcients.”(9)

Chou Kung f

and notice

‘
.8

, ~“ 1’- n ‘ I“.
'bOOi-K. CL C {{1er

cooks: "Chou-Li”

(e
ritual

g) dealing

mm

and
"Chou Li" ,

H n1
U11

"Book of Cnarges"
\fldole. 1M3 bees
Kin; Mu. Gowen

irst

xviijh_ time

1 a
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llOt

C "C ‘. ‘1" T , n, . . 1-

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f, 7" ".—. .... ‘ ' l_ "".A‘ , ‘
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4%
"I-Li" (3g?!) ,

3101;3'

(#91:) .

0 "1 _ o _ __ 1_
1y resoectivelV. Lepecisll* in tue
‘;e*rS, ".13 'in :d‘ic‘ijoi° of‘ i,*e 1cm} (fine

I? not its like ”monfi t”. literstur~s

Bhanulfl” even tte Iitle.”(4) In the

, Chou Kung internrets the meaning of the
'e n regent after tWe death of his brother,

follows: n8

5. See xencius in ”Four Cooks , Chap. IX, vs. 5, p. 100.
4. Crowen, 1:. 1!. Sid liall, J. '.'-.. - An Outline Elistorf‘r of
China, C up VI, p. 67.3.

-:-
"J

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mgzllsnlrpmml,wis 415U’3P1“l 133373 u3 f,w,llfl-

D. . _.' a. _1_ a- ‘ O'IJW’ a... . '1 fl.‘ 0
sellisw use in UniCJ Le assisted in as '3 isnicfi his

pote cut force in 131111-113: 33";rv3e33ez3t i‘3 China the .-:3..(‘2=1i13ir~3tra-
tive sywfin33 of his kmmua. llis zecl.?nu3 so “resi31flrrt he
would receive inix rviewers even smile havirr his bth

res 1:33 out, holdir; his wet hair in his hands, rutFer
tfiian.1{eep {fl erlxnait'r;;."(5 0)

C1 i130:

F‘

V:

-0 ‘ H ~ _ o'_ 1
e peOple pQPLlCul Pl] eApLasize 3oli te
Inuibltness zum11rite. 113 the icn333~ tine *flw3 FiITHJlDOOk
2

tsughc in eleymnfirurr school xmxa'NIlsssic of Filisl Pietfi'

L-TS, "To soothe the {30374313331163:3t ru'ujl one

a

i-‘n

n- v. m °-. - 3—. J- -3 n” :1— . .. . Ln.
tue peoLle, notn-3Q 18 Letter tuus rite; to -enove bwd

(ulstorlzuul cheruya t1e t“vmliti0‘
music."(6) Bwt wwwic 3rd r‘te are orieirwtefl from Crow

,_ ”_3. ,, r- -3 ¥_“q .l A. 3 .
iung. Couluoius seYS, "After Chou Kin“ 333 derived tNe
ritual Lvsten and CO3 med toe on tursl music, tle Empire
was in great cslt‘.1."(7;l
As a result of the tremendous influence of “his wrest
save, society Leeu3e standardizel and the relation between
governor and

governed eso xblis med. I3 adoitiou, tue Desce-

ful government broug} t the Empire to orOSperity. lrt was

 

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liiwe rel iivruacton, jfl3t We ;;1i fflllfiull b0 ccv:vruce 'avz pluxwee

.. - - 0-, - - 1 - I 1 ‘-, M . H . 2.
of the True 'octr-io, Ifiu'lj eta» icll ';'C>WW¢ “L not
Chavelxlpe(i e1u3u l1 to azeei; tlwe Gr: ”v icvf tfliis (évrfllit:(n:¢11’

period.

Seeonfi, the social con:"J tioo was chotior lly P’Dot-
able nor the introduction of new thought. Free speech,
CldSS interlirglihb, goveroneflt's readiness to TPCUive

.. 1, 1.1. - _ 0 .
harm use social (3

unit of the state, sent its most capable newner“ to assist

in state affairs. Ancient reli ions te ac} irg broke own.
Tl‘e justice of the Lord. 011 33";j vflno pernitterl all terrible

'hings to happen was (

; erstew, which was
common a cent1rv awo, began to diseypann And most of all,

the racial barriers tende ed to disintegrate. I tme'wwrriage

w:7 tlllzon—CldJrese ixmqigra flue, firwflu‘prnctixéxl ir.txnm1er
staths, grruhially’Ethe:mted in) iii ytior (N308. 'Befcn*3 the

closing of th’s pe*iod, the rfimflxzcuxitirent was vejresented

by this neteio nthU {Opuletion which formed the present

Chinese population. The receivin“

due to the follonin; tLO rersors: first, bub terri ole we-
struction of the original pepuletion was such tVWt s01e of

 

9.:1’11L1f:eli., R , r.
izatior, Chap. IV, 13"

h.‘ ..

CD

the states could not last ery longer in st
new citizers were sdfied; second, soxe of t
of fighting were belo4ul.

Third, the con ercial develOpmest wws
beck-grows 1 ~or its prosperity. She 511i
ado 1 d lon before. Lirge cities New iev
p rtly to t% newcowers ens p1rtlr to tHe

tents. Lur e scale of trifle HHS exoended
. ‘A " 1“ 1 . I . ' r I! . r! . r‘ 1» ‘ . ‘L' -
lilCL‘ffiaSlLk‘ 1.1111» .10 class. notes built pri1-
.. .1 J13. ‘— " 1! - ’ f ‘ o
movements ant war veu1cl~s Jed facc11i,etei

transport

(659%)

so 011.1111le t ,

factors hr

glorious

period

ation. C: oitalist like Lu Pu-we

.1 . 11 4x _ _ 1
and I Tum; (@tuJ, krown as sac essfu
\
ed ‘1ore we11t3 than tee orinc
+Loenin~ togetwer innonbteulV'in
‘4. \_/

3U‘ lin“ if no
'1 _0 7‘
"7‘3 J C)‘1\:'ka_:r1 1 l‘\(31‘S
still,‘umot er
8*"1te.1‘#ss
'1 W
plop o, one

military move-

{10

.1. .
4. I) [11.] (3

result of

up 11y for troop

i

l ”orchahts, bed
With these

{.1

old on ore

hand.sw11.r-irol”c the juricni'fl13 otter’:u11 forws tte
highest ultural history tfai China evev ted. A quotation
from "A SHort History 0? Chinese Civilization" will sufifitr-
ize the wrole View:

"The period of political declire was a tire of ggreet
fertility in mental development. It seeneu as though the
decay which was spreadir; ttrough the land med libersted
all the more radiant spiritu.1l power. Kever :3_1n i1 113
history of‘ China do w: fin-:1 in s we." a short per; ’06 so p10-
lific a develcpmett of hi h_ly V'lusule ideas in all fields,
so much free and unbiased searctirg, so many seeds of
creative and effective thought. Ehe clashing of the var-
ious civilizations and philos0ptie s existing at that time
on ‘hinese soil produced an ”Wenenin of the human con-
scitusness which stands out cle early elongsj_de tte otler
greet blossoxirgs of culture Sprunh from si1’lar Cl”‘*"i*8

f compet’n; ci'ilizsgions - comprre, for irstence, the
Greek philosoghr Born in the Aegec n, on the border-lend

-19-

lyetvmaén hhlz on”? fivd xlsiéi. II) is *J'is rnwiriaWle -L:wr8‘ '”.
which afforws some consolation For t‘e G203" 0“ tfie .'L>~181
o o o q ’
envelome of C31r0°é ClVllization."(iO)
C01'fui-_10_‘-.s‘» (313%, 180*“,"0 (5%}) , 2.10 239 (§§.) , 11.11”" 1‘30
"I ~» L1 1
" J - r ' w -- r . * .° ‘» —* 1 -» | ' ‘° ' --~
(y y) 8rd Outer Dre L p.1l080p erg wean bory at ith L106.
[1“ \ "' 1‘ r‘ ’ ‘. ‘0' ’ ‘ "\‘ ~fl - . ‘ H. -'~ .- ~ — — - . ,
luef udd dl-lereut LULACiplfifi’ lnpscpretnfllons, 81“ obser-
.J.- .- o ~1— .1»- -» “ .- . -- -
Va ions 0L L.e Stblul p.eho-:00L. Geyrrully Sgcvhln', four
_. ‘ .,. _v, . 1 _‘l‘ 71:.1‘: 'V _ , _, .
typcs ha1.1m clauulIerL m8 ;Agllcal bolmxil of COIMlflllfls,
w- "(1.- .~ -» 1-, 1 _wH * ,o _‘ .
tze LJ-ura* bCuOOl of Liaotze, the DNLVGPSLl ;rot1 100% Cl
vr m9 ‘ - , ~. . O 1 I \ , .
no ll 80» 00.03 llSCélli nous scrools. These four types of
° 1» .- . -— - - - . J— . !‘
soqools Mill we erglaiued l1 J 1809: clflpuer.
(”"3 NT. (1w: 3-,) “\1 “(14"1 t1. n “0‘?" . 19'r 0: J 1<-- 1
1". OJ 0L: CL: .f",‘ U... '...V»/ f" E .LC)1 Nib C .L) ’fo t) ; [_I' e
. . . J... n a” , :1 fl . ~A j ’ . ~ mwyu- ‘\ ‘ “'4' I -
re H-U J.flxylpion Oi lAH3.AflQlP9 u.u'w°ifia;q U.nlsdn (-.C. 900-
s o - o 1 V l-‘1_o‘ 2 o 0
OOO) Cnlfl, from ngCm tau .0rd "‘Ulfla' L9 w~';vel «HS
_Q _3 , o 1_ .L _ _ , ‘ 1 , -_
OMB of tne rlvnl 308003 hnfocw t%u 00w:lall of 000 Its
ccnrtiIRIOtu: nFJx3 rwfilerw: 3V2? dl Ls, v10‘révow' w“)~3 r»?e f3 TS
. n 1, , . v .,,. 1,. ,"- M ... .. ,. a
80811 AiULdOfl 1009 wsll umoun as 8 leamln po 0?. ”10L;
’1‘3 1‘03 ‘-‘ " 1 ,1r-3 1"” 7°C "10 ‘ ‘71 0"" (f‘. 8,) <‘"'l‘ m‘fi
l.) 1 L) I", if . p .1... 1" :3 L)-.L._L(_) *m~-I;U, I“ 3'; a QUJ )8») I
~ '. ‘1" 1 I r " ' a “A C; ’1 V r‘ J“ V . ~" . ‘. ”
Vlltil no .L as rpgkgr,s. Mxn300:hg plarx.-1s.u7-r‘ 331 PIWJSSJJR, luud
v. J- _ < o - ' '. ,» o I- o o ~7- y_ ,' _ q o
00mp180 d its lhll 13p: vllsulc pOlle. Au Fe tllrd

 

entury before waist, we? otvong army hal sooner OP later
defeabed all the states. Tfikin“ adVantugo of milit8ry

I n‘.‘ T v‘ Lé¥;:~ - w '21" g‘ V. “' I“ fi‘ ’ 1

8110 ss, bultl -1180; léz‘wz' 8;), an 8m. 0.1301...» 30:an 10.101
wihh iror char eta), had at 188‘ dislosed the Chou's Emperor
and 0181 ed Linsell as ruler 0L t}? Comtlnent8l Ehrone.
This 111‘;if.‘iou 101‘ “3:1 (21 '{‘1,‘:,ry_x.1:4,j.;7(;-3vital ilpOl‘tfifil'iCCj {10 #18 07"131800
lO. 7 lhelJ, hie" Pd - “ “wort listorv of Chi_$:e Civilia-

-".
-~O-

race at present. for 81*08 this u_ne, Crime has _oliti-
Callv, socially, and svirituallv assinilwted into one

group sun has never oroL:en into oreces like the Roman

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practice. He realized that there were only two kinde of

N - - . - _ ‘
er_e nies woo couli d%st°ov his E1oifie. 31 t, toe exterru]

enemy - this iUcluded tre bwi”wr1o 3 invasion from ganchurin

. . ‘3' - m 4 A ~-. L .- v- . 1-1 ’ —.~- 1- -,, n. .
and m0fl;011d - so we onllJ Lp toe GPJAU Jill, a H,,lo—2».ons
\ J" '3 ‘ . ‘ p" '~. ‘1 I ‘ ‘-' ‘ .., ‘Av’fi " 1 . 1 l / ' "V'—
COthlUCLlOfl, lop cefense. oecomu, p.0 int,Lurl ewe w —
J-1_ 0 _- 4.3 - 1‘ , - _.. ..". _ .3. - . - -_ , .
1le Jig-351.111: bff'd 8231:01211‘8 12.10316 . I 23 t 01125221, Us «1, i t 21-142 the

ilit€flle C111‘J. Cl 23 51 Tfllo 2cnrwa 110v; tcw‘wm1zcli tflwe ;Tcmreruiyx2ht; aiwi

the eiucetors who could stir up tUe mess and start the

"a

trouble. Ifixedia1ely le ordered tte wholesale massacre o
the scholars ulrouvn the country. All book 3 were l‘Ur W10

1 O

and t}1.oU.s:.2mis= Ol scholars were burie'i alive or murdered in

cold-blooded menfier. It is believed that ‘ 2H1t ConfUcins
classics and othen literWWnumy31/ore obtvIUe‘ thOUSh tre

me10rJ of some semi-scholore. This oeriod qunes History

II_— i

-7 ,. - 2’.-
calls “per evl “ e .

ya
r L:

an Dynasty (3.0. 20o- CO A.D.) quicklv followed Chir.

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Goz-‘Jei, II. II. 23-.I_II:3_ 12:113., J...-. - .=-‘»1 NIH-rm lioj'T-OI‘" of
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1. :1 e {I C)

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i.:Lte1"I’1-1:.:-t e 1 Chin ' s

born eulfiure was tenp rily

tron 1t ha k to a ”Dark Age". Kiih the substitution 0?

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was resurgled l"ollo*.'.'i113; Man was Tang, :3. per’iox‘x of the

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a '—- W“ ‘ v _ ,—
Culua, Lfldp. XIII, p. 140,
z- 1-:
1'3. IVA! Q

ClilRX of cmlbur . C"mL philosOphcrs, historical inven-

tors, artis{ns and lenders along O‘her lives were born ac

. 0 . 0 _ -. .9 ”...! . ° _,. J- _ i 1- .0 ..
this era. Scolal provress, PeliUIOhS lunPOddCulOfl,

.. .s.. ..

polifdxrfil influezmna and eccwuxiic churqyaxware the lCnfl?ilaifl

3! n r7 G q.
‘3 OJ. “In 0

(A.
U.

factors to cause the formation of "Flowery A

L

Dynasty. Sung Dynastv completed the ongoing cultural

I

pro:ress regardless of its political disturbance.

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$5.17
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CHAPTER III
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A. Division of Schools

As we have already mentioned, tfic pwrticulerly favor-
aole conditions of the later Chou D3nas ty Furnished so

unusual Opportunity for intellectual progress. CRiUese

education lee revealed

l~°
C'f'

his respect its true power in
the life of society. It is ststmi t‘wt from thfs period

education also found iss definite

*3

lcce and was clenrly
conceired after the numerous current co1p.rTsons
only present scholastic diversities should truce trcir
origins fro-:2; here, but the future (grey—Y.“ pl‘Ol)‘-‘blj will
build upon this foundation too.

Theories conce ruin“ v:1ewpoints of social phenomena,
phiIOSOphies rcpicsenting exu'sisiions of Murduitv, and

D

C

schools cxhihitins the_r reSpective doctrinen appear at *Ho

_ . .1.
SA? “’3 L

H

s e. nr'u1eutntions, Infinufil attacks Ana intensive
nethois of presentation picture the gene°al features of
their struggles. lees currents of thought may be classi-
fied in four general types: namely, (1) School of Ethics,
(2) School of Lature, (5) School of Universal Brotherhood,

(4) miscellaneous schoolu.

I. School of Ethics.

 

As Confucius is the Iounoer of} this "Nicol, it is

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CD

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r UO HHVe 3.1uUmu_,gn0uleluc uxmflb. ”we life of Lt 1fu-

so.
-.© -—

cius before we start soy discussion shout its princinle

.,

and later J_e'elopnent. Thrse subdivisions in the follow-

. fl

. "9' "“ '3 " 9 . f k ..1"1L '1'" , ._ \’V a". . "‘ I ' '. ". '. '
in; pages will Breanne tHe Je er I lies 0; this schoool.

 

3.C. st 0111.1"11 (131%) in the State of? L11. His origins].

name was Kung Chiu (3ui) e11 the word "Confucius" was s
LatiniZeai for» of Ku.ng-l=‘u-Tze (3b£}) or Z.Zsster 10111;,t11e
Philos0pher. sis fathe“, Ehu Lise; ($14Q), s soldier of
orest strenrth and courspe, diei JVen Coniucins m“s only

LL!
. ”T. . L"... . ”1‘1. _ - .‘r‘. . 0 1. - ,fl. -
seven years old. his act»e- this ~1ssi HEKKH .mow 1t

him up through the p rio1 of his early cducstionsl tnsiniNj.
At the pie of seventeen, the lust veer of his suhool sJUOnl-
ance, he became an unJer-mendsrinste, the inspector s1ip of

the sale of grniss. ffiifl1l1is zesl for education enfi his
ability as :1 rc_[‘o.r_.:.=>r, he soon turnel the 0:1.f‘ite into 9.
regular agricultural school. lie married at 1‘1ineteen and
hai only one son Li (éii).

Lima dee'41 of iris nmflfi1er rurzessifinntedil1is TW3tiPlIU* for
three ves.rs. Shem the now1ni13 period was over, he tried
1s p‘:1iloso:3‘:1y in fry-notice by serving the public as
an office-holder.(l) He expoctefl that in this way he nisht

convince the prince es well we society to carry out his

Doctrine. Unfortunately, he Deli the Linistrv Of Justice

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er .. 1... I. Yang; H110 f},% i ) Confucius said
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ml 3', I till (1 into otluce.’ $63 ’Confucisn
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°everitv his insi"terce 0“ truth end ror-c “or Wise v’t‘
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CUTEOLt ev1ls enamel 311 to re uno0pnl~r anon; his fellow-
'_ _ a __ ‘ I --« r. v 1 ‘I. ‘ .__ ‘ g .L ‘1 _ -.-- - ‘_
worKe1%.. Occstxuanullg-Jte er. ep9011uxei to SCIE? than

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- .. ‘V. , _.. , .... - -1 r l,‘ b- _. , 1‘ 1 , 1 n _ _. L ”r i
POM runger and COlJ A» we proqcneJ 1P0n noon to

town.£uul1w1si.eo fron1(xruét to court ir1 inler to find.

1 0 -, _, 1’ , . - . “ 9 - , _. .. --. -..

llstemers. nevertheless, we fWLled entirely Hod Rue
L - .‘I .--.L ‘

tOclllg HIS”0001HDGL.

Finsllv, he reelized thst his lshor throu;h the

1

political channel was fruitless and the only way for hi

1.

doctrine to survive was t

1 ins itutionel teac

--J

He their fmmded a ohilosonhi_.sl school in. his home. He

devoted his entire tine to lecturing, recruiting ancient

‘ ' ' -‘ P 1' ' ' ‘ /-- r f1 '1 ' ‘ "a T-_ . ‘ . ~.- T _f‘t v
records, and writinQ hooks durioa _is later veans. Selene

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liis ocafldi, l"e lurj tlanna thetnnuyl discjgfles, n'mny: the 1

.- 1- ... "I, ,. .- - . - '- 3. ‘ ..- --. , o 1-1 . .1. -
seventy-two who were the pr1n0igue C«rr1ers Oi one future
rv-. r' 1 ‘ 1" f, ‘ \ . q" _T . " . n -fi 4' ‘1‘ l— '
wide Spfwfld of tLlS scnool. Le died 47; o.C. 1t tne age

_ ._0 w. .1 0 w. .
(b). Princiolcs 0? this scnool. i11s SCNOOI “as
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jusL HR "Frisfi’afi1Vy Ci“ upon val.

The gronih of the school folloned t‘e divisions in
theOTieS HflOE; L33 StUdOIlS i‘e‘03lVes. SUP” Kits éfifl))
(5.0. 312-230) PGRPBSGFtGQ owe faction sol wenoitns the
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nptituoe fop good. L9 is rifilfisous heosvso he is moral NV

nutmral fleveloomewt of human mature, out a crention of the

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conflicting ViBJR still exist, but pevoius‘ interpnetn5ioo
:is .Cq'e ‘791J“O"‘l.‘ f“*PE3 fijothtj“. 1:0t; NIH il_‘the SIN“:
Dynasty was the true doctrine of this school greatly unier-

, _0 ‘, _
stood nna appreCLatea; o

three of its famous students CNH Hsi avd two Chens.

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-54-

tlwne suh-J’visions nill oresert tfie lifs o: t“o scvool's
founder, its orinciples and its followurn resonatively.

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duties tout a faois: is supoosed to perform.

A lew quOCQEiOPR 3rom ”Tao Te Ling” itself Will illus—

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eternal way."

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llKe 81 OVHPH'UlmLH; lloou, onion spranws at ‘ts OJ” swsct

will.”(1l) His contribution to tie Taoist School is no

lhh gencius' contribution to the Confucianist 80.00 1

‘Wilhelm SETS "In Chum" £33 rot 0x7? are tFoir tloug‘ts

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anplifiefl into an actual system of moditstioo, but he s:eks

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, ‘9 ..° '12 441..-“. 4- °, ° .12 1M. . -‘ 1H- . ,. n 13.
dhl gleld noggin; c0 his neigihov occauso one twlNLo Lfihb
relatives are closer Lo hi1, So he suould love wiil n

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ism, racial pneiudicc etc. cam. out. Tle result is mutual

L) “
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-40-

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o ‘ n a”,
affection cow to a futgcr.”(l”
Societv, tlpx, accovw1m* to tbis school, is ca posed
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2a0i31, a puntwoisLic view of socieug lb mold L3 1L. ixe
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Dnchrsa is not 9 pty aul oictateu Hf an iwvisiolo 130.
The ultimate 9L1 0L huquiLf is vet to ha loft 910J3, its
v --.-,_ _- ~ ‘.1._,- - l 1...- 9-‘.‘ .- ° , . .-
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o 1- i, t- , . 1,
brotherhood, whicp is not only ono's o liuauion for too
sake of soourin; Lsrtor society, 'UL also the will 01 God.
Lilholm sunnorizss tbs ovtics tiwchiu; of EVis Oc'ool «3
follows:
"The spirit of this school is var? different {vow that
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ol otfienr'two (Corifiuxiiiisu squl llolsc). ti; rig-fir -a also
films lithiuxmnital-'CJiJuzitJué, lfllt 3;» ccwfixfinst. to {fine 111 SCFHJol,
it took P0 account of tla jrmfinttons in human nf;305ion
irre€>sgnl lff 119 :;t Icrws‘ ix). 1A3l79 iVJr' OLHB' s .feillxau~£ can 'u:«s t6)
be Iwriverssl, amifiiont 1WH1330t 01‘133r30rc. {P13 ?9€UNM1 for
tlis nus tin? F? this scwool love was Wes;riol not 9s 0
DaLnral lufltilCL ovt vs a rsligious dvty. Obedience to
n , .'. '1“ n v is- 0,1 Ll.» L... , ., .V r
t;4 riil oi col ““21131 c nouive for JHIVBPS41 love;.;..
which charactcr'zod this school lh: wools spfr’t of tnis
‘.‘ _, .’. n "O ‘ J_ O _0 q a _- a _ _ _
sopool is Ono CL religious HSCBUlCibM. Its aihsrents
'r . _‘o n} , ..1 ..L1'_ . __ _ {'0 “ 4LT“,- , o ,l _, .. r‘ o _
SdCIll so owewSSlVeS lo: sis uozld, relinquinhln» evcrv
U
\ ---~n L r ..r1 3'“ '3," ° ”( O
LO..L-'.OP t" I. ('1 V‘J‘T'k‘. 30);. 1V)
{'1‘ ..- I". ' - ' L —" ~ 1..- ° . .
lie COUidClahle calls toe sippeqe universal love of
Lao Loists conflunlstic owl t”e extrewo egoigm 01 Yang Chm
u .0 o - ’ o _ f , A _ _ _ _
aharcmistio. “GUClUR says, 'iho principle of “a?" Chm was ~
* fl _ w o ’ .. ‘;v~lq_ .‘~ _ . o 3 ‘ \ , 4’." . _ V1
LBLJIl lol-Jzilfiyilf'. KIMNIQNAIWO ugwi1t l-svs lvaoexiylel tfl=c
_a __ o ' ..._ , 1.. --.. _.‘ ,., a 0, fi, ‘ ‘ ’1 _
\nxole enipirmal); plln3niHLJ<mit n.53ua91c IHllr, 1%3 wovfl,x not
.- m‘. 1:1. ‘, 43 ', ‘_ O . A
18. See loo JOPMS o. “eHClUS, o. 15m
- -. 1‘ ___ 1,! V- ‘ -_ ; ‘-. _ ~- 0 - _ -v (a q . __ r ‘, A _o ‘ r
19. fillheld, LLCQLT - a i crt lision. 0L chinasc Uldilié-
-. H, . ' l r1 r‘.
aLiOu, Adp. IV, pp. laO-lal.

_J
-4
O
J

iiJOSOpber Io Ti loves all ea

bv ruwbiog smOOLh his whole holy from the cromn to the hoel,

. O \
‘ o ‘3. 7 ‘ ’% 1'63"" n'oty‘ 1119 63' \i‘r‘fi ‘ P "0‘11"? 11'1""{3' ’71 WWI-3 7% "(HC’
11v C()11.LC-. 11(1‘1'.’ ID‘Jlle.‘ -1. It/kl. I .-.I 1.1.1., .. I, Ill n] . . x - .-‘/..I K..L,'..vJ ...- J.

:is school was pOpular at the cine of Iencius and was
1 1 1- "1 1 0 ‘ . 0 . r 1 :‘L‘

strongly aovocsten o? : Gui (— Z) and sun; leg (pi ), two

capable followers of xoism. But, as it? conflicfi d with

the doctrin of Confucius on one hand, and was fiisoomvsgea

(I

1? ole governwent on the other Hard it tended to

die out. lmfizwmntil ver, JiuVe scholars l%yjy1 to

resru1 the sinvlt of swnzienb :flwiloscmfiwr soflcliscoveIwyl *Ve
L _‘ ‘ ‘_ ‘1_o 1_ J_ ‘__o__ . .:‘\ _‘v 1. ‘ .
urge val e of tHlS senool's LeQCMiuQ. :13; have co owred

0 “Y o J_fi‘ 1 .. .0 ‘L ,0 .. o I- r' ‘ 11 ~ g -_‘__ “ _.‘ o _ _/_ .L _o ‘ 1 '_ . .
it laiui CNlUflHLiflflluj"U“l loun» -vu=w sq QJHLQBlquH§IJ3tJGGH

. . —;
4. ;-lSC’Bl-“"u°o ” 501700] 6‘0

 

 

 

LesiCos tlese three prigcipul schools mentioned above,

PCPI’GSKJIWJU policicvl thought which

-. . -. j~1 I" fl" . (u . "g ’ [j:1' '0 ,-£ " "‘ ‘1' "V" (R- ‘ I- . '-
aps moron Stdulno Lela. lye LOllOJlMQ are toe COMPnplUlVle
progineot ones.

(-..) . Lg;j_gtg Sn 7001 . LBJ-1:- 87.38 $01100]. 7.7533 Ol°gflilif’.9d 103/—

 

a group of tine-gonorefl s*stesnan and political exoerts.

~ —- - " I '1‘ \ ‘ ‘r n ' I 1" . r a- 1" ‘~ . ‘L‘ I J ' ”JP? "'3 (31*.
Its sin was co secaco elfo0u1ve ddm-hlbufdplOH b; no Us 0

— .‘.i, . -01-, _ . .0 ... .,
layJ. Eranyv* Gluing; C. \' ) :zas <3orm;mieiwwl tlma fljfst (Joe \LlO

.l.
p7,}. L;

 

$---«-u-.

1 ’1 . .

n ‘ {“1 I. " 7 " " . “ ‘ L: I - (j '1. ..
(so. see .LII1Q IOO;1\_‘(§ O: --‘31-Clt.'-s’ LI li-p. ‘l’.“‘n'i" 1’s. (J, p. 'J‘L'O

-42-

Chi (£31) to a leading power among the ”Five Leader States",

. _ . 'I 0 ,,.‘. .- .. '.' ....
which Confucius pra isel with fllQUeSt esteem. “e 8333,
i '7'" .. -v\ ‘— . 0 \ -\ ’ . ‘n n". “ . ”i " 1" 1‘1" ’ H.“ ” -q- '7 ‘ ' '
’53 avg; C;uufig 3m cte wss 8.}crilae «: Ulcmnir {M3 e'we LMJ e in;atq;,
msfie Dim leaJer of all the DTifiCBS, sni united nun rectified

the whole ergxpipe. Down to the present (luff, the neow‘le

w o n a o 1
I

'ie Slits wnicu te coolerrefl......; e Duke hwaus
I 3

assembled all the vriflces togeifl «1......11 mus ell GMPOUJM

_‘I O-_*fl _. 1"
tue inilueuces o

O

Ewan; Chung. ”L se beneficence was lice
his?"(21)

Slums; lJUlg (fih§fit) "es ifiwe EheCOEKl oueaxfho INit {Swim
iflTQOPy'lJTtO gunuitice lJl tue Estate C€‘(Pwin ( ié ). {trier tins
influence this little kingdom was changed into a well-
0123ezyizeti, pcnaerfng, railifinxrjr s;cnll,
quereci tVe whole emvire. fun 7ei mze t
had contributed a certain nu her of writiues along this
line too. LOth Lvan Chung sum 5 an; Yang's political

ptilOSOphies are still highly velued in China.

~«col. militarist School has teed

 

o -a o ‘ w , - .0 . .~ . " °-.~
1T1 o;w3 s_kf_aw Can'tiufy ‘,.\,. 133 fail“!m tCJ ‘l]_ C .L 1389

.- - ~ ‘ 0 - _. 0 . . _- ,. ‘ L .. 1.
Students. ibis h0£k 'lqés R us PrOlOQlCWl stun HF .te

eueuv and the recessitv for areimretion.

General Sun was able to train 3 31101.11: of girls into

 

21. See Coafucian fi”~nlects, Che“. XVIII, o. 148.

dependable ii htin» cold iere. A few i po
from are 01 Her are quote& in the Following:

"If solliers are not c
'l‘ _ _ ' .0 ’ .__ ' . J
to OIJGJ, Lnfii" llC’V :- 1” i

To .1111 *r (311085311 :1 ml well .vz-llled
. e h K :. %
retrea 5.; .2111 be iii-.301“ iel’ljf, 0:."e-}1-.1lf fi” 111: ii" "."zil J: Lia-fa

1 Fe irre"wlw

'other if running wwvv......I? tieiy L‘ s h: rm? ;cofi LWe
soldiencs ydwj;t :ws'meli.'.1ve .4nie. fWiJs * ”'. ill ru.t c~'i“‘
al‘e IND EPDl‘B 12353 1;lv\r1 a lawn Ye xiii} of): aft}. .. .. w‘ * ° I“3 i’:e
0'"”“si;jwt3 (fl? iwccavoete'fl; ”eVHWflzls. ifliva (T‘C ;Solfliqlrs 01%:

no match for Oh?) ."(BL

\
.—- _.O . -‘ 1_~>__V ‘I_ ,, ‘ ‘ ..~‘ ' ‘7'} “.‘.. 1 0 v 0 “4L T‘w‘
gu Chi (%§E.)‘wns QHQb”OP owilosoowicei uiilt9”lbu JmO

difierent types 0; political thought. jut on account of
,1

lack of spfice, oi scussion of the» has been onifi+ed here.

Thus, we way summarize thesl intell coitul currents in

r“
. T4
02
fl"

{1‘8

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C)
O
rJ
L“.
C
C '3
C
*— -—)
:4
i
.1
I}
(‘1'

., all these tleor-

original anl irleoeuCeut of 0L3 awother. Confuciun’sn
CY'SfiIWFBS tide eLTVicnl_ i nwvrtnrrc ‘ Hf’ :e‘n‘e :: 0/25 (n3 1WJ:H-

JJ
'7'
J
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1
I
I
o
k d
o
iw
U
3
_J
LL
H

struc le 0? TtU?i1DBS‘. Ioisn favor;
love throughout t
philOSOphieg ca r'el on hv their Posoachive schools. In tLo

miscellaneous scccole, ooliticel de militnwiflt chiloooohles

are A. - History of Cl linese Literature,
’1

‘ ,,.. .,'. - _ _. J- .L. ‘ , _ e- " . -_
capable followere. COHfucifinfsn weeps ole dewku of qOCiabv

I o _ V 1 o n _ “ . _’\ . O O _ ;I" ‘N _o —\ H‘. ‘ .v‘ k
”(loll loo lfi‘iCul'le Cl. Ill-"El .1.-".‘".".lll(:3.‘3. l'~.'.O-LS'x 3633 ,.-S L2"‘»7

- .-~_ 0 _ ,. ‘0 ‘ . " ,, . '_ V. .' ~ 0 M _M_, - ._1.
(LGHLHlLLl OJ. penal .18.») Jul. ..oii- w r318. ...OlS ; lee’m Inc

:w
{-r
H.
0
{L4

'73

a i.. , ..‘.. .1. . '5- -
inilueuce and result of t ese :our generil tToes of schools

upon ec‘mcq‘cion will ‘o_, ..lescsi‘n‘.:e-:l_ in the following; chDter.

[‘11 . D ,7

UA_¢-‘_ $1111.43. IV
’1‘175 'JQLOB..-.11§1‘ 01“ 1“31i..:1'. "‘C111‘ 014‘ ‘1‘1‘1‘110U
S‘ilal‘Lr-L]: 2;;A‘Iyl::-fi-b-L 10:: C
Vocwlts.

J

---1 __ w - T , _ _-1. ....1 - '1'. ._,.-v _1 ._ ,- . _ 1‘1
CFOJ owe Vs”? Leplflhlm; Unt_l the 8nd of t.e seventy

-_ ’v .1 _.~ ‘ . .. _3 1 1.; (‘V _.‘__"‘:_J ’7' _ ‘ . _o ‘ .L.
centurd, Cuinese QJUCJLLOJ udo 1.11.211v conducted by privute

ios

:I
:4
,—
\

it utioztis. Govern: Tier

C T'

It showed no at empt sityer to f rmalize t

tionel system or to eocourupe any pnrticulwr study. Civil
serunice (ELQ'JJH11101HS ve1~e ocnniwi-nvlll;f7'el‘i “or ivie stfwa
of svfliectirhg Cd? iflJ%.J-VUl?h eot'l.<3ffixxiols, wit it 1?: no
Izestfis :1fifisctm1l ifi-e 11a: ioruil ~wuncr4t (3n tit l_nr;ye. 'Jlnie tr}-
dis'titfictive facts 071:".":‘LClit-EYFL'EJVZ-jtfll 13111109131011 at this t he.
Fil‘qt, B’lnh'lLioll ‘.:{‘~' 1,:r‘7'\r“'L1"11‘..]_ an \fnn1.xf,dwr 313311.514;
plfleous op3cialiwed i1 di“fe“?~t fields. lhey ln~wwed owl
teat w~ico woe interesting to tlel. To generil tendency,

lo uniforu gig, and no curssqt lads could be found. Vari—
Lore. Second, ofl‘"“t op was prac-
tical and non-ac dewic. Students went to ac
to receive knowledge rather tlian to gel: collegiate titles
or oe JTP ees. If t
prcflple u: bluff .RUJt puzwmle TH‘M10tiC3“ll CCNITSéWB. llffll, a

'eu little from a non-scholflr.

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fin

.I_. ~-. . ,1 . -' . 1.1-1 *H..- .- °.. .2- , .- -

"ioh tde *CCBoSlOfl f the LubQ u» not; in 2%e Seveut1

.1. - T , , - 1-. _.
CGflhurJ, rHlCLnlon tended to cocoqe

first pl.1ce, toe perfection aou euluTQelept of the “Famin-

‘ 1.. 1,- . 1. - 1 . . _ ._
(ll/10:1. SZTS‘G en 10:21.11 {.1 18ft};- 13011 (3111101133?0,1 ’50

-~

-,. 0 .1-.. 1 1- .. - . . -_ .. .,-_ _ ‘ . .
13 acadlmic hype co mdau Cfirubln reqmirements. Scholars

non ne1hanically inclined, Went throu h certuifl cuvricu-

.. ., . _ - 1- n _ , ‘ _v_ a J.‘ .. o m” _1‘ - _ ,,
7‘1 LR 1111'} :3: 113215-11. 101‘ 1:11;] 001:1" Ltip‘jfl 1m»; :74 .591 1113.: 81.11.) 1301.53,
A. _.' I
v. 1 - . . 1 .-. L. w :I .L ._1, 0 . .1 L .0 p ., _ , .n . . _
Id lhle EMBCOJM1 plnm33, 1,99 1»2cu111117111011<31 3(H3C-M§SLUJWN33S \HlS
arm ”:31 "o --‘u “"‘*1' 1“ wxf‘ '9 fim‘ (3'-"‘{‘rv 51311 \f 5. w "on
mud-311.1 ‘J( L’T-f .‘.L‘Je'..I1~-\_") .'.“.e I (Tl'l‘.].'-1 ‘11-14" )1) Q .141 '.-'.(../ 5-1 ‘_'lO'-‘. \. 1' Q h.0
- .. .. L4- , -n -.1 .... L .—- ....1-1 s- _ ' -—-! ~ .- I ~‘ 1-
10 per a mdbodP o1 Voluncd“, HJJ lulivldaal cho1cc. Jflb,
{‘10"'\o ] :1. w,“ ".n 11-- . o .r (l) T .11, I n. 1
-11.)!1'34'1 , .11, . in 11). Colo 4 .-1 , (U' 3131101V. 110-; .110) 1'0 1-

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tlwa corgsfixlhivc eimyuinabirn1. Arj.331 Uwo f7ijfii plifllfi, the
Cuocegtiou of education was cflnigcd. ScHolw?3 find been
imclincd to think b‘nt knowlcdge TMS' he forially lvvrncd
in order to get _nterial rewavds. Siucation was conceived
as an ail *o perSonil pvowoflion ?than filvq to gflifi sociql

 

J 0 q . ”Ii .3 " "'1

Jillb .-1, 10“}.
rm Lt. 11- ‘ n , -3 q. -..1 1 .. .. 1 J- 1-.

11ais lflJe 1131;10tm l ex1h.“1tlrn.al. S3 Hui L SuéizeCl go 119

-.1.°r\ -.. -.. '1- . , w .. ... --,° :1 - “ 11 1.. .'-, . --

aui1oraall; 11spwcl mad formally carried on. :cuool OleUJfild

J- . .‘. .'- .'I- . . . 1- ° . 1. . _-. .. . . '1 . Jn. ,. . . 1 v- . ....L

2.11119"). tan-3 88.-.;13 Sili.',"c30u...S (Ana: (381111110813. one 11'? 11-3 1‘61" 3. L°<-?'|'”3.~‘*Lu‘w .

2;" v. , ‘ _‘ a F . _ 1 , ~r w_,_ a _ v.1 - __ o A n

lou« s 1pon toe ole canes; souool ago to Lna period 01

1.1 0 -.r . 1 . 1, 0 .. , 1-1 .L .3 .'. ,. J.~-_-. _.‘ . _.-, n

11%5u3‘ clamp; 1011xdzre Q-*¥30u8u) to C) u 30? 51 a Linux? 01

_ ., ..,_ ._."_O ‘1 . .'. .',_ 0.. -..’ L1“, - . ____._W 1 J
courses of stuflv, J lCl more «Ullmlbdlf D”C-?““9'Q61 nno
'J l' A ~ _ 7'

"'2 ‘, ’. s‘ “ ‘ 1 -‘ '2‘ *" ' -“\' '3 ‘

given 1n cu ovlocl, .w «or.

«. . :3 _. .L- o -‘ , _ ‘1'- .- - 1...-.. . _.'- L" 0 .'. .0 ,. ‘... .1. .-

l. LuUCfiple «#3 :cc COw0113u'f A. 1'13 wlai. ct, iever—
L-, _~\ _.‘ _ _ '_ '1 ‘p‘ fl_‘__ f3 __ .‘_ _I_o ‘fl .... 'VO‘ _5
plzlvwn, L D Cr’VJlu LH‘w EUU LlOfipnfl clLle (rocclanu
1~Vv - 0. «A U .’-,“ v. -- O - .‘ . A" \ ‘ ~ 1 ‘ ‘ ‘2 ‘-“‘ -..... P .- O >—- - .- I‘ -.‘- .
1).} p10, .‘3 l. C) we 91.91'111731111 Ur": ) .c.1_ {’0 ' L' _ '13 :1 1- l' 171191.314 1; "3

w- ..- 1.1. J- :I- -..." ,_.- -‘nn, .L'- l- .- ,1 .. " ,. 1 ,
scxolnrs ngu lb “no qU7B 5.130a1J3 cflwn lmng enéovce-

, ...1.
11181-12 a

 

 

 

p. Cevtruliudfiion G: gducifngJ'

9L9 adoptlan o? the eLHWinu*inw 3“:f#1 renultal in
'cL"LO‘3;7H31’ ifflpOI’tfl-llt O“f(3\) 1:13 30;" 9:11;:(1‘. “rm. 13:18 ‘41.) ‘13} ye
confi‘aliuation 0; Lt*io:wl lwwrnimg. lmsteui o” leavin;
'tlza LFCTWJI‘ ,fl 1=e;j1]x-iticnl “?ra JAJCi l Olltffl30“fif if e ‘7?’LiJ3THll
gjove'filient 'kll outljrvwl z:ggaq“r~l_1n7190;*1}?oli3"‘ in TV}; 01
to ’l‘nut {3‘10 F3‘3'.HJ_¢;-:-Hi. 5:};0‘037 1.70:"! 2-2111 '10:": I": s, cm]. ‘5 Eff-.317,
;?is led to two centy:lifiad p xchiuus: (l) A 3xflrihw line
of :fnjdy “‘ml (9) ihwfqu IrCHfiinia’1W; i9“.
7. Ddfirite lino ofi*itw‘v*

(a). walwewv* ml 0 :03? LCMOJlQ. ”~0 Drawious

_.‘.._N..-._....-_..l--.....-.-.-_....-...-_._,-4._.-. .L

Chapter iorVicmad Lle fnur rguar‘l lTP“3 0‘ SChOCl, vi -:
u%e 501001 of Eillc, 9H0 School of Lature, LI: Sclool of
7niversal irctherhoad, and aiscellaneous onhools. Tiese
l" 5%:1I_F;IJ,t-5_<.‘)slr3 ”(4133. an i. 1301'” Mn}; ‘lrwfluencw on (37.11.3909 3!“.jlflf ..
blonal levelOpunuu from tie fifth repunvy B.C. *0 the
sevevtb 3.“. The ConfuCquist SJMOgl coahlwfwly domiruf%d
the lifernry field. Ilia lctew or ex+endqd to tbe n2%f0hnl
schol:stlc fcvnxunt fis well 28 f0 sL‘Lcml stardagfi u;m
m0?al CQECepLiOm of tLa engiru. ;Is fiao;st School, with
its uOH-sbnuggle p3i“Plp13, 97Cectel aducwtional prograss
ti» 2. CCHL83A107°DECLH (fwégfie69. t 1*3l.1 lnle‘“ 9(301x3t17'3 !“1vmm1-
turous Qfiiri‘ 0w orw n~r3 hfll cranial an im-Ctivw Mifll o?
1 _ ‘__v_~_ _ __w _|_'\ q. -‘. .__ _ -> '1.
tum BOULJ Ofl L'O OLH“P. nflfl3rn b:lu939 PBLCFMQ?3 Have
"un~«fi_ujcslgrljlaxmxl twlg :3flnool 2w? cldfyfly Iwnxponsilflxe.for
tie: EODS‘lWW‘ILS.L(JL t‘ézxiuticq . A jrnrmg ijlwdsu :dam;nn?

. ‘
3.1“: 'L

L'

up.

Jovevvwe

Ht,

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o 11* n a :3 n
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- -

sdlcufiion o.

lroctly

all, 1

(W

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.-'J

t

.. .....

O

3})Ve Inigfwyl suacicflgr 1330*; nitrw l leytrcul fig) irifi 1-'-a cocgrxr-
ation avfl thus lclpfil LVN lb ;2 6d”CliiOh”l UJLFCcllf“ PT
lBHHS J? 800111 vrvac&tioc. 1T9 WISCellw'cqu SCICOJ”
frufi'lslwal tit) VTW”1L‘“3 9Cnm1d-Wulorw3 Cf‘}ioliizlc”l- *7fiwfiri “1

and militur’stic observntion.. TFeir doaiuawt power - as
fw“ be e1 cation "a; cowccrnel - W99 in EXP political line.

noorzifl'\ literajruv,, unl t'x,. »;lfict cu_‘tfilitfi:fi* SJWane (f7
:Pec:w”L CNW’”°7 leg },na_.¢ 7e ll‘ie {EPOVI‘ o~ :uxmoolx; 21 myjt Lu1-
kncwnl to CC)U on e u<w«iocs.

;” c 1Q;O'63 ecniceit’cn_pl_ fixalc‘, Lfi‘ozi, vn1s <iisstizw3tjjre 7r
shafed iwio tVese four types. If tle sLtwontS ‘cre int?”—
osted in lifixfl%mff stuif :mfilezfi-icwl PBS” my» 'rcy WHhh to
Confucius 8030033. If people were unsucces;“vl 1w Sociwl
#uwi eCoaomic elflcwvitics ow grzfccycfi tlc lVQWmitWJC, L‘cj
thdcd to we quwq+ pnnllc. I? tb~f lulc'd33 to elflcauo
t1;c|;823l1fess 213 *JCl?RX%T.3 {"01" 13W42 lwstfi'e;w‘avat o! ln1.xuruLtjf, Li~egr
hocawe Loists. OP, 1" novtbcv of 1:939 ihre“ ?welflu were
egorocc‘od, they elfflo: tnrfied to one o? the miscellaneous

schools or re wihec illitovates. flare is no monht tlnt

J- _ 7., . M .. . - . . , - _Ts- c, l. _
o ALLOJ {lb - _LS St”.fu'3 UELS rely»: EULA-PW IN" LA eke
- _1 o !_ o | o ‘ J—j ‘v_ _fi _0_ _ q ‘ _’_ ‘ _ . .-
foun blSLd.k'hLOtS an a»: 1w_c~ve ”evelop firn$33nalurullw

'1 arvyaclned fuo In: t143 nuast

 

 

‘ '1 Ir‘ - v r r F. | [I ' I.‘ n » '1' ‘. V 1:. ' "I" ‘- 1 \ 0 - -
(L). lcqcucht Toxarl venoffllLLel Spud“. The cronul-
—.. WW 0---IOH“ ' 'L
_' fl 0 . n . O _ ‘A '_ '3 _ _o [_1 o '1 O
égflwlxnl 01 «lle JHLLchALtuNJ 31UA ClJlSqJINS as lane IUILN.SNAD‘?H3tS

_ 1 J. 4., r ...-,..--.. 0 o
to De cashed in two five°nweutu1 Jxamlwwt OHS pl ccd the

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styles of writing“ in essays no: poems. "Five-word pogtrt,”
”seven-word poetry", "oig%+-le; essay”, p?ose litejeture

aLJ numerous forws apron" up. Lntil the “in; and Lafiohu
Dynasgies, the ”eiggt-le” es 3;" wge 9h“ principe: foww of
writibg with “he "Eour eooks" 931 ”hive Classics" as testirg
material in the examinefiion.

2. lhiifOPWIfhlfifliS+PHJJCWJ.

The method of educational ammiW1stPoflion was 99 ufli-
fC‘l‘Nl r48 tl‘e p’ill‘i“.i(:al :nguinisf‘.1‘~;‘r,:c~11 {3171'onghonfi the 001,1711_'_,;7_jf.
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Lye your moons aw; 51ve u13531os . luls requ1rewewu,
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to tore t?» exehluation, be ooulJ stud" whatever he preferrod

Each country lad 9* least owe school supportefi h? the
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wrifind aid ‘ewor’zing tKe text. The? were euooosefi to Neva
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courfitf supporfimml souool orflg"*o “eoeiwna secon.uw"r school 11,.
Lost of tle scholars, reverfeelens, more eflvowted b? pr‘vwbe
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