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Human Factors Associated with Use of

thesis entitled

 

Community Services by Mexican Americans in Michigan

Elda Nair Pelayo

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of the requirements for

MS.

presented by

 

Date Spring 1982

degree in

 

Family and Child Ecology

M Wm

 

 

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Major professor

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HUMAN FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
USE OF
COMMUNITY SERVICES BY MEXICAN AMERICANS IN MICHIGAN

By
Elda Nair Pelayo

A THESIS

Submitted to

Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCES

Department of Family and Child Ecology

1982

ABSTRACT

HUMAN FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
USE OF
COMMUNITY SERVICES BY MEXICAN AMERICANS IN MICHIGAN

By
Elda Nair Pelayo
<‘\
‘ .)
.3 Human factors of gender, age and area of residence
Q)

were related to human perceptions of effectiveness,
importance and satisfaction with community services by
Mexican Americans in Michigan.

The present study used secondary analysis of the data
collected for the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
Project NC-128 "Quality of Life According to Area of
Residence".

Hypotheses were analyzed based on percentages of
frequencies, rank ordering, Chi-square and Pearson's
coefficient of correlation.

Data analysis yielded few significant results, however,
suggestions for future research were presented with special

emphasis on further studies of Mexican Americans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My recognition to Dr. Linda Nelson, my Major Professor,
for her encouragement and assistance. I am also indebted
to Professor Peter Gladhart and Professor Ann Field, members
of my committee, for their insights, comments and the
dedication of their time. I also appreciate the assistance
of Dr. Dennis Keefe, for permitting the use of data from
the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Project NC-128.
The simple recognition of these professors is insufficient.
Their support went beyond what is normally expected. I am
grateful for their moral support in helping me overcome
problems of language and culture. For their genuine friend-
ship, I will be forever grateful.
I also wish to express my gratitude to INTA Agentina for
financial support and for their confidence in my ability
to use this opportunity in furthering the goals of my nation.
I sincerely appreciate the friendship of many people
from all of the Americas at Michigan State, for whom

borders and languages were not limitations to understanding.

CHAPTER
I.

II.
III.

IV.

IV.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem
Objectives of Study
Significance of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Operational Definitions
Conceptual Framework
Hypotheses

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY ,
Sample Design and Selection
Research Subsample
Variables Selected
Development of Secondary Instrument
Statistical Tests Used
Computer Programs

FINDINGS
Relationship Between Perception of
Importance and Reported Community
Services.

Relationship Between Importance Placed
Upon Community Services and Satisfaction
with Them.

Relationship Between Age and Use. Effect-
iveness, Importance and Satisfaction.

Relationship Between Age of Residence

and Use, Effectiveness, Importance and
Satisfaction with Community Services.

TESTS OF HYPOTHESES AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

ii

35

37

45

54

67
76

CHAPTER PAGE

APPENDICES

A. Elements and Domains of Life Quality 84
B. Research Instruments 88
C. Summary of Discussion about Hypotheses 91
REFERENCES 94

iii

TABLE

10

ll

12

13

LIST OF TABLES

Importance Placed Upon Community Service
by Gender.***

Use of Community Services by Gender.

Ranking of Community Services According
to Use and Importance, all Services.

Relationship of Importance and Use of
Community Services According to Gender.

Satisfaction with Community Services by
Gender.***

Ranking of Community Services According to
Importance and Satisfaction all Respondents.

Relationship of Importance and Satisfaction
with Community Services by Gender.

Use of Community Services Reported by Female
Adults and Adolescents.

Effectiveness of Community Services Perceived
by Female Adults and Adolescents.

Importance of Community Services Reported by
Female Adults and Adolescents.

Satisfaction with Community Services Reported
by Female Adults and Adolescents,

Use of Community Services Reported by Male
Adults and Adolescents.

Effectiveness of Community Services Perceived
by Male Adults and Adolescents.

iv

PAGE

36
38

39

40

41

43

44

46

47

48

50

51

52

TABLE - PAGE

14 Importance of Community Services Reported

by Male Adults and Adolescents. 53
15 Satisfaction with Community Services

Reported by Male Adults and Adolescents. 55
16 Use of Community Services Reported by

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Females. 56
17 Effectiveness of Community Services

Perceived by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Females. 58
18 Importance of Community Services Perceived

by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Females.*** 59

19 Satisfaction with Community Services

Perceived by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Females.*** 6O
20 Use of Community Services Reported by

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Males. 63
21 Effective Use of Community Services Perceived

by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Males. 64
22 Importance of Community Services Perceived by

Metropolitan and Nonemtropolitan Males.*** 65
23 Satisfaction with Community Services Perceived

by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Males.*** 66

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
1 Human Ecology Model
Source: The Human Ecosystem: A Model
Bubolz et al (1979). 9
2 Human Ecology Model Adapted for the Analysis
of Data from Study of Community Services
Used by Michigan Mexican Americans. 11

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

For a long time, it has been a concern of social workers
to understand the lack of use that people make of community
services. These resources that are available in different
amounts in different communities tend to satisfy people's
needs at different levels.

Although it seems apparent that community services
affect quality of life through their manifest roles, which
are the surface actions of the services in interacting with
people, for example, health services-health schools-education,
it is also assumed that community services improve the quality
of life of the population they serve through their latent
roles. Although the auto-exclusion of possible beneficiaries
from the services does not refer only to minority groups,
like Mexican Americans, the availability of data related to
this population provides an opportunity to look for some
possible reason that could help to understand this phenomenon.

Researchers and social planners have recently placed
emphasis on the study of the factors that lead to acheiving
quality of life and different perspectives from a variety of

disciplines have been used for this purpose. Among these

I

perspectives is the human ecological approach which derives
from a general ecological model, it considers organisms
interacting with their environment as an ecosystem. This
ecosystem has three central organizing concepts: human
environed unit, environments, and interactions and trans-
action between and among the components (Sprout and Sprout,
1965). The human environed unit can be either a single
individual (with biophysical, psychological and social
dimensions) or a group of people who share common resources,
goals, values and interests and have a sense of identity.
Social and cultural constructions belong to what is defined
as human constructed environment. An example of these social
constructions are the community services upon which this study
is based. The relationship of reciprocal influence among
components of the system is defined as interaction (Bubolz,
Eicher, Evers and Sontag. 1980).

Abraham Maslow (1954) proposed a hierarchy of human
needs, where the physiological needs of hunger and thirst are
the most primitive and prepotent, and the higher ones cannot
emerge until these are satisfied. The need for safety is the
following and it means to be protected from physical dangers.
When this physiological need is gratified, the need for love,
affection and belongingness emerges. The next level is the
need for self-respect, self esteem and the esteem of others.
The last need is the one for self actualization - the desire
of self-fulfillment - to become everything that one is capable

of becoming. Ackerman (1977), considers that the satisfaction

people feel goes beyond the mere possesion of material goods,
but satisfaction and/or frustrations depend on objective
reality on one side and on aspirations and expectations on
the other (Campbell, 1972).

The findings of Bubolz and Eicher (1976) and Campbell et
al. (1976) indicate that satisfaction with the quality of life
is closely linked to feelings about the family. Satisfaction
with community services is low and is considered of least
importance according to Helmick (1980). Little is known
however, about the factors associated with the use of
community services in terms of fulfillment of families' needs
and about the characteristics of the relationship between
Mexican Americans and the human constructed environment for
external social units as defined by Miller (1975). Salcedo
(1979) stated that social planners of minority programs need
to have information of the needs and concerns of their target
groups.

The purpose of this study is to focus upon Mexican
Americans, the United States' second largest minority group
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1971), their use of community

services and some of the factors associated with this use.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to analyze some human factors

associated with the use of community services among Mexican

Americans:
Specifically this study explores the following questions:

1. Which are the three services ranked as the most important
by Mexican Americans?

2. How often do Mexican Americans report the use of these
services?

3. Is gender associated with differences in services selected
and use reported?

4. Is there any relationship between importance and satis-
faction with the services?

5. How are perceived effectiveness, importance and satisfaction
associated with reported use of services?

6. Are age and residential areas associated with use of

services?

Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are the following:

1. To determine human factors that are associated with the
use of community services among Mexican Americans.

2. To determine the relationship of: a) female and male
Mexican Americans, b) male adults and male adolescents,
c) female adults and female adolescents, d) male adults
and male adolescents from metropolitan and nonmetropolitan
areas of residence and e) female adults and femal
adolescents from metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas of

residence for:

2.1 reported use of community services
2.2 perceived effectiveness of community services
2.3 reported importance of community services

2.4 reported satisfaction with community services

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study can be considered in terms
of both methodology and findings. With respect to metodology,
this study uses secondary analysis, defined by Herbert H.
Hayman (1972, p. 1) as the "extraction of knowledge topics
other than those which were the focus of the original
surveys".

The analysis of existing survey data, rather than
collecting data in a new survey, makes it possible to econ-
omize money, time and personnel. Hayman (1972), estimates
that the phases of a survey essential to producing data
consume about 40% of the total budget. In terms of time, he
considers that the three or four months or more needed for
field work and coding, ignoring the time of preparation for
these activities, can be compressed into less than three or
four weeks, not using large staff of interviewers, which is
another economy not worthy of disdain.

Besides these practical benefits, secondary analysis
allows researchers to obtain information without any intrusion
and exacerbation of social conflict, and at the same time,

protects people's good will toward survey, that according

to Hayman, must not have been worn out any faster than
necessary. This methodology also benefits science because
it increases the types and number of data sources and
measurement procedures studied by primary surveys which can
be compared to cover a wide array of social conditions.

This wider perspective also expands the intellectual horizon,
since it stimulates thinking about otherwise forgotten
problems and forces higher levels of abstraction.

Other benefits that can be mentioned are: 1) under-
standing of the past, 2) understanding of change, 3) exam-
ing problems comparatively, 4) improving general knowledge
through replication and enlargement and 5) enlarging theory.

With respect to findings, this study will help to better
understand some factors that are associated with the use of
community services among Mexican Americans. This information
can assist social planners in their program efforts to obtain
more participation from this minority group.

Since participation has been considered valuable by the
researcher, some considerations about it are necessary at
this point. The concept of participation has gained wide
popularity during the last decade. Now it is accepted that
the beneficiaries of social programs must be involved in
efforts to change and improve their lives. In spite of this,
the practical applications and implications of participation
are interpreted in many different ways.

It is an assumption of this researcher that community

services which provide for basic needs of people can also be

organized to facilitate the acquisition by users of
knowledge and skills for effective participation in their
society. This perspective can bring more people-centered
programs rather than only those programs focussed on the

final outcomes or products of the different activities.

Limitations of the Study

Since the data were collected during 1977 and 1978, the
conclusions reported many not necessarily reflect the way
Mexican Americans feel in 1982. The data only reflects the
view of Mexican Americans in two communities in Michigan.

Since the researcher did not participate in the original
data collection, no experiential interpretation of the data

can be made.

Operational Definitions

Human Factors

 

1. Age: It was classified as adults and adolescents. For
purposes of this study adults were considered those who
responded to forms for husband and wife. Adolescents
were those oldest sons and daughters, between 12 and
18 years, who completed forms for adolescents.

2. Gender: Males included both adults (209) and adolescents
(39); females included both adults (208) and adolescents
(43).

3. Perception: Four classifications of perception were
asked of the respondents without providing any definition
of the concepts of use, importance, effectiveness and
satisfaction. Each respondent used a seven point scale
to classify each perception of each community service
as will be explained in methodology.

Community Services

 

For the purpose of the original study a list of thirteen
services was given to the respondents without any definition
of each of them. These services were: business, church, day
care services, employment, general services, health, housing,
places to buy things, police and fire services, recreation
for adults and recreation for children, schools, and
transportation. All respondents were asked about perceptions
of use and effectiveness related to the above thirteen services
In terms of importance and satisfaction, adults were asked
about all thirteen services while adolescents were asked only
about the following six: church, employment, police and fire,
recreation for children, school, and transportation.

Mexican Americans

 

At least one of the adult respondents in each family had
to self-identify as Mexican American.

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

 

For the purpose of the original study, communities with
populations between 50,000 and 250,000 were considered as
metropolitan and those with a population of 5,000 or less

were considered nonmetropolitan.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is the human
ecological model. (Fig. 1). Its central concepts have
already been described.

This perspective allows the researcher to study inter-
action between an individual (human environed unit HEU)and
the human behavioral, human constructed and natural environ-
ments. These three environments that furnish the resources

necessary for life are embedded within each other.

 

Fig. 1. Human Ecological Model.
Source: The Human Ecosystem: A Model.
Bubolz et a1. (1979)

10

The natural environment (NE) is formed by nature with
space-time, physical and biological components. All these
components are interrelated.

The human constructed environment (HCE) has been defined
as an environment altered or created by human beings. It
includes modifications made by humans of the natural environ-
ment's physical and biological components and other social
and cultural constructions. Social institutions that perform
essential societal functions are part of HCE's sociocultural
component.

The human behavioral environment (HBE) has been defined
as the environment of human beings and their biophysical,
psychological and social behaviors. This environment is
essential for meetings biological and physical needs and the
social and psychological needs for love, relationships,
communication, knowledge and self-fulfillment.

All components exist objectively, whether or not
individuals or groups are aware of them, and exist also
subjectively according to the extent and maner that individuals
and groups perceive them.

For the purpose of this study selected relationships
among the environments were studied. The adaptation of this
model made to show the relationships studied and the assump-
tions upon which the analysis is presented. (Fig. 2). The
HEU was Mexican Americans; perception of effectiveness,
importance and satisfaction constituted the HBE studied;

comunity services as creations of human beings, belonged to

11

 

Sexual roles in metropolitan
sexual roles in nonmetropolitan

 

 

accessibility
for males and

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

females.
metropolitan
. nonmetro-
community politan
, perceived serv1ces
effectiveness
’””*~. satisfac1
tion With}
' / Mexican ‘ impor-
.\ Americans itance .
‘I\, IIOf .
”f.\ HEU HBE *HCE NE
= attitudes between
.. .. -/‘ males and females
Basic Role-structure of family towards community
Instrumental Expressive servrces.
FATHER MOTHER
(husband) (wife) Superior
SON DAUGHTER
(brother) (sister) Inferior
Fig. 2. Human Ecological Model Adapted for the

Analysis of Data from Study of Community
Services Used by Michigan Mexican Americans.

\

 

12

the HCE and the NE was represented by metropolitan and non-
metropolitan areas of residence.
Some assumptions were made related to each of the
elements studied in each environment, they were the following:
HEU: Mexican American family in role structured
HBE: Based on the role structure of the family there
are different attitudes between females and males
towards community services
HCE: Females and males have equal accessibility to
community services
NE: There is more sexual role differentiation between
females and males in metropolitan areas than in

nonmetropolitan ones.

Hypotheses

For the purpose of this research on Mexican Americans,

six hypotheses were developed for testing.

H1: There will be significant difference between females and
males in the community services they perceive important.
H2: There will be significant relationship between perception

of importance and the reported use of community services.
H2 1 : There will be a positive relationship between
perception of importance and the reported use of

community services.

13

H2 2: There will be difference between females and
males and their perception of importance and

reported use of community services.

There will be a significant relationship between
importance placed upon community services and satis-
faction with them.

H3.1;: There will be an inverse relationship between
importance placed upon community services and
satisfaction with them.

3‘2': There will be difference between females and males

in importance placed upon community services and

satisfaction with them.

Among females, there will be no significant age differ-
ences in the level of:

a. use of community services reported

b. perceived effectiveness of community services

c. importance of community services ranked

d. satisfaction with community services reported

Among males, there will be no significant age differences
in the level of:

a. use of community services reported

b. perceived effectiveness of community services

c. importance of community services ranked

d. satisfaction with community services reported

14

Among metropolitan and nonmetropolitan females and
males, there will be significant differences in the
level of:

a. use of community services reported

b. perceived effectiveness of community services
c. importance of community services ranked

d. satisfaction with community services reported

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Little research has been done relating to the problem
proposed in this study. However, related aspects have been
considered.

The study of factors that lead to achieving quality of
life has been a concern for a variety of diciplines and,
because of that, different approches have been utilized. The
complexity and diversity of the phenomenon under study makes
necessary that the framework to be utilized for its concept-
ualization and analysis would allow the integration of criteria
from several disciplines. The Human Ecological Approach ful-
fills this requirement according to Auerswald (1968). This
perspective derives from a general ecological model, in which
organisms are regarded in interaction with their environment
as an ecosystem. According to this approach humans as
individuals and in groups, are affected by their spatial and
temporal distribution. Human capacities to contrive and
adapt the environment to one's needs mean that both environ-
mental influences on humans and human perception and creation

of that environment must be taken into account (Melson, 1980).

15

16

A human ecosystem according to Evans (1956) involves
production, circulation, transformation and storage of energy,
matter and information through biological, physical and social
processes. The relationship of reciprocal influence among
components of the system is defined as interaction (Bubolz,
Eicher, Evers and Sontag, 1980). According to Morrison (1974)
from the human constructed environment comes the processed
information and the decision-makingvflfixfiito some degree
reflect the measurement of satisfaction with the built environ-
ment, that is the ability of the built environment to meet
human needs.

Maslow (1954) postulated five levels of human needs to
fulfill these needs:

1. Physiological needs: To survive, people need food,
clothing and shelter. These represent the most elemental
needs.

2. Safety and security needs: When physiological needs are
satisfied, people want to keep and protect what they have.

3. Social needs: As the environment becomes more stable,
people seek to be part of something larger than self.

They have social needs for belonging, for sharing, and
association, for giving and receiving friendship and love.

4. Ego needs: These are the needs for self-confidence,
independence, achievement competence and knowledge.

5. Self-fulfillment needs: As the capstone of all other needs,
people want to realize the full range of their individual

potential as human beings.

17

0f thirteen community services considered in this
study, one could assume that housing, general services and
places to buy things are included in the first level of
Maslow's hierarchy; day care services, health and police and
fire services are included in the second level; church,
recreation for adults and recreation for children are included
in the third level; business and school are included in the
fourth level. Employment could be included in the first
level because it facilitates survival. If the employment
provides other needs, it might be included in many or all of
the other levels. The clasification of transportation is not
clear. Transportation pertains to the human constructed
environment and its functions in relation to Maslow's
hierarchy problem, vary by size of community. This rough
classification is based on the interpretation of the researcher.
If some definitions had been given in the original study, this
classification could be completely different.

Although Helmick (1980) stated that satisfaction with
community services has a low correlation with quality of life
as a whole, little is known about the factors associated with
actual use of services.

Parsons (1960) stated that the nuclear family is role-
structured, based on generation and sex differentiation. He
also considered that the last one is a qualitive mode of
differentiation that tends to appear in all systems regardless
of their composition. According to Parsons' opinion, society

in many respects reinforces this differentiation in the family

18

through the articulation between family and occupational
system that is placed upon the one adult male and the
responsibility of mother role on the one adult female. This
role system is only possible as a unit of an integrated system
of social interaction, where common values are shared, and
there is acceptance of the goals ascribed to one's own sex-
role and corresponding renunciation of those ascribed to the
others.

The following definitions could be helpful to understand
Parsons' theory.

Expressive, concerned primarily with integration or solidarity

 

of the group. While husband-father is away at work, the
mother may stay at home, responsible for the emotional satis-
faction of the family (Parsons and Bales, 1960).

Instrumental, primarily concerned with relation of the group

 

to the external situations. In the nuclear family the husband-
father tends to specialize in these activities (Parsons and
Bales, 1960).
3913, that organized sector of an actor's orientation which
constitutes and defines participation in an interactive
process. It involves a set of complementary expectations
concerning personal actions and those of others with whom
interaction occurs (Parsons and Shils, 1951 in Nye and Berardo,
1981).

Parsons' theory has been the base for the establishment
of the hypotheses of this study. Based on the sexual differ-

entiation of roles, different perception about community

19

services between females and males was assumed and also
different frequency of use. It was also assumed that the
degree of exposure that Mexican Americans have to the majority
American culture by their area of residence either metropolitan
or nonmentroitan would be associated with differences of the
degree of sexual role differentiation.

In terms of the concern of this study some characteristics
of Mexican Americans could be helpful to take into account.
Mexican Americans constitute the second largest minority group
in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1971). Despite
this fact, little research has focused upon this group. Findings
from studies done, mostly in New Mexico and Texas, help to
understand family life in the rural environment, but there is
a lack of information about the 80% of Mexican Americans who
live in urban areas. Alfredo Mirande (1977) statedtflun:even
though a proliferation of research on the Mexican American
family has occurred, almost all of the studies tended to focus
on a dominant family type making comparison to a middle-class,
white, Protestant ideal. On the other side, some researchers
tried to compensate and presented an idealized and romanticized
image of the Chicano family.

Two contradictory views of the family have emerged. The
stereotypical view of the family has been rejected by other
findings like the prevailing pattern of shared decision-making
and action taking among Mexican American husbands and wives
(Hawkes and Taylor, 1975). The more traditional view still

indicates strong role division along the Parsonian lines of

20

gender differences.

Even when their family patterns have been involved in a
change process through generations, as a result of their
struggle to survive as a minority, they may be considered as
familistic, since they place more value on family relationships
and obligations than most Anglo Americans. Their clanishness
is a defense for a poor and unskilled population in a deman-
ding, indifferent or hostile world (Moore, 1976). Murillo
(1971) stated that the family is so important that in case of
a conflict between it and school or work the Mexican Americans
will be more sensitive to familial demands. In times of
stress or when problems arise, a Chicano will turn to the
family rather than to outside agencies, for help. Sharing
and cooperation are encouraged and valued. There is no
distinction between relatives and friends, and the last
mentioned are symbolically incorporated into the family by
means of the institution of "compadrazgo" that is the relation-
ship between parents and godparents of a child.

Ramos (1973) pointed out the difficulties of social
agencies to understand the auto-exclusion of Mexican Americans
from their programs. According to this author, social agencies
do not know the true conditions of the families. They learn
about the isolated instances or problems which are specifically
related to the agency's specialty. Thus, for example, the
school is concerned with school absenteeism, while welfare is
concerned with money, and as a result the family is between

the action of different agencies without being connected to any

21
one of them because the family copes with the practical
circumstances in its every day life not as separate events,
but as events that are very much related to each other.

Based on the literature review already done, it could be
briefly stated that the use of community services is associated
with some human factors related to the background knowledge
of the people who obtain benefits from them. As a result of
oversimplified models of family types, there is no systematic
knowledge about the way Mexican Americans interact with external
social units.

The hypotheses of this study are based on the traditional
perspective of Mexican Americans, since it is the most used
in the studies done about this ethnic minority. It is assumed
by the researcher that although the findings may not provide
proof of the traditional perspective, they could facilitate
identification of Mexican Americans in Michigan with respect

to a potential tendency in relation to this perspective.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The present study is based on secondary analysis of
data collected for the Michigan Agricultural Experiment
Station Project NC-128. "Quality of Life According to Area
of Residence”.

This study was developed to find some systematic
knowledge about quality of life, its components, the way
those components vary among different kinds of population,
and the extent to which they can be realized in metropolitan
communities as compared with nonmetropolitan ones. This
systematic knowledge could enhance policy formulation
directed toward improving the well—being of families, inclu-
ding the economically disadvantaged and ethnic minorities.

Since one characteristic of the American society is its
plurality, it can be assumed that there are differences in
people's values, aspirations and life styles. Project NC-128
was designed to determine some of the variance in achievement
of self-determined aspects related to quality of life.

The objectives of the study were:

22

23

1. To describe areas of residence in terms of the factors
that influence quality of life, and to assess the impact
of these factors upon households with differing social
and economic characteristics.

2. To establish a descriptive base in order to document
and analyze change in attributes of quality of life
and their achievements.

The following fourteen states took part in the regional
project: Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and
Texas. Since Michigan is the state with the second largest
concentration of Mexican Americans outside the southwest,
and this ethnic minority family has not been systematically
studied, this state was one of the four where data were
collected on totally Mexican American samples.

Each of the states in the Project collected the data
using a common primary and secondary instrument. The ques-
tionnaires used in the interviews were pre-tested for
validity and reliability. Each state also drew the samples,
using identical or compatible methods, from at least one
nonmetropolitan and one metropolitan community.

The primary instrument was used to obtain sociodemo-
graphic information about the family, such as age, education,
relationship of all household members, number of years of
marriage, number of children not living at home, current

labor force status and health status of husband and wife,

24

family income, housing tenure, and number of years lived

in present dwelling, neighborhood, community, and state.

Respondents also provided information about their employ-
ment, kind of work, religion, and ethnic origin.

The respondents also ranked nine domains in order of
importance to their quality of life, housing, leisure and
recreation, education, financial security, work, religion,
community, family and friends.

The importance of many elements of life quality were
rated on a seven point scale ranging from (1) "extremely
unimportant" to (7) "extremely important". Satisfaction
with these elements was assessed on a seven point scale
ranging from (1) "extremely disatisfied” to (7) "extremely
satisfied".

The different elements of community life evaluated by
respondents were factor analyzed into two domains, which
were identified as community services and community
environment (Appendix A).

The community services specified in the original study
were: school, health services, day care services, police
and fire services, transportation, places to buy things,
general services, business services, adult recreation, kids
recreation, church, employment opportunities and quality of
housing.

Respondents were asked to assess the adequacy of their
family income and also to report the amount of control they

felt they had over their lives.

25

According to the interest of the NC-128 Project, the
impact of area of residence upon life satisfaction was
taken into account. Husbands and wives, were asked to
compare several aspects of their current situation with
circumstances five years earlier on a scale ranging from
"much worse" to "much better".

Adolescent respondents were asked about expectations
and aspirations concerning marriage and children and
education, importance of their current employment, and
impact of employment on life quality. They also rendered
an assessment of the impact of different aspects of their
father's and mother's employment upon their own quality
of life. Secondary questions were developed as packages
and were used to collect more in-depth data with respect

to particular domains.

Sample Design and Selection

Metrgpolitan

 

Michigan had ten standard metropolitan statistical
areas which met the sampling criteria of the NC-128 Project
which was to have population between 50,000 and 250,000.

Only four of those ten had more than 1,000 Spanish speaking
families with children under 18, to provide the 100 sample
families needed. These communities were Flint, Grand Rapids,
Lansing - East Lansing, and Saginaw. The last one was

randomly selected.

26

To assure the probability of proportionate represen-
tation of city blocks where the highest concentration of
Mexican Americans was found, the original sample design
was to be a systematic random one. According to its
requirements, this procedure would have been too expensive
in terms of money and time, since the sample families had
to have both parents present, at least one of whom was
Mexican American, and at least one child 18 years of age or
younger. As an alternative, sample families were selected
from a list of Spanish surnames taken from the Polk City
Directory for Saginaw. This list was composed by the Latin
American Affairs Department of the Catholic Diose of Saginaw.

One parent was interviewed in each of the 106 selected
families, the other parent and the oldest child between 12
and 18 years old (54 available), completed a self adminis-
tered questionnaire. The data collection took place during
the months of November and December 1977 and January and
February 1978.

Nonmetropolitan

 

According to the Regional Project, to meet the sampling
criteria, a County should have a population of 5,000 or less
and a sizeable concentration of Spanish speaking population,
to provide the 100 sample families needed. Census records
of 1970 revealed that Gratiot County fulfilled these require-
ments. The Local Latin American Department Office in Alma,
the largest city of the county, listed the Mexican American

household heads by names, with addresses and telephone numbers.

27
These names were grouped by communities, the four largest
being Alma, St. Louis, Ithaca and Brekenridge.

To be eligible, a family had to fulfill the same require-
ments as the families in the metropolitan area, i.e. have two
parents, at least one of whom was Mexican American, and at
least one child 18 years of age or younger.

Members of 126 households were interviewed. Of these,

51 were from Alma, 29 from St. Louis, 21 from Ithaca, 8 from
Brekenridge and 17 from smaller communities in Gratiot County.

The data were collected between January and May 1978.

Research Subsample

The selection of the sample for the present study was
based on the criteria of rejecting those respondents whose
answers were coded as missing data in relation of an entire
block of questions for either use, effectiveness importance
or satisfaction. The number of cases dropped was 62.

Secondly, since examination of the questionnaires
revealed that some respondents checked the same answer for
an entire category of perception of services and on the
assumption that this indicated a lack of seriousness on the
part of the respondents, it was decided to eliminate all
of those who reported identical level of use and effective-
ness (N cases dropped 32) or identical level of importance

and satisfaction for all the 13 services (N cases dropped 27).

28

Total eliminated was 60, because nine cases were classified
with both errors.

The total number of cases available when these criteria
were applied was 499. These can be split as follows: 417
adults (209 males and 208 females) and 82 adolescents (39
males and 43 females).

The collection of data on identical or comparable items
from husband, wife and adolescent in the same family would
seem to allow the analysis of intra-family concordance or
discordance. The level of analysis that would be required
went beyond the current ability of this researcher and would
have been possible only with a great deal of outside help.
Since the criteria for selecting the sample, as was expressed
above, were based primarily on the quality of the answer
given by the respondents and after checking that there were
too few families with complete data for the husband, and
wife and the adolescent in the same family, the idea of
learning new methods of analysis was discarded as unreason-
able at this time.

Since adolescents were not asked about all the thirteen
community services considered in the study, with relation to
importance and satisfaction, the analysis, where the variable
age was considered, was made upon the six services where
data for the three (husbands, wives and adolescent) were
available. These services were: church, employment, police
and fire services, recreation for children, school, and

transportation.

Variables Selected

Independent variable:

 

The independent variable in this study is gender.
According to Parsons and Bales (1960), sex determines a
differentiation of functions in terms of external and
internal relations of the family as a system. Thus, the
relationship of the system to outside systems is an
instrumental function developed by males while the expressive
function related to the internal affairs of the system is
developed by females.

The primary instrument collected the data related to

this variable as follows:

 

S35

Husband 1

Wife 2

Adolescent

What is your sex? Circle 1 for male

2 for female

Dependent variables: The dependent variables considered are:

 

1. Use of community services: as reporeted by respondents.

2. Perceived effectiveness: the perception that respondents
have about the degree of effectiveness of community
services.

3. Importance of services: perception respondents have

about the importance community services have.

29

4.

30

Satisfaction with services: perception of how satisfied
the respondents feel about the community services.

The primary instrument collected the data related to

each of these variables for each of the 13 community

services: school, health services, day care services, police

and fire services, transportation, places to buy things,

general services, business services, adult recreation, kids

recreation, church, employment opportunities, quality of

housing, as follows:

a.

Now, please think about the ........ available in your
community.

I use this seldom l 2 3 4 5 6 7 I use these often
Now, please think about the ....... available in you
community

Ineffective l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Effective
Some of these items may be important to you. Some may
not. Using the importance scale please circle the
number which indicates how important each of these is
to the quality of your life.

Kind of services Importance

............... l 2 3 4 5 6 7
Using the satisfaction scale, please circle the number
which indicates how satisfied or disatisfied you are
with the availability and quality of each of the
following in your community.

Kind of services Satisfaction

............... l 2 3 4 5 6 7

31

Third variables: This study also considered two third or

intervening variables. They are:

Age: that was operationalized in terms of adults and
adolescents and Area of residence that was operation-
alized according to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan
as determined by sample selection. These third
variables were used to control the relationship

between independent and dependent variables.

Development of Secondary Instrument

A secondary instrument was developed to be used in
this study (Appendix B). This secondary instrument utilized
the code of the following orginal variables: sex of
respondents and area of residence, and recoded the use of
community services, perceived effectiveness, importance
of community services, satisfaction with community services
and age of respondents.

Since the researcher was not concerned with the slight
differentiation given by the l to 7 scale used in the
primary instrument related to the variables use of community
services, perceived effectiveness, importance of and
satisfaction with community services, the secondary one
recoded the scores as follows:

Primary Code Secondary Code

1 - 2 1 (low)

32

3 - 4 - 5 2 (medium)
6 - 7 3 (high)

Statistical Tests Used

In order to determine the relationship between the
reported use of community services and their perceived
effectiveness, importance and satisfaction by gender, the
nonparametric statistical method selected was chi-square.
Nonparametric statistics or distribution-free methods do
not assure that the underlying distribution of the popu-
lation approximates a normal curve. They depend on the
use of the median rather than the mean (Siegel, 1956,

p. 3). Most nonparametric tests apply to data in an
ordinal scale (Siegel, 1956, p. 31).

Chi-square (X2) is suitable for analysing data when
the interest is placed on the number of subjects which fall
in various categories. It tests whether a significant
difference exists between an observed number of subjects
falling in each category and an expected number based on
the null hypothesis (Siegel, 1956, p. 43).

Gamma was obtained to tell the direction of the
ordering in the contingency tables; it does not take ties
or table sizes into account, so it generally has higher
numerical values than tau (Nie, et al., 1975, p. 228).

In the present study this measure was used in the tables

4 and 7.

33

Spearman's rs, was used to determine correlation
between the ranks of two variables. This measure can be
interpreted as a product-moment correlation applied to
ranks rather than raw scores (Blalock, 1972, p. 416).
This measure was used in tables 3, 6, 16, l7, l8, 19, 20,

21, 22, and 23.

Computer Programs

Analysis was done on the Control Data Corporation
CYBER 750 model computer using the 8.0 version of the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Nie, et al.,
1975). All of the computations were implemented at the

Michigan State University Computer Laboratory.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS

This chapter contains the results of the analysis of

the data. The findings for the present study are presented

under the following section headings:

l.
2.

Relationship between gender and importance of services.
Relationship between perception of importance and
reported use of community services.

Relationship between importance placed upon community
services and satisfaction with them.

Relationship between age and use, effectiveness,
importance and satisfaction by gender.

Relationship between area of residence and use, effect-
iveness, importance and satisfaction with community
services.

All tabulated data in this chapter are presented in

alphabetical order by community services in order to

facilitate location of data for any specific service.

Relationship Between Gender and Importance

The first topic of analysis was the relationship between

gender and the importance placed on the 13 community services

34

35

considered in the study. The percentages of males and
females rating each service as "high” in importance are
presented (Table l).

A ranking was made based on these frequencies. More
males gave housing a high ranking than they did any other
service while housing ranked only sixth in frequency of
high rating for females. This major difference aside,
the three most important for females coincided with the
second, third and fourth for males although not in the
same rank order. They are: health, police and fire
services and school.

Based on the chi-square statistic, the data show that
males and females gave a significantly different evaluation
of the importance of six services (p i .05): general
services, housing, police and fire services, transportation,
recreation for adults, and recreation for children. One
other service, the church, just missed the criterion of

significance at .06.

Relationship Between Perception of Importance

and Reported Use of Community Services

The second topic of analysis was the relationship
between gender and use of community services. The three
services reported as the most used by both males and females

in identical rank order were: places to buy things, church

36

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pmxcmu Awomv moamamm mo Nooa MH
moow>uom omonu poxnmu Amowv mmHmB uasum mo Nooa MH oHnmu mwnu wawumanoamo mom umUSHoaH

Ham ouoS usn .mmow>uom Ham How moamunoaafl xcmu Cu poxmm uoa mHoS mucoommaoum mmsmommsks

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memo. Hkooo.m A m.He o o.kk cognac
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Aammnzv mmamamm Awemuzv mmamz

«sk.nouCoo hp moow>umm huHcDaBou com: umomHm moamuuomEH .H manna

 

 

37

and school (Table 2). The only differences between males
and females in reported use of services to have statistical
significance were employment and school (p= .02).

The relationship between importance and use is signif-
icant at the .01 level with a rs= .78. Ranking of the
importance of services and their frequency of use was computed
based on the percentage of "high" responses from the entire
sample (Table 3).

The results indicate that services considered less
important have, in accordance, less use reported, i.e.
recreation for adults, transportation and day care services.
Some services such as church or places to buy things, in spite
of being considered not so important (8 and 5 in ranking)
ranked high in use (2 and l).

The importance and use of individual services were tab-
ulated also according to gender. The strongest relationship
between importance and use is related to church, with a gamma
of .63 for males and .56 for females (Table 4). Gamma can
be interpreted as the proportionate reduction in error in
predicting variable two as a consequence of knowing the

value of variable one (Blalock, 1972).

Relationship Between Importance Placed Upon

Community Services and Satisfaction with Them

There are no significant relationships between satis-

faction with community services and gender (Table 5). In

38

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Table 3. Ranking of Community Services According to use

and Importance, all Services.

 

 

Services Imp.* Use*

Business 9 9

Church 8 2

Day care services 12 13 rS=
Employment 6 6 P=
General services 7 4

Health 2.5 5

Housing 4 7

Places to buy things 5 1

Police and fire 2.5 10
Recreation for adults 13 11
Recreation for children 10 8

School 1 3
Transportation 11 12

 

*Rank based on % "high".

40

Table 4. Relationship of Importance and use of Community

Services According to Gender.

 

 

Services Males Females

N Gamma N Gamma
Business 154 .33 186 . .18
Church 242 .63 242 .56
Day care services 240 .48 228 .39
Employment 235 -.09 223 .00
General services 161 .01 193 .11
Health 197 .28 199 .27
Housing 199 .06 192 .28
Places to buy things 240 .10 244 .26
Police and fire 237 .03 233 .34
Recreation for adults 121 .06 172 .07
Recreation for children 233 .24 233 .16
School 243 .19 243 -.07

Transportation 203 -.01 198 .00

 

41

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42

terms of ranking, males and females have rated almost the
same three services in order of satisfaction: church is
first, places to buy things is second and third are police
and fire, for males, and health for females. The chi-square
statistics satisfaction by gender, for transportation, just
missed the criterion of significance at p= .06. All other
tabulations for chi-square showed calculated value of p i
.14.

As with importance and use, ranking for importance of
services and satisfaction with them was computed and also
the degree of association measured using the Spearman's
rank order correlation (Table 6). Spearman's rS = .53 with
p= .03. Based on the computed ranking, the services
considered more important were reported with less satis-
faction while some of them, like church that is considered
in ninth of importance, was reported the highest in satis-
faction. Those considered the less important such as
transportation, day care services and recreation for adults
(rated 11, 12 and 13 in importance) were reported almost
in similar order in terms of satisfaction (10, 11 and 13).

The relationship between importance and satisfaction
according to gender shows that there is moderate to strong
association among males for the following services: church,
day care serVices, health, places to buy things, police and
fire services and school among females for church, health,

housing and places to buy things (Table 7).

43

Table 6. Ranking of Community Services According to

Importance and Satisfaction all Respondents.

 

 

Services Imp.* Satisf.*

Business 8 7

Church 9 1

Day care services 12 ll rs= .53
Employment 6 12 p= .03
General services 7 5

Health 2.5 3

Housing 4.5 8

Places to buy things 4.5 2

Police and fire 2.5 4

Recreation for adults 13 13

Recreation for children 10 9

School 1 6
Transportation. 11 10

 

Y'—

*Rank based on % "high".

44

Table 7. Relationship of Importance and Satisfaction

with Community Services by Gender.

 

 

Services Males Female
N Gamma N Gamma

Business 208 .40 206 .28
Church 246 .66 250 .61
Day care services 168 .50 193 .40
Employment 245 -.02 248 .19
General services 209 .27 208 .24
Health 209 .73 207 .50
Housing 204 .40 206 .54
Places to buy things 248 .53 250 .60
Police and fire 245 .62 242 .41
Recreation for adults 205 .22 203 .25
Recreation for

children 244 .31 249 .32
School 247 .60 251 .28
Transportation 233 .43 237 .06

 

Relationship Between Age and Use, Effectiveness,

Importance and Satisfaction

Results of the application of the third variable age
divided into adults and adolescents by gender, will be
presented next.

Females

There are no significant differences between female
adults and adolescents and the reported use of community
services (Table 8). For this analysis where the variable
age is considered only six services have been taken into
account, since adolescents were not asked about all the
services during the original collection of data. In the
chi-square analysis no statistically significant differences
were found, except for transportation (p= .0006). Females
rated church and school as the services most used and in the
third place by adult females was employment and recreation
for children by adolescents.

In terms of perceived effectiveness, thereis no differ-
ence between female adults and adolescents based on ranking,
based on statistics transportation was reported with p= .0138
(Table 9). The services perceived as more effective by
females are: church, police and fire services and school.

Similarly, adult and adolescent females did not differ
in their assessment of importance of community services. The
three ranked as more important are: school, police and fire

services and employment (Table 10).

45

46

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47

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48

 

 

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49

With regard to satisfaction, while there is no
difference in terms of ranking (church, police and fire
services, and school), statistically satisfaction reported
with transportation just missed the .05 at the .0517
(Table 11).
males

Based on the same procedure of analysis, percentages,
ranking and chi-square, for males, the data in Tables
12, l3, l4 and 15 show the following results: no differences
related to community services most used: church, school and
employment. Statistical differences is reported for school
p= .0223. Statistical differences is reported for trans-
portation p= .0091; related to effectiveness, in terms of
ranking, adolescents reported transportation as more effec-
tive while adults reported school.

Related to importance, there is coincidence in the two
services considered as most important: school and police
and fire services. The service ranked third in importance
by adult males is employment and by adolescent males is
transportation. Two significant statistical differences
are shown related to police and fire services and recreation
for children; adult males rated both services as more
important than did adolescents (Table 14).

The results of the analysis of satisfaction are essen-
tially similar to those for importance, in terms of ranking;

however, in this case no statistically significant differences

50

 

 

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51

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52

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s x scam :amHaz :aan:
N N mmow>uom

mufimommfiomudw

 

mucoommaoo< paw muado< mamz hp oo>aooumm mmofl>uom Nowadaaoo mo mmoao>fluoommm .mH mant

53

mo. w a up unmofimwcwfim *

 

 

NNNN. oemoo.N N N.NN o.mm noHnennonenene
moNN. NoNNN. H N.Nm m.Nm Hoonom
NNNo. NNNNN.N N.m H.em N.om nenoHHno
How sowumonoom
NNoeo. mNNoo.m N N.oN o.om enHm one eoHHon
eHHoo. ooNNm.NH e H.Nm o.mN onenNoHnae
NNoH. NNNee.e N.N H.em e.oN nonnno

e Nx snen :nNHn: :ann:
N moow>umm

mucoomoaoo<

 

.mucmommaoo< oam muasom

mam: mp omuhoamm mmUN>Hmm NuHanEEou mo mocmuuanH .qa maan

54

can be pointed out between adults' and adolescents' satis-

faction.

Relationship Between Area of Residence and Use,
Effectiveness, Importance and Satisfaction

with Community Services

Taking into account the third variable for this study,
area of residence, which was divided into metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan, the results are presented by gender.

Females

There is no difference between females from metropolitan
and nonmetropolitan areas in terms of the services they
reported as most used. Based on ranking these services were:
places to buy things, church and school.

The differences in reported level of usage were
statistically significant with higher use reported by metro-
politan residents for 7 of the 13 services: business, day
care services, employment, health, housing, recreation for
adults and recreation for children (Table 16). In addition
school, which had higher use by nonmetropolitan residents
also showed statistically significant difference.

Spearman's coefficient tabulated was .81 and p= .005.

In terms of effectiveness, there are differences based
on ranking by (metropolitan church, places to buy things

and health and nonmetropolitan church, police and fire

55

mo. W a on unmowmwawwm N

 

 

 

mono. ommma. N H.qm m o.mm cowumuuommamhfi
monq. «quq. m o.mo m m.Nm Hoosom
0Nmm. MMNQN. q N.on q o.Hq Gonoaflno
How coaummnomm
oNoq. omaqm. m N.Nm N N.oo oHNm onm ooNHom
NNNe. Nemoe. m N.oN m m.oN onenNoHnnn
aNNo. Nnoqm. H N.mm H m.NN Johsno

e Nx snen :ann: snen :ann:
N N mmow>uom

muaoomoaoo< muHDo<

.mucmomofloo< ocm muHDo< mam: kn omuuoaom mmofl>nmm NHHGSEEOU auHB coauommmNBMm .mH mHQmH

56

moo. no

 

 

 

Hm. u u I

mo. v a um unmoHHchHm «
cone. endow. HH o.HN mH w.HN SOHumuHoamamHH
NNNoo. mmmNN.NH m m.wm m o.mm Hoonom

«quo. mmme.MH o N.Nm w m.¢m GoHoHHHo
mom nowummuoom

soHoo. NONHH.mH NH m.NH OH N.NN muHDom
mom aOHummHoom
comm. «mmmN.H N .m.mN NH m.mN mHHm ocm moHHom

mmmo. noomw.m H ¢.wo H o.mN mwaHSH
man on mmomHm
*mooo. mmHmH.mH m o.mN m.q m.oH wchsom
*oNHo. ooqu.w m «.mm o N.Nq nuHmmm
NomH. qwmmm.m n 0.0m m.q n.mo mmoH>uom Hmuwaou
NOHoo. HNomm.mH OH N.NN N N.on udoENOHmam
smmHo. oqNNm.N NH o.mH HH N.oN mooH>umm mumo Non
mmmm. owmqm. N o.mm N N.mm sousno
smNHo. Howam.w w N.mN o m.oN mmmafimnm

e x Hnen :ann: snen :ann:
N N N mooH>Hom
HoeH .ozo AeoH .ozo
GmuHHoaouuoacoz neuHHomouuoz
.mmHmEom

cmuHHomouuoacoz one amuHHOQOHqu Np wounomom mooH>Hom NHHGSESOU mo on: .oH oHnme

57

services and school respondents (Table 17). In addition,
based on the chi-square statistics, ten out of 13 services
showed difference from zero with p i .05. They were:

church, employment, general services, health, housing,

places to buy things, police and fire services, school,
recreation for adults and recreation for children. Spearman's
coefficient computed .64; level of significance .03.

No differences related to importance placed on community
services by area of residence were found (Table 18). The
three considered as more important were: school, police and
fire services and health. Statistical differences of p i
.05 were reported for 7 out of 13 services. These services
were: business, day care services, general services, health,
school, recreation for adults and recreation for children.
Separman's coefficient computed .89; level of significance
.002.

In terms of satisfaction, there is a slight difference
based on ranking (Table 19). Females from metropolitan
areas reported health in third place, while females from
nonmetropolitan areas reported police and fire services in
third place. Church and places to buy things, were ranked
either first or second (Table 19). Ten statistical
differences on satisfaction by area of residence can be
pointed out. Metropolitan residents reported higher
satisfaction with day care services, employment, health,
housing, police and fire services, places to buy things,

recreation for adults and recreation for children.

58

mo. um

 

 

 

me. u H I

no. v a pm unmoHHchHm N
HNNN. oooom.N OH N.mm mH q.Hm COHumuuommamuH
kONoo. mmomo.NH m H.¢N o m.om Hoozom

soooo. NHNHm.NN w o.mq HH o.Hn couoHHso
mom cOHumoHomm

NOHoo. Nooom.mH NH N.mN NH m.Nm muHsom
mom GOHumoHoom
soooo. mmwnq.mN N m.oN N «.Nm oHHm one ooHHom

«omno. mmmoN.o o o.Nm N H.NN mwcHnu
man ou moomHm
Nomoo. owoom.OH m c.0o m 0.0m waHmDom
quHo. Nwonn.w N N.Nm m H.oN nuHmom
*NHoo. oHomN.NH m N.oo n 0.00 mooH>uom Hmnoaou
eHooo. ooNNH.oH NH N.NN m N.Ne onenNOHnnm
mwmo. oowNo.m HH o.mm m o.wn mooH>Hom when Non
smHmo. wmmHm.o H H.0m H N.NN nonssu
0Hoo. memm.m o N.mm OH N.nq mmochnm

e x Hnen :ann: seen :ann:
N N mooH>Hom
HooH .ozo
GmuHHomouumacOz GmuHHomouumz
.monEom cmuHHoaouuoacOz

one cmuHHoaonuoz No oo>HooHom mooH>Hom Nuchanu mo mmoao>Huommmm .NH oHan

59

.xamu an£,mo unoomoa umoana

93 on OHHHoB N.mm .uoans mooHNrHom mmonu omxzmu HNHHV mmHmnHom uHHHom GmuHHoaouumfiaoa .Ho
NOOH MH .xan an3 mo unmoumm ummnwfin mnu on OH503 Nmm stn mmoH>Hmm mmonu omxcmn
AHOV mmHmaom uHsom couHHOQOHuoE osu mo NOOH NH .mHnmu mHnu wcHumHsono mom ooOSHocH
HHm ouo3 udn mmoH>Hmm HHm How monounomaH xcmu Cu omxmm uoa oum3 muamomoHoom omsmoom*¥%

 

 

Noo. no
m I

am. u H mO. v a on ucmonszHm«
HNHH. NNOON.¢ HH N.mm NH o.mm sOHBmuuommcmHH
*OmNO. OOmNm.N H H.Nm H N.Nm Hoonom

kNHOO. mmOON.NH OH o.mo OH N.NO couoHHno
mom GOHumouoom

NOOOO. OmONm.OH mH O.Nq mH m.Nm manom
How aOHumonoom
omOH. Nmmmq.¢ m.N N.Hm N o.mm ouHm one ooHHom

mqu. HqNNm.m o N.mN q H.Hm mwanu
Nan Ou moomHm
ooHN. mHmoN.H m H.mN m H.oN mnHenon
*NmmO. OOONN.O m.N N.Hm m N.mm :uHmo:
sHNOO. Nnomm.NH N N.mN O w.qO mooH>uom Homecoo
wNmm. quHm. m O.NN m 0.0w unoENOHQEm
*NNHO. mmmNH.w NH N.w¢ w m.NO moow>uom ommo Nmo
mnnq. mmNNO.H O m.NN N «.mo sonnso
«wNOO. NOOON.HH w m.mN HH m.HO wmoaHmsm

e x seen :ann: snen :ann:
N N N mooH>nom
HonH .ozo NooH .ozv
cmuHHomouumafioz couHHomouumz

 

*k¥.mon8mm cmuNHomouuoanz
one amuHHoaouuoz Na oo>HooHom mooH>uom NuHaDanu mo oocmuHanH .wH oHan

60

.xcmu st5 mo unmouoa

neenenn

osu on OH503 wa .HmsmHfi mmoH>Hom mmonu ooxcmn ANHHV mmHmBom uHDom cmuHHomonumaoc mo
NOOH MH .xamn an5 mo unmouom Hmoans msu on on03 wa ann mooH>umm omega Ooxcmu
AHOV mmHmEmm anom cmuHHonouuoE onu mo NOOH MH .mHnmu mHnu wsHumHDono mom omODHocH

 

 

 

HHm wuoB Han mooH>uom HHm pom COHuommmHumm xamu ou ooxmm uoa muoz mucoomoHoom omdmoomoos
Ho. no
m 1..

ON. u u no. v a on unmonchHm s
HmON. OOOOH.m OH N.mN NH H.NO COHkuHoamamnH
sHOOO. mmOOO.NH n N.om w w.o¢ Hoonom

*OmOO. OOOO0.0H w H.Nn OH H.mq moHoHHso
pom GOHumouoom

*quO. OmmO0.0 mH m.nN NH N.Nm manom
mom aOHumonoom
*NOOO. mmNm0.0H m m.Nm O N.mm oHHm one ooHHom

emooo. ooNoN.eH N H.mN H o.mN . emnnnn
Nun ou moomHm
smeO. ommHm.N O O.Nm m N.mm wnHmsom
sHoOO. OOHw0.0H q m.Hm m H.HO nuHmom
HONO. mqum.m N N.oq n H.Nm mooH>Hom Homoamw
nNHoo. oNNNN.NH NH o.mN N H.Ne oneaNoHonm
«NNoo. NNNHo.NH HH e.NN HH N.Ne eeeH>nee eneo Nen
HmOO. Oomon.m H O.wo N 0.0N sohsno
*NOO. OHOON.O O O.Nq O O.¢q mmmaHmdm

e x onen :nenn: snen :ann:
N N N mooH>Hom
HoeH .ozo HooH .ozo
GouHHomouuoaaoz amuHHOQOHumz
o¥¥.onmaom cmuHHomonuoafioz

one GmuHHomomuoz Np Oo>Hoouom mooH>Hom NuHcsaBoo nuHs COHuommmHumm .OH oHomH

61

Nonmetropolitan residents reported higher satisfaction with
business and school.
Mole

Based on the same analysis, the Tables 20, 21, 22 and
23, Show the results of male responses by residence.

There is no difference in the two services males
reported as more used: places to buy things and church, but
while males from metropolitan areas considered employment
as the third one, nonmetropolitan males chose school.
Statistical differences (p i .05) are reported for recreation
for adults, business, employment, health, and housing.
Spearman's coefficient computed .79; level of significant .01.

More differences based on ranking and statistics are
reported related to effectiveness perceived. Males from
metrOpolitan areas considered places to buy things, church
and health as the most effective while nonmetropolitan males
reported church, police and fire services and school as most
effective (Table 21). Significant statistical differences
(p i .05) were reported for 8 out of 13 services. Males
from.metropolitan areas reported higher effective uses for:
day care services, employment, housing, places to buy
things, recreation for adults and recreation for children.
Police and fire services and school were reported as higher
effective by nonmetropolitan males.

Related to importance placed on services, the differences
in terms of ranking is that males from metropolitan areas

consider housing as one of the three more important, while

62

males from nonmetropolitan areas considered police and
fire services. Statistical significant differences
correspond to day care services and health (Table 22).
Spearman's coefficient computed .84 and level of signif-
icance .003. 4

Some differences are reported in terms of satisfaction
by ranking (Table 23), Males from metropolitan areas were
most satisfied with places to buy things, church and health,
while nonmetropolitan males were satisfied with church,
police and fire services, and school.

Statistical differentiation of p i .05 were reported
for 11 out of 13 services (Table 23). Males from metro-
politan areas reported higher satisfaction with: business,
church, day care services, employment, general services,
health, places to buy things, police and fire services,
recreation for adults, and recreation for children. School
was reported as higher in satisfaction by nonmetropolitan
males. Spearman's coefficient computed .75; level of

significance .01.

63

Ho. no

 

 

 

ON. u H I

no. v a pm unmonchHm N
ONOO. OHNOO. OH N.mN mH o.mN cOHumuuoamamuH
*mmOO. OOHO0.0 m 0.0m m N.Nq Hoosom

mOmO. mman.¢ O m.Nm O 0.0m aoHOHH£o
How aOHomouoom

*OOHO. OOOmOmO HH 0.0N OH O.Hm muHsom
How COHummHoom
OONO. OOHOm.m w m.ON NH o.mN ouHm oam ooHHom

mmmO. OOOO0.0 N «.OO H 0.0N mwaH£u
man on moomHm
Neoo. NNNoo.oH o o.mN N o.ee mnHenoo
*HNOO. HNOO0.0 m 0.0m O N.mn suHmom
NOON. nNoNq. n «.Om o 0.00 mooH>uom Homecoo
*OOOO. NOOOH.Om N N.om m O.¢O quENoHaEm
HHNO. OOOON.O OH H.NH HH 0.0N mmoH>Hom oumo Non
OHON. ONNNO. H N.¢O N H.nO nounso
NNOHO. monH.O NH m.mN w 0.0m mmochsm

e x onen :ann: Hnen :nNHn:
N N N mooH>Hom
HeeH .ozo AeNH .ozo
cmuHHomonuoEcoz amuHHoaouumz
.monz

:muHHoaouumEcoz new cmuHHoaomuoz NH Oouuoaom mmoH>uom NuHcsano mo om: .ON OHan

Oq.

no. N a on unmonchHm N

 

 

NNoo. NNHem.e oH o.HN NH N.Ne nonnennooenene
nNooo. NNHom.mH N o Nm HH N.Ne HoonoN
NNoNo. oNooN.N N N.oo o o.oe nenoHHno

Mom Gowummhumm
neeoo. HoHNN.oH NH N.mN NH N.He eoHnoe

How fiowummhomm
Noooo. mNNeN.mN N H.mN m N.NN enHo one eeHHoo
emooo. NNoNN.NH N N.NN H o.NN eNann

Nan ou mmomHm
NHNHo. HomNN.N o H.NN N o.NN NnHenon

NNHH. NoNNN.e m N.NN N N.Nm nNHeen

mNNe. mNNNN.H e H.Hm N N.Hm eeoH>nee Heneneo
Noooo. nooNo.HN NH N.NN e N.Nm onenNoHonN
NNHoo. NHoom.NH HH o.oN N o.NN eeoH>nee eneo Neo

NNoH. NNNee.e H o.oN N N.oN nonnno

HmNo. NNoNN.N N o.Ne oH H.Ne eeenHenN

e x seen :nNHn: seen :nNHn:
N N N mmUHN/Hmm
HeeH .ozo HeNH .ozo
cmuHHoaouooEcoz cmuHHoaouuoz

 

.mOHmz cmuHHoaonuoaaoz
one GNHHHoaouuoz Np oo>Hoonmm mooH>uom NHHGSEEOU mo mmoao>Huoommm .HN OHnme

65

.xneu ann mo uneonea
uneann one on oHnoz NHO .Heann meoH>nemmxznfiHoexneu AOHHV meHeE anoe neuHHoaonueanon
Ho NOOH MH .oexneu ann mo oneouem omeann man on oHno3 NmN ann meoH>nem emonu
oexnen NHOV meHeE anoe neuHHomonueE mo NOOH MH ereu mHnu wnHueHnoHeo How oeonHonH
HHe eue3 unn .meoH>nem HHe How eoneuuomfiH xnen ou oexme uon eue3 muneoNeHooe emneoemNNN

 

 

 

Noo. no

«O. "my OO w a ue oneoHMHanm N
mem. NwmmO.N NH o.mO NH N.HN nOHueunonmneHH
OmMH. OOONO.¢ q N.om m N.HO Hoonom

OOOO. ONHO0.0 O N.HO HH o.mN neHoHHno
now nOHueeHoem

ONOm. OHOOO.H HH N.OO OH O.NO eanoe
mom nOHueeHoem
HNON. ONOON.N N N.OO o 0.00 eHHm one eoHHom

NNNo. NHNmm.N N N.mN N H.NN eNann
Nun on meoeHm
NHNN. NNNoN.H H N.oo N N.No NnHenom
NOOOO. NONHN.O m N.ow H o.mO nuHeem
quO. ONONH. N N.ON N N.OO meoH>Hem Heneneu
emOm. OOmON. m N.Hm O N.mm uneENonEm
NOOOO. OONOH.¢H mH N.Hm OH N.ON meoH>Hem eneo Nee
Nmmn. waeN.H O m.mN O O.NN nounno
NmOO. HOOqN.¢ OH «.ON O OJON mmenHenm

e x xnen :nNHn: oneN :nNHn:
N N N meoH>nem
NOOH .ozv AONH .ozv
neuHHononueanoz neuHHoaonueZ
NNN.meHez

neuHHoaonueEnoz one neuHHomonueE NH oe>HeoHem meoH>Hem NannEEou mo eoneuHOQEH .NN eHneH

66

.xneu ann mo unmouea
omeann enu on oH503 NHO .neann meoH>uem emonu oexnen AOHHV meHeE anoe neuHHomonueEnon
mo NOOH OH .oexnen ann mo uneonen omeann one on oHnoz NON ann meoH>nem emonu
oexnen HHOV meHeE anoe neuHHomonueS mo NOOH OH eHneu eHnu wnHueHnoHeo How oeonHonH
HHe whoa unn .weoH>uem HHe Mom nOHuoemmHuee xneu on oexee uon eHeS muneomeHooe emneoemNNN

 

 

Ho. no

ON. new OO. w a He uneonHanm N
OOHN. OOOO0.0 OH O.NO OH H.O¢ nOHueuHommnenH
NNOOO. OOHNH.OH m m.¢O w N.NO Hoonom

NOOOO. OOON0.0H O O.HO NH O.NO neHoHHno
Mom nOHueeHoem

NHOOO. OHOmm.NH NH 0.0N OH O.NO manoe
How nOHueeHoem
HOOO. HeHO0.0H N O.NO O O.NO enHm one eoHHom

NNooo. NNNNH NH e N.NN H H.mN eNano
Nan on weoeHm
ONNO. OONNN.H N O.NO O N.OO wnHenom
NNOHO. OeOoe.w O O.NO m O.NO nuHeem
NOOHO. OONN0.0 O 0.00 N O.HO meoH>nem Henenew
«Nooo. HNNme.eH NH N.HN HH N.oN onenNoHonN
NOOOO. HNOOH.ON HH O.NO O O.NO meoH>uem eneo Neg
NOoNO. NOOHO.N H N.OO N N.ON nonnno
NOOOO. OOOHN.ON w 0.0o o O.NO mmenHmnm

e x xnen :nNHn: onen :nNHn:
N N N meoH>nem
HeeH .ozo HoNH .ozo
neuHHoaonueEnoz neuHHoaouuez

 

NNN.weHez neuHHonouueanoz
one neuHHoaouuez Np oe>Heonem meoH>Hem NannaBoo nqu nOHuoemmHuem .ON eHneH

CHAPTER V

TESTS OF HYPOTHESES AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Tests of each of the six hypotheses formulated for this
study of human factors associated with use of community
services by Michigan Mexican Americans were made using
data presented in the findings chapter. The results and
some possible reasons for them will be presented and
discussed in this chapter. A summary table has been
prepared to indicate for each hypothesis, the tests, the
results and the discussion used to support or not the
hypothesis (Appendix C).

H1: There will be significant difference between females
and males in the community services they consider
important.

Rank orderings and chi-square analysis of male and
female ratings of the importance of each service were made
based upon the frequencies of high importance ratings (Table 1).
With the exception of the ranking given to housing, the rank
orderings for men and women were highly similar and gave
little support for the hypothesis. While statistically
significant differences were found in the degree of importance

that men and women attributed to six services, this is not

67

68

evidence of any fundamental differences between women and
men in their evaluations. All but one service, recreation
for adults with 42.9% "high" for women, were rates as
high in importance by at least 50 percent of both men and
women. In view of the similarity of the rankings, the
hypothesis is not confirmed on the basis of these data.
H2: There will be significant relationship between
perception of importance and the reported use of

community services.

H2.l. There will be a positive relationship between
perception of importance and the reported use
of community services.

H202. There will be difference between females and

males and their perception of importance and
reported use of community services.

This hypothesis is partially supported on the basis of
the data (Tables 3 and 4). The findings do not allow the
establishment of a direct or inverse relationship between
importance and use, since some of the services considered as
more important were reported to be used less. This finding
is easily understood if it is taken into account, for example,
that health is considered the most important, but it does
not mean people will use the service if they are not ill.

Some services considered of medium importance such as
church, or places to buy things (7 and 4 in ranking) reported

the highest use (2 and 1). These findings could be understood

69

in terms of needs fulfillment. Related to the places to
buy things, it is true that the family consumption
determines the need to buying goods at least once a week,
or more often if their purchasing power does not allow
them to store purchases in quantity.

In terms of church, it could be said that the religious
organizations not only lay down ethical norms, but provide
services designed to benefit family life. For example,
they provide charity for families in financial distress.
Even when the state takes over the financial support, churches
provide psychological support to families in trouble.
Besides this, religious institutions provide education for
marriage and family life, that begins before the couple gets
married and follows during all the steps of their lives.
Blood, (1972) states that churches in many countries devote
more energy than any other social institution to the support
of family life.

The services that were reported lowest in importance
were also reported lowest in use. They were: day care
services, transportation, and recreation for adults.

It was not possible to support H2.2. based on the result
of gamma since none of the gmmas except that for church were
i .50 and church was above this for both males and females.
H3: There will be a significant relationship between

importance placed upon community services and satis-

faction with them.

70

H3.l. There will be an inverse relationship between
importance placed upon community services and
satisfaction with them.

H3.2. There will be difference between females and
males in importance placed upon community
services and satisfaction with them.

This hypothesis is partially supported by the data
(Tables 5, 6 and 7). While services considered as most
important were reported as achieving moderate satisfaction,
those considered moderate in importance were reported as
providing high satisfaction, and those rated as least
important were reported as reaching least satisfaction.

These findings could be related to the relative depri-
vation theory. According to this, since some services are
considered as the most important by respondents, they have
different expectations about them than about those they do
not consider so important. The higher the expectations, the
higher the demand they will have and therefore, the lower
the satisfaction they will feel. On the other hand, lower
expectations are felt related to those services they consider
lower in importance: the demand or expectations are lower,
so the satisfaction is higher.

In terms of gender, there is a moderate to strong
association of importance and satisfaction for the following
services: school, health, day care services, police and

fire services, places to buy things and church for males and

71

health, places to buy things, church and housing for females

(gamma .50).

H

4: Among females, there will be no significant age

differences in the level of:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Use of community services reported.
Perceived effectiveness of community services.
Importance of community services ranked.

Satisfaction with community services reported.

This hypothesis has been supported by the results of

the analysis of the data (Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11).

Rank ordering of importance, use, satisfaction and

effectiveness of services were made based upon frequencies.

Chi-square analysis of ratings of each service by female

adults and adolescents was also performed.

With the exception of the ranking given to satisfaction

with transportation that presents a significant statistical

difference of .05, no other difference was found.

H

5: Among males, there will be no significant age differences

in the level of:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Use of community services reported.
Perceived effectiveness of community services.
Importance of community services ranked.

Satisfaction with community services reported.

This hypothesis is partially supported by the data

analyzed (Tables 12, l3, l4, and 15).

Based on chi-square and rank ordering analysis of use,

importance, effectiveness and satisfaction by male adults

72

and adolescents, the adolescents ranked transportation as
more effective while adults ranked school as more effective.
In terms of importance adolescents reported transportation
high, while adults reported employment high. Statistical
differences are related to police and fire services and
recreation for children.

There are more differences between male adults and
adolescents than were observed between female adults and
adolescents.

The findings related to H4 and H5 can be understood
based on the literature reviewed. Mexican American male-
female relations are based on strongly held beliefs in the
superiority (biological, intellectual and social) of males.
The nature of this relationship is learned Very early in
childhood. The father-son relationship is generally a
distant and respectful one. At a very early age the boys
begin to identify with the father and his role. During
adolescence, even though the father's power remains, there
is a shift toward peer group relations.

The mother-daughter relationship is considered the closest
of the parent-child relationships. This is because the
identification of roles. In his analysis, Penalosa (1968)
pointed out that because of this close relationship pre-
vailing between mother and daughter on emotional and house-

hold chore levels, there is a full identification.

73

6' Among metropolitan and nonmetropolitan Mexican
American families and males, there will be signif-
icant differences in the level of:

1. Use of community services reported.

2. Perceived effectiveness of community services.

3. Importance of community services ranked.

4. Satisfaction with community services reported.

This hypothesis is partially confirmed on the basis of
the data.

Females (Tables 16, 17, 18 and 19)

Related to use of services, there is no difference based
on ranking. Statistical differences were reported for 8 of
13 services. They were: business, day care services,
employment, health, housing, school, recreation for adults
and recreation for children.

The perception of effectiveness is the variable where
the analysis confirms the hypothesis for a greater number
of services. Based on statistics, the differences are
significant at p i .05 for 10 of 13 services.' Metropolitan
females reported as higher effective: employment, health,
housing, places to buy things and recreation for adults.
Nonmetropolitan females reported as higher effective: church,
general services, police and fire services, recreation for
children and school.

In terms of importance, the services that were reported
with statistical differences were: business, day care

services, general services, health, school. recreation for

74

adults and recreation for children.

In relation to satisfaction, both metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan females coincided on church and places to
buy things, as first and second. While females from
metropolitan areas rated health as third. Statistical
differences were reported for 10 of the 13 services.
Metropolitan residents reported higher satisfaction with:
day care services, employment, health, housing, places to
buy things, police and fire services, recreation for adults
and recreation for children. Nonmetropolitan residents
reported higher satisfaction with: business and school.
Males (Tables 20, 21, 22 and 23)

Based on the same analysis, males from metropolitan
and nonmetropolitan areas reported some differences,
employment is rated as the third most used for males from
metropolitan areas, while males from nonmetropolitan rated
school.. Both coincided on places to buy things and church,
Statistical differences p i .05 are reported for business,
employment, health, housing, school and recreation for
adults.

Similar to females, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan
males, reported more differences related to effectiveness;
while metropolitans ranked places to buy things, church
and health as most effective, nonmetropolitans ranked church,
police and fire services and school. Significant statistical
differences were related to eight services: day care

services, employment, housing, places to buy things, police

75

and fire services, school, recreation for adults, and
recreation for children.

In terms of importance there were the following
differences based on ranking, metropolitan females reported:
health, housing and school. While nonmetropolitan reported:
housing, police and fire and health. Based on statistics,
the differences at p i .05 were reported for day care
services and health, as higher in importance by metropolitan
males.

Males showed more differences between metropolitan
and nonmetropolitan than females did in relation to their
satisfaction with community services. From metropolitan
males, places to buy things, church and health were rated
while church, police and fire services and school were
reported by nonmetropolitan males. Significant differences
based on statistics were reported for 10 of the 13 services.
Metropolitan males reported higher satisfaction with:
business, church, day care services, employment, general
services, health, places to buy things, recreation for adults
and recreation for children. Nonmetropolitan males reported

school in the higher satisfaction.

CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This study examined some of the human factors that are
associated with the use of community services by Mexican
Americans in Michigan.

The objectives of the study were:

1. To determine human factors that are associated with the
use of community services among Mexican Americans.

2. To determine the relationship of: a) female and male
Mexican Americans, b) male adults and male adolescents,
c) female adults and female adolescents, d) male adults
and male adolescents from.metropolitan and nonmetropolitan
areas of residence and e) female adults and female
adolescents from metropolitan areas of residence for:
2.1. Perceived use of community services.
2.2. Perceived effectiveness of community services.
2.3. Perceived importance of community services.
2.4. Perceived satisfaction with community services.

The present study used secondary analysis of the data
collected for the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
Project NC-128 ”Quality of Life According to Area of

Residence".
76

77

This Regional Study was developed to find systematic
knowledge about quality of life, its components, the way
these components vary among different kinds of population
and the extent they can be realized in nonmetropolitan
communities as compared with metropolitan ones.

Fourteen states took part in the study; of those,
Michigan was one of the four where data were collected on
totally Mexican American samples. The Michigan data
collection took place during November and December 1977 and
January and February 1978 in metropolitan areas and from
January to May 1978 in nonmetropolitan areas. The data
collection was done using a primary instrument and a
secondary one which was developed to obtain more in-depth
data with respect to particular domains.

The present study is based on responses to the questions
indicated below for each of the following 13 services:
business, church, day care services, general services, health,
housing, employment, places to buy things, police and fire
services, school, transportation, recreation for adults and
recreation for children.

1. Now, please think about.......available in your community.
I use these seldom l 2 3 4 5 6 7 I use these often
2. Now, please think about.......available in your community.
Ineffective l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Effective
3. Some of these items may be important to you. Some may

not. Using the Important Scale please circle the number

78

which indicates how important each of these is to the
quality of your life.
Kinds of services Importance

. . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A secondary instrument was developed to recode,
when it was necessary the original variables for
consideration in this study (See Appendix B).

Percentages, rank ordering, chi-square, and
Pearson's rS were used to establish the association of
gender, importance, satisfaction and perceived effect-
iveness with the use of community services.

The number of cases analyzed for this report was 499,
split as follows: 417 adults, (208 females and 209 males)
and 82 adolescents (43 females and 39 males).

Conclusions have been drawn about the proposed
hypotheses based on findings. The first hypothesis
related to significant difference between females and
males in the community services they considered important
was not confirmed on the basis of the data. Rank orderings
of importance of services were made upon the frequencies
of high importance ratings. Chi-square was also performed.
The statistically significant differences found cannot
be considered as evidence of any fundamental difference
between women and men in their evaluation of importance.

The second hypothesis proposed a significant relation-

ship between perception of importance and the reported

79

use of community services. Although, a positive
relationship between importance and use was assumed,
the findings did not allow the eStablishment of a
direct or inverse relationship since some services
considered as more important were reported to have less
use and at the same time services considered as less
important were reported with high use and some consid—
ered as least important were reported with the lowest
use.

The third hypothesis, related to an inverse relation-
ship between importance placed upon community services
and satisfaction with them was partially supported by
the data. Those services considered as more important
were reported with moderate satisfaction, those consid—
ered moderate in importance were reported high in
satisfaction, and those rated as less important were
reported with less satisfaction. Another part of the
third hypothesis proposed differences in importance
and satisfaction related to gender.

In terms of gender, there was a moderate to strong
association of importance and satisfaction with the
following services: school, health, day care services,
police and fire services, places to buy things, and
church for males and health, places to buy things,

church and housing for females.

80

The fourth hypothesis related to the lack of age
differentiation between females in the level of reported
use of community services, perceived effectiveness,
importance and satisfaction with community services,
has been supported by the data. Frequencies, rank
orderings, chi-square analysis performed did not report
any significant difference.

On the other hand, the fifth hypothesis that was
related to the same relationships as the fourth but
between males was partially supported by the data
analyzed. Adolescents ranked transportation as more
effective while adults ranked school. In terms of
importance, adolescents reported transportation high
while adults reported employment. The statistical
differences were related to police and fire services and
recreation for children.

The sixth hypothesis related to the association of
area of residence to the relationship between gender
and level of reported use of community services,
perceived effectiveness, importance and satisfaction
with community services was partially supported by the
data. Even when area of residence is not associated
with high use of community services, the overall pattern
of reported use for separated services shows statistical
significant differences in 8 of the 13 services. There
are significant differences pointed out related to

importance, satisfaction and perceived effectiveness.

81

Implications

 

Although statistically significant differences
were not found frequently enough to support all the
hypotheses, inspection of the content of specific
services cited may provide insights for future research
as well as for program planning with Mexican Americans.
Based on the data, church seems to be a service worth
studying in greater detail. It may be associated with
other factors not analyzed in this research.

Since the original study required at least one of
the adults to be Mexican American, an aspect to take
into account is the real number of selfidentification
Mexican Americans that took part. Analysis by gender
and identification of ethnicity might modify the results.
It would be also interesting to make comparative studies
between the Michigan sample and those samples of the other
states that focused on this minority group and between
Mexican Americans and other groups that took part in the
Regional Study.

Another area worth looking into is the selection and
classification of the community serVices. It is the
researcher's opinion that a comparative analysis of the
use of services classified as essential (those like
health or places to buy things that must be used in terms
of survival) and those classified as optative (such as

recreation, which can be avoided without incidences for

82

peoples survival) would be worthwhile.

The provision of a prior definition about each
community service, would help the respondents to answer
and the researcher to interpret the findings. Similarly,
definitions of use, effectiveness, importance and
satisfaction might be useful to respondents and
researchers.

To understand the results of the analysis, it would
be necessary to know how the members of the family
satisfy their needs in addition to use of community
services. This may be within the kinship group as
Murillo (1971) suggested.

Although the analysis by family was impossible, the
researcher considers it very important to look for a
methodology that allows the use of this unit of analysis
in order to understand the human environed unit of
interest in family ecology.

The present secondary analysis was related to some
human factors associated with the use of community
services. Some other factors also available such as
socio-economic status, educational level, language
spoken, length of time living in the community should
be worth considering.

In terms of social planners, the researcher
considers more important the perspective about the

integration of reality for respondents. People in their

83

real life have no split compartments, but only one
reality; health or educational or economic problems

are not produced in vacuum, independent one each other.
As long as social planners continue considering isolated
aspects of life, people's auto-exclusion from the
community service programs will be a common result. In
the special case of Mexican Americans, both researchers
and social planners still need to discover the reality

of perception of community services.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Elements and Domains of Life Quality

ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS OF LIFE

Elements
* Amount of education

* Usefulness of education

Your health

* Your family's health

Number of children in the family

Schools
* Health Services
* Day Care
Police and Fire Services
Transportation
Places to buy things
* Services --general
* Business Services
* Adult Recreation
Kids Recreation
Church
Employment Opportunities

* Quality of Housing

QUALITY

Domains

Education

Health

Community

Services

* Asked of husbands and wives only, not adolescents.

84

85

Elements Domains
Climate
Air
Appearance of Building
Scenery
Noise
Traffic
Safety
Friendliness Community
Moral Standards Environment
Efforts to improve things
Efforts to conserve energy
Privacy
Ethnic Mix in the Community
Ethnic Mix in the Schools
* Local Government effectiveness

* Return for taxes

Family Life
* Relationship with spouse
* Relationship with children
Family

* Relationship of children with each other

** Relationship between parents

* Relationship with parents
** Relationship with siblings

* Asked of husbands and wives only, not adolescents.
** Asked of adolescents only, not parents.

86

Elements Domains
Money management

Time available

Management
Amount of work family performs at home
Quality of work family performs at home
Way leisure and recreation time is used Leisure
Friendship Friendship
Current employment situation Employment
* Family income
Financial
Standard of living
Security
* Savings
Aesthetic quality of exterior of dwelling
Aesthetic quality of interior of dwelling
Housing Housing

Neighborhood

Community

State

* Asked of husbands and wives only, not adolescents.

87

Elements Domains

*** Radical or ethnic origin

*** Religion

*** Age

*** Sex

*** Respondents were asked to rate importance
only, not satisfaction.

Source: Quality of Life as Affected by Area of Residence.
University of Missouri-Columbia. Research

Bulletin 1036 (December) 1980.

APPENDIX B

Research Instrument

Research Instrument

Secondary Instrument Primary Instrument

 

 

1. Sex of respondent

 

 

 

Adults Utilizes the code of
original variable.
1. Male
2. Female §E§
Husband 1
Wife 2
Adolescent Adolescent
1. Male What is your sex, Circle
2. Female 1 for male

2 for female

2. Use of community services

 

 

1. Low Utilizes code of the original
variable. Now, please think

2. Medium about the ....... available in
your community.

3. High

I use these 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I use these
seldom often
3. Perceived effectiveness

1. Ineffective Utilize recode of original
variable. Now, please think

2. Moderate about the ........ available in

your community.
3. Effective
Ineffective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Effective

88

89

Secondary Instrument

 

4. Importance of community services
1.
2.
3.

5. Satisfaction with community services
1.
2.
3.

Unimportant
More or less important

Important

dissatisfaction
Moderate

Satisfaction

Primary Instrument

 

Utilizes recode of
original variable.

Some of these items
may be important to
you. Some may not.
Using the Importance
Scale please circle

the number which
indicates how important
each of these is to

the quality of your
life.

Kinds of services

Importance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Utilizes recode of
original variable.

Using the Satisfaction
Scale, please circle

the number which
indicates how satisfied
or dissatisfied you

are with the avail-
ability and quality

of each of the following
in your community.

Kinds of Services
Satisfaction

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Secondary Instrument

 

6.

7.

Age of respondent

 

1.
2.

Adult

Adolescent

Area of residence

 

1.
2.

Metropolitan

Nonmetropolitan

90

Primary Instrument

 

Utilizes recode of
original variable.

egg.

How old were you on
your last birthday.

Utilizes code of
original variable.

Residence

 

1. Metro

2. Nonmetro

APPENDIX C

Summary of Decisions About Hypotheses

91

 

 

 

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